# HG changeset patch # User Glenn Morris # Date 1189053301 0 # Node ID 8f8008149070f82cf9b28180c159d1288b594aa0 # Parent 23ab71b6d9f951ac140233cfed775840b9cef4d9 Move to ../doc/emacs/, misc/ diff -r 23ab71b6d9f9 -r 8f8008149070 man/dired.texi --- a/man/dired.texi Thu Sep 06 04:34:56 2007 +0000 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,1317 +0,0 @@ -@c This is part of the Emacs manual. -@c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, -@c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. -@node Dired, Calendar/Diary, Rmail, Top -@chapter Dired, the Directory Editor -@cindex Dired -@cindex file management - - Dired makes an Emacs buffer containing a listing of a directory, and -optionally some of its subdirectories as well. You can use the normal -Emacs commands to move around in this buffer, and special Dired commands -to operate on the files listed. - - The Dired buffer is ``read-only,'' and inserting text in it is not -useful, so ordinary printing characters such as @kbd{d} and @kbd{x} -are redefined for special Dired commands. Some Dired commands -@dfn{mark} or @dfn{flag} the @dfn{current file} (that is, the file on -the current line); other commands operate on the marked files or on -the flagged files. You first mark certain files in order to operate -on all of them with on command. - - The Dired-X package provides various extra features for Dired mode. -@xref{Top, Dired-X,,dired-x, Dired Extra Version 2 User's Manual}. - -@menu -* Enter: Dired Enter. How to invoke Dired. -* Navigation: Dired Navigation. Special motion commands in the Dired buffer. -* Deletion: Dired Deletion. Deleting files with Dired. -* Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. -* Visit: Dired Visiting. Other file operations through Dired. -* Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. -* Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. - either one file or several files. -* Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. -* Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. -* Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. -* Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. -@ifnottex -* Subdir Switches:: Subdirectory switches in Dired. -@end ifnottex -* Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. -* Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. -* Updating: Dired Updating. Discarding lines for files of no interest. -* Find: Dired and Find. Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. -* Wdired:: Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer. -* Image-Dired:: Viewing image thumbnails in Dired -* Misc: Misc Dired Features. Various other features. -@end menu - -@node Dired Enter -@section Entering Dired - -@findex dired -@kindex C-x d -@vindex dired-listing-switches - To invoke Dired, do @kbd{C-x d} or @kbd{M-x dired}. The command -reads a directory name or wildcard file name pattern as a minibuffer -argument to specify the files to list. @kbd{C-x C-f} given a -directory name also invokes Dired. Where @code{dired} differs from -@code{list-directory} is that it puts the buffer into Dired mode, so -that the special commands of Dired are available. - - The variable @code{dired-listing-switches} specifies the options to -give to @code{ls} for listing the directory; this string @emph{must} -contain @samp{-l}. If you use a numeric prefix argument with the -@code{dired} command, you can specify the @code{ls} switches with the -minibuffer before you enter the directory specification. No matter -how they are specified, the @code{ls} switches can include short -options (that is, single characters) requiring no arguments, and long -options (starting with @samp{--}) whose arguments are specified with -@samp{=}. - - On MS-Windows and MS-DOS systems, Emacs @emph{emulates} @code{ls}; -see @ref{ls in Lisp}, for options and peculiarities of that emulation. - - -@findex dired-other-window -@kindex C-x 4 d -@findex dired-other-frame -@kindex C-x 5 d - To display the Dired buffer in another window rather than in the -selected window, use @kbd{C-x 4 d} (@code{dired-other-window}) instead -of @kbd{C-x d}. @kbd{C-x 5 d} (@code{dired-other-frame}) uses a -separate frame to display the Dired buffer. - -@node Dired Navigation -@section Navigation in the Dired Buffer - -@kindex C-n @r{(Dired)} -@kindex C-p @r{(Dired)} - All the usual Emacs cursor motion commands are available in Dired -buffers. The keys @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} are redefined to put the -cursor at the beginning of the file name on the line, rather than at -the beginning of the line. - -@kindex SPC @r{(Dired)} - For extra convenience, @key{SPC} and @kbd{n} in Dired are equivalent -to @kbd{C-n}. @kbd{p} is equivalent to @kbd{C-p}. (Moving by lines is -so common in Dired that it deserves to be easy to type.) @key{DEL} -(move up and unflag) is often useful simply for moving up. - -@findex dired-goto-file -@kindex j @r{(Dired)} - @kbd{j} (@code{dired-goto-file}) moves point to the line that -describes a specified file or directory. - - Some additional navigation commands are available when the Dired -buffer includes several directories. @xref{Subdirectory Motion}. - -@node Dired Deletion -@section Deleting Files with Dired -@cindex flagging files (in Dired) -@cindex deleting files (in Dired) - - One of the most frequent uses of Dired is to first @dfn{flag} files for -deletion, then delete the files that were flagged. - -@table @kbd -@item d -Flag this file for deletion. -@item u -Remove deletion flag on this line. -@item @key{DEL} -Move point to previous line and remove the deletion flag on that line. -@item x -Delete the files that are flagged for deletion. -@end table - -@kindex d @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-flag-file-deletion - You can flag a file for deletion by moving to the line describing -the file and typing @kbd{d} (@code{dired-flag-file-deletion}). The -deletion flag is visible as a @samp{D} at the beginning of the line. -This command moves point to the next line, so that repeated @kbd{d} -commands flag successive files. A numeric argument serves as a repeat -count. - -@kindex u @r{(Dired deletion)} -@kindex DEL @r{(Dired)} - The reason for flagging files for deletion, rather than deleting -files immediately, is to reduce the danger of deleting a file -accidentally. Until you direct Dired to delete the flagged files, you -can remove deletion flags using the commands @kbd{u} and @key{DEL}. -@kbd{u} (@code{dired-unmark}) works just like @kbd{d}, but removes -flags rather than making flags. @key{DEL} -(@code{dired-unmark-backward}) moves upward, removing flags; it is -like @kbd{u} with argument @minus{}1. - -@kindex x @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-do-flagged-delete -@cindex