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@c This is part of the Emacs manual.@c Copyright (C) 1985, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.@node Calendar/Diary, Gnus, Dired, Top@chapter The Calendar and the Diary@cindex calendar@findex calendar Emacs provides the functions of a desk calendar, with a diary ofplanned or past events. To enter the calendar, type @kbd{M-x calendar};this displays a three-month calendar centered on the current month, withpoint on the current date. With a numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u M-xcalendar}, it prompts you for the month and year to be the center of thethree-month calendar. The calendar uses its own buffer, whose majormode is Calendar mode. @kbd{Mouse-2} in the calendar brings up a menu of operations on aparticular date; @kbd{C-Mouse-3} brings up a menu of commonly usedcalendar features that are independent of any particular date. To exitthe calendar, type @kbd{q}. @xref{Calendar, Customizing the Calendarand Diary,, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}, for customizationinformation about the calendar and diary.@menu* Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date.* Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen.* Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates?* General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar.* LaTeX Calendar:: Print a calendar using LaTeX.* Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays.* Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset.* Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon.* Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems.* Diary:: Displaying events from your diary.* Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something.* Daylight Savings:: How to specify when daylight savings time is active.@end menu@node Calendar Motion@section Movement in the Calendar@cindex moving inside the calendar Calendar mode lets you move through the calendar in logical units oftime such as days, weeks, months, and years. If you move outside thethree months originally displayed, the calendar display ``scrolls''automatically through time to make the selected date visible. Moving toa date lets you view its holidays or diary entries, or convert it to othercalendars; moving longer time periods is also useful simply to scroll thecalendar.@menu* Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years.* Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years.* Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another specific date.@end menu@node Calendar Unit Motion@subsection Motion by Standard Lengths of Time The commands for movement in the calendar buffer parallel thecommands for movement in text. You can move forward and backward bydays, weeks, months, and years.@table @kbd@item C-fMove point one day forward (@code{calendar-forward-day}).@item C-bMove point one day backward (@code{calendar-backward-day}).@item C-nMove point one week forward (@code{calendar-forward-week}).@item C-pMove point one week backward (@code{calendar-backward-week}).@item M-@}Move point one month forward (@code{calendar-forward-month}).@item M-@{Move point one month backward (@code{calendar-backward-month}).@item C-x ]Move point one year forward (@code{calendar-forward-year}).@item C-x [Move point one year backward (@code{calendar-backward-year}).@end table@kindex C-f @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-forward-day@kindex C-b @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-backward-day@kindex C-n @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-forward-week@kindex C-p @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-backward-week The day and week commands are natural analogues of the usual Emacscommands for moving by characters and by lines. Just as @kbd{C-n}usually moves to the same column in the following line, in Calendarmode it moves to the same day in the following week. And @kbd{C-p}moves to the same day in the previous week. The arrow keys are equivalent to @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-b}, @kbd{C-n} and@kbd{C-p}, just as they normally are in other modes.@kindex M-@} @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-forward-month@kindex M-@{ @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-backward-month@kindex C-x ] @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-forward-year@kindex C-x [ @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-forward-year The commands for motion by months and years work like those forweeks, but move a larger distance. The month commands @kbd{M-@}} and@kbd{M-@{} move forward or backward by an entire month's time. Theyear commands @kbd{C-x ]} and @w{@kbd{C-x [}} move forward or backward awhole year. The easiest way to remember these commands is to consider months andyears analogous to paragraphs and pages of text, respectively. But thecommands themselves are not quite analogous. The ordinary Emacs paragraphcommands move to the beginning or end of a paragraph, whereas these monthand year commands move by an entire month or an entire year, which usuallyinvolves skipping across the end of a month or year. All these commands accept a numeric argument as a repeat count.For convenience, the digit keys and the minus sign specify numericarguments in Calendar mode even without the Meta modifier. For example,@kbd{100 C-f} moves point 100 days forward from its present location.@node Move to Beginning or End@subsection Beginning or End of Week, Month or Year A week (or month, or year) is not just a quantity of days; we think ofweeks (months, years) as starting on particular dates. So Calendar modeprovides commands to move to the beginning or end of a week, month oryear:@table @kbd@kindex C-a @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-beginning-of-week@item C-aMove point to start of week (@code{calendar-beginning-of-week}).@kindex C-e @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-end-of-week@item C-eMove point to end of week (@code{calendar-end-of-week}).@kindex M-a @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-beginning-of-month@item M-aMove point to start of month (@code{calendar-beginning-of-month}).@kindex M-e @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-end-of-month@item M-eMove point to end of month (@code{calendar-end-of-month}).@kindex M-< @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-beginning-of-year@item M-<Move point to start of year (@code{calendar-beginning-of-year}).@kindex M-> @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-end-of-year@item M->Move point to end of year (@code{calendar-end-of-year}).@end table These commands also take numeric arguments as repeat counts, with therepeat count indicating how many weeks, months, or years to movebackward or forward.@vindex calendar-week-start-day@cindex weeks, which day they start on@cindex calendar, first day of week By default, weeks begin on Sunday. To make them begin on Mondayinstead, set the variable @code{calendar-week-start-day} to 1.@node Specified Dates@subsection Specified Dates Calendar mode provides commands for moving to a particular datespecified in various ways.