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view doc/emacs/frames.texi @ 99878:684861183d28
* emacs-lisp/elp.el (elp-instrument-list): Fix 2nd arg of `signal'.
author | Juanma Barranquero <lekktu@gmail.com> |
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date | Mon, 24 Nov 2008 18:23:53 +0000 |
parents | 296816e24605 |
children | cb5d2387102c |
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@c This is part of the Emacs manual. @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999, 2000, @c 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. @node Frames, International, Windows, Top @chapter Frames and Graphical Displays @cindex frames When using a graphical display, you can create multiple system-level ``windows'' in a single Emacs session. We refer to these system-level windows as @dfn{frames}. A frame initially contains a single Emacs window; however, you can subdivide this Emacs window into smaller windows, all fitting into the same frame. Each frame normally contains its own echo area and minibuffer. To avoid confusion, we reserve the word ``window'' for the subdivisions that Emacs implements, and never use it to refer to a frame. Any editing you do in one frame affects the other frames. For instance, if you put text in the kill ring in one frame, you can yank it in another frame. If you exit Emacs through @kbd{C-x C-c} in one frame, it terminates all the frames. To delete just one frame, use @kbd{C-x 5 0} (that is zero, not @kbd{o}). Emacs compiled for MS-DOS emulates some windowing functionality, so that you can use many of the features described in this chapter. @iftex @xref{MS-DOS Mouse,,,emacs-xtra,Specialized Emacs Features}. @end iftex @ifnottex @xref{MS-DOS Mouse}. @end ifnottex @menu * Cut and Paste:: Mouse commands for cut and paste. * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list. * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus. * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line. * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents. * Frame Commands:: Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames. * Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame. * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays. * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames. * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames. * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them. * Wheeled Mice:: Using mouse wheels for scrolling. * Drag and Drop:: Using drag and drop to open files and insert text. * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar. * Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar. * Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes. * Tooltips:: Displaying information at the current mouse position. * Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way. * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one. * Text-Only Mouse:: Using the mouse in text-only terminals. @end menu @node Cut and Paste @section Killing and Yanking on Graphical Displays This section describes commands for selecting a region, killing, and yanking using the mouse. @menu * Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse. * Word and Line Mouse:: Mouse commands for selecting whole words or lines. * Cut/Paste Other App:: Transfering text between Emacs and other apps. * Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark. * Clipboard:: Using the clipboard for selections. @end menu @node Mouse Commands @subsection Mouse Commands for Editing @cindex mouse buttons (what they do) @kindex Mouse-1 @kindex Mouse-2 @kindex Mouse-3 @table @kbd @item Mouse-1 Move point to where you click (@code{mouse-set-point}). @item Drag-Mouse-1 Activate the region around the text selected by dragging, and copy it to the kill ring (@code{mouse-set-region}). @item Mouse-2 Yank the last killed text at the click position (@code{mouse-yank-at-click}). @item Mouse-3 If the region is active, move the nearer end of the region to the click position; otherwise, set mark at the current value of point and point at the click position. Save the resulting region in the kill ring; on a second click, kill it (@code{mouse-save-then-kill}). @end table @findex mouse-set-point The most basic mouse command is @code{mouse-set-point}, which is called by clicking with the left mouse button, @kbd{Mouse-1}, in the text area of a window. This moves point to the position where you clicked. @vindex x-mouse-click-focus-ignore-position Normally, Emacs does not distinguish between ordinary mouse clicks and clicks that select a frame. When you click on a frame to select it, that also changes the selected window and cursor position according to the mouse click position. On the X window system, you can change this behavior by setting the variable @code{x-mouse-click-focus-ignore-position} to @code{t}. Then the first click selects the frame, but does not affect the selected window or cursor position. If you click again in the same place, that click will be in the selected frame, so it will change the window or cursor position. @findex mouse-set-region @vindex mouse-drag-copy-region Holding down @kbd{Mouse-1} and ``dragging'' the mouse over a stretch of text activates the region around that text (@code{mouse-set-region}). @xref{Mark}. Emacs places the mark where you started holding down the mouse button, and point where you release it. In addition, the region is copied into the kill ring (@pxref{Kill Ring}). If you don't want Emacs to copy the region, change the variable @code{mouse-drag-copy-region} to @code{nil}. @vindex mouse-scroll-min-lines If you move the mouse off the top or bottom of the window while dragging, the window scrolls at a steady rate until you move the mouse back into the window. This way, you can select regions that don't fit entirely on the screen. The number of lines scrolled per step depends on how far away from the window edge the mouse has gone; the variable @code{mouse-scroll-min-lines} specifies