expunging (Dired) - To delete the flagged files, type @kbd{x} -(@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}). (This is also known as -@dfn{expunging}.) This command first displays a list of all the file -names flagged for deletion, and requests confirmation with @kbd{yes}. -If you confirm, Dired deletes the flagged files, then deletes their -lines from the text of the Dired buffer. The Dired buffer, with -somewhat fewer lines, remains selected. - - If you answer @kbd{no} or quit with @kbd{C-g} when asked to confirm, you -return immediately to Dired, with the deletion flags still present in -the buffer, and no files actually deleted. - -@cindex recursive deletion -@vindex dired-recursive-deletes - You can delete empty directories just like other files, but normally -Dired cannot delete directories that are nonempty. If the variable -@code{dired-recursive-deletes} is non-@code{nil}, then Dired can -delete nonempty directories including all their contents. That can -be somewhat risky. - -@node Flagging Many Files -@section Flagging Many Files at Once -@cindex flagging many files for deletion (in Dired) - -@table @kbd -@item # -Flag all auto-save files (files whose names start and end with @samp{#}) -for deletion (@pxref{Auto Save}). - -@item ~ -Flag all backup files (files whose names end with @samp{~}) for deletion -(@pxref{Backup}). - -@item & -Flag for deletion all files with certain kinds of names which suggest -you could easily create those files again. - -@item .@: @r{(Period)} -Flag excess numeric backup files for deletion. The oldest and newest -few backup files of any one file are exempt; the middle ones are -flagged. - -@item % d @var{regexp} @key{RET} -Flag for deletion all files whose names match the regular expression -@var{regexp}. -@end table - - The @kbd{#}, @kbd{~}, @kbd{&}, and @kbd{.} commands flag many files for -deletion, based on their file names. These commands are useful -precisely because they do not themselves delete any files; you can -remove the deletion flags from any flagged files that you really wish to -keep.@refill - -@kindex & @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-flag-garbage-files -@vindex dired-garbage-files-regexp -@cindex deleting some backup files - @kbd{&} (@code{dired-flag-garbage-files}) flags files whose names -match the regular expression specified by the variable -@code{dired-garbage-files-regexp}. By default, this matches certain -files produced by @TeX{}, @samp{.bak} files, and the @samp{.orig} and -@samp{.rej} files produced by @code{patch}. - -@kindex # @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-flag-auto-save-files -@cindex deleting auto-save files - @kbd{#} (@code{dired-flag-auto-save-files}) flags for deletion all -files whose names look like auto-save files---that is, files whose -names begin and end with @samp{#}. @xref{Auto Save}. - -@kindex ~ @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-flag-backup-files - @kbd{~} (@code{dired-flag-backup-files}) flags for deletion all -files whose names say they are backup files---that is, files whose -names end in @samp{~}. @xref{Backup}. - -@kindex . @r{(Dired)} -@vindex dired-kept-versions -@findex dired-clean-directory - @kbd{.} (period, @code{dired-clean-directory}) flags just some of the -backup files for deletion: all but the oldest few and newest few backups -of any one file. Normally @code{dired-kept-versions} (@strong{not} -@code{kept-new-versions}; that applies only when saving) specifies the -number of newest versions of each file to keep, and -@code{kept-old-versions} specifies the number of oldest versions to -keep. - - Period with a positive numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u 3 .}, -specifies the number of newest versions to keep, overriding -@code{dired-kept-versions}. A negative numeric argument overrides -@code{kept-old-versions}, using minus the value of the argument to -specify the number of oldest versions of each file to keep. - -@findex dired-flag-files-regexp -@kindex % d @r{(Dired)} - The @kbd{% d} command flags all files whose names match a specified -regular expression (@code{dired-flag-files-regexp}). Only the -non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. You can use -@samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. You can exclude certain -subdirectories from marking by hiding them while you use @kbd{% d}. -@xref{Hiding Subdirectories}. - -@node Dired Visiting -@section Visiting Files in Dired - - There are several Dired commands for visiting or examining the files -listed in the Dired buffer. All of them apply to the current line's -file; if that file is really a directory, these commands invoke Dired on -that subdirectory (making a separate Dired buffer). - -@table @kbd -@item f -@kindex f @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-find-file -Visit the file described on the current line, like typing @kbd{C-x C-f} -and supplying that file name (@code{dired-find-file}). @xref{Visiting}. - -@item @key{RET} -@itemx e -@kindex RET @r{(Dired)} -@kindex e @r{(Dired)} -Equivalent to @kbd{f}. - -@ignore @c This command seems too risky to document at all. -@item a -@kindex a @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-find-alternate-file -Like @kbd{f}, but replaces the contents of the Dired buffer with -that of an alternate file or directory (@code{dired-find-alternate-file}). -@end ignore - -@item o -@kindex o @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-find-file-other-window -Like @kbd{f}, but uses another window to display the file's buffer -(@code{dired-find-file-other-window}). The Dired buffer remains visible -in the first window. This is like using @kbd{C-x 4 C-f} to visit the -file. @xref{Windows}. - -@item C-o -@kindex C-o @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-display-file -Visit the file described on the current line, and display the buffer in -another window, but do not select that window (@code{dired-display-file}). - -@item Mouse-1 -@itemx Mouse-2 -@findex dired-mouse-find-file-other-window -Visit the file named by the line you click on -(@code{dired-mouse-find-file-other-window}). This uses another window -to display the file, like the @kbd{o} command. - -@item v -@kindex v @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-view-file -View the file described on the current line, using @kbd{M-x view-file} -(@code{dired-view-file}). Viewing a file with @code{view-file} is -like visiting it, but is slanted toward moving around in the file -conveniently and does not allow changing the file. @xref{Misc File -Ops, View File, Miscellaneous File Operations}. - -@item ^ -@kindex ^ @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-up-directory -Visit the parent directory of the current directory -(@code{dired-up-directory}). This is equivalent to moving to the line -for @file{..