@table @kbd@item g dMove point to specified date (@code{calendar-goto-date}).@item oCenter calendar around specified month (@code{calendar-other-month}).@item .Move point to today's date (@code{calendar-goto-today}).@end table@kindex g d @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-goto-date @kbd{g d} (@code{calendar-goto-date}) prompts for a year, a month, and a dayof the month, and then moves to that date. Because the calendar includes alldates from the beginning of the current era, you must type the year in itsentirety; that is, type @samp{1990}, not @samp{90}.@kindex o @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-other-month @kbd{o} (@code{calendar-other-month}) prompts for a month and year,then centers the three-month calendar around that month.@kindex . @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-goto-today You can return to today's date with @kbd{.}@:(@code{calendar-goto-today}).@node Scroll Calendar@section Scrolling in the Calendar@cindex scrolling in the calendar The calendar display scrolls automatically through time when you move outof the visible portion. You can also scroll it manually. Imagine that thecalendar window contains a long strip of paper with the months on it.Scrolling it means moving the strip so that new months become visible inthe window.@table @kbd@item C-x <Scroll calendar one month forward (@code{scroll-calendar-left}).@item C-x >Scroll calendar one month backward (@code{scroll-calendar-right}).@item C-v@itemx @key{NEXT}Scroll calendar three months forward(@code{scroll-calendar-left-three-months}).@item M-v@itemx @key{PRIOR}Scroll calendar three months backward(@code{scroll-calendar-right-three-months}).@end table@kindex C-x < @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex scroll-calendar-left@kindex C-x > @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex scroll-calendar-right The most basic calendar scroll commands scroll by one month at atime. This means that there are two months of overlap between thedisplay before the command and the display after. @kbd{C-x <} scrollsthe calendar contents one month to the left; that is, it moves thedisplay forward in time. @kbd{C-x >} scrolls the contents to theright, which moves backwards in time.@kindex C-v @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex scroll-calendar-left-three-months@kindex M-v @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex scroll-calendar-right-three-months The commands @kbd{C-v} and @kbd{M-v} scroll the calendar by an entire``screenful''---three months---in analogy with the usual meaning ofthese commands. @kbd{C-v} makes later dates visible and @kbd{M-v} makesearlier dates visible. These commands take a numeric argument as arepeat count; in particular, since @kbd{C-u} multiplies the next commandby four, typing @kbd{C-u C-v} scrolls the calendar forward by a year andtyping @kbd{C-u M-v} scrolls the calendar backward by a year. The function keys @key{NEXT} and @key{PRIOR} are equivalent to@kbd{C-v} and @kbd{M-v}, just as they are in other modes.@node Counting Days@section Counting Days@table @kbd@item M-=Display the number of days in the current region(@code{calendar-count-days-region}).@end table@kindex M-= @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-count-days-region To determine the number of days in the region, type @kbd{M-=}(@code{calendar-count-days-region}). The numbers of days printed is@emph{inclusive}; that is, it includes the days specified by mark andpoint.@node General Calendar@section Miscellaneous Calendar Commands@table @kbd@item p dDisplay day-in-year (@code{calendar-print-day-of-year}).@item C-c C-lRegenerate the calendar window (@code{redraw-calendar}).@item SPCScroll the next window (@code{scroll-other-window}).@item qExit from calendar (@code{exit-calendar}).@end table@kindex p d @r{(Calendar mode)}@cindex day of year@findex calendar-print-day-of-year To print the number of days elapsed since the start of the year, orthe number of days remaining in the year, type the @kbd{p d} command(@code{calendar-print-day-of-year}). This displays both of thosenumbers in the echo area. The number of days elapsed includes theselected date. The number of days remaining does not include thatdate.@kindex C-c C-l @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex redraw-calendar If the calendar window text gets corrupted, type @kbd{C-c C-l}(@code{redraw-calendar}) to redraw it. (This can only happen if you usenon-Calendar-mode editing commands.)@kindex SPC @r{(Calendar mode)} In Calendar mode, you can use @kbd{SPC} (@code{scroll-other-window})to scroll the other window. This is handy when you display a list ofholidays or diary entries in another window.@kindex q @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex exit-calendar To exit from the calendar, type @kbd{q} (@code{exit-calendar}). Thisburies all buffers related to the calendar, selecting other buffers.(If a frame contains a dedicated calendar window, exiting from thecalendar iconifies that frame.)@node LaTeX Calendar@section LaTeX Calendar@cindex calendar and La@TeX{} The Calendar La@TeX{} commands produce a buffer of La@TeX{} code thatprints as a calendar. Depending on the command you use, the printedcalendar covers the day, week, month or year that point is in.@kindex t @r{(Calendar mode)}@table @kbd@item t mGenerate a one-month calendar (@code{cal-tex-cursor-month}).@item t MGenerate a sideways-printing one-month calendar(@code{cal-tex-cursor-month-landscape}).@item t dGenerate a one-day calendar(@code{cal-tex-cursor-day}).@item t w 1Generate a one-page calendar for one week(@code{cal-tex-cursor-week}).@item t w 2Generate a two-page calendar for one week(@code{cal-tex-cursor-week2}).@item t w 3Generate an ISO-style calendar for one week(@code{cal-tex-cursor-week-iso}).@item t w 4Generate a calendar for one Monday-starting week(@code{cal-tex-cursor-week-monday}).@item t f wGenerate a Filofax-style two-weeks-at-a-glance calendar(@code{cal-tex-cursor-filofax-2week}).@item t f WGenerate a Filofax-style one-week-at-a-glance calendar(@code{cal-tex-cursor-filofax-week}).@item t yGenerate a calendar for one year(@code{cal-tex-cursor-year}).@item t YGenerate a sideways-printing calendar for one year(@code{cal-tex-cursor-year-landscape}).@item t f yGenerate a Filofax-style calendar for one year(@code{cal-tex-cursor-filofax-year}).@end table Some of these commands print the calendar sideways (in ``landscapemode''), so it can be wider than it is long. Some of them use Filofaxpaper size (3.75in x 6.75in). All of these commands accept a prefixargument which specifies how many days, weeks, months or years to print(starting always with the selected one). If the variable @code{cal-tex-holidays} is non-@code{nil} (the default),then the printed calendars show the holidays in @code{calendar-holidays}.If the variable @code{cal-tex-diary} is non-@code{nil} (the default is@code{nil}), diary entries are included also (in weekly and monthlycalendars only). If the variable @code{cal-tex-rules} is non-@code{nil}(the default is @code{nil}), the calendar styles with sufficient roomhave ruled pages.