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author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Sat, 30 Apr 2005 20:08:12 +0000 |
parents | ce18be094148 |
children | a77d510ff94d 13796b0653c7 |
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@c This is part of the Emacs manual. @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2005 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. @node Search, Fixit, Display, Top @chapter Searching and Replacement @cindex searching @cindex finding strings within text Like other editors, Emacs has commands for searching for occurrences of a string. The principal search command is unusual in that it is @dfn{incremental}; it begins to search before you have finished typing the search string. There are also nonincremental search commands more like those of other editors. Besides the usual @code{replace-string} command that finds all occurrences of one string and replaces them with another, Emacs has a more flexible replacement command called @code{query-replace}, which asks interactively which occurrences to replace. @menu * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string. * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search. * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words. * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp. * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions. * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not. * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches. * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp. @end menu @node Incremental Search @section Incremental Search An incremental search begins searching as soon as you type the first character of the search string. As you type in the search string, Emacs shows you where the string (as you have typed it so far) would be found. When you have typed enough characters to identify the place you want, you can stop. Depending on what you plan to do next, you may or may not need to terminate the search explicitly with @key{RET}. @c WideCommands @table @kbd @item C-s Incremental search forward (@code{isearch-forward}). @item C-r Incremental search backward (@code{isearch-backward}). @end table @menu * Basic Isearch:: Basic incremental search commands. * Repeat Isearch:: Searching for the same string again. * Error in Isearch:: When your string is not found. * Special Isearch:: Special input in incremental search. * Non-ASCII Isearch:: How to search for non-ASCII characters. * Isearch Yank:: Commands that grab text into the search string or else edit the search string. * Highlight Isearch:: Isearch highlights the other possible matches. * Isearch Scroll:: Scrolling during an incremental search. * Slow Isearch:: Incremental search features for slow terminals. @end menu @node Basic Isearch @subsection Basics of Incremental Search @cindex incremental search @kindex C-s @findex isearch-forward @kbd{C-s} starts a forward incremental search. It reads characters from the keyboard, and moves point past the next occurrence of those characters. If you type @kbd{C-s} and then @kbd{F}, that puts the cursor after the first @samp{F} (the first following the starting point, since this is a forward search). Then if you type an @kbd{O}, you will see the cursor move just after the first @samp{FO} (the @samp{F} in that @samp{FO} may or may not be the first @samp{F}). After another @kbd{O}, the cursor moves after the first @samp{FOO} after the place where you started the search. At each step, the buffer text that matches the search string is highlighted, if the terminal can do that; the current search string is always displayed in the echo area. If you make a mistake in typing the search string, you can cancel characters with @key{DEL}. Each @key{DEL} cancels the last character of search string. This does not happen until Emacs is ready to read another input character; first it must either find, or fail to find, the character you want to erase. If you do not want to wait for this to happen, use @kbd{C-g} as described below. When you are satisfied with the place you have reached, you can type @key{RET}, which stops searching, leaving the cursor where the search brought it. Also, any command not specially meaningful in searches stops the searching and is then executed. Thus, typing @kbd{C-a} would exit the search and then move to the beginning of the line. @key{RET} is necessary only if the next command you want to type is a printing character, @key{DEL}, @key{RET}, or another character that is special within searches (@kbd{C-q}, @kbd{C-w}, @kbd{C-r}, @kbd{C-s}, @kbd{C-y}, @kbd{M-y}, @kbd{M-r}, @kbd{M-c}, @kbd{M-e}, and some other meta-characters). When you exit the incremental search, it sets the mark where point @emph{was} before the search. That is convenient for moving back there. In Transient Mark mode, incremental search sets the mark without activating it, and does so only if the mark is not already active. @node Repeat Isearch @subsection Repeating Incremental Search Sometimes you search for @samp{FOO} and find one, but not the one you expected to find. There was a second @samp{FOO} that you forgot about, before the one you were aiming for. In this event, type another @kbd{C-s} to move to the next occurrence of the search string. You can repeat this any number of times. If you overshoot, you can cancel some @kbd{C-s} characters with @key{DEL}. After you exit a search, you can search for the same string again by typing just @kbd{C-s C-s}: the first @kbd{C-s} is the key that invokes incremental search, and the second @kbd{C-s} means ``search again.'' If a search is failing and you ask to repeat it by typing another @kbd{C-s}, it starts again from the beginning of the buffer. Repeating a failing reverse search with @kbd{C-r} starts again from the end. This is called @dfn{wrapping around}, and @samp{Wrapped} appears in the search prompt once this has happened. If you keep on going past the original starting point of the search, it changes to @samp{Overwrapped}, which means that you are revisiting matches that you have already seen. To reuse earlier search strings, use the @dfn{search ring}. The commands @kbd{M-p} and @kbd{M-n} move through the ring to pick a search string to reuse. These commands leave the selected search ring element in the minibuffer, where you can edit it. To edit the current search string in the minibuffer without replacing it with items from the search ring, type @kbd{M-e}. Type @kbd{C-s} or @kbd{C-r} to terminate editing the string and search for it. You can change to searching backwards with @kbd{C-r}. If a search fails because the place you started was too late in the file, you should do this. Repeated @kbd{C-r} keeps looking for more occurrences backwards. A @kbd{C-s} starts going forwards again. @kbd{C-r} in a search can be canceled with @key{DEL}. @kindex C-r @findex isearch-backward If you know initially that you want to search backwards, you can use @kbd{C-r} instead of @kbd{C-s} to start the search, because @kbd{C-r} as a key runs a command (@code{isearch-backward}) to search backward. A backward search finds matches that are entirely