@c This is part of the Emacs manual.@c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 97, 99, 2000, 2001@c Free Software Foundation, Inc.@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.@node Frames, International, Windows, Top@chapter Frames and X Windows@cindex frames When using the X Window System, you can create multiple windows at theX level in a single Emacs session. Each X window that belongs to Emacsdisplays a @dfn{frame} which can contain one or several Emacs windows.A frame initially contains a single general-purpose Emacs window whichyou can subdivide vertically or horizontally into smaller windows. Aframe normally contains its own echo area and minibuffer, but you canmake frames that don't have these---they use the echo area andminibuffer of another frame. Editing you do in one frame also affects the other frames. Forinstance, if you put text in the kill ring in one frame, you can yank itin another frame. If you exit Emacs through @kbd{C-x C-c} in one frame,it terminates all the frames. To delete just one frame, use @kbd{C-x 50} (that is zero, not @kbd{o}). To avoid confusion, we reserve the word ``window'' for thesubdivisions that Emacs implements, and never use it to refer to aframe. Emacs compiled for MS-DOS emulates some aspects of the window systemso that you can use many of the features described in this chapter.@xref{MS-DOS Input}, for more information.@cindex MS Windows Emacs compiled for MS Windows mostly supports the same features asunder X. However, images, tool bars, and tooltips are not yetavailable in Emacs version 21.1 on MS-Windows.@menu* Mouse Commands:: Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse.* Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark.* Clipboard:: Using the clipboard for selections.* Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list.* Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus.* Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line.* Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents.* Frame Commands:: Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames.* Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame.* Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays.* Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames.* Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames.* Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them.* Wheeled Mice:: Using mouse wheels for scrolling.* Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar.* Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar.* Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes.* Tooltips:: Showing "tooltips", AKA "ballon help" for active text.* Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way.* Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one.* XTerm Mouse:: Using the mouse in an XTerm terminal emulator.@end menu@node Mouse Commands@section Mouse Commands for Editing@cindex mouse buttons (what they do) The mouse commands for selecting and copying a region are mostlycompatible with the @code{xterm} program. You can use the same mousecommands for copying between Emacs and other X client programs.@kindex DELETE @r{(and mouse selection)} If you select a region with any of these mouse commands, and thenimmediately afterward type the @key{DELETE} function key, it deletes theregion that you selected. The @key{BACKSPACE} function key and theASCII character @key{DEL} do not do this; if you type any other keyin between the mouse command and @key{DELETE}, it does not do this.@findex mouse-set-region@findex mouse-set-point@findex mouse-yank-at-click@findex mouse-save-then-click@kindex Mouse-1@kindex Mouse-2@kindex Mouse-3@table @kbd@item Mouse-1Move point to where you click (@code{mouse-set-point}).This is normally the left button.@item Drag-Mouse-1Set the region to the text you select by dragging, and copy it to thekill ring (@code{mouse-set-region}). You can specify both ends of theregion with this single command.@vindex mouse-scroll-min-linesIf you move the mouse off the top or bottom of the window whiledragging, the window scrolls at a steady rate until you move the mouseback into the window. This way, you can select regions that don't fitentirely on the screen. The number of lines scrolled per step dependson how far away from the window edge the mouse has gone; the variable@code{mouse-scroll-min-lines} specifies a minimum step size.@item Mouse-2Yank the last killed text, where you click (@code{mouse-yank-at-click}).This is normally the middle button.