@node Holidays@section Holidays@cindex holidays The Emacs calendar knows about all major and many minor holidays,and can display them.@table @kbd@item hDisplay holidays for the selected date(@code{calendar-cursor-holidays}).@item Mouse-2 HolidaysDisplay any holidays for the date you click on.@item xMark holidays in the calendar window (@code{mark-calendar-holidays}).@item uUnmark calendar window (@code{calendar-unmark}).@item aList all holidays for the displayed three months in another window(@code{list-calendar-holidays}).@item M-x holidaysList all holidays for three months around today's date in anotherwindow.@item M-x list-holidaysList holidays in another window for a specified range of years.@end table@kindex h @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-cursor-holidays To see if any holidays fall on a given date, position point on thatdate in the calendar window and use the @kbd{h} command. Alternatively,click on that date with @kbd{Mouse-2} and then choose @kbd{Holidays}from the menu that appears. Either way, this displays the holidays forthat date, in the echo area if they fit there, otherwise in a separatewindow.@kindex x @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex mark-calendar-holidays@kindex u @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-unmark To view the distribution of holidays for all the dates shown in thecalendar, use the @kbd{x} command. This displays the dates that areholidays in a different face (or places a @samp{*} after these dates, ifdisplay with multiple faces is not available). The command applies bothto the currently visible months and to other months that subsequentlybecome visible by scrolling. To turn marking off and erase the currentmarks, type @kbd{u}, which also erases any diary marks (@pxref{Diary}).@kindex a @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex list-calendar-holidays To get even more detailed information, use the @kbd{a} command, whichdisplays a separate buffer containing a list of all holidays in thecurrent three-month range. You can use @key{SPC} in the calendar windowto scroll that list.@findex holidays The command @kbd{M-x holidays} displays the list of holidays for thecurrent month and the preceding and succeeding months; this works evenif you don't have a calendar window. If you want the list of holidayscentered around a different month, use @kbd{C-u M-x holidays}, whichprompts for the month and year. The holidays known to Emacs include United States holidays and themajor Christian, Jewish, and Islamic holidays; also the solstices andequinoxes.@findex list-holidays The command @kbd{M-x list-holidays} displays the list of holidays fora range of years. This function asks you for the starting and stoppingyears, and allows you to choose all the holidays or one of severalcategories of holidays. You can use this command even if you don't havea calendar window. The dates used by Emacs for holidays are based on @emph{currentpractice}, not historical fact. Historically, for instance, the startof daylight savings time and even its existence have varied from year toyear, but present United States law mandates that daylight savings timebegins on the first Sunday in April. When the daylight savings rulesare set up for the United States, Emacs always uses the presentdefinition, even though it is wrong for some prior years.@node Sunrise/Sunset@section Times of Sunrise and Sunset@cindex sunrise and sunset Special calendar commands can tell you, to within a minute or two, thetimes of sunrise and sunset for any date.@table @kbd@item SDisplay times of sunrise and sunset for the selected date(@code{calendar-sunrise-sunset}).@item Mouse-2 Sunrise/SunsetDisplay times of sunrise and sunset for the date you click on.@item M-x sunrise-sunsetDisplay times of sunrise and sunset for today's date.@item C-u M-x sunrise-sunsetDisplay times of sunrise and sunset for a specified date.@end table@kindex S @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-sunrise-sunset@findex sunrise-sunset Within the calendar, to display the @emph{local times} of sunrise andsunset in the echo area, move point to the date you want, and type@kbd{S}. Alternatively, click @kbd{Mouse-2} on the date, then choose@kbd{Sunrise/Sunset} from the menu that appears. The command @kbd{M-xsunrise-sunset} is available outside the calendar to display thisinformation for today's date or a specified date. To specify a dateother than today, use @kbd{C-u M-x sunrise-sunset}, which prompts forthe year, month, and day. You can display the times of sunrise and sunset for any location andany date with @kbd{C-u C-u M-x sunrise-sunset}. This asks you for alongitude, latitude, number of minutes difference from CoordinatedUniversal Time, and date, and then tells you the times of sunrise andsunset for that location on that date. Because the times of sunrise and sunset depend on the location onearth, you need to tell Emacs your latitude, longitude, and locationname before using these commands. Here is an example of what to set:@vindex calendar-location-name@vindex calendar-longitude@vindex calendar-latitude@example(setq calendar-latitude 40.1)(setq calendar-longitude -88.2)(setq calendar-location-name "Urbana, IL")@end example@noindentUse one decimal place in the values of @code{calendar-latitude} and@code{calendar-longitude}. Your time zone also affects the local time of sunrise and sunset.Emacs usually gets time zone information from the operating system, butif these values are not what you want (or if the operating system doesnot supply them), you must set them yourself. Here is an example:@vindex calendar-time-zone@vindex calendar-standard-time-zone-name@vindex calendar-daylight-time-zone-name@example(setq calendar-time-zone -360)(setq calendar-standard-time-zone-name "CST")(setq calendar-daylight-time-zone-name "CDT")@end example@noindentThe value of @code{calendar-time-zone} is the number of minutesdifference between your local standard time and Coordinated UniversalTime (Greenwich time). The values of@code{calendar-standard-time-zone-name} and@code{calendar-daylight-time-zone-name} are the abbreviations used inyour time zone. Emacs displays the times of sunrise and sunset@emph{corrected for daylight savings time}. @xref{Daylight Savings},for how daylight savings time is determined. As a user, you might find it convenient to set the calendar locationvariables for your usual physical location in your @file{.emacs} file.And when you install Emacs on a machine, you can create a@file{default.el} file which sets them properly for the typical locationof most users of that machine. @xref{Init File}.@node Lunar Phases@section Phases of the Moon@cindex phases of the moon@cindex moon, phases of These calendar commands display the dates and times of the phases ofthe moon (new moon, first quarter, full moon, last quarter). Thisfeature is useful for debugging problems that ``depend on the phase ofthe moon.''@table @kbd@item MDisplay the dates and times for all the quarters of the moon for thethree-month period shown (@code{calendar-phases-of-moon}).