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Move to ../doc/emacs/, misc/
author Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
date Thu, 06 Sep 2007 04:34:35 +0000
parents 6d3e73fad987
children f4695268a6d7
files man/cmdargs.texi
diffstat 1 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 1263 deletions(-) [+]
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--- a/man/cmdargs.texi	Thu Sep 06 04:34:29 2007 +0000
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-@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
-@c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2002,
-@c   2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
-@node Emacs Invocation, X Resources, GNU Free Documentation License, Top
-@appendix Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation
-@cindex command line arguments
-@cindex arguments (command line)
-@cindex options (command line)
-@cindex switches (command line)
-@cindex startup (command line arguments)
-@cindex invocation (command line arguments)
-
-  GNU Emacs supports command line arguments to request various actions
-when invoking Emacs.  These are for compatibility with other editors and
-for sophisticated activities.  We don't recommend using them for
-ordinary editing.
-
-  Arguments starting with @samp{-} are @dfn{options}, and so is
-@samp{+@var{linenum}}.  All other arguments specify files to visit.
-Emacs visits the specified files while it starts up.  The last file
-name on your command line becomes the current buffer; the other files
-are also visited in other buffers.  If there are two files, they are
-both displayed; otherwise the last file is displayed along with a
-buffer list that shows what other buffers there are.  As with most
-programs, the special argument @samp{--} says that all subsequent
-arguments are file names, not options, even if they start with
-@samp{-}.
-
-  Emacs command options can specify many things, such as the size and
-position of the X window Emacs uses, its colors, and so on.  A few
-options support advanced usage, such as running Lisp functions on files
-in batch mode.  The sections of this chapter describe the available
-options, arranged according to their purpose.
-
-  There are two ways of writing options: the short forms that start with
-a single @samp{-}, and the long forms that start with @samp{--}.  For
-example, @samp{-d} is a short form and @samp{--display} is the
-corresponding long form.
-
-  The long forms with @samp{--} are easier to remember, but longer to
-type.  However, you don't have to spell out the whole option name; any
-unambiguous abbreviation is enough.  When a long option takes an
-argument, you can use either a space or an equal sign to separate the
-option name and the argument.  Thus, you can write either
-@samp{--display sugar-bombs:0.0} or @samp{--display=sugar-bombs:0.0}.
-We recommend an equal sign because it makes the relationship clearer,
-and the tables below always show an equal sign.
-
-@cindex initial options (command line)
-@cindex action options (command line)
-@vindex command-line-args
-  Most options specify how to initialize Emacs, or set parameters for
-the Emacs session.  We call them @dfn{initial options}.  A few options
-specify things to do: for example, load libraries, call functions, or
-terminate Emacs.  These are called @dfn{action options}.  These and file
-names together are called @dfn{action arguments}.  Emacs processes all
-the action arguments in the order they are written.  The @file{.emacs} file
-can access the values of the action arguments as the elements of a list in
-the variable @code{command-line-args}.
-
-
-
-@menu
-* Action Arguments::    Arguments to visit files, load libraries,
-                          and call functions.
-* Initial Options::     Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs.
-* Command Example::     Examples of using command line arguments.
-* Resume Arguments::    Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs.
-* Environment::         Environment variables that Emacs uses.
-* Display X::           Changing the default display and using remote login.
-* Font X::              Choosing a font for text, under X.
-* Colors::              Choosing display colors.
-* Window Size X::       Start-up window size, under X.
-* Borders X::           Internal and external borders, under X.
-* Title X::             Specifying the initial frame's title.
-* Icons X::             Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X.
-* Misc X::              Other display options.
-@end menu
-
-@node Action Arguments
-@appendixsec Action Arguments
-
-  Here is a table of the action arguments and options:
-
-@table @samp
-@item @var{file}
-@opindex --file
-@itemx --file=@var{file}
-@opindex --find-file
-@itemx --find-file=@var{file}
-@opindex --visit
-@itemx --visit=@var{file}
-@cindex visiting files, command-line argument
-@vindex inhibit-startup-buffer-menu
-Visit @var{file} using @code{find-file}.  @xref{Visiting}.
-If you visit several files at startup in this way, Emacs
-also displays a Buffer Menu buffer to show you what files it
-has visited.  You can inhibit that by setting @code{inhibit-startup-buffer-menu} to @code{t}.
-
-@item +@var{linenum} @var{file}
-@opindex +@var{linenum}
-Visit @var{file} using @code{find-file}, then go to line number
-@var{linenum} in it.
-
-@item +@var{linenum}:@var{columnnum} @var{file}
-Visit @var{file} using @code{find-file}, then go to line number
-@var{linenum} and put point at column number @var{columnnum}.
-
-@need 3000
-@item -l @var{file}
-@opindex -l
-@itemx --load=@var{file}
-@opindex --load
-@cindex loading Lisp libraries, command-line argument
-Load a Lisp library named @var{file} with the function @code{load}.
-@xref{Lisp Libraries}.  If @var{file} is not an absolute file name,
-the library can be found either in the current directory, or in the
-Emacs library search path as specified with @env{EMACSLOADPATH}
-(@pxref{General Variables}).
-
-@strong{Warning:} If previous command-line arguments have visited
-files, the current directory is the directory of the last file
-visited.
-
-@item -L @var{dir}
-@opindex -L
-@itemx --directory=@var{dir}
-@opindex --directory
-Add directory @var{dir} to the variable @code{load-path}.
-
-@item -f @var{function}
-@opindex -f
-@itemx --funcall=@var{function}
-@opindex --funcall
-@cindex call Lisp functions, command-line argument
-Call Lisp function @var{function}.  If it is an interactive function
-(a command), it reads the arguments interactively just as if you had
-called the same function with a key sequence.  Otherwise, it calls the
-function with no arguments.
-
-@item --eval=@var{expression}
-@opindex --eval
-@itemx --execute=@var{expression}
-@opindex --execute
-@cindex evaluate expression, command-line argument
-Evaluate Lisp expression @var{expression}.
-
-@item --insert=@var{file}
-@opindex --insert
-@cindex insert file contents, command-line argument
-Insert the contents of @var{file} into the current buffer.  This is like
-what @kbd{M-x insert-file} does.  @xref{Misc File Ops}.