} and typing @kbd{f} there. -@end table - -@node Marks vs Flags -@section Dired Marks vs. Flags - -@cindex marking many files (in Dired) - Instead of flagging a file with @samp{D}, you can @dfn{mark} the -file with some other character (usually @samp{*}). Most Dired -commands to operate on files use the files marked with @samp{*}. The -only command that operates on flagged files is @kbd{x}, which expunges -them. - - Here are some commands for marking with @samp{*}, for unmarking, and -for operating on marks. (@xref{Dired Deletion}, for commands to flag -and unflag files.) - -@table @kbd -@item m -@itemx * m -@kindex m @r{(Dired)} -@kindex * m @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-mark -Mark the current file with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark}). With a numeric -argument @var{n}, mark the next @var{n} files starting with the current -file. (If @var{n} is negative, mark the previous @minus{}@var{n} -files.) - -@item * * -@kindex * * @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-mark-executables -@cindex marking executable files (in Dired) -Mark all executable files with @samp{*} -(@code{dired-mark-executables}). With a numeric argument, unmark all -those files. - -@item * @@ -@kindex * @@ @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-mark-symlinks -@cindex marking symbolic links (in Dired) -Mark all symbolic links with @samp{*} (@code{dired-mark-symlinks}). -With a numeric argument, unmark all those files. - -@item * / -@kindex * / @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-mark-directories -@cindex marking subdirectories (in Dired) -Mark with @samp{*} all files which are directories, except for -@file{.} and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-directories}). With a numeric -argument, unmark all those files. - -@item * s -@kindex * s @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-mark-subdir-files -Mark all the files in the current subdirectory, aside from @file{.} -and @file{..} (@code{dired-mark-subdir-files}). - -@item u -@itemx * u -@kindex u @r{(Dired)} -@kindex * u @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-unmark -Remove any mark on this line (@code{dired-unmark}). - -@item @key{DEL} -@itemx * @key{DEL} -@kindex * DEL @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-unmark-backward -@cindex unmarking files (in Dired) -Move point to previous line and remove any mark on that line -(@code{dired-unmark-backward}). - -@item * ! -@itemx U -@kindex * ! @r{(Dired)} -@kindex U @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-unmark-all-marks -Remove all marks from all the files in this Dired buffer -(@code{dired-unmark-all-marks}). - -@item * ? @var{markchar} -@itemx M-@key{DEL} -@kindex * ? @r{(Dired)} -@kindex M-DEL @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-unmark-all-files -Remove all marks that use the character @var{markchar} -(@code{dired-unmark-all-files}). The argument is a single -character---do not use @key{RET} to terminate it. See the description -of the @kbd{* c} command below, which lets you replace one mark -character with another. - -With a numeric argument, this command queries about each marked file, -asking whether to remove its mark. You can answer @kbd{y} meaning yes, -@kbd{n} meaning no, or @kbd{!} to remove the marks from the remaining -files without asking about them. - -@item * C-n -@itemx M-@} -@findex dired-next-marked-file -@kindex * C-n @r{(Dired)} -@kindex M-@} @r{(Dired)} -Move down to the next marked file (@code{dired-next-marked-file}) -A file is ``marked'' if it has any kind of mark. - -@item * C-p -@itemx M-@{ -@findex dired-prev-marked-file -@kindex * C-p @r{(Dired)} -@kindex M-@{ @r{(Dired)} -Move up to the previous marked file (@code{dired-prev-marked-file}) - -@item t -@itemx * t -@kindex t @r{(Dired)} -@kindex * t @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-toggle-marks -@cindex toggling marks (in Dired) -Toggle all marks (@code{dired-toggle-marks}): files marked with @samp{*} -become unmarked, and unmarked files are marked with @samp{*}. Files -marked in any other way are not affected. - -@item * c @var{old-markchar} @var{new-markchar} -@kindex * c @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-change-marks -Replace all marks that use the character @var{old-markchar} with marks -that use the character @var{new-markchar} (@code{dired-change-marks}). -This command is the primary way to create or use marks other than -@samp{*} or @samp{D}. The arguments are single characters---do not use -@key{RET} to terminate them. - -You can use almost any character as a mark character by means of this -command, to distinguish various classes of files. If @var{old-markchar} -is a space (@samp{ }), then the command operates on all unmarked files; -if @var{new-markchar} is a space, then the command unmarks the files it -acts on. - -To illustrate the power of this command, here is how to put @samp{D} -flags on all the files that have no marks, while unflagging all those -that already have @samp{D} flags: - -@example -* c D t * c SPC D * c t SPC -@end example - -This assumes that no files were already marked with @samp{t}. - -@item % m @var{regexp} @key{RET} -@itemx * % @var{regexp} @key{RET} -@findex dired-mark-files-regexp -@kindex % m @r{(Dired)} -@kindex * % @r{(Dired)} -Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose names match the regular expression -@var{regexp} (@code{dired-mark-files-regexp}). This command is like -@kbd{% d}, except that it marks files with @samp{*} instead of flagging -with @samp{D}. - -Only the non-directory part of the file name is used in matching. Use -@samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor matches. You can exclude -subdirectories by temporarily hiding them (@pxref{Hiding -Subdirectories}). - -@item % g @var{regexp} @key{RET} -@findex dired-mark-files-containing-regexp -@kindex % g @r{(Dired)} -@cindex finding files containing regexp matches (in Dired) -Mark (with @samp{*}) all files whose @emph{contents} contain a match for -the regular expression @var{regexp} -(@code{dired-mark-files-containing-regexp}). This command is like -@kbd{% m}, except that it searches the file contents instead of the file -name. - -@item C-x u -@itemx C-_ -@itemx C-/ -@kindex C-_ @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-undo -Undo changes in the Dired buffer, such as adding or removing -marks (@code{dired-undo}). @emph{This command does not revert the -actual file operations, nor recover lost files!