before the starting point, just as a forward search finds matches that begin after it. @node Error in Isearch @subsection Errors in Incremental Search If your string is not found at all, the echo area says @samp{Failing I-Search}. The cursor is after the place where Emacs found as much of your string as it could. Thus, if you search for @samp{FOOT}, and there is no @samp{FOOT}, you might see the cursor after the @samp{FOO} in @samp{FOOL}. At this point there are several things you can do. If your string was mistyped, you can rub some of it out and correct it. If you like the place you have found, you can type @key{RET} or some other Emacs command to remain there. Or you can type @kbd{C-g}, which removes from the search string the characters that could not be found (the @samp{T} in @samp{FOOT}), leaving those that were found (the @samp{FOO} in @samp{FOOT}). A second @kbd{C-g} at that point cancels the search entirely, returning point to where it was when the search started. @cindex quitting (in search) The @kbd{C-g} ``quit'' character does special things during searches; just what it does depends on the status of the search. If the search has found what you specified and is waiting for input, @kbd{C-g} cancels the entire search. The cursor moves back to where you started the search. If @kbd{C-g} is typed when there are characters in the search string that have not been found---because Emacs is still searching for them, or because it has failed to find them---then the search string characters which have not been found are discarded from the search string. With them gone, the search is now successful and waiting for more input, so a second @kbd{C-g} will cancel the entire search. @node Special Isearch @subsection Special Input for Incremental Search An upper-case letter in the search string makes the search case-sensitive. If you delete the upper-case character from the search string, it ceases to have this effect. @xref{Search Case}. To search for a newline, type @kbd{C-j}. To search for another control character, such as control-S or carriage return, you must quote it by typing @kbd{C-q} first. This function of @kbd{C-q} is analogous to its use for insertion (@pxref{Inserting Text}): it causes the following character to be treated the way any ``ordinary'' character is treated in the same context. You can also specify a character by its octal code: enter @kbd{C-q} followed by a sequence of octal digits. @kbd{M-%} typed in incremental search invokes @code{query-replace} or @code{query-replace-regexp} (depending on search mode) with the current search string used as the string to replace. @xref{Query Replace}. Entering @key{RET} when the search string is empty launches nonincremental search (@pxref{Nonincremental Search}). @vindex isearch-mode-map To customize the special characters that incremental search understands, alter their bindings in the keymap @code{isearch-mode-map}. For a list of bindings, look at the documentation of @code{isearch-mode} with @kbd{C-h f isearch-mode @key{RET}}. @node Non-ASCII Isearch @subsection Isearch for Non-@acronym{ASCII} Characters @cindex searching for non-@acronym{ASCII} characters @cindex input method, during incremental search To enter non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in an incrementral search, you must use an input method (@pxref{Input Methods}). If an input method is enabled in the current buffer when you start the search, you can use it while you type the search string also. Emacs indicates that by including the input method mnemonic in its prompt, like this: @example I-search [@var{im}]: @end example @noindent @findex isearch-toggle-input-method @findex isearch-toggle-specified-input-method where @var{im} is the mnemonic of the active input method. You can toggle (enable or disable) the input method while you type the search string with @kbd{C-\} (@code{isearch-toggle-input-method}). You can turn on a certain (non-default) input method with @kbd{C-^} (@code{isearch-toggle-specified-input-method}), which prompts for the name of the input method. The input method you enable during incremental search remains enabled in the current buffer afterwards. @node Isearch Yank @subsection Isearch Yanking The characters @kbd{C-w} and @kbd{C-y} can be used in incremental search to grab text from the buffer into the search string. This makes it convenient to search for another occurrence of text at point. @kbd{C-w} copies the character or word after point as part of the search string, advancing point over it. (The decision, whether to copy a character or a word, is heuristic.) Another @kbd{C-s} to repeat the search will then search for a string including that character or word. @kbd{C-y} is similar to @kbd{C-w} but copies all the rest of the current line into the search string. If point is already at the end of a line, it grabs the entire next line. Both @kbd{C-y} and @kbd{C-w} convert the text they copy to lower case if the search is currently not case-sensitive; this is so the search remains case-insensitive. @kbd{C-M-w} and @kbd{C-M-y} modify the search string by only one character at a time: @kbd{C-M-w} deletes the last character from the search string and @kbd{C-M-y} copies the character after point to the end of the search string. An alternative method to add the character after point into the search string is to enter the minibuffer by @kbd{M-e} and to type @kbd{C-f} at the end of the search string in the minibuffer. The character @kbd{M-y} copies text from the kill ring into the search string. It uses the same text that @kbd{C-y} as a command would yank. @kbd{Mouse-2} in the echo area does the same. @xref{Yanking}. @node Highlight Isearch @subsection Lazy Search Highlighting @cindex lazy search highlighting @vindex isearch-lazy-highlight When you pause for a little while during incremental search, it highlights all other possible matches for the search string. This makes it easier to anticipate where you can get to by typing @kbd{C-s} or @kbd{C-r} to repeat the search. The short delay before highlighting other matches helps indicate which match is the current one. If you don't like this feature, you can turn it off by setting @code{isearch-lazy-highlight} to @code{nil}. @cindex faces for highlighting search matches You can control how this highlighting looks by customizing the faces @code{isearch} (used for the current match) and @code{lazy-highlight} (for all the other matches). The latter is also used for other matches inside @code{query-replace}. @node Isearch Scroll @subsection Scrolling During Incremental Search Vertical scrolling during incremental search can be enabled by setting the customizable variable @code{isearch-allow-scroll} to a non-@code{nil} value. You can then use the vertical scroll-bar or certain keyboard commands such as @kbd{@key{PRIOR}} (@code{scroll-down}), @kbd{@key{NEXT}} (@code{scroll-up}) and @kbd{C-l} (@code{recenter}) within the search, thus letting you see more of the text near the current match. You must run these commands via their key sequences to stay in the search---typing M-x @var{comand-name} will always terminate a search. You can give