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view man/macos.texi @ 69456:6c85e996427c
(Clean view): Document new startup options.
author | Carsten Dominik <dominik@science.uva.nl> |
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date | Mon, 13 Mar 2006 07:10:02 +0000 |
parents | fc15f5c92cb1 |
children | 601830ae280c 4b3d39451150 |
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@c This is part of the Emacs manual. @c Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, @c 2005, 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. @node Mac OS, MS-DOS, Antinews, Top @appendix Emacs and Mac OS @cindex Mac OS @cindex Macintosh This section briefly describes the peculiarities of using Emacs under Mac OS with native window system support. For Mac OS X, Emacs can be built either without window system support, with X11, or with Carbon API. This section only applies to the Carbon build. For Mac OS Classic, Emacs can be built with or without Carbon API, and this section applies to either of them because they run on the native window system. Emacs built on Mac OS X supports most of its major features except display support of PostScript images. The following features of Emacs are not supported on Mac OS Classic: unexec (@code{dump-emacs}), asynchronous subprocesses (@code{start-process}), and networking (@code{open-network-stream}). As a result, packages such as Gnus, GUD, and Comint do not work. Synchronous subprocesses (@code{call-process}) are supported on non-Carbon build, but specially-crafted external programs are needed. Since external programs to handle commands such as @code{print-buffer} and @code{diff} are not available on Mac OS Classic, they are not supported. Non-Carbon build on Mac OS Classic does not support some features such as file dialogs, drag-and-drop, and Unicode menus. @menu * Input: Mac Input. Keyboard and mouse input on Mac. * Intl: Mac International. International character sets on Mac. * Env: Mac Environment Variables. Setting environment variables for Emacs. * Directories: Mac Directories. Volumes and directories on Mac. * Font: Mac Font Specs. Specifying fonts on Mac. * Functions: Mac Functions. Mac-specific Lisp functions. @end menu @node Mac Input @section Keyboard and Mouse Input on Mac @cindex Meta (Mac OS) @cindex keyboard coding (Mac OS) @vindex mac-control-modifier @vindex mac-command-modifier @vindex mac-option-modifier On Mac, Emacs can use @key{control}, @key{command}, and @key{option} keys as any of Emacs modifier keys except @key{SHIFT} (i.e., @key{ALT}, @key{CTRL}, @key{HYPER}, @key{META}, and @key{SUPER}). The assignment is controlled by the variables @code{mac-control-modifier}, @code{mac-command-modifier}, and @code{mac-option-modifier}. The value for each of these variables can be one of the following symbols: @code{alt}, @code{control}, @code{hyper}, @code{meta}, @code{super}, and @code{nil} (no particular assignment). By default, the @key{control} key works as @key{CTRL}, and the @key{command} key as @key{META}. For the @key{option} key, if @code{mac-option-modifier} is set to @code{nil}, which is the default, the key works as the normal @key{option} key, i.e., dead-key processing will work. This is useful for entering non-@acronym{ASCII} Latin characters directly from the Mac keyboard, for example. Emacs recognizes the setting in the Keyboard control panel (Mac OS Classic) or the International system preference pane (Mac OS X) and supports international and alternative keyboard layouts (e.g., Dvorak) if its script is either Roman, Japanese, Traditional Chinese, Korean, Cyrillic, Simplified Chinese, or Central European. Keyboard layouts based on Unicode may not work properly. Selecting one of the layouts from the keyboard layout pull-down menu will affect how the keys typed on the keyboard are interpreted. @vindex mac-pass-command-to-system @vindex mac-pass-control-to-system Mac OS intercepts and handles certain key combinations (e.g., @key{command}-@key{SPC} for switching input languages). These will not be passed to Emacs. One can disable this interception by setting @code{mac-pass-command-to-system} or @code{mac-pass-control-to-system} to @code{nil}. @vindex mac-emulate-three-button-mouse Especially for one-button mice, the multiple button feature can be emulated by setting @code{mac-emulate-three-button-mouse} to @code{t} or @code{reverse}. If set to @code{t} (@code{reverse}, respectively), pressing the mouse button with the @key{option} key is recognized as the second (third) button, and that with the @key{command} key is recognized as the third (second) button. @vindex mac-wheel-button-is-mouse-2 For multi-button mice, the wheel button and the secondary button are recognized as the second and the third button, respectively. If @code{mac-wheel-button-is-mouse-2} is set to @code{nil}, their roles are exchanged. @node Mac International @section International Character Set Support on Mac @cindex Mac Roman coding system @cindex clipboard support (Mac OS) Mac uses non-standard encodings for the upper 128 single-byte characters. They also deviate from the ISO 2022 standard by using character codes in the range 128-159. The coding systems @code{mac-roman}, @code{mac-centraleurroman}, and @code{mac-cyrillic} are used to represent these Mac encodings. The fontset @code{fontset-standard} is created automatically when Emacs is run on Mac, and used by default. It displays as many kinds of characters as possible using 12-point Monaco as a base font. If you see some character as a hollow box with this fontset, then