a minimum step size. @findex mouse-yank-at-click @vindex mouse-yank-at-point Clicking with the middle mouse button, @kbd{Mouse-2}, moves point to the position where you clicked and performs a yank (@code{mouse-yank-at-click}). @xref{Yanking}. If you change the variable @code{mouse-yank-at-point} to a non-@code{nil} value, @kbd{Mouse-2} does not move point. Then it does not matter where you click, or even which of the frame's windows you click on; the yank occurs at the existing point. This variable also affects yanking the primary and secondary selections (@pxref{Cut/Paste Other App}). @findex mouse-save-then-kill Clicking with the right mouse button, @kbd{Mouse-3}, runs the command @code{mouse-save-then-kill}. This performs several actions depending on where you click and the status of the region: @itemize @bullet @item If no region is active, clicking @kbd{Mouse-3} activates the region, placing the mark where point was and point at the clicked position. In addition, the text in the region is copied to the kill ring. @item If a region is active, clicking @kbd{Mouse-3} adjusts the nearer end of the region by moving it to the clicked position. The adjusted region's text is copied to the kill ring; if the text in the original region was already on the kill ring, it replaces it there. @item If you originally specified the region using a double or triple @kbd{Mouse-1}, so that the region is defined to consist of entire words or lines, then adjusting the region with @kbd{Mouse-3} also proceeds by entire words or lines. @item If you use @kbd{Mouse-3} a second time consecutively, at the same place, that kills the region already selected. Thus, the simplest way to kill text with the mouse is to click @kbd{Mouse-1} at one end, then click @kbd{Mouse-3} twice at the other end. To copy the text into the kill ring without deleting it from the buffer, press @kbd{Mouse-3} just once---or just drag across the text with @kbd{Mouse-1}. Then you can copy it elsewhere by yanking it. @end itemize Whenever you set the region using any of the mouse commands described above, the mark will be deactivated by any subsequent unshifted cursor motion command, in addition to the usual ways of deactivating the mark. @xref{Shift Selection}. While the region remains active, typing @key{Backspace} or @key{Delete} deletes the text in that region and deactivates the mark; this behavior follows a convention established by other graphical programs, and it does @emph{not} apply when you set the region any other way, including shift-selection (@pxref{Shift Selection}). @cindex Delete Selection mode @cindex mode, Delete Selection @findex delete-selection-mode Many graphical applications also follow the convention that insertion while text is selected deletes the selected text. You can make Emacs behave this way by enabling Delete Selection mode. @xref{Using Region}. @node Word and Line Mouse @subsection Mouse Commands for Words and Lines These variants of @kbd{Mouse-1} select entire words or lines at a time. Emacs activates the region around the selected text, which is also copied to the kill ring. @table @kbd @item Double-Mouse-1 Select the text around the word which you click on. Double-clicking on a character with ``symbol'' syntax (such as underscore, in C mode) selects the symbol surrounding that character. Double-clicking on a character with open- or close-parenthesis syntax selects the parenthetical grouping which that character starts or ends. Double-clicking on a character with string-delimiter syntax (such as a singlequote or doublequote in C) selects the string constant (Emacs uses heuristics to figure out whether that character is the beginning or the end of it). @item Double-Drag-Mouse-1 Select the text you drag across, in the form of whole words. @item Triple-Mouse-1 Select the line you click on. @item Triple-Drag-Mouse-1 Select the text you drag across, in the form of whole lines. @end table @node Cut/Paste Other App @subsection Cut and Paste with Other Window Applications @cindex X cutting and pasting @cindex X selection @cindex primary selection @cindex selection, primary When running Emacs under the X window system, you can easily transfer text between Emacs and other X applications using the @dfn{primary selection} (also called the @dfn{X selection}). This is @emph{not} the same thing as the @dfn{clipboard}, which is a separate facility used on desktop environments such as Gnome, and on operating systems such as Microsoft Windows (@pxref{Clipboard}). Under X, whenever you select some text in Emacs by dragging or clicking the mouse (@pxref{Mouse Commands}), it is also saved in the primary selection. You can then @dfn{paste} that text into any other X application, usually by clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} in that application. Unlike the Emacs kill ring (@pxref{Kill Ring}), the primary selection has no ``memory'': each time you save something in the primary selection, either in Emacs or in another X application, the previous contents of the primary selection are lost. Whenever you kill some text using a command such as @kbd{C-w} (@code{kill-region}), or copy it into the kill ring using a command such as @kbd{M-w} (@code{kill-ring-save}), that text is also saved in the primary selection. @xref{Killing}. @vindex select-active-regions @vindex yank-pop-change-selection If you set the region using the keyboard, the text within the region is not normally saved to the primary selection. However, if you change the variable @code{select-active-regions} to @code{t}, the region is saved to the primary selection each time you activate the mark (the primary selection is @emph{not} updated if you subsequently change the region by moving point). If you change the variable @code{yank-pop-change-selection} to @code{t}, rotating the kill ring with @kbd{M-y} (@code{yank-pop}) also saves the new yank to the primary selection (@pxref{Yanking}). @cindex cut buffer @vindex x-cut-buffer-max Whenever Emacs