prefix arguments to these commands in the usual way. The current match cannot be scrolled out of the window---this is intentional. Several other commands, such as @kbd{C-x 2} (@code{split-window-vertically}) and @kbd{C-x ^} (@code{enlarge-window}) which don't scroll the window, are nevertheless made available under this rubric, since they are likewise handy during a search. You can make other commands usable within an incremental search by giving the command a non-@code{nil} @code{isearch-scroll} property. This works for commands that don't permanently change point, the buffer contents, the match data, the current buffer, or the selected window and frame. The command must not delete the current window and must not itself attempt an incremental search. @node Slow Isearch @subsection Slow Terminal Incremental Search Incremental search on a slow terminal uses a modified style of display that is designed to take less time. Instead of redisplaying the buffer at each place the search gets to, it creates a new single-line window and uses that to display the line that the search has found. The single-line window comes into play as soon as point moves outside of the text that is already on the screen. When you terminate the search, the single-line window is removed. Emacs then redisplays the window in which the search was done, to show its new position of point. @vindex search-slow-speed The slow terminal style of display is used when the terminal baud rate is less than or equal to the value of the variable @code{search-slow-speed}, initially 1200. See @code{baud-rate} in @ref{Display Custom}. @vindex search-slow-window-lines The number of lines to use in slow terminal search display is controlled by the variable @code{search-slow-window-lines}. Its normal value is 1. @node Nonincremental Search @section Nonincremental Search @cindex nonincremental search Emacs also has conventional nonincremental search commands, which require you to type the entire search string before searching begins. @table @kbd @item C-s @key{RET} @var{string} @key{RET} Search for @var{string}. @item C-r @key{RET} @var{string} @key{RET} Search backward for @var{string}. @end table To do a nonincremental search, first type @kbd{C-s @key{RET}}. This enters the minibuffer to read the search string; terminate the string with @key{RET}, and then the search takes place. If the string is not found, the search command signals an error. When you type @kbd{C-s @key{RET}}, the @kbd{C-s} invokes incremental search as usual. That command is specially programmed to invoke nonincremental search, @code{search-forward}, if the string you specify is empty. (Such an empty argument would otherwise be useless.) But it does not call @code{search-forward} right away. First it checks the next input character to see if is @kbd{C-w}, which specifies a word search. @ifinfo @xref{Word Search}. @end ifinfo @kbd{C-r @key{RET}} does likewise, for a reverse incremental search. @findex search-forward @findex search-backward Forward and backward nonincremental searches are implemented by the commands @code{search-forward} and @code{search-backward}. These commands may be bound to keys in the usual manner. The feature that you can get to them via the incremental search commands exists for historical reasons, and to avoid the need to find key sequences for them. @node Word Search @section Word Search @cindex word search Word search searches for a sequence of words without regard to how the words are separated. More precisely, you type a string of many words, using single spaces to separate them, and the string can be found even if there are multiple spaces, newlines, or other punctuation characters between these words. Word search is useful for editing a printed document made with a text formatter. If you edit while looking at the printed, formatted version, you can't tell where the line breaks are in the source file. With word search, you can search without having to know them. @table @kbd @item C-s @key{RET} C-w @var{words} @key{RET} Search for @var{words}, ignoring details of punctuation. @item C-r @key{RET} C-w @var{words} @key{RET} Search backward for @var{words}, ignoring details of punctuation. @end table Word search is a special case of nonincremental search and is invoked with @kbd{C-s @key{RET} C-w}. This is followed by the search string, which must always be terminated with @key{RET}. Being nonincremental, this search does not start until the argument is terminated. It works by constructing a regular expression and searching for that; see @ref{Regexp Search}. Use @kbd{C-r @key{RET} C-w} to do backward word search. @findex word-search-forward @findex word-search-backward Forward and backward word searches are implemented by the commands @code{word-search-forward} and @code{word-search-backward}. These commands may be bound to keys in the usual manner. They are available via the incremental search commands both for historical reasons and to avoid the need to find suitable key sequences for them. @node Regexp Search @section Regular Expression Search @cindex regular expression @cindex regexp A @dfn{regular expression} (@dfn{regexp}, for short) is a pattern that denotes a class of alternative strings to match, possibly infinitely many. GNU Emacs provides both incremental and nonincremental ways to search for a match for a regexp. The syntax of regular expressions is explained in the following section. @kindex C-M-s @findex isearch-forward-regexp @kindex C-M-r @findex isearch-backward-regexp Incremental search for a regexp is done by typing @kbd{C-M-s} (@code{isearch-forward-regexp}), by invoking @kbd{C-s} with a prefix argument (whose value does not matter), or by typing @kbd{M-r} within a forward incremental search. This command reads a search string incrementally just like @kbd{C-s}, but it treats the search string as a regexp rather than looking for an exact match against the text in the buffer. Each time you add text to the search string, you make the regexp longer, and the new regexp is searched for. To search backward for a regexp, use @kbd{C-M-r} (@code{isearch-backward-regexp}), @kbd{C-r} with a prefix argument, or @kbd{M-r} within a backward incremental search. All of the control characters that do special things within an ordinary incremental search have the same function in incremental regexp search. Typing @kbd{C-s} or @kbd{C-r} immediately after starting the search retrieves the last incremental search regexp used; that is to say, incremental regexp and non-regexp searches have independent defaults. They also have separate search rings that you can access with @kbd{M-p} and @kbd{M-n}. If you type @key{SPC} in incremental regexp search, it matches any sequence of whitespace characters, including newlines. If you want to match just a space, type @kbd{C-q @key{SPC}}. Note that adding characters to the regexp in an incremental regexp search can make the cursor move back and start again. For example, if you have searched for @samp{foo} and you add @samp{\|bar}, the cursor backs up in case the first @samp{bar} precedes the first @samp{foo}. @findex re-search-forward @findex re-search-backward Nonincremental search for a regexp is done by the functions @code{re-search-forward} and @code{re-search-backward}. You can invoke these with @kbd{M-x}, or bind them to keys, or invoke them by way of incremental regexp search with @kbd{C-M-s @key{RET}} and @kbd{C-M-r @key{RET}}. If you use the incremental regexp search commands with a prefix argument, they perform ordinary string search, like @code{isearch-forward} and @code{isearch-backward}. @xref{Incremental Search}. @node Regexps @section Syntax of Regular Expressions @cindex syntax of regexps This manual describes regular expression features that users typically want to use. There are additional features that are mainly used in Lisp programs; see @ref{Regular Expressions,,, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. Regular expressions have a syntax in which a few characters are special constructs and the rest are @dfn{ordinary}. An ordinary character is a simple regular expression which matches that same character and nothing else. The special characters are @samp{$}, @samp{^}, @samp{.