it's almost impossible to display it only by customizing font settings (@pxref{Mac Font Specs}). You can use input methods provided either by LEIM (@pxref{Input Methods}) or Mac OS to enter international characters. To use the former, see the International Character Set Support section of the manual (@pxref{International}). Emacs on Mac OS automatically changes the value of @code{keyboard-coding-system} according to the current keyboard layout. So users don't need to set it manually, and even if set, it will be changed when the keyboard layout change is detected next time. The Mac clipboard and the Emacs kill ring (@pxref{Killing}) are synchronized by default: you can yank a piece of text and paste it into another Mac application, or cut or copy one in another Mac application and yank it into a Emacs buffer. This feature can be disabled by setting @code{x-select-enable-clipboard} to @code{nil}. One can still do copy and paste with another application from the Edit menu. On Mac, the role of the coding system for selection that is set by @code{set-selection-coding-system} (@pxref{Communication Coding}) is two-fold. First, it is used as a preferred coding system for the traditional text flavor that does not specify any particular encodings and is mainly used by applications on Mac OS Classic. Second, it specifies the intermediate encoding for the UTF-16 text flavor that is mainly used by applications on Mac OS X. When pasting UTF-16 text data from the clipboard, it is first converted to the encoding specified by the selection coding system using the converter in the Mac OS system, and then decoded into the Emacs internal encoding using the converter in Emacs. If the first conversion failed, then the UTF-16 data is directly converted to Emacs internal encoding using the converter in Emacs. Copying UTF-16 text to the clipboard goes through the inverse path. The reason for this two-pass decoding is to avoid subtle differences in Unicode mappings between the Mac OS system and Emacs such as various kinds of hyphens, and to minimize users' customization. For example, users that mainly use Latin characters would prefer Greek characters to be decoded into the @code{mule-unicode-0100-24ff} charset, but Japanese users would prefer them to be decoded into the @code{japanese-jisx0208} charset. Since the coding system for selection is automatically set according to the system locale setting, users usually don't have to set it manually. The default language environment (@pxref{Language Environments}) is set according to the locale setting at the startup time. On Mac OS, the locale setting is consulted in the following order: @enumerate @item Environment variables @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE} and @env{LANG} as in other systems. @item Preference @code{AppleLocale} that is set by default on Mac OS X 10.3 and later. @item Preference @code{AppleLanguages} that is set by default on Mac OS X 10.1 and later. @item Variable @code{mac-system-locale} that is derived from the system language and region codes. This variable is available on all supported Mac OS versions including Mac OS Classic. @end enumerate The default values of almost all variables about coding systems are also set according to the language environment. So usually you don't have to customize these variables manually. @node Mac Environment Variables @section Environment Variables and Command Line Arguments. @cindex environment variables (Mac OS) On Mac OS X, when Emacs is run in a terminal, it inherits the values of environment variables from the shell from which it is invoked. However, when it is run from the Finder as a GUI application, it only inherits environment variable values defined in the file @file{~/.MacOSX/environment.plist} that affects all the applications invoked from the Finder or the @command{open} command. Command line arguments are specified like @example /Applications/Emacs.app/Contents/MacOS/Emacs -geometry 80x25 & @end example @noindent if Emacs is installed at @file{/Applications/Emacs.app}. If Emacs is invoked like this, then it also inherits the values of environment variables from the shell from which it is invoked. On Mac OS Classic, environment variables and command line arguments for Emacs can be set by modifying the @samp{STR#} resources 128 and 129, respectively. A common environment variable that one may want to set is @samp{HOME}. The way to set an environment variable is by adding a string of the form @example ENV_VAR=VALUE @end example @noindent to resource @samp{STR#} number 128 using @code{ResEdit}. To set up the program to use unibyte characters exclusively, for example, add the string @example EMACS_UNIBYTE=1 @end example @cindex Mac Preferences Although Emacs on Mac does not support X resources (@pxref{X Resources}) directly, one can use the Preferences system in place of X resources. For example, adding the line @example Emacs.cursorType: bar @end example @noindent to @file{~/.Xresources} in X11 corresponds to the execution of @example defaults write org.gnu.Emacs Emacs.cursorType bar @end example @noindent on Mac OS X. One can use boolean or numeric values as well as string values as follows: @example defaults write org.gnu.Emacs Emacs.toolBar -bool false defaults write org.gnu.Emacs Emacs.lineSpacing -int 3 @end example @noindent Try @kbd{M-x man RET defaults RET} for the usage of the @command{defaults} command. Alternatively, if you have Developer Tools installed on Mac OS X, you can use Property List Editor to edit the file @file{~/Library/Preferences/org.gnu.Emacs.plist}. @node Mac Directories @section Volumes and Directories on Mac @cindex file names (Mac OS) This node applies to Mac OS Classic only. The directory structure in Mac OS Classic is seen by Emacs as @example /@var{volumename}/@var{filename} @end example So when Emacs requests a file name, doing file name completion on @file{/} will display all volumes on the system. You can use @file{..