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author | Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org> |
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date | Wed, 13 Dec 1995 02:17:09 +0000 |
parents | fb565b4e8c40 |
children | ac3f51460e07 |
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@c -*-texinfo-*- @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. @setfilename ../info/keymaps @node Keymaps, Modes, Command Loop, Top @chapter Keymaps @cindex keymap The bindings between input events and commands are recorded in data structures called @dfn{keymaps}. Each binding in a keymap associates (or @dfn{binds}) an individual event type either with another keymap or with a command. When an event is bound to a keymap, that keymap is used to look up the next input event; this continues until a command is found. The whole process is called @dfn{key lookup}. @menu * Keymap Terminology:: Definitions of terms pertaining to keymaps. * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object. * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps. * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings of another keymap. * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition. * Active Keymaps:: Each buffer has a local keymap to override the standard (global) bindings. A minor mode can also override them. * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works. * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup. * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap. * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys. * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help. * Menu Keymaps:: A keymap can define a menu. @end menu @node Keymap Terminology @section Keymap Terminology @cindex key @cindex keystroke @cindex key binding @cindex binding of a key @cindex complete key @cindex undefined key A @dfn{keymap} is a table mapping event types to definitions (which can be any Lisp objects, though only certain types are meaningful for execution by the command loop). Given an event (or an event type) and a keymap, Emacs can get the event's definition. Events include ordinary @sc{ASCII} characters, function keys, and mouse actions (@pxref{Input Events}). A sequence of input events that form a unit is called a @dfn{key sequence}, or @dfn{key} for short. A sequence of one event is always a key sequence, and so are some multi-event sequences. A keymap determines a binding or definition for any key sequence. If the key sequence is a single event, its binding is the definition of the event in the keymap. The binding of a key sequence of more than one event is found by an iterative process: the binding of the first event is found, and must be a keymap; then the second event's binding is found in that keymap, and so on until all the events in the key sequence are used up. If the binding of a key sequence is a keymap, we call the key sequence a @dfn{prefix key}. Otherwise, we call it a @dfn{complete key} (because no more events can be added to it). If the binding is @code{nil}, we call the key @dfn{undefined}. Examples of prefix keys are @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-x}, and @kbd{C-x 4}. Examples of defined complete keys are @kbd{X}, @key{RET}, and @kbd{C-x 4 C-f}. Examples of undefined complete keys are @kbd{C-x C-g}, and @kbd{C-c 3}. @xref{Prefix Keys}, for more details. The rule for finding the binding of a key sequence assumes that the intermediate bindings (found for the events before the last) are all keymaps; if this is not so, the sequence of events does not form a unit---it is not really a key sequence. In other words, removing one or more events from the end of any valid key must always yield a prefix key. For example, @kbd{C-f C-n} is not a key; @kbd{C-f} is not a prefix key, so a longer sequence starting with @kbd{C-f} cannot be a key. Note that the set of possible multi-event key sequences depends on the bindings for prefix keys; therefore, it can be different for different keymaps, and can change when bindings are changed. However, a one-event sequence is always a key sequence, because it does not depend on any prefix keys for its well-formedness. At any time, several primary keymaps are @dfn{active}---that is, in use for finding key bindings. These are the @dfn{global map}, which is shared by all buffers; the @dfn{local keymap}, which is usually associated with a specific major mode; and zero or more @dfn{minor mode keymaps}, which belong to currently enabled minor modes. (Not all minor modes have keymaps.) The local keymap bindings shadow (i.e., take precedence over) the corresponding global bindings. The minor mode keymaps shadow both local and global keymaps. @xref{Active Keymaps}, for details. @node Format of Keymaps @section Format of Keymaps @cindex format of keymaps @cindex keymap format @cindex full keymap @cindex sparse keymap A keymap is a list whose @sc{car} is the symbol @code{keymap}. The remaining elements of the list define the key bindings of the keymap. Use the function @code{keymapp} (see below) to test whether an object is a keymap. Each ordinary binding applies to events of a particular @dfn{event type}, which is always a character or a symbol. @xref{Classifying Events}. An ordinary element of a keymap is a cons cell of the form @code{(@var{type} .@: @var{binding})}. This specifies one binding, for events of type @var{type}. @cindex default key binding @c Emacs 19 feature A cons cell whose @sc{car} is @code{t} is a @dfn{default key binding}; any event not bound by other elements of the keymap is given @var{binding} as its binding. Default bindings allow a keymap to bind all possible event types without having to enumerate all of them. A keymap that has a default binding completely masks any lower-precedence keymap. If an element of a keymap is a vector, the vector counts as bindings for all the @sc{ASCII} characters; vector element @var{n} is the binding for the character with code @var{n}. This is a compact way to record lots of bindings. A keymap with such a vector is called a @dfn{full keymap}. Other keymaps are called @dfn{sparse keymaps}. When a keymap contains a vector, it always defines a binding for every @sc{ASCII} character even if the vector element is @code{nil}. Such a binding of @code{nil} overrides any default binding in the keymap. However, default bindings are still meaningful for events that are not @sc{ASCII} characters. A binding of @code{nil} does @emph{not} override lower-precedence keymaps; thus, if the local map gives a binding of @code{nil}, Emacs uses the binding from the global map. @cindex keymap prompt string @cindex overall prompt string @cindex prompt string of keymap Aside from bindings, a keymap can also have a string as an element. This is called the @dfn{overall prompt string} and makes it possible to use the keymap as a menu. @xref{Menu Keymaps}. @cindex meta characters lookup Keymaps do not directly record bindings for the meta characters, whose codes are from 128 to 255. Instead, meta characters are regarded for purposes of key lookup as sequences of two characters, the first of which is @key{ESC} (or whatever is currently the value of @code{meta-prefix-char}). Thus, the key @kbd{M-a} is really represented as @kbd{@key{ESC} a}, and its global binding is found at the slot for @kbd{a} in @code{esc-map} (@pxref{Prefix Keys}). Here as an example is the local keymap for Lisp mode, a sparse keymap. It defines bindings for @key{DEL} and @key{TAB}, plus @kbd{C-c C-l}, @kbd{M-C-q}, and @kbd{M-C-x}. @example @group lisp-mode-map @result{} @end group @group (keymap ;; @key{TAB} (9 . lisp-indent-line) @end group @group ;; @key{DEL} (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) @end group @group (3 keymap ;; @kbd{C-c C-l} (12 . run-lisp)) @end group @group (27 keymap ;; @r{@kbd{M-C-q}, treated as @kbd{@key{ESC} C-q}} (17 . indent-sexp) ;; @r{@kbd{M-C-x}, treated as @kbd{@key{ESC} C-x}} (24 . lisp-send-defun))) @end group @end example @defun keymapp object This function returns @code{t} if @var{object} is a keymap, @code{nil} otherwise. More precisely, this function tests for a list whose @sc{car} is @code{keymap}. @example @group (keymapp '(keymap)) @result{} t @end group @group (keymapp (current-global-map)) @result{} t @end group @end example @end defun @node Creating Keymaps @section Creating Keymaps @cindex creating keymaps Here we describe the functions for creating keymaps. @c ??? This should come after makr-sparse-keymap @defun make-keymap &optional prompt This function creates and returns a new full keymap (i.e., one containing a vector of length 128 for defining all the @sc{ASCII} characters). The new keymap initially binds all @sc{ASCII} characters to @code{nil}, and does not bind any other kind of event. @example @group (make-keymap) @result{} (keymap [nil nil nil @dots{} nil nil]) @end group @end example If you specify @var{prompt}, that becomes the overall prompt string for the keymap. The prompt string is useful for menu keymaps (@pxref{Menu Keymaps}). @end defun @defun make-sparse-keymap &optional prompt This function creates and returns a new sparse keymap with no entries. The new keymap does not bind any events. The argument @var{prompt} specifies a prompt string, as in @code{make-keymap}. @example @group (make-sparse-keymap) @result{} (keymap) @end group @end example @end defun @defun copy-keymap keymap This function returns a copy of @var{keymap}. Any keymaps that appear directly as bindings in @var{keymap} are also copied recursively, and so on to any number of levels. However, recursive copying does not take place when the definition of a character is a symbol whose function definition is a keymap; the same symbol appears in the new copy. @c Emacs 19 feature @example @group (setq map (copy-keymap (current-local-map))) @result{} (keymap @end group @group ;; @r{(This implements meta characters.)} (27 keymap (83 . center-paragraph) (115 . center-line)) (9 . tab-to-tab-stop)) @end group @group (eq map (current-local-map)) @result{} nil @end group @group (equal map (current-local-map)) @result{} t @end group @end example @end defun @node Inheritance and Keymaps @section Inheritance and Keymaps @cindex keymap inheritance @cindex inheriting a keymap's bindings A keymap can inherit the bindings of another keymap. Do do this, make a keymap whose ``tail'' is another existing keymap to inherit from. Such a keymap looks like this: @example (keymap @var{bindings}@dots{} . @var{other-keymap}) @end example @noindent The effect is that this keymap inherits all the bindings of @var{other-keymap}, whatever they may be at the time a key is looked up, but can add to them or override them with @var{bindings}. If you change the bindings in @var{other-keymap} using @code{define-key} or other key-binding functions, these changes are visible in the inheriting keymap unless shadowed by @var{bindings}. The converse is not true: if you use @code{define-key} to change the inheriting keymap, that affects @var{bindings}, but has no effect on @var{other-keymap}. Here is an example showing how to make a keymap that inherits from @code{text-mode-map}: @example (setq my-mode-map (cons 'keymap text-mode-map)) @end example @node Prefix Keys @section Prefix Keys @cindex prefix key A @dfn{prefix key} has an associated keymap that defines what to do with key sequences that start with the prefix key. For example, @kbd{C-x} is a prefix key, and it uses a keymap that is also stored in the variable @code{ctl-x-map}. Here is a list of the standard prefix keys of Emacs and their keymaps: @itemize @bullet @item @vindex esc-map @findex ESC-prefix @code{esc-map} is used for events that follow @key{ESC}. Thus, the global definitions of all meta characters are actually found here. This map is also the function definition of @code{ESC-prefix}. @item @cindex @kbd{C-h} @code{help-map} is used for events that follow @kbd{C-h}. @item @cindex @kbd{C-c} @vindex mode-specific-map @code{mode-specific-map} is for events that follow @kbd{C-c}. This map is not actually mode specific; its name was chosen to be informative for the user in @kbd{C-h b} (@code{display-bindings}), where it describes the main use of the @kbd{C-c} prefix key. @item @cindex @kbd{C-x} @vindex ctl-x-map @findex Control-X-prefix @code{ctl-x-map} is the map used for events that follow @kbd{C-x}. This map is also the function definition of @code{Control-X-prefix}. @item @cindex @kbd{C-x 4} @vindex ctl-x-4-map @code{ctl-x-4-map} is used for events that follow @kbd{C-x 4}. @c Emacs 19 feature @item @cindex @kbd{C-x 5} @vindex ctl-x-5-map @code{ctl-x-5-map} is used for events that follow @kbd{C-x 5}. @c Emacs 19 feature @item @cindex @kbd{C-x n} @cindex @kbd{C-x r} @cindex @kbd{C-x a} The prefix keys @kbd{C-x n}, @kbd{C-x r} and @kbd{C-x a} use keymaps that have no special name. @end itemize The binding of a prefix key is the keymap to use for looking up the events that follow the prefix key. (It may instead be a symbol whose function definition is a keymap. The effect is the same, but the symbol serves as a name for the prefix key.) Thus, the binding of @kbd{C-x} is the symbol @code{Control-X-prefix}, whose function definition is the keymap for @kbd{C-x} commands. (The same keymap is also the value of @code{ctl-x-map}.) Prefix key definitions can appear in any active keymap. The definitions of @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-h} and @key{ESC} as prefix keys appear in the global map, so these prefix keys are always available. Major and minor modes can redefine a key as a prefix by putting a prefix key definition for it in the local map or the minor mode's map. @xref{Active Keymaps}. If a key is defined as a prefix in more than one active map, then its various definitions are in effect merged: the commands defined in the minor mode keymaps come first, followed by those in the local map's prefix definition, and then by those from the global map. In the following example, we make @kbd{C-p} a prefix key in the local keymap, in such a way that @kbd{C-p} is identical to @kbd{C-x}. Then the binding for @kbd{C-p C-f} is the function @code{find-file}, just like @kbd{C-x C-f}. The key sequence @kbd{C-p 6} is not found in any active keymap. @example @group (use-local-map (make-sparse-keymap)) @result{} nil @end group @group (local-set-key "\C-p" ctl-x-map) @result{} nil @end group @group (key-binding "\C-p\C-f") @result{} find-file @end group @group (key-binding "\C-p6") @result{} nil @end group @end example @defun define-prefix-command symbol @cindex prefix command This function defines @var{symbol} as a prefix command: it creates a full keymap and stores it as @var{symbol}'s function definition. Storing the symbol as the binding of a key makes the key a prefix key that has a name. The function also sets @var{symbol} as a variable, to have the keymap as its value. It returns @var{symbol}. In Emacs version 18, only the function definition of @var{symbol} was set, not the value as a variable. @end defun @node Active Keymaps @section Active Keymaps @cindex active keymap @cindex global keymap @cindex local keymap Emacs normally contains many keymaps; at any given time, just a few of them are @dfn{active} in that they participate in the interpretation of user input. These are the global keymap, the current buffer's local keymap, and the keymaps of any enabled minor modes. The @dfn{global keymap} holds the bindings of keys that are defined regardless of the current buffer, such as @kbd{C-f}. The variable @code{global-map} holds this keymap, which is always active. Each buffer may have another keymap, its @dfn{local keymap}, which may contain new or overriding definitions for keys. The current buffer's local keymap is always active except when @code{overriding-local-map} overrides it. Text properties can specify an alternative local map for certain parts of the buffer; see @ref{Special Properties}. Each minor mode may have a keymap; if it does, the keymap is active when the minor mode is enabled. The variable @code{overriding-local-map}, if non-@code{nil}, specifies another local keymap that overrides the buffer's local map and all the minor mode keymaps. All the active keymaps are used together to determine what command to execute when a key is entered. Emacs searches these maps one by one, in order of decreasing precedence, until it finds a binding in one of the maps. Normally, Emacs @emph{first} searches for the key in the minor mode maps (one map at a time); if they do not supply a binding for the key, Emacs searches the local map; if that too has no binding, Emacs then searches the global map. However, if @code{overriding-local-map} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs searches that map first, followed by the global map. The procedure for searching a single keymap is called @dfn{key lookup}; see @ref{Key Lookup}. @cindex major mode keymap Since every buffer that uses the same major mode normally uses the same local keymap, you can think of the keymap as local to the mode. A change to the local keymap of a buffer (using @code{local-set-key}, for example) is seen also in the other buffers that share that keymap. The local keymaps that are used for Lisp mode, C mode, and several other major modes exist even if they have not yet been used. These local maps are the values of the variables @code{lisp-mode-map}, @code{c-mode-map}, and so on. For most other modes, which are less frequently used, the local keymap is constructed only when the mode is used for the first time in a session. The minibuffer has local keymaps, too; they contain various completion and exit commands. @xref{Intro to Minibuffers}. @xref{Standard Keymaps}, for a list of standard keymaps. @defvar global-map This variable contains the default global keymap that maps Emacs keyboard input to commands. The global keymap is normally this keymap. The default global keymap is a full keymap that binds @code{self-insert-command} to all of the printing characters. It is normal practice to change the bindings in the global map, but you should not assign this variable any value other than the keymap it starts out with. @end defvar @defun current-global-map This function returns the current global keymap. This is the same as the value of @code{global-map} unless you change one or the other. @example @group (current-global-map) @result{} (keymap [set-mark-command beginning-of-line @dots{} delete-backward-char]) @end group @end example @end defun @defun current-local-map This function returns the current buffer's local keymap, or @code{nil} if it has none. In the following example, the keymap for the @samp{*scratch*} buffer (using Lisp Interaction mode) is a sparse keymap in which the entry for @key{ESC}, @sc{ASCII} code 27, is another sparse keymap. @example @group (current-local-map) @result{} (keymap (10 . eval-print-last-sexp) (9 . lisp-indent-line) (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) @end group @group (27 keymap (24 . eval-defun) (17 . indent-sexp))) @end group @end example @end defun @defun current-minor-mode-maps This function returns a list of the keymaps of currently enabled minor modes. @end defun @defun use-global-map keymap This function makes @var{keymap} the new current global keymap. It returns @code{nil}. It is very unusual to change the global keymap. @end defun @defun use-local-map keymap This function makes @var{keymap} the new local keymap of the current buffer. If @var{keymap} is @code{nil}, then the buffer has no local keymap. @code{use-local-map} returns @code{nil}. Most major mode commands use this function. @end defun @c Emacs 19 feature @defvar minor-mode-map-alist This variable is an alist describing keymaps that may or may not be active according to the values of certain variables. Its elements look like this: @example (@var{variable} . @var{keymap}) @end example The keymap @var{keymap} is active whenever @var{variable} has a non-@code{nil} value. Typically @var{variable} is the variable that enables or disables a minor mode. @xref{Keymaps and Minor Modes}. Note that elements of @code{minor-mode-map-alist} do not have the same structure as elements of @code{minor-mode-alist}. The map must be the @sc{cdr} of the element; a list with the map as the second element will not do. What's more, the keymap itself must appear in the @sc{cdr}. It does not work to store a variable in the @sc{cdr} and make the map the value of that variable. When more than one minor mode keymap is active, their order of priority is the order of @code{minor-mode-map-alist}. But you should design minor modes so that they don't interfere with each other. If you do this properly, the order will not matter. See also @code{minor-mode-key-binding}, above. See @ref{Keymaps and Minor Modes}, for more information about minor modes. @end defvar @defvar overriding-local-map If non-@code{nil}, this variable holds a keymap to use instead of the buffer's local keymap and instead of all the minor mode keymaps. This keymap, if any, overrides all other maps that would have been active, except for the current global map. @end defvar @defvar overriding-terminal-local-map If non-@code{nil}, this variable holds a keymap to use instead of @code{overriding-local-map}, the buffer's local keymap and all the minor mode keymaps. This variable is always local to the current terminal and cannot be buffer-local. @xref{Multiple Displays}. It is used to implement incremental search mode. @end defvar @defvar overriding-local-map-menu-flag If this variable is non-@code{nil}, the value of @code{overriding-local-map} or @code{overriding-terminal-local-map} can affect the display of the menu bar. The default value is @code{nil}, so those map variables have no effect on the menu bar. Note that these two map variables do affect the execution of key sequences entered using the menu bar, even if they do not affect the menu bar display. So if a menu bar key sequence comes in, you should clear the variables before looking up and executing that key sequence. Modes that use the variables would typically do this anyway; normally they respond to events that they do not handle by ``unreading'' them and exiting. @end defvar @node Key Lookup @section Key Lookup @cindex key lookup @cindex keymap entry @dfn{Key lookup} is the process of finding the binding of a key sequence from a given keymap. Actual execution of the binding is not part of key lookup. Key lookup uses just the event type of each event in the key sequence; the rest of the event is ignored. In fact, a key sequence used for key lookup may designate mouse events with just their types (symbols) instead of with entire mouse events (lists). @xref{Input Events}. Such a pseudo-key-sequence is insufficient for @code{command-execute}, but it is sufficient for looking up or rebinding a key. When the key sequence consists of multiple events, key lookup processes the events sequentially: the binding of the first event is found, and must be a keymap; then the second event's binding is found in that keymap, and so on until all the events in the key sequence are used up. (The binding thus found for the last event may or may not be a keymap.) Thus, the process of key lookup is defined in terms of a simpler process for looking up a single event in a keymap. How that is done depends on the type of object associated with the event in that keymap. Let's use the term @dfn{keymap entry} to describe the value