-
-@item --kill
-@opindex --kill
-Exit from Emacs without asking for confirmation.
-
-@item --help
-@opindex --help
-Print a usage message listing all available options, then exit
-successfully.
-
-@item --version
-@opindex --version
-Print Emacs version, then exit successfully.
-@end table
-
-@node Initial Options
-@appendixsec Initial Options
-
-  The initial options specify parameters for the Emacs session.  This
-section describes the more general initial options; some other options
-specifically related to the X Window System appear in the following
-sections.
-
-  Some initial options affect the loading of init files.  The normal
-actions of Emacs are to first load @file{site-start.el} if it exists,
-then your own init file @file{~/.emacs} if it exists, and finally
-@file{default.el} if it exists.  @xref{Init File}.  Certain options
-prevent loading of some of these files or substitute other files for
-them.
-
-@table @samp
-@item -t @var{device}
-@opindex -t
-@itemx --terminal=@var{device}
-@opindex --terminal
-@cindex device for Emacs terminal I/O
-Use @var{device} as the device for terminal input and output.
-@samp{--terminal} implies @samp{--no-window-system}.
-
-@item -d @var{display}
-@opindex -d
-@itemx --display=@var{display}
-@opindex --display
-@cindex display for Emacs frame
-Use the X Window System and use the display named @var{display} to open
-the initial Emacs frame.  @xref{Display X}, for more details.
-
-@item -nw
-@opindex -nw
-@itemx --no-window-system
-@opindex --no-window-system
-@cindex disable window system
-Don't communicate directly with the window system, disregarding the
-@env{DISPLAY} environment variable even if it is set.  This means that
-Emacs uses the terminal from which it was launched for all its display
-and input.
-
-@need 3000
-@cindex batch mode
-@item -batch
-@opindex --batch
-@itemx --batch
-Run Emacs in @dfn{batch mode}.  Batch mode is used for running
-programs written in Emacs Lisp from shell scripts, makefiles, and so
-on.  You should also use the @samp{-l}, @samp{-f} or @samp{--eval}
-option, to invoke a Lisp program to do batch processing.
-
-In batch mode, Emacs does not display the text being edited, and the
-standard terminal interrupt characters such as @kbd{C-z} and @kbd{C-c}
-continue to have their normal effect.  The functions @code{prin1},
-@code{princ} and @code{print} output to @code{stdout} instead of the
-echo area, while @code{message} and error messages output to
-@code{stderr}.  Functions that would normally read from the minibuffer
-take their input from @code{stdin} instead.
-
-@samp{--batch} implies @samp{-q} (do not load an init file), but
-@file{site-start.el} is loaded nonetheless.  It also causes Emacs to
-exit after processing all the command options.  In addition, it
-disables auto-saving except in buffers for which it has been
-explicitly requested.
-
-@item --script @var{file}
-@opindex --script
-@cindex script mode
-Run Emacs in batch mode, like @samp{--batch}, and then read and
-execute the Lisp code in @var{file}.
-
-The normal use of this option is in executable script files that run
-Emacs.  They can start with this text on the first line
-
-@example
-#!/usr/bin/emacs --script
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-which will invoke Emacs with @samp{--script} and supply the name of
-the script file as @var{file}.  Emacs Lisp then treats @samp{#!}  as a
-comment delimiter.
-
-@item -q
-@opindex -q
-@itemx --no-init-file
-@opindex --no-init-file
-@cindex bypassing init and @file{default.el} file
-@cindex init file, not loading
-@cindex @file{default.el} file, not loading
-Do not load your Emacs init file @file{~/.emacs}, or @file{default.el}
-either.  Regardless of this switch, @file{site-start.el} is still loaded.
-When invoked like this, Emacs does not allow saving options
-changed with the @kbd{M-x customize} command and its variants.
-@xref{Easy Customization}.
-
-@item --no-site-file
-@opindex --no-site-file
-@cindex @file{site-start.el} file, not loading
-Do not load @file{site-start.el}.  The options @samp{-q}, @samp{-u}
-and @samp{--batch} have no effect on the loading of this file---this
-option and @samp{-Q} are the only options that block it.
-
-@item -Q
-@opindex -Q
-@itemx --quick
-@opindex --quick
-Start emacs with minimum customizations.  This is like using @samp{-q}
-and @samp{--no-site-file}, but also disables the startup screen.
-
-@item --no-splash
-@opindex --no-splash
-@vindex inhibit-splash-screen
-@cindex splash screen
-@cindex startup message
-Do not display a splash screen on startup.  You can also achieve this
-effect by setting the variable @code{inhibit-splash-screen} to
-non-@code{nil} in you personal init file (but @emph{not} in
-@file{site-start.el}).  (This variable was called
-@code{inhibit-startup-message} in previous Emacs versions.)
-
-@item --no-desktop
-@opindex --no-desktop
-Do not reload any saved desktop.  @xref{Saving Emacs Sessions}.
-
-@item -u @var{user}
-@opindex -u
-@itemx --user=@var{user}
-@opindex --user
-@cindex load init file of another user
-Load @var{user}'s Emacs init file @file{~@var{user}/.emacs} instead of
-your own@footnote{
-This option has no effect on MS-Windows.}.
-
-@item --debug-init
-@opindex --debug-init
-@cindex errors in init file
-Enable the Emacs Lisp debugger for errors in the init file.
-@xref{Error Debugging,, Entering the Debugger on an Error, elisp, The
-GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}.
-
-@item --unibyte
-@opindex --unibyte
-@itemx --no-multibyte
-@opindex --no-multibyte
-@cindex unibyte operation, command-line argument
-Do almost everything with single-byte buffers and strings.
-All buffers and strings are unibyte unless you (or a Lisp program)
-explicitly ask for a multibyte buffer or string.  (Note that Emacs
-always loads Lisp files in multibyte mode, even if @samp{--unibyte} is
-specified; see @ref{Enabling Multibyte}.)  Setting the environment
-variable @env{EMACS_UNIBYTE} has the same effect
-(@pxref{General Variables}).
-
-@item --multibyte
-@opindex --multibyte
-@itemx --no-unibyte
-@opindex --no-unibyte
-Inhibit the effect of @env{EMACS_UNIBYTE}, so that Emacs
-uses multibyte characters by default, as usual.
