Mercurial > emacs
changeset 30922:6c3081f54e62
*** empty log message ***
| author | Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org> |
|---|---|
| date | Thu, 17 Aug 2000 15:38:59 +0000 |
| parents | 4f501e4f7a43 |
| children | 110ddcc483b6 |
| files | etc/ChangeLog etc/NEWS etc/NEWS.1 etc/NEWS.2 etc/NEWS.3 etc/NEWS.4 etc/ONEWS etc/OONEWS etc/OOONEWS etc/OOOONEWS etc/OOOOONEWS lisp/ChangeLog |
| diffstat | 12 files changed, 10561 insertions(+), 10573 deletions(-) [+] |
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--- a/etc/ChangeLog Thu Aug 17 15:37:07 2000 +0000 +++ b/etc/ChangeLog Thu Aug 17 15:38:59 2000 +0000 @@ -1,3 +1,9 @@ +2000-08-17 Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org> + + * NEWS.1: Reintegrated into NEWS. + + * OOOOONEWS...OONEWS: Renamed to NEWS.1...NEWS.4. + 2000-08-16 Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org> * dired-ref.tex, dired-ref.ps: New files.
--- a/etc/NEWS Thu Aug 17 15:37:07 2000 +0000 +++ b/etc/NEWS Thu Aug 17 15:38:59 2000 +0000 @@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ See the end for copying conditions. Please send Emacs bug reports to bug-gnu-emacs@gnu.org. -For older news, see the file NEWS.1. +For older news, see the file ONEWS * Installation Changes in Emacs 21.1 @@ -3456,8 +3456,4988 @@ horizontal rather than vertical (since the MS-DOS display doesn't support a vertical-bar cursor). + +^L +* Emacs 20.7 is a bug-fix release with few user-visible changes + +** It is now possible to use CCL-based coding systems for keyboard +input. + +** ange-ftp now handles FTP security extensions, like Kerberos. + +** Rmail has been extended to recognize more forms of digest messages. + +** Now, most coding systems set in keyboard coding system work not +only for character input, but also in incremental search. The +exceptions are such coding systems that handle 2-byte character sets +(e.g euc-kr, euc-jp) and that use ISO's escape sequence +(e.g. iso-2022-jp). They are ignored in incremental search. + +** Support for Macintosh PowerPC-based machines running GNU/Linux has +been added. + +^L +* Emacs 20.6 is a bug-fix release with one user-visible change + +** Support for ARM-based non-RISCiX machines has been added. + +^L +* Emacs 20.5 is a bug-fix release with no user-visible changes. + +** Not new, but not mentioned before: +M-w when Transient Mark mode is enabled disables the mark. -* For older news, see the file NEWS.1. +* Changes in Emacs 20.4 + +** Init file may be called .emacs.el. + +You can now call the Emacs init file `.emacs.el'. +Formerly the name had to be `.emacs'. If you use the name +`.emacs.el', you can byte-compile the file in the usual way. + +If both `.emacs' and `.emacs.el' exist, the latter file +is the one that is used. + +** shell-command, and shell-command-on-region, now return +the exit code of the command (unless it is asynchronous). +Also, you can specify a place to put the error output, +separate from the command's regular output. +Interactively, the variable shell-command-default-error-buffer +says where to put error output; set it to a buffer name. +In calls from Lisp, an optional argument ERROR-BUFFER specifies +the buffer name. + +When you specify a non-nil error buffer (or buffer name), any error +output is inserted before point in that buffer, with \f\n to separate +it from the previous batch of error output. The error buffer is not +cleared, so error output from successive commands accumulates there. + +** Setting the default value of enable-multibyte-characters to nil in +the .emacs file, either explicitly using setq-default, or via Custom, +is now essentially equivalent to using --unibyte: all buffers +created during startup will be made unibyte after loading .emacs. + +** C-x C-f now handles the wildcards * and ? in file names. For +example, typing C-x C-f c*.c RET visits all the files whose names +match c*.c. To visit a file whose name contains * or ?, add the +quoting sequence /: to the beginning of the file name. + +** The M-x commands keep-lines, flush-lines and count-matches +now have the same feature as occur and query-replace: +if the pattern contains any upper case letters, then +they never ignore case. + +** The end-of-line format conversion feature previously mentioned +under `* Emacs 20.1 changes for MS-DOS and MS-Windows' actually +applies to all operating systems. Emacs recognizes from the contents +of a file what convention it uses to separate lines--newline, CRLF, or +just CR--and automatically converts the contents to the normal Emacs +convention (using newline to separate lines) for editing. This is a +part of the general feature of coding system conversion. + +If you subsequently save the buffer, Emacs converts the text back to +the same format that was used in the file before. + +You can turn off end-of-line conversion by setting the variable +`inhibit-eol-conversion' to non-nil, e.g. with Custom in the MULE group. + +** The character set property `prefered-coding-system' has been +renamed to `preferred-coding-system', for the sake of correct spelling. +This is a fairly internal feature, so few programs should be affected. + +** Mode-line display of end-of-line format is changed. +The indication of the end-of-line format of the file visited by a +buffer is now more explicit when that format is not the usual one for +your operating system. For example, the DOS-style end-of-line format +is displayed as "(DOS)" on Unix and GNU/Linux systems. The usual +end-of-line format is still displayed as a single character (colon for +Unix, backslash for DOS and Windows, and forward slash for the Mac). + +The values of the variables eol-mnemonic-unix, eol-mnemonic-dos, +eol-mnemonic-mac, and eol-mnemonic-undecided, which are strings, +control what is displayed in the mode line for each end-of-line +format. You can now customize these variables. + +** In the previous version of Emacs, tar-mode didn't work well if a +filename contained non-ASCII characters. Now this is fixed. Such a +filename is decoded by file-name-coding-system if the default value of +enable-multibyte-characters is non-nil. + +** The command temp-buffer-resize-mode toggles a minor mode +in which temporary buffers (such as help buffers) are given +windows just big enough to hold the whole contents. + +** If you use completion.el, you must now run the function +dynamic-completion-mode to enable it. Just loading the file +doesn't have any effect. + +** In Flyspell mode, the default is now to make just one Ispell process, +not one per buffer. + +** If you use iswitchb but do not call (iswitchb-default-keybindings) to +use the default keybindings, you will need to add the following line: + (add-hook 'minibuffer-setup-hook 'iswitchb-minibuffer-setup) + +** Auto-show mode is no longer enabled just by loading auto-show.el. +To control it, set `auto-show-mode' via Custom or use the +`auto-show-mode' command. + +** Handling of X fonts' ascent/descent parameters has been changed to +avoid redisplay problems. As a consequence, compared with previous +versions the line spacing and frame size now differ with some font +choices, typically increasing by a pixel per line. This change +occurred in version 20.3 but was not documented then. + +** If you select the bar cursor style, it uses the frame's +cursor-color, rather than the cursor foreground pixel. + +** In multibyte mode, Rmail decodes incoming MIME messages using the +character set specified in the message. If you want to disable this +feature, set the variable rmail-decode-mime-charset to nil. + +** Not new, but not mentioned previously in NEWS: when you use #! at +the beginning of a file to make it executable and specify an +interpreter program, Emacs looks on the second line for the -*- mode +and variable specification, as well as on the first line. + +** Support for IBM codepage encoding of non-ASCII characters. + +The new command M-x codepage-setup creates a special coding system +that can be used to convert text between a specific IBM codepage and +one of the character sets built into Emacs which matches that +codepage. For example, codepage 850 corresponds to Latin-1 character +set, codepage 855 corresponds to Cyrillic-ISO character set, etc. + +Windows codepages 1250, 1251 and some others, where Windows deviates +from the corresponding ISO character set, are also supported. + +IBM box-drawing characters and other glyphs which don't have +equivalents in the corresponding ISO character set, are converted to +a character defined by dos-unsupported-char-glyph on MS-DOS, and to +`?' on other systems. + +IBM codepages are widely used on MS-DOS and MS-Windows, so this +feature is most useful on those platforms, but it can also be used on +Unix. + +Emacs compiled for MS-DOS automatically loads the support for the +current codepage when it starts. + +** Mail changes + +*** When mail is sent using compose-mail (C-x m), and if +`mail-send-nonascii' is set to the new default value `mime', +appropriate MIME headers are added. The headers are added only if +non-ASCII characters are present in the body of the mail, and no other +MIME headers are already present. For example, the following three +headers are added if the coding system used in the *mail* buffer is +latin-1: + + MIME-version: 1.0 + Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 + Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit + +*** The new variable default-sendmail-coding-system specifies the +default way to encode outgoing mail. This has higher priority than +default-buffer-file-coding-system but has lower priority than +sendmail-coding-system and the local value of +buffer-file-coding-system. + +You should not set this variable manually. Instead, set +sendmail-coding-system to specify a fixed encoding for all outgoing +mail. + +*** When you try to send a message that contains non-ASCII characters, +if the coding system specified by those variables doesn't handle them, +Emacs will ask you to select a suitable coding system while showing a +list of possible coding systems. + +** CC Mode changes + +*** c-default-style can now take an association list that maps major +modes to style names. When this variable is an alist, Java mode no +longer hardcodes a setting to "java" style. See the variable's +docstring for details. + +*** It's now possible to put a list as the offset on a syntactic +symbol. The list is evaluated recursively until a non-nil offset is +found. This is useful to combine several lineup functions to act in a +prioritized order on a single line. However, none of the supplied +lineup functions use this feature currently. + +*** New syntactic symbol catch-clause, which is used on the "catch" and +"finally" lines in try-catch constructs in C++ and Java. + +*** New cleanup brace-catch-brace on c-cleanup-list, which does for +"catch" lines what brace-elseif-brace does for "else if" lines. + +*** The braces of Java anonymous inner classes are treated separately +from the braces of other classes in auto-newline mode. Two new +symbols inexpr-class-open and inexpr-class-close may be used on +c-hanging-braces-alist to control the automatic newlines used for +anonymous classes. + +*** Support for the Pike language added, along with new Pike specific +syntactic symbols: inlambda, lambda-intro-cont + +*** Support for Java anonymous classes via new syntactic symbol +inexpr-class. New syntactic symbol inexpr-statement for Pike +support and gcc-style statements inside expressions. New lineup +function c-lineup-inexpr-block. + +*** New syntactic symbol brace-entry-open which is used in brace lists +(i.e. static initializers) when a list entry starts with an open +brace. These used to be recognized as brace-list-entry's. +c-electric-brace also recognizes brace-entry-open braces +(brace-list-entry's can no longer be electrified). + +*** New command c-indent-line-or-region, not bound by default. + +*** `#' is only electric when typed in the indentation of a line. + +*** Parentheses are now electric (via the new command c-electric-paren) +for auto-reindenting lines when parens are typed. + +*** In "gnu" style, inline-open offset is now set to zero. + +*** Uniform handling of the inclass syntactic symbol. The indentation +associated with it is now always relative to the class opening brace. +This means that the indentation behavior has changed in some +circumstances, but only if you've put anything besides 0 on the +class-open syntactic symbol (none of the default styles do that). + +** Gnus changes. + +*** New functionality for using Gnus as an offline newsreader has been +added. A plethora of new commands and modes have been added. See the +Gnus manual for the full story. + +*** The nndraft backend has returned, but works differently than +before. All Message buffers are now also articles in the nndraft +group, which is created automatically. + +*** `gnus-alter-header-function' can now be used to alter header +values. + +*** `gnus-summary-goto-article' now accept Message-ID's. + +*** A new Message command for deleting text in the body of a message +outside the region: `C-c C-v'. + +*** You can now post to component group in nnvirtual groups with +`C-u C-c C-c'. + +*** `nntp-rlogin-program' -- new variable to ease customization. + +*** `C-u C-c C-c' in `gnus-article-edit-mode' will now inhibit +re-highlighting of the article buffer. + +*** New element in `gnus-boring-article-headers' -- `long-to'. + +*** `M-i' symbolic prefix command. See the section "Symbolic +Prefixes" in the Gnus manual for details. + +*** `L' and `I' in the summary buffer now take the symbolic prefix +`a' to add the score rule to the "all.SCORE" file. + +*** `gnus-simplify-subject-functions' variable to allow greater +control over simplification. + +*** `A T' -- new command for fetching the current thread. + +*** `/ T' -- new command for including the current thread in the +limit. + +*** `M-RET' is a new Message command for breaking cited text. + +*** \\1-expressions are now valid in `nnmail-split-methods'. + +*** The `custom-face-lookup' function has been removed. +If you used this function in your initialization files, you must +rewrite them to use `face-spec-set' instead. + +*** Cancelling now uses the current select method. Symbolic prefix +`a' forces normal posting method. + +*** New command to translate M******** sm*rtq**t*s into proper text +-- `W d'. + +*** For easier debugging of nntp, you can set `nntp-record-commands' +to a non-nil value. + +*** nntp now uses ~/.authinfo, a .netrc-like file, for controlling +where and how to send AUTHINFO to NNTP servers. + +*** A command for editing group parameters from the summary buffer +has been added. + +*** A history of where mails have been split is available. + +*** A new article date command has been added -- `article-date-iso8601'. + +*** Subjects can be simplified when threading by setting +`gnus-score-thread-simplify'. + +*** A new function for citing in Message has been added -- +`message-cite-original-without-signature'. + +*** `article-strip-all-blank-lines' -- new article command. + +*** A new Message command to kill to the end of the article has +been added. + +*** A minimum adaptive score can be specified by using the +`gnus-adaptive-word-minimum' variable. + +*** The "lapsed date" article header can be kept continually +updated by the `gnus-start-date-timer' command. + +*** Web listserv archives can be read with the nnlistserv backend. + +*** Old dejanews archives can now be read by nnweb. + +*** `gnus-posting-styles' has been re-activated. + +** Changes to TeX and LaTeX mode + +*** The new variable `tex-start-options-string' can be used to give +options for the TeX run. The default value causes TeX to run in +nonstopmode. For an interactive TeX run set it to nil or "". + +*** The command `tex-feed-input' sends input to the Tex Shell. In a +TeX buffer it is bound to the keys C-RET, C-c RET, and C-c C-m (some +of these keys may not work on all systems). For instance, if you run +TeX interactively and if the TeX run stops because of an error, you +can continue it without leaving the TeX buffer by typing C-RET. + +*** The Tex Shell Buffer is now in `compilation-shell-minor-mode'. +All error-parsing commands of the Compilation major mode are available +but bound to keys that don't collide with the shell. Thus you can use +the Tex Shell for command line executions like a usual shell. + +*** The commands `tex-validate-region' and `tex-validate-buffer' check +the matching of braces and $'s. The errors are listed in a *Occur* +buffer and you can use C-c C-c or mouse-2 to go to a particular +mismatch. + +** Changes to RefTeX mode + +*** The table of contents buffer can now also display labels and +file boundaries in addition to sections. Use `l', `i', and `c' keys. + +*** Labels derived from context (the section heading) are now +lowercase by default. To make the label legal in LaTeX, latin-1 +characters will lose their accent. All Mule characters will be +removed from the label. + +*** The automatic display of cross reference information can also use +a window instead of the echo area. See variable `reftex-auto-view-crossref'. + +*** kpsewhich can be used by RefTeX to find TeX and BibTeX files. See the +customization group `reftex-finding-files'. + +*** The option `reftex-bibfile-ignore-list' has been renamed to +`reftex-bibfile-ignore-regexps' and indeed can be fed with regular +expressions. + +*** Multiple Selection buffers are now hidden buffers. + +** New/deleted modes and packages + +*** The package snmp-mode.el provides major modes for editing SNMP and +SNMPv2 MIBs. It has entries on `auto-mode-alist'. + +*** The package sql.el provides a major mode, M-x sql-mode, for +editing SQL files, and M-x sql-interactive-mode for interacting with +SQL interpreters. It has an entry on `auto-mode-alist'. + +*** M-x highlight-changes-mode provides a minor mode displaying buffer +changes with a special face. + +*** ispell4.el has been deleted. It got in the way of ispell.el and +this was hard to fix reliably. It has long been obsolete -- use +Ispell 3.1 and ispell.el. + +* MS-DOS changes in Emacs 20.4 + +** Emacs compiled for MS-DOS now supports MULE features better. +This includes support for display of all ISO 8859-N character sets, +conversion to and from IBM codepage encoding of non-ASCII characters, +and automatic setup of the MULE environment at startup. For details, +check out the section `MS-DOS and MULE' in the manual. + +The MS-DOS installation procedure automatically configures and builds +Emacs with input method support if it finds an unpacked Leim +distribution when the config.bat script is run. + +** Formerly, the value of lpr-command did not affect printing on +MS-DOS unless print-region-function was set to nil, but now it +controls whether an external program is invoked or output is written +directly to a printer port. Similarly, in the previous version of +Emacs, the value of ps-lpr-command did not affect PostScript printing +on MS-DOS unless ps-printer-name was set to something other than a +string (eg. t or `pipe'), but now it controls whether an external +program is used. (These changes were made so that configuration of +printing variables would be almost identical across all platforms.) + +** In the previous version of Emacs, PostScript and non-PostScript +output was piped to external programs, but because most print programs +available for MS-DOS and MS-Windows cannot read data from their standard +input, on those systems the data to be output is now written to a +temporary file whose name is passed as the last argument to the external +program. + +An exception is made for `print', a standard program on Windows NT, +and `nprint', a standard program on Novell Netware. For both of these +programs, the command line is constructed in the appropriate syntax +automatically, using only the value of printer-name or ps-printer-name +as appropriate--the value of the relevant `-switches' variable is +ignored, as both programs have no useful switches. + +** The value of the variable dos-printer (cf. dos-ps-printer), if it has +a value, overrides the value of printer-name (cf. ps-printer-name), on +MS-DOS and MS-Windows only. This has been true since version 20.3, but +was not documented clearly before. + +** All the Emacs games now work on MS-DOS terminals. +This includes Tetris and Snake. + +* Lisp changes in Emacs 20.4 + +** New functions line-beginning-position and line-end-position +return the position of the beginning or end of the current line. +They both accept an optional argument, which has the same +meaning as the argument to beginning-of-line or end-of-line. + +** find-file and allied functions now have an optional argument +WILDCARD. If this is non-nil, they do wildcard processing, +and visit all files that match the wildcard pattern. + +** Changes in the file-attributes function. + +*** The file size returned by file-attributes may be an integer or a float. +It is an integer if the size fits in a Lisp integer, float otherwise. + +*** The inode number returned by file-attributes may be an integer (if +the number fits in a Lisp integer) or a cons cell containing two +integers. + +** The new function directory-files-and-attributes returns a list of +files in a directory and their attributes. It accepts the same +arguments as directory-files and has similar semantics, except that +file names and attributes are returned. + +** The new function file-attributes-lessp is a helper function for +sorting the list generated by directory-files-and-attributes. It +accepts two arguments, each a list of a file name and its atttributes. +It compares the file names of each according to string-lessp and +returns the result. + +** The new function file-expand-wildcards expands a wildcard-pattern +to produce a list of existing files that match the pattern. + +** New functions for base64 conversion: + +The function base64-encode-region converts a part of the buffer +into the base64 code used in MIME. base64-decode-region +performs the opposite conversion. Line-breaking is supported +optionally. + +Functions base64-encode-string and base64-decode-string do a similar +job on the text in a string. They return the value as a new string. + +** +The new function process-running-child-p +will tell you if a subprocess has given control of its +terminal to its own child process. + +** interrupt-process and such functions have a new feature: +when the second argument is `lambda', they send a signal +to the running child of the subshell, if any, but if the shell +itself owns its terminal, no signal is sent. + +** There are new widget types `plist' and `alist' which can +be used for customizing variables whose values are plists or alists. + +** easymenu.el Now understands `:key-sequence' and `:style button'. +:included is an alias for :visible. + +easy-menu-add-item now understands the values returned by +easy-menu-remove-item and easy-menu-item-present-p. This can be used +to move or copy menu entries. + +** Multibyte editing changes + +*** The definitions of sref and char-bytes are changed. Now, sref is +an alias of aref and char-bytes always returns 1. This change is to +make some Emacs Lisp code which works on 20.2 and earlier also +work on the latest Emacs. Such code uses a combination of sref and +char-bytes in a loop typically as below: + (setq char (sref str idx) + idx (+ idx (char-bytes idx))) +The byte-compiler now warns that this is obsolete. + +If you want to know how many bytes a specific multibyte character +(say, CH) occupies in a multibyte buffer, use this code: + (charset-bytes (char-charset ch)) + +*** In multibyte mode, when you narrow a buffer to some region, and the +region is preceded or followed by non-ASCII codes, inserting or +deleting at the head or the end of the region may signal this error: + + Byte combining across boundary of accessible buffer text inhibitted + +This is to avoid some bytes being combined together into a character +across the boundary. + +*** The functions find-charset-region and find-charset-string include +`unknown' in the returned list in the following cases: + o The current buffer or the target string is unibyte and + contains 8-bit characters. + o The current buffer or the target string is multibyte and + contains invalid characters. + +*** The functions decode-coding-region and encode-coding-region remove +text properties of the target region. Ideally, they should correctly +preserve text properties, but