@item Mouse-3This command, @code{mouse-save-then-kill}, has several functionsdepending on where you click and the status of the region.The most basic case is when you click @kbd{Mouse-1} in one place andthen @kbd{Mouse-3} in another. This selects the text between those twopositions as the region. It also copies the new region to the killring, so that you can copy it to someplace else.If you click @kbd{Mouse-1} in the text, scroll with the scroll bar, andthen click @kbd{Mouse-3}, it remembers where point was before scrolling(where you put it with @kbd{Mouse-1}), and uses that position as theother end of the region. This is so that you can select a region thatdoesn't fit entirely on the screen.More generally, if you do not have a highlighted region, @kbd{Mouse-3}selects the text between point and the click position as the region. Itdoes this by setting the mark where point was, and moving point to whereyou click.If you have a highlighted region, or if the region was set just beforeby dragging button 1, @kbd{Mouse-3} adjusts the nearer end of the regionby moving it to where you click. The adjusted region's text alsoreplaces the old region's text in the kill ring.If you originally specified the region using a double or triple@kbd{Mouse-1}, so that the region is defined to consist of entire wordsor lines, then adjusting the region with @kbd{Mouse-3} also proceeds byentire words or lines.If you use @kbd{Mouse-3} a second time consecutively, at the same place,that kills the region already selected.@item Double-Mouse-1This key sets the region around the word which you click on. If youclick on a character with ``symbol'' syntax (such as underscore, in Cmode), it sets the region around the symbol surrounding that character.If you click on a character with open-parenthesis or close-parenthesissyntax, it sets the region around the parenthetical groupingwhich that character starts or ends. If you click on a character withstring-delimiter syntax (such as a singlequote or doublequote in C), itsets the region around the string constant (using heuristics to figureout whether that character is the beginning or the end of it).@item Double-Drag-Mouse-1This key selects a region made up of the words you drag across.@item Triple-Mouse-1This key sets the region around the line you click on.@item Triple-Drag-Mouse-1This key selects a region made up of the lines you drag across.@end table The simplest way to kill text with the mouse is to press @kbd{Mouse-1}at one end, then press @kbd{Mouse-3} twice at the other end.@xref{Killing}. To copy the text into the kill ring without deleting itfrom the buffer, press @kbd{Mouse-3} just once---or just drag across thetext with @kbd{Mouse-1}. Then you can copy it elsewhere by yanking it.@vindex mouse-yank-at-point To yank the killed or copied text somewhere else, move the mouse thereand press @kbd{Mouse-2}. @xref{Yanking}. However, if@code{mouse-yank-at-point} is non-@code{nil}, @kbd{Mouse-2} yanks atpoint. Then it does not matter where you click, or even which of theframe's windows you click on. The default value is @code{nil}. Thisvariable also affects yanking the secondary selection.@cindex cutting and X@cindex pasting and X@cindex X cutting and pasting To copy text to another X window, kill it or save it in the kill ring.Under X, this also sets the @dfn{primary selection}. Then use the``paste'' or ``yank'' command of the program operating the other windowto insert the text from the selection. To copy text from another X window, use the ``cut'' or ``copy''command of the program operating the other window, to select the textyou want. Then yank it in Emacs with @kbd{C-y} or @kbd{Mouse-2}. The standard coding system for X selections is @code{compound-text}.To specify another coding system for X selections, use @kbd{C-x@key{RET} x} or @kbd{C-x @key{RET} X}. @xref{Specify Coding}. These cutting and pasting commands also work on MS-Windows.@cindex primary selection@cindex cut buffer@cindex selection, primary@vindex x-cut-buffer-max When Emacs puts text into the kill ring, or rotates text to the frontof the kill ring, it sets the @dfn{primary selection} in the X server.This is how other X clients can access the text. Emacs also stores thetext in the cut buffer, but only if the text is short enough(the value of @code{x-cut-buffer-max} specifies the maximum number ofcharacters); putting long strings in the cut buffer can be slow. The commands to yank the first entry in the kill ring actually checkfirst for a primary selection in another program; after that, they checkfor text in the cut buffer. If neither of those sources provides textto yank, the kill ring contents are used.