-@end table
-
-@node Command Example
-@appendixsec Command Argument Example
-
-  Here is an example of using Emacs with arguments and options.  It
-assumes you have a Lisp program file called @file{hack-c.el} which, when
-loaded, performs some useful operation on the current buffer, expected
-to be a C program.
-
-@example
-emacs --batch foo.c -l hack-c -f save-buffer >& log
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-This says to visit @file{foo.c}, load @file{hack-c.el} (which makes
-changes in the visited file), save @file{foo.c} (note that
-@code{save-buffer} is the function that @kbd{C-x C-s} is bound to), and
-then exit back to the shell (because of @samp{--batch}).  @samp{--batch}
-also guarantees there will be no problem redirecting output to
-@file{log}, because Emacs will not assume that it has a display terminal
-to work with.
-
-@node Resume Arguments
-@appendixsec Resuming Emacs with Arguments
-
-  You can specify action arguments for Emacs when you resume it after
-a suspension.  To prepare for this, put the following code in your
-@file{.emacs} file (@pxref{Hooks}):
-
-@c `resume-suspend-hook' is correct.  It is the name of a function.
-@example
-(add-hook 'suspend-hook 'resume-suspend-hook)
-(add-hook 'suspend-resume-hook 'resume-process-args)
-@end example
-
-  As further preparation, you must execute the shell script
-@file{emacs.csh} (if you use csh as your shell) or @file{emacs.bash}
-(if you use bash as your shell).  These scripts define an alias named
-@code{edit}, which will resume Emacs giving it new command line
-arguments such as files to visit.  The scripts are found in the
-@file{etc} subdirectory of the Emacs distribution.
-
-  Only action arguments work properly when you resume Emacs.  Initial
-arguments are not recognized---it's too late to execute them anyway.
-
-  Note that resuming Emacs (with or without arguments) must be done from
-within the shell that is the parent of the Emacs job.  This is why
-@code{edit} is an alias rather than a program or a shell script.  It is
-not possible to implement a resumption command that could be run from
-other subjobs of the shell; there is no way to define a command that could
-be made the value of @env{EDITOR}, for example.  Therefore, this feature
-does not take the place of the Emacs Server feature (@pxref{Emacs
-Server}).
-
-  The aliases use the Emacs Server feature if you appear to have a
-server Emacs running.  However, they cannot determine this with complete
-accuracy.  They may think that a server is still running when in
-actuality you have killed that Emacs, because the file
-@file{/tmp/esrv@dots{}} still exists.  If this happens, find that
-file and delete it.
-
-@node Environment
-@appendixsec Environment Variables
-@cindex environment variables
-
-  The @dfn{environment} is a feature of the operating system; it
-consists of a collection of variables with names and values.  Each
-variable is called an @dfn{environment variable}; environment variable
-names are case-sensitive, and it is conventional to use upper case
-letters only.  The values are all text strings.
-
-  What makes the environment useful is that subprocesses inherit the
-environment automatically from their parent process.  This means you
-can set up an environment variable in your login shell, and all the
-programs you run (including Emacs) will automatically see it.
-Subprocesses of Emacs (such as shells, compilers, and version-control
-software) inherit the environment from Emacs, too.
-
-@findex setenv
-@findex getenv
-  Inside Emacs, the command @kbd{M-x getenv} gets the value of an
-environment variable.  @kbd{M-x setenv} sets a variable in the Emacs
-environment.  (Environment variable substitutions with @samp{$} work
-in the value just as in file names; see @ref{File Names with $}.)
-
-  The way to set environment variables outside of Emacs depends on the
-operating system, and especially the shell that you are using.  For
-example, here's how to set the environment variable @env{ORGANIZATION}
-to @samp{not very much} using Bash:
-
-@example
-export ORGANIZATION="not very much"
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-and here's how to do it in csh or tcsh:
-
-@example
-setenv ORGANIZATION "not very much"
-@end example
-
-  When Emacs is using the X Window System, various environment
-variables that control X work for Emacs as well.  See the X
-documentation for more information.
-
-@menu
-* General Variables::   Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use.
-* Misc Variables::      Certain system-specific variables.
-* MS-Windows Registry:: An alternative to the environment on MS-Windows.
-@end menu
-
-@node General Variables
-@appendixsubsec General Variables
-
-  Here is an alphabetical list of specific environment variables that
-have special meanings in Emacs, giving the name of each variable and
-its meaning.  Most of these variables are also used by some other
-programs.  Emacs does not require any of these environment variables
-to be set, but it uses their values if they are set.
-
-@table @env
-@item CDPATH
-Used by the @code{cd} command to search for the directory you specify,
-when you specify a relative directory name.
-@item EMACS_UNIBYTE
-@cindex unibyte operation, environment variable
-Defining this environment variable with a nonempty value directs Emacs
-to do almost everything with single-byte buffers and strings.  It is
-equivalent to using the @samp{--unibyte} command-line option on each
-invocation.  @xref{Initial Options}.
-@item EMACSDATA
-Directory for the architecture-independent files that come with Emacs.
-This is used to initialize the Lisp variable @code{data-directory}.
-@item EMACSDOC
-Directory for the documentation string file,
-@file{DOC-@var{emacsversion}}.  This is used to initialize the Lisp
-variable @code{doc-directory}.
-@item EMACSLOADPATH
-A colon-separated list of directories@footnote{
-Here and below, whenever we say ``colon-separated list of directories,''
-it pertains to Unix and GNU/Linux systems.  On MS-DOS and MS-Windows,
-the directories are separated by semi-colons instead, since DOS/Windows
-file names might include a colon after a drive letter.}
-to search for Emacs Lisp files---used to initialize @code{load-path}.
-@item EMACSPATH
-A colon-separated list of directories to search for executable
-files---used to initialize @code{exec-path}.
-@item EMAIL
-@vindex user-mail-address@r{, initialization}
-Your email address; used to initialize the Lisp variable
-@code{user-mail-address}, which the Emacs mail interface puts into
-the @samp{From} header of outgoing messages (@pxref{Mail Headers}).