for the moment, it's hard. Removing +text properties is better than preserving them in a less-than-correct +way. + +*** prefer-coding-system sets EOL conversion of default coding systems. +If the argument to prefer-coding-system specifies a certain type of +end of line conversion, the default coding systems set by +prefer-coding-system will specify that conversion type for end of line. + +*** The new function thai-compose-string can be used to properly +compose Thai characters in a string. + +** The primitive `define-prefix-command' now takes an optional third +argument NAME, which should be a string. It supplies the menu name +for the created keymap. Keymaps created in order to be displayed as +menus should always use the third argument. + +** The meanings of optional second arguments for read-char, +read-event, and read-char-exclusive are flipped. Now the second +arguments are INHERIT-INPUT-METHOD. These functions use the current +input method (if any) if and only if INHERIT-INPUT-METHOD is non-nil. + +** The new function clear-this-command-keys empties out the contents +of the vector that (this-command-keys) returns. This is useful in +programs that read passwords, to prevent the passwords from echoing +inadvertently as part of the next command in certain cases. + +** The new macro `with-temp-message' displays a temporary message in +the echo area, while executing some Lisp code. Like `progn', it +returns the value of the last form, but it also restores the previous +echo area contents. + + (with-temp-message MESSAGE &rest BODY) + +** The function `require' now takes an optional third argument +NOERROR. If it is non-nil, then there is no error if the +requested feature cannot be loaded. + +** In the function modify-face, an argument of (nil) for the +foreground color, background color or stipple pattern +means to clear out that attribute. + +** The `outer-window-id' frame property of an X frame +gives the window number of the outermost X window for the frame. + +** Temporary buffers made with with-output-to-temp-buffer are now +read-only by default, and normally use the major mode Help mode +unless you put them in some other non-Fundamental mode before the +end of with-output-to-temp-buffer. + +** The new functions gap-position and gap-size return information on +the gap of the current buffer. + +** The new functions position-bytes and byte-to-position provide a way +to convert between character positions and byte positions in the +current buffer. + +** vc.el defines two new macros, `edit-vc-file' and `with-vc-file', to +facilitate working with version-controlled files from Lisp programs. +These macros check out a given file automatically if needed, and check +it back in after any modifications have been made. + +* Installation Changes in Emacs 20.3 + +** The default value of load-path now includes most subdirectories of +the site-specific directories /usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp and +/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/site-lisp, in addition to those +directories themselves. Both immediate subdirectories and +subdirectories multiple levels down are added to load-path. + +Not all subdirectories are included, though. Subdirectories whose +names do not start with a letter or digit are excluded. +Subdirectories named RCS or CVS are excluded. Also, a subdirectory +which contains a file named `.nosearch' is excluded. You can use +these methods to prevent certain subdirectories from being searched. + +Emacs finds these subdirectories and adds them to load-path when it +starts up. While it would be cleaner to find the subdirectories each +time Emacs loads a file, that would be much slower. + +This feature is an incompatible change. If you have stored some Emacs +Lisp files in a subdirectory of the site-lisp directory specifically +to prevent them from being used, you will need to rename the +subdirectory to start with a non-alphanumeric character, or create a +`.nosearch' file in it, in order to continue to achieve the desired +results. + +** Emacs no longer includes an old version of the C preprocessor from +GCC. This was formerly used to help compile Emacs with C compilers +that had limits on the significant length of an identifier, but in +fact we stopped supporting such compilers some time ago. + +* Changes in Emacs 20.3 + +** The new command C-x z (repeat) repeats the previous command +including its argument. If you repeat the z afterward, +it repeats the command additional times; thus, you can +perform many repetitions with one keystroke per repetition. + +** Emacs now supports "selective undo" which undoes only within a +specified region. To do this, set point and mark around the desired +region and type C-u C-x u (or C-u C-_). You can then continue undoing +further, within the same region, by repeating the ordinary undo +command C-x u or C-_. This will keep undoing changes that were made +within the region you originally specified, until either all of them +are undone, or it encounters a change which crosses the edge of that +region. + +In Transient Mark mode, undoing when a region is active requests +selective undo. + +** If you specify --unibyte when starting Emacs, then all buffers are +unibyte, except when a Lisp program specifically creates a multibyte +buffer. Setting the environment variable EMACS_UNIBYTE has the same +effect. The --no-unibyte option overrides EMACS_UNIBYTE and directs +Emacs to run normally in multibyte mode. + +The option --unibyte does not affect the reading of Emacs Lisp files, +though. If you want a Lisp file to be read in unibyte mode, use +-*-unibyte: t;-*- on its first line. That will force Emacs to +load that file in unibyte mode, regardless of how Emacs was started. + +** toggle-enable-multibyte-characters no longer has a key binding and +no longer appears in the menu bar. We've realized that changing the +enable-multibyte-characters variable in an existing buffer is +something that most users not do. + +** You can specify a coding system to use for the next cut or paste +operations through the window system with the command C-x RET X. +The coding system can make a difference for communication with other +applications. + +C-x RET x specifies a coding system for all subsequent cutting and +pasting operations. + +** You can specify the printer to use for commands that do printing by +setting the variable `printer-name'. Just what a printer name looks +like depends on your operating system. You can specify a different +printer for the Postscript printing commands by setting +`ps-printer-name'. + +** Emacs now supports on-the-fly spell checking by the means of a +minor mode. It is called M-x flyspell-mode. You don't have to remember +any other special commands to use it, and you will hardly notice it +except when you make a spelling error. Flyspell works by highlighting +incorrect words as soon as they are completed or as soon as the cursor +hits a new word. + +Flyspell mode works with whichever dictionary you have selected for +Ispell in Emacs. In TeX mode, it understands TeX syntax so as not +to be confused by TeX commands. + +You can correct a misspelled word by editing it into something +correct. You can also correct it, or accept it as correct, by +clicking on the word with Mouse-2; that gives you a pop-up menu +of various alternative replacements and actions. + +Flyspell mode also proposes "automatic" corrections. M-TAB replaces +the current misspelled word with a possible correction. If several +corrections are made possible, M-TAB cycles through them in +alphabetical order, or in order of decreasing likelihood if +flyspell-sort-corrections is nil. + +Flyspell mode also flags an error when a word is repeated, if +flyspell-mark-duplications-flag is non-nil. + +** Changes in input method usage. + +Now you can use arrow keys (right, left, down, up) for selecting among +the alternatives just the same way as you do by C-f, C-b, C-n, and C-p +respectively. + +You can use the ENTER key to accept the current conversion. + +If you type TAB to display a list of alternatives, you can select one +of the alternatives with Mouse-2. + +The meaning of the variable `input-method-verbose-flag' is changed so +that you can set it to t, nil, `default', or `complex-only'. + + If the value is nil, extra guidance is never given. + + If the value is t, extra guidance is always given. + + If the value is `complex-only', extra guidance is always given only + when you are using complex input methods such as chinese-py. + + If the value is `default' (this is the default), extra guidance is + given in the following case: + o When you are using a complex input method. + o When you are using a simple input method but not in the minibuffer. + +If you are using Emacs through a very slow line, setting +input-method-verbose-flag to nil or to complex-only is a good choice, +and if you are using an input method you are not familiar with, +setting it to t is helpful. + +The old command select-input-method is now called set-input-method. + +In the language environment "Korean", you can use the following +keys: + Shift-SPC toggle-korean-input-method + C-F9 quail-hangul-switch-symbol-ksc + F9 quail-hangul-switch-hanja +These key bindings are canceled when you switch to another language +environment. + +** The minibuffer history of file names now records the specified file +names, not the entire minibuffer input. For example, if the +minibuffer starts out with /usr/foo/, you might type in /etc/passwd to +get + + /usr/foo//etc/passwd + +which stands for the file /etc/passwd. + +Formerly, this used to put /usr/foo//etc/passwd in the history list. +Now this puts just /etc/passwd in the history list. + +** If you are root, Emacs sets backup-by-copying-when-mismatch to t +at startup, so that saving a file will be sure to preserve +its owner and group. + +** find-func.el can now also find the place of definition of Emacs +Lisp variables in user-loaded libraries. + +** C-x r t (string-rectangle) now deletes the existing rectangle +contents before inserting the specified string on each line. + +** There is a new command delete-whitespace-rectangle +which deletes whitespace starting from a particular column +in all the lines on a rectangle. The column is specified +by the left edge of the rectangle. + +** You can now store a number into a register with C-u NUMBER C-x r n REG, +increment it by INC with C-u INC C-x r + REG (to increment by one, omit +C-u INC), and insert it in the buffer with C-x r g REG. This is useful +for writing keyboard macros. + +** The new command M-x speedbar displays a frame in which directories, +files, and tags can be displayed, manipulated, and jumped to. The +frame defaults to 20 characters in width, and is the same height as +the frame that it was started from. Some major modes define +additional commands for the speedbar, including Rmail, GUD/GDB, and +info. + +** query-replace-regexp is now bound to C-M-%. + +** In Transient Mark mode, when the region is active, M-x +query-replace and the other replace commands now operate on the region +contents only. + +** M-x write-region, when used interactively, now asks for +confirmation before overwriting an existing file. When you call +the function from a Lisp program, a new optional argument CONFIRM +says whether to ask for confirmation in this case. + +** If you use find-file-literally and the file is already visited +non-literally, the command asks you whether to revisit the file +literally. If you say no, it signals an error. + +** Major modes defined with the "derived mode" feature +now use the proper name for the mode hook: WHATEVER-mode-hook. +Formerly they used the name WHATEVER-mode-hooks, but that is +inconsistent with Emacs conventions. + +** shell-command-on-region (and shell-command) reports success or +failure if the command produces no output. + +** Set focus-follows-mouse to nil if your window system or window +manager does not transfer focus to another window when you just move +the mouse. + +** mouse-menu-buffer-maxlen has been renamed to +mouse-buffer-menu-maxlen to be consistent with the other related +function and variable names. + +** The new variable auto-coding-alist specifies coding systems for +reading specific files. This has higher priority than +file-coding-system-alist. + +** If you set the variable unibyte-display-via-language-environment to +t, then Emacs displays non-ASCII characters are displayed by +converting them to the equivalent multibyte characters according to +the current language environment. As a result, they are displayed +according to the current fontset. + +** C-q's handling of codes in the range 0200 through 0377 is changed. + +The codes in the range 0200 through 0237 are inserted as one byte of +that code regardless of the values of nonascii-translation-table and +nonascii-insert-offset. + +For the codes in the range 0240 through 0377, if +enable-multibyte-characters is non-nil and nonascii-translation-table +nor nonascii-insert-offset can't convert them to valid multibyte +characters, they are converted to Latin-1 characters. + +** If you try to find a file that is not read-accessible, you now get +an error, rather than an empty buffer and a warning. + +** In the minibuffer history commands M-r and M-s, an upper case +letter in the regular expression forces case-sensitive search. + +** In the *Help* buffer, cross-references to commands and variables +are inferred and hyperlinked. Use C-h m in Help mode for the relevant +command keys. + +** M-x apropos-command, with a prefix argument, no longer looks for +user option variables--instead it looks for noninteractive functions. + +Meanwhile, the command apropos-variable normally searches for +user option variables; with a prefix argument, it looks at +all variables that have documentation. + +** When you type a long line in the minibuffer, and the minibuffer +shows just one line, automatically scrolling works in a special way +that shows you overlap with the previous line of text. The variable +minibuffer-scroll-overlap controls how many characters of overlap +it should show; the default is 20. + +Meanwhile, Resize Minibuffer mode is still available; in that mode, +the minibuffer grows taller (up to a point) as needed to show the whole +of your input. + +** The new command M-x customize-changed-options lets you customize +all the options whose meanings or default values have changed in +recent Emacs versions. You specify a previous Emacs version number as +argument, and the command creates a customization buffer showing all +the customizable options which were changed since that version. +Newly added options are included as well. + +If you don't specify a particular version number argument, +then the customization buffer shows all the customizable options +for which Emacs versions of changes are recorded. + +This function is also bound to the Changed Options entry in the +Customize menu. + +** When you run M-x grep with a prefix argument, it figures out +the tag around point and puts that into the default grep command. + +** The new command M-* (pop-tag-mark) pops back through a history of +buffer positions from which M-. or other tag-finding commands were +invoked. + +** The new variable comment-padding specifies the number of spaces +that `comment-region' will insert before the actual text of the comment. +The default is 1. + +** In Fortran mode the characters `.', `_' and `$' now have symbol +syntax, not word syntax. Fortran mode now supports `imenu' and has +new commands fortran-join-line (M-^) and fortran-narrow-to-subprogram +(C-x n d). M-q can be used to fill a statement or comment block +sensibly. + +** GUD now supports jdb, the Java debugger, and pdb, the Python debugger. + +** If you set the variable add-log-keep-changes-together to a non-nil +value, the command `C-x 4 a' will automatically notice when you make +two entries in one day for one file, and combine them. + +** You can use the command M-x diary-mail-entries to mail yourself a +reminder about upcoming diary entries. See the documentation string +for a sample shell script for calling this function automatically +every night. + +** Desktop changes + +*** All you need to do to enable use of the Desktop package, is to set +the variable desktop-enable to t with Custom. + +*** Minor modes are now restored. Which minor modes are restored +and how modes are restored is controlled by `desktop-minor-mode-table'. + +** There is no need to do anything special, now, to enable Gnus to +read and post multi-lingual articles. + +** Outline mode has now support for showing hidden outlines when +doing an isearch. In order for this to happen search-invisible should +be set to open (the default). If an isearch match is inside a hidden +outline the outline is made visible. If you continue pressing C-s and +the match moves outside the formerly invisible outline, the outline is +made invisible again. + +** Mail reading and sending changes + +*** The Rmail e command now switches to displaying the whole header of +the message before it lets you edit the message. This is so that any +changes you make in the header will not be lost if you subsequently +toggle. + +*** The w command in Rmail, which writes the message body into a file, +now works in the summary buffer as well. (The command to delete the +summary buffer is now Q.) The default file name for the w command, if +the message has no subject, is stored in the variable +rmail-default-body-file. + +*** Most of the commands and modes that operate on mail and netnews no +longer depend on the value of mail-header-separator. Instead, they +handle whatever separator the buffer happens to use. + +*** If you set mail-signature to a value which is not t, nil, or a string, +it should be an expression. When you send a message, this expression +is evaluated to insert the signature. + +*** The new Lisp library feedmail.el (version 8) enhances processing of +outbound email messages. It works in coordination with other email +handling packages (e.g., rmail, VM, gnus) and is responsible for +putting final touches on messages and actually submitting them for +transmission. Users of the emacs program "fakemail" might be +especially interested in trying feedmail. + +feedmail is not enabled by default. See comments at the top of +feedmail.el for set-up instructions. Among the bigger features +provided by feedmail are: + +**** you can park outgoing messages into a disk-based queue and +stimulate sending some or all of them later (handy for laptop users); +there is also a queue for draft messages + +**** you can get one last look at the prepped outbound message and +be prompted for confirmation + +**** does smart filling of address headers + +**** can generate a MESSAGE-ID: line and a DATE: line; the date can be +the time the message was written or the time it is being sent; this +can make FCC copies more closely resemble copies that recipients get + +**** you can specify an arbitrary function for actually transmitting +the message; included in feedmail are interfaces for /bin/[r]mail, +/usr/lib/sendmail, and elisp smtpmail; it's easy to write a new +function for something else (10-20 lines of elisp) + +** Dired changes + +*** The Dired function dired-do-toggle, which toggles marked and unmarked +files, is now bound to "t" instead of "T". + +*** dired-at-point has been added to ffap.el. It allows one to easily +run Dired on the directory name at point. + +*** Dired has a new command: %g. It searches the contents of +files in the directory and marks each file that contains a match +for a specified regexp. + +** VC Changes + +*** New option vc-ignore-vc-files lets you turn off version control +conveniently. + +*** VC Dired has been completely rewritten. It is now much +faster, especially for CVS, and works very similar to ordinary +Dired. + +VC Dired is invoked by typing C-x v d and entering the name of the +directory to display. By default, VC Dired gives you a recursive +listing of all files at or below the given directory which are +currently locked (for CVS, all files not up-to-date are shown). + +You can change the listing format by setting vc-dired-recurse to nil, +then it shows only the given directory, and you may also set +vc-dired-terse-display to nil, then it shows all files under version +control plus the names of any subdirectories, so that you can type `i' +on such lines to insert them manually, as in ordinary Dired. + +All Dired commands operate normally in VC Dired, except for `v', which +is redefined as the version control prefix. That means you may type +`v l', `v =' etc. to invoke `vc-print-log', `vc-diff' and the like on +the file named in the current Dired buffer line. `v v' invokes +`vc-next-action' on this file, or on all files currently marked. + +The new command `v t' (vc-dired-toggle-terse-mode) allows you to +toggle between terse display (only locked files) and full display (all +VC files plus subdirectories). There is also a special command, +`* l', to mark all files currently locked. + +Giving a prefix argument to C-x v d now does the same thing as in +ordinary Dired: it allows you to supply additional options for the ls +command in the minibuffer, to fine-tune VC Dired's output. + +*** Under CVS, if you merge changes from the repository into a working +file, and CVS detects conflicts, VC now offers to start an ediff +session to resolve them. + +Alternatively, you can use the new command `vc-resolve-conflicts' to +resolve conflicts in a file at any time. It works in any buffer that +contains conflict markers as generated by rcsmerge (which is what CVS +uses as well). + +*** You can now transfer changes between branches, using the new +command vc-merge (C-x v m). It is implemented for RCS and CVS. When +you invoke it in a buffer under version-control, you can specify +either an entire branch or a pair of versions, and the changes on that +branch or between the two versions are merged into the working file. +If this results in any conflicts, they may be resolved interactively, +using ediff. + +** Changes in Font Lock + +*** The face and variable previously known as font-lock-reference-face +are now called font-lock-constant-face to better reflect their typical +use for highlighting constants and labels. (Its face properties are +unchanged.) The variable font-lock-reference-face remains for now for +compatibility reasons, but its value is font-lock-constant-face. + +** Frame name display changes + +*** The command set-frame-name lets you set the name of the current +frame. You can use the new command select-frame-by-name to select and +raise a frame; this is mostly useful on character-only terminals, or +when many frames are invisible or iconified. + +*** On character-only terminal (not a window system), changing the +frame name is now reflected on the mode line and in the Buffers/Frames +menu. + +** Comint (subshell) changes + +*** In Comint modes, the commands to kill, stop or interrupt a +subjob now also kill pending input. This is for compatibility +with ordinary shells, where the signal characters do this. + +*** There are new commands in Comint mode. + +C-c C-x fetches the "next" line from the input history; +that is, the line after the last line you got. +You can use this command to fetch successive lines, one by one. + +C-c SPC accumulates lines of input. More precisely, it arranges to +send the current line together with the following line, when you send +the following line. + +C-c C-a if repeated twice consecutively now moves to the process mark, +which separates the pending input from the subprocess output and the +previously sent input. + +C-c M-r now runs comint-previous-matching-input-from-input; +it searches for a previous command, using the current pending input +as the search string. + +*** New option compilation-scroll-output can be set to scroll +automatically in compilation-mode windows. + +** C mode changes + +*** Multiline macros are now handled, both as they affect indentation, +and as recognized syntax. New syntactic symbol cpp-macro-cont is +assigned to second and subsequent lines of a multiline macro +definition. + +*** A new style "user" which captures all non-hook-ified +(i.e. top-level) .emacs file variable settings and customizations. +Style "cc-mode" is an alias for "user" and is deprecated. "gnu" +style is still the default however. + +*** "java" style now conforms to Sun's JDK coding style. + +*** There are new commands