@node Secondary Selection@section Secondary Selection@cindex secondary selection The @dfn{secondary selection} is another way of selecting text usingX. It does not use point or the mark, so you can use it to kill textwithout setting point or the mark.@table @kbd@findex mouse-set-secondary@kindex M-Drag-Mouse-1@item M-Drag-Mouse-1Set the secondary selection, with one end at the place where you pressdown the button, and the other end at the place where you release it(@code{mouse-set-secondary}). The highlighting appears and changes asyou drag. You can control the appearance of the highlighting bycustomizing the @code{secondary-selection} face (@pxref{FaceCustomization}).If you move the mouse off the top or bottom of the window whiledragging, the window scrolls at a steady rate until you move the mouseback into the window. This way, you can mark regions that don't fitentirely on the screen.@findex mouse-start-secondary@kindex M-Mouse-1@item M-Mouse-1Set one endpoint for the @dfn{secondary selection}(@code{mouse-start-secondary}).@findex mouse-secondary-save-then-kill@kindex M-Mouse-3@item M-Mouse-3Make a secondary selection, using the place specified with @kbd{M-Mouse-1}as the other end (@code{mouse-secondary-save-then-kill}). A second clickat the same place kills the secondary selection just made.@findex mouse-yank-secondary@kindex M-Mouse-2@item M-Mouse-2Insert the secondary selection where you click(@code{mouse-yank-secondary}). This places point at the end of theyanked text.@end tableDouble or triple clicking of @kbd{M-Mouse-1} operates on words andlines, much like @kbd{Mouse-1}.If @code{mouse-yank-at-point} is non-@code{nil}, @kbd{M-Mouse-2}yanks at point. Then it does not matter precisely where you click; allthat matters is which window you click on. @xref{Mouse Commands}.@node Clipboard@section Using the Clipboard@cindex X clipboard@cindex clipboard@vindex x-select-enable-clipboard@findex menu-bar-enable-clipboard@cindex OpenWindows@cindex Gnome As well as the primary and secondary selection types, X supports a@dfn{clipboard} selection type which is used by some applications,particularly under OpenWindows and Gnome. The command @kbd{M-x menu-bar-enable-clipboard} makes the @code{Cut},@code{Paste} and @code{Copy} menu items, as well as the keys of the samenames, all use the clipboard. You can customize the option @code{x-select-enable-clipboard} to makethe Emacs yank functions consult the clipboard before the primaryselection, and to make the kill functions to store in the clipboard aswell as the primary selection. Otherwise they do not access theclipboard at all. Using the clipboard is the default on MS-Windows,unlike most systems.@node Mouse References@section Following References with the Mouse@kindex Mouse-2 @r{(selection)} Some Emacs buffers display lists of various sorts. These includelists of files, of buffers, of possible completions, of matches fora pattern, and so on. Since yanking text into these buffers is not very useful, most of themdefine @kbd{Mouse-2} specially, as a command to use or view the item youclick on. For example, if you click @kbd{Mouse-2} on a file name in a Diredbuffer, you visit that file. If you click @kbd{Mouse-2} on an errormessage in the @samp{*Compilation*} buffer, you go to the source codefor that error message. If you click @kbd{Mouse-2} on a completion inthe @samp{*Completions*} buffer, you choose that completion. You can usually tell when @kbd{Mouse-2} has this special sort ofmeaning because the sensitive text highlights when you move the mouseover it.@node Menu Mouse Clicks@section Mouse Clicks for Menus Mouse clicks modified with the @key{CTRL} and @key{SHIFT} keysbring up menus.@table @kbd@item C-Mouse-1@kindex C-Mouse-1This menu is for selecting a buffer.The MSB (``mouse select buffer'') global minor mode makes thismenu smarter and more customizable. @xref{Buffer Menus}.@item C-Mouse-2@kindex C-Mouse-2This menu is for specifying faces and other text propertiesfor editing formatted text. @xref{Formatted Text}.@item C-Mouse-3@kindex C-Mouse-3This menu is mode-specific. For most modes if Menu-bar mode is on, thismenu has the same items as all the mode-specific menu-bar menus puttogether. Some modes may specify a different menu for thisbutton.@footnote{Some systems use @kbd{Mouse-3} for a mode-specificmenu. We took a survey of users, and found they preferred to keep@kbd{Mouse-3} for selecting and killing regions. Hence the decision touse @kbd{C-Mouse-3} for this menu.