saves some text to the primary selection, it may also save it to the @dfn{cut buffer}. The cut buffer is an obsolete predecessor to the primary selection; most modern applications do not make use of it. Because saving text to the cut buffer is slow and inefficient, Emacs only does it if the text is shorter than the value of @code{x-cut-buffer-max} (the default is 20000 characters). You can yank the primary selection into Emacs using the usual yank commands, such as @kbd{C-y} (@code{yank}) and @kbd{Mouse-2} (@code{mouse-yank-at-click}). These commands actually check the primary selection before referring to the kill ring; if no primary selection is available, the kill ring contents are used. To prevent yank commands from accessing the primary selection, set the variable @code{x-select-enable-primary} to @code{nil}. The standard coding system for the primary selection is @code{compound-text-with-extensions}. You may find that the pasted text is not what you expected. In such a case, you can specify another coding system for the selection by typing @kbd{C-x @key{RET} x} or @kbd{C-x @key{RET} X}. Alternatively, you can request a different data type by modifying the variable @code{x-select-request-type}. @xref{Communication Coding}. @node Secondary Selection @subsection Secondary Selection @cindex secondary selection In addition to the primary selection, the X Window System provides a second similar facility known as the @dfn{secondary selection}. Nowadays, few X applications make use of the secondary selection, but you can access it using the following Emacs commands: @table @kbd @findex mouse-set-secondary @kindex M-Drag-Mouse-1 @item M-Drag-Mouse-1 Set the secondary selection, with one end at the place where you press down the button, and the other end at the place where you release it (@code{mouse-set-secondary}). The selected text is highlighted, using the @code{secondary-selection} face, as you drag. The window scrolls automatically if you drag the mouse off the top or bottom of the window, just like @code{mouse-set-region} (@pxref{Mouse Commands}). This command does not alter the kill ring. @findex mouse-start-secondary @kindex M-Mouse-1 @item M-Mouse-1 Set one endpoint for the @dfn{secondary selection} (@code{mouse-start-secondary}). @findex mouse-secondary-save-then-kill @kindex M-Mouse-3 @item M-Mouse-3 Set the secondary selection, with one end at the position clicked and the other at the position specified with @kbd{M-Mouse-1} (@code{mouse-secondary-save-then-kill}). This also puts the selected text in the kill ring. A second @kbd{M-Mouse-3} at the same place kills the secondary selection just made. @findex mouse-yank-secondary @kindex M-Mouse-2 @item M-Mouse-2 Insert the secondary selection where you click, placing point at the end of the yanked text (@code{mouse-yank-secondary}). @end table Double or triple clicking of @kbd{M-Mouse-1} operates on words and lines, much like @kbd{Mouse-1}. If @code{mouse-yank-at-point} is non-@code{nil}, @kbd{M-Mouse-2} yanks at point. Then it does not matter precisely where you click, or even which of the frame's windows you click on. @xref{Mouse Commands}. @node Clipboard @subsection Using the Clipboard @cindex clipboard In desktop environments such as Gnome, and operating systems such as Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X, you can transfer data (usually text) between different applications using the @dfn{clipboard}. The clipboard is distinct from the primary selection and secondary selection discussed earlier. You can access the clipboard through the @samp{Edit} menu of the menu bar (@pxref{Menu Bar}). @cindex cut @findex clipboard-kill-region The command @code{clipboard-kill-region}, which is bound to the @code{Cut} menu item, kills the region and saves it in the clipboard. @cindex copy @findex clipboard-kill-ring-save The command @code{clipboard-kill-ring-save}, which is bound to the @code{Copy} menu item, copies the region to the kill ring and saves it in the clipboard. @findex clipboard-yank @cindex paste The @code{Paste} menu item in the Edit menu yanks the contents of the clipboard at point (@code{clipboard-yank}). @vindex x-select-enable-clipboard You can customize the variable @code{x-select-enable-clipboard} to make the Emacs yank functions consult the clipboard before the primary selection, and to make the kill functions to store in the clipboard as well as the primary selection. Otherwise, these commands do not access the clipboard at all. Using the clipboard is the default on MS-Windows and Mac OS, but not on other systems. @node Mouse References @section Following References with the Mouse @kindex Mouse-1 @r{(selection)} @kindex Mouse-2 @r{(selection)} @vindex mouse-highlight Some Emacs buffers include @dfn{buttons}. A button is a piece of text that performs some action when you activate it, such as following a reference. Usually, a button's text is visually highlighted: it is underlined, or a box is drawn around it. If you move the mouse over a button, the shape of the mouse cursor changes and the button lights up (if you change the variable @code{mouse-highlight} to @code{nil}, Emacs disables this highlighting). You can activate a button by moving point to it and typing @key{RET}, or by clicking either @kbd{Mouse-1} or @kbd{Mouse-2} on the button. For example, typing @key{RET} or clicking on a file name in a Dired buffer visits that file (@pxref{Dired}). Doing it on an error message in the @samp{*Compilation*} buffer goes to the source code for that error message (@pxref{Compilation}). Doing it on a completion in the @samp{*Completions*} buffer chooses that completion (@pxref{Completion}). Although clicking @kbd{Mouse-1} on a button usually activates that button, if you hold the mouse button down for a short period of time before releasing it (specifically, for more than 450 milliseconds), then Emacs moves point where you clicked instead. This behavior allows you to use the mouse to move point over a