-@item ESHELL
-Used for shell-mode to override the @env{SHELL} environment variable.
-@item HISTFILE
-The name of the file that shell commands are saved in between logins.
-This variable defaults to @file{~/.bash_history} if you use Bash, to
-@file{~/.sh_history} if you use ksh, and to @file{~/.history}
-otherwise.
-@item HOME
-The location of your files in the directory tree; used for
-expansion of file names starting with a tilde (@file{~}).  On MS-DOS,
-it defaults to the directory from which Emacs was started, with
-@samp{/bin} removed from the end if it was present.  On Windows, the
-default value of @env{HOME} is the @file{Application Data}
-subdirectory of the user profile directory (normally, this is
-@file{C:/Documents and Settings/@var{username}/Application Data},
-where @var{username} is your user name), though for backwards
-compatibility @file{C:/} will be used instead if a @file{.emacs} file
-is found there.
-@item HOSTNAME
-The name of the machine that Emacs is running on.
-@item INCPATH
-A colon-separated list of directories.  Used by the @code{complete} package
-to search for files.
-@item INFOPATH
-A colon-separated list of directories in which to search for Info files.
-@item LC_ALL
-@itemx LC_COLLATE
-@itemx LC_CTYPE
-@itemx LC_MESSAGES
-@itemx LC_MONETARY
-@itemx LC_NUMERIC
-@itemx LC_TIME
-@itemx LANG
-The user's preferred locale.  The locale has six categories, specified
-by the environment variables @env{LC_COLLATE} for sorting,
-@env{LC_CTYPE} for character encoding, @env{LC_MESSAGES} for system
-messages, @env{LC_MONETARY} for monetary formats, @env{LC_NUMERIC} for
-numbers, and @env{LC_TIME} for dates and times.  If one of these
-variables is not set, the category defaults to the value of the
-@env{LANG} environment variable, or to the default @samp{C} locale if
-@env{LANG} is not set.  But if @env{LC_ALL} is specified, it overrides
-the settings of all the other locale environment variables.
-
-On MS-Windows, if @env{LANG} is not already set in the environment
-when Emacs starts, Emacs sets it based on the system-wide default
-language, which you can set in the @samp{Regional Settings} Control Panel
-on some versions of MS-Windows.
-
-The value of the @env{LC_CTYPE} category is
-matched against entries in @code{locale-language-names},
-@code{locale-charset-language-names}, and
-@code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, to select a default language
-environment and coding system.  @xref{Language Environments}.
-@item LOGNAME
-The user's login name.  See also @env{USER}.
-@item MAIL
-The name of your system mail inbox.
-@item MH
-Name of setup file for the mh system.  (The default is @file{~/.mh_profile}.)
-@item NAME
-Your real-world name.
-@item NNTPSERVER
-The name of the news server.  Used by the mh and Gnus packages.
-@item ORGANIZATION
-The name of the organization to which you belong.  Used for setting the
-`Organization:' header in your posts from the Gnus package.
-@item PATH
-A colon-separated list of directories in which executables reside.  This
-is used to initialize the Emacs Lisp variable @code{exec-path}.
-@item PWD
-If set, this should be the default directory when Emacs was started.
-@item REPLYTO
-If set, this specifies an initial value for the variable
-@code{mail-default-reply-to}.  @xref{Mail Headers}.
-@item SAVEDIR
-The name of a directory in which news articles are saved by default.
-Used by the Gnus package.
-@item SHELL
-The name of an interpreter used to parse and execute programs run from
-inside Emacs.
-@item SMTPSERVER
-The name of the outgoing mail server.  Used by the SMTP library
-(@pxref{Top,,,smtpmail,Sending mail via SMTP}).
-@cindex background mode, on @command{xterm}
-@item TERM
-The type of the terminal that Emacs is using.  This variable must be
-set unless Emacs is run in batch mode.  On MS-DOS, it defaults to
-@samp{internal}, which specifies a built-in terminal emulation that
-handles the machine's own display.  If the value of @env{TERM} indicates
-that Emacs runs in non-windowed mode from @command{xterm} or a similar
-terminal emulator, the background mode defaults to @samp{light}, and
-Emacs will choose colors that are appropriate for a light background.
-@item TERMCAP
-The name of the termcap library file describing how to program the
-terminal specified by the @env{TERM} variable.  This defaults to
-@file{/etc/termcap}.
-@item TMPDIR
-Used by the Emerge package as a prefix for temporary files.
-@item TZ
-This specifies the current time zone and possibly also daylight
-saving time information.  On MS-DOS, if @env{TZ} is not set in the
-environment when Emacs starts, Emacs defines a default value as
-appropriate for the country code returned by DOS.  On MS-Windows, Emacs
-does not use @env{TZ} at all.
-@item USER
-The user's login name.  See also @env{LOGNAME}.  On MS-DOS, this
-defaults to @samp{root}.
-@item VERSION_CONTROL
-Used to initialize the @code{version-control} variable (@pxref{Numbered Backups}).
-@end table
-
-@node Misc Variables
-@appendixsubsec Miscellaneous Variables
-
-These variables are used only on particular configurations:
-
-@table @env
-@item COMSPEC
-On MS-DOS and MS-Windows, the name of the command interpreter to use
-when invoking batch files and commands internal to the shell.  On MS-DOS
-this is also used to make a default value for the @env{SHELL} environment
-variable.
-
-@item NAME
-On MS-DOS, this variable defaults to the value of the @env{USER}
-variable.
-
-@item TEMP
-@itemx TMP
-On MS-DOS and MS-Windows, these specify the name of the directory for
-storing temporary files in.
-
-@item EMACSTEST
-On MS-DOS, this specifies a file to use to log the operation of the
-internal terminal emulator.  This feature is useful for submitting bug
-reports.
-
-@item EMACSCOLORS
-On MS-DOS, this specifies the screen colors.  It is useful to set them
-this way, since otherwise Emacs would display the default colors
-momentarily when it starts up.
-
-The value of this variable should be the two-character encoding of the
-foreground (the first character) and the background (the second
-character) colors of the default face.  Each character should be the
-hexadecimal code for the desired color on a standard PC text-mode
-display.  For example, to get blue text on a light gray background,
-specify @samp{EMACSCOLORS=17}, since 1 is the code of the blue color and
-7 is the code of the light gray color.