} If Menu-bar mode is off, this menucontains all the items which would be present in the menu bar---not justthe mode-specific ones---so that you can access them without having todisplay the menu bar.@item S-Mouse-1This menu is for specifying the frame's principal font.@end table@node Mode Line Mouse@section Mode Line Mouse Commands@cindex mode line, mouse@cindex mouse on mode line You can use mouse clicks on window mode lines to select and manipulatewindows.@table @kbd@item Mouse-1@kindex Mouse-1 @r{(mode line)}@kbd{Mouse-1} on a mode line selects the window above. By dragging@kbd{Mouse-1} on the mode line, you can move it, thus changing theheight of the windows above and below.@item Mouse-2@kindex Mouse-2 @r{(mode line)}@kbd{Mouse-2} on a mode line expands that window to fill its frame.@item Mouse-3@kindex Mouse-3 @r{(mode line)}@kbd{Mouse-3} on a mode line deletes the window above. If the frame hasonly one window, it buries the current buffer instead and switches toanother buffer.@item C-Mouse-2@kindex C-mouse-2 @r{(mode line)}@kbd{C-Mouse-2} on a mode line splits the window abovehorizontally, above the place in the mode line where you click.@end table@kindex C-Mouse-2 @r{(scroll bar)} @kbd{C-Mouse-2} on a scroll bar splits the corresponding windowvertically, unless you are using an X toolkit's implementation ofscroll bars. @xref{Split Window}. The commands above apply to areas of the mode line which do not havespecial mouse bindings of their own. Some areas, such as the buffername and the major mode name, have their own special mouse bindings.Emacs displays information about these bindings when you hold themouse over such a place (@pxref{Tooltips}).@node Creating Frames@section Creating Frames@cindex creating frames@kindex C-x 5 The prefix key @kbd{C-x 5} is analogous to @kbd{C-x 4}, with parallelsubcommands. The difference is that @kbd{C-x 5} commands create a newframe rather than just a new window in the selected frame (@pxref{PopUp Window}). If an existing visible or iconified frame already displaysthe requested material, these commands use the existing frame, afterraising or deiconifying as necessary. The various @kbd{C-x 5} commands differ in how they find or create thebuffer to select:@table @kbd@item C-x 5 2@kindex C-x 5 2@findex make-frame-commandCreate a new frame (@code{make-frame-command}).@item C-x 5 b @var{bufname} @key{RET}Select buffer @var{bufname} in another frame. This runs@code{switch-to-buffer-other-frame}.@item C-x 5 f @var{filename} @key{RET}Visit file @var{filename} and select its buffer in another frame. Thisruns @code{find-file-other-frame}. @xref{Visiting}.@item C-x 5 d @var{directory} @key{RET}Select a Dired buffer for directory @var{directory} in another frame.This runs @code{dired-other-frame}. @xref{Dired}.@item C-x 5 mStart composing a mail message in another frame. This runs@code{mail-other-frame}. It is the other-frame variant of @kbd{C-x m}.@xref{Sending Mail}.@item C-x 5 .Find a tag in the current tag table in another frame. This runs@code{find-tag-other-frame}, the multiple-frame variant of @kbd{M-.}.@xref{Tags}.@item C-x 5 r @var{filename} @key{RET}@kindex C-x 5 r@findex find-file-read-only-other-frameVisit file @var{filename} read-only, and select its buffer in anotherframe. This runs @code{find-file-read-only-other-frame}.@xref{Visiting}.@end table@cindex default-frame-alist@cindex initial-frame-alist You can control the appearance of new frames you create by setting theframe parameters in @code{default-frame-alist}. You can use thevariable @code{initial-frame-alist} to specify parameters that affectonly the initial frame. @xref{Initial Parameters,,, elisp, The EmacsLisp Reference Manual}, for more information.@cindex font (default) The easiest way to specify the principal font for all your Emacsframes is with an X resource (@pxref{Font X}), but you can also do it bymodifying @code{default-frame-alist} to specify the @code{font}parameter, as shown here:@example(add-to-list 'default-frame-alist '(font . "10x20"))@end example@noindentHere's a similar example for specifying a foreground color:@example(add-to-list 'default-frame-alist '(background-color . "blue"))@end example@node Frame Commands@section Frame Commands The following commands let you create, delete and operate on frames:@table @kbd@item C-z@kindex C-z @r{(X windows)}@findex iconify-or-deiconify-frameIconify the selected Emacs frame (@code{iconify-or-deiconify-frame}).The normal meaning of @kbd{C-z}, to suspend Emacs, is not useful under awindow system, so it has a different binding in that case.If you type this command on an Emacs frame's icon, it deiconifies the frame.