@item M-x phases-of-moonDisplay dates and times of the quarters of the moon for three months aroundtoday's date.@end table@kindex M @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-phases-of-moon Within the calendar, use the @kbd{M} command to display a separatebuffer of the phases of the moon for the current three-month range. Thedates and times listed are accurate to within a few minutes.@findex phases-of-moon Outside the calendar, use the command @kbd{M-x phases-of-moon} todisplay the list of the phases of the moon for the current month and thepreceding and succeeding months. For information about a differentmonth, use @kbd{C-u M-x phases-of-moon}, which prompts for the month andyear. The dates and times given for the phases of the moon are given inlocal time (corrected for daylight savings, when appropriate); but ifthe variable @code{calendar-time-zone} is void, Coordinated UniversalTime (the Greenwich time zone) is used. @xref{Daylight Savings}.@node Other Calendars@section Conversion To and From Other Calendars@cindex Gregorian calendar The Emacs calendar displayed is @emph{always} the Gregorian calendar,sometimes called the ``new style'' calendar, which is used in most ofthe world today. However, this calendar did not exist before thesixteenth century and was not widely used before the eighteenth century;it did not fully displace the Julian calendar and gain universalacceptance until the early twentieth century. The Emacs calendar candisplay any month since January, year 1 of the current era, but thecalendar displayed is the Gregorian, even for a date at which theGregorian calendar did not exist. While Emacs cannot display other calendars, it can convert dates toand from several other calendars.@menu* Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands (aside from Gregorian).* To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars.* From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar.* Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar.@end menu@node Calendar Systems@subsection Supported Calendar Systems@cindex ISO commercial calendar The ISO commercial calendar is used largely in Europe.@cindex Julian calendar The Julian calendar, named after Julius Caesar, was the one used in Europethroughout medieval times, and in many countries up until the nineteenthcentury.@cindex Julian day numbers@cindex astronomical day numbers Astronomers use a simple counting of days elapsed since noon, Monday,January 1, 4713 B.C. on the Julian calendar. The number of days elapsedis called the @emph{Julian day number} or the @emph{Astronomical day number}.@cindex Hebrew calendar The Hebrew calendar is used by tradition in the Jewish religion. TheEmacs calendar program uses the Hebrew calendar to determine the datesof Jewish holidays. Hebrew calendar dates begin and end at sunset.@cindex Islamic calendar The Islamic calendar is used in many predominantly Islamic countries.Emacs uses it to determine the dates of Islamic holidays. There is nouniversal agreement in the Islamic world about the calendar; Emacs usesa widely accepted version, but the precise dates of Islamic holidaysoften depend on proclamation by religious authorities, not oncalculations. As a consequence, the actual dates of observance can varyslightly from the dates computed by Emacs. Islamic calendar dates beginand end at sunset.@cindex French Revolutionary calendar The French Revolutionary calendar was created by the Jacobins after the 1789revolution, to represent a more secular and nature-based view of the annualcycle, and to install a 10-day week in a rationalization measure similar tothe metric system. The French government officially abandoned thiscalendar at the end of 1805.@cindex Mayan calendar The Maya of Central America used three separate, overlapping calendarsystems, the @emph{long count}, the @emph{tzolkin}, and the @emph{haab}.Emacs knows about all three of these calendars. Experts dispute theexact correlation between the Mayan calendar and our calendar; Emacs uses theGoodman-Martinez-Thompson correlation in its calculations.@cindex Coptic calendar@cindex Ethiopic calendar The Copts use a calendar based on the ancient Egyptian solar calendar.Their calendar consists of twelve 30-day months followed by an extrafive-day period. Once every fourth year they add a leap day to thisextra period to make it six days. The Ethiopic calendar is identical instructure, but has different year numbers and month names.@cindex Persian calendar The Persians use a solar calendar based on a design of Omar Khayyam.Their calendar consists of twelve months of which the first six have 31days, the next five have 30 days, and the last has 29 in ordinary yearsand 30 in leap years. Leap years occur in a complicated pattern everyfour or five years.@cindex Chinese calendar The Chinese calendar is a complicated system of lunar months arrangedinto solar years. The years go in cycles of sixty, each year containingeither twelve months in an ordinary year or thirteen months in a leapyear; each month has either 29 or 30 days. Years, ordinary months, anddays are named by combining one of ten ``celestial stems'' with one oftwelve ``terrestrial branches'' for a total of sixty names that arerepeated in a cycle of sixty.@node To Other Calendar@subsection Converting To Other Calendars The following commands describe the selected date (the date at point)in various other calendar systems:@table @kbd@item Mouse-2 Other CalendarsDisplay the date that you click on, expressed in various other calendars.@kindex p @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-print-iso-date@item p cDisplay ISO commercial calendar equivalent for selected day(@code{calendar-print-iso-date}).@findex calendar-print-julian-date@item p jDisplay Julian date for selected day (@code{calendar-print-julian-date}).@findex calendar-print-astro-day-number@item p aDisplay astronomical (Julian) day number for selected day(@code{calendar-print-astro-day-number}).@findex calendar-print-hebrew-date@item p hDisplay Hebrew date for selected day (@code{calendar-print-hebrew-date}).@findex calendar-print-islamic-date@item p iDisplay Islamic date for selected day (@code{calendar-print-islamic-date}).@findex calendar-print-french-date@item p fDisplay French Revolutionary date for selected day(@code{calendar-print-french-date}).@findex calendar-print-chinese-date@item p CDisplay Chinese date for selected day(@code{calendar-print-chinese-date}).@findex calendar-print-coptic-date@item p kDisplay Coptic date for selected day(@code{calendar-print-coptic-date}).@findex calendar-print-ethiopic-date@item p eDisplay Ethiopic date for selected day(@code{calendar-print-ethiopic-date}).@findex calendar-print-persian-date@item p pDisplay Persian date for selected day(@code{calendar-print-persian-date}).@findex calendar-print-mayan-date@item p mDisplay Mayan date for selected day (@code{calendar-print-mayan-date}).