Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc; See end for conditions.You are looking at the Emacs tutorial.Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeledCTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather thanwrite that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations: C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr> Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f. M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>. If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key.Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you totry using a command. For instance:<<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>>>> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen. (go ahead, do it by holding down the control key while typing v). From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish reading the screen.Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screento screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue readingthe text.The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from placeto place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen,with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META keyand type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key).>> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times.* SUMMARY---------The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls: C-v Move forward one screenful M-v Move backward one screenful C-l Clear screen and redisplay all the text, moving the text around the cursor to the center of the screen. (That's control-L, not control-1.)>> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it. Then type C-l. Find the cursor again and notice that the same text is near the cursor now.* BASIC CURSOR CONTROL----------------------Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do youmove to a specific place within the text on the screen?There are several ways you can do this. The most basic way is to usethe commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. Each of these commands moves thecursor one row or column in a particular direction on the screen.Here is a table showing these four commands and the directions theymove: Previous line, C-p : : Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f : : Next line, C-n>> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram using C-n or C-p. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram centered in the screen.You'll probably find it easy to think of these by letter: P forprevious, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. These are thebasic cursor positioning commands, and you'll be using them ALL thetime, so it would be of great benefit if you learn them now.>> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.>> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's. See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.Each of text line ends with a Newline character, which serves toseparate it from the following line. The last line in your file oughtto have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to haveone).>> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. It should move to the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back across the Newline character.C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b.>> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is. Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line. Then do one more C-f to move to the following line.When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyondthe edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". Itenables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the textwithout moving it off the screen.>> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and see what happens.If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f(Meta-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.>> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word.When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of thefollowing word. M-b works likewise in the opposite direction.>> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various places inside and between words.Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f andM-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used foroperations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences,paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that areindependent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc).This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move tothe beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginningor end of a sentence.>> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's. Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving onemore sentence. Although these are not quite analogous, each one seemsnatural.The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". Toparaphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located inthe text.Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including theword and sentence moving commands: C-f Move forward a character C-b Move backward a character M-f Move forward a word M-b Move backward a word C-n Move to next line C-p Move to previous line C-a Move to beginning of line C-e Move to end of line M-a Move back to beginning of sentence M-e Move forward to end of sentence>> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice. These are the most often used commands.Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (Meta Less-than),which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (MetaGreater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text.On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use theshift key to type it. On these terminals you must use the shift keyto type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.>> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial. Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here.>> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial. Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here.You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal hasarrow keys. We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for threereasons. First, they work on all kinds of terminals. Second, onceyou gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these Controlcharacters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do nothave to move your hands away from touch-typing position). Third, onceyou form the habit of using these Control character commands, you caneasily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well.Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, thisserves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat countis by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command. Ifyou have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another, alternative wayto enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down theMETA key. We recommend learning the C-u method because it works onany terminal. The numeric argument is also called a "prefix argument",because you type the argument before the command it applies to.For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.>> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor to a line near this one with just one command.Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count, but somecommands use it in some other way. Several commands (but none ofthose you have learned so far) use it as a flag--the presence of aprefix argument, regardless of its value, makes the command dosomething different.C-v and M-v are another kind of exception. When given an argument,they scroll the screen up or down by that many lines, rather than by ascreenful. For example, C-u 8 C-v scrolls the screen by 8 lines.>> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would liketo scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.If you are using a windowed display, such as X11 or MS-Windows, thereshould be a tall rectangular area called a scroll bar at the left handside of the Emacs window. You can scroll the text by clicking themouse in the scroll bar.>> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position determined by how high or low you click.>> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as you move the mouse.* WHEN EMACS IS HUNG--------------------If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely bytyping C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking toolong to execute.You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning ofa command that you do not want to finish.>> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g. Now type C-f. It should move just one character, because you canceled the argument with C-g.If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of itwith a C-g.* DISABLED COMMANDS-------------------Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot usethem by accident.If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a messagesaying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to goahead and execute the command.If you really want to try the command, type Space in answer to thequestion. Normally, if you do not want to execute the disabledcommand, answer the question with "n".>> Type C-x C-l (which is a disabled command), then type n to answer the question.* WINDOWS---------Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We willexplain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want toexplain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basicone-window editing. It is simple: C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).That is Control-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the windowwhich contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes allother windows.>> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.>> Type Control-h k Control-f. See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears to display documentation on the Control-f command.>> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.This command is unlike the other commands you have learned in that itconsists of two characters. It starts with the character Control-x.There is a whole series of commands that start with Control-x; many ofthem have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things.These commands are two, three or four characters long.* INSERTING AND DELETING------------------------If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which youcan see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and insertedimmediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert aNewline character.You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delete>.<Delete> is a key on the keyboard, which may be labeled "Del". Insome cases, the "Backspace" key serves as <Delete>, but not always!More generally, <Delete> deletes the character immediately before thecurrent cursor position.>> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them by typing <Delete> a few times. Don't worry about this file being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is your personal copy of it.When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the lineof text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\")at the right margin indicates a line which has been continued.>> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting. You'll see a continuation line appear.>> Use <Delete>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen line again. The continuation line goes away.You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them intoone line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in thescreen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.>> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delete>. This merges that line with the previous line.>> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;this includes text characters. Repeating a text character insertsit several times.>> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********.You've now learned the most basic way of typing something inEmacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or linesas well. Here is a summary of the delete operations: <Delete> delete the character just before the cursor C-d delete the next character after the cursor M-<Delete> kill the word immediately before the cursor M-d kill the next word after the cursor C-k kill from the cursor position to end of line M-k kill to the end of the current sentenceNotice that <Delete> and C-d vs M-<Delete> and M-d extend the parallelstarted by C-f and M-f (well, <Delete> is not really a controlcharacter, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-eand M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.You can also kill any part of the buffer with one uniform method.Move to one end of that part, and type C-@ or C-SPC (either one).(SPC is the Space bar.) Move to the other end of that part, and typeC-w. That kills all the text between the two positions.>> Move the cursor to the Y at the start of the previous paragraph.>> Type C-SPC. Emacs should display a message "Mark set" at the bottom of the screen.>> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the second line of the paragraph.>> Type C-w. This will kill the text starting from the Y, and ending just before the n.When you delete more than one character at a time, Emacs saves thedeleted text so that you can bring it back. Bringing back killed textis called "yanking". You can yank the killed text either at the sameplace where it was killed, or at some other place in the text. Youcan yank the text several times in order to make multiple copies ofit. The command to yank is C-y.Note that the difference between "Killing" and "Deleting" something isthat "Killed" things can be yanked back, and "Deleted" things cannot.Generally, the commands that can remove a lot of text save the text,while the commands that delete just one character, or just blank linesand spaces, do not save the deleted text.>> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty. Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.>> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline which follows that line.Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a secondC-k kills the line itself, and makes all the other lines move up. C-ktreats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines ANDtheir contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills twolines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.To retrieve the last killed text and put it where the cursor currentlyis, type C-y.>> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.Think of C-y as if you were yanking something back that someone tookaway from you. Notice that if you do several C-k's in a row, all ofthe killed text is saved together, so that one C-y will yank all ofthe lines.>> Do this now, type C-k several times.Now to retrieve that killed text:>> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y again. You now see how to copy some text.What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and thenyou kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. Butthe previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-ycommand. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typingM-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-yagain and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you havereached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything tokeep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text whereit is.If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the mostrecent kill).>> Kill a line, move around, kill another line. Then do C-y to get back the second killed line. Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line. Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until the second kill line comes back, and then a few more. If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative arguments.* UNDO------If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was amistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u.Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeatthe C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes oneadditional command.But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text donot count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrollingcommand), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groupsof up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have totype to undo insertion of text.)>> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u,but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage ofC-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. Thatis why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_by typing / while holding down CONTROL.A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count.* FILES-------In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in afile. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goesaway. In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the filebefore you enter the text. (This is also called "visiting" the file.)Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file withinEmacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanentuntil you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving ahalf-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even whenyou save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in caseyou later decide that your changes were a mistake.If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line thatbegins and ends with dashes, and starts with "--:-- TUTORIAL" orsomething like that. This part of the screen normally shows the nameof the file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a filecalled "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacstutorial. When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name willappear in that precise spot.One special thing about the command for finding a file is that youhave to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads anargument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name ofthe file). After you type the command C-x C-f Find a fileEmacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appearson the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line is called theminibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can useordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name.While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input),you can cancel the command with C-g.>> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer, and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the minibuffer. So you do not find any file.When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> toterminate it. Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the fileyou chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command isfinished.In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you canedit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent,type the command C-x C-s Save the fileThis copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time youdo this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it isnot lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of theoriginal file's name.When saving is finished, Emacs prints the name of the file written.You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very muchwork if the system should crash.>> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial. This should print "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and youwill see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that anoperating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting theC-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen,type C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to IncrementalSearch" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can alsofind a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create afile with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and thenbegin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" thefile, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you haveinserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing analready existing file.* BUFFERS---------If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remainsinside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again withC-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.>> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>. Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s. Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return> to come back to the tutorial.Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer".Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of thebuffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type C-x C-b List buffers>> Try C-x C-b now.See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file namefor the file whose contents it holds. Some buffers do not correspondto files. For example, the buffer named "*Buffer List*" doesnot have any file. It is the buffer which contains the bufferlist that was made by C-x C-b. ANY text you see in an Emacs windowis always part of some buffer.>> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file'sbuffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the firstfile's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back toit with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have C-x s Save some buffersC-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you havenot saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save thebuffer.>> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s. It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL. Answer yes to the question by typing "y".* EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET---------------------------There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be puton all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this withthe X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors: C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character. M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.These are commands that are generally useful but used less than thecommands you have already learned about. You have already seen two ofthem: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save. Anotherexample is the command to end the Emacs session--this is the commandC-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing changes you have made; C-x C-coffers to save each changed file before it kills the Emacs.)C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can goback to the same Emacs session afterward.On systems which allow it, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returnsto the shell but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most commonshells, you can resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'.On systems which do not implement suspending, C-z creates a subshellrunning under Emacs to give you the chance to run other programs andreturn to Emacs afterward; it does not truly "exit" from Emacs. Inthis case, the shell command `exit' is the usual way to get back toEmacs from the subshell.The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's alsothe right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handlingprograms and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not knowhow to cope with suspension of Emacs. In ordinary circumstances,though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacswith C-z instead of exiting Emacs.There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned: C-x C-f Find file. C-x C-s Save file. C-x C-b List buffers. C-x C-c Quit Emacs. C-x 1 Delete all but one window. C-x u Undo.Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even lessfrequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. Anexample is the command replace-string, which globally replaces onestring with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at thebottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of thecommand; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" andEmacs will complete the name. (<TAB> is the Tab key, usually foundabove the CapsLock or Shift key near the left edge of the keyboard.)End the command name with <Return>.The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to bereplaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end eachargument with <Return>.>> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one. Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>. Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred, after the initial position of the cursor.* AUTO SAVE-----------When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you fromthis, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file thatyou are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning andthe end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto savefile's name is "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way,Emacs deletes its auto save file.If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing byfinding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the autosave file) and then typing M-x recover file<Return>. When it asks forconfirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-savedata.* ECHO AREA-----------If Emacs sees that you are typing multicharacter commands slowly, itshows them to you at the bottom of the screen in an area called the"echo area". The echo area contains the bottom line of the screen.* MODE LINE-----------The line immediately above the echo area is called the "mode line".The mode line says something like this:--:** TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs andthe text you are editing.You already know what the filename means--it is the file you havefound. -NN%-- indicates your current position in the text; it meansthat NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If thetop of the file is on the screen, it will say --Top-- instead of--00%--. If the bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say--Bot--. If you are looking at text so small that all of it fits onthe screen, the mode line says --All--.The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give thecurrent line number of point.The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line showsno stars, just dashes.The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you whatediting modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which iswhat you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode". Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant forediting different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active,and its name can always be found in the mode line just where"Fundamental" is now.Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example,there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since eachprogramming language has a different idea of what a comment shouldlook like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Eachmajor mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you canswitch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command toswitch to Fundamental mode.If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, youshould probably use Text Mode.>> Type M-x text mode<Return>.Don't worry, none of the Emacs commands you have learned changes inany great way. But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treatapostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode,M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators.Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commandsdo "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bitdifferently.To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.>> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.>> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.>> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.Minor modes are not alternatives to the major modes, just minormodifications of them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off byitself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of yourmajor mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or anycombination of several minor modes.One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing Englishtext, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs breaks the linein between words automatically whenever you insert text and make aline that is too wide.You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto fill mode<Return>.When the mode is on, you can turn it off again by doing M-xauto fill mode<Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns it on,and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that thecommand "toggles the mode".>> Type M-x auto fill mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf " over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change itwith the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you wantas a numeric argument.>> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f). Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using C-x f again.If you make changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill modedoes not re-fill it for you.To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (Meta-q) with the cursor insidethat paragraph.>> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.* SEARCHING-----------Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguouscharacters or words) either forward through the text or backwardthrough it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command;it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears.The Emacs search command is different from the search commandsof most editors, in that it is "incremental". This means that thesearch happens while you type in the string to search for.The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-rfor reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now.When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears asa prompt in the echo area. This tells you that Emacs is in what iscalled an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing thatyou want to search for. <Return> terminates a search.>> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time, type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each character to notice what happens to the cursor. Now you have searched for "cursor", once.>> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".>> Now type <Delete> four times and see how the cursor moves.>> Type <Return> to terminate the search.Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries togo to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. Togo to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no suchoccurrence exists, Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently"failing". C-g would also terminate the search.NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you willsee no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operatingsystem "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and notletting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in theEmacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delete>,you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erasedand the search backs up to the last place of the search. Forinstance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the firstoccurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will moveto the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delete>. This erasesthe "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back tothe first occurrence of "c".If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or metacharacter (with a few exceptions--characters that are special ina search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the searchstring AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search forsomething earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that wehave said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction ofthe search is reversed.* MULTIPLE WINDOWS------------------One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than onewindow on the screen at the same time.>> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l (that's control-L, not control-1).>> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows. Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.>> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window. (If you do not have a real Meta key, type ESC C-v.)>> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.>> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it. Keep reading these directions in the top window.>> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window. The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Eachwindow has its own cursor position, but only one window actuallyshows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to thewindow that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window".The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in onewindow and using the other window just for reference. You can keepthe cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advancethrough the other window sequentially with C-M-v.C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a realMETA key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META whiletyping v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first,"because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type.If you do not have a real META key, and you use ESC instead, the orderdoes matter: you must type ESC followed by Control-v, becauseControl-ESC v will not work. This is because ESC is a character inits own right, not a modifier key.>> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.(If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get ridof the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just onewindow--the window I am already in.")You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If youuse C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does notchange. You can find a file in each window independently.Here is another way to use two windows to display two differentthings:>> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files. End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom window. The cursor goes there, too.>> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete the bottom window.* RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS--------------------------Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editinglevel". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. Forexample, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).To get out of the recursive editing level, type ESC ESC ESC. That isan all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for eliminatingextra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.>> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type ESC ESC ESC to get out.You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This isbecause C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN therecursive editing level.* GETTING MORE HELP-------------------In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information toget you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs thatit would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may wantto learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features.Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacscommands. These "help" commands all start with the characterControl-h, which is called "the Help character".To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then acharacter saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost,type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, justtype C-g to cancel it.(Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h. They reallyshould not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you havegrounds to complain to the system administrator. Meanwhile, if C-hdoes not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, trytyping the F1 key or M-x help <Return> instead.)The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, the character c, anda command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very briefdescription of the command.>> Type C-h c C-p. The message should be something like C-p runs the command previous-lineThis tells you the "name of the function". Function names are usedmainly for customizing and extending Emacs. But since function namesare chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also asvery brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands youhave already learned.Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META orEDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.>> Type C-h k C-p.This displays the documentation of the function, as well as itsname, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading theoutput, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not haveto do this right away. You can do some editing while referringto the help text, and then type C-x 1.Here are some other useful C-h options: C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the function.>> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>. This prints all the information Emacs has about the function which implements the C-p command. C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list all the commands whose names contain that keyword. These commands can all be invoked with Meta-x. For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one or two character sequence which runs the same command.>> Type C-h a file<Return>.This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file"in their names. You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listedbeside the corresponding command names such as find-file.>> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times.>> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.* CONCLUSION------------Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shelltemporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z.This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so ifyou found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!* COPYING---------This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorialsstarting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, andcomes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the copyright notice and permission notice are preserved, and that the distributor grants the recipient permission for further redistribution as permitted by this notice. Permission is granted to distribute modified versions of this document, or of portions of it, under the above conditions, provided also that they carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in thesame spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies ofGNU Emacs to your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!