@item C-x 5 0@kindex C-x 5 0@findex delete-frameDelete the selected frame (@code{delete-frame}). This is not allowed ifthere is only one frame.@item C-x 5 o@kindex C-x 5 o@findex other-frameSelect another frame, raise it, and warp the mouse to it so that itstays selected. If you repeat this command, it cycles through all theframes on your terminal.@item C-x 5 1@kindex C-x 5 1@findex delete-other-framesDelete all frames except the selected one.@end table@node Speedbar@section Making and Using a Speedbar Frame@cindex speedbar An Emacs frame can have a @dfn{speedbar}, which is a vertical windowthat serves as a scrollable menu of files you could visit and tagswithin those files. To create a speedbar, type @kbd{M-x speedbar}; thiscreates a speedbar window for the selected frame. From then on, you canclick on a file name in the speedbar to visit that file in thecorresponding Emacs frame, or click on a tag name to jump to that tag inthe Emacs frame. Initially the speedbar lists the immediate contents of the currentdirectory, one file per line. Each line also has a box, @samp{[+]} or@samp{<+>}, that you can click on with @kbd{Mouse-2} to ``open up'' thecontents of that item. If the line names a directory, opening it addsthe contents of that directory to the speedbar display, underneath thedirectory's own line. If the line lists an ordinary file, opening it upadds a list of the tags in that file to the speedbar display. When afile is opened up, the @samp{[+]} changes to @samp{[-]}; you can clickon that box to ``close up'' that file (hide its contents). Some major modes, including Rmail mode, Info, and GUD, havespecialized ways of putting useful items into the speedbar for you toselect. For example, in Rmail mode, the speedbar shows a list of Rmailfiles, and lets you move the current message to another Rmail file byclicking on its @samp{<M>} box. A speedbar belongs to one Emacs frame, and always operates on thatframe. If you use multiple frames, you can make a speedbar for some orall of the frames; type @kbd{M-x speedbar} in any given frame to make aspeedbar for it.@node Multiple Displays@section Multiple Displays@cindex multiple displays A single Emacs can talk to more than one X display. Initially, Emacsuses just one display---the one specified with the @env{DISPLAY}environment variable or with the @samp{--display} option (@pxref{InitialOptions}). To connect to another display, use the command@code{make-frame-on-display}:@findex make-frame-on-display@table @kbd@item M-x make-frame-on-display @key{RET} @var{display} @key{RET}Create a new frame on display @var{display}.@end table A single X server can handle more than one screen. When you openframes on two screens belonging to one server, Emacs knows they share asingle keyboard, and it treats all the commands arriving from thesescreens as a single stream of input. When you open frames on different X servers, Emacs makes a separateinput stream for each server. This way, two users can typesimultaneously on the two displays, and Emacs will not garble theirinput. Each server also has its own selected frame. The commands youenter with a particular X server apply to that server's selected frame. Despite these features, people using the same Emacs job from differentdisplays can still interfere with each other if they are not careful.For example, if any one types @kbd{C-x C-c}, that exits the Emacs jobfor all of them!@node Special Buffer Frames@section Special Buffer Frames@vindex special-display-buffer-names You can make certain chosen buffers, for which Emacs normally createsa second window when you have just one window, appear in special framesof their own. To do this, set the variable@code{special-display-buffer-names} to a list of buffer names; anybuffer whose name is in that list automatically gets a special frame,when an Emacs command wants to display it ``in another window.'' For example, if you set the variable this way,@example(setq special-display-buffer-names '("*Completions*" "*grep*" "*tex-shell*"))@end example@noindentthen completion lists, @code{grep} output and the @TeX{} mode shellbuffer get individual frames of their own. These frames, and thewindows in them, are never automatically split or reused for any otherbuffers. They continue to show the buffers they were created for,unless you alter them by hand. Killing the special buffer deletes itsframe automatically.@vindex special-display-regexps More generally, you can set @code{special-display-regexps} to a listof regular expressions; then a buffer gets its own frame if its namematches any of those regular expressions. (Once again, this applies onlyto buffers that normally get displayed for you in a separate window.)