@end table If you are using X, the easiest way to translate a date into othercalendars is to click on it with @kbd{Mouse-2}, then choose @kbd{OtherCalendars} from the menu that appears. This displays the equivalentforms of the date in all the calendars Emacs understands, in the form ofa menu. (Choosing an alternative from this menu doesn't actually doanything---the menu is used only for display.) Put point on the desired date of the Gregorian calendar, then type theappropriate keys. The @kbd{p} is a mnemonic for ``print'' since Emacs``prints'' the equivalent date in the echo area.@node From Other Calendar@subsection Converting From Other Calendars You can use the other supported calendars to specify a date to moveto. This section describes the commands for doing this using calendarsother than Mayan; for the Mayan calendar, see the following section.@kindex g @var{char} @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-goto-iso-date@findex calendar-goto-julian-date@findex calendar-goto-astro-day-number@findex calendar-goto-hebrew-date@findex calendar-goto-islamic-date@findex calendar-goto-french-date@findex calendar-goto-chinese-date@findex calendar-goto-persian-date@findex calendar-goto-coptic-date@findex calendar-goto-ethiopic-date@table @kbd@item g cMove to a date specified in the ISO commercial calendar(@code{calendar-goto-iso-date}).@item g jMove to a date specified in the Julian calendar(@code{calendar-goto-julian-date}).@item g aMove to a date specified in astronomical (Julian) day number(@code{calendar-goto-astro-day-number}).@item g hMove to a date specified in the Hebrew calendar(@code{calendar-goto-hebrew-date}).@item g iMove to a date specified in the Islamic calendar(@code{calendar-goto-islamic-date}).@item g fMove to a date specified in the French Revolutionary calendar(@code{calendar-goto-french-date}).@item g CMove to a date specified in the Chinese calendar(@code{calendar-goto-chinese-date}).@item g pMove to a date specified in the Persian calendar(@code{calendar-goto-persian-date}).@item g kMove to a date specified in the Coptic calendar(@code{calendar-goto-coptic-date}).@item g eMove to a date specified in the Ethiopic calendar(@code{calendar-goto-ethiopic-date}).@end table These commands ask you for a date on the other calendar, move point tothe Gregorian calendar date equivalent to that date, and display theother calendar's date in the echo area. Emacs uses strict completion(@pxref{Completion}) whenever it asks you to type a month name, so youdon't have to worry about the spelling of Hebrew, Islamic, or French names.@findex list-yahrzeit-dates@cindex yahrzeits One common question concerning the Hebrew calendar is the computationof the anniversary of a date of death, called a ``yahrzeit.'' The Emacscalendar includes a facility for such calculations. If you are in thecalendar, the command @kbd{M-x list-yahrzeit-dates} asks you for arange of years and then displays a list of the yahrzeit dates for thoseyears for the date given by point. If you are not in the calendar,this command first asks you for the date of death and the range ofyears, and then displays the list of yahrzeit dates.@node Mayan Calendar@subsection Converting from the Mayan Calendar Here are the commands to select dates based on the Mayan calendar:@table @kbd@item g m lMove to a date specified by the long count calendar(@code{calendar-goto-mayan-long-count-date}).@item g m n tMove to the next occurrence of a place in thetzolkin calendar (@code{calendar-next-tzolkin-date}).@item g m p tMove to the previous occurrence of a place in thetzolkin calendar (@code{calendar-previous-tzolkin-date}).@item g m n hMove to the next occurrence of a place in thehaab calendar (@code{calendar-next-haab-date}).@item g m p hMove to the previous occurrence of a place in thehaab calendar (@code{calendar-previous-haab-date}).@item g m n cMove to the next occurrence of a place in thecalendar round (@code{calendar-next-calendar-round-date}).@item g m p cMove to the previous occurrence of a place in thecalendar round (@code{calendar-previous-calendar-round-date}).@end table@cindex Mayan long count To understand these commands, you need to understand the Mayan calendars.The @dfn{long count} is a counting of days with these units:@display1 kin = 1 day@ @ @ 1 uinal = 20 kin@ @ @ 1 tun = 18 uinal1 katun = 20 tun@ @ @ 1 baktun = 20 katun@end display@kindex g m @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex calendar-goto-mayan-long-count-date@noindentThus, the long count date 12.16.11.16.6 means 12 baktun, 16 katun, 11tun, 16 uinal, and 6 kin. The Emacs calendar can handle Mayan longcount dates as early as 7.17.18.13.1, but no earlier. When you use the@kbd{g m l} command, type the Mayan long count date with the baktun,katun, tun, uinal, and kin separated by periods.@findex calendar-previous-tzolkin-date@findex calendar-next-tzolkin-date@cindex Mayan tzolkin calendar The Mayan tzolkin calendar is a cycle of 260 days formed by a pair ofindependent cycles of 13 and 20 days. Since this cycle repeatsendlessly, Emacs provides commands to move backward and forward to theprevious or next point in the cycle. Type @kbd{g m p t} to go to theprevious tzolkin date; Emacs asks you for a tzolkin date and moves pointto the previous occurrence of that date. Similarly, type @kbd{g m n t}to go to the next occurrence of a tzolkin date.@findex calendar-previous-haab-date@findex calendar-next-haab-date@cindex Mayan haab calendar The Mayan haab calendar is a cycle of 365 days arranged as 18 monthsof 20 days each, followed a 5-day monthless period. Like the tzolkincycle, this cycle repeats endlessly, and there are commands to movebackward and forward to the previous or next point in the cycle. Type@kbd{g m p h} to go to the previous haab date; Emacs asks you for a haabdate and moves point to the previous occurrence of that date.Similarly, type @kbd{g m n h} to go to the next occurrence of a haabdate.@c This is omitted because it is too long for smallbook format.@c @findex calendar-previous-calendar-round-date@findex calendar-next-calendar-round-date@cindex Mayan calendar round The Maya also used the combination of the tzolkin date and the haabdate. This combination is a cycle of about 52 years called a@emph{calendar round}. If you type @kbd{g m p c}, Emacs asks you forboth a haab and a tzolkin date and then moves point to the previousoccurrence of that combination. Use @kbd{g m n c} to move point to thenext occurrence of a combination. These commands signal an error if thehaab/tzolkin date combination you have typed is impossible. Emacs uses strict completion (@pxref{Strict Completion}) whenever itasks you to type a Mayan name, so you don't have to worry aboutspelling.@node Diary@section The Diary@cindex diary The Emacs diary keeps track of appointments or other events on a dailybasis, in conjunction with the calendar. To use the diary feature, youmust first create a @dfn{diary file} containing a list of events andtheir dates. Then Emacs can automatically pick out and display theevents for today, for the immediate future, or for any specifieddate. By default, Emacs uses @file{~/diary} as the diary file. This is thesame file that the @code{calendar} utility uses. A sample@file{~/diary} file is:@example12/22/1988 Twentieth wedding anniversary!!&1/1. Happy New Year!10/22 Ruth's birthday.