found by looking up an event type in a keymap. (This doesn't include the item string and other extra elements in menu key bindings because @code{lookup-key} and other key lookup functions don't include them in the returned value.) While any Lisp object may be stored in a keymap as a keymap entry, not all make sense for key lookup. Here is a list of the meaningful kinds of keymap entries: @table @asis @item @code{nil} @cindex @code{nil} in keymap @code{nil} means that the events used so far in the lookup form an undefined key. When a keymap fails to mention an event type at all, and has no default binding, that is equivalent to a binding of @code{nil} for that event type. @item @var{keymap} @cindex keymap in keymap The events used so far in the lookup form a prefix key. The next event of the key sequence is looked up in @var{keymap}. @item @var{command} @cindex command in keymap The events used so far in the lookup form a complete key, and @var{command} is its binding. @xref{What Is a Function}. @item @var{array} @cindex string in keymap The array (either a string or a vector) is a keyboard macro. The events used so far in the lookup form a complete key, and the array is its binding. See @ref{Keyboard Macros}, for more information. @item @var{list} @cindex list in keymap The meaning of a list depends on the types of the elements of the list. @itemize @bullet @item If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is the symbol @code{keymap}, then the list is a keymap, and is treated as a keymap (see above). @item @cindex @code{lambda} in keymap If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is @code{lambda}, then the list is a lambda expression. This is presumed to be a command, and is treated as such (see above). @item If the @sc{car} of @var{list} is a keymap and the @sc{cdr} is an event type, then this is an @dfn{indirect entry}: @example (@var{othermap} . @var{othertype}) @end example When key lookup encounters an indirect entry, it looks up instead the binding of @var{othertype} in @var{othermap} and uses that. This feature permits you to define one key as an alias for another key. For example, an entry whose @sc{car} is the keymap called @code{esc-map} and whose @sc{cdr} is 32 (the code for @key{SPC}) means, ``Use the global binding of @kbd{Meta-@key{SPC}}, whatever that may be.'' @end itemize @item @var{symbol} @cindex symbol in keymap The function definition of @var{symbol} is used in place of @var{symbol}. If that too is a symbol, then this process is repeated, any number of times. Ultimately this should lead to an object that is a keymap, a command or a keyboard macro. A list is allowed if it is a keymap or a command, but indirect entries are not understood when found via symbols. Note that keymaps and keyboard macros (strings and vectors) are not valid functions, so a symbol with a keymap, string, or vector as its function definition is invalid as a function. It is, however, valid as a key binding. If the definition is a keyboard macro, then the symbol is also valid as an argument to @code{command-execute} (@pxref{Interactive Call}). @cindex @code{undefined} in keymap The symbol @code{undefined} is worth special mention: it means to treat the key as undefined. Strictly speaking, the key is defined, and its binding is the command @code{undefined}; but that command does the same thing that is done automatically for an undefined key: it rings the bell (by calling @code{ding}) but does not signal an error. @cindex preventing prefix key @code{undefined} is used in local keymaps to override a global key binding and make the key ``undefined'' locally. A local binding of @code{nil} would fail to do this because it would not override the global binding. @item @var{anything else} If any other type of object is found, the events used so far in the lookup form a complete key, and the object is its binding, but the binding is not executable as a command. @end table In short, a keymap entry may be a keymap, a command, a keyboard macro, a symbol that leads to one of them, or an indirection or @code{nil}. Here is an example of a sparse keymap with two characters bound to commands and one bound to another keymap. This map is the normal value of @code{emacs-lisp-mode-map}. Note that 9 is the code for @key{TAB}, 127 for @key{DEL}, 27 for @key{ESC}, 17 for @kbd{C-q} and 24 for @kbd{C-x}. @example @group (keymap (9 . lisp-indent-line) (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) (27 keymap (17 . indent-sexp) (24 . eval-defun))) @end group @end example @node Functions for Key Lookup @section Functions for Key Lookup Here are the functions and variables pertaining to key lookup. @defun lookup-key keymap key &optional accept-defaults This function returns the definition of @var{key} in @var{keymap}. If the string or vector @var{key} is not a valid key sequence according to the prefix keys specified in @var{keymap} (which means it is ``too long'' and has extra events at the end), then the value is a number, the number of events at the front of @var{key} that compose a complete key. @c Emacs 19 feature If @var{accept-defaults} is non-@code{nil}, then @code{lookup-key} considers default bindings as well as bindings for the specific events in @var{key}. Otherwise, @code{lookup-key} reports only bindings for the specific sequence @var{key}, ignoring default bindings except when you explicitly ask about them. (To do this, supply @code{t} as an element of @var{key}; see @ref{Format of Keymaps}.) All the other functions described in this chapter that look up keys use @code{lookup-key}. @example @group (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\C-x\C-f") @result{} find-file @end group @group (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\C-x\C-f12345") @result{} 2 @end group @end example If @var{key} contains a meta character, that character is implicitly replaced by a two-character sequence: the value of @code{meta-prefix-char}, followed by the corresponding non-meta character. Thus, the first example below is handled by conversion into the second example. @example @group (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\M-f") @result{} forward-word @end group @group (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\ef") @result{} forward-word @end group @end example Unlike @code{read-key-sequence}, this function does not modify the specified events in ways that discard information (@pxref{Key Sequence Input}). In particular, it does not convert letters to lower case and it does not change drag events to clicks. @end defun @deffn Command undefined Used in keymaps to undefine keys. It calls @code{ding}, but does not cause an error. @end deffn @defun key-binding key &optional accept-defaults This function returns the binding for @var{key} in the current keymaps, trying all the active keymaps. The result is @code{nil} if @var{key} is undefined in the keymaps. @c Emacs 19 feature The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default bindings, as in @code{lookup-key} (above). An error is signaled if @var{key} is not a string or a vector. @example @group (key-binding "\C-x\C-f") @result{} find-file @end group @end example @end defun @defun local-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults This function returns the binding for @var{key} in the current local keymap, or @code{nil} if it is undefined there. @c Emacs 19 feature The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default bindings, as in @code{lookup-key} (above). @end defun @defun global-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults This function returns the binding for command @var{key} in the current global keymap, or @code{nil} if it is undefined there. @c Emacs 19 feature The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default bindings, as in @code{lookup-key} (above). @end defun @c Emacs 19 feature @defun minor-mode-key-binding key &optional accept-defaults This function returns a list of all the active minor mode bindings of @var{key}. More precisely, it returns an alist of pairs @code{(@var{modename} . @var{binding})}, where @var{modename} is the variable that enables the minor mode, and @var{binding} is @var{key}'s binding in that mode. If @var{key} has no minor-mode bindings, the value is @code{nil}. If the first binding is not a prefix command, all subsequent bindings from other minor modes are omitted, since they would be completely shadowed. Similarly, the list omits non-prefix bindings that follow prefix bindings. The argument @var{accept-defaults} controls checking for default bindings, as in @code{lookup-key} (above). @end defun @defvar meta-prefix-char @cindex @key{ESC} This variable is the meta-prefix character code. It is used when translating a meta character to a two-character sequence so it can be looked up in a keymap. For useful results, the value should be a prefix event (@pxref{Prefix Keys}). The default value is 27, which is the @sc{ASCII} code for @key{ESC}. As long as the value of @code{meta-prefix-char} remains 27, key lookup translates @kbd{M-b} into @kbd{@key{ESC} b}, which is normally defined as the @code{backward-word} command. However, if you set @code{meta-prefix-char} to 24, the code for @kbd{C-x}, then Emacs will translate @kbd{M-b} into @kbd{C-x b}, whose standard binding is the @code{switch-to-buffer} command. @smallexample @group meta-prefix-char ; @r{The default value.} @result{} 27 @end group @group (key-binding "\M-b") @result{} backward-word @end group @group ?\C-x ; @r{The print representation} @result{} 24 ; @r{of a character.} @end group @group (setq meta-prefix-char 24) @result{} 24 @end group @group (key-binding "\M-b") @result{} switch-to-buffer ; @r{Now, typing @kbd{M-b} is} ; @r{like typing @kbd{C-x b}.} (setq meta-prefix-char 27) ; @r{Avoid confusion!} @result{} 27 ; @r{Restore the default value!} @end group @end smallexample @end defvar @node Changing Key Bindings @section Changing Key Bindings @cindex changing key bindings @cindex rebinding The way to rebind a key is to change its entry in a keymap. If you change a binding in the global keymap, the change is effective in all buffers (though it has no direct effect in buffers that shadow the global binding with a local one). If you change the current buffer's local map, that usually affects all buffers using the same major mode. The @code{global-set-key} and @code{local-set-key} functions are convenient interfaces for these operations (@pxref{Key Binding Commands}). You can also use @code{define-key}, a more general function; then you must specify explicitly the map to change. @cindex meta character key constants @cindex control character key constants In writing the key sequence to rebind, it is good to use the special escape sequences for control and meta characters (@pxref{String Type}). The syntax @samp{\C-} means that the following character is a control character and @samp{\M-} means that the following character is a meta character. Thus, the string @code{"\M-x"} is read as containing a single @kbd{M-x}, @code{"\C-f"} is read as containing a single @kbd{C-f}, and @code{"\M-\C-x"} and @code{"\C-\M-x"} are both read as containing a single @kbd{C-M-x}. You can also use this escape syntax in vectors, as well as others that aren't allowed in strings; one example is @samp{[?\C-\H-x home]}. @xref{Character Type}. The key definition and lookup functions accept an alternate syntax for event types in a key sequence that is a vector: you can use a list containing modifier names plus one base event (a character or function key name). For example, @code{(control ?a)} is equivalent to @code{?\C-a} and @code{(hyper control left)} is equivalent to @code{C-H-left}. One advantage of using a list to represent the event type is that the precise numeric codes for the modifier bits don't appear in compiled files. For the functions below, an error is signaled if @var{keymap} is not a keymap or if @var{key} is not a string or vector representing a key sequence. You can use event types (symbols) as shorthand for events that are lists. @defun define-key keymap key binding This function sets the binding for @var{key} in @var{keymap}. (If @var{key} is more than one event long, the change is actually made in another keymap reached from @var{keymap}.) The argument @var{binding} can be any Lisp object, but only certain types are meaningful. (For a list of meaningful types, see @ref{Key Lookup}.) The value returned by @code{define-key} is @var{binding}. @cindex invalid prefix key error @cindex key sequence error Every prefix of @var{key} must be a prefix key (i.e., bound to a keymap) or undefined; otherwise an error is signaled. If some prefix of @var{key} is undefined, then @code{define-key} defines it as a prefix key so that the rest of @var{key} may be defined as specified. @end defun Here is an example that creates a sparse keymap and makes a number of bindings in it: @smallexample @group (setq map (make-sparse-keymap)) @result{} (keymap) @end group @group (define-key map "\C-f" 'forward-char) @result{} forward-char @end group @group map @result{} (keymap (6 . forward-char)) @end group @group ;; @r{Build sparse submap for @kbd{C-x} and bind @kbd{f} in that.} (define-key map "\C-xf" 'forward-word) @result{} forward-word @end group @group map @result{} (keymap (24 keymap ; @kbd{C-x} (102 . forward-word)) ; @kbd{f} (6 . forward-char)) ; @kbd{C-f} @end group @group ;; @r{Bind @kbd{C-p} to the @code{ctl-x-map}.} (define-key map "\C-p" ctl-x-map) ;; @code{ctl-x-map} @result{} [nil @dots{} find-file @dots{} backward-kill-sentence] @end group @group ;; @r{Bind @kbd{C-f} to @code{foo} in the @code{ctl-x-map}.} (define-key map "\C-p\C-f" 'foo) @result{} 'foo @end group @group map @result{} (keymap ; @r{Note @code{foo} in @code{ctl-x-map}.} (16 keymap [nil @dots{} foo @dots{} backward-kill-sentence]) (24 keymap (102 . forward-word)) (6 . forward-char)) @end group @end smallexample @noindent Note that storing a new binding for @kbd{C-p C-f} actually works by changing an entry in @code{ctl-x-map}, and this has the effect of changing the bindings of both @kbd{C-p C-f} and @kbd{C-x C-f} in the default global map. @defun substitute-key-definition olddef newdef keymap &optional oldmap @cindex replace bindings This function replaces @var{olddef} with @var{newdef} for any keys in @var{keymap} that were bound to @var{olddef}. In other words, @var{olddef} is replaced with @var{newdef} wherever it appears. The function returns @code{nil}. For example, this redefines @kbd{C-x C-f}, if you do it in an Emacs with standard bindings: @smallexample @group (substitute-key-definition 'find-file 'find-file-read-only (current-global-map)) @end group @end smallexample @c Emacs 19 feature If @var{oldmap} is non-@code{nil}, then its bindings determine which keys to rebind. The rebindings still happen in @var{newmap}, not in @var{oldmap}. Thus, you can change one map under the control of the bindings in another. For example, @smallexample (substitute-key-definition 'delete-backward-char 'my-funny-delete my-map global-map) @end smallexample @noindent puts the special deletion command in @code{my-map} for whichever keys are globally bound to the standard deletion command. @ignore @c Emacs 18 only Prefix keymaps that appear within @var{keymap} are not checked recursively for keys bound to @var{olddef}; they are not changed at all. Perhaps it would be better to check nested keymaps recursively. @end ignore Here is an example showing a keymap before and after substitution: @smallexample @group (setq map '(keymap (?1 . olddef-1) (?2 . olddef-2) (?3 . olddef-1))) @result{} (keymap (49 . olddef-1) (50 . olddef-2) (51 . olddef-1)) @end group @group (substitute-key-definition 'olddef-1 'newdef map) @result{} nil @end group @group map @result{} (keymap (49 . newdef) (50 . olddef-2) (51 . newdef)) @end group @end smallexample @end defun @defun suppress-keymap keymap &optional nodigits @cindex @code{self-insert-command} override This function changes the contents of the full keymap @var{keymap} by making all the printing characters undefined. More precisely, it binds them to the command @code{undefined}. This makes ordinary insertion of text impossible. @code{suppress-keymap} returns @code{nil}. If @var{nodigits} is @code{nil}, then @code{suppress-keymap} defines digits to run @code{digit-argument}, and @kbd{-} to run @code{negative-argument}. Otherwise it makes them undefined like the rest of the printing characters. @cindex yank suppression @cindex @code{quoted-insert} suppression The @code{suppress-keymap} function does not make it impossible to modify a buffer, as it does not suppress commands such as @code{yank} and @code{quoted-insert}. To prevent any modification of a buffer, make it read-only (@pxref{Read Only Buffers}). Since this function modifies @var{keymap}, you would normally use it on a newly created keymap. Operating on an existing keymap that is used for some other purpose is likely to cause trouble; for example, suppressing @code{global-map} would make it impossible to use most of Emacs. Most often, @code{suppress-keymap} is used to initialize local keymaps of modes such as Rmail and Dired where insertion of text is not desirable and the buffer is read-only. Here is an example taken from the file @file{emacs/lisp/dired.el}, showing how the local keymap for Dired mode is set up: @smallexample @group @dots{} (setq dired-mode-map (make-keymap)) (suppress-keymap dired-mode-map) (define-key dired-mode-map "r" 'dired-rename-file) (define-key dired-mode-map "\C-d" 'dired-flag-file-deleted) (define-key dired-mode-map "d" 'dired-flag-file-deleted) (define-key dired-mode-map "v" 'dired-view-file) (define-key dired-mode-map "e" 'dired-find-file) (define-key dired-mode-map "f" 'dired-find-file) @dots{} @end group @end smallexample @end defun @node Key Binding Commands @section Commands for Binding Keys This section describes some convenient interactive interfaces for changing key bindings. They work by calling @code{define-key}. People often use @code{global-set-key} in their @file{.emacs} file for simple customization. For example, @smallexample (global-set-key "\C-x\C-\\" 'next-line) @end smallexample @noindent or @smallexample (global-set-key [?\C-x ?\C-\\] 'next-line) @end smallexample @noindent or @smallexample (global-set-key [(control ?x) (control ?\\)] 'next-line) @end smallexample @noindent redefines @kbd{C-x C-\} to move down a line. @smallexample (global-set-key [M-mouse-1] 'mouse-set-point) @end smallexample @noindent redefines the first (leftmost) mouse button, typed with the Meta key, to set point where you click. @deffn Command global-set-key key definition This function sets the binding of @var{key} in the current global map to @var{definition}. @smallexample @group (global-set-key @var{key} @var{definition}) @equiv{} (define-key (current-global-map) @var{key} @var{definition}) @end group @end smallexample @end deffn @deffn Command global-unset-key key @cindex unbinding keys This function removes the binding of @var{key} from the current global map. One use of this function is in preparation for defining a longer key that uses @var{key} as a prefix---which would not be allowed if @var{key} has a non-prefix binding. For example: @smallexample @group (global-unset-key "\C-l") @result{} nil @end group @group (global-set-key "\C-l\C-l" 'redraw-display) @result{} nil @end group @end smallexample This function is implemented simply using @code{define-key}: @smallexample @group (global-unset-key @var{key}) @equiv{} (define-key (current-global-map) @var{key} nil) @end group @end smallexample @end deffn @deffn Command local-set-key key definition This function sets the binding of @var{key} in the current local keymap to @var{definition}. @smallexample @group (local-set-key @var{key} @var{definition}) @equiv{} (define-key (current-local-map) @var{key} @var{definition}) @end group @end smallexample @end deffn @deffn Command local-unset-key key This function removes the binding of @var{key} from the current local map. @smallexample @group (local-unset-key @var{key}) @equiv{} (define-key (current-local-map) @var{key} nil) @end group @end smallexample @end deffn @node Scanning Keymaps @section Scanning Keymaps This section describes functions used to scan all the current keymaps for the sake of printing help information. @defun accessible-keymaps keymap &optional prefix This function returns a list of all the keymaps that can be accessed (via prefix keys) from @var{keymap}. The value is an association list with elements of the form @code{(@var{key} .@: @var{map})}, where @var{key} is a prefix key whose definition in @var{keymap} is @var{map}. The elements of the alist are ordered so that the @var{key} increases in length. The first element is always @code{("" .@: @var{keymap})}, because the specified keymap is accessible from itself with a prefix of no events. If @var{prefix} is given, it should be a prefix key sequence; then @code{accessible-keymaps} includes only the submaps whose prefixes start with @var{prefix}. These elements look just as they do in the value of @code{(accessible-keymaps)}; the only difference is that some elements are omitted. In the example below, the returned alist indicates that the key @key{ESC}, which is displayed as @samp{^[}, is a prefix key whose definition is the sparse keymap @code{(keymap (83 .@: center-paragraph) (115 .@: foo))}. @smallexample @group (accessible-keymaps (current-local-map)) @result{}(("" keymap (27 keymap ; @r{Note this keymap for @key{ESC} is repeated below.} (83 . center-paragraph) (115 . center-line)) (9 . tab-to-tab-stop)) @end group @group ("^[" keymap (83 . center-paragraph) (115 . foo))) @end group @end smallexample In the following example, @kbd{C-h} is a prefix key that uses a sparse keymap starting with @code{(keymap (118 . describe-variable)@dots{})}. Another prefix, @kbd{C-x 4}, uses a keymap which is also the value of the variable @code{ctl-x-4-map}. The event @code{mode-line} is one of several dummy events used as prefixes for mouse actions in special parts of a window. @smallexample @group (accessible-keymaps (current-global-map)) @result{} (("" keymap [set-mark-command beginning-of-line @dots{} delete-backward-char]) @end group @group ("^H" keymap (118 . describe-variable) @dots{} (8 . help-for-help)) @end group @group ("^X" keymap [x-flush-mouse-queue @dots{} backward-kill-sentence]) @end group @group ("^[" keymap [mark-sexp backward-sexp @dots{} backward-kill-word]) @end group ("^X4" keymap (15 . display-buffer) @dots{}) @group ([mode-line] keymap (S-mouse-2 . mouse-split-window-horizontally) @dots{})) @end group @end smallexample @noindent These are not all the keymaps you would see in an actual case. @end defun @defun where-is-internal command &optional keymap firstonly noindirect This function returns a list of key sequences (of any length) that are bound to @var{command} in a set of keymaps. The argument @var{command} can be any object; it is compared with all keymap entries using @code{eq}. If @var{keymap} is @code{nil}, then the maps used are the current active keymaps, disregarding @code{overriding-local-map} (that is, pretending its value is @code{nil}). If @var{keymap} is non-@code{nil}, then the maps searched are @var{keymap} and the global keymap. Usually it's best to use @code{overriding-local-map} as the expression for @var{keymap}. Then @code{where-is-internal} searches precisely the keymaps