button without following it. Dragging---moving the mouse while it is held down---has its usual behavior of setting the region, even if you drag from or onto a button. @vindex mouse-1-click-in-non-selected-windows Normally, clicking @kbd{Mouse-1} on a button activates the button even if it is in a nonselected window. If you change the variable @code{mouse-1-click-in-non-selected-windows} to @code{nil}, clicking @kbd{Mouse-1} on a button in an un-selected window moves point to the clicked position and selects that window, without activating the button. @vindex mouse-1-click-follows-link In Emacs versions before 22, only @kbd{Mouse-2} activates buttons and @kbd{Mouse-1} always sets point. If you prefer this older behavior, set the variable @code{mouse-1-click-follows-link} to @code{nil}. This variable also lets you choose various other alternatives for following links with the mouse. Type @kbd{C-h v mouse-1-click-follows-link @key{RET}} for more details. @node Menu Mouse Clicks @section Mouse Clicks for Menus Several mouse clicks with the @key{CTRL} and @key{SHIFT} modifiers bring up menus. @table @kbd @item C-Mouse-1 @kindex C-Mouse-1 This menu is for selecting a buffer. The MSB (``mouse select buffer'') global minor mode makes this menu smarter and more customizable. @xref{Buffer Menus}. @item C-Mouse-2 @kindex C-Mouse-2 This menu is for specifying faces and other text properties for editing formatted text. @xref{Formatted Text}. @item C-Mouse-3 @kindex C-Mouse-3 This menu is mode-specific. For most modes if Menu-bar mode is on, this menu has the same items as all the mode-specific menu-bar menus put together. Some modes may specify a different menu for this button.@footnote{Some systems use @kbd{Mouse-3} for a mode-specific menu. We took a survey of users, and found they preferred to keep @kbd{Mouse-3} for selecting and killing regions. Hence the decision to use @kbd{C-Mouse-3} for this menu. To use @kbd{Mouse-3} instead, do @code{(global-set-key [mouse-3] 'mouse-popup-menubar-stuff)}.} If Menu-bar mode is off, this menu contains all the items which would be present in the menu bar---not just the mode-specific ones---so that you can access them without having to display the menu bar. @item S-Mouse-1 This menu is for changing the default face within the window's buffer. @xref{Temporary Face Changes}. @end table @node Mode Line Mouse @section Mode Line Mouse Commands @cindex mode line, mouse @cindex mouse on mode line You can use mouse clicks on window mode lines to select and manipulate windows. Some areas of the mode line, such as the buffer name, and major and minor mode names, have their own special mouse bindings. These areas are highlighted when you hold the mouse over them, and information about the special bindings will be displayed (@pxref{Tooltips}). This section's commands do not apply in those areas. @table @kbd @item Mouse-1 @kindex Mouse-1 @r{(mode line)} @kbd{Mouse-1} on a mode line selects the window it belongs to. By dragging @kbd{Mouse-1} on the mode line, you can move it, thus changing the height of the windows above and below. Changing heights with the mouse in this way never deletes windows, it just refuses to make any window smaller than the minimum height. @item Mouse-2 @kindex Mouse-2 @r{(mode line)} @kbd{Mouse-2} on a mode line expands that window to fill its frame. @item Mouse-3 @kindex Mouse-3 @r{(mode line)} @kbd{Mouse-3} on a mode line deletes the window it belongs to. If the frame has only one window, it buries the current buffer instead, and switches to another buffer. @item C-Mouse-2 @kindex C-mouse-2 @r{(mode line)} @kbd{C-Mouse-2} on a mode line splits the window above horizontally, above the place in the mode line where you click. @end table @kindex C-Mouse-2 @r{(scroll bar)} @kindex Mouse-1 @r{(scroll bar)} Using @kbd{Mouse-1} on the divider between two side-by-side mode lines, you can move the vertical boundary left or right. Using @kbd{C-Mouse-2} on a scroll bar splits the corresponding window vertically. @xref{Split Window}. @node Creating Frames @section Creating Frames @cindex creating frames @kindex C-x 5 The prefix key @kbd{C-x 5} is analogous to @kbd{C-x 4}, with parallel subcommands. The difference is that @kbd{C-x 5} commands create a new frame rather than just a new window in the selected frame (@pxref{Pop Up Window}). If an existing visible or iconified (``minimized'') frame already displays the requested material, these commands use the existing frame, after raising or deiconifying (``un-minimizing'') as necessary. The various @kbd{C-x 5} commands differ in how they find or create the buffer to select: @table @kbd @item C-x 5 2 @kindex C-x 5 2 @findex make-frame-command Create a new frame (@code{make-frame-command}). @item C-x 5 b @var{bufname} @key{RET} Select buffer @var{bufname} in another frame. This runs @code{switch-to-buffer-other-frame}. @item C-x 5 f @var{filename} @key{RET} Visit file @var{filename} and select its buffer in another frame. This runs @code{find-file-other-frame}. @xref{Visiting}. @item C-x 5 d @var{directory} @key{RET} Select a Dired buffer for directory @var{directory} in another frame. This runs @code{dired-other-frame}. @xref{Dired}. @item C-x 5 m Start composing a mail message in another frame. This runs @code{mail-other-frame}. It is the other-frame variant of @kbd{C-x m}. @xref{Sending Mail}. @item C-x 5 . Find a tag in the current tag table in another frame. This runs @code{find-tag-other-frame}, the multiple-frame variant of @kbd{M-.