* 21, *: PaydayTuesday--weekly meeting with grad students at 10am Supowit, Shen, Bitner, and Kapoor to attend.1/13/89 Friday the thirteenth!!&thu 4pm squash game with Lloyd.mar 16 Dad's birthdayApril 15, 1989 Income tax due.&* 15 time cards due.@end example@noindentThis example uses extra spaces to align the event descriptions of mostof the entries. Such formatting is purely a matter of taste. Although you probably will start by creating a diary manually, Emacsprovides a number of commands to let you view, add, and change diaryentries.@menu* Diary Commands:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates.* Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary.* Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates.* Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries.* Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc.@end menu@node Diary Commands@subsection Commands Displaying Diary Entries Once you have created a @file{~/diary} file, you can use the calendarto view it. You can also view today's events outside of Calendar mode.@table @kbd@item dDisplay all diary entries for the selected date(@code{view-diary-entries}).@item Mouse-2 DiaryDisplay all diary entries for the date you click on.@item sDisplay the entire diary file (@code{show-all-diary-entries}).@item mMark all visible dates that have diary entries(@code{mark-diary-entries}).@item uUnmark the calendar window (@code{calendar-unmark}).@item M-x print-diary-entriesPrint hard copy of the diary display as it appears.@item M-x diaryDisplay all diary entries for today's date.@item M-x diary-mail-entriesMail yourself email reminders about upcoming diary entries.@end table@kindex d @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex view-diary-entries Displaying the diary entries with @kbd{d} shows in a separate windowthe diary entries for the selected date in the calendar. The mode lineof the new window shows the date of the diary entries and any holidaysthat fall on that date. If you specify a numeric argument with @kbd{d},it shows all the diary entries for that many successive days. Thus,@kbd{2 d} displays all the entries for the selected date and for thefollowing day. Another way to display the diary entries for a date is to click@kbd{Mouse-2} on the date, and then choose @kbd{Diary} from the menuthat appears.@kindex m @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex mark-diary-entries To get a broader view of which days are mentioned in the diary, usethe @kbd{m} command. This displays the dates that have diary entriesin a different face (or places a @samp{+} after these dates, ifdisplay with multiple faces is not available). The command applies bothto the currently visible months and to other months that subsequentlybecome visible by scrolling. To turn marking off and erase the currentmarks, type @kbd{u}, which also turns off holiday marks(@pxref{Holidays}).@kindex s @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex show-all-diary-entries To see the full diary file, rather than just some of the entries, usethe @kbd{s} command. Display of selected diary entries uses the selective display featureto hide entries that don't apply. The diary buffer as you see it is an illusion, so simply printing thebuffer does not print what you see on your screen. There is a specialcommand to print hard copy of the diary buffer @emph{as it appears};this command is @kbd{M-x print-diary-entries}. It sends the datadirectly to the printer. You can customize it like @code{lpr-region}(@pxref{Hardcopy}).@findex diary The command @kbd{M-x diary} displays the diary entries for the currentdate, independently of the calendar display, and optionally for the nextfew days as well; the variable @code{number-of-diary-entries} specifieshow many days to include. @xref{Calendar, Customizing the Calendarand Diary,, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. If you put @code{(diary)} in your @file{.emacs} file, thisautomatically displays a window with the day's diary entries, when youenter Emacs. The mode line of the displayed window shows the date andany holidays that fall on that date.@findex diary-mail-entries@vindex diary-mail-days Many users like to receive notice of events in their diary as email.To send such mail to yourself, use the command @kbd{M-xdiary-mail-entries}. A prefix argument specifies how many days(starting with today) to check; otherwise, the variable@code{diary-mail-days} says how many days.@node Format of Diary File@subsection The Diary File@cindex diary file@vindex diary-file Your @dfn{diary file} is a file that records events associated withparticular dates. The name of the diary file is specified by thevariable @code{diary-file}; @file{~/diary} is the default. The@code{calendar} utility program supports a subset of the format allowedby the Emacs diary facilities, so you can use that utility to view thediary file, with reasonable results aside from the entries it cannotunderstand. Each entry in the diary file describes one event and consists of oneor more lines. An entry always begins with a date specification at theleft margin. The rest of the entry is simply text to describe theevent. If the entry has more than one line, then the lines after thefirst must begin with whitespace to indicate they continue a previousentry. Lines that do not begin with valid dates and do not continue apreceding entry are ignored. You can inhibit the marking of certain diary entries in the calendarwindow; to do this, insert an ampersand (@samp{&}) at the beginning ofthe entry, before the date. This has no effect on display of the entryin the diary window; it affects only marks on dates in the calendarwindow. Nonmarking entries are especially useful for generic entriesthat would otherwise mark many different dates. If the first line of a diary entry consists only of the date or dayname with no following blanks or punctuation, then the diary windowdisplay doesn't include that line; only the continuation lines appear.For example, this entry:@example02/11/1989 Bill B. visits Princeton today 2pm Cognitive Studies Committee meeting 2:30-5:30 Liz at Lawrenceville 4:00pm Dentist appt 7:30pm Dinner at George's 8:00-10:00pm concert@end example@noindentappears in the diary window without the date line at the beginning.This style of entry looks neater when you display just a single day'sentries, but can cause confusion if you ask for more than one day'sentries. You can edit the diary entries as they appear in the window, but it isimportant to remember that the buffer displayed contains the @emph{entire}diary file, with portions of it concealed from view. This means, forinstance, that the @kbd{C-f} (@code{forward-char}) command can put pointat what appears to be the end of the line, but what is in reality themiddle of some concealed line. @emph{Be careful when editing the diary entries!} Insertingadditional lines or adding/deleting characters in the middle of avisible line cannot cause problems, but editing at the end of a line maynot do what you expect. Deleting a line may delete other invisibleentries that follow it. Before editing the diary, it is best to displaythe entire file with @kbd{s} (@code{show-all-diary-entries}).