} It just undoes -changes in the buffer itself. - -In some cases, using this after commands that operate on files can -cause trouble. For example, after renaming one or more files, -@code{dired-undo} restores the original names in the Dired buffer, -which gets the Dired buffer out of sync with the actual contents of -the directory. -@end table - -@node Operating on Files -@section Operating on Files -@cindex operating on files in Dired - - This section describes the basic Dired commands to operate on one file -or several files. All of these commands are capital letters; all of -them use the minibuffer, either to read an argument or to ask for -confirmation, before they act. All of them let you specify the -files to manipulate in these ways: - -@itemize @bullet -@item -If you give the command a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, it operates -on the next @var{n} files, starting with the current file. (If @var{n} -is negative, the command operates on the @minus{}@var{n} files preceding -the current line.) - -@item -Otherwise, if some files are marked with @samp{*}, the command operates -on all those files. - -@item -Otherwise, the command operates on the current file only. -@end itemize - -@noindent -Certain other Dired commands, such as @kbd{!} and the @samp{%} -commands, use the same conventions to decide which files to work on. - -@vindex dired-dwim-target -@cindex two directories (in Dired) - Commands which ask for a destination directory, such as those which -copy and rename files or create links for them, try to guess the default -target directory for the operation. Normally, they suggest the Dired -buffer's default directory, but if the variable @code{dired-dwim-target} -is non-@code{nil}, and if there is another Dired buffer displayed in the -next window, that other buffer's directory is suggested instead. - - Here are the file-manipulating Dired commands that operate on files. - -@table @kbd -@findex dired-do-copy -@kindex C @r{(Dired)} -@cindex copying files (in Dired) -@item C @var{new} @key{RET} -Copy the specified files (@code{dired-do-copy}). The argument @var{new} -is the directory to copy into, or (if copying a single file) the new -name. This is like the shell command @code{cp}. - -@vindex dired-copy-preserve-time -If @code{dired-copy-preserve-time} is non-@code{nil}, then copying -with this command preserves the modification time of the old file in -the copy, like @samp{cp -p}. - -@vindex dired-recursive-copies -@cindex recursive copying -The variable @code{dired-recursive-copies} controls whether to copy -directories recursively (like @samp{cp -r}). The default is -@code{nil}, which means that directories cannot be copied. - -@item D -@findex dired-do-delete -@kindex D @r{(Dired)} -Delete the specified files (@code{dired-do-delete}). This is like the -shell command @code{rm}. - -Like the other commands in this section, this command operates on the -@emph{marked} files, or the next @var{n} files. By contrast, @kbd{x} -(@code{dired-do-flagged-delete}) deletes all @dfn{flagged} files. - -@findex dired-do-rename -@kindex R @r{(Dired)} -@cindex renaming files (in Dired) -@cindex moving files (in Dired) -@item R @var{new} @key{RET} -Rename the specified files (@code{dired-do-rename}). If you rename a -single file, the argument @var{new} is the new name of the file. If -you rename several files, the argument @var{new} is the directory into -which to move the files (this is like the shell command @code{mv}). - -Dired automatically changes the visited file name of buffers associated -with renamed files so that they refer to the new names. - -@findex dired-do-hardlink -@kindex H @r{(Dired)} -@cindex hard links (in Dired) -@item H @var{new} @key{RET} -Make hard links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-hardlink}). -This is like the shell command @code{ln}. The argument @var{new} is -the directory to make the links in, or (if making just one link) the -name to give the link. - -@findex dired-do-symlink -@kindex S @r{(Dired)} -@cindex symbolic links (creation in Dired) -@item S @var{new} @key{RET} -Make symbolic links to the specified files (@code{dired-do-symlink}). -This is like @samp{ln -s}. The argument @var{new} is the directory to -make the links in, or (if making just one link) the name to give the -link. - -@findex dired-do-chmod -@kindex M @r{(Dired)} -@cindex changing file permissions (in Dired) -@item M @var{modespec} @key{RET} -Change the mode (also called ``permission bits'') of the specified files -(@code{dired-do-chmod}). This uses the @code{chmod} program, so -@var{modespec} can be any argument that @code{chmod} can handle. - -@findex dired-do-chgrp -@kindex G @r{(Dired)} -@cindex changing file group (in Dired) -@item G @var{newgroup} @key{RET} -Change the group of the specified files to @var{newgroup} -(@code{dired-do-chgrp}). - -@findex dired-do-chown -@kindex O @r{(Dired)} -@cindex changing file owner (in Dired) -@item O @var{newowner} @key{RET} -Change the owner of the specified files to @var{newowner} -(@code{dired-do-chown}). (On most systems, only the superuser can do -this.) - -@vindex dired-chown-program -The variable @code{dired-chown-program} specifies the name of the -program to use to do the work (different systems put @code{chown} in -different places). - -@findex dired-do-touch -@kindex T @r{(Dired)} -@cindex changing file time (in Dired) -@item T @var{timestamp} @key{RET} -Touch the specified files (@code{dired-do-touch}). This means -updating their modification times to the present time. This is like -the shell command @code{touch}. - -@findex dired-do-print -@kindex P @r{(Dired)} -@cindex printing files (in Dired) -@item P @var{command} @key{RET} -Print the specified files (@code{dired-do-print}). You must specify the -command to print them with, but the minibuffer starts out with a -suitable guess made using the variables @code{lpr-command} and -@code{lpr-switches} (the same variables that @code{lpr-buffer} uses; -@pxref{Printing}). - -@findex dired-do-compress -@kindex Z @r{(Dired)} -@cindex compressing files (in Dired) -@item Z -Compress the specified files (@code{dired-do-compress}). If the file -appears to be a compressed file already, uncompress it instead. - -@findex dired-do-load -@kindex L @r{(Dired)} -@cindex loading several files (in Dired) -@item L -Load the specified Emacs Lisp files (@code{dired-do-load}). -@xref{Lisp Libraries}. - -@findex dired-do-byte-compile -@kindex B @r{(Dired)} -@cindex byte-compiling several files (in Dired) -@item B -Byte compile the specified Emacs Lisp files -(@code{dired-do-byte-compile}). @xref{Byte Compilation,, Byte -Compilation, elisp, The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. - -@kindex A @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-do-search -@cindex search multiple files (in Dired) -@item A @var{regexp} @key{RET} -Search all the specified files for the regular expression @var{regexp} -(@code{dired-do-search}). - -This command is a variant of @code{tags-search}. The search stops at -the first match it finds; use @kbd{M-,} to resume the search and find -the next match. @xref{Tags Search}. - -@kindex Q @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-do-query-replace-regexp -@cindex search and replace in multiple files (in Dired) -@item Q @var{regexp} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} -Perform @code{query-replace-regexp} on each of the specified files, -replacing matches for @var{regexp} with the string -@var{to} (@code{dired-do-query-replace-regexp}). - -This command is a variant of @code{tags-query-replace}. If you exit the -query replace loop, you can use @kbd{M-,} to resume the scan and replace -more matches. @xref{Tags Search}. -@end table - -@node Shell Commands in Dired -@section Shell Commands in Dired -@cindex shell commands, Dired - -@findex dired-do-shell-command -@kindex ! @r{(Dired)} -@kindex X @r{(Dired)} -The Dired command @kbd{!