@vindex special-display-frame-alist The variable @code{special-display-frame-alist} specifies the frameparameters for these frames. It has a default value, so you don't needto set it. For those who know Lisp, an element of@code{special-display-buffer-names} or @code{special-display-regexps}can also be a list. Then the first element is the buffer name orregular expression; the rest of the list specifies how to create theframe. It can be an association list specifying frame parameter values;these values take precedence over parameter values specified in@code{special-display-frame-alist}. Alternatively, it can have thisform:@example(@var{function} @var{args}...)@end example@noindentwhere @var{function} is a symbol. Then the frame is constructed bycalling @var{function}; its first argument is the buffer, and itsremaining arguments are @var{args}. An analogous feature lets you specify buffers which should bedisplayed in the selected window. @xref{Force Same Window}. Thesame-window feature takes precedence over the special-frame feature;therefore, if you add a buffer name to@code{special-display-buffer-names} and it has no effect, check to seewhether that feature is also in use for the same buffer name.@node Frame Parameters@section Setting Frame Parameters@cindex colors@cindex Auto-Raise mode@cindex Auto-Lower mode This section describes commands for altering the display style andwindow management behavior of the selected frame.@findex set-foreground-color@findex set-background-color@findex set-cursor-color@findex set-mouse-color@findex set-border-color@findex auto-raise-mode@findex auto-lower-mode@table @kbd@item M-x set-foreground-color @key{RET} @var{color} @key{RET}Specify color @var{color} for the foreground of the selected frame.(This also changes the foreground color of the default face.)@item M-x set-background-color @key{RET} @var{color} @key{RET}Specify color @var{color} for the background of the selected frame.(This also changes the background color of the default face.)@item M-x set-cursor-color @key{RET} @var{color} @key{RET}Specify color @var{color} for the cursor of the selected frame.@item M-x set-mouse-color @key{RET} @var{color} @key{RET}Specify color @var{color} for the mouse cursor when it is over theselected frame.@item M-x set-border-color @key{RET} @var{color} @key{RET}Specify color @var{color} for the border of the selected frame.@item M-x list-colors-displayDisplay the defined color names and show what the colors look like.This command is somewhat slow.@item M-x auto-raise-modeToggle whether or not the selected frame should auto-raise. Auto-raisemeans that every time you move the mouse onto the frame, it raises theframe.Note that this auto-raise feature is implemented by Emacs itself. Somewindow managers also implement auto-raise. If you enable auto-raise forEmacs frames in your X window manager, it should work, but it is beyondEmacs's control and therefore @code{auto-raise-mode} has no effect onit.@item M-x auto-lower-modeToggle whether or not the selected frame should auto-lower.Auto-lower means that every time you move the mouse off the frame,the frame moves to the bottom of the stack of X windows.The command @code{auto-lower-mode} has no effect on auto-lowerimplemented by the X window manager. To control that, you must usethe appropriate window manager features.@findex set-frame-font@item M-x set-frame-font @key{RET} @var{font} @key{RET}@cindex font (principal)Specify font @var{font} as the principal font for the selected frame.The principal font controls several face attributes of the@code{default} face (@pxref{Faces}). For example, if the principal fonthas a height of 12 pt, all text will be drawn in 12 pt fonts, unless youuse another face that specifies a different height. @xref{Font X}, forways to list the available fonts on your system.@kindex S-Mouse-1You can also set a frame's principal font through a pop-up menu.Press @kbd{S-Mouse-1} to activate this menu.@end table In Emacs versions that use an X toolkit, the color-setting andfont-setting functions don't affect menus and the menu bar, since theyare displayed by their own widget classes. To change the appearance ofthe menus and menu bar, you must use X resources (@pxref{Resources X}).@xref{Colors X}, regarding colors. @xref{Font X}, regarding choice offont. Colors, fonts, and other attributes of the frame's display can alsobe customized by setting frame parameters in the variable@code{default-frame-alist} (@pxref{Creating Frames}). For a detaileddescription of frame parameters and customization, see @ref{FrameParameters,,, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.