}. @xref{Tags}. @item C-x 5 r @var{filename} @key{RET} @kindex C-x 5 r @findex find-file-read-only-other-frame Visit file @var{filename} read-only, and select its buffer in another frame. This runs @code{find-file-read-only-other-frame}. @xref{Visiting}. @end table @cindex default-frame-alist @cindex initial-frame-alist @cindex face customization, in init file @cindex color customization, in init file You can control the appearance of new frames you create by setting the frame parameters in @code{default-frame-alist}. You can use the variable @code{initial-frame-alist} to specify parameters that affect only the initial frame. @xref{Initial Parameters,,, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, for more information. @cindex font (default) For instance, one way to specify the principal font for all your Emacs frames is to modify @code{default-frame-alist} to specify the @code{font} parameter (@pxref{Font X}): @example (add-to-list 'default-frame-alist '(font . "10x20")) @end example @noindent Here's a similar example for specifying a foreground color: @example (add-to-list 'default-frame-alist '(foreground-color . "blue")) @end example @noindent By putting such customizations in your init file, you can control the appearance of all the frames Emacs creates, including the initial one. @xref{Init File}. @node Frame Commands @section Frame Commands The following commands let you create, delete and operate on frames: @table @kbd @item C-z @kindex C-z @r{(X windows)} @findex iconify-or-deiconify-frame Iconify (``minimize'') the selected Emacs frame (@code{iconify-or-deiconify-frame}). @xref{Exiting}. @item C-x 5 0 @kindex C-x 5 0 @findex delete-frame Delete the selected frame (@code{delete-frame}). This is not allowed if there is only one frame. @item C-x 5 o @kindex C-x 5 o @findex other-frame Select another frame, raise it, and warp the mouse to it. If you repeat this command, it cycles through all the frames on your terminal. @item C-x 5 1 @kindex C-x 5 1 @findex delete-other-frames Delete all frames except the selected one. @end table @vindex focus-follows-mouse To make the command @kbd{C-x 5 o} work properly, you should tell Emacs how the system (or the window manager) handles focus-switching between windows. There are two possibilities: either simply moving the mouse onto a window selects it (gives it focus), or you have to click on it to do so. On X, this focus policy also affects whether the focus is given to a frame that Emacs raises. Unfortunately there is no way Emacs can find out automatically which way the system handles this, so you have to explicitly say, by setting the variable @code{focus-follows-mouse}. If just moving the mouse onto a window selects it, that variable should be @code{t}; if a click is necessary, the variable should be @code{nil}. The default is @code{t}. The window manager that is part of MS-Windows always gives focus to a frame that raises, so this variable has no effect in the native MS-Windows build of Emacs. @node Speedbar @section Speedbar Frames @cindex speedbar @cindex attached frame (of speedbar) The @dfn{speedbar} is a special frame for conveniently navigating in or operating on another frame. The speedbar, when it exists, is always associated with a specific frame, called its @dfn{attached frame}; all speedbar operations act on that frame. Type @kbd{M-x speedbar} to create the speedbar and associate it with the current frame. To dismiss the speedbar, type @kbd{M-x speedbar} again, or select the speedbar and type @kbd{q}. (You can also delete the speedbar frame like any other Emacs frame.) If you wish to associate the speedbar with a different frame, dismiss it and call @kbd{M-x speedbar} from that frame. The speedbar can operate in various modes. Its default mode is @dfn{File Display} mode, which shows the files in the current directory of the selected window of the attached frame, one file per line. Clicking on a file name visits that file in the selected window of the attached frame, and clicking on a directory name shows that directory in the speedbar (@pxref{Mouse References}). Each line also has a box, @samp{[+]} or @samp{<+>}, that you can click on to @dfn{expand} the contents of that item. Expanding a directory adds the contents of that directory to the speedbar display, underneath the directory's own line. Expanding an ordinary file adds a list of the tags in that file to the speedbar display; you can click on a tag name to jump to that tag in the selected window of the attached frame. When a file or directory is expanded, the @samp{[+]} changes to @samp{[-]}; you can click on that box to @dfn{contract} the item, hiding its contents. You navigate through the speedbar using the keyboard, too. Typing @kbd{RET} while point is on a line in the speedbar is equivalent to clicking the item on the current line, and @kbd{SPC} expands or contracts the item. @kbd{U} displays the parent directory of the current directory. To copy, delete, or rename the file on the current line, type @kbd{C}, @kbd{D}, and @kbd{R} respectively. To create a new directory, type @kbd{M}. Another general-purpose speedbar mode is @dfn{Buffer Display} mode; in this mode, the speedbar displays a list of Emacs buffers. To switch to this mode, type @kbd{b} in the speedbar. To return to File Display mode, type @kbd{f}. You can also change the display mode by clicking @kbd{mouse-3} anywhere in the speedbar window (or @kbd{mouse-1} on the mode-line) and selecting @samp{Displays} in the pop-up menu. Some major modes, including Rmail mode, Info, and GUD, have specialized ways of putting useful items into the speedbar for you to select. For example, in Rmail mode, the speedbar shows a list of Rmail files, and lets you move the current message to another Rmail file by clicking on its @samp{<M>} box. For more details on using and programming the speedbar, @xref{Top, Speedbar,,speedbar, Speedbar Manual}. @node Multiple Displays @section Multiple Displays @cindex multiple displays A single Emacs can talk to more than one X display. Initially, Emacs uses just one display---the one specified with the @env{DISPLAY} environment variable or with the @samp{--display} option (@pxref{Initial Options}). To connect to another display, use the command @code{make-frame-on-display}: @findex make-frame-on-display @table @kbd @item M-x make-frame-on-display @key{RET} @var{display} @key{RET} Create a new frame on display @var{display}. @end table A single X