c-beginning-of-defun, c-end-of-defun which +are alternatives which you could bind to C-M-a and C-M-e if you prefer +them. They do not have key bindings by default. + +*** New and improved implementations of M-a (c-beginning-of-statement) +and M-e (c-end-of-statement). + +*** C++ namespace blocks are supported, with new syntactic symbols +namespace-open, namespace-close, and innamespace. + +*** File local variable settings of c-file-style and c-file-offsets +makes the style variables local to that buffer only. + +*** New indentation functions c-lineup-close-paren, +c-indent-one-line-block, c-lineup-dont-change. + +*** Improvements (hopefully!) to the way CC Mode is loaded. You +should now be able to do a (require 'cc-mode) to get the entire +package loaded properly for customization in your .emacs file. A new +variable c-initialize-on-load controls this and is t by default. + +** Changes to hippie-expand. + +*** New customization variable `hippie-expand-dabbrev-skip-space'. If +non-nil, trailing spaces may be included in the abbreviation to search for, +which then gives the same behavior as the original `dabbrev-expand'. + +*** New customization variable `hippie-expand-dabbrev-as-symbol'. If +non-nil, characters of syntax '_' is considered part of the word when +expanding dynamically. + +*** New customization variable `hippie-expand-no-restriction'. If +non-nil, narrowed buffers are widened before they are searched. + +*** New customization variable `hippie-expand-only-buffers'. If +non-empty, buffers searched are restricted to the types specified in +this list. Useful for example when constructing new special-purpose +expansion functions with `make-hippie-expand-function'. + +*** Text properties of the expansion are no longer copied. + +** Changes in BibTeX mode. + +*** Any titleword matching a regexp in the new variable +bibtex-autokey-titleword-ignore (case sensitive) is ignored during +automatic key generation. This replaces variable +bibtex-autokey-titleword-first-ignore, which only checked for matches +against the first word in the title. + +*** Autokey generation now uses all words from the title, not just +capitalized words. To avoid conflicts with existing customizations, +bibtex-autokey-titleword-ignore is set up such that words starting with +lowerkey characters will still be ignored. Thus, if you want to use +lowercase words from the title, you will have to overwrite the +bibtex-autokey-titleword-ignore standard setting. + +*** Case conversion of names and title words for automatic key +generation is more flexible. Variable bibtex-autokey-preserve-case is +replaced by bibtex-autokey-titleword-case-convert and +bibtex-autokey-name-case-convert. + +** Changes in vcursor.el. + +*** Support for character terminals is available: there is a new keymap +and the vcursor will appear as an arrow between buffer text. A +variable `vcursor-interpret-input' allows input from the vcursor to be +entered exactly as if typed. Numerous functions, including +`vcursor-compare-windows', have been rewritten to improve consistency +in the selection of windows and corresponding keymaps. + +*** vcursor options can now be altered with M-x customize under the +Editing group once the package is loaded. + +*** Loading vcursor now does not define keys by default, as this is +generally a bad side effect. Use M-x customize to set +vcursor-key-bindings to t to restore the old behaviour. + +*** vcursor-auto-disable can be `copy', which turns off copying from the +vcursor, but doesn't disable it, after any non-vcursor command. + +** Ispell changes. + +*** You can now spell check comments and strings in the current +buffer with M-x ispell-comments-and-strings. Comments and strings +are identified by syntax tables in effect. + +*** Generic region skipping implemented. +A single buffer can be broken into a number of regions where text will +and will not be checked. The definitions of the regions can be user +defined. New applications and improvements made available by this +include: + + o URLs are automatically skipped + o EMail message checking is vastly improved. + +*** Ispell can highlight the erroneous word even on non-window terminals. + +** Changes to RefTeX mode + +RefTeX has been updated in order to make it more usable with very +large projects (like a several volume math book). The parser has been +re-written from scratch. To get maximum speed from RefTeX, check the +section `Optimizations' in the manual. + +*** New recursive parser. + +The old version of RefTeX created a single large buffer containing the +entire multifile document in order to parse the document. The new +recursive parser scans the individual files. + +*** Parsing only part of a document. + +Reparsing of changed document parts can now be made faster by enabling +partial scans. To use this feature, read the documentation string of +the variable `reftex-enable-partial-scans' and set the variable to t. + + (setq reftex-enable-partial-scans t) + +*** Storing parsing information in a file. + +This can improve startup times considerably. To turn it on, use + + (setq reftex-save-parse-info t) + +*** Using multiple selection buffers + +If the creation of label selection buffers is too slow (this happens +for large documents), you can reuse these buffers by setting + + (setq reftex-use-multiple-selection-buffers t) + +*** References to external documents. + +The LaTeX package `xr' allows to cross-reference labels in external +documents. RefTeX can provide information about the external +documents as well. To use this feature, set up the \externaldocument +macros required by the `xr' package and rescan the document with +RefTeX. The external labels can then be accessed with the `x' key in +the selection buffer provided by `reftex-reference' (bound to `C-c )'). +The `x' key also works in the table of contents buffer. + +*** Many more labeled LaTeX environments are recognized by default. + +The builtin command list now covers all the standard LaTeX commands, +and all of the major packages included in the LaTeX distribution. + +Also, RefTeX now understands the \appendix macro and changes +the enumeration of sections in the *toc* buffer accordingly. + +*** Mouse support for selection and *toc* buffers + +The mouse can now be used to select items in the selection and *toc* +buffers. See also the new option `reftex-highlight-selection'. + +*** New keymaps for selection and table of contents modes. + +The selection processes for labels and citation keys, and the table of +contents buffer now have their own keymaps: `reftex-select-label-map', +`reftex-select-bib-map', `reftex-toc-map'. The selection processes +have a number of new keys predefined. In particular, TAB lets you +enter a label with completion. Check the on-the-fly help (press `?' +at the selection prompt) or read the Info documentation to find out +more. + +*** Support for the varioref package + +The `v' key in the label selection buffer toggles \ref versus \vref. + +*** New hooks + +Three new hooks can be used to redefine the way labels, references, +and citations are created. These hooks are +`reftex-format-label-function', `reftex-format-ref-function', +`reftex-format-cite-function'. + +*** Citations outside LaTeX + +The command `reftex-citation' may also be used outside LaTeX (e.g. in +a mail buffer). See the Info documentation for details. + +*** Short context is no longer fontified. + +The short context in the label menu no longer copies the +fontification from the text in the buffer. If you prefer it to be +fontified, use + + (setq reftex-refontify-context t) + +** file-cache-minibuffer-complete now accepts a prefix argument. +With a prefix argument, it does not try to do completion of +the file name within its directory; it only checks for other +directories that contain the same file name. + +Thus, given the file name Makefile, and assuming that a file +Makefile.in exists in the same directory, ordinary +file-cache-minibuffer-complete will try to complete Makefile to +Makefile.in and will therefore never look for other directories that +have Makefile. A prefix argument tells it not to look for longer +names such as Makefile.in, so that instead it will look for other +directories--just as if the name were already complete in its present +directory. + +** New modes and packages + +*** There is a new alternative major mode for Perl, Cperl mode. +It has many more features than Perl mode, and some people prefer +it, but some do not. + +*** There is a new major mode, M-x vhdl-mode, for editing files of VHDL +code. + +*** M-x which-function-mode enables a minor mode that displays the +current function name continuously in the mode line, as you move +around in a buffer. + +Which Function mode is effective in major modes which support Imenu. + +*** Gametree is a major mode for editing game analysis trees. The author +uses it for keeping notes about his postal Chess games, but it should +be helpful for other two-player games as well, as long as they have an +established system of notation similar to Chess. + +*** The new minor mode checkdoc-minor-mode provides Emacs Lisp +documentation string checking for style and spelling. The style +guidelines are found in the Emacs Lisp programming manual. + +*** The net-utils package makes some common networking features +available in Emacs. Some of these functions are wrappers around +system utilities (ping, nslookup, etc); others are implementations of +simple protocols (finger, whois) in Emacs Lisp. There are also +functions to make simple connections to TCP/IP ports for debugging and +the like. + +*** highlight-changes-mode is a minor mode that uses colors to +identify recently changed parts of the buffer text. + +*** The new package `midnight' lets you specify things to be done +within Emacs at midnight--by default, kill buffers that you have not +used in a considerable time. To use this feature, customize +the user option `midnight-mode' to t. + +*** The file generic-x.el defines a number of simple major modes. + + apache-generic-mode: For Apache and NCSA httpd configuration files + samba-generic-mode: Samba configuration files + fvwm-generic-mode: For fvwm initialization files + x-resource-generic-mode: For X resource files + hosts-generic-mode: For hosts files (.rhosts, /etc/hosts, etc) + mailagent-rules-generic-mode: For mailagent .rules files + javascript-generic-mode: For JavaScript files + vrml-generic-mode: For VRML files + java-manifest-generic-mode: For Java MANIFEST files + java-properties-generic-mode: For Java property files + mailrc-generic-mode: For .mailrc files + + Platform-specific modes: + + prototype-generic-mode: For Solaris/Sys V prototype files + pkginfo-generic-mode: For Solaris/Sys V pkginfo files + alias-generic-mode: For C shell alias files + inf-generic-mode: For MS-Windows INF files + ini-generic-mode: For MS-Windows INI files + reg-generic-mode: For MS-Windows Registry files + bat-generic-mode: For MS-Windows BAT scripts + rc-generic-mode: For MS-Windows Resource files + rul-generic-mode: For InstallShield scripts + +* Lisp changes in Emacs 20.3 since the Emacs Lisp Manual was published + +** If you want a Lisp file to be read in unibyte mode, +use -*-unibyte: t;-*- on its first line. +That will force Emacs to read that file in unibyte mode. +Otherwise, the file will be loaded and byte-compiled in multibyte mode. + +Thus, each lisp file is read in a consistent way regardless of whether +you started Emacs with --unibyte, so that a Lisp program gives +consistent results regardless of how Emacs was started. + +** The new function assoc-default is useful for searching an alist, +and using a default value if the key is not found there. You can +specify a comparison predicate, so this function is useful for +searching comparing a string against an alist of regular expressions. + +** The functions unibyte-char-to-multibyte and +multibyte-char-to-unibyte convert between unibyte and multibyte +character codes, in a way that is appropriate for the current language +environment. + +** The functions read-event, read-char and read-char-exclusive now +take two optional arguments. PROMPT, if non-nil, specifies a prompt +string. SUPPRESS-INPUT-METHOD, if non-nil, says to disable the +current input method for reading this one event. + +** Two new variables print-escape-nonascii and print-escape-multibyte +now control whether to output certain characters as +backslash-sequences. print-escape-nonascii applies to single-byte +non-ASCII characters; print-escape-multibyte applies to multibyte +characters. Both of these variables are used only when printing +in readable fashion (prin1 uses them, princ does not). + +* Lisp changes in Emacs 20.3 before the Emacs Lisp Manual was published + +** Compiled Emacs Lisp files made with the modified "MBSK" version +of Emacs 20.2 do not work in Emacs 20.3. + +** Buffer positions are now measured in characters, as they were +in Emacs 19 and before. This means that (forward-char 1) +always increases point by 1. + +The function chars-in-region now just subtracts its arguments. It is +considered obsolete. The function char-boundary-p has been deleted. + +See below for additional changes relating to multibyte characters. + +** defcustom, defface and defgroup now accept the keyword `:version'. +Use this to specify in which version of Emacs a certain variable's +default value changed. For example, + + (defcustom foo-max 34 "*Maximum number of foo's allowed." + :type 'integer + :group 'foo + :version "20.3") + + (defgroup foo-group nil "The foo group." + :version "20.3") + +If an entire new group is added or the variables in it have the +default values changed, then just add a `:version' to that group. It +is recommended that new packages added to the distribution contain a +`:version' in the top level group. + +This information is used to control the customize-changed-options command. + +** It is now an error to change the value of a symbol whose name +starts with a colon--if it is interned in the standard obarray. + +However, setting such a symbol to its proper value, which is that +symbol itself, is not an error. This is for the sake of programs that +support previous Emacs versions by explicitly setting these variables +to themselves. + +If you set the variable keyword-symbols-constant-flag to nil, +this error is suppressed, and you can set these symbols to any +values whatever. + +** There is a new debugger command, R. +It evaluates an expression like e, but saves the result +in the buffer *Debugger-record*. + +** Frame-local variables. + +You can now make a variable local to various frames. To do this, call +the function make-variable-frame-local; this enables frames to have +local bindings for that variable. + +These frame-local bindings are actually frame parameters: you create a +frame-local binding in a specific frame by calling +modify-frame-parameters and specifying the variable name as the +parameter name. + +Buffer-local bindings take precedence over frame-local bindings. +Thus, if the current buffer has a buffer-local binding, that binding is +active; otherwise, if the selected frame has a frame-local binding, +that binding is active; otherwise, the default binding is active. + +It would not be hard to implement window-local bindings, but it is not +clear that this would be very useful; windows tend to come and go in a +very transitory fashion, so that trying to produce any specific effect +through a window-local binding would not be very robust. + +** `sregexq' and `sregex' are two new functions for constructing +"symbolic regular expressions." These are Lisp expressions that, when +evaluated, yield conventional string-based regexps. The symbolic form +makes it easier to construct, read, and maintain complex patterns. +See the documentation in sregex.el. + +** parse-partial-sexp's return value has an additional element which +is used to pass information along if you pass it to another call to +parse-partial-sexp, starting its scan where the first call ended. +The contents of this field are not yet finalized. + +** eval-region now accepts a fourth optional argument READ-FUNCTION. +If it is non-nil, that function is used instead of `read'. + +** unload-feature by default removes the feature's functions from +known hooks to avoid trouble, but a package providing FEATURE can +define a hook FEATURE-unload-hook to be run by unload-feature instead. + +** read-from-minibuffer no longer returns the argument DEFAULT-VALUE +when the user enters empty input. It now returns the null string, as +it did in Emacs 19. The default value is made available in the +history via M-n, but it is not applied here as a default. + +The other, more specialized minibuffer-reading functions continue to +return the default value (not the null string) when the user enters +empty input. + +** The new variable read-buffer-function controls which routine to use +for selecting buffers. For example, if you set this variable to +`iswitchb-read-buffer', iswitchb will be used to read buffer names. +Other functions can also be used if they accept the same arguments as +`read-buffer' and return the selected buffer name as a string. + +** The new function read-passwd reads a password from the terminal, +echoing a period for each character typed. It takes three arguments: +a prompt string, a flag which says "read it twice to make sure", and a +default password to use if the user enters nothing. + +** The variable fill-nobreak-predicate gives major modes a way to +specify not to break a line at certain places. Its value is a +function which is called with no arguments, with point located at the +place where a break is being considered. If the function returns +non-nil, then the line won't be broken there. + +** window-end now takes an optional second argument, UPDATE. +If this is non-nil, then the function always returns an accurate +up-to-date value for the buffer position corresponding to the +end of the window, even if this requires computation. + +** other-buffer now takes an optional argument FRAME +which specifies which frame's buffer list to use. +If it is nil, that means use the selected frame's buffer list. + +** The new variable buffer-display-time, always local in every buffer, +holds the value of (current-time) as of the last time that a window +was directed to display this buffer. + +** It is now meaningful to compare two window-configuration objects +with `equal'. Two window-configuration objects are equal if they +describe equivalent arrangements of windows, in the same frame--in +other words, if they would give the same results if passed to +set-window-configuration. + +** compare-window-configurations is a new function that compares two +window configurations loosely. It ignores differences in saved buffer +positions and scrolling, and considers only the structure and sizes of +windows and the choice of buffers to display. + +** The variable minor-mode-overriding-map-alist allows major modes to +override the key bindings of a minor mode. The elements of this alist +look like the elements of minor-mode-map-alist: (VARIABLE . KEYMAP). + +If the VARIABLE in an element of minor-mode-overriding-map-alist has a +non-nil value, the paired KEYMAP is active, and totally overrides the +map (if any) specified for the same variable in minor-mode-map-alist. + +minor-mode-overriding-map-alist is automatically local in all buffers, +and it is meant to be set by major modes. + +** The function match-string-no-properties is like match-string +except that it discards all text properties from the result. + +** The function load-average now accepts an optional argument +USE-FLOATS. If it is non-nil, the load average values are returned as +floating point numbers, rather than as integers to be divided by 100. + +** The new variable temporary-file-directory specifies the directory +to use for creating temporary files. The default value is determined +in a reasonable way for your operating system; on GNU and Unix systems +it is based on the TMP and TMPDIR environment variables. + +** Menu changes + +*** easymenu.el now uses the new menu item format and supports the +keywords :visible and :filter. The existing keyword :keys is now +better supported. + +The variable `easy-menu-precalculate-equivalent-keybindings' controls +a new feature which calculates keyboard equivalents for the menu when +you define the menu. The default is t. If you rarely use menus, you +can set the variable to nil to disable this precalculation feature; +then the calculation is done only if you use the menu bar. + +*** A new format for menu items is supported. + +In a keymap, a key binding that has the format + (STRING . REAL-BINDING) or (STRING HELP-STRING . REAL-BINDING) +defines a menu item. Now a menu item definition may also be a list that +starts with the symbol `menu-item'. + +The format is: + (menu-item ITEM-NAME) or + (menu-item ITEM-NAME REAL-BINDING . ITEM-PROPERTY-LIST) +where ITEM-NAME is an expression which evaluates to the menu item +string, and ITEM-PROPERTY-LIST has the form of a property list. +The supported properties include + +:enable FORM Evaluate FORM to determine whether the + item is enabled. +:visible FORM Evaluate FORM to determine whether the + item should appear in the menu. +:filter FILTER-FN + FILTER-FN is a function of one argument, + which will be REAL-BINDING. + It should return a binding to use instead. +:keys DESCRIPTION + DESCRIPTION is a string that describes an equivalent keyboard + binding for for REAL-BINDING. DESCRIPTION is expanded with + `substitute-command-keys' before it is used. +:key-sequence KEY-SEQUENCE + KEY-SEQUENCE is a key-sequence for an equivalent + keyboard binding. +:key-sequence nil + This means that the command normally has no + keyboard equivalent. +:help HELP HELP is the extra help string (not currently used). +:button (TYPE . SELECTED) + TYPE is :toggle or :radio. + SELECTED is a form, to be evaluated, and its + value says whether this button is currently selected. + +Buttons are at the moment only simulated by prefixes in the menu. +Eventually ordinary X-buttons may be supported. + +(menu-item ITEM-NAME) defines unselectable item. + +** New event types + +*** The new event type `mouse-wheel' is generated by a wheel on a +mouse (such as the MS Intellimouse). The event contains a delta that +corresponds to the amount and direction that the wheel is rotated, +which is typically used to implement a scroll or zoom. The format is: + + (mouse-wheel POSITION DELTA) + +where POSITION is a list describing the position of the event in the +same format as a mouse-click event, and DELTA is a signed number +indicating the number of increments by which the wheel was rotated. A +negative DELTA indicates that the wheel was rotated backwards, towards +the user, and a positive DELTA indicates that the wheel was rotated +forward, away from the user. + +As of now, this event type is generated only on MS Windows. + +*** The new event type `drag-n-drop' is generated when a group of +files is selected in an application outside of Emacs, and then dragged +and dropped onto an Emacs frame. The event contains a list of +filenames that were dragged and dropped, which are then typically +loaded into Emacs. The format is: + + (drag-n-drop POSITION FILES) + +where POSITION is a list describing the position of the event in the +same format as a mouse-click event, and FILES is the list of filenames +that were dragged and dropped. + +As of now, this event type is generated only on MS Windows. + +** Changes relating to multibyte characters. + +*** The variable enable-multibyte-characters is now read-only; +any attempt to set it directly signals an error. The only way +to change this value in an existing buffer is with set-buffer-multibyte. + +*** In a string constant, `\ ' now stands for "nothing at all". You +can use it to terminate a hex escape which is followed by a character +that could otherwise be read as part of the hex escape. + +*** String indices are now measured in characters, as they were +in Emacs 19 and before. + +The function chars-in-string has been deleted. +The function concat-chars has been renamed to `string'. + +*** The function set-buffer-multibyte sets the flag in the current +buffer that says whether the buffer uses multibyte representation or +unibyte representation. If the argument is nil, it selects unibyte +representation. Otherwise it selects multibyte representation. + +This function does not change