-
-The PC display usually supports only eight background colors.  However,
-Emacs switches the DOS display to a mode where all 16 colors can be used
-for the background, so all four bits of the background color are
-actually used.
-
-@item WINDOW_GFX
-Used when initializing the Sun windows system.
-
-@item PRELOAD_WINSOCK
-On MS-Windows, if you set this variable, Emacs will load and initialize
-the network library at startup, instead of waiting until the first
-time it is required.
-
-@item emacs_dir
-On MS-Windows, @env{emacs_dir} is a special environment variable, which
-indicates the full path of the directory in which Emacs is installed.
-If Emacs is installed in the standard directory structure, it
-calculates this value automatically.  It is not much use setting this
-variable yourself unless your installation is non-standard, since
-unlike other environment variables, it will be overridden by Emacs at
-startup.  When setting other environment variables, such as
-@env{EMACSLOADPATH}, you may find it useful to use @env{emacs_dir}
-rather than hard-coding an absolute path.  This allows multiple
-versions of Emacs to share the same environment variable settings, and
-it allows you to move the Emacs installation directory, without
-changing any environment or registry settings.
-@end table
-
-@node MS-Windows Registry
-@appendixsubsec The MS-Windows System Registry
-@pindex addpm, MS-Windows installation program
-@cindex registry, setting environment variables and resources on MS-Windows
-
-Under MS-Windows, the installation program @command{addpm.exe} adds
-values for @env{emacs_dir}, @env{EMACSLOADPATH}, @env{EMACSDATA},
-@env{EMACSPATH}, @env{EMACSDOC}, @env{SHELL} and @env{TERM} to the
-@file{HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE} section of the system registry, under
-@file{/Software/GNU/Emacs}.  It does this because there is no standard
-place to set environment variables across different versions of
-Windows.  Running @command{addpm.exe} is no longer strictly necessary
-in recent versions of Emacs, but if you are upgrading from an older
-version, running @command{addpm.exe} ensures that you do not have
-older registry entries from a previous installation, which may not be
-compatible with the latest version of Emacs.
-
-When Emacs starts, as well as checking the environment, it also checks
-the System Registry for those variables and for @env{HOME}, @env{LANG}
-and @env{PRELOAD_WINSOCK}.
-
-To determine the value of those variables, Emacs goes through the
-following procedure.  First, the environment is checked.  If the
-variable is not found there, Emacs looks for registry keys by that
-name under @file{/Software/GNU/Emacs}; first in the
-@file{HKEY_CURRENT_USER} section of the registry, and if not found
-there, in the @file{HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE} section.  Finally, if Emacs
-still cannot determine the values, compiled-in defaults are used.
-
-In addition to the environment variables above, you can also add many
-of the settings which on X belong in the @file{.Xdefaults} file
-(@pxref{X Resources}) to the @file{/Software/GNU/Emacs} registry key.
-Settings you add to the @file{HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE} section will affect
-all users of the machine.  Settings you add to the
-@file{HKEY_CURRENT_USER} section will only affect you, and will
-override machine wide settings.
-
-@node Display X
-@appendixsec Specifying the Display Name
-@cindex display name (X Window System)
-@cindex @env{DISPLAY} environment variable
-
-  The environment variable @env{DISPLAY} tells all X clients, including
-Emacs, where to display their windows.  Its value is set by default
-in ordinary circumstances, when you start an X server and run jobs
-locally.  Occasionally you may need to specify the display yourself; for
-example, if you do a remote login and want to run a client program
-remotely, displaying on your local screen.
-
-  With Emacs, the main reason people change the default display is to
-let them log into another system, run Emacs on that system, but have the
-window displayed at their local terminal.  You might need to log in
-to another system because the files you want to edit are there, or
-because the Emacs executable file you want to run is there.
-
-  The syntax of the @env{DISPLAY} environment variable is
-@samp{@var{host}:@var{display}.@var{screen}}, where @var{host} is the
-host name of the X Window System server machine, @var{display} is an
-arbitrarily-assigned number that distinguishes your server (X terminal)
-from other servers on the same machine, and @var{screen} is a
-rarely-used field that allows an X server to control multiple terminal
-screens.  The period and the @var{screen} field are optional.  If
-included, @var{screen} is usually zero.
-
-  For example, if your host is named @samp{glasperle} and your server is
-the first (or perhaps the only) server listed in the configuration, your
-@env{DISPLAY} is @samp{glasperle:0.0}.
-
-  You can specify the display name explicitly when you run Emacs, either
-by changing the @env{DISPLAY} variable, or with the option @samp{-d
-@var{display}} or @samp{--display=@var{display}}.  Here is an example:
-
-@smallexample
-emacs --display=glasperle:0 &
-@end smallexample
-
-  You can inhibit the direct use of the window system and GUI with the
-@samp{-nw} option.  It tells Emacs to display using ordinary @acronym{ASCII} on
-its controlling terminal.  This is also an initial option.
-
-  Sometimes, security arrangements prevent a program on a remote system
-from displaying on your local system.  In this case, trying to run Emacs
-produces messages like this:
-
-@smallexample
-Xlib:  connection to "glasperle:0.0" refused by server
-@end smallexample
-
-@noindent
-You might be able to overcome this problem by using the @command{xhost}
-command on the local system to give permission for access from your
-remote machine.
-
-@node Font X
-@appendixsec Font Specification Options
-@cindex font name (X Window System)
-
-  By default, Emacs displays text in a twelve point Courier font (when
-using X).  You can specify a different font on your command line
-through the option @samp{-fn @var{name}} (or @samp{--font}, which is
-an alias for @samp{-fn}).
-
-@table @samp
-@item -fn @var{name}
-@opindex -fn
-@itemx --font=@var{name}
-@opindex --font
-@cindex specify default font from the command line
-Use font @var{name} as the default font.
-@end table
-
-  Under X, each font has a long name which consists of fourteen words
-or numbers, separated by dashes.  Some fonts also have shorter
-nicknames.  For instance, @samp{9x15} is such a nickname.  This font
-makes each character nine pixels wide and fifteen pixels high.  You
-can use either kind of name.  Case is insignificant in both kinds.