@node Scroll Bars@section Scroll Bars@cindex Scroll Bar mode@cindex mode, Scroll Bar When using X, Emacs normally makes a @dfn{scroll bar} at the left ofeach Emacs window.@footnote{Placing it at the left is usually moreuseful with overlapping frames with text starting at the left margin.}The scroll bar runs the height of the window, and shows a movingrectangular inner box which represents the portion of the buffercurrently displayed. The entire height of the scroll bar represents theentire length of the buffer. You can use @kbd{Mouse-2} (normally, the middle button) in the scrollbar to move or drag the inner box up and down. If you move it to thetop of the scroll bar, you see the top of the buffer. If you move it tothe bottom of the scroll bar, you see the bottom of the buffer. The left and right buttons in the scroll bar scroll by controlledincrements. @kbd{Mouse-1} (normally, the left button) moves the line atthe level where you click up to the top of the window. @kbd{Mouse-3}(normally, the right button) moves the line at the top of the windowdown to the level where you click. By clicking repeatedly in the sameplace, you can scroll by the same distance over and over. If you are using Emacs's own implementation of scroll bars, as opposedto scroll bars from an X toolkit, you can also click @kbd{C-Mouse-2} inthe scroll bar to split a window vertically. The split occurs on theline where you click.@findex scroll-bar-mode@vindex scroll-bar-mode You can enable or disable Scroll Bar mode with the command @kbd{M-xscroll-bar-mode}. With no argument, it toggles the use of scroll bars.With an argument, it turns use of scroll bars on if and only if theargument is positive. This command applies to all frames, includingframes yet to be created. Customize the option @code{scroll-bar-mode}to control the use of scroll bars at startup. You can use it to specifythat they are placed at the right of windows if you prefer that. Youcan use the X resource @samp{verticalScrollBars} to control the initialsetting of Scroll Bar mode similarly. @xref{Resources X}.@findex toggle-scroll-bar To enable or disable scroll bars for just the selected frame, use the@kbd{M-x toggle-scroll-bar} command.@vindex scroll-bar-width@cindex width of the scroll bar You can control the scroll bar width by changing the value of the@code{scroll-bar-width} frame parameter.@node Wheeled Mice@section Scrolling With ``Wheeled'' Mice@cindex mouse wheel@cindex wheel, mouse@findex mouse-wheel-mode@cindex Mouse Wheel minor mode@cindex mode, Mouse Wheel Some mice have a ``wheel'' instead of a third button. You canusually click the wheel to act as either @kbd{Mouse-2} or@kbd{Mouse-3}, depending on the setup. You can also use the wheel toscroll windows instead of using the scroll bar or keyboard commands.To do so, turn on Mouse Wheel global minor mode with the command@kbd{M-x mouse-wheel-mode} or by customizing the option@code{mouse-wheel-mode}. Support for the wheel depends on the systemgenerating appropriate events for Emacs.@vindex mouse-wheel-follow-mouse@vindex mouse-wheel-scroll-amount The variables @code{mouse-wheel-follow-mouse} and@code{mouse-wheel-scroll-amount} determine where and by how muchbuffers are scrolled.@node Menu Bars@section Menu Bars@cindex Menu Bar mode@cindex mode, Menu Bar You can turn display of menu bars on or off with @kbd{M-xmenu-bar-mode} or by customizing the option @code{menu-bar-mode}.With no argument, this command toggles Menu Bar mode, aminor mode. With an argument, the command turns Menu Bar mode on if theargument is positive, off if the argument is not positive. You can usethe X resource @samp{menuBarLines} to control the initial setting ofMenu Bar mode. @xref{Resources X}.@kindex C-Mouse-3 @r{(when menu bar is disabled)} Expert users often turn off the menu bar, especially on text-onlyterminals, where this makes one additional line available for text.If the menu bar is off, you can still pop up a menu of its contentswith @kbd{C-Mouse-3} on a display which supports popup menus.@xref{Menu Mouse Clicks}. @xref{Menu Bar}, for information on how to invoke commands with themenu bar.