the contents of the buffer, viewed +as a sequence of bytes. However, it does change the contents +viewed as characters; a sequence of two bytes which is treated as +one character when the buffer uses multibyte representation +will count as two characters using unibyte representation. + +This function sets enable-multibyte-characters to record which +representation is in use. It also adjusts various data in the buffer +(including its markers, overlays and text properties) so that they are +consistent with the new representation. + +*** string-make-multibyte takes a string and converts it to multibyte +representation. Most of the time, you don't need to care +about the representation, because Emacs converts when necessary; +however, it makes a difference when you compare strings. + +The conversion of non-ASCII characters works by adding the value of +nonascii-insert-offset to each character, or by translating them +using the table nonascii-translation-table. + +*** string-make-unibyte takes a string and converts it to unibyte +representation. Most of the time, you don't need to care about the +representation, but it makes a difference when you compare strings. + +The conversion from multibyte to unibyte representation +loses information; the only time Emacs performs it automatically +is when inserting a multibyte string into a unibyte buffer. + +*** string-as-multibyte takes a string, and returns another string +which contains the same bytes, but treats them as multibyte. + +*** string-as-unibyte takes a string, and returns another string +which contains the same bytes, but treats them as unibyte. + +*** The new function compare-strings lets you compare +portions of two strings. Unibyte strings are converted to multibyte, +so that a unibyte string can match a multibyte string. +You can specify whether to ignore case or not. + +*** assoc-ignore-case now uses compare-strings so that +it can treat unibyte and multibyte strings as equal. + +*** Regular expression operations and buffer string searches now +convert the search pattern to multibyte or unibyte to accord with the +buffer or string being searched. + +One consequence is that you cannot always use \200-\377 inside of +[...] to match all non-ASCII characters. This does still work when +searching or matching a unibyte buffer or string, but not when +searching or matching a multibyte string. Unfortunately, there is no +obvious choice of syntax to use within [...] for that job. But, what +you want is just to match all non-ASCII characters, the regular +expression [^\0-\177] works for it. + +*** Structure of coding system changed. + +All coding systems (including aliases and subsidiaries) are named +by symbols; the symbol's `coding-system' property is a vector +which defines the coding system. Aliases share the same vector +as the principal name, so that altering the contents of this +vector affects the principal name and its aliases. You can define +your own alias name of a coding system by the function +define-coding-system-alias. + +The coding system definition includes a property list of its own. Use +the new functions `coding-system-get' and `coding-system-put' to +access such coding system properties as post-read-conversion, +pre-write-conversion, character-translation-table-for-decode, +character-translation-table-for-encode, mime-charset, and +safe-charsets. For instance, (coding-system-get 'iso-latin-1 +'mime-charset) gives the corresponding MIME-charset parameter +`iso-8859-1'. + +Among the coding system properties listed above, safe-charsets is new. +The value of this property is a list of character sets which this +coding system can correctly encode and decode. For instance: +(coding-system-get 'iso-latin-1 'safe-charsets) => (ascii latin-iso8859-1) + +Here, "correctly encode" means that the encoded character sets can +also be handled safely by systems other than Emacs as far as they +are capable of that coding system. Though, Emacs itself can encode +the other character sets and read it back correctly. + +*** The new function select-safe-coding-system can be used to find a +proper coding system for encoding the specified region or string. +This function requires a user interaction. + +*** The new functions find-coding-systems-region and +find-coding-systems-string are helper functions used by +select-safe-coding-system. They return a list of all proper coding +systems to encode a text in some region or string. If you don't want +a user interaction, use one of these functions instead of +select-safe-coding-system. + +*** The explicit encoding and decoding functions, such as +decode-coding-region and encode-coding-string, now set +last-coding-system-used to reflect the actual way encoding or decoding +was done. + +*** The new function detect-coding-with-language-environment can be +used to detect a coding system of text according to priorities of +coding systems used by some specific language environment. + +*** The functions detect-coding-region and detect-coding-string always +return a list if the arg HIGHEST is nil. Thus, if only ASCII +characters are found, they now return a list of single element +`undecided' or its subsidiaries. + +*** The new functions coding-system-change-eol-conversion and +coding-system-change-text-conversion can be used to get a different +coding system than what specified only in how end-of-line or text is +converted. + +*** The new function set-selection-coding-system can be used to set a +coding system for communicating with other X clients. + +*** The function `map-char-table' now passes as argument only valid +character codes, plus generic characters that stand for entire +character sets or entire subrows of a character set. In other words, +each time `map-char-table' calls its FUNCTION argument, the key value +either will be a valid individual character code, or will stand for a +range of characters. + +*** The new function `char-valid-p' can be used for checking whether a +Lisp object is a valid character code or not. + +*** The new function `charset-after' returns a charset of a character +in the current buffer at position POS. + +*** Input methods are now implemented using the variable +input-method-function. If this is non-nil, its value should be a +function; then, whenever Emacs reads an input event that is a printing +character with no modifier bits, it calls that function, passing the +event as an argument. Often this function will read more input, first +binding input-method-function to nil. + +The return value should be a list of the events resulting from input +method processing. These events will be processed sequentially as +input, before resorting to unread-command-events. Events returned by +the input method function are not passed to the input method function, +not even if they are printing characters with no modifier bits. + +The input method function is not called when reading the second and +subsequent events of a key sequence. + +*** You can customize any language environment by using +set-language-environment-hook and exit-language-environment-hook. + +The hook `exit-language-environment-hook' should be used to undo +customizations that you made with set-language-environment-hook. For +instance, if you set up a special key binding for a specific language +environment by set-language-environment-hook, you should set up +exit-language-environment-hook to restore the normal key binding. + +* Changes in Emacs 20.1 + +** Emacs has a new facility for customization of its many user +options. It is called M-x customize. With this facility you can look +at the many user options in an organized way; they are grouped into a +tree structure. + +M-x customize also knows what sorts of values are legitimate for each +user option and ensures that you don't use invalid values. + +With M-x customize, you can set options either for the present Emacs +session or permanently. (Permanent settings are stored automatically +in your .emacs file.) + +** Scroll bars are now on the left side of the window. +You can change this with M-x customize-option scroll-bar-mode. + +** The mode line no longer includes the string `Emacs'. +This makes more space in the mode line for other information. + +** When you select a region with the mouse, it is highlighted +immediately afterward. At that time, if you type the DELETE key, it +kills the region. + +The BACKSPACE key, and the ASCII character DEL, do not do this; they +delete the character before point, as usual. + +** In an incremental search the whole current match is highlighted +on terminals which support this. (You can disable this feature +by setting search-highlight to nil.) + +** In the minibuffer, in some cases, you can now use M-n to +insert the default value into the minibuffer as text. In effect, +the default value (if the minibuffer routines know it) is tacked +onto the history "in the future". (The more normal use of the +history list is to use M-p to insert minibuffer input used in the +past.) + +** In Text mode, now only blank lines separate paragraphs. +This makes it possible to get the full benefit of Adaptive Fill mode +in Text mode, and other modes derived from it (such as Mail mode). +TAB in Text mode now runs the command indent-relative; this +makes a practical difference only when you use indented paragraphs. + +As a result, the old Indented Text mode is now identical to Text mode, +and is an alias for it. + +If you want spaces at the beginning of a line to start a paragraph, +use the new mode, Paragraph Indent Text mode. + +** Scrolling changes + +*** Scroll commands to scroll a whole screen now preserve the screen +position of the cursor, if scroll-preserve-screen-position is non-nil. + +In this mode, if you scroll several screens back and forth, finishing +on the same screen where you started, the cursor goes back to the line +where it started. + +*** If you set scroll-conservatively to a small number, then when you +move point a short distance off the screen, Emacs will scroll the +screen just far enough to bring point back on screen, provided that +does not exceed `scroll-conservatively' lines. + +*** The new variable scroll-margin says how close point can come to the +top or bottom of a window. It is a number of screen lines; if point +comes within that many lines of the top or bottom of the window, Emacs +recenters the window. + +** International character set support (MULE) + +Emacs now supports a wide variety of international character sets, +including European variants of the Latin alphabet, as well as Chinese, +Devanagari (Hindi and Marathi), Ethiopian, Greek, IPA, Japanese, +Korean, Lao, Russian, Thai, Tibetan, and Vietnamese scripts. These +features have been merged from the modified version of Emacs known as +MULE (for "MULti-lingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs") + +Users of these scripts have established many more-or-less standard +coding systems for storing files. Emacs uses a single multibyte +character encoding within Emacs buffers; it can translate from a wide +variety of coding systems when reading a file and can translate back +into any of these coding systems when saving a file. + +Keyboards, even in the countries where these character sets are used, +generally don't have keys for all the characters in them. So Emacs +supports various "input methods", typically one for each script or +language, to make it possible to type them. + +The Emacs internal multibyte encoding represents a non-ASCII +character as a sequence of bytes in the range 0200 through 0377. + +The new prefix key C-x RET is used for commands that pertain +to multibyte characters, coding systems, and input methods. + +You can disable multibyte character support as follows: + + (setq-default enable-multibyte-characters nil) + +Calling the function standard-display-european turns off multibyte +characters, unless you specify a non-nil value for the second +argument, AUTO. This provides compatibility for people who are +already using standard-display-european to continue using unibyte +characters for their work until they want to change. + +*** Input methods + +An input method is a kind of character conversion which is designed +specifically for interactive input. In Emacs, typically each language +has its own input method (though sometimes several languages which use +the same characters can share one input method). Some languages +support several input methods. + +The simplest kind of input method works by mapping ASCII letters into +another alphabet. This is how the Greek and Russian input methods +work. + +A more powerful technique is composition: converting sequences of +characters into one letter. Many European input methods use +composition to produce a single non-ASCII letter from a sequence which +consists of a letter followed by diacritics. For example, a' is one +sequence of two characters that might be converted into a single +letter. + +The input methods for syllabic scripts typically use mapping followed +by conversion. The input methods for Thai and Korean work this way. +First, letters are mapped into symbols for particular sounds or tone +marks; then, sequences of these which make up a whole syllable are +mapped into one syllable sign--most often a "composite character". + +None of these methods works very well for Chinese and Japanese, so +they are handled specially. First you input a whole word using +phonetic spelling; then, after the word is in the buffer, Emacs +converts it into one or more characters using a large dictionary. + +Since there is more than one way to represent a phonetically spelled +word using Chinese characters, Emacs can only guess which one to use; +typically these input methods give you a way to say "guess again" if +the first guess is wrong. + +*** The command C-x RET m (toggle-enable-multibyte-characters) +turns multibyte character support on or off for the current buffer. + +If multibyte character support is turned off in a buffer, then each +byte is a single character, even codes 0200 through 0377--exactly as +they did in Emacs 19.34. This includes the features for support for +the European characters, ISO Latin-1 and ISO Latin-2. + +However, there is no need to turn off multibyte character support to +use ISO Latin-1 or ISO Latin-2; the Emacs multibyte character set +includes all the characters in these character sets, and Emacs can +translate automatically to and from either one. + +*** Visiting a file in unibyte mode. + +Turning off multibyte character support in the buffer after visiting a +file with multibyte code conversion will display the multibyte +sequences already in the buffer, byte by byte. This is probably not +what you want. + +If you want to edit a file of unibyte characters (Latin-1, for +example), you can do it by specifying `no-conversion' as the coding +system when reading the file. This coding system also turns off +multibyte characters in that buffer. + +If you turn off multibyte character support entirely, this turns off +character conversion as well. + +*** Displaying international characters on X Windows. + +A font for X typically displays just one alphabet or script. +Therefore, displaying the entire range of characters Emacs supports +requires using many fonts. + +Therefore, Emacs now supports "fontsets". Each fontset is a +collection of fonts, each assigned to a range of character codes. + +A fontset has a name, like a font. Individual fonts are defined by +the X server; fontsets are defined within Emacs itself. But once you +have defined a fontset, you can use it in a face or a frame just as +you would use a font. + +If a fontset specifies no font for a certain character, or if it +specifies a font that does not exist on your system, then it cannot +display that character. It will display an empty box instead. + +The fontset height and width are determined by the ASCII characters +(that is, by the font in the fontset which is used for ASCII +characters). If another font in the fontset has a different height, +or the wrong width, then characters assigned to that font are clipped, +and displayed within a box if highlight-wrong-size-font is non-nil. + +*** Defining fontsets. + +Emacs does not use any fontset by default. Its default font is still +chosen as in previous versions. You can tell Emacs to use a fontset +with the `-fn' option or the `Font' X resource. + +Emacs creates a standard fontset automatically according to the value +of standard-fontset-spec. This fontset's short name is +`fontset-standard'. Bold, italic, and bold-italic variants of the +standard fontset are created automatically. + +If you specify a default ASCII font with the `Font' resource or `-fn' +argument, a fontset is generated from it. This works by replacing the +FOUNDARY, FAMILY, ADD_STYLE, and AVERAGE_WIDTH fields of the font name +with `*' then using this to specify a fontset. This fontset's short +name is `fontset-startup'. + +Emacs checks resources of the form Fontset-N where N is 0, 1, 2... +The resource value should have this form: + FONTSET-NAME, [CHARSET-NAME:FONT-NAME]... +FONTSET-NAME should have the form of a standard X font name, except: + * most fields should be just the wild card "*". + * the CHARSET_REGISTRY field should be "fontset" + * the CHARSET_ENCODING field can be any nickname of the fontset. +The construct CHARSET-NAME:FONT-NAME can be repeated any number +of times; each time specifies the font for one character set. +CHARSET-NAME should be the name name of a character set, and +FONT-NAME should specify an actual font to use for that character set. + +Each of these fontsets has an alias which is made from the +last two font name fields, CHARSET_REGISTRY and CHARSET_ENCODING. +You can refer to the fontset by that alias or by its full name. + +For any character sets that you don't mention, Emacs tries to choose a +font by substituting into FONTSET-NAME. For instance, with the +following resource, + Emacs*Fontset-0: -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24 +the font for ASCII is generated as below: + -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-ISO8859-1 +Here is the substitution rule: + Change CHARSET_REGISTRY and CHARSET_ENCODING to that of the charset + defined in the variable x-charset-registries. For instance, ASCII has + the entry (ascii . "ISO8859-1") in this variable. Then, reduce + sequences of wild cards -*-...-*- with a single wildcard -*-. + (This is to prevent use of auto-scaled fonts.) + +The function which processes the fontset resource value to create the +fontset is called create-fontset-from-fontset-spec. You can also call +that function explicitly to create a fontset. + +With the X resource Emacs.Font, you can specify a fontset name just +like an actual font name. But be careful not to specify a fontset +name in a wildcard resource like Emacs*Font--that tries to specify the +fontset for other purposes including menus, and they cannot handle +fontsets. + +*** The command M-x set-language-environment sets certain global Emacs +defaults for a particular choice of language. + +Selecting a language environment typically specifies a default input +method and which coding systems to recognize automatically when +visiting files. However, it does not try to reread files you have +already visited; the text in those buffers is not affected. The +language environment may also specify a default choice of coding +system for new files that you create. + +It makes no difference which buffer is current when you use +set-language-environment, because these defaults apply globally to the +whole Emacs session. + +For example, M-x set-language-environment RET Latin-1 RET +chooses the Latin-1 character set. In the .emacs file, you can do this +with (set-language-environment "Latin-1"). + +*** The command C-x RET f (set-buffer-file-coding-system) +specifies the file coding system for the current buffer. This +specifies what sort of character code translation to do when saving +the file. As an argument, you must specify the name of one of the +coding systems that Emacs supports. + +*** The command C-x RET c (universal-coding-system-argument) +lets you specify a coding system when you read or write a file. +This command uses the minibuffer to read a coding system name. +After you exit the minibuffer, the specified coding system +is used for *the immediately following command*. + +So if the immediately following command is a command to read or +write a file, it uses the specified coding system for that file. + +If the immediately following command does not use the coding system, +then C-x RET c ultimately has no effect. + +For example, C-x RET c iso-8859-1 RET C-x C-f temp RET +visits the file `temp' treating it as ISO Latin-1. + +*** You can specify the coding system for a file using the -*- +construct. Include `coding: CODINGSYSTEM;' inside the -*-...-*- +to specify use of coding system CODINGSYSTEM. You can also +specify the coding system in a local variable list at the end +of the file. + +*** The command C-x RET t (set-terminal-coding-system) specifies +the coding system for terminal output. If you specify a character +code for terminal output, all characters output to the terminal are +translated into that character code. + +This feature is useful for certain character-only terminals built in +various countries to support the languages of those countries. + +By default, output to the terminal is not translated at all. + +*** The command C-x RET k (set-keyboard-coding-system) specifies +the coding system for keyboard input. + +Character code translation of keyboard input is useful for terminals +with keys that send non-ASCII graphic characters--for example, +some terminals designed for ISO Latin-1 or subsets of it. + +By default, keyboard input is not translated at all. + +Character code translation of keyboard input is similar to using an +input method, in that both define sequences of keyboard input that +translate into single characters. However, input methods are designed +to be convenient for interactive use, while the code translations are +designed to work with terminals. + +*** The command C-x RET p (set-buffer-process-coding-system) +specifies the coding system for input and output to a subprocess. +This command applies to the current buffer; normally, each subprocess +has its own buffer, and thus you can use this command to specify +translation to and from a particular subprocess by giving the command +in the corresponding buffer. + +By default, process input and output are not translated at all. + +*** The variable file-name-coding-system specifies the coding system +to use for encoding file names before operating on them. +It is also used for decoding file names obtained from the system. + +*** The command C-\ (toggle-input-method) activates or deactivates +an input method. If no input method has been selected before, the +command prompts for you to specify the language and input method you +want to use. + +C-u C-\ (select-input-method) lets you switch to a different input +method. C-h C-\ (or C-h I) describes the current input method. + +*** Some input methods remap the keyboard to emulate various keyboard +layouts commonly used for particular scripts. How to do this +remapping properly depends on your actual keyboard layout. To specify +which layout your keyboard has, use M-x quail-set-keyboard-layout. + +*** The command C-h C (describe-coding-system) displays +the coding systems currently selected for various purposes, plus +related information. + +*** The command C-h h (view-hello-file) displays a file called +HELLO, which has examples of text in many languages, using various +scripts. + +*** The command C-h L (describe-language-support) displays +information about the support for a particular language. +You specify the language as an argument. + +*** The mode line now contains a letter or character that identifies +the coding system used in the visited file. It normally follows the +first dash. + +A dash indicates the default state of affairs: no code conversion +(except CRLF => newline if appropriate). `=' means no conversion +whatsoever. The ISO 8859 coding systems are represented by digits +1 through 9. Other coding systems are represented by letters: + + A alternativnyj (Russian) + B big5 (Chinese) + C cn-gb-2312 (Chinese) + C iso-2022-cn (Chinese) + D in-is13194-devanagari (Indian languages) + E euc-japan (Japanese) + I iso-2022-cjk or iso-2022-ss2 (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) + J junet (iso-2022-7) or old-jis (iso-2022-jp-1978-irv) (Japanese) + K euc-korea (Korean) + R koi8 (Russian) + Q tibetan + S shift_jis (Japanese) + T lao + T tis620 (Thai) + V viscii or vscii (Vietnamese) + i iso-2022-lock (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) + k iso-2022-kr (Korean) + v viqr (Vietnamese) + z hz (Chinese) + +When you are using a character-only terminal (not a window system), +two additional characters appear in between the dash and the file +coding system. These two characters describe the coding system for +keyboard input, and the coding system for terminal output. + +*** The new variable rmail-file-coding-system specifies the code +conversion to use for RMAIL files. The default value is nil. + +When you read mail with Rmail, each message is decoded automatically +into Emacs' internal format. This has nothing to do with +rmail-file-coding-system. That variable controls reading and writing +Rmail files themselves. + +*** The new variable sendmail-coding-system specifies the code +conversion for outgoing mail. The default value is nil. + +Actually, there are three different ways of specifying the coding system +for sending mail: + +- If you use C-x RET f in the mail buffer, that takes priority. +- Otherwise, if you set sendmail-coding-system non-nil, that specifies it. +- Otherwise, the default coding system for new files is used, + if that is non-nil. That comes from your language environment. +- Otherwise, Latin-1 is used. + +*** The command C-h t (help-with-tutorial) accepts a prefix argument +to specify the language for the tutorial file. Currently, English, +Japanese, Korean and Thai are supported. We welcome additional +translations. + +** An easy new way to visit a file with no code or format conversion +of any kind: Use M-x find-file-literally. There is also a command +insert-file-literally which inserts a file into the current buffer +without any conversion. + +** C-q's handling of octal character codes is changed. +You can now specify any number of octal digits. +RET terminates the digits and is discarded; +any other non-digit terminates the digits and is then used as input. + +** There are new commands for looking up Info documentation for +functions, variables and file names used in your programs. + +Type M-x info-lookup-symbol to look up a symbol in the buffer at point. +Type M-x info-lookup-file to look up a file in the buffer at point. + +Precisely which Info files are used to look it up depends on the major +mode. For example, in C mode, the GNU libc manual is used. + +** M-TAB in most programming language modes now runs the command +complete-symbol. This command performs completion on the symbol name +in the buffer before point. + +With a numeric argument, it performs completion based on the set of +symbols documented in the Info files for the programming language that +you are using. + +With no argument, it does completion based on the current tags tables, +just like the old binding of M-TAB (complete-tag). + +** File locking works with NFS now. + +The lock file for FILENAME is now a symbolic link named .