server can handle more than one screen. When you open frames on two screens belonging to one server, Emacs knows they share a single keyboard, and it treats all the commands arriving from these screens as a single stream of input. When you open frames on different X servers, Emacs makes a separate input stream for each server. Each server also has its own selected frame. The commands you enter with a particular X server apply to that server's selected frame. It is even possible to use this feature to let two or more users type simultaneously on the two displays, within the same Emacs job. In practice, however, the different users can easily interfere with each others' edits if they are not careful. @node Special Buffer Frames @section Special Buffer Frames @vindex special-display-buffer-names You can make certain chosen buffers, which Emacs normally displays in ``another window,'' appear in special frames of their own. To do this, set the variable @code{special-display-buffer-names} to a list of buffer names; any buffer whose name is in that list automatically gets a special frame, when an Emacs command wants to display it ``in another window.'' For example, if you set the variable this way, @example (setq special-display-buffer-names '("*Completions*" "*grep*" "*tex-shell*")) @end example @noindent then completion lists, @code{grep} output and the @TeX{} mode shell buffer get individual frames of their own. These frames, and the windows in them, are never automatically split or reused for any other buffers. They continue to show the buffers they were created for, unless you alter them by hand. Killing the special buffer deletes its frame automatically. @vindex special-display-regexps More generally, you can set @code{special-display-regexps} to a list of regular expressions; then a buffer gets its own frame if its name matches any of those regular expressions. (Once again, this applies only to buffers that normally get displayed for you in ``another window.'') @vindex special-display-frame-alist The variable @code{special-display-frame-alist} specifies the frame parameters for these frames. It has a default value, so you don't need to set it. For those who know Lisp, an element of @code{special-display-buffer-names} or @code{special-display-regexps} can also be a list. Then the first element is the buffer name or regular expression; the rest of the list specifies how to create the frame. It can be an association list specifying frame parameter values; these values take precedence over parameter values specified in @code{special-display-frame-alist}. If you specify the symbol @code{same-window} as a ``frame parameter'' in this list, with a non-@code{nil} value, that means to use the selected window if possible. If you use the symbol @code{same-frame} as a ``frame parameter'' in this list, with a non-@code{nil} value, that means to use the selected frame if possible. Alternatively, the value can have this form: @example (@var{function} @var{args}...) @end example @noindent where @var{function} is a symbol. Then the frame is constructed by calling @var{function}; its first argument is the buffer, and its remaining arguments are @var{args}. An analogous feature lets you specify buffers which should be displayed in the selected window. @xref{Force Same Window}. The same-window feature takes precedence over the special-frame feature; therefore, if you add a buffer name to @code{special-display-buffer-names} and it has no effect, check to see whether that feature is also in use for the same buffer name. @node Frame Parameters @section Setting Frame Parameters @cindex Auto-Raise mode @cindex Auto-Lower mode These commands are available for controlling the window management behavior of the selected frame: @table @kbd @findex auto-raise-mode @item M-x auto-raise-mode Toggle whether or not the selected frame should auto-raise. Auto-raise means that every time you move the mouse onto the frame, it raises the frame. Some window managers also implement auto-raise. If you enable auto-raise for Emacs frames in your window manager, it will work, but it is beyond Emacs' control, so @code{auto-raise-mode} has no effect on it. @findex auto-lower-mode @item M-x auto-lower-mode Toggle whether or not the selected frame should auto-lower. Auto-lower means that every time you move the mouse off the frame, the frame moves to the bottom of the stack on the screen. The command @code{auto-lower-mode} has no effect on auto-lower implemented by the window manager. To control that, you must use the appropriate window manager features. @end table In Emacs versions that use an X toolkit, the color-setting and font-setting functions don't affect menus and the menu bar, since they are displayed by their own widget classes. To change the appearance of the menus and menu bar, you must use X resources (@pxref{Resources}). @xref{Colors}, regarding colors. @xref{Font X}, regarding choice of font. Colors, fonts, and other attributes of the frame's display can also be customized by setting frame parameters in the variable @code{default-frame-alist} (@pxref{Creating Frames}). For a detailed description of frame parameters and customization, see @ref{Frame Parameters,,, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. @node Scroll Bars @section Scroll Bars @cindex Scroll Bar mode @cindex mode, Scroll Bar On graphical displays, Emacs normally makes a @dfn{scroll bar} at the left of each Emacs window, running the height of the window.@footnote{Placing it at the left is usually more useful with overlapping frames with text starting at the left margin.