} (@code{dired-do-shell-command}) reads a -shell command string in the minibuffer and runs that shell command on -all the specified files. (@kbd{X} is a synonym for @kbd{!}.) You can -specify the files to operate on in the usual ways for Dired commands -(@pxref{Operating on Files}). - - The working directory for the shell command is the top-level directory -of the Dired buffer. - - There are two ways of applying a shell command to multiple files: - -@itemize @bullet -@item -If you use @samp{*} surrounded by whitespace in the shell command, -then the command runs just once, with the list of file names -substituted for the @samp{*}. The order of file names is the order of -appearance in the Dired buffer. - -Thus, @kbd{! tar cf foo.tar * @key{RET}} runs @code{tar} on the entire -list of file names, putting them into one tar file @file{foo.tar}. - -If you want to use @samp{*} as a shell wildcard with whitespace around -it, write @samp{*""}. In the shell, this is equivalent to @samp{*}; -but since the @samp{*} is not surrounded by whitespace, Dired does -not treat it specially. - -@item -If the command string doesn't contain @samp{*} surrounded by -whitespace, then it runs once @emph{for each file}. Normally the file -name is added at the end. - -For example, @kbd{! uudecode @key{RET}} runs @code{uudecode} on each -file. - -@item -However, if the command string contains @samp{?} surrounded by -whitespace, the current file name is substituted for @samp{?} (rather -than added at the end). You can use @samp{?} this way more than once -in the command, and the same file name replaces each occurrence. -@end itemize - - To iterate over the file names in a more complicated fashion, use an -explicit shell loop. For example, here is how to uuencode each file, -making the output file name by appending @samp{.uu} to the input file -name: - -@example -for file in * ; do uuencode "$file" "$file" >"$file".uu; done -@end example - - The @kbd{!} command does not attempt to update the Dired buffer to -show new or modified files, because it doesn't understand shell -commands, and does not know what files the shell command changed. Use -the @kbd{g} command to update the Dired buffer (@pxref{Dired -Updating}). - -@node Transforming File Names -@section Transforming File Names in Dired - - This section describes Dired commands which alter file names in a -systematic way. Each command operates on some or all of the marked -files, using a new name made by transforming the existing name. - - Like the basic Dired file-manipulation commands (@pxref{Operating on -Files}), the commands described here operate either on the next -@var{n} files, or on all files marked with @samp{*}, or on the current -file. (To mark files, use the commands described in @ref{Marks vs -Flags}.) - - All of the commands described in this section work -@emph{interactively}: they ask you to confirm the operation for each -candidate file. Thus, you can select more files than you actually -need to operate on (e.g., with a regexp that matches many files), and -then filter the selected names by typing @kbd{y} or @kbd{n} when the -command prompts for confirmation. - -@table @kbd -@findex dired-upcase -@kindex % u @r{(Dired)} -@cindex upcase file names -@item % u -Rename each of the selected files to an upper-case name -(@code{dired-upcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} -and @file{bar}, the new names are @file{FOO} and @file{BAR}. - -@item % l -@findex dired-downcase -@kindex % l @r{(Dired)} -@cindex downcase file names -Rename each of the selected files to a lower-case name -(@code{dired-downcase}). If the old file names are @file{Foo} and -@file{bar}, the new names are @file{foo} and @file{bar}. - -@item % R @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} -@kindex % R @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-do-rename-regexp -@itemx % C @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} -@kindex % C @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-do-copy-regexp -@itemx % H @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} -@kindex % H @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-do-hardlink-regexp -@itemx % S @var{from} @key{RET} @var{to} @key{RET} -@kindex % S @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-do-symlink-regexp -These four commands rename, copy, make hard links and make soft links, -in each case computing the new name by regular-expression substitution -from the name of the old file. -@end table - - The four regular-expression substitution commands effectively -perform a search-and-replace on the selected file names. They read -two arguments: a regular expression @var{from}, and a substitution -pattern @var{to}; they match each ``old'' file name against -@var{from}, and then replace the matching part with @var{to}. You can -use @samp{\&} and @samp{\@var{digit}} in @var{to} to refer to all or -part of what the pattern matched in the old file name, as in -@code{replace-regexp} (@pxref{Regexp Replace}). If the regular -expression matches more than once in a file name, only the first match -is replaced. - - For example, @kbd{% R ^.*$ @key{RET} x-\& @key{RET}} renames each -selected file by prepending @samp{x-} to its name. The inverse of this, -removing @samp{x-} from the front of each file name, is also possible: -one method is @kbd{% R ^x-\(.