#FILENAME, +in the same directory as FILENAME. + +This means that collision detection between two different machines now +works reasonably well; it also means that no file server or directory +can become a bottleneck. + +The new method does have drawbacks. It means that collision detection +does not operate when you edit a file in a directory where you cannot +create new files. Collision detection also doesn't operate when the +file server does not support symbolic links. But these conditions are +rare, and the ability to have collision detection while using NFS is +so useful that the change is worth while. + +When Emacs or a system crashes, this may leave behind lock files which +are stale. So you may occasionally get warnings about spurious +collisions. When you determine that the collision is spurious, just +tell Emacs to go ahead anyway. + +** If you wish to use Show Paren mode to display matching parentheses, +it is no longer sufficient to load paren.el. Instead you must call +show-paren-mode. + +** If you wish to use Delete Selection mode to replace a highlighted +selection when you insert new text, it is no longer sufficient to load +delsel.el. Instead you must call the function delete-selection-mode. + +** If you wish to use Partial Completion mode to complete partial words +within symbols or filenames, it is no longer sufficient to load +complete.el. Instead you must call the function partial-completion-mode. + +** If you wish to use uniquify to rename buffers for you, +it is no longer sufficient to load uniquify.el. You must also +set uniquify-buffer-name-style to one of the non-nil legitimate values. + +** Changes in View mode. + +*** Several new commands are available in View mode. +Do H in view mode for a list of commands. + +*** There are two new commands for entering View mode: +view-file-other-frame and view-buffer-other-frame. + +*** Exiting View mode does a better job of restoring windows to their +previous state. + +*** New customization variable view-scroll-auto-exit. If non-nil, +scrolling past end of buffer makes view mode exit. + +*** New customization variable view-exits-all-viewing-windows. If +non-nil, view-mode will at exit restore all windows viewing buffer, +not just the selected window. + +*** New customization variable view-read-only. If non-nil, visiting a +read-only file automatically enters View mode, and toggle-read-only +turns View mode on or off. + +*** New customization variable view-remove-frame-by-deleting controls +how to remove a not needed frame at view mode exit. If non-nil, +delete the frame, if nil make an icon of it. + +** C-x v l, the command to print a file's version control log, +now positions point at the entry for the file's current branch version. + +** C-x v =, the command to compare a file with the last checked-in version, +has a new feature. If the file is currently not locked, so that it is +presumably identical to the last checked-in version, the command now asks +which version to compare with. + +** When using hideshow.el, incremental search can temporarily show hidden +blocks if a match is inside the block. + +The block is hidden again if the search is continued and the next match +is outside the block. By customizing the variable +isearch-hide-immediately you can choose to hide all the temporarily +shown blocks only when exiting from incremental search. + +By customizing the variable hs-isearch-open you can choose what kind +of blocks to temporarily show during isearch: comment blocks, code +blocks, all of them or none. + +** The new command C-x 4 0 (kill-buffer-and-window) kills the +current buffer and deletes the selected window. It asks for +confirmation first. + +** C-x C-w, which saves the buffer into a specified file name, +now changes the major mode according to that file name. +However, the mode will not be changed if +(1) a local variables list or the `-*-' line specifies a major mode, or +(2) the current major mode is a "special" mode, + not suitable for ordinary files, or +(3) the new file name does not particularly specify any mode. + +This applies to M-x set-visited-file-name as well. + +However, if you set change-major-mode-with-file-name to nil, then +these commands do not change the major mode. + +** M-x occur changes. + +*** If the argument to M-x occur contains upper case letters, +it performs a case-sensitive search. + +*** In the *Occur* buffer made by M-x occur, +if you type g or M-x revert-buffer, this repeats the search +using the same regular expression and the same buffer as before. + +** In Transient Mark mode, the region in any one buffer is highlighted +in just one window at a time. At first, it is highlighted in the +window where you set the mark. The buffer's highlighting remains in +that window unless you select to another window which shows the same +buffer--then the highlighting moves to that window. + +** The feature to suggest key bindings when you use M-x now operates +after the command finishes. The message suggesting key bindings +appears temporarily in the echo area. The previous echo area contents +come back after a few seconds, in case they contain useful information. + +** Each frame now independently records the order for recently +selected buffers, so that the default for C-x b is now based on the +buffers recently selected in the selected frame. + +** Outline mode changes. + +*** Outline mode now uses overlays (this is the former noutline.el). + +*** Incremental searches skip over invisible text in Outline mode. + +** When a minibuffer window is active but not the selected window, if +you try to use the minibuffer, you used to get a nested minibuffer. +Now, this not only gives an error, it also cancels the minibuffer that +was already active. + +The motive for this change is so that beginning users do not +unknowingly move away from minibuffers, leaving them active, and then +get confused by it. + +If you want to be able to have recursive minibuffers, you must +set enable-recursive-minibuffers to non-nil. + +** Changes in dynamic abbrevs. + +*** Expanding dynamic abbrevs with M-/ is now smarter about case +conversion. If the expansion has mixed case not counting the first +character, and the abbreviation matches the beginning of the expansion +including case, then the expansion is copied verbatim. + +The expansion is also copied verbatim if the abbreviation itself has +mixed case. And using SPC M-/ to copy an additional word always +copies it verbatim except when the previous copied word is all caps. + +*** The values of `dabbrev-case-replace' and `dabbrev-case-fold-search' +are no longer Lisp expressions. They have simply three possible +values. + +`dabbrev-case-replace' has these three values: nil (don't preserve +case), t (do), or `case-replace' (do like M-x query-replace). +`dabbrev-case-fold-search' has these three values: nil (don't ignore +case), t (do), or `case-fold-search' (do like search). + +** Minibuffer history lists are truncated automatically now to a +certain length. The variable history-length specifies how long they +can be. The default value is 30. + +** Changes in Mail mode. + +*** The key C-x m no longer runs the `mail' command directly. +Instead, it runs the command `compose-mail', which invokes the mail +composition mechanism you have selected with the variable +`mail-user-agent'. The default choice of user agent is +`sendmail-user-agent', which gives behavior compatible with the old +behavior. + +C-x 4 m now runs compose-mail-other-window, and C-x 5 m runs +compose-mail-other-frame. + +*** While composing a reply to a mail message, from Rmail, you can use +the command C-c C-r to cite just the region from the message you are +replying to. This copies the text which is the selected region in the +buffer that shows the original message. + +*** The command C-c C-i inserts a file at the end of the message, +with separator lines around the contents. + +*** The command M-x expand-mail-aliases expands all mail aliases +in suitable mail headers. Emacs automatically extracts mail alias +definitions from your mail alias file (e.g., ~/.mailrc). You do not +need to expand mail aliases yourself before sending mail. + +*** New features in the mail-complete command. + +**** The mail-complete command now inserts the user's full name, +for local users or if that is known. The variable mail-complete-style +controls the style to use, and whether to do this at all. +Its values are like those of mail-from-style. + +**** The variable mail-passwd-command lets you specify a shell command +to run to fetch a set of password-entries that add to the ones in +/etc/passwd. + +**** The variable mail-passwd-file now specifies a list of files to read +to get the list of user ids. By default, one file is used: +/etc/passwd. + +** You can "quote" a file name to inhibit special significance of +special syntax, by adding `/:' to the beginning. Thus, if you have a +directory named `/foo:', you can prevent it from being treated as a +reference to a remote host named `foo' by writing it as `/:/foo:'. + +Emacs uses this new construct automatically when necessary, such as +when you start it with a working directory whose name might otherwise +be taken to be magic. + +** There is a new command M-x grep-find which uses find to select +files to search through, and grep to scan them. The output is +available in a Compile mode buffer, as with M-x grep. + +M-x grep now uses the -e option if the grep program supports that. +(-e prevents problems if the search pattern starts with a dash.) + +** In Dired, the & command now flags for deletion the files whose names +suggest they are probably not needed in the long run. + +In Dired, * is now a prefix key for mark-related commands. + +new key dired.el binding old key +------- ---------------- ------- + * c dired-change-marks c + * m dired-mark m + * * dired-mark-executables * (binding deleted) + * / dired-mark-directories / (binding deleted) + * @ dired-mark-symlinks @ (binding deleted) + * u dired-unmark u + * DEL dired-unmark-backward DEL + * ? dired-unmark-all-files M-C-? + * ! dired-unmark-all-marks + * % dired-mark-files-regexp % m + * C-n dired-next-marked-file M-} + * C-p dired-prev-marked-file M-{ + +** Rmail changes. + +*** When Rmail cannot convert your incoming mail into Babyl format, it +saves the new mail in the file RMAILOSE.n, where n is an integer +chosen to make a unique name. This way, Rmail will not keep crashing +each time you run it. + +*** In Rmail, the variable rmail-summary-line-count-flag now controls +whether to include the line count in the summary. Non-nil means yes. + +*** In Rmail summary buffers, d and C-d (the commands to delete +messages) now take repeat counts as arguments. A negative argument +means to move in the opposite direction. + +*** In Rmail, the t command now takes an optional argument which lets +you specify whether to show the message headers in full or pruned. + +*** In Rmail, the new command w (rmail-output-body-to-file) writes +just the body of the current message into a file, without the headers. +It takes the file name from the message subject, by default, but you +can edit that file name in the minibuffer before it is actually used +for output. + +** Gnus changes. + +*** nntp.el has been totally rewritten in an asynchronous fashion. + +*** Article prefetching functionality has been moved up into +Gnus. + +*** Scoring can now be performed with logical operators like +`and', `or', `not', and parent redirection. + +*** Article washing status can be displayed in the +article mode line. + +*** gnus.el has been split into many smaller files. + +*** Suppression of duplicate articles based on Message-ID. + +(setq gnus-suppress-duplicates t) + +*** New variables for specifying what score and adapt files +are to be considered home score and adapt files. See +`gnus-home-score-file' and `gnus-home-adapt-files'. + +*** Groups can inherit group parameters from parent topics. + +*** Article editing has been revamped and is now usable. + +*** Signatures can be recognized in more intelligent fashions. +See `gnus-signature-separator' and `gnus-signature-limit'. + +*** Summary pick mode has been made to look more nn-like. +Line numbers are displayed and the `.' command can be +used to pick articles. + +*** Commands for moving the .newsrc.eld from one server to +another have been added. + + `M-x gnus-change-server' + +*** A way to specify that "uninteresting" fields be suppressed when +generating lines in buffers. + +*** Several commands in the group buffer can be undone with +`M-C-_'. + +*** Scoring can be done on words using the new score type `w'. + +*** Adaptive scoring can be done on a Subject word-by-word basis: + + (setq gnus-use-adaptive-scoring '(word)) + +*** Scores can be decayed. + + (setq gnus-decay-scores t) + +*** Scoring can be performed using a regexp on the Date header. The +Date is normalized to compact ISO 8601 format first. + +*** A new command has been added to remove all data on articles from +the native server. + + `M-x gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups' + +*** A new command for reading collections of documents +(nndoc with nnvirtual on top) has been added -- `M-C-d'. + +*** Process mark sets can be pushed and popped. + +*** A new mail-to-news backend makes it possible to post +even when the NNTP server doesn't allow posting. + +*** A new backend for reading searches from Web search engines +(DejaNews, Alta Vista, InReference) has been added. + + Use the `G w' command in the group buffer to create such + a group. + +*** Groups inside topics can now be sorted using the standard +sorting functions, and each topic can be sorted independently. + + See the commands under the `T S' submap. + +*** Subsets of the groups can be sorted independently. + + See the commands under the `G P' submap. + +*** Cached articles can be pulled into the groups. + + Use the `Y c' command. + +*** Score files are now applied in a more reliable order. + +*** Reports on where mail messages end up can be generated. + + `M-x nnmail-split-history' + +*** More hooks and functions have been added to remove junk +from incoming mail before saving the mail. + + See `nnmail-prepare-incoming-header-hook'. + +*** The nnml mail backend now understands compressed article files. + +*** To enable Gnus to read/post multi-lingual articles, you must execute +the following code, for instance, in your .emacs. + + (add-hook 'gnus-startup-hook 'gnus-mule-initialize) + +Then, when you start Gnus, it will decode non-ASCII text automatically +and show appropriate characters. (Note: if you are using gnus-mime +from the SEMI package, formerly known as TM, you should NOT add this +hook to gnus-startup-hook; gnus-mime has its own method of handling +this issue.) + +Since it is impossible to distinguish all coding systems +automatically, you may need to specify a choice of coding system for a +particular news group. This can be done by: + + (gnus-mule-add-group NEWSGROUP 'CODING-SYSTEM) + +Here NEWSGROUP should be a string which names a newsgroup or a tree +of newsgroups. If NEWSGROUP is "XXX.YYY", all news groups under +"XXX.YYY" (including "XXX.YYY.ZZZ") will use the specified coding +system. CODING-SYSTEM specifies which coding system to use (for both +for reading and posting). + +CODING-SYSTEM can also be a cons cell of the form + (READ-CODING-SYSTEM . POST-CODING-SYSTEM) +Then READ-CODING-SYSTEM is used when you read messages from the +newsgroups, while POST-CODING-SYSTEM is used when you post messages +there. + +Emacs knows the right coding systems for certain newsgroups by +default. Here are some of these default settings: + + (gnus-mule-add-group "fj" 'iso-2022-7) + (gnus-mule-add-group "alt.chinese.text" 'hz-gb-2312) + (gnus-mule-add-group "alt.hk" 'hz-gb-2312) + (gnus-mule-add-group "alt.chinese.text.big5" 'cn-big5) + (gnus-mule-add-group "soc.culture.vietnamese" '(nil . viqr)) + +When you reply by mail to an article, these settings are ignored; +the mail is encoded according to sendmail-coding-system, as usual. + +** CC mode changes. + +*** If you edit primarily one style of C (or C++, Objective-C, Java) +code, you may want to make the CC Mode style variables have global +values so that you can set them directly in your .emacs file. To do +this, set c-style-variables-are-local-p to nil in your .emacs file. +Note that this only takes effect if you do it *before* cc-mode.el is +loaded. + +If you typically edit more than one style of C (or C++, Objective-C, +Java) code in a single Emacs session, you may want to make the CC Mode +style variables have buffer local values. By default, all buffers +share the same style variable settings; to make them buffer local, set +c-style-variables-are-local-p to t in your .emacs file. Note that you +must do this *before* CC Mode is loaded. + +*** The new variable c-indentation-style holds the C style name +of the current buffer. + +*** The variable c-block-comments-indent-p has been deleted, because +it is no longer necessary. C mode now handles all the supported styles +of block comments, with no need to say which one you will use. + +*** There is a new indentation style "python", which specifies the C +style that the Python developers like. + +*** There is a new c-cleanup-list option: brace-elseif-brace. +This says to put ...} else if (...) {... on one line, +just as brace-else-brace says to put ...} else {... on one line. + +** VC Changes [new] + +** In vc-retrieve-snapshot (C-x v r), if you don't specify a snapshot +name, it retrieves the *latest* versions of all files in the current +directory and its subdirectories (aside from files already locked). + +This feature is useful if your RCS directory is a link to a common +master directory, and you want to pick up changes made by other +developers. + +You can do the same thing for an individual file by typing C-u C-x C-q +RET in a buffer visiting that file. + +*** VC can now handle files under CVS that are being "watched" by +other developers. Such files are made read-only by CVS. To get a +writable copy, type C-x C-q in a buffer visiting such a file. VC then +calls "cvs edit", which notifies the other developers of it. + +*** vc-version-diff (C-u C-x v =) now suggests reasonable defaults for +version numbers, based on the current state of the file. + +** Calendar changes. + +A new function, list-holidays, allows you list holidays or subclasses +of holidays for ranges of years. Related menu items allow you do this +for the year of the selected date, or the following/previous years. + +** ps-print changes + +There are some new user variables for customizing the page layout. + +*** Paper size, paper orientation, columns + +The variable `ps-paper-type' determines the size of paper ps-print +formats for; it should contain one of the symbols: +`a4' `a3' `letter' `legal' `letter-small' `tabloid' +`ledger' `statement' `executive' `a4small' `b4' `b5' +It defaults to `letter'. +If you need other sizes, see the variable `ps-page-dimensions-database'. + +The variable `ps-landscape-mode' determines the orientation +of the printing on the page. nil, the default, means "portrait" mode, +non-nil means "landscape" mode. + +The variable `ps-number-of-columns' must be a positive integer. +It determines the number of columns both in landscape and portrait mode. +It defaults to 1. + +*** Horizontal layout + +The horizontal layout is determined by the variables +`ps-left-margin', `ps-inter-column', and `ps-right-margin'. +All are measured in points. + +*** Vertical layout + +The vertical layout is determined by the variables +`ps-bottom-margin', `ps-top-margin', and `ps-header-offset'. +All are measured in points. + +*** Headers + +If the variable `ps-print-header' is nil, no header is printed. Then +`ps-header-offset' is not relevant and `ps-top-margin' represents the +margin above the text. + +If the variable `ps-print-header-frame' is non-nil, a gaudy +framing box is printed around the header. + +The contents of the header are determined by `ps-header-lines', +`ps-show-n-of-n', `ps-left-header' and `ps-right-header'. + +The height of the header is determined by `ps-header-line-pad', +`ps-header-font-family', `ps-header-title-font-size' and +`ps-header-font-size'. + +*** Font managing + +The variable `ps-font-family' determines which font family is to be +used for ordinary text. Its value must be a key symbol in the alist +`ps-font-info-database'. You can add other font families by adding +elements to this alist. + +The variable `ps-font-size' determines the size of the font +for ordinary text. It defaults to 8.5 points. + +** hideshow changes. + +*** now supports hiding of blocks of single line comments (like // for +C++, ; for lisp). + +*** Support for java-mode added. + +*** When doing `hs-hide-all' it is now possible to also hide the comments +in the file if `hs-hide-comments-when-hiding-all' is set. + +*** The new function `hs-hide-initial-comment' hides the the comments at +the beginning of the files. Finally those huge RCS logs don't stay in your +way! This is run by default when entering the `hs-minor-mode'. + +*** Now uses overlays instead of `selective-display', so is more +robust and a lot faster. + +*** A block beginning can span multiple lines. + +*** The new variable `hs-show-hidden-short-form' if t, directs hideshow +to show only the beginning of a block when