that are active. To search only the global map, pass @code{(keymap)} (an empty keymap) as @var{keymap}. If @var{firstonly} is @code{non-ascii}, then the value is a single string representing the first key sequence found, rather than a list of all possible key sequences. If @var{firstonly} is @code{t}, then the value is the first key sequence, except that key sequences consisting entirely of @sc{ASCII} characters (or meta variants of @sc{ASCII} characters) are preferred to all other key sequences. If @var{noindirect} is non-@code{nil}, @code{where-is-internal} doesn't follow indirect keymap bindings. This makes it possible to search for an indirect definition itself. This function is used by @code{where-is} (@pxref{Help, , Help, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}). @smallexample @group (where-is-internal 'describe-function) @result{} ("\^hf" "\^hd") @end group @end smallexample @end defun @deffn Command describe-bindings prefix This function creates a listing of all defined keys and their definitions. It writes the listing in a buffer named @samp{*Help*} and displays it in a window. If @var{prefix} is non-@code{nil}, it should be a prefix key; then the listing includes only keys that start with @var{prefix}. The listing describes meta characters as @key{ESC} followed by the corresponding non-meta character. When several characters with consecutive @sc{ASCII} codes have the same definition, they are shown together, as @samp{@var{firstchar}..@var{lastchar}}. In this instance, you need to know the @sc{ASCII} codes to understand which characters this means. For example, in the default global map, the characters @samp{@key{SPC} ..@: ~} are described by a single line. @key{SPC} is @sc{ASCII} 32, @kbd{~} is @sc{ASCII} 126, and the characters between them include all the normal printing characters, (e.g., letters, digits, punctuation, etc.@:); all these characters are bound to @code{self-insert-command}. @end deffn @node Menu Keymaps @section Menu Keymaps @cindex menu keymaps @c Emacs 19 feature A keymap can define a menu as well as bindings for keyboard keys and mouse button. Menus are usually actuated with the mouse, but they can work with the keyboard also. @menu * Defining Menus:: How to make a keymap that defines a menu. * Mouse Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the mouse. * Keyboard Menus:: How they actuate it with the keyboard. * Menu Example:: Making a simple menu. * Menu Bar:: How to customize the menu bar. * Modifying Menus:: How to add new items to a menu. @end menu @node Defining Menus @subsection Defining Menus @cindex defining menus @cindex menu prompt string @cindex prompt string (of menu) A keymap is suitable for menu use if it has an @dfn{overall prompt string}, which is a string that appears as an element of the keymap. (@xref{Format of Keymaps}.) The string should describe the purpose of the menu. The easiest way to construct a keymap with a prompt string is to specify the string as an argument when you call @code{make-keymap} or @code{make-sparse-keymap} (@pxref{Creating Keymaps}). The order of items in the menu is the same as the order of bindings in the keymap. Since @code{define-key} puts new bindings at the front, you should define the menu items starting at the bottom of the menu and moving to the top, if you care about the order. When you add an item to an existing menu, you can specify its position in the menu using @code{define-key-after} (@pxref{Modifying Menus}). The individual bindings in the menu keymap should have item strings; these strings become the items displayed in the menu. A binding with an item string looks like this: @example (@var{string} . @var{real-binding}) @end example The item string for a binding should be short---one or two words. It should describe the action of the command it corresponds to. As far as @code{define-key} is concerned, @var{string} is part of the event's binding. However, @code{lookup-key} returns just @var{real-binding}, and only @var{real-binding} is used for executing the key. You can also supply a second string, called the help string, as follows: @example (@var{string} @var{help-string} . @var{real-binding}) @end example Currently Emacs does not actually use @var{help-string}; it knows only how to ignore @var{help-string} in order to extract @var{real-binding}. In the future we may use @var{help-string} as extended documentation for the menu item, available on request. If @var{real-binding} is @code{nil}, then @var{string} appears in the menu but cannot be selected. If @var{real-binding} is a symbol and has a non-@code{nil} @code{menu-enable} property, that property is an expression that controls whether the menu item is enabled. Every time the keymap is used to display a menu, Emacs evaluates the expression, and it enables the menu item only if the expression's value is non-@code{nil}. When a menu item is disabled, it is displayed in a ``fuzzy'' fashion, and cannot be selected with the mouse. The menu bar does not recalculate which items are enabled every time you look at a menu. This is because the X toolkit requires the whole tree of menus in advance. To force recalculation of the menu bar, call @code{force-mode-line-update} (@pxref{Mode Line Format}). Sometimes it is useful to make menu items that use the ``same'' command but with different enable conditions. You can do this by defining alias commands. Here's an example that makes two aliases for @code{toggle-read-only} and gives them different enable conditions: @example (defalias 'make-read-only 'toggle-read-only) (put 'make-read-only 'menu-enable '(not buffer-read-only)) (defalias 'make-writable 'toggle-read-only) (put 'make-writable 'menu-enable 'buffer-read-only) @end example You've probably noticed that menu items show the equivalent keyboard key sequence (if any) to invoke the same command. To save time on recalculation, menu display caches this information in a sublist in the binding, like this: @c This line is not too long--rms. @example (@var{string} @r{[}@var{help-string}@r{]} (@var{key-binding-data}) . @var{real-binding}) @end example Don't put these sublists in the menu item yourself; menu display calculates them automatically. Don't add keyboard equivalents to the item strings in a mouse menu, since that is redundant. If an alias command has no keyboard equivalent itself, menus show the keyboard equivalent of its underlying command. In the example above, menu items defined to run @code{make-read-only} or @code{make-writable} would show the keyboard equivalents of @code{toggle-read-only}. @node Mouse Menus @subsection Menus and the Mouse The way to make a menu keymap produce a menu is to make it the definition of a prefix key. If the prefix key ends with a mouse event, Emacs handles the menu keymap by popping up a visible menu, so that the user can select a choice with the mouse. When the user clicks on a menu item, the event generated is whatever character or symbol has the binding that brought about that menu item. (A menu item may generate a series of events if the menu has multiple levels or comes from the menu bar.) It's often best to use a button-down event to trigger the menu. Then the user can select a menu item by releasing the button. A single keymap can appear as multiple menu panes, if you explicitly arrange for this. The way to do this is to make a keymap for each pane, then create a binding for each of those maps in the main keymap of the menu. Give each of these bindings an item string that starts with @samp{@@}. The rest of the item string becomes the name of the pane. See the file @file{lisp/mouse.el} for an example of this. Any ordinary bindings with @samp{@@}-less item strings are grouped into one pane, which appears along with the other panes explicitly created for the submaps. X toolkit menus don't