*\)$ @key{RET} \1 @key{RET}}; another is -@kbd{% R ^x- @key{RET} @key{RET}}. (Use @samp{^} and @samp{$} to anchor -matches that should span the whole file name.) - - Normally, the replacement process does not consider the files' -directory names; it operates on the file name within the directory. If -you specify a numeric argument of zero, then replacement affects the -entire absolute file name including directory name. (A non-zero -argument specifies the number of files to operate on.) - - You may want to select the set of files to operate on using the same -regexp @var{from} that you will use to operate on them. To do this, -mark those files with @kbd{% m @var{from} @key{RET}}, then use the -same regular expression in the command to operate on the files. To -make this more convenient, the @kbd{%} commands to operate on files -use the last regular expression specified in any @kbd{%} command as a -default. - -@node Comparison in Dired -@section File Comparison with Dired -@cindex file comparison (in Dired) -@cindex compare files (in Dired) - - Here are two Dired commands that compare specified files using -@code{diff}. They show the output in a buffer using Diff mode -(@pxref{Comparing Files}). - -@table @kbd -@item = -@findex dired-diff -@kindex = @r{(Dired)} -Compare the current file (the file at point) with another file (the -file at the mark) using the @code{diff} program (@code{dired-diff}). -The file at the mark is the first argument of @code{diff}, and the -file at point is the second argument. This refers to the ordinary -Emacs mark, not Dired marks; use @kbd{C-@key{SPC}} -(@code{set-mark-command}) to set the mark at the first file's line -(@pxref{Setting Mark}). - -@findex dired-backup-diff -@kindex M-= @r{(Dired)} -@item M-= -Compare the current file with its latest backup file -(@code{dired-backup-diff}). If the current file is itself a backup, -compare it with the file it is a backup of; this way, you can compare -a file with any one of its backups. - -The backup file is the first file given to @code{diff}. -@end table - -@node Subdirectories in Dired -@section Subdirectories in Dired -@cindex subdirectories in Dired -@cindex expanding subdirectories in Dired - - A Dired buffer displays just one directory in the normal case; -but you can optionally include its subdirectories as well. - - The simplest way to include multiple directories in one Dired buffer is -to specify the options @samp{-lR} for running @code{ls}. (If you give a -numeric argument when you run Dired, then you can specify these options -in the minibuffer.) That produces a recursive directory listing showing -all subdirectories at all levels. - - More often, you will want to show only specific subdirectories. You -can do this with the @kbd{i} command: - -@table @kbd -@findex dired-maybe-insert-subdir -@kindex i @r{(Dired)} -@item i -@cindex inserted subdirectory (Dired) -@cindex in-situ subdirectory (Dired) -Insert the contents of a subdirectory later in the buffer. -@end table - -Use the @kbd{i} (@code{dired-maybe-insert-subdir}) command on a line -that describes a file which is a directory. It inserts the contents of -that directory into the same Dired buffer, and moves there. Inserted -subdirectory contents follow the top-level directory of the Dired -buffer, just as they do in @samp{ls -lR} output. - -If the subdirectory's contents are already present in the buffer, the -@kbd{i} command just moves to it. - -In either case, @kbd{i} sets the Emacs mark before moving, so @kbd{C-u -C-@key{SPC}} takes you back to the old position in the buffer (the line -describing that subdirectory). - -Use the @kbd{l} command (@code{dired-do-redisplay}) to update the -subdirectory's contents. Use @kbd{C-u k} on the subdirectory header -line to delete the subdirectory. @xref{Dired Updating}. - - - - -@ifnottex -@include dired-xtra.texi -@end ifnottex - -@node Subdirectory Motion -@section Moving Over Subdirectories - - When a Dired buffer lists subdirectories, you can use the page motion -commands @kbd{C-x [} and @kbd{C-x ]} to move by entire directories -(@pxref{Pages}). - -@cindex header line (Dired) -@cindex directory header lines - The following commands move across, up and down in the tree of -directories within one Dired buffer. They move to @dfn{directory header -lines}, which are the lines that give a directory's name, at the -beginning of the directory's contents. - -@table @kbd -@findex dired-next-subdir -@kindex C-M-n @r{(Dired)} -@item C-M-n -Go to next subdirectory header line, regardless of level -(@code{dired-next-subdir}). - -@findex dired-prev-subdir -@kindex C-M-p @r{(Dired)} -@item C-M-p -Go to previous subdirectory header line, regardless of level -(@code{dired-prev-subdir}). - -@findex dired-tree-up -@kindex C-M-u @r{(Dired)} -@item C-M-u -Go up to the parent directory's header line (@code{dired-tree-up}). - -@findex dired-tree-down -@kindex C-M-d @r{(Dired)} -@item C-M-d -Go down in the directory tree, to the first subdirectory's header line -(@code{dired-tree-down}). - -@findex dired-prev-dirline -@kindex < @r{(Dired)} -@item < -Move up to the previous directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}). -These lines are the ones that describe a directory as a file in its -parent directory. - -@findex dired-next-dirline -@kindex > @r{(Dired)} -@item > -Move down to the next directory-file line (@code{dired-prev-dirline}). -@end table - -@node Hiding Subdirectories -@section Hiding Subdirectories - -@cindex hiding in Dired (Dired) - @dfn{Hiding} a subdirectory means to make it invisible, except for its -header line. - -@table @kbd -@item $ -@findex dired-hide-subdir -@kindex $ @r{(Dired)} -Hide or reveal the subdirectory that point is in, and move point to the -next subdirectory (@code{dired-hide-subdir}). A numeric argument serves -as a repeat count. - -@item M-$ -@findex dired-hide-all -@kindex M-$ @r{(Dired)} -Hide all subdirectories in this Dired buffer, leaving only their header -lines (@code{dired-hide-all}). Or, if any subdirectory is currently -hidden, make all subdirectories visible again. You can use this command -to get an overview in very deep directory trees or to move quickly to -subdirectories far away. -@end table - - Ordinary Dired commands never consider files inside a hidden -subdirectory. For example, the commands to operate on marked files -ignore files in hidden directories even if they are marked. Thus you -can use hiding to temporarily exclude subdirectories from operations -without having to remove the Dired marks on files in those -subdirectories. - -@node Dired Updating -@section Updating the Dired Buffer -@cindex updating Dired buffer -@cindex refreshing displayed files - - This section describes commands to update the Dired buffer to reflect -outside (non-Dired) changes in the directories and files, and to delete -part of the Dired buffer. - -@table @kbd -@item g -Update the entire contents of the Dired buffer (@code{revert-buffer}). - -@item l -Update the specified files (@code{dired-do-redisplay}). You specify the -files for @kbd{l} in the same way as for file operations. - -@item k -Delete the specified @emph{file lines}---not the files, just the lines -(@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). - -@item