it is hidden. See the +documentation for more details. + +** Changes in Enriched mode. + +*** When you visit a file in enriched-mode, Emacs will make sure it is +filled to the current fill-column. This behavior is now independent +of the size of the window. When you save the file, the fill-column in +use is stored as well, so that the whole buffer need not be refilled +the next time unless the fill-column is different. + +*** use-hard-newlines is now a minor mode. When it is enabled, Emacs +distinguishes between hard and soft newlines, and treats hard newlines +as paragraph boundaries. Otherwise all newlines inserted are marked +as soft, and paragraph boundaries are determined solely from the text. + +** Font Lock mode + +*** Custom support + +The variables font-lock-face-attributes, font-lock-display-type and +font-lock-background-mode are now obsolete; the recommended way to specify the +faces to use for Font Lock mode is with M-x customize-group on the new custom +group font-lock-highlighting-faces. If you set font-lock-face-attributes in +your ~/.emacs file, Font Lock mode will respect its value. However, you should +consider converting from setting that variable to using M-x customize. + +You can still use X resources to specify Font Lock face appearances. + +*** Maximum decoration + +Fontification now uses the maximum level of decoration supported by +default. Previously, fontification used a mode-specific default level +of decoration, which is typically the minimum level of decoration +supported. You can set font-lock-maximum-decoration to nil +to get the old behavior. + +*** New support + +Support is now provided for Java, Objective-C, AWK and SIMULA modes. + +Note that Font Lock mode can be turned on without knowing exactly what modes +support Font Lock mode, via the command global-font-lock-mode. + +*** Configurable support + +Support for C, C++, Objective-C and Java can be more easily configured for +additional types and classes via the new variables c-font-lock-extra-types, +c++-font-lock-extra-types, objc-font-lock-extra-types and, you guessed it, +java-font-lock-extra-types. These value of each of these variables should be a +list of regexps matching the extra type names. For example, the default value +of c-font-lock-extra-types is ("\\sw+_t") which means fontification follows the +convention that C type names end in _t. This results in slower fontification. + +Of course, you can change the variables that specify fontification in whatever +way you wish, typically by adding regexps. However, these new variables make +it easier to make specific and common changes for the fontification of types. + +*** Adding highlighting patterns to existing support + +You can use the new function font-lock-add-keywords to add your own +highlighting patterns, such as for project-local or user-specific constructs, +for any mode. + +For example, to highlight `FIXME:' words in C comments, put: + + (font-lock-add-keywords 'c-mode '(("\\<FIXME:" 0 font-lock-warning-face t))) + +in your ~/.emacs. + +*** New faces + +Font Lock now defines two new faces, font-lock-builtin-face and +font-lock-warning-face. These are intended to highlight builtin keywords, +distinct from a language's normal keywords, and objects that should be brought +to user attention, respectively. Various modes now use these new faces. + +*** Changes to fast-lock support mode + +The fast-lock package, one of the two Font Lock support modes, can now process +cache files silently. You can use the new variable fast-lock-verbose, in the +same way as font-lock-verbose, to control this feature. + +*** Changes to lazy-lock support mode + +The lazy-lock package, one of the two Font Lock support modes, can now fontify +according to the true syntactic context relative to other lines. You can use +the new variable lazy-lock-defer-contextually to control this feature. If +non-nil, changes to the buffer will cause subsequent lines in the buffer to be +refontified after lazy-lock-defer-time seconds of idle time. If nil, then only +the modified lines will be refontified; this is the same as the previous Lazy +Lock mode behaviour and the behaviour of Font Lock mode. + +This feature is useful in modes where strings or comments can span lines. +For example, if a string or comment terminating character is deleted, then if +this feature is enabled subsequent lines in the buffer will be correctly +refontified to reflect their new syntactic context. Previously, only the line +containing the deleted character would be refontified and you would have to use +the command M-g M-g (font-lock-fontify-block) to refontify some lines. + +As a consequence of this new feature, two other variables have changed: + +Variable `lazy-lock-defer-driven' is renamed `lazy-lock-defer-on-scrolling'. +Variable `lazy-lock-defer-time' can now only be a time, i.e., a number. +Buffer modes for which on-the-fly deferral applies can be specified via the +new variable `lazy-lock-defer-on-the-fly'. + +If you set these variables in your ~/.emacs, then you may have to change those +settings. + +** Ada mode changes. + +*** There is now better support for using find-file.el with Ada mode. +If you switch between spec and body, the cursor stays in the same +procedure (modulo overloading). If a spec has no body file yet, but +you try to switch to its body file, Ada mode now generates procedure +stubs. + +*** There are two new commands: + - `ada-make-local' : invokes gnatmake on the current buffer + - `ada-check-syntax' : check syntax of current buffer. + +The user options `ada-compiler-make', `ada-make-options', +`ada-language-version', `ada-compiler-syntax-check', and +`ada-compile-options' are used within these commands. + +*** Ada mode can now work with Outline minor mode. The outline level +is calculated from the indenting, not from syntactic constructs. +Outlining does not work if your code is not correctly indented. + +*** The new function `ada-gnat-style' converts the buffer to the style of +formatting used in GNAT. It places two blanks after a comment start, +places one blank between a word end and an opening '(', and puts one +space between a comma and the beginning of a word. + +** Scheme mode changes. + +*** Scheme mode indentation now uses many of the facilities of Lisp +mode; therefore, the variables to customize it are the variables used +for Lisp mode which have names starting with `lisp-'. The variables +with names starting with `scheme-' which used to do this no longer +have any effect. + +If you want to use different indentation for Scheme and Lisp, this is +still possible, but now you must do it by adding a hook to +scheme-mode-hook, which could work by setting the `lisp-' indentation +variables as buffer-local variables. + +*** DSSSL mode is a variant of Scheme mode, for editing DSSSL scripts. +Use M-x dsssl-mode. + +** Changes to the emacsclient program + +*** If a socket can't be found, and environment variables LOGNAME or +USER are set, emacsclient now looks for a socket based on the UID +associated with the name. That is an emacsclient running as root +can connect to an Emacs server started by a non-root user. + +*** The emacsclient program now accepts an option --no-wait which tells +it to return immediately without waiting for you to "finish" the +buffer in Emacs. + +*** The new option --alternate-editor allows to specify an editor to +use if Emacs is not running. The environment variable +ALTERNATE_EDITOR can be used for the same effect; the command line +option takes precedence. + +** M-x eldoc-mode enables a minor mode in which the echo area +constantly shows the parameter list for function being called at point +(in Emacs Lisp and Lisp Interaction modes only). + +** C-x n d now runs the new command narrow-to-defun, +which narrows the accessible parts of the buffer to just +the current defun. + +** Emacs now handles the `--' argument in the standard way; all +following arguments are treated as ordinary file names. + +** On MSDOS and Windows, the bookmark file is now called _emacs.bmk, +and the saved desktop file is now called _emacs.desktop (truncated if +necessary). + +** When you kill a buffer that visits a file, +if there are any registers that save positions in the file, +these register values no longer become completely useless. +If you try to go to such a register with C-x j, then you are +asked whether to visit the file again. If you say yes, +it visits the file and then goes to the same position. + +** When you visit a file that changes frequently outside Emacs--for +example, a log of output from a process that continues to run--it may +be useful for Emacs to revert the file without querying you whenever +you visit the file afresh with C-x C-f. + +You can request this behavior for certain files by setting the +variable revert-without-query to a list of regular expressions. If a +file's name matches any of these regular expressions, find-file and +revert-buffer revert the buffer without asking for permission--but +only if you have not edited the buffer text yourself. + +** set-default-font has been renamed to set-frame-font +since it applies only to the current frame. + +** In TeX mode, you can use the variable tex-main-file to specify the +file for tex-file to run TeX on. (By default, tex-main-file is nil, +and tex-file runs TeX on the current visited file.) + +This is useful when you are editing a document that consists of +multiple files. In each of the included files, you can set up a local +variable list which specifies the top-level file of your document for +tex-main-file. Then tex-file will run TeX on the whole document +instead of just the file you are editing. + +** RefTeX mode + +RefTeX mode is a new minor mode with special support for \label, \ref +and \cite macros in LaTeX documents. RefTeX distinguishes labels of +different environments (equation, figure, ...) and has full support for +multifile documents. To use it, select a buffer with a LaTeX document and +turn the mode on with M-x reftex-mode. Here are the main user commands: + +C-c ( reftex-label + Creates a label semi-automatically. RefTeX is context sensitive and + knows which kind of label is needed. + +C-c ) reftex-reference + Offers in a menu all labels in the document, along with context of the + label definition. The selected label is referenced as \ref{LABEL}. + +C-c [ reftex-citation + Prompts for a regular expression and displays a list of matching BibTeX + database entries. The selected entry is cited with a \cite{KEY} macro. + +C-c & reftex-view-crossref + Views the cross reference of a \ref or \cite command near point. + +C-c = reftex-toc + Shows a table of contents of the (multifile) document. From there you + can quickly jump to every section. + +Under X, RefTeX installs a "Ref" menu in the menu bar, with additional +commands. Press `?' to get help when a prompt mentions this feature. +Full documentation and customization examples are in the file +reftex.el. You can use the finder to view the file documentation: +C-h p --> tex --> reftex.el + +** Changes in BibTeX mode. + +*** Info documentation is now available. + +*** Don't allow parentheses in string constants anymore. This confused +both the BibTeX program and Emacs BibTeX mode. + +*** Renamed variable bibtex-mode-user-optional-fields to +bibtex-user-optional-fields. + +*** Removed variable bibtex-include-OPTannote +(use bibtex-user-optional-fields instead). + +*** New interactive functions to copy and kill fields and complete +entries to the BibTeX kill ring, from where they can be yanked back by +appropriate functions. + +*** New interactive functions for repositioning and marking of +entries. They are bound by default to M-C-l and M-C-h. + +*** New hook bibtex-clean-entry-hook. It is called after entry has +been cleaned. + +*** New variable bibtex-field-delimiters, which replaces variables +bibtex-field-{left|right}-delimiter. + +*** New variable bibtex-entry-delimiters to determine how entries +shall be delimited. + +*** Allow preinitialization of fields. See documentation of +bibtex-user-optional-fields, bibtex-entry-field-alist, and +bibtex-include-OPTkey for details. + +*** Book and InBook entries require either an author or an editor +field. This is now supported by bibtex.el. Alternative fields are +prefixed with `ALT'. + +*** New variable bibtex-entry-format, which replaces variable +bibtex-clean-entry-zap-empty-opts and allows specification of many +formatting options performed on cleaning an entry (see variable +documentation). + +*** Even more control on how automatic keys are generated. See +documentation of bibtex-generate-autokey for details. Transcriptions +for foreign languages other than German are now handled, too. + +*** New boolean user option bibtex-comma-after-last-field to decide if +comma should be inserted at end of last field. + +*** New boolean user option bibtex-align-at-equal-sign to determine if +alignment should be made at left side of field contents or at equal +signs. New user options to control entry layout (e.g. indentation). + +*** New function bibtex-fill-entry to realign entries. + +*** New function bibtex-reformat to reformat region or buffer. + +*** New function bibtex-convert-alien to convert a BibTeX database +from alien sources. + +*** New function bibtex-complete-key (similar to bibtex-complete-string) +to complete prefix to a key defined in buffer. Mainly useful in +crossref entries. + +*** New function bibtex-count-entries to count entries in buffer or +region. + +*** Added support for imenu. + +*** The function `bibtex-validate' now checks current region instead +of buffer if mark is active. Now it shows all errors of buffer in a +`compilation mode' buffer. You can use the normal commands (e.g. +`next-error') for compilation modes to jump to errors. + +*** New variable `bibtex-string-file-path' to determine where the files +from `bibtex-string-files' are searched. + +** Iso Accents mode now supports Latin-3 as an alternative. + +** The command next-error now opens blocks hidden by hideshow. + +** The function using-unix-filesystems has been replaced by the +functions add-untranslated-filesystem and remove-untranslated-filesystem. +Each of these functions takes the name of a drive letter or directory +as an argument. + +When a filesystem is added as untranslated, all files on it are read +and written in binary mode (no cr/lf translation is performed). + +** browse-url changes + +*** New methods for: Grail (browse-url-generic), MMM (browse-url-mmm), +Lynx in a separate xterm (browse-url-lynx-xterm) or in an Emacs window +(browse-url-lynx-emacs), remote W3 (browse-url-w3-gnudoit), generic +non-remote-controlled browsers (browse-url-generic) and associated +customization variables. + +*** New commands `browse-url-of-region' and `browse-url'. + +*** URLs marked up with <URL:...> (RFC1738) work if broken across +lines. Browsing methods can be associated with URL regexps +(e.g. mailto: URLs) via `browse-url-browser-function'. + +** Changes in Ediff + +*** Clicking Mouse-2 on a brief command description in Ediff control panel +pops up the Info file for this command. + +*** There is now a variable, ediff-autostore-merges, which controls whether +the result of a merge is saved in a file. By default, this is done only when +merge is done from a session group (eg, when merging files in two different +directories). + +*** Since Emacs 19.31 (this hasn't been announced before), Ediff can compare +and merge groups of files residing in different directories, or revisions of +files in the same directory. + +*** Since Emacs 19.31, Ediff can apply multi-file patches interactively. +The patches must be in the context format or GNU unified format. (The bug +related to the GNU format has now been fixed.) + +** Changes in Viper + +*** The startup file is now .viper instead of .vip +*** All variable/function names have been changed to start with viper- + instead of vip-. +*** C-\ now simulates the meta-key in all Viper states. +*** C-z in Insert state now escapes to Vi for the duration of the next +Viper command. In Vi and Insert states, C-z behaves as before. +*** C-c \ escapes to Vi for one command if Viper is in Insert or Emacs states. +*** _ is no longer the meta-key in Vi state. +*** The variable viper-insert-state-cursor-color can be used to change cursor +color when Viper is in insert state. +*** If search lands the cursor near the top or the bottom of the window, +Viper pulls the window up or down to expose more context. The variable +viper-adjust-window-after-search controls this behavior. + +** Etags changes. + +*** In C, C++, Objective C and Java, Etags tags global variables by +default. The resulting tags files are inflated by 30% on average. +Use --no-globals to turn this feature off. Etags can also tag +variables which are members of structure-like constructs, but it does +not by default. Use --members to turn this feature on. + +*** C++ member functions are now recognized as tags. + +*** Java is tagged like C++. In addition, "extends" and "implements" +constructs are tagged. Files are recognised by the extension .java. + +*** Etags can now handle programs written in Postscript. Files are +recognised by the extensions .ps and .pdb (Postscript with C syntax). +In Postscript, tags are lines that start with a slash. + +*** Etags now handles Objective C and Objective C++ code. The usual C and +C++ tags are recognized in these languages; in addition, etags +recognizes special Objective C syntax for classes, class categories, +methods and protocols. + +*** Etags also handles Cobol. Files are recognised by the extension +.cobol. The tagged lines are those containing a word that begins in +column 8 and ends in a full stop, i.e. anything that could be a +paragraph name. + +*** Regexps in Etags now support intervals, as in ed or grep. The syntax of +an interval is \{M,N\}, and it means to match the preceding expression +at least M times and as many as N times. + +** The format for specifying a custom format for time-stamp to insert +in files has changed slightly. + +With the new enhancements to the functionality of format-time-string, +time-stamp-format will change to be eventually compatible with it. +This conversion is being done in two steps to maintain compatibility +with old time-stamp-format values. + +In the new scheme, alternate case is signified by the number-sign +(`#') modifier, rather than changing the case of the format character. +This feature is as yet incompletely implemented for compatibility +reasons. + +In the old time-stamp-format, all numeric fields defaulted to their +natural width. (With format-time-string, each format has a +fixed-width default.) In this version, you can specify the colon +(`:') modifier to a numeric conversion to mean "give me the historical +time-stamp-format width default." Do not use colon if you are +specifying an explicit width, as in "%02d". + +Numbers are no longer truncated to the requested width, except in the +case of "%02y", which continues to give a two-digit year. Digit +truncation probably wasn't being used for anything else anyway. + +The new formats will work with old versions of Emacs. New formats are +being recommended now to allow time-stamp-format to change in the +future to be compatible with format-time-string. The new forms being +recommended now will continue to work then. + +See the documentation string for the variable time-stamp-format for +details. + +** There are some additional major modes: + +dcl-mode, for editing VMS DCL files. +m4-mode, for editing files of m4 input. +meta-mode, for editing MetaFont and MetaPost source files. + +** In Shell mode, the command shell-copy-environment-variable lets you +copy the value of a specified environment variable from the subshell +into Emacs. + +** New Lisp packages include: + +*** battery.el displays battery status for laptops. + +*** M-x bruce (named after Lenny Bruce) is a program that might +be used for adding some indecent words to your email. + +*** M-x crisp-mode enables an emulation for the CRiSP editor. + +*** M-x dirtrack arranges for better tracking of directory changes +in shell buffers. + +*** The new library elint.el provides for linting of Emacs Lisp code. +See the documentation for `elint-initialize', `elint-current-buffer' +and `elint-defun'. + +*** M-x expand-add-abbrevs defines a special kind of abbrev which is +meant for programming constructs. These abbrevs expand like ordinary +ones, when you type SPC, but only at the end of a line and not within +strings or comments. + +These abbrevs can act as templates: you can define places within an +abbrev for insertion of additional text. Once you expand the abbrev, +you can then use C-x a p and C-x a n to move back and forth to these +insertion points. Thus you can conveniently insert additional text +at these points. + +*** filecache.el remembers the location of files so that you +can visit them by short forms of their names. + +*** find-func.el lets you find the definition of the user-loaded +Emacs Lisp function at point. + +*** M-x handwrite converts text to a "handwritten" picture. + +*** M-x iswitchb-buffer is a command for switching to a buffer, much like +switch-buffer, but it reads the argument in a more helpful way. + +*** M-x landmark implements a neural network for landmark learning. + +*** M-x locate provides a convenient interface to the `locate' program. + +*** M4 mode is a new mode for editing files of m4 input. + +*** mantemp.el creates C++ manual template instantiations +from the GCC error messages which indicate which instantiations are needed. + +*** mouse-copy.el provides a one-click copy and move feature. +You can drag a region with M-mouse-1, and it is automatically +inserted at point. M-Shift-mouse-1 deletes the text from its +original place after inserting the copy. + +*** mouse-drag.el lets you do scrolling by dragging Mouse-2 +on the buffer. + +You click the mouse and move; that distance either translates into the +velocity to scroll (with mouse-drag-throw) or the distance to scroll +(with mouse-drag-drag). Horizontal scrolling is enabled when needed. + +Enable mouse-drag with: + (global-set-key [down-mouse-2] 'mouse-drag-throw) +-or- + (global-set-key [down-mouse-2] 'mouse-drag-drag) + +*** mspools.el is useful for determining which mail folders have +mail waiting to be read in them. It works with procmail. + +*** Octave mode is a major mode for editing files of input for Octave. +It comes with a facility for communicating with an Octave subprocess. + +*** ogonek + +The ogonek package provides functions for changing the coding of +Polish diacritic characters in buffers. Codings known from various +platforms are supported such as ISO8859-2, Mazovia, IBM Latin2, and +TeX. For example, you can change the coding from Mazovia to +ISO8859-2. Another example is a change of coding from ISO8859-2 to +prefix notation (in which `/a' stands for the aogonek character, for +instance) and vice versa. + +To use this package load it using + M-x load-library [enter] ogonek +Then, you may get an explanation by calling one of + M-x ogonek-jak -- in Polish + M-x ogonek-how -- in English +The info specifies the commands and variables provided as well as the +ways of customization in `.emacs'. + +*** Interface to ph. + +Emacs provides a client interface to CCSO Nameservers (ph/qi) + +The CCSO nameserver is used in many universities to provide directory +services about people. ph.el provides a convenient Emacs interface to +these servers. + +*** uce.el is useful for replying to unsolicited commercial email. + +*** vcursor.el implements a "virtual cursor" feature. +You can move the virtual cursor with special commands +while the real cursor does not move. + +*** webjump.el is a "hot list" package which you can set up +for visiting your favorite web sites. + +*** M-x winner-mode is a minor mode which saves window configurations, +so you can move back to other configurations that you have recently used. + +** movemail change + +Movemail no longer needs to be installed setuid root in order for POP +mail retrieval to function properly. This is because it no longer +supports the RPOP (reserved-port POP) protocol; instead, it uses the +user's POP password to authenticate to the mail server. + +This change was made earlier, but not reported in NEWS before. + +* Emacs 20.1 changes for MS-DOS and MS-Windows. + +** Changes in handling MS-DOS/MS-Windows text files. + +Emacs handles three different conventions for representing +end-of-line: CRLF for MSDOS, LF for Unix and GNU, and CR (used on the +Macintosh). Emacs determines which convention is used in a specific +file based on the contents of that file (except for certain special +file names), and when it saves the file, it uses the same convention. + +To save the file and change the end-of-line convention, you can use +C-x RET f (set-buffer-file-coding-system) to specify a different +coding system for the buffer. Then, when you save the file, the newly +specified coding system will take effect. For example, to save with +LF, specify undecided-unix (or some other ...