}, @samp{*}, @samp{+}, @samp{?}, @samp{[}, @samp{]} and @samp{\}. Any other character appearing in a regular expression is ordinary, unless a @samp{\} precedes it. (When you use regular expressions in a Lisp program, each @samp{\} must be doubled, see the example near the end of this section.) For example, @samp{f} is not a special character, so it is ordinary, and therefore @samp{f} is a regular expression that matches the string @samp{f} and no other string. (It does @emph{not} match the string @samp{ff}.) Likewise, @samp{o} is a regular expression that matches only @samp{o}. (When case distinctions are being ignored, these regexps also match @samp{F} and @samp{O}, but we consider this a generalization of ``the same string,'' rather than an exception.) Any two regular expressions @var{a} and @var{b} can be concatenated. The result is a regular expression which matches a string if @var{a} matches some amount of the beginning of that string and @var{b} matches the rest of the string.@refill As a simple example, we can concatenate the regular expressions @samp{f} and @samp{o} to get the regular expression @samp{fo}, which matches only the string @samp{fo}. Still trivial. To do something nontrivial, you need to use one of the special characters. Here is a list of them. @table @asis @item @kbd{.}@: @r{(Period)} is a special character that matches any single character except a newline. Using concatenation, we can make regular expressions like @samp{a.b}, which matches any three-character string that begins with @samp{a} and ends with @samp{b}.@refill @item @kbd{*} is not a construct by itself; it is a postfix operator that means to match the preceding regular expression repetitively as many times as possible. Thus, @samp{o*} matches any number of @samp{o}s (including no @samp{o}s). @samp{*} always applies to the @emph{smallest} possible preceding expression. Thus, @samp{fo*} has a repeating @samp{o}, not a repeating @samp{fo}. It matches @samp{f}, @samp{fo}, @samp{foo}, and so on. The matcher processes a @samp{*} construct by matching, immediately, as many repetitions as can be found. Then it continues with the rest of the pattern. If that fails, backtracking occurs, discarding some of the matches of the @samp{*}-modified construct in case that makes it possible to match the rest of the pattern. For example, in matching @samp{ca*ar} against the string @samp{caaar}, the @samp{a*} first tries to match all three @samp{a}s; but the rest of the pattern is @samp{ar} and there is only @samp{r} left to match, so this try fails. The next alternative is for @samp{a*} to match only two @samp{a}s. With this choice, the rest of the regexp matches successfully.@refill @item @kbd{+} is a postfix operator, similar to @samp{*} except that it must match the preceding expression at least once. So, for example, @samp{ca+r} matches the strings @samp{car} and @samp{caaaar} but not the string @samp{cr}, whereas @samp{ca*r} matches all three strings. @item @kbd{?} is a postfix operator, similar to @samp{*} except that it can match the preceding expression either once or not at all. For example, @samp{ca?r} matches @samp{car} or @samp{cr}; nothing else. @item @kbd{*?}, @kbd{+?}, @kbd{??} @cindex non-greedy regexp matching are non-greedy variants of the operators above. The normal operators @samp{*}, @samp{+}, @samp{?} are @dfn{greedy} in that they match as much as they can, as long as the overall regexp can still match. With a following @samp{?}, they are non-greedy: they will match as little as possible. Thus, both @samp{ab*} and @samp{ab*?} can match the string @samp{a} and the string @samp{abbbb}; but if you try to match them both against the text @samp{abbb}, @samp{ab*} will match it all (the longest valid match), while @samp{ab*?} will match just @samp{a} (the shortest valid match). Non-greedy operators match the shortest possible string starting at a given starting point; in a forward search, though, the earliest possible starting point for match is always the one chosen. Thus, if you search for @samp{a.*?$} against the text @samp{abbab} followed by a newline, it matches the whole string. Since it @emph{can} match starting at the first @samp{a}, it does. @item @kbd{\@{@var{n}\@}} is a postfix operator that specifies repetition @var{n} times---that is, the preceding regular expression must match exactly @var{n} times in a row. For example, @samp{x\@{4\@}} matches the string @samp{xxxx} and nothing else. @item @kbd{\@{@var{n},@var{m}\@}} is a postfix operator that specifies repetition between @var{n} and @var{m} times---that is, the preceding regular expression must match at least @var{n} times, but no more than @var{m} times. If @var{m} is omitted, then there is no upper limit, but the preceding regular expression must match at least @var{n} times.@* @samp{\@{0,1\@}} is equivalent to @samp{?}. @* @samp{\@{0,\@}} is equivalent to @samp{*}. @* @samp{\@{1,\@}} is equivalent to @samp{+}. @item @kbd{[ @dots{} ]} is a @dfn{character set}, which begins with @samp{[} and is terminated by @samp{]}. In the simplest case, the characters between the two brackets are what this set can match. Thus, @samp{[ad]} matches either one @samp{a} or one @samp{d}, and @samp{[ad]*} matches any string composed of just @samp{a}s and @samp{d}s (including the empty string), from which it follows that @samp{c[ad]*r} matches @samp{cr}, @samp{car}, @samp{cdr}, @samp{caddaar}, etc. You can also include character ranges in a character set, by writing the starting and ending characters with a @samp{-} between them. Thus, @samp{[a-z]} matches any lower-case @acronym{ASCII} letter. Ranges may be intermixed freely with individual characters, as in @samp{[a-z$%.]