@node Tool Bars@section Tool Bars@cindex Tool Bar mode@cindex mode, Tool Bar@cindex icons, tool barThe @dfn{tool bar} is a line (or multiple lines) of icons at the topof the Emacs window. You can click on these icons with the mouseto do various jobs.The global tool bar contains general commands. Some major modesdefine their own tool bars to replace it. A few ``special'' modesthat are not designed for ordinary editing remove some items from theglobal tool bar.Tool bars work only on a graphical display. The tool bar uses coloredXPM icons if Emacs was built with XPM support. Otherwise, the toolbar uses monochrome icons (PBM or XBM format).You can turn display of tool bars on or off with @kbd{M-xtool-bar-mode}.@node Dialog Boxes@section Using Dialog Boxes@cindex dialog boxes@vindex use-dialog-box A dialog box is a special kind of menu for asking you a yes-or-noquestion or some other special question. Many Emacs commands use adialog box to ask a yes-or-no question, if you used the mouse toinvoke the command to begin with. You can customize the option @code{use-dialog-box} to suppress theuse of dialog boxes. This also controls whether to use file selectionwindows (but those are not supported on all platforms).@node Tooltips@section Tooltips (or ``Balloon Help'')@cindex balloon help Tooltips are small X windows displaying a help string at the currentmouse position, typically over text---including the mode line---whichcan be activated with the mouse or other keys. (This facility issometimes known as @dfn{balloon help}.) Help text may be available formenu items too.@findex tooltip-mode To use tooltips, enable Tooltip mode with the command @kbd{M-xtooltip-mode}. The customization group @code{tooltip} controlsvarious aspects of how tooltips work. When Tooltip mode is disabled,the help text is displayed in the echo area instead. As of Emacs 21.1, tooltips are not supported on MS-Windows.So help text always appears in the echo area.@node Mouse Avoidance@section Mouse Avoidance@cindex avoiding mouse in the way of your typing@cindex mouse avoidance@vindex mouse-avoidance-modeMouse Avoidance mode keeps the window system mouse pointer away frompoint, to avoid obscuring text. Whenever it moves the mouse, it alsoraises the frame. To use Mouse Avoidance mode, customize the option@code{mouse-avoidance-mode}. You can set this to various values tomove the mouse in several ways:@table @code@item banishMove the mouse to the upper-right corner on any keypress;@item exileMove the mouse to the corner only if the cursor gets too close,and allow it to return once the cursor is out of the way;@item jumpIf the cursor gets too close to the mouse, displace the mousea random distance & direction;@item animateAs @code{jump}, but shows steps along the way for illusion of motion;@item cat-and-mouseThe same as @code{animate};@item proteusAs @code{animate}, but changes the shape of the mouse pointer too.@end table@findex mouse-avoidance-modeYou can also use the command @kbd{M-x mouse-avoidance-mode} to enablethe mode.@node Non-Window Terminals@section Non-Window Terminals@cindex non-window terminals@cindex single-frame terminals If your terminal does not have a window system that Emacs supports,then it can display only one Emacs frame at a time. However, you canstill create multiple Emacs frames, and switch between them. Switchingframes on these terminals is much like switching between differentwindow configurations. Use @kbd{C-x 5 2} to create a new frame and switch to it; use @kbd{C-x5 o} to cycle through the existing frames; use @kbd{C-x 5 0} to deletethe current frame. Each frame has a number to distinguish it. If your terminal candisplay only one frame at a time, the selected frame's number @var{n}appears near the beginning of the mode line, in the form@samp{F@var{n}}.@findex set-frame-name@findex select-frame-by-name @samp{F@var{n}} is actually the frame's name. You can also specify adifferent name if you wish, and you can select a frame by its name. Usethe command @kbd{M-x set-frame-name @key{RET} @var{name} @key{RET}} tospecify a new name for the selected frame, and use @kbd{M-xselect-frame-by-name @key{RET} @var{name} @key{RET}} to select a frameaccording to its name. The name you specify appears in the mode linewhen the frame is selected.@node XTerm Mouse@section Using a Mouse in Terminal Emulators@cindex xterm, mouse support@cindex terminal emulators, mouse supportSome terminal emulators under X support mouse clicks in the terminalwindow. In a terminal emulator which is compatible with @code{xterm},you can use @kbd{M-x xterm-mouse-mode} to enable simple use of themouse---only single clicks are supported. The normal @code{xterm} mousefunctionality is still available by holding down the @kbd{SHIFT} keywhen you press the mouse button. The Linux console supports thismode if it has support for the mouse enabled, e.g.@: using the@command{gpm} daemon.