@node Date Formats@subsection Date Formats Here are some sample diary entries, illustrating different ways offormatting a date. The examples all show dates in American order(month, day, year), but Calendar mode supports European order (day,month, year) as an option.@example4/20/93 Switch-over to new tabulation systemapr. 25 Start tabulating annual results4/30 Results for April are due*/25 Monthly cycle finishesFriday Don't leave without backing up files@end example The first entry appears only once, on April 20, 1993. The second andthird appear every year on the specified dates, and the fourth uses awildcard (asterisk) for the month, so it appears on the 25th of everymonth. The final entry appears every week on Friday. You can use just numbers to express a date, as in@samp{@var{month}/@var{day}} or @samp{@var{month}/@var{day}/@var{year}}.This must be followed by a nondigit. In the date itself, @var{month}and @var{day} are numbers of one or two digits. The optional @var{year}is also a number, and may be abbreviated to the last two digits; thatis, you can use @samp{11/12/1989} or @samp{11/12/89}. Dates can also have the form @samp{@var{monthname} @var{day}} or@samp{@var{monthname} @var{day}, @var{year}}, where the month's name canbe spelled in full or abbreviated to three characters (with or without aperiod). Case is not significant. A date may be @dfn{generic}; that is, partially unspecified. Then theentry applies to all dates that match the specification. If the datedoes not contain a year, it is generic and applies to any year.Alternatively, @var{month}, @var{day}, or @var{year} can be a @samp{*};this matches any month, day, or year, respectively. Thus, a diary entry@samp{3/*/*} matches any day in March of any year; so does @samp{march*}.@vindex european-calendar-style@findex european-calendar@findex american-calendar If you prefer the European style of writing dates---in which the daycomes before the month---type @kbd{M-x european-calendar} while in thecalendar, or set the variable @code{european-calendar-style} to @code{t}@emph{before} using any calendar or diary command. This mode interpretsall dates in the diary in the European manner, and also uses Europeanstyle for displaying diary dates. (Note that there is no comma afterthe @var{monthname} in the European style.) To go back to the (default)American style of writing dates, type @kbd{M-x american-calendar}. You can use the name of a day of the week as a generic date whichapplies to any date falling on that day of the week. You can abbreviatethe day of the week to three letters (with or without a period) or spellit in full; case is not significant.@node Adding to Diary@subsection Commands to Add to the Diary While in the calendar, there are several commands to create diaryentries:@table @kbd@item i dAdd a diary entry for the selected date (@code{insert-diary-entry}).@item i wAdd a diary entry for the selected day of the week (@code{insert-weekly-diary-entry}).@item i mAdd a diary entry for the selected day of the month (@code{insert-monthly-diary-entry}).@item i yAdd a diary entry for the selected day of the year (@code{insert-yearly-diary-entry}).@end table@kindex i d @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex insert-diary-entry You can make a diary entry for a specific date by selecting that datein the calendar window and typing the @kbd{i d} command. This commanddisplays the end of your diary file in another window and inserts thedate; you can then type the rest of the diary entry.@kindex i w @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex insert-weekly-diary-entry@kindex i m @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex insert-monthly-diary-entry@kindex i y @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex insert-yearly-diary-entry If you want to make a diary entry that applies to a specific day ofthe week, select that day of the week (any occurrence will do) and type@kbd{i w}. This inserts the day-of-week as a generic date; you can thentype the rest of the diary entry. You can make a monthly diary entry inthe same fashion. Select the day of the month, use the @kbd{i m}command, and type rest of the entry. Similarly, you can insert a yearlydiary entry with the @kbd{i y} command. All of the above commands make marking diary entries by default. Tomake a nonmarking diary entry, give a numeric argument to the command.For example, @kbd{C-u i w} makes a nonmarking weekly diary entry. When you modify the diary file, be sure to save the file beforeexiting Emacs.@node Special Diary Entries@subsection Special Diary Entries In addition to entries based on calendar dates, the diary file cancontain @dfn{sexp entries} for regular events such as anniversaries.These entries are based on Lisp expressions (sexps) that Emacs evaluatesas it scans the diary file. Instead of a date, a sexp entry contains@samp{%%} followed by a Lisp expression which must begin and end withparentheses. The Lisp expression determines which dates the entryapplies to. Calendar mode provides commands to insert certain commonly usedsexp entries:@table @kbd@item i aAdd an anniversary diary entry for the selected date(@code{insert-anniversary-diary-entry}).@item i bAdd a block diary entry for the current region(@code{insert-block-diary-entry}).@item i cAdd a cyclic diary entry starting at the date(@code{insert-cyclic-diary-entry}).@end table@kindex i a @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex insert-anniversary-diary-entry If you want to make a diary entry that applies to the anniversary of aspecific date, move point to that date and use the @kbd{i a} command.This displays the end of your diary file in another window and insertsthe anniversary description; you can then type the rest of the diaryentry. The entry looks like this:@findex diary-anniversary@example%%(diary-anniversary 10 31 1948) Arthur's birthday@end example@noindentThis entry applies to October 31 in any year after 1948; @samp{10 311948} specifies the date. (If you are using the European calendarstyle, the month and day are interchanged.) The reason this expressionrequires a beginning year is that advanced diary functions can use it tocalculate the number of elapsed years. A @dfn{block} diary entry applies to a specified range of consecutivedates. Here is a block diary entry that applies to all dates from June24, 1990 through July 10, 1990:@findex diary-block@example%%(diary-block 6 24 1990 7 10 1990) Vacation@end example@noindentThe @samp{6 24 1990} indicates the starting date and the @samp{7 10 1990}indicates the stopping date. (Again, if you are using the European calendarstyle, the month and day are interchanged.)@kindex i b @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex insert-block-diary-entry To insert a block entry, place point and the mark on the twodates that begin and end the range, and type @kbd{i b}. This commanddisplays the end of your diary file in another window and inserts theblock description; you can then type the diary entry.