}, which matches any lower-case @acronym{ASCII} letter or @samp{$}, @samp{%} or period. Note that the usual regexp special characters are not special inside a character set. A completely different set of special characters exists inside character sets: @samp{]}, @samp{-} and @samp{^}. To include a @samp{]} in a character set, you must make it the first character. For example, @samp{[]a]} matches @samp{]} or @samp{a}. To include a @samp{-}, write @samp{-} as the first or last character of the set, or put it after a range. Thus, @samp{[]-]} matches both @samp{]} and @samp{-}. To include @samp{^} in a set, put it anywhere but at the beginning of the set. (At the beginning, it complements the set---see below.) When you use a range in case-insensitive search, you should write both ends of the range in upper case, or both in lower case, or both should be non-letters. The behavior of a mixed-case range such as @samp{A-z} is somewhat ill-defined, and it may change in future Emacs versions. @item @kbd{[^ @dots{} ]} @samp{[^} begins a @dfn{complemented character set}, which matches any character except the ones specified. Thus, @samp{[^a-z0-9A-Z]} matches all characters @emph{except} @acronym{ASCII} letters and digits. @samp{^} is not special in a character set unless it is the first character. The character following the @samp{^} is treated as if it were first (in other words, @samp{-} and @samp{]} are not special there). A complemented character set can match a newline, unless newline is mentioned as one of the characters not to match. This is in contrast to the handling of regexps in programs such as @code{grep}. @item @kbd{^} is a special character that matches the empty string, but only at the beginning of a line in the text being matched. Otherwise it fails to match anything. Thus, @samp{^foo} matches a @samp{foo} that occurs at the beginning of a line. For historical compatibility reasons, @samp{^} can be used with this meaning only at the beginning of the regular expression, or after @samp{\(} or @samp{\|}. @item @kbd{$} is similar to @samp{^} but matches only at the end of a line. Thus, @samp{x+$} matches a string of one @samp{x} or more at the end of a line. For historical compatibility reasons, @samp{$} can be used with this meaning only at the end of the regular expression, or before @samp{\)} or @samp{\|}. @item @kbd{\} has two functions: it quotes the special characters (including @samp{\}), and it introduces additional special constructs. Because @samp{\} quotes special characters, @samp{\$} is a regular expression that matches only @samp{$}, and @samp{\[} is a regular expression that matches only @samp{[}, and so on. @end table Note: for historical compatibility, special characters are treated as ordinary ones if they are in contexts where their special meanings make no sense. For example, @samp{*foo} treats @samp{*} as ordinary since there is no preceding expression on which the @samp{*} can act. It is poor practice to depend on this behavior; it is better to quote the special character anyway, regardless of where it appears.@refill For the most part, @samp{\} followed by any character matches only that character. However, there are several exceptions: two-character sequences starting with @samp{\} that have special meanings. The second character in the sequence is always an ordinary character when used on its own. Here is a table of @samp{\} constructs. @table @kbd @item \| specifies an alternative. Two regular expressions @var{a} and @var{b} with @samp{\|} in between form an expression that matches some text if either @var{a} matches it or @var{b} matches it. It works by trying to match @var{a}, and if that fails, by trying to match @var{b}. Thus, @samp{foo\|bar} matches either @samp{foo} or @samp{bar} but no other string.@refill @samp{\|} applies to the largest possible surrounding expressions. Only a surrounding @samp{\( @dots{} \)} grouping can limit the grouping power of @samp{\|}.@refill Full backtracking capability exists to handle multiple uses of @samp{\|}. @item \( @dots{} \) is a grouping construct that serves three purposes: @enumerate @item To enclose a set of @samp{\|} alternatives for other operations. Thus, @samp{\(foo\|bar\)x} matches either @samp{foox} or @samp{barx}. @item To enclose a complicated expression for the postfix operators @samp{*}, @samp{+} and @samp{?} to operate on. Thus, @samp{ba\(na\)*} matches @samp{bananana}, etc., with any (zero or more) number of @samp{na} strings.@refill @item To record a matched substring for future reference. @end enumerate This last application is not a consequence of the idea of a parenthetical grouping; it is a separate feature that is assigned as a second meaning to the same @samp{\( @dots{} \)} construct. In practice there is usually no conflict between the two meanings; when there is a conflict, you can use a ``shy'' group. @item \(?: @dots{} \) @cindex shy group, in regexp specifies a ``shy'' group that does not record the matched substring; you can't refer back to it with @samp{\@var{d}}. This is useful in mechanically combining regular expressions, so that you can add groups for syntactic purposes without interfering with the numbering of the groups that were written by the user. @item \@var{d} matches the same text that matched the @var{d}th occurrence of a @samp{\( @dots{} \)} construct. After the end of a @samp{\( @dots{} \)} construct, the matcher remembers the beginning and end of the text matched by that construct. Then, later on in the regular expression, you can use @samp{\} followed by the digit @var{d} to mean ``match the same text matched the @var{d}th time by the @samp{\( @dots{} \)} construct.'' The strings matching the first nine @samp{\( @dots{} \)} constructs appearing in a regular expression are assigned numbers 1 through 9 in the order that the open-parentheses appear in the regular expression. So you can use @samp{\1} through @samp{\9} to refer to the text matched by the corresponding @samp{\( @dots{} \)} constructs. For example, @samp{\(.*\)\1} matches any newline-free string that is composed of two identical halves. The @samp{\(.*\)} matches the first half, which may be anything, but the @samp{\1} that follows must match the same exact text. If a particular @samp{\( @dots{} \)} construct matches more than once (which can easily happen if it is followed by @samp{*}), only the last match is recorded. @item \` matches the empty string, but only at the beginning of the string or buffer (or its accessible portion) being matched against. @item \' matches the empty string, but only at the end of the string or buffer (or its accessible portion) being matched against. @item \= matches the empty string, but only at point. @item \b matches the empty string, but only at the beginning or end of a word. Thus, @samp{\bfoo\b} matches any occurrence of @samp{foo} as a separate word. @samp{\bballs?\b} matches @samp{ball} or @samp{balls} as a separate word.