-You can use wildcard patterns for the font name; then Emacs lets X
-choose one of the fonts that match the pattern.  The wildcard
-character @samp{*} matches any sequence of characters (including none)
-and @samp{?} matches any single character.  However, matching is
-implementation-dependent, and can be inaccurate when wildcards match
-dashes in a long name.  For reliable results, supply all 14 dashes and
-use wildcards only within a field.  Here is an example, which happens
-to specify the font whose nickname is @samp{6x13}:
-
-@smallexample
-emacs -fn \
-  "-misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-*-*-*-c-60-iso8859-1" &
-@end smallexample
-
-@noindent
-You can also specify the font in your @file{.Xdefaults} file:
-
-@smallexample
-emacs.font: -misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-*-*-*-c-60-iso8859-1
-@end smallexample
-
-  Note that if you use a wildcard pattern on the command line, you
-need to enclose it in single or double quotes, to prevent the shell
-from accidentally expanding it into a list of file names.  On the
-other hand, you should not quote the name in the @file{.Xdefaults}
-file.
-
-The default font used by Emacs (under X) is:
-
-@smallexample
--adobe-courier-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-1
-@end smallexample
-
-  A long font name has the following form:
-
-@smallexample
--@var{maker}-@var{family}-@var{weight}-@var{slant}-@var{widthtype}-@var{style}@dots{}
-@dots{}-@var{pixels}-@var{height}-@var{horiz}-@var{vert}-@var{spacing}-@var{width}-@var{registry}-@var{encoding}
-@end smallexample
-
-@table @var
-@item maker
-This is the name of the font manufacturer.
-@item family
-This is the name of the font family---for example, @samp{courier}.
-@item weight
-This is normally @samp{bold}, @samp{medium} or @samp{light}.  Other
-words may appear here in some font names.
-@item slant
-This is @samp{r} (roman), @samp{i} (italic), @samp{o} (oblique),
-@samp{ri} (reverse italic), or @samp{ot} (other).
-@item widthtype
-This is normally @samp{condensed}, @samp{extended}, @samp{semicondensed}
-or @samp{normal}.  Other words may appear here in some font names.
-@item style
-This is an optional additional style name.  Usually it is empty---most
-long font names have two hyphens in a row at this point.
-@item pixels
-This is the font height, in pixels.
-@item height
-This is the font height on the screen, measured in tenths of a printer's
-point---approximately 1/720 of an inch.  In other words, it is the point
-size of the font, times ten.  For a given vertical resolution,
-@var{height} and @var{pixels} are proportional; therefore, it is common
-to specify just one of them and use @samp{*} for the other.
-@item horiz
-This is the horizontal resolution, in pixels per inch, of the screen for
-which the font is intended.
-@item vert
-This is the vertical resolution, in pixels per inch, of the screen for
-which the font is intended.  Normally the resolution of the fonts on
-your system is the right value for your screen; therefore, you normally
-specify @samp{*} for this and @var{horiz}.
-@item spacing
-This is @samp{m} (monospace), @samp{p} (proportional) or @samp{c}
-(character cell).
-@item width
-This is the average character width, in pixels, multiplied by ten.
-@item registry
-@itemx encoding
-These together make up the X font character set that the font depicts.
-(X font character sets are not the same as Emacs charsets, but they
-are solutions for the same problem.)  You can use the
-@command{xfontsel} program to check which choices you have.  However,
-normally you should use @samp{iso8859} for @var{registry} and @samp{1}
-for @var{encoding}.
-@end table
-
-@cindex listing system fonts
-  You will probably want to use a fixed-width default font---that is,
-a font in which all characters have the same width.  Any font with
-@samp{m} or @samp{c} in the @var{spacing} field of the long name is a
-fixed-width font.  Here's how to use the @command{xlsfonts} program to
-list all the fixed-width fonts available on your system:
-
-@example
-xlsfonts -fn '*x*' | egrep "^[0-9]+x[0-9]+"
-xlsfonts -fn '*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-m*'
-xlsfonts -fn '*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-c*'
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-To see what a particular font looks like, use the @command{xfd} command.
-For example:
-
-@example
-xfd -fn 6x13
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-displays the entire font @samp{6x13}.
-
-  While running Emacs, you can set the font of the current frame
-(@pxref{Frame Parameters}) or for a specific kind of text
-(@pxref{Faces}).
-
-@node Colors
-@appendixsec Window Color Options
-@cindex color of window, from command line
-@cindex text colors, from command line
-
-@findex list-colors-display
-@cindex available colors
-  On a color display, you can specify which color to use for various
-parts of the Emacs display.  To find out what colors are available on
-your system, type @kbd{M-x list-colors-display}, or press
-@kbd{C-Mouse-2} and select @samp{Display Colors} from the pop-up menu.
-(A particular window system might support many more colors, but the
-list displayed by @code{list-colors-display} shows their portable
-subset that can be safely used on any display supported by Emacs.)
-If you do not specify colors, on windowed displays the default for the
-background is white and the default for all other colors is black.  On a
-monochrome display, the foreground is black, the background is white,
-and the border is gray if the display supports that.  On terminals, the
-background is usually black and the foreground is white.
-
-  Here is a list of the command-line options for specifying colors:
-
-@table @samp
-@item -fg @var{color}
-@opindex -fg
-@itemx --foreground-color=@var{color}
-@opindex --foreground-color
-@cindex foreground color, command-line argument
-Specify the foreground color.  @var{color} should be a standard color
-name, or a numeric specification of the color's red, green, and blue
-components as in @samp{#4682B4} or @samp{RGB:46/82/B4}.
-@item -bg @var{color}
-@opindex -bg
-@itemx --background-color=@var{color}
-@opindex --background-color
-@cindex background color, command-line argument
-Specify the background color.
-@item -bd @var{color}
-@opindex -bd
-@itemx --border-color=@var{color}
-@opindex --border-color
-@cindex border color, command-line argument
-Specify the color of the border of the X window.
-@item -cr @var{color}
-@opindex -cr
-@itemx --cursor-color=@var{color}
-@opindex --cursor-color
-@cindex cursor color, command-line argument
-Specify the color of the Emacs cursor which indicates where point is.