@kindex i c @r{(Calendar mode)}@findex insert-cyclic-diary-entry @dfn{Cyclic} diary entries repeat after a fixed interval of days. Tocreate one, select the starting date and use the @kbd{i c} command. Thecommand prompts for the length of interval, then inserts the entry,which looks like this:@findex diary-cyclic@example%%(diary-cyclic 50 3 1 1990) Renew medication@end example@noindentThis entry applies to March 1, 1990 and every 50th day following;@samp{3 1 1990} specifies the starting date. (If you are using theEuropean calendar style, the month and day are interchanged.) All three of these commands make marking diary entries. To insert anonmarking entry, give a numeric argument to the command. For example,@kbd{C-u i a} makes a nonmarking anniversary diary entry. Marking sexp diary entries in the calendar is @emph{extremely}time-consuming, since every date visible in the calendar window must beindividually checked. So it's a good idea to make sexp diary entriesnonmarking (with @samp{&}) when possible. Another sophisticated kind of sexp entry, a @dfn{floating} diary entry,specifies a regularly occurring event by offsets specified in days,weeks, and months. It is comparable to a crontab entry interpreted bythe @code{cron} utility. Here is a nonmarking, floating diary entrythat applies to the last Thursday in November:@findex diary-float@example&%%(diary-float 11 4 -1) American Thanksgiving@end example@noindentThe 11 specifies November (the eleventh month), the 4 specifies Thursday(the fourth day of the week, where Sunday is numbered zero), and the@minus{}1 specifies ``last'' (1 would mean ``first,'' 2 would mean``second,'' @minus{}2 would mean ``second-to-last,'' and so on). Themonth can be a single month or a list of months. Thus you could changethe 11 above to @samp{'(1 2 3)} and have the entry apply to the lastThursday of January, February, and March. If the month is @code{t}, theentry applies to all months of the year.@refill Most generally, sexp diary entries can perform arbitrarycomputations to determine when they apply. @xref{Sexp Diary Entries,,Sexp Diary Entries, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.@node Appointments@section Appointments@cindex appointment notification If you have a diary entry for an appointment, and that diary entrybegins with a recognizable time of day, Emacs can warn you, severalminutes beforehand, that that appointment is pending. Emacs alerts youto the appointment by displaying a message in the mode line.@vindex diary-hook@findex appt-make-list To enable appointment notification, you must enable the time displayfeature of Emacs, @kbd{M-x display-time} (@pxref{Mode Line}). You mustalso add the function @code{appt-make-list} to the@code{diary-hook}, like this:@example(add-hook 'diary-hook 'appt-make-list)@end example@noindentAdding this text to your @file{.emacs} file does the whole job:@example(display-time)(add-hook 'diary-hook 'appt-make-list)(diary 0)@end example With these preparations done, when you display the diary (either withthe @kbd{d} command in the calendar window or with the @kbd{M-x diary}command), it sets up an appointment list of all the diary entries foundwith recognizable times of day, and reminds you just before each ofthem. For example, suppose the diary file contains these lines:@exampleMonday 9:30am Coffee break 12:00pm Lunch @end example@noindentThen on Mondays, after you have displayed the diary, you will bereminded at 9:20am about your coffee break and at 11:50am about lunch. You can write times in am/pm style (with @samp{12:00am} standingfor midnight and @samp{12:00pm} standing for noon), or 24-hourEuropean/military style. You need not be consistent; your diary filecan have a mixture of the two styles.@vindex appt-display-diary Emacs updates the appointments list automatically just aftermidnight. This also displays the next day's diary entries in the diarybuffer, unless you set @code{appt-display-diary} to @code{nil}.@findex appt-add@findex appt-delete@cindex alarm clock You can also use the appointment notification facility like an alarmclock. The command @kbd{M-x appt-add} adds entries to the appointmentlist without affecting your diary file. You delete entries from theappointment list with @kbd{M-x appt-delete}.@vindex appt-issue-message You can turn off the appointment notification feature at any time bysetting @code{appt-issue-message} to @code{nil}.@node Daylight Savings@section Daylight Savings Time@cindex daylight savings time Emacs understands the difference between standard time and daylightsavings time---the times given for sunrise, sunset, solstices,equinoxes, and the phases of the moon take that into account. The rulesfor daylight savings time vary from place to place and have also variedhistorically from year to year. To do the job properly, Emacs needs toknow which rules to use.@vindex calendar-daylight-savings-starts@vindex calendar-daylight-savings-ends Some operating systems keep track of the rules that apply to the placewhere you are; on these systems, Emacs gets the information it needsfrom the system automatically. If some or all of this information ismissing, Emacs fills in the gaps with the rules currently used inCambridge, Massachusetts. If the resulting rules are not what you want,you can tell Emacs the rules to use by setting certain variables:@code{calendar-daylight-savings-starts} and@code{calendar-daylight-savings-ends}. These values should be Lisp expressions that refer to the variable@code{year}, and evaluate to the Gregorian date on which daylightsavings time starts or (respectively) ends, in the form of a list@code{(@var{month} @var{day} @var{year})}. The values should be@code{nil} if your area does not use daylight savings time. Emacs uses these expressions to determine the starting date ofdaylight savings time for the holiday list and for correcting times ofday in the solar and lunar calculations. The values for Cambridge, Massachusetts are as follows:@example(calendar-nth-named-day 1 0 4 year)(calendar-nth-named-day -1 0 10 year)@end example@noindentThat is, the first 0th day (Sunday) of the fourth month (April) inthe year specified by @code{year}, and the last Sunday of the tenth month(October) of that year. If daylight savings time werechanged to start on October 1, you would set@code{calendar-daylight-savings-starts} to this:@example(list 10 1 year)@end example If there is no daylight savings time at your location, or if you wantall times in standard time, set @code{calendar-daylight-savings-starts}and @code{calendar-daylight-savings-ends} to @code{nil}.@vindex calendar-daylight-time-offset The variable @code{calendar-daylight-time-offset} specifies thedifference between daylight savings time and standard time, measured inminutes. The value for Cambridge, Massachusetts is 60.@c @vindex calendar-daylight-savings-starts-time too long!@vindex calendar-daylight-savings-ends-time The two variables @code{calendar-daylight-savings-starts-time} and@code{calendar-daylight-savings-ends-time} specify the number of minutesafter midnight local time when the transition to and from daylightsavings time should occur. For Cambridge, Massachusetts both variables'values are 120.