@refill @samp{\b} matches at the beginning or end of the buffer regardless of what text appears next to it. @item \B matches the empty string, but @emph{not} at the beginning or end of a word. @item \< matches the empty string, but only at the beginning of a word. @samp{\<} matches at the beginning of the buffer only if a word-constituent character follows. @item \> matches the empty string, but only at the end of a word. @samp{\>} matches at the end of the buffer only if the contents end with a word-constituent character. @item \w matches any word-constituent character. The syntax table determines which characters these are. @xref{Syntax}. @item \W matches any character that is not a word-constituent. @item \_< matches the empty string, but only at the beginning of a symbol. A symbol is a sequence of one or more symbol-constituent characters. A symbol-constituent character is a character whose syntax is either @samp{w} or @samp{_}. @samp{\_<} matches at the beginning of the buffer only if a symbol-constituent character follows. @item \_> matches the empty string, but only at the end of a symbol. @samp{\_>} matches at the end of the buffer only if the contents end with a symbol-constituent character. @item \s@var{c} matches any character whose syntax is @var{c}. Here @var{c} is a character that designates a particular syntax class: thus, @samp{w} for word constituent, @samp{-} or @samp{ } for whitespace, @samp{.} for ordinary punctuation, etc. @xref{Syntax}. @item \S@var{c} matches any character whose syntax is not @var{c}. @cindex categories of characters @cindex characters which belong to a specific language @findex describe-categories @item \c@var{c} matches any character that belongs to the category @var{c}. For example, @samp{\cc} matches Chinese characters, @samp{\cg} matches Greek characters, etc. For the description of the known categories, type @kbd{M-x describe-categories @key{RET}}. @item \C@var{c} matches any character that does @emph{not} belong to category @var{c}. @end table The constructs that pertain to words and syntax are controlled by the setting of the syntax table (@pxref{Syntax}). Here is a complicated regexp. It is a simplified version of the regexp that Emacs uses, by default, to recognize the end of a sentence together with any whitespace that follows. We show its Lisp syntax to distinguish the spaces from the tab characters. In Lisp syntax, the string constant begins and ends with a double-quote. @samp{\"} stands for a double-quote as part of the regexp, @samp{\\} for a backslash as part of the regexp, @samp{\t} for a tab, and @samp{\n} for a newline. @example "[.?!][]\"')]*\\($\\| $\\|\t\\| \\)[ \t\n]*" @end example @noindent This contains four parts in succession: a character set matching period, @samp{?}, or @samp{!}; a character set matching close-brackets, quotes, or parentheses, repeated zero or more times; a set of alternatives within backslash-parentheses that matches either end-of-line, a space at the end of a line, a tab, or two spaces; and a character set matching whitespace characters, repeated any number of times. To enter the same regexp in incremental search, you would type @key{TAB} to enter a tab, and @kbd{C-j} to enter a newline. You would also type single backslashes as themselves, instead of doubling them for Lisp syntax. In commands that use ordinary minibuffer input to read a regexp, you would quote the @kbd{C-j} by preceding it with a @kbd{C-q} to prevent @kbd{C-j} from exiting the minibuffer. @ignore @c I commented this out because it is missing vital information @c and therefore useless. For instance, what do you do to *use* the @c regular expression when it is finished? What jobs is this good for? @c -- rms @findex re-builder @cindex authoring regular expressions For convenient interactive development of regular expressions, you can use the @kbd{M-x re-builder} command. It provides a convenient interface for creating regular expressions, by giving immediate visual feedback. The buffer from which @code{re-builder} was invoked becomes the target for the regexp editor, which pops in a separate window. At all times, all the matches in the target buffer for the current regular expression are highlighted. Each parenthesized sub-expression of the regexp is shown in a distinct face, which makes it easier to verify even very complex regexps. (On displays that don't support colors, Emacs blinks the cursor around the matched text, as it does for matching parens.) @end ignore @node Search Case @section Searching and Case Incremental searches in Emacs normally ignore the case of the text they are searching through, if you specify the text in lower case. Thus, if you specify searching for @samp{foo}, then @samp{Foo} and @samp{foo} are also considered a match. Regexps, and in particular character sets, are included: @samp{[ab]} would match @samp{a} or @samp{A} or @samp{b} or @samp{B}.@refill An upper-case letter anywhere in the incremental search string makes the search case-sensitive. Thus, searching for @samp{Foo} does not find @samp{foo} or @samp{FOO}. This applies to regular expression search as well as to string search. The effect ceases if you delete the upper-case letter from the search string. Typing @kbd{M-c} within an incremental search toggles the case sensitivity of that search. The effect does not extend beyond the current incremental search to the next one, but it does override the effect of including an upper-case letter in the current search. @vindex case-fold-search @vindex default-case-fold-search If you set the variable @code{case-fold-search} to @code{nil}, then all letters must match exactly, including case. This is a per-buffer variable; altering the variable affects only the current buffer, but there is a default value in @code{default-case-fold-search} that you can also set. @xref{Locals}. This variable applies to nonincremental searches also, including those performed by the replace commands (@pxref{Replace}) and the minibuffer history matching commands (@pxref{Minibuffer History}). @node Replace @section Replacement Commands @cindex replacement @cindex search-and-replace commands @cindex string substitution @cindex global substitution Global search-and-replace operations are not needed often in Emacs, but they are available. In addition to the simple @kbd{M-x replace-string} command which replaces all occurrences, there is a @kbd{M-x query-replace} command which finds each occurrence of the pattern and asks you whether to replace it. The replace commands normally operate on the text from point to the end of the buffer; however, in Transient Mark mode (@pxref{Transient Mark}), when the mark is active, they operate on the region. The replace commands all replace one string (or regexp) with one replacement string. It is possible to perform several replacements in parallel using the command @code{expand-region-abbrevs} (@pxref{Expanding Abbrevs}). @menu * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string. * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp. * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters. * Query Replace:: How to use querying. @end menu @node Unconditional Replace, Regexp Replace, Replace, Replace @subsection Unconditional Replacement @findex replace-string @table @kbd @item M-x replace-string @key{RET} @var{string} @key{RET} @var{newstring} @key{RET} Replace every occurrence of @var{string} with @var{newstring}. @end table To replace every instance of @samp{foo} after point with @samp{bar}, use the command @kbd{M-x replace-string} with the two arguments @samp{foo} and @samp{bar}. Replacement happens only in the text after point, so if you want to cover the whole buffer you must go to the beginning first. All