have panes; instead, they can have submenus. Every nested keymap becomes a submenu, whether the item string starts with @samp{@@} or not. In a toolkit version of Emacs, the only thing special about @samp{@@} at the beginning of an item string is that the @samp{@@} doesn't appear in the menu item. You can also get multiple panes from separate keymaps. The full definition of a prefix key always comes from merging the definitions supplied by the various active keymaps (minor mode, local, and global). When more than one of these keymaps is a menu, each of them makes a separate pane or panes. @xref{Active Keymaps}. In toolkit versions of Emacs, menus don't have panes, so submenus are used to represent the separate keymaps. Each keymap's contribution becomes one submenu. A Lisp program can explicitly pop up a menu and receive the user's choice. You can use keymaps for this also. @xref{Pop-Up Menus}. @node Keyboard Menus @subsection Menus and the Keyboard When a prefix key ending with a keyboard event (a character or function key) has a definition that is a menu keymap, the user can use the keyboard to choose a menu item. Emacs displays the menu alternatives (the item strings of the bindings) in the echo area. If they don't all fit at once, the user can type @key{SPC} to see the next line of alternatives. Successive uses of @key{SPC} eventually get to the end of the menu and then cycle around to the beginning. (The variable @code{menu-prompt-more-char} specifies which character is used for this; @key{SPC} is the default.) When the user has found the desired alternative from the menu, he or she should type the corresponding character---the one whose binding is that alternative. @ignore In a menu intended for keyboard use, each menu item must clearly indicate what character to type. The best convention to use is to make the character the first letter of the item string---that is something users will understand without being told. We plan to change this; by the time you read this manual, keyboard menus may explicitly name the key for each alternative. @end ignore This way of using menus in an Emacs-like editor was inspired by the Hierarkey system. @defvar menu-prompt-more-char This variable specifies the character to use to ask to see the next line of a menu. Its initial value is 32, the code for @key{SPC}. @end defvar @node Menu Example @subsection Menu Example Here is a simple example of how to set up a menu for mouse use. @example (defvar my-menu-map (make-sparse-keymap "Key Commands <==> Functions")) (fset 'help-for-keys my-menu-map) (define-key my-menu-map [bindings] '("List all keystroke commands" . describe-bindings)) (define-key my-menu-map [key] '("Describe key briefly" . describe-key-briefly)) (define-key my-menu-map [key-verbose] '("Describe key verbose" . describe-key)) (define-key my-menu-map [function] '("Describe Lisp function" . describe-function)) (define-key my-menu-map [where-is] '("Where is this command" . where-is)) (define-key global-map [C-S-down-mouse-1] 'help-for-keys) @end example The symbols used in the key sequences bound in the menu are fictitious ``function keys''; they don't appear on the keyboard, but that doesn't stop you from using them in the menu. Their names were chosen to be mnemonic, because they show up in the output of @code{where-is} and @code{apropos} to identify the corresponding menu items. However, if you want the menu to be usable from the keyboard as well, you must bind real @sc{ASCII} characters as well as fictitious function keys. @node Menu Bar @subsection The Menu Bar @cindex menu bar Most window systems allow each frame to have a @dfn{menu bar}---a permanently displayed menu stretching horizontally across the top of the frame. The items of the menu bar are the subcommands of the fake ``function key'' @code{menu-bar}, as defined by all the active keymaps. To add an item to the menu bar, invent a fake ``function key'' of your own (let's call it @var{key}), and make a binding for the key sequence @code{[menu-bar @var{key}]}. Most often, the binding is a menu keymap, so that pressing a button on the menu bar item leads to another menu. When more than one active keymap defines the same fake function key for the menu bar, the item appears just once. If the user clicks on that menu bar item, it brings up a single, combined submenu containing all the subcommands of that item---the global subcommands, the local subcommands, and the minor mode subcommands, all together. The variable @code{overriding-local-map} is normally ignored when determining the menu bar contents. That is, the menu bar is computed from the keymaps that would be active if @code{overriding-local-map} were @code{nil}. @xref{Active Keymaps}. In order for a frame to display a menu bar, its @code{menu-bar-lines} parameter must be greater than zero. Emacs uses just one line for the menu bar itself; if you specify more than one line, the other lines serve to separate the menu bar from the windows in the frame. We recommend 1 or 2 as the value of @code{menu-bar-lines}. @xref{X Frame Parameters}. Here's an example of setting up a menu bar item: @example @group (modify-frame-parameters (selected-frame) '((menu-bar-lines . 2))) @end group @group ;; @r{Make a menu keymap (with a prompt string)} ;; @r{and make it the menu bar item's definition.} (define-key global-map [menu-bar words] (cons "Words" (make-sparse-keymap "Words"))) @end group @group ;; @r{Define specific subcommands in the item's menu.} (define-key global-map [menu-bar words forward] '("Forward word" . forward-word)) @end group @group (define-key global-map [menu-bar words backward] '("Backward word" . backward-word)) @end group @end example A local keymap can cancel a menu bar item made by the global keymap by rebinding the same fake function key with @code{undefined} as the binding. For example, this is how Dired suppresses the @samp{Edit} menu bar item: @example (define-key dired-mode-map [menu-bar edit] 'undefined) @end example @noindent @code{edit} is the fake function key used by the global map for the @samp{Edit} menu bar item. The main reason to suppress a global menu bar item is to regain space for mode-specific items. @defvar menu-bar-final-items Normally the menu bar shows global items followed by items defined by the local maps. This variable holds a list of fake function keys for items to display at the end of the menu bar rather than in normal sequence. The default value is @code{(help)}; thus, the @samp{Help} menu item normally appears at the end of the menu bar, following local menu items. @end defvar @node Modifying Menus @subsection Modifying Menus When you insert a new item in an existing menu, you probably want to put it in a particular place among the menu's existing items. If you use @code{define-key} to add the item, it normally goes at the front of the menu. To put it elsewhere, use @code{define-key-after}: @defun define-key-after map key binding after Define a binding in @var{map} for @var{key}, with value @var{binding}, just like @code{define-key}, but position the binding in @var{map} after the binding for the event @var{after}. The argument @var{key} should be of length one---a vector or string with just one element. For example, @example (define-key-after my-menu [drink] '("Drink" . drink-command) 'eat) @end example @noindent makes a binding for the fake function key @key{drink} and puts it right after the binding for @key{eat}. Here is how to insert an item called @samp{Work} in the @samp{Signals} menu of Shell mode, after the item @code{break}: @example (define-key-after (lookup-key shell-mode-map [menu-bar signals]) [work] '("Work" . work-command) 'break) @end example Note that @var{key} is a sequence containing just one event type, but @var{after} is just an event type (not a sequence). @end defun