-unix coding system); to +save with CRLF, specify undecided-dos. + +* Lisp Changes in Emacs 20.1 + +** Byte-compiled files made with Emacs 20 will, in general, work in +Emacs 19 as well, as long as the source code runs in Emacs 19. And +vice versa: byte-compiled files made with Emacs 19 should also run in +Emacs 20, as long as the program itself works in Emacs 20. + +** Windows-specific functions and variables have been renamed +to start with w32- instead of win32-. + +In hacker language, calling something a "win" is a form of praise. We +don't want to praise a non-free Microsoft system, so we don't call it +"win". + +** Basic Lisp changes + +*** A symbol whose name starts with a colon now automatically +evaluates to itself. Therefore such a symbol can be used as a constant. + +*** The defined purpose of `defconst' has been changed. It should now +be used only for values that should not be changed whether by a program +or by the user. + +The actual behavior of defconst has not been changed. + +*** There are new macros `when' and `unless' + +(when CONDITION BODY...) is short for (if CONDITION (progn BODY...)) +(unless CONDITION BODY...) is short for (if CONDITION nil BODY...) + +*** Emacs now defines functions caar, cadr, cdar and cddr with their +usual Lisp meanings. For example, caar returns the car of the car of +its argument. + +*** equal, when comparing strings, now ignores their text properties. + +*** The new function `functionp' tests whether an object is a function. + +*** arrayp now returns t for char-tables and bool-vectors. + +*** Certain primitives which use characters (as integers) now get an +error if the integer is not a valid character code. These primitives +include insert-char, char-to-string, and the %c construct in the +`format' function. + +*** The `require' function now insists on adding a suffix, either .el +or .elc, to the file name. Thus, (require 'foo) will not use a file +whose name is just foo. It insists on foo.el or foo.elc. + +*** The `autoload' function, when the file name does not contain +either a directory name or the suffix .el or .elc, insists on +adding one of these suffixes. + +*** string-to-number now takes an optional second argument BASE +which specifies the base to use when converting an integer. +If BASE is omitted, base 10 is used. + +We have not implemented other radices for floating point numbers, +because that would be much more work and does not seem useful. + +*** substring now handles vectors as well as strings. + +*** The Common Lisp function eql is no longer defined normally. +You must load the `cl' library to define it. + +*** The new macro `with-current-buffer' lets you evaluate an expression +conveniently with a different current buffer. It looks like this: + + (with-current-buffer BUFFER BODY-FORMS...) + +BUFFER is the expression that says which buffer to use. +BODY-FORMS say what to do in that buffer. + +*** The new primitive `save-current-buffer' saves and restores the +choice of current buffer, like `save-excursion', but without saving or +restoring the value of point or the mark. `with-current-buffer' +works using `save-current-buffer'. + +*** The new macro `with-temp-file' lets you do some work in a new buffer and +write the output to a specified file. Like `progn', it returns the value +of the last form. + +*** The new macro `with-temp-buffer' lets you do some work in a new buffer, +which is discarded after use. Like `progn', it returns the value of the +last form. If you wish to return the buffer contents, use (buffer-string) +as the last form. + +*** The new function split-string takes a string, splits it at certain +characters, and returns a list of the substrings in between the +matches. + +For example, (split-string "foo bar lose" " +") returns ("foo" "bar" "lose"). + +*** The new macro with-output-to-string executes some Lisp expressions +with standard-output set up so that all output feeds into a string. +Then it returns that string. + +For example, if the current buffer name is `foo', + +(with-output-to-string + (princ "The buffer is ") + (princ (buffer-name))) + +returns "The buffer is foo". + +** Non-ASCII characters are now supported, if enable-multibyte-characters +is non-nil. + +These characters have character codes above 256. When inserted in the +buffer or stored in a string, they are represented as multibyte +characters that occupy several buffer positions each. + +*** When enable-multibyte-characters is non-nil, a single character in +a buffer or string can be two or more bytes (as many as four). + +Buffers and strings are still made up of unibyte elements; +character positions and string indices are always measured in bytes. +Therefore, moving forward one character can increase the buffer +position by 2, 3 or 4. The function forward-char moves by whole +characters, and therefore is no longer equivalent to + (lambda (n) (goto-char (+ (point) n))). + +ASCII characters (codes 0 through 127) are still single bytes, always. +Sequences of byte values 128 through 255 are used to represent +non-ASCII characters. These sequences are called "multibyte +characters". + +The first byte of a multibyte character is always in the range 128 +through 159 (octal 0200 through 0237). These values are called +"leading codes". The second and subsequent bytes are always in the +range 160 through 255 (octal 0240 through 0377). The first byte, the +leading code, determines how many bytes long the sequence is. + +*** The function forward-char moves over characters, and therefore +(forward-char 1) may increase point by more than 1 if it moves over a +multibyte character. Likewise, delete-char always deletes a +character, which may be more than one buffer position. + +This means that some Lisp programs, which assume that a character is +always one buffer position, need to be changed. + +However, all ASCII characters are always one buffer position. + +*** The regexp [\200-\377] no longer matches all non-ASCII characters, +because when enable-multibyte-characters is non-nil, these characters +have codes that are not in the range octal 200 to octal 377. However, +the regexp [^\000-\177] does match all non-ASCII characters, +guaranteed. + +*** The function char-boundary-p returns non-nil if position POS is +between two characters in the buffer (not in the middle of a +character). + +When the value is non-nil, it says what kind of character follows POS: + + 0 if POS is at an ASCII character or at the end of range, + 1 if POS is before a 2-byte length multi-byte form, + 2 if POS is at a head of 3-byte length multi-byte form, + 3 if POS is at a head of 4-byte length multi-byte form, + 4 if POS is at a head of multi-byte form of a composite character. + +*** The function char-bytes returns how many bytes the character CHAR uses. + +*** Strings can contain multibyte characters. The function +`length' returns the string length counting bytes, which may be +more than the number of characters. + +You can include a multibyte character in a string constant by writing +it literally. You can also represent it with a hex escape, +\xNNNNNNN..., using as many digits as necessary. Any character which +is not a valid hex digit terminates this construct. If you want to +follow it with a character that is a hex digit, write backslash and +newline in between; that will terminate the hex escape. + +*** The function concat-chars takes arguments which are characters +and returns a string containing those characters. + +*** The function sref access a multibyte character in a string. +(sref STRING INDX) returns the character in STRING at INDEX. INDEX +counts from zero. If INDEX is at a position in the middle of a +character, sref signals an error. + +*** The function chars-in-string returns the number of characters +in a string. This is less than the length of the string, if the +string contains multibyte characters (the length counts bytes). + +*** The function chars-in-region returns the number of characters +in a region from BEG to END. This is less than (- END BEG) if the +region contains multibyte characters (the length counts bytes). + +*** The function string-to-list converts a string to a list of +the characters in it. string-to-vector converts a string +to a vector of the characters in it. + +*** The function store-substring alters part of the contents +of a string. You call it as follows: + + (store-substring STRING IDX OBJ) + +This says to alter STRING, by storing OBJ starting at index IDX in +STRING. OBJ may be either a character or a (smaller) string. +This function really does alter the contents of STRING. +Since it is impossible to change the length of an existing string, +it is an error if OBJ doesn't fit within STRING's actual length. + +*** char-width returns the width (in columns) of the character CHAR, +if it were displayed in the current buffer and the selected window. + +*** string-width returns the width (in columns) of the text in STRING, +if it were displayed in the current buffer and the selected window. + +*** truncate-string-to-width shortens a string, if necessary, +to fit within a certain number of columns. (Of course, it does +not alter the string that you give it; it returns a new string +which contains all or just part of the existing string.) + +(truncate-string-to-width STR END-COLUMN &optional START-COLUMN PADDING) + +This returns the part of STR up to column END-COLUMN. + +The optional argument START-COLUMN specifies the starting column. +If this is non-nil, then the first START-COLUMN columns of the string +are not included in the resulting value. + +The optional argument PADDING, if non-nil, is a padding character to be added +at the beginning and end the resulting string, to extend it to exactly +WIDTH columns. If PADDING is nil, that means do not pad; then, if STRING +is narrower than WIDTH, the value is equal to STRING. + +If PADDING and START-COLUMN are both non-nil, and if there is no clean +place in STRING that corresponds to START-COLUMN (because one +character extends across that column), then the padding character +PADDING is added one or more times at the beginning of the result +string, so that its columns line up as if it really did start at +column START-COLUMN. + +*** When the functions in the list after-change-functions are called, +the third argument is the number of bytes in the pre-change text, not +necessarily the number of characters. It is, in effect, the +difference in buffer position between the beginning and the end of the +changed text, before the change. + +*** The characters Emacs uses are classified in various character +sets, each of which has a name which is a symbol. In general there is +one character set for each script, not for each language. + +**** The function charsetp tests whether an object is a character set name. + +**** The variable charset-list holds a list of character set names. + +**** char-charset, given a character code, returns the name of the character +set that the character belongs to. (The value is a symbol.) + +**** split-char, given a character code, returns a list containing the +name of the character set, followed by one or two byte-values +which identify the character within that character set. + +**** make-char, given a character set name and one or two subsequent +byte-values, constructs a character code. This is roughly the +opposite of split-char. + +**** find-charset-region returns a list of the character sets +of all the characters between BEG and END. + +**** find-charset-string returns a list of the character sets +of all the characters in a string. + +*** Here are the Lisp facilities for working with coding systems +and specifying coding systems. + +**** The function coding-system-list returns a list of all coding +system names (symbols). With optional argument t, it returns a list +of all distinct base coding systems, not including variants. +(Variant coding systems are those like latin-1-dos, latin-1-unix +and latin-1-mac which specify the end-of-line conversion as well +as what to do about code conversion.) + +**** coding-system-p tests a symbol to see if it is a coding system +name. It returns t if so, nil if not. + +**** file-coding-system-alist specifies which coding systems to use +for certain file names. It works like network-coding-system-alist, +except that the PATTERN is matched against the file name. + +Each element has the format (PATTERN . VAL), where PATTERN determines +which file names the element applies to. PATTERN should be a regexp +to match against a file name. + +VAL is a coding system, a cons cell containing two coding systems, or +a function symbol. If VAL is a coding system, it is used for both +decoding what received from the network stream and encoding what sent +to the network stream. If VAL is a cons cell containing two coding +systems, the car specifies the coding system for decoding, and the cdr +specifies the coding system for encoding. + +If VAL is a function symbol, the function must return a coding system +or a cons cell containing two coding systems, which is used as above. + +**** The variable network-coding-system-alist specifies +the coding system to use for network sockets. + +Each element has the format (PATTERN . VAL), where PATTERN determines +which network sockets the element applies to. PATTERN should be +either a port number or a regular expression matching some network +service names. + +VAL is a coding system, a cons cell containing two coding systems, or +a function symbol. If VAL is a coding system, it is used for both +decoding what received from the network stream and encoding what sent +to the network stream. If VAL is a cons cell containing two coding +systems, the car specifies the coding system for decoding, and the cdr +specifies the coding system for encoding. + +If VAL is a function symbol, the function must return a coding system +or a cons cell containing two coding systems, which is used as above. + +**** process-coding-system-alist specifies which coding systems to use +for certain subprocess. It works like network-coding-system-alist, +except that the PATTERN is matched against the program name used to +start the subprocess. + +**** The variable default-process-coding-system specifies the coding +systems to use for subprocess (and net connection) input and output, +when nothing else specifies what to do. The value is a cons cell +(OUTPUT-CODING . INPUT-CODING). OUTPUT-CODING applies to output +to the subprocess, and INPUT-CODING applies to input from it. + +**** The variable coding-system-for-write, if non-nil, specifies the +coding system to use for writing a file, or for output to a synchronous +subprocess. + +It also applies to any asynchronous subprocess or network connection, +but in a different way: the value of coding-system-for-write when you +start the subprocess or connection affects that subprocess or +connection permanently or until overridden. + +The variable coding-system-for-write takes precedence over +file-coding-system-alist, process-coding-system-alist and +network-coding-system-alist, and all other methods of specifying a +coding system for output. But most of the time this variable is nil. +It exists so that Lisp programs can bind it to a specific coding +system for one operation at a time. + +**** coding-system-for-read applies similarly to input from +files, subprocesses or network connections. + +**** The function process-coding-system tells you what +coding systems(s) an existing subprocess is using. +The value is a cons cell, + (DECODING-CODING-SYSTEM . ENCODING-CODING-SYSTEM) +where DECODING-CODING-SYSTEM is used for decoding output from +the subprocess, and ENCODING-CODING-SYSTEM is used for encoding +input to the subprocess. + +**** The function set-process-coding-system can be used to +change the coding systems in use for an existing subprocess. + +** Emacs has a new facility to help users manage the many +customization options. To make a Lisp program work with this facility, +you need to use the new macros defgroup and defcustom. + +You use defcustom instead of defvar, for defining a user option +variable. The difference is that you specify two additional pieces of +information (usually): the "type" which says what values are +legitimate, and the "group" which specifies the hierarchy for +customization. + +Thus, instead of writing + + (defvar foo-blurgoze nil + "*Non-nil means that foo will act very blurgozely.") + +you would now write this: + + (defcustom foo-blurgoze nil + "*Non-nil means that foo will act very blurgozely." + :type 'boolean + :group foo) + +The type `boolean' means that this variable has only +two meaningful states: nil and non-nil. Other type values +describe other possibilities; see the manual for Custom +for a description of them. + +The "group" argument is used to specify a group which the option +should belong to. You define a new group like this: + + (defgroup ispell nil + "Spell checking using Ispell." + :group 'processes) + +The "group" argument in defgroup specifies the parent group. The root +group is called `emacs'; it should not contain any variables itself, +but only other groups. The immediate subgroups of `emacs' correspond +to the keywords used by C-h p. Under these subgroups come +second-level subgroups that belong to individual packages. + +Each Emacs package should have its own set of groups. A simple +package should have just one group; a more complex package should +have a hierarchy of its own groups. The sole or root group of a +package should be a subgroup of one or more of the "keyword" +first-level subgroups. + +** New `widget' library for inserting UI components in buffers. + +This library, used by the new custom library, is documented in a +separate manual that accompanies Emacs. + +** easy-mmode + +The easy-mmode package provides macros and functions that make +developing minor modes easier. Roughly, the programmer has to code +only the functionality of the minor mode. All the rest--toggles, +predicate, and documentation--can be done in one call to the macro +`easy-mmode-define-minor-mode' (see the documentation). See also +`easy-mmode-define-keymap'. + +** Text property changes + +*** The `intangible' property now works on overlays as well as on a +text property. + +*** The new functions next-char-property-change and +previous-char-property-change scan through the buffer looking for a +place where either a text property or an overlay might change. The +functions take two arguments, POSITION and LIMIT. POSITION is the +starting position for the scan. LIMIT says where to stop the scan. + +If no property change is found before LIMIT, the value is LIMIT. If +LIMIT is nil, scan goes to the beginning or end of the accessible part +of the buffer. If no property change is found, the value is the +position of the beginning or end of the buffer. + +*** In the `local-map' text property or overlay property, the property +value can now be a symbol whose function definition is a keymap. This +is an alternative to using the keymap itself. + +** Changes in invisibility features + +*** Isearch can now temporarily show parts of the buffer which are +hidden by an overlay with a invisible property, when the search match +is inside that portion of the buffer. To enable this the overlay +should have a isearch-open-invisible property which is a function that +would be called having the overlay as an argument, the function should +make the overlay visible. + +During incremental search the overlays are shown by modifying the +invisible and intangible properties, if beside this more actions are +needed the overlay should have a isearch-open-invisible-temporary +which is a function. The function is called with 2 arguments: one is +the overlay and the second is nil when it should show the overlay and +t when it should hide it. + +*** add-to-invisibility-spec, remove-from-invisibility-spec + +Modes that use overlays to hide portions of a buffer should set the +invisible property of the overlay to the mode's name (or another symbol) +and modify the `buffer-invisibility-spec' to include that symbol. +Use `add-to-invisibility-spec' and `remove-from-invisibility-spec' to +manipulate the `buffer-invisibility-spec'. +Here is an example of how to do this: + + ;; If we want to display an ellipsis: + (add-to-invisibility-spec '(my-symbol . t)) + ;; If you don't want ellipsis: + (add-to-invisibility-spec 'my-symbol) + + ... + (overlay-put (make-overlay beginning end) 'invisible 'my-symbol) + + ... + ;; When done with the overlays: + (remove-from-invisibility-spec '(my-symbol . t)) + ;; Or respectively: + (remove-from-invisibility-spec 'my-symbol) + +** Changes in syntax parsing. + +*** The syntax-directed buffer-scan functions (such as +`parse-partial-sexp', `forward-word' and similar functions) can now +obey syntax information specified by text properties, if the variable +`parse-sexp-lookup-properties' is non-nil. + +If the value of `parse-sexp-lookup-properties' is nil, the behavior +is as before: the syntax-table of the current buffer is always +used to determine the syntax of the character at the position. + +When `parse-sexp-lookup-properties' is non-nil, the syntax of a +character in the buffer is calculated thus: + + a) if the `syntax-table' text-property of that character + is a cons, this cons becomes the syntax-type; + + Valid values of `syntax-table' text-property are: nil, a valid + syntax-table, and a valid syntax-table element, i.e., + a cons cell of the form (SYNTAX-CODE . MATCHING-CHAR). + + b) if the character's `syntax-table' text-property + is a syntax table, this syntax table is used + (instead of the syntax-table of the current buffer) to + determine the syntax type of the character. + + c) otherwise the syntax-type is determined by the syntax-table + of the current buffer. + +*** The meaning of \s in regular expressions is also affected by the +value of `parse-sexp-lookup-properties'. The details are the same as +for the syntax-directed buffer-scan functions. + +*** There are two new syntax-codes, `!' and `|' (numeric values 14 +and 15). A character with a code `!' starts a comment which is ended +only by another character with the same code (unless quoted). A +character with a code `|' starts a string which is ended only by +another character with the same code (unless quoted). + +These codes are mainly meant for use as values of the `syntax-table' +text property. + +*** The function `parse-partial-sexp' has new semantics for the sixth +arg COMMENTSTOP. If it is `syntax-table', parse stops after the start +of a comment or a string, or after end of a comment or a string. + +*** The state-list which the return value from `parse-partial-sexp' +(and can also be used as an argument) now has an optional ninth +element: the character address of the start of last comment or string; +nil if none. The fourth and eighth elements have special values if the +string/comment is started by a "!" or "|" syntax-code. + +*** Since new features of `parse-partial-sexp' allow a complete +syntactic parsing, `font-lock' no longer supports +`font-lock-comment-start-regexp'. + +** Changes in face features + +*** The face functions are now unconditionally defined in Emacs, even +if it does not support displaying on a device that supports faces. + +*** The function face-documentation returns the documentation string +of a face (or nil if it doesn't have one). + +*** The function face-bold-p returns t if a face should be bold. +set-face-bold-p sets that flag. + +*** The function face-italic-p returns t if a face should be italic. +set-face-italic-p sets that flag. + +*** You can now specify foreground and background colors for text +by adding elements of the form (foreground-color . COLOR-NAME) +and (background-color . COLOR-NAME) to the list of faces in +the `face' property (either the character's text property