occurrences up to the end of the buffer are replaced; to limit replacement to part of the buffer, narrow to that part of the buffer before doing the replacement (@pxref{Narrowing}). In Transient Mark mode, when the region is active, replacement is limited to the region (@pxref{Transient Mark}). When @code{replace-string} exits, it leaves point at the last occurrence replaced. It sets the mark to the prior position of point (where the @code{replace-string} command was issued); use @kbd{C-u C-@key{SPC}} to move back there. A numeric argument restricts replacement to matches that are surrounded by word boundaries. The argument's value doesn't matter. What if you want to exchange @samp{x} and @samp{y}: replace every @samp{x} with a @samp{y} and vice versa? You can do it this way: @example M-x replace-string @key{RET} x @key{RET} @@TEMP@@ @key{RET} M-< M-x replace-string @key{RET} y @key{RET} x @key{RET} M-< M-x replace-string @key{RET} @@TEMP@@ @key{RET} y @key{RET} @end example @noindent This works provided the string @samp{@@TEMP@@} does not appear in your text. @node Regexp Replace, Replacement and Case, Unconditional Replace, Replace @subsection Regexp Replacement @findex replace-regexp The @kbd{M-x replace-string} command replaces exact matches for a single string. The similar command @kbd{M-x replace-regexp} replaces any match for a specified pattern. @table @kbd @item M-x replace-regexp @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{newstring} @key{RET} Replace every match for @var{regexp} with @var{newstring}. @end table In @code{replace-regexp}, the @var{newstring} need not be constant: it can refer to all or part of what is matched by the @var{regexp}. @samp{\&} in @var{newstring} stands for the entire match being replaced. @samp{\@var{d}} in @var{newstring}, where @var{d} is a digit, stands for whatever matched the @var{d}th parenthesized grouping in @var{regexp}. @samp{\#} refers to the count of replacements already made in this command, as a decimal number. In the first replacement, @samp{\#} stands for @samp{0}; in the second, for @samp{1}; and so on. For example, @example M-x replace-regexp @key{RET} c[ad]+r @key{RET} \&-safe @key{RET} @end example @noindent replaces (for example) @samp{cadr} with @samp{cadr-safe} and @samp{cddr} with @samp{cddr-safe}. @example M-x replace-regexp @key{RET} \(c[ad]+r\)-safe @key{RET} \1 @key{RET} @end example @noindent performs the inverse transformation. To include a @samp{\} in the text to replace with, you must enter @samp{\\}. You can also use Lisp expressions to calculate parts of the replacement string. To do this, write @samp{\,} followed by the expression in the replacement string. Each replacement calculates the value of the expression and converts it to text without quoting (if it's a string, this means using the string's contents), and uses it in the replacement string in place of the expression itself. If the expression is a symbol, one space in the replacement string after the symbol name goes with the symbol name, so the value replaces them both. Inside such an expression, you can use some special sequences. @samp{\&} and @samp{\@var{n}} refer here, as usual, to the entire match as a string, and to a submatch as a string. @var{n} may be multiple digits, and the value of @samp{\@var{n}} is @code{nil} if subexpression @var{n} did not match. You can also use @samp{\#&} and @samp{\#@var{n}} to refer to those matches as numbers (this is valid when the match or submatch has the form of a numeral). @samp{\#} here too stands for the number of already-completed replacements. Repeating our example to exchange @samp{x} and @samp{y}, we can thus do it also this way: @example M-x replace-regexp @key{RET} \(x\)\|y @key{RET} \,(if \1 "y" "x") @key{RET} @end example For computing replacement strings for @samp{\,}, the @code{format} function is often useful (@pxref{Formatting Strings,,, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}). For example, to add consecutively numbered strings like @samp{ABC00042} to columns 73 @w{to 80} (unless they are already occupied), you can use @example M-x replace-regexp @key{RET} ^.\@{0,72\@}$ @key{RET} \,(format "%-72sABC%05d" \& \#) @key{RET} @end example If you want to enter part of the replacement string by hand each time, use @samp{\?} in the replacement string. Each replacement will ask you to edit the replacement string in the minibuffer, putting point where the @samp{\?} was. For example, @example M-x replace-regexp @key{RET} \\footnote@{ @key{RET} \&\\label@{fn:\#\?@} @key{RET} @end example @noindent will add labels starting with @samp{\label@{fn:0@}} to occurrences of @samp{\footnote@{}, but letting you edit each replacement before performing it. To number the labels starting at 1, use @samp{\,(1+ \#)} instead of @samp{\#}. @node Replacement and Case, Query Replace, Regexp Replace, Replace @subsection Replace Commands and Case If the first argument of a replace command is all lower case, the command ignores case while searching for occurrences to replace---provided @code{case-fold-search} is non-@code{nil}. If @code{case-fold-search} is set to @code{nil}, case is always significant in all searches. @vindex case-replace In addition, when the @var{newstring} argument is all or partly lower case, replacement commands try to preserve the case pattern of each occurrence. Thus, the command @example M-x replace-string @key{RET} foo @key{RET} bar @key{RET} @end example @noindent replaces a lower case @samp{foo} with a lower case @samp{bar}, an all-caps @samp{FOO} with @samp{BAR}, and a capitalized @samp{Foo} with @samp{Bar}. (These three alternatives---lower case, all caps, and capitalized, are the only ones that @code{replace-string} can distinguish.) If upper-case letters are used in the replacement string, they remain upper case every time that text is inserted. If upper-case letters are used in the first argument, the second argument is always substituted exactly as given, with no case conversion. Likewise, if either @code{case-replace} or @code{case-fold-search} is set to @code{nil}, replacement is done without case conversion. @node Query Replace,, Replacement and Case, Replace @subsection Query Replace @cindex query replace @table @kbd @item M-% @var{string} @key{RET} @var{newstring} @key{RET} @itemx M-x query-replace @key{RET} @var{string} @key{RET} @var{newstring} @key{RET} Replace some occurrences of @var{string} with @var{newstring}. @item C-M-% @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{newstring} @key{RET} @itemx M-x query-replace-regexp @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{newstring} @key{RET} Replace some matches for @var{regexp} with @var{newstring}. @end table @kindex M-% @findex query-replace If you want to change only some of the occurrences of @samp{foo} to @samp{bar}, not all of them, then you cannot use an ordinary @code{replace-string}. Instead, use @kbd{M-%} (@code{query-replace}). This command finds occurrences of @samp{foo} one by one, displays each occurrence and asks you whether to replace it. Aside from querying, @code{query-replace} works just like @code{replace-string}. It preserves