} When Emacs is compiled with GTK+ support on the X window system, or in operating systems such as Microsoft Windows or Mac OS, you can use the scroll bar as you do in other graphical applications. If you click @kbd{Mouse-1} on the scroll bar's up and down buttons, that scrolls the window by one line at a time. Clicking @kbd{Mouse-1} above or below the scroll bar's inner box scrolls the window by nearly the entire height of the window, like @kbd{M-v} and @kbd{C-v} respectively (@pxref{Moving Point}). Dragging the inner box with @kbd{Mouse-1} scrolls the window continuously. If Emacs is compiled without GTK+ support on the X window system, the scroll bar behaves differently. The scroll bar's inner box is drawn to represent the portion of the buffer currently displayed, with the entire height of the scroll bar representing the entire length of the buffer. @kbd{Mouse-1} anywhere on the scroll bar scrolls forward like @kbd{C-v}, and @kbd{Mouse-3} scrolls backward like @kbd{M-v}. Clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} in the scroll bar lets you move or drag the inner box up and down. You can also click @kbd{C-Mouse-2} in the scroll bar to split a window vertically. The split occurs on the line where you click. @findex scroll-bar-mode @vindex scroll-bar-mode You can toggle the use of the scroll bar with the command @kbd{M-x scroll-bar-mode}. With a prefix argument, this command turns use of scroll bars on if and only if the argument is positive. This command applies to all frames, including frames yet to be created. Customize the variable @code{scroll-bar-mode} to control the use of scroll bars at startup. You can use it to specify that they are placed at the right of windows if you prefer that. You have to set this variable through the @samp{Customize} interface (@pxref{Easy Customization}), or it will not work properly. You can also use the X resource @samp{verticalScrollBars} to control the initial setting of Scroll Bar mode. @xref{Resources}. @findex toggle-scroll-bar To enable or disable scroll bars for just the selected frame, use the command @kbd{M-x toggle-scroll-bar}. @vindex scroll-bar-width @cindex width of the scroll bar You can control the scroll bar width by changing the value of the @code{scroll-bar-width} frame parameter. @node Wheeled Mice @section Scrolling With ``Wheeled'' Mice @cindex mouse wheel @cindex wheel, mouse @findex mouse-wheel-mode @cindex Mouse Wheel minor mode @cindex mode, Mouse Wheel Some mice have a ``wheel'' instead of a third button. You can usually click the wheel to act as either @kbd{Mouse-2} or @kbd{Mouse-3}, depending on the setup. You can also use the wheel to scroll windows instead of using the scroll bar or keyboard commands. Mouse wheel support only works if the system generates appropriate events; whenever possible, it is turned on by default. To toggle this feature, use @kbd{M-x mouse-wheel-mode}. @vindex mouse-wheel-follow-mouse @vindex mouse-wheel-scroll-amount @vindex mouse-wheel-progressive-speed The two variables @code{mouse-wheel-follow-mouse} and @code{mouse-wheel-scroll-amount} determine where and by how much buffers are scrolled. The variable @code{mouse-wheel-progressive-speed} determines whether the scroll speed is linked to how fast you move the wheel. @node Drag and Drop @section Drag and Drop @cindex drag and drop Emacs supports @dfn{drag and drop} using the mouse. For instance, dropping text onto an Emacs frame inserts the text where it is dropped. Dropping a file onto an Emacs frame visits that file. As a special case, dropping the file on a Dired buffer moves or copies the file (according to the conventions of the application it came from) into the directory displayed in that buffer. @vindex dnd-open-file-other-window Dropping a file normally visits it in the window you drop it on. If you prefer to visit the file in a new window in such cases, customize the variable @code{dnd-open-file-other-window}. The XDND and Motif drag and drop protocols, and the old KDE 1.x protocol, are currently supported. @node Menu Bars @section Menu Bars @cindex Menu Bar mode @cindex mode, Menu Bar @findex menu-bar-mode @vindex menu-bar-mode You can turn display of menu bars on or off with @kbd{M-x menu-bar-mode} or by customizing the variable @code{menu-bar-mode}. With no argument, this command toggles Menu Bar mode, a minor mode. With an argument, the command turns Menu Bar mode on if the argument is positive, off if the argument is not positive. You can use the X resource @samp{menuBarLines} to control the initial setting of Menu Bar mode. @xref{Resources}. @kindex C-Mouse-3 @r{(when menu bar is disabled)} Expert users often turn off the menu bar, especially on text-only terminals, where this makes one additional line available for text. If the menu bar is off, you can still pop up a menu of its contents with @kbd{C-Mouse-3} on a display which supports pop-up menus. @xref{Menu Mouse Clicks}. @xref{Menu Bar}, for information on how to invoke commands with the menu bar. @xref{X Resources}, for how to customize the menu bar menus' visual appearance. @node Tool Bars @section Tool Bars @cindex Tool Bar mode @cindex mode, Tool Bar @cindex icons, toolbar The @dfn{tool bar} is a line (or lines) of icons at the top of the Emacs window, just below the menu bar. You can click on these icons with the mouse to do various jobs. The global tool bar contains general commands. Some major modes define their own tool bars to replace it. A few ``special'' modes that are not designed for ordinary editing remove some items from the global tool bar. Tool bars work only on a graphical display. The tool bar uses colored XPM icons if Emacs was built with XPM support. Otherwise, the tool bar uses monochrome icons (PBM or XBM format). @findex tool-bar-mode @vindex tool-bar-mode You can turn display of tool bars on or off with @kbd{M-x tool-bar-mode} or by customizing the option @code{tool-bar-mode}. @node Dialog Boxes @section Using Dialog Boxes @cindex dialog boxes @vindex use-dialog-box A dialog box is a special kind of menu for asking you a yes-or-no question or some other special question. Many Emacs commands use a dialog box to ask a yes-or-no question, if you used the mouse to invoke the command that led to the question. To disable the use of dialog boxes, change the variable @code{use-dialog-box} to @code{nil}. In that