s -Toggle between alphabetical order and date/time order -(@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}). - -@item C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET} -Refresh the Dired buffer using @var{switches} as -@code{dired-listing-switches}. -@end table - -@kindex g @r{(Dired)} -@findex revert-buffer @r{(Dired)} - Type @kbd{g} (@code{revert-buffer}) to update the contents of the -Dired buffer, based on changes in the files and directories listed. -This preserves all marks except for those on files that have vanished. -Hidden subdirectories are updated but remain hidden. - -@kindex l @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-do-redisplay - To update only some of the files, type @kbd{l} -(@code{dired-do-redisplay}). Like the Dired file-operating commands, -this command operates on the next @var{n} files (or previous -@minus{}@var{n} files), or on the marked files if any, or on the -current file. Updating the files means reading their current status, -then updating their lines in the buffer to indicate that status. - - If you use @kbd{l} on a subdirectory header line, it updates the -contents of the corresponding subdirectory. - -@kindex k @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-do-kill-lines - To delete the specified @emph{file lines} from the buffer---not -delete the files---type @kbd{k} (@code{dired-do-kill-lines}). Like -the file-operating commands, this command operates on the next @var{n} -files, or on the marked files if any; but it does not operate on the -current file as a last resort. - - If you use @kbd{k} with a numeric prefix argument to kill the line -for a file that is a directory, which you have inserted in the Dired -buffer as a subdirectory, it deletes that subdirectory from the buffer -as well. Typing @kbd{C-u k} on the header line for a subdirectory -also deletes the subdirectory from the Dired buffer. - - The @kbd{g} command brings back any individual lines that you have -killed in this way, but not subdirectories---you must use @kbd{i} to -reinsert a subdirectory. - -@cindex Dired sorting -@cindex sorting Dired buffer -@kindex s @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-sort-toggle-or-edit - The files in a Dired buffers are normally listed in alphabetical order -by file names. Alternatively Dired can sort them by date/time. The -Dired command @kbd{s} (@code{dired-sort-toggle-or-edit}) switches -between these two sorting modes. The mode line in a Dired buffer -indicates which way it is currently sorted---by name, or by date. - - @kbd{C-u s @var{switches} @key{RET}} lets you specify a new value for -@code{dired-listing-switches}. - -@node Dired and Find -@section Dired and @code{find} -@cindex @code{find} and Dired - - You can select a set of files for display in a Dired buffer more -flexibly by using the @code{find} utility to choose the files. - -@findex find-name-dired - To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use -@kbd{M-x find-name-dired}. It reads arguments @var{directory} and -@var{pattern}, and chooses all the files in @var{directory} or its -subdirectories whose individual names match @var{pattern}. - - The files thus chosen are displayed in a Dired buffer, in which the -ordinary Dired commands are available. - -@findex find-grep-dired - If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names, -use @kbd{M-x find-grep-dired}. This command reads two minibuffer -arguments, @var{directory} and @var{regexp}; it chooses all the files in -@var{directory} or its subdirectories that contain a match for -@var{regexp}. It works by running the programs @code{find} and -@code{grep}. See also @kbd{M-x grep-find}, in @ref{Grep Searching}. -Remember to write the regular expression for @code{grep}, not for Emacs. -(An alternative method of showing files whose contents match a given -regexp is the @kbd{% g @var{regexp}} command, see @ref{Marks vs Flags}.) - -@findex find-dired - The most general command in this series is @kbd{M-x find-dired}, which -lets you specify any condition that @code{find} can test. It takes two -minibuffer arguments, @var{directory} and @var{find-args}; it runs -@code{find} in @var{directory}, passing @var{find-args} to tell -@code{find} what condition to test. To use this command, you need to -know how to use @code{find}. - -@vindex find-ls-option - The format of listing produced by these commands is controlled by the -variable @code{find-ls-option}, whose default value specifies using -options @samp{-ld} for @code{ls}. If your listings are corrupted, you -may need to change the value of this variable. - -@findex locate -@findex locate-with-filter -@cindex file database (locate) -@vindex locate-command - The command @kbd{M-x locate} provides a similar interface to the -@code{locate} program. @kbd{M-x locate-with-filter} is similar, but -keeps only files whose names match a given regular expression. - - These buffers don't work entirely like ordinary Dired buffers: file -operations work, but do not always automatically update the buffer. -Reverting the buffer with @kbd{g} deletes all inserted subdirectories, -and erases all flags and marks. - -@node Wdired -@section Editing the Dired Buffer - -@cindex wdired mode -@findex wdired-change-to-wdired-mode - Wdired is a special mode that allows you to perform file operations -by editing the Dired buffer directly (the ``W'' in ``Wdired'' stands -for ``writable.'') To enter Wdired mode, type @kbd{C-x C-q} or @kbd{M-x -wdired-change-to-wdired-mode} while in a Dired buffer. Alternatively, -use @samp{Edit File Names} in the @samp{Immediate} menu bar menu. - -@findex wdired-finish-edit - While in Wdired mode, you can rename files by editing the file names -displayed in the Dired buffer. All the ordinary Emacs editing -commands, including rectangle operations and @code{query-replace}, are -available for this. Once you are done editing, type @kbd{C-c C-c} -(@code{wdired-finish-edit}). This applies your changes and switches -back to ordinary Dired mode. - - Apart from simply renaming files, you can move a file to another -directory by typing in the new file name (either absolute or -relative). To mark a file for deletion, delete the entire file name. -To change the target of a symbolic link, edit the link target name -which appears next to the link name. - - The rest of the text in the buffer, such as the file sizes and -modification dates, is marked read-only, so you can't edit it. -However, if you set @code{wdired-allow-to-change-permissions} to -@code{t}, you can edit the file permissions. For example, you can -change @samp{-rw-r--r--} to @samp{-rw-rw-rw-} to make a file -world-writable. These changes also take effect when you type @kbd{C-c -C-c}. - -@node Image-Dired -@section Viewing