-@item -ms @var{color}
-@opindex -ms
-@itemx --mouse-color=@var{color}
-@opindex --mouse-color
-@cindex mouse pointer color, command-line argument
-Specify the color for the mouse cursor when the mouse is in the Emacs window.
-@item -r
-@opindex -r
-@itemx -rv
-@opindex -rv
-@itemx --reverse-video
-@opindex --reverse-video
-@cindex reverse video, command-line argument
-Reverse video---swap the foreground and background colors.
-@item --color=@var{mode}
-@opindex --color
-@cindex standard colors on a character terminal
-@cindex override character terminal color support
-For a character terminal only, specify the mode of color support.
-This option is intended for overriding the number of supported colors
-that the character terminal advertises in its @code{termcap} or
-@code{terminfo} database.  The parameter @var{mode} can be one of the
-following:
-@table @samp
-@item never
-@itemx no
-Don't use colors even if the terminal's capabilities specify color
-support.
-@item default
-@itemx auto
-Same as when @option{--color} is not used at all: Emacs detects at
-startup whether the terminal supports colors, and if it does, turns on
-colored display.
-@item always
-@itemx yes
-@itemx ansi8
-Turn on the color support unconditionally, and use color commands
-specified by the ANSI escape sequences for the 8 standard colors.
-@item @var{num}
-Use color mode for @var{num} colors.  If @var{num} is -1, turn off
-color support (equivalent to @samp{never}); if it is 0, use the
-default color support for this terminal (equivalent to @samp{auto});
-otherwise use an appropriate standard mode for @var{num} colors.
-Depending on your terminal's capabilities, Emacs might be able to turn
-on a color mode for 8, 16, 88, or 256 as the value of @var{num}.  If
-there is no mode that supports @var{num} colors, Emacs acts as if
-@var{num} were 0, i.e.@: it uses the terminal's default color support
-mode.
-@end table
-If @var{mode} is omitted, it defaults to @var{ansi8}.
-@end table
-
-  For example, to use a coral mouse cursor and a slate blue text cursor,
-enter:
-
-@example
-emacs -ms coral -cr 'slate blue' &
-@end example
-
-  You can reverse the foreground and background colors through the
-@samp{-rv} option or with the X resource @samp{reverseVideo}.
-
-  The @samp{-fg}, @samp{-bg}, and @samp{-rv} options function on
-text-only terminals as well as on graphical displays.
-
-@node Window Size X
-@appendixsec Options for Window Size and Position
-@cindex geometry of Emacs window
-@cindex position and size of Emacs frame
-@cindex width and height of Emacs frame
-@cindex specifying fullscreen for Emacs frame
-
-  Here is a list of the command-line options for specifying size and
-position of the initial Emacs frame:
-
-@table @samp
-@item -g @var{width}x@var{height}@r{[@{}+-@r{@}}@var{xoffset}@r{@{}+-@r{@}}@var{yoffset}@r{]]}
-@opindex -g
-@itemx --geometry=@var{width}x@var{height}@r{[@{}+-@r{@}}@var{xoffset}@r{@{}+-@r{@}}@var{yoffset}@r{]]}
-@opindex --geometry
-@cindex geometry, command-line argument
-Specify the size @var{width} and @var{height} (measured in character
-columns and lines), and positions @var{xoffset} and @var{yoffset}
-(measured in pixels).  The @var{width} and @var{height} parameters
-apply to all frames, whereas @var{xoffset} and @var{yoffset} only to
-the initial frame.
-
-@item -fs
-@opindex -fs
-@itemx --fullscreen
-@opindex --fullscreen
-@cindex fullscreen, command-line argument
-Specify that width and height shall be the size of the screen.
-
-@item -fh
-@opindex -fh
-@itemx --fullheight
-@opindex --fullheight
-@cindex fullheight, command-line argument
-Specify that the height shall be the height of the screen.
-
-@item -fw
-@opindex -fw
-@itemx --fullwidth
-@opindex --fullwidth
-@cindex fullwidth, command-line argument
-Specify that the width shall be the width of the screen.
-@end table
-
-
-@noindent
-In the @samp{--geometry} option, @code{@r{@{}+-@r{@}}} means either a plus
- sign or a minus sign.  A plus
-sign before @var{xoffset} means it is the distance from the left side of
-the screen; a minus sign means it counts from the right side.  A plus
-sign before @var{yoffset} means it is the distance from the top of the
-screen, and a minus sign there indicates the distance from the bottom.
-The values @var{xoffset} and @var{yoffset} may themselves be positive or
-negative, but that doesn't change their meaning, only their direction.
-
-  Emacs uses the same units as @command{xterm} does to interpret the geometry.
-The @var{width} and @var{height} are measured in characters, so a large font
-creates a larger frame than a small font.  (If you specify a proportional
-font, Emacs uses its maximum bounds width as the width unit.)  The
-@var{xoffset} and @var{yoffset} are measured in pixels.
-
-  You do not have to specify all of the fields in the geometry
-specification.  If you omit both @var{xoffset} and @var{yoffset}, the
-window manager decides where to put the Emacs frame, possibly by
-letting you place it with the mouse.  For example, @samp{164x55}
-specifies a window 164 columns wide, enough for two ordinary width
-windows side by side, and 55 lines tall.
-
-  The default width for Emacs is 80 characters and the default height is
-40 lines.  You can omit either the width or the height or both.  If
-you start the geometry with an integer, Emacs interprets it as the
-width.  If you start with an @samp{x} followed by an integer, Emacs
-interprets it as the height.  Thus, @samp{81} specifies just the width;
-@samp{x45} specifies just the height.
-
-  If you start with @samp{+} or @samp{-}, that introduces an offset,
-which means both sizes are omitted.  Thus, @samp{-3} specifies the
-@var{xoffset} only.  (If you give just one offset, it is always
-@var{xoffset}.)  @samp{+3-3} specifies both the @var{xoffset} and the
-@var{yoffset}, placing the frame near the bottom left of the screen.
-
-  You can specify a default for any or all of the fields in
-@file{.Xdefaults} file, and then override selected fields with a
-@samp{--geometry} option.