case, Emacs always performs yes-or-no prompts using the echo area and keyboard input. This variable also controls whether to use file selection windows (but those are not supported on all platforms). @vindex use-file-dialog @cindex file selection dialog, how to disable A file selection window is a special kind of dialog box for asking for file names. You can customize the variable @code{use-file-dialog} to suppress the use of file selection windows, even if you still want other kinds of dialogs. This variable has no effect if you have suppressed all dialog boxes with the variable @code{use-dialog-box}. @vindex x-gtk-show-hidden-files @vindex x-gtk-file-dialog-help-text @cindex hidden files, in GTK+ file chooser @cindex help text, in GTK+ file chooser When Emacs is compiled with GTK+ support, it uses the GTK+ ``file chooser'' dialog. Emacs adds an additional toggle button to this dialog, which you can use to enable or disable the display of hidden files (files starting with a dot) in that dialog. If you want this toggle to be activated by default, change the variable @code{x-gtk-show-hidden-files} to @code{t}. In addition, Emacs adds help text to the GTK+ file chooser dialog; to disable this help text, change the variable @code{x-gtk-file-dialog-help-text} to @code{nil}. @vindex x-gtk-use-old-file-dialog In GTK+ versions 2.4 through 2.10, you can choose to use an older version of the GTK+ file dialog by setting the variable @code{x-gtk-use-old-file-dialog} to a non-@code{nil} value. If Emacs is built with a GTK+ version that has only one file dialog, this variable has no effect. @node Tooltips @section Tooltips @cindex tooltips @dfn{Tooltips} are small windows that display text information at the current mouse position. They activate when there is a pause in mouse movement. There are two types of tooltip: help tooltips and GUD tooltips. @dfn{Help tooltips} typically display over text---including the mode line---but are also available for other parts of the Emacs frame, such as the tool bar and menu items. @findex tooltip-mode You can toggle display of help tooltips (Tooltip mode) with the command @kbd{M-x tooltip-mode}. When Tooltip mode is disabled, the help text is displayed in the echo area instead. @dfn{GUD tooltips} show values of variables. They are useful when you are debugging a program. @xref{Debugger Operation}. @vindex tooltip-delay The variables @code{tooltip-delay} specifies how long Emacs should wait before displaying a tooltip. For additional customization options for displaying tooltips, use @kbd{M-x customize-group @key{RET} tooltip @key{RET}}. @xref{X Resources}, for information on customizing the windows that display tooltips. @node Mouse Avoidance @section Mouse Avoidance @cindex avoiding mouse in the way of your typing @cindex mouse avoidance @vindex mouse-avoidance-mode Mouse Avoidance mode keeps the mouse pointer away from point, to avoid obscuring text you want to edit. Whenever it moves the mouse, it also raises the frame. To use Mouse Avoidance mode, customize the variable @code{mouse-avoidance-mode}. You can set this to various values to move the mouse in several ways: @table @code @item banish Move the mouse to the upper-right corner on any key-press; @item exile Move the mouse to the corner only if the cursor gets too close, and allow it to return once the cursor is out of the way; @item jump If the cursor gets too close to the mouse, displace the mouse a random distance & direction; @item animate As @code{jump}, but shows steps along the way for illusion of motion; @item cat-and-mouse The same as @code{animate}; @item proteus As @code{animate}, but changes the shape of the mouse pointer too. @end table @findex mouse-avoidance-mode You can also use the command @kbd{M-x mouse-avoidance-mode} to enable the mode. @node Non-Window Terminals @section Non-Window Terminals @cindex non-window terminals @cindex single-frame terminals On a text-only terminal, Emacs can display only one Emacs frame at a time. However, you can still create multiple Emacs frames, and switch between them. Switching frames on these terminals is much like switching between different window configurations. Use @kbd{C-x 5 2} to create a new frame and switch to it; use @kbd{C-x 5 o} to cycle through the existing frames; use @kbd{C-x 5 0} to delete the current frame. Each frame has a number to distinguish it. If your terminal can display only one frame at a time, the selected frame's number @var{n} appears near the beginning of the mode line, in the form @samp{F@var{n}}. @findex set-frame-name @findex select-frame-by-name @samp{F@var{n}} is in fact the frame's initial name. You can give frames more meaningful names if you wish, and you can select a frame by its name. Use the command @kbd{M-x set-frame-name @key{RET} @var{name} @key{RET}} to specify a new name for the selected frame, and use @kbd{M-x select-frame-by-name @key{RET} @var{name} @key{RET}} to select a frame according to its name. The name you specify appears in the mode line when the frame is selected. @node Text-Only Mouse @section Using a Mouse in Terminal Emulators @cindex mouse support @cindex terminal emulators, mouse support Some text-only terminals support mouse clicks in the terminal window. @cindex xterm In a terminal emulator which is compatible with @code{xterm}, you can use @kbd{M-x xterm-mouse-mode} to give Emacs control over simple use of the mouse---basically, only non-modified single clicks are supported. The normal @code{xterm} mouse functionality for such clicks is still available by holding down the @kbd{SHIFT} key when you press the mouse button. Xterm Mouse mode is a global minor mode (@pxref{Minor Modes}). Repeating the command turns the mode off again. In the console on GNU/Linux, you can use @kbd{M-x t-mouse-mode} to enable terminal mouse support. You must have the gpm package installed and running on your system in order for this to work. @ignore arch-tag: 7dcf3a31-a43b-45d4-a900-445b10d77e49 @end ignore