case, like @code{replace-string}, provided @code{case-replace} is non-@code{nil}, as it normally is. A numeric argument means consider only occurrences that are bounded by word-delimiter characters. @kindex C-M-% @findex query-replace-regexp @kbd{C-M-%} performs regexp search and replace (@code{query-replace-regexp}). It works like @code{replace-regexp} except that it queries like @code{query-replace}. @cindex faces for highlighting query replace These commands highlight the current match using the face @code{query-replace}. They highlight other matches using @code{lazy-highlight} just like incremental search (@pxref{Incremental Search}). The characters you can type when you are shown a match for the string or regexp are: @ignore @c Not worth it. @kindex SPC @r{(query-replace)} @kindex DEL @r{(query-replace)} @kindex , @r{(query-replace)} @kindex RET @r{(query-replace)} @kindex . @r{(query-replace)} @kindex ! @r{(query-replace)} @kindex ^ @r{(query-replace)} @kindex C-r @r{(query-replace)} @kindex C-w @r{(query-replace)} @kindex C-l @r{(query-replace)} @end ignore @c WideCommands @table @kbd @item @key{SPC} to replace the occurrence with @var{newstring}. @item @key{DEL} to skip to the next occurrence without replacing this one. @item , @r{(Comma)} to replace this occurrence and display the result. You are then asked for another input character to say what to do next. Since the replacement has already been made, @key{DEL} and @key{SPC} are equivalent in this situation; both move to the next occurrence. You can type @kbd{C-r} at this point (see below) to alter the replaced text. You can also type @kbd{C-x u} to undo the replacement; this exits the @code{query-replace}, so if you want to do further replacement you must use @kbd{C-x @key{ESC} @key{ESC} @key{RET}} to restart (@pxref{Repetition}). @item @key{RET} to exit without doing any more replacements. @item .@: @r{(Period)} to replace this occurrence and then exit without searching for more occurrences. @item ! to replace all remaining occurrences without asking again. @item ^ to go back to the position of the previous occurrence (or what used to be an occurrence), in case you changed it by mistake or want to reexamine it. @item C-r to enter a recursive editing level, in case the occurrence needs to be edited rather than just replaced with @var{newstring}. When you are done, exit the recursive editing level with @kbd{C-M-c} to proceed to the next occurrence. @xref{Recursive Edit}. @item C-w to delete the occurrence, and then enter a recursive editing level as in @kbd{C-r}. Use the recursive edit to insert text to replace the deleted occurrence of @var{string}. When done, exit the recursive editing level with @kbd{C-M-c} to proceed to the next occurrence. @item e to edit the replacement string in the minibuffer. When you exit the minibuffer by typing @key{RET}, the minibuffer contents replace the current occurrence of the pattern. They also become the new replacement string for any further occurrences. @item C-l to redisplay the screen. Then you must type another character to specify what to do with this occurrence. @item C-h to display a message summarizing these options. Then you must type another character to specify what to do with this occurrence. @end table Some other characters are aliases for the ones listed above: @kbd{y}, @kbd{n} and @kbd{q} are equivalent to @key{SPC}, @key{DEL} and @key{RET}. Aside from this, any other character exits the @code{query-replace}, and is then reread as part of a key sequence. Thus, if you type @kbd{C-k}, it exits the @code{query-replace} and then kills to end of line. To restart a @code{query-replace} once it is exited, use @kbd{C-x @key{ESC} @key{ESC}}, which repeats the @code{query-replace} because it used the minibuffer to read its arguments. @xref{Repetition, C-x ESC ESC}. See also @ref{Transforming File Names}, for Dired commands to rename, copy, or link files by replacing regexp matches in file names. @node Other Repeating Search @section Other Search-and-Loop Commands Here are some other commands that find matches for a regular expression. They all ignore case in matching, if the pattern contains no upper-case letters and @code{case-fold-search} is non-@code{nil}. Aside from @code{occur} and its variants, all operate on the text from point to the end of the buffer, or on the active region in Transient Mark mode. @findex list-matching-lines @findex occur @findex multi-occur @findex multi-occur-by-filename-regexp @findex how-many @findex delete-non-matching-lines @findex delete-matching-lines @findex flush-lines @findex keep-lines @table @kbd @item M-x occur @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET} Display a list showing each line in the buffer that contains a match for @var{regexp}. To limit the search to part of the buffer, narrow to that part (@pxref{Narrowing}). A numeric argument @var{n} specifies that @var{n} lines of context are to be displayed before and after each matching line. @kindex RET @r{(Occur mode)} @kindex o @r{(Occur mode)} @kindex C-o @r{(Occur mode)} The buffer @samp{*Occur*} containing the output serves as a menu for finding the occurrences in their original context. Click @kbd{Mouse-2} on an occurrence listed in @samp{*Occur*}, or position point there and type @key{RET}; this switches to the buffer that was searched and moves point to the original of the chosen occurrence. @kbd{o} and @kbd{C-o} display the match in another window; @kbd{C-o} does not select it. Occur mode supports the @code{next-error} functionality described in in @ref{Compilation Mode}. @item M-x list-matching-lines Synonym for @kbd{M-x occur}. @item M-x multi-occur @key{RET} @var{buffers} @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET} This function is just like @code{occur}, except it is able to search through multiple buffers. @item M-x multi-occur-by-filename-regexp @key{RET} @var{bufregexp} @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET} This function is similar to @code{multi-occur}, except the buffers to search are specified by a regexp on their filename. @item M-x how-many @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET} Print the number of matches for @var{regexp} that exist in the buffer after point. In Transient Mark mode, if the region is active, the command operates on the region instead. @item M-x flush-lines @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET} Delete each line that contains a match for @var{regexp}, operating on the text after point. In Transient Mark mode, if the region is active, the command operates on the region instead. @item M-x keep-lines @key{RET} @var{regexp} @key{RET} Delete each line that @emph{does not} contain a match for @var{regexp}, operating on the text after point. In Transient Mark mode, if the region is active, the command operates on the region instead. @end table You can also search multiple files under control of a tags table (@pxref{Tags Search}) or through Dired @kbd{A} command (@pxref{Operating on Files}), or ask the @code{grep} program to do it (@pxref{Grep Searching}). @ignore arch-tag: fd9d8e77-66af-491c-b212-d80999613e3e @end ignore