-
-  Since the mode line and the echo area occupy the last 2 lines of the
-frame, the height of the initial text window is 2 less than the height
-specified in your geometry.  In non-X-toolkit versions of Emacs, the
-menu bar also takes one line of the specified number.  But in the X
-toolkit version, the menu bar is additional and does not count against
-the specified height.  The tool bar, if present, is also additional.
-
-  Enabling or disabling the menu bar or tool bar alters the amount of
-space available for ordinary text.  Therefore, if Emacs starts up with
-a tool bar (which is the default), and handles the geometry
-specification assuming there is a tool bar, and then your
-@file{~/.emacs} file disables the tool bar, you will end up with a
-frame geometry different from what you asked for.  To get the intended
-size with no tool bar, use an X resource to specify ``no tool bar''
-(@pxref{Table of Resources}); then Emacs will already know there's no
-tool bar when it processes the specified geometry.
-
-  When using one of @samp{--fullscreen}, @samp{--fullwidth} or
-@samp{--fullheight} there may be some space around the frame
-anyway.  That is because Emacs rounds the sizes so they are an
-even number of character heights and widths.
-
- Some window managers have options that can make them ignore both
-program-specified and user-specified positions (sawfish is one).
-If these are set, Emacs fails to position the window correctly.
-
-@node Borders X
-@appendixsec Internal and External Borders
-@cindex borders (X Window System)
-
-  An Emacs frame has an internal border and an external border.  The
-internal border is an extra strip of the background color around the
-text portion of the frame.  Emacs itself draws the internal border.
-The external border is added by the window manager outside the frame;
-depending on the window manager you use, it may contain various boxes
-you can click on to move or iconify the window.
-
-@table @samp
-@item -ib @var{width}
-@opindex -ib
-@itemx --internal-border=@var{width}
-@opindex --internal-border
-@cindex internal border width, command-line argument
-Specify @var{width} as the width of the internal border (between the text
-and the main border), in pixels.
-
-@item -bw @var{width}
-@opindex -bw
-@itemx --border-width=@var{width}
-@opindex --border-width
-@cindex main border width, command-line argument
-Specify @var{width} as the width of the main border, in pixels.
-@end table
-
-  When you specify the size of the frame, that does not count the
-borders.  The frame's position is measured from the outside edge of the
-external border.
-
-  Use the @samp{-ib @var{n}} option to specify an internal border
-@var{n} pixels wide.  The default is 1.  Use @samp{-bw @var{n}} to
-specify the width of the external border (though the window manager may
-not pay attention to what you specify).  The default width of the
-external border is 2.
-
-@node Title X
-@appendixsec Frame Titles
-
-  An Emacs frame may or may not have a specified title.  The frame
-title, if specified, appears in window decorations and icons as the
-name of the frame.  If an Emacs frame has no specified title, the
-default title has the form @samp{@var{invocation-name}@@@var{machine}}
-(if there is only one frame) or the selected window's buffer name (if
-there is more than one frame).
-
-  You can specify a title for the initial Emacs frame with a command
-line option:
-
-@table @samp
-@item -T @var{title}
-@opindex -T
-@itemx --title=@var{title}
-@opindex --title
-@cindex frame title, command-line argument
-Specify @var{title} as the title for the initial Emacs frame.
-@end table
-
-  The @samp{--name} option (@pxref{Resources}) also specifies the title
-for the initial Emacs frame.
-
-@node Icons X
-@appendixsec Icons
-@cindex icons (X Window System)
-
-  Most window managers allow you to ``iconify'' a frame, removing
-it from sight, and leaving a small, distinctive ``icon'' window in its
-place.  Clicking on the icon window makes the frame itself appear again.
-If you have many clients running at once, you can avoid cluttering up
-the screen by iconifying most of the clients.
-
-@table @samp
-@item -nbi
-@opindex -nbi
-@itemx --no-bitmap-icon
-@opindex --no-bitmap-icon
-@cindex Emacs icon, a gnu
-Do not use a picture of a gnu as the Emacs icon.
-
-@item -iconic
-@opindex --iconic
-@itemx --iconic
-@cindex start iconified, command-line argument
-Start Emacs in iconified state.
-@end table
-
-  By default Emacs uses an icon window containing a picture of the GNU gnu.
-The @samp{-nbi} or @samp{--no-bitmap-icon} option tells Emacs to let the
-window manager choose what sort of icon to use---usually just a small
-rectangle containing the frame's title.
-
-  The @samp{-iconic} option tells Emacs to begin running as an icon,
-rather than showing a frame right away.  In this situation, the icon
-is the only indication that Emacs has started; the text frame doesn't
-appear until you deiconify it.
-
-@node Misc X
-@appendixsec Other Display Options
-
-@table @samp
-@item -hb
-@opindex -hb
-@itemx --horizontal-scroll-bars
-@opindex --horizontal-scroll-bars
-@c @cindex horizontal scroll bars, command-line argument
-Enable horizontal scroll bars.  Since horizontal scroll bars
-are not yet implemented, this actually does nothing.
-
-@item -vb
-@opindex -vb
-@itemx --vertical-scroll-bars
-@opindex --vertical-scroll-bars
-@cindex vertical scroll bars, command-line argument
-Enable vertical scroll bars.
-
-@item -lsp @var{pixels}
-@opindex -lsp
-@itemx --line-spacing=@var{pixels}
-@opindex --line-spacing
-@cindex line spacing, command-line argument
-Specify @var{pixels} as additional space to put between lines, in pixels.
-
-@item -nbc
-@opindex -nbc
-@itemx --no-blinking-cursor
-@opindex --no-blinking-cursor
-@cindex blinking cursor disable, command-line argument
-Disable the blinking cursor on graphical displays.
-
-@item -D
-@opindex -D
-@itemx --basic-display
-@opindex --basic-display
-Disable the menu-bar, the tool-bar, the scroll-bars, and tool tips,
-and turn off the blinking cursor.  This can be useful for making a
-test case that simplifies debugging of display problems.
-@end table
-
-  The @samp{--xrm} option (@pxref{Resources}) specifies additional
-X resource values.
-
-@ignore
-   arch-tag: fffecd9e-7329-4a51-a3cc-dd4a9889340e
-@end ignore