or an +overlay property). + +This means that you no longer need to create named faces to use +arbitrary colors in a Lisp package. + +** Changes in file-handling functions + +*** File-access primitive functions no longer discard an extra redundant +directory name from the beginning of the file name. In other words, +they no longer do anything special with // or /~. That conversion +is now done only in substitute-in-file-name. + +This makes it possible for a Lisp program to open a file whose name +begins with ~. + +*** If copy-file is unable to set the date of the output file, +it now signals an error with the condition file-date-error. + +*** The inode number returned by file-attributes may be an integer (if +the number fits in a Lisp integer) or a list of integers. + +*** insert-file-contents can now read from a special file, +as long as the arguments VISIT and REPLACE are nil. + +*** The RAWFILE arg to find-file-noselect, if non-nil, now suppresses +character code conversion as well as other things. + +Meanwhile, this feature does work with remote file names +(formerly it did not). + +*** Lisp packages which create temporary files should use the TMPDIR +environment variable to decide which directory to put them in. + +*** interpreter-mode-alist elements now specify regexps +instead of constant strings. + +*** expand-file-name no longer treats `//' or `/~' specially. It used +to delete all the text of a file name up through the first slash of +any `//' or `/~' sequence. Now it passes them straight through. + +substitute-in-file-name continues to treat those sequences specially, +in the same way as before. + +*** The variable `format-alist' is more general now. +The FROM-FN and TO-FN in a format definition can now be strings +which specify shell commands to use as filters to perform conversion. + +*** The new function access-file tries to open a file, and signals an +error if that fails. If the open succeeds, access-file does nothing +else, and returns nil. + +*** The function insert-directory now signals an error if the specified +directory cannot be listed. + +** Changes in minibuffer input + +*** The functions read-buffer, read-variable, read-command, read-string +read-file-name, read-from-minibuffer and completing-read now take an +additional argument which specifies the default value. If this +argument is non-nil, it should be a string; that string is used in two +ways: + + It is returned if the user enters empty input. + It is available through the history command M-n. + +*** The functions read-string, read-from-minibuffer, +read-no-blanks-input and completing-read now take an additional +argument INHERIT-INPUT-METHOD. If this is non-nil, then the +minibuffer inherits the current input method and the setting of +enable-multibyte-characters from the previously current buffer. + +In an interactive spec, you can use M instead of s to read an +argument in this way. + +*** All minibuffer input functions discard text properties +from the text you enter in the minibuffer, unless the variable +minibuffer-allow-text-properties is non-nil. + +** Echo area features + +*** Clearing the echo area now runs the normal hook +echo-area-clear-hook. Note that the echo area can be used while the +minibuffer is active; in that case, the minibuffer is still active +after the echo area is cleared. + +*** The function current-message returns the message currently displayed +in the echo area, or nil if there is none. + +** Keyboard input features + +*** tty-erase-char is a new variable that reports which character was +set up as the terminal's erase character when time Emacs was started. + +*** num-nonmacro-input-events is the total number of input events +received so far from the terminal. It does not count those generated +by keyboard macros. + +** Frame-related changes + +*** make-frame runs the normal hook before-make-frame-hook just before +creating a frame, and just after creating a frame it runs the abnormal +hook after-make-frame-functions with the new frame as arg. + +*** The new hook window-configuration-change-hook is now run every time +the window configuration has changed. The frame whose configuration +has changed is the selected frame when the hook is run. + +*** Each frame now independently records the order for recently +selected buffers, in its buffer-list frame parameter, so that the +value of other-buffer is now based on the buffers recently displayed +in the selected frame. + +*** The value of the frame parameter vertical-scroll-bars +is now `left', `right' or nil. A non-nil value specifies +which side of the window to put the scroll bars on. + +** X Windows features + +*** You can examine X resources for other applications by binding +x-resource-class around a call to x-get-resource. The usual value of +x-resource-class is "Emacs", which is the correct value for Emacs. + +*** In menus, checkboxes and radio buttons now actually work. +The menu displays the current status of the box or button. + +*** The function x-list-fonts now takes an optional fourth argument +MAXIMUM which sets a limit on how many matching fonts to return. +A smaller value of MAXIMUM makes the function faster. + +If the only question is whether *any* font matches the pattern, +it is good to supply 1 for this argument. + +** Subprocess features + +*** A reminder: it is no longer necessary for subprocess filter +functions and sentinels to do save-match-data, because Emacs does this +automatically. + +*** The new function shell-command-to-string executes a shell command +and returns the output from the command as a string. + +*** The new function process-contact returns t for a child process, +and (HOSTNAME SERVICE) for a net connection. + +** An error in running pre-command-hook or post-command-hook +does clear the variable to nil. The documentation was wrong before. + +** In define-key-after, if AFTER is t, the new binding now always goes +at the end of the keymap. If the keymap is a menu, this means it +goes after the other menu items. + +** If you have a program that makes several changes in the same area +of the buffer, you can use the macro combine-after-change-calls +around that Lisp code to make it faster when after-change hooks +are in use. + +The macro arranges to call the after-change functions just once for a +series of several changes--if that seems safe. + +Don't alter the variables after-change-functions and +after-change-function within the body of a combine-after-change-calls +form. + +** If you define an abbrev (with define-abbrev) whose EXPANSION +is not a string, then the abbrev does not expand in the usual sense, +but its hook is still run. + +** Normally, the Lisp debugger is not used (even if you have enabled it) +for errors that are handled by condition-case. + +If you set debug-on-signal to a non-nil value, then the debugger is called +regardless of whether there is a handler for the condition. This is +useful for debugging problems that happen inside of a condition-case. + +This mode of operation seems to be unreliable in other ways. Errors that +are normal and ought to be handled, perhaps in timers or process +filters, will instead invoke the debugger. So don't say you weren't +warned. + +** The new variable ring-bell-function lets you specify your own +way for Emacs to "ring the bell". + +** If run-at-time's TIME argument is t, the action is repeated at +integral multiples of REPEAT from the epoch; this is useful for +functions like display-time. + +** You can use the function locate-library to find the precise file +name of a Lisp library. This isn't new, but wasn't documented before. + +** Commands for entering view mode have new optional arguments that +can be used from Lisp. Low-level entrance to and exit from view mode +is done by functions view-mode-enter and view-mode-exit. + +** batch-byte-compile-file now makes Emacs return a nonzero status code +if there is an error in compilation. + +** pop-to-buffer, switch-to-buffer-other-window and +switch-to-buffer-other-frame now accept an additional optional +argument NORECORD, much like switch-to-buffer. If it is non-nil, +they don't put the buffer at the front of the buffer list. + +** If your .emacs file leaves the *scratch* buffer non-empty, +Emacs does not display the startup message, so as to avoid changing +the *scratch* buffer. + +** The new function regexp-opt returns an efficient regexp to match a string. +The arguments are STRINGS and (optionally) PAREN. This function can be used +where regexp matching or searching is intensively used and speed is important, +e.g., in Font Lock mode. + +** The variable buffer-display-count is local to each buffer, +and is incremented each time the buffer is displayed in a window. +It starts at 0 when the buffer is created. + +** The new function compose-mail starts composing a mail message +using the user's chosen mail composition agent (specified with the +variable mail-user-agent). It has variants compose-mail-other-window +and compose-mail-other-frame. + +** The `user-full-name' function now takes an optional parameter which +can either be a number (the UID) or a string (the login name). The +full name of the specified user will be returned. + +** Lisp packages that load files of customizations, or any other sort +of user profile, should obey the variable init-file-user in deciding +where to find it. They should load the profile of the user name found +in that variable. If init-file-user is nil, meaning that the -q +option was used, then Lisp packages should not load the customization +files at all. + +** format-time-string now allows you to specify the field width +and type of padding. This works as in printf: you write the field +width as digits in the middle of a %-construct. If you start +the field width with 0, it means to pad with zeros. + +For example, %S normally specifies the number of seconds since the +minute; %03S means to pad this with zeros to 3 positions, %_3S to pad +with spaces to 3 positions. Plain %3S pads with zeros, because that +is how %S normally pads to two positions. + +** thing-at-point now supports a new kind of "thing": url. + +** imenu.el changes. + +You can now specify a function to be run when selecting an +item from menu created by imenu. + +An example of using this feature: if we define imenu items for the +#include directives in a C file, we can open the included file when we +select one of those items. + +* Emacs 19.34 is a bug-fix release with no user-visible changes. + +* Changes in Emacs 19.33. + +** Bibtex mode no longer turns on Auto Fill automatically. (No major +mode should do that--it is the user's choice.) + +** The variable normal-auto-fill-function specifies the function to +use for auto-fill-function, if and when Auto Fill is turned on. +Major modes can set this locally to alter how Auto Fill works. + +* Editing Changes in Emacs 19.32 + +** C-x f with no argument now signals an error. +To set the fill column at the current column, use C-u C-x f. + +** Expanding dynamic abbrevs with M-/ is now smarter about case +conversion. If you type the abbreviation with mixed case, and it +matches the beginning of the expansion including case, then the +expansion is copied verbatim. Using SPC M-/ to copy an additional +word always copies it verbatim except when the previous copied word is +all caps. + +** On a non-windowing terminal, which can display only one Emacs frame +at a time, creating a new frame with C-x 5 2 also selects that frame. + +When using a display that can show multiple frames at once, C-x 5 2 +does make the frame visible, but does not select it. This is the same +as in previous Emacs versions. + +** You can use C-x 5 2 to create multiple frames on MSDOS, just as on a +non-X terminal on Unix. Of course, only one frame is visible at any +time, since your terminal doesn't have the ability to display multiple +frames. + +** On Windows, set win32-pass-alt-to-system to a non-nil value +if you would like tapping the Alt key to invoke the Windows menu. +This feature is not enabled by default; since the Alt key is also the +Meta key, it is too easy and painful to activate this feature by +accident. + +** The command apply-macro-to-region-lines repeats the last defined +keyboard macro once for each complete line within the current region. +It does this line by line, by moving point to the beginning of that +line and then executing the macro. + +This command is not new, but was never documented before. + +** You can now use Mouse-1 to place the region around a string constant +(something surrounded by doublequote characters or other delimiter +characters of like syntax) by double-clicking on one of the delimiting +characters. + +** Font Lock mode + +*** Font Lock support modes + +Font Lock can be configured to use Fast Lock mode and Lazy Lock mode (see +below) in a flexible way. Rather than adding the appropriate function to the +hook font-lock-mode-hook, you can use the new variable font-lock-support-mode +to control which modes have Fast Lock mode or Lazy Lock mode turned on when +Font Lock mode is enabled. + +For example, to use Fast Lock mode when Font Lock mode is turned on, put: + + (setq font-lock-support-mode 'fast-lock-mode) + +in your ~/.emacs. + +*** lazy-lock + +The lazy-lock package speeds up Font Lock mode by making fontification occur +only when necessary, such as when a previously unfontified part of the buffer +becomes visible in a window. When you create a buffer with Font Lock mode and +Lazy Lock mode turned on, the buffer is not fontified. When certain events +occur (such as scrolling), Lazy Lock makes sure that the visible parts of the +buffer are fontified. Lazy Lock also defers on-the-fly fontification until +Emacs has been idle for a given amount of time. + +To use this package, put in your ~/.emacs: + + (setq font-lock-support-mode 'lazy-lock-mode) + +To control the package behaviour, see the documentation for `lazy-lock-mode'. + +** Changes in BibTeX mode. + +*** For all entries allow spaces and tabs between opening brace or +paren and key. + +*** Non-escaped double-quoted characters (as in `Sch"of') are now +supported. + +** Gnus changes. + +Gnus, the Emacs news reader, has undergone further rewriting. Many new +commands and variables have been added. There should be no +significant incompatibilities between this Gnus version and the +previously released version, except in the message composition area. + +Below is a list of the more user-visible changes. Coding changes +between Gnus 5.1 and 5.2 are more extensive. + +*** A new message composition mode is used. All old customization +variables for mail-mode, rnews-reply-mode and gnus-msg are now +obsolete. + +*** Gnus is now able to generate "sparse" threads -- threads where +missing articles are represented by empty nodes. + + (setq gnus-build-sparse-threads 'some) + +*** Outgoing articles are stored on a special archive server. + + To disable this: (setq gnus-message-archive-group nil) + +*** Partial thread regeneration now happens when articles are +referred. + +*** Gnus can make use of GroupLens predictions: + + (setq gnus-use-grouplens t) + +*** A trn-line tree buffer can be displayed. + + (setq gnus-use-trees t) + +*** An nn-like pick-and-read minor mode is available for the summary +buffers. + + (add-hook 'gnus-summary-mode-hook 'gnus-pick-mode) + +*** In binary groups you can use a special binary minor mode: + + `M-x gnus-binary-mode' + +*** Groups can be grouped in a folding topic hierarchy. + + (add-hook 'gnus-group-mode-hook 'gnus-topic-mode) + +*** Gnus can re-send and bounce mail. + + Use the `S D r' and `S D b'. + +*** Groups can now have a score, and bubbling based on entry frequency +is possible. + + (add-hook 'gnus-summary-exit-hook 'gnus-summary-bubble-group) + +*** Groups can be process-marked, and commands can be performed on +groups of groups. + +*** Caching is possible in virtual groups. + +*** nndoc now understands all kinds of digests, mail boxes, rnews news +batches, ClariNet briefs collections, and just about everything else. + +*** Gnus has a new backend (nnsoup) to create/read SOUP packets. + +*** The Gnus cache is much faster. + +*** Groups can be sorted according to many criteria. + + For instance: (setq gnus-group-sort-function 'gnus-group-sort-by-rank) + +*** New group parameters have been introduced to set list-address and +expiration times. + +*** All formatting specs allow specifying faces to be used. + +*** There are several more commands for setting/removing/acting on +process marked articles on the `M P' submap. + +*** The summary buffer can be limited to show parts of the available +articles based on a wide range of criteria. These commands have been +bound to keys on the `/' submap. + +*** Articles can be made persistent -- as an alternative to saving +articles with the `*' command. + +*** All functions for hiding article elements are now toggles. + +*** Article headers can be buttonized. + + (add-hook 'gnus-article-display-hook 'gnus-article-add-buttons-to-head) + +*** All mail backends support fetching articles by Message-ID. + +*** Duplicate mail can now be treated properly. See the +`nnmail-treat-duplicates' variable. + +*** All summary mode commands are available directly from the article +buffer. + +*** Frames can be part of `gnus-buffer-configuration'. + +*** Mail can be re-scanned by a daemonic process. + +*** Gnus can make use of NoCeM files to filter spam. + + (setq gnus-use-nocem t) + +*** Groups can be made permanently visible. + + (setq gnus-permanently-visible-groups "^nnml:") + +*** Many new hooks have been introduced to make customizing easier. + +*** Gnus respects the Mail-Copies-To header. + +*** Threads can be gathered by looking at the References header. + + (setq gnus-summary-thread-gathering-function + 'gnus-gather-threads-by-references) + +*** Read articles can be stored in a special backlog buffer to avoid +refetching. + + (setq gnus-keep-backlog 50) + +*** A clean copy of the current article is always stored in a separate +buffer to allow easier treatment. + +*** Gnus can suggest where to save articles. See `gnus-split-methods'. + +*** Gnus doesn't have to do as much prompting when saving. + + (setq gnus-prompt-before-saving t) + +*** gnus-uu can view decoded files asynchronously while fetching +articles. + + (setq gnus-uu-grabbed-file-functions 'gnus-uu-grab-view) + +*** Filling in the article buffer now works properly on cited text. + +*** Hiding cited text adds buttons to toggle hiding, and how much +cited text to hide is now customizable. + + (setq gnus-cited-lines-visible 2) + +*** Boring headers can be hidden. + + (add-hook 'gnus-article-display-hook 'gnus-article-hide-boring-headers) + +*** Default scoring values can now be set from the menu bar. + +*** Further syntax checking of outgoing articles have been added. + +The Gnus manual has been expanded. It explains all these new features +in greater detail. + +* Lisp Changes in Emacs 19.32 + +** The function set-visited-file-name now accepts an optional +second argument NO-QUERY. If it is non-nil, then the user is not +asked for confirmation in the case where the specified file already +exists. + +** The variable print-length applies to printing vectors and bitvectors, +as well as lists. + +** The new function keymap-parent returns the parent keymap +of a given keymap. + +** The new function set-keymap-parent specifies a new parent for a +given keymap. The arguments are KEYMAP and PARENT. PARENT must be a +keymap or nil. + +** Sometimes menu keymaps use a command name, a symbol, which is really +an automatically generated alias for some other command, the "real" +name. In such a case, you should give that alias symbol a non-nil +menu-alias property. That property tells the menu system to look for +equivalent keys for the real name instead of equivalent keys for the +alias. + +* Editing Changes in Emacs 19.31 + +** Freedom of the press restricted in the United States. + +Emacs has been censored in accord with the Communications Decency Act. +This includes removing some features of the doctor program. That law +was described by its supporters as a ban on pornography, but it bans +far more than that. The Emacs distribution has never contained any +pornography, but parts of it were nonetheless prohibited. + +For information on US government censorship of the Internet, and what +you can do to bring back freedom of the press, see the web site +`http://www.vtw.org/'. + +** A note about C mode indentation customization. + +The old (Emacs 19.29) ways of specifying a C indentation style +do not normally work in the new implementation of C mode. +It has its own methods of customizing indentation, which are +much more powerful than the old C mode. See the Editing Programs +chapter of the manual for details. + +However, you can load the library cc-compat to make the old +customization variables take effect. + +** Marking with the mouse. + +When you mark a region with the mouse, the region now remains +highlighted until the next input event, regardless of whether you are +using M-x transient-mark-mode. + +** Improved Windows NT/95 support. + +*** Emacs now supports scroll bars on Windows NT and Windows 95. + +*** Emacs now supports subprocesses on Windows 95. (Subprocesses used +to work on NT only and not on 95.) + +*** There are difficulties with subprocesses, though, due to problems +in Windows, beyond the control of Emacs. They work fine as long as +you run Windows applications. The problems arise when you run a DOS +application in a subprocesses. Since current shells run as DOS +applications, these problems are significant. + +If you run a DOS application in a subprocess, then the application is +likely to busy-wait, which means that your machine will be 100% busy. +However, if you don't mind the temporary heavy load, the subprocess +will work OK as long as you tell it to terminate before you start any +other DOS application as a subprocess. + +Emacs is unable to terminate or interrupt a DOS subprocess. +You have to do this by providing input directly to the subprocess. + +If you run two DOS applications at the same time in two separate +subprocesses, even if one of them is asynchronous, you will probably +have to reboot your machine--until then, it will remain 100% busy. +Windows simply does not cope when one Windows process tries to run two +separate DOS subprocesses. Typing CTL-ALT-DEL and then choosing +Shutdown seems to work although it may take a few minutes. + +** M-x resize-minibuffer-mode. + +This command, not previously mentioned in NEWS, toggles a mode in +which the minibuffer window expands to show as many lines as the +minibuffer contains. + +** `title' frame parameter and resource. + +The `title' X resource now specifies just the frame title, nothing else. +It does not affect the name used for looking up other X resources. +It works by setting the new `title' frame parameter, which likewise +affects just the displayed title of the frame. + +The `name' parameter continues to do what it used to do: +it specifies the frame name for looking up X resources, +and also serves as the default for the displayed title +when the `title' parameter is unspecified or nil. + +** Emacs now uses the X toolkit by default, if you have a new +enough version of X installed (X11R5 or newer). + +** When you compile Emacs with the Motif widget set, Motif handles the +F10 key by activating the menu bar. To avoid confusion, the usual +Emacs binding of F10 is replaced with a no-op when using Motif. + +If you want to be able to use F10 in Emacs, you can rebind the Motif +menubar to some other key which you don't use. To do so, add +something like this to your X resources file. This example rebinds +the Motif menu bar activation key to S-F12: + + Emacs*defaultVirtualBindings: osfMenuBar : Shift<Key>F12 + +** In overwrite mode, DEL now inserts spaces in most cases +to replace the characters it "deletes". + +** The Rmail summary now shows the number of lines in each message. + +** Rmail has a new command M-x unforward-rmail-message, which extracts +a forwarded message from the message that forwarded it. To use it, +select a message which contains a forwarded message and then type the command. +It inserts the forwarded message as a separate Rmail message +immediately after the selected one. + +This command also undoes the textual modifications that are standardly +made, as part of forwarding, by Rmail and other mail reader programs. + +** Turning off saving of