Image Thumbnails in Dired -@cindex image-dired mode -@cindex image-dired - - Image-Dired is a facility for browsing image files. It provides viewing -the images either as thumbnails or in full size, either inside Emacs -or through an external viewer. - -@kindex C-t d @r{(Image-Dired)} -@findex image-dired-display-thumbs - To enter Image-Dired, mark the image files you want to look at in -the Dired buffer, using @kbd{m} as usual. Then type @kbd{C-t d} -(@code{image-dired-display-thumbs}). This creates and switches to a -buffer containing image-dired, corresponding to the marked files. - - You can also enter Image-Dired directly by typing @kbd{M-x -image-dired}. This prompts for a directory; specify one that has -image files. This creates thumbnails for all the images in that -directory, and displays them all in the ``thumbnail buffer.'' This -takes a long time if the directory contains many image files, and it -asks for confirmation if the number of image files exceeds -@code{image-dired-show-all-from-dir-max-files}. - - With point in the thumbnail buffer, you can type @kbd{RET} -(@code{image-dired-display-thumbnail-original-image}) to display a -sized version of it in another window. This sizes the image to fit -the window. Use the arrow keys to move around in the buffer. For -easy browsing, use @kbd{SPC} -(@code{image-dired-display-next-thumbnail-original}) to advance and -display the next image. Typing @kbd{DEL} -(@code{image-dired-display-previous-thumbnail-original}) backs up to -the previous thumbnail and displays that instead. - -@vindex image-dired-external-viewer - To view and the image in its original size, either provide a prefix -argument (@kbd{C-u}) before pressing @kbd{RET}, or type -@kbd{C-@key{RET}} (@code{image-dired-thumbnail-display-external}) to -display the image in an external viewer. You must first configure -@code{image-dired-external-viewer}. - - You can delete images through Image-Dired also. Type @kbd{d} -(@code{image-dired-flag-thumb-original-file}) to flag the image file -for deletion in the Dired buffer. You can also delete the thumbnail -image from the thumbnail buffer with @kbd{C-d} -(@code{image-dired-delete-char}). - - More advanced features include @dfn{image tags}, which are metadata -used to categorize image files. The tags are stored in a plain text -file configured by @code{image-dired-db-file}. - - To tag image files, mark them in the dired buffer (you can also mark -files in Dired from the thumbnail buffer by typing @kbd{m}) and type -@kbd{C-t t} (@code{image-dired-tag-files}). You will be prompted for -a tag. To mark files having a certain tag, type @kbd{C-t f} -(@code{image-dired-mark-tagged-files}). After marking image files -with a certain tag, you can use @kbd{C-t d} to view them. - - You can also tag a file directly from the thumbnail buffer by typing -@kbd{t t} and you can remove a tag by typing @kbd{t r}. There is also -a special ``tag'' called ``comment'' for each file (it is not a tag in -the exact same sense as the other tags, it is handled slightly -different). That is used to enter a comment or description about the -image. You comment a file from the thumbnail buffer by typing -@kbd{c}. You will be prompted for a comment. Type @kbd{C-t c} to add -a comment from Dired (@code{image-dired-dired-comment-files}). - - Image-Dired also provides simple image manipulation. In the -thumbnail buffer, type @kbd{L} to rotate the original image 90 degrees -anti clockwise, and @kbd{R} to rotate it 90 degrees clockwise. This -rotation is lossless, and uses an external utility called JpegTRAN. - -@node Misc Dired Features -@section Other Dired Features - -@kindex + @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-create-directory - An unusual Dired file-operation command is @kbd{+} -(@code{dired-create-directory}). This command reads a directory name, -and creates the directory if it does not already exist. - -@cindex Adding to the kill ring in Dired. -@kindex w @r{(Dired)} -@findex dired-copy-filename-as-kill - The @kbd{w} command (@code{dired-copy-filename-as-kill}) puts the -names of the marked (or next @var{n}) files into the kill ring, as if -you had killed them with @kbd{C-w}. The names are separated by a space. - - With a zero prefix argument, this uses the absolute file name of -each marked file. With just @kbd{C-u} as the prefix argument, it uses -file names relative to the Dired buffer's default directory. (This -can still contain slashes if in a subdirectory.) As a special case, -if point is on a directory headerline, @kbd{w} gives you the absolute -name of that directory. Any prefix argument or marked files are -ignored in this case. - - The main purpose of this command is so that you can yank the file -names into arguments for other Emacs commands. It also displays what -it added to the kill ring, so you can use it to display the list of -currently marked files in the echo area. - -@findex dired-compare-directories - The command @kbd{M-x dired-compare-directories} is used to compare -the current Dired buffer with another directory. It marks all the files -that are ``different'' between the two directories. It puts these marks -in all Dired buffers where these files are listed, which of course includes -the current buffer. - - The default comparison method (used if you type @key{RET} at the -prompt) is to compare just the file names---each file name that does -not appear in the other directory is ``different.'' You can specify -more stringent comparisons by entering a Lisp expression, which can -refer to the variables @code{size1} and @code{size2}, the respective -file sizes; @code{mtime1} and @code{mtime2}, the last modification -times in seconds, as floating point numbers; and @code{fa1} and -@code{fa2}, the respective file attribute lists (as returned by the -function @code{file-attributes}). This expression is evaluated for -each pair of like-named files, and if the expression's value is -non-@code{nil}, those files are considered ``different.'' - - For instance, the sequence @code{M-x dired-compare-directories -@key{RET} (> mtime1 mtime2) @key{RET}} marks files newer in this -directory than in the other, and marks files older in the other -directory than in this one. It also marks files with no counterpart, -in both directories, as always. - -@cindex drag and drop, Dired - On the X window system, Emacs supports the ``drag and drop'' -protocol. You can drag a file object from another program, and drop -it onto a Dired buffer; this either moves, copies, or creates a link -to the file in that directory. Precisely which action is taken is -determined by the originating program. Dragging files out of a Dired -buffer is currently not supported. - -@ignore - arch-tag: d105f9b9-fc1b-4c5f-a949-9b2cf3ca2fc1 -@end ignore