} to go up a directory level. On Mac OS Classic, to access files and folders on the desktop, look in the folder @file{Desktop Folder} in your boot volume (this folder is usually invisible in the Mac @code{Finder}). On Mac OS Classic, Emacs creates the Mac folder @file{:Preferences:Emacs:} in the @file{System Folder} and uses it as the temporary directory. Emacs maps the directory name @file{/tmp/} to that. Therefore it is best to avoid naming a volume @file{tmp}. If everything works correctly, the program should leave no files in it when it exits. You should be able to set the environment variable @code{TMPDIR} to use another directory but this folder will still be created. @node Mac Font Specs @section Specifying Fonts on Mac @cindex font names (Mac OS) It is rare that you need to specify a font name in Emacs; usually you specify face attributes instead. For example, you can use 14pt Courier by customizing the default face attributes for all frames: @lisp (set-face-attribute 'default nil :family "courier" :height 140) @end lisp @noindent Alternatively, an interactive one is also available (@pxref{Face Customization}). But when you do need to specify a font name in Emacs on Mac, use a standard X font name: @smallexample -@var{maker}-@var{family}-@var{weight}-@var{slant}-@var{widthtype}-@var{style}@dots{} @dots{}-@var{pixels}-@var{height}-@var{horiz}-@var{vert}-@var{spacing}-@var{width}-@var{charset} @end smallexample @noindent @xref{Font X}. Wildcards are supported as they are on X. Native Apple fonts in Mac Roman encoding has maker name @code{apple} and charset @code{mac-roman}. For example 12-point Monaco can be specified by the name @samp{-apple-monaco-*-12-*-mac-roman}. When using a particular size of scalable fonts, it must be specified in a format containing 14 @samp{-}s like @samp{-apple-monaco-medium-r-normal--13-*-*-*-*-*-mac-roman}. You can specify a @code{mac-roman} font for @acronym{ASCII} characters like @lisp (add-to-list 'default-frame-alist '(font . "-apple-monaco-medium-r-normal--13-*-*-*-*-*-mac-roman")) @end lisp @noindent but that does not extend to ISO-8859-1: specifying a @code{mac-roman} font for Latin-1 characters introduces wrong glyphs. Native Apple Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Central European, Cyrillic, Symbol, and Dingbats fonts have charsets @samp{big5-0}, @samp{gb2312.1980-0}, @samp{jisx0208.1983-sjis} and @samp{jisx0201.1976-0}, @samp{ksc5601.1989-0}, @samp{mac-centraleurroman}, @samp{mac-cyrillic}, @samp{mac-symbol}, and @samp{mac-dingbats}, respectively. Since Emacs as of the current version uses QuickDraw Text routines for drawing texts, only characters in the charsets listed above can be displayed with the OS-bundled fonts, even if other applications that use @acronym{ATSUI} or Cocoa can display variety of characters with them. The use of @code{create-fontset-from-fontset-spec} (@pxref{Defining Fontsets}) for defining fontsets often results in wrong ones especially when using only OS-bundled fonts. The recommended way is to create a fontset using @code{create-fontset-from-mac-roman-font}: @lisp (create-fontset-from-mac-roman-font "-apple-courier-medium-r-normal--13-*-*-*-*-*-mac-roman" nil "foo") @end lisp @noindent and then optionally specifying Chinese, Japanese, or Korean font families using @code{set-fontset-font}: @lisp (set-fontset-font "fontset-foo" 'chinese-gb2312 '("song" . "gb2312.1980-0")) @end lisp Single-byte fonts converted from GNU fonts in BDF format, which are not in the Mac Roman encoding, have foundry, family, and character sets encoded in the names of their font suitcases. E.g., the font suitcase @samp{ETL-Fixed-ISO8859-1} contains fonts which can be referred to by the name @samp{-ETL-fixed-*-iso8859-1}. @vindex mac-allow-anti-aliasing Emacs uses the QuickDraw text rendering by default. On Mac OS X 10.2 and later, it can be changed so that it uses the Quartz 2D text rendering (aka CG text rendering) by setting @code{mac-allow-anti-aliasing} to @code{t}. However, it is reported to sometimes leave some garbages. @node Mac Functions @section Mac-Specific Lisp Functions @cindex Lisp functions specific to Mac OS @findex do-applescript The function @code{do-applescript} takes a string argument, executes it as an AppleScript command, and returns the result as a string. @findex mac-file-name-to-posix @findex posix-file-name-to-mac The function @code{mac-file-name-to-posix} takes a Mac file name and returns the GNU or Unix equivalent. The function @code{posix-file-name-to-mac} performs the opposite conversion. They are useful for constructing AppleScript commands to be passed to @code{do-applescript}. @findex mac-set-file-creator @findex mac-get-file-creator @findex mac-set-file-type @findex mac-get-file-type The functions @code{mac-set-file-creator}, @code{mac-get-file-creator}, @code{mac-set-file-type}, and @code{mac-get-file-type} can be used to set and get creator and file codes. @findex mac-get-preference The function @code{mac-get-preference} returns the preferences value converted to a Lisp object for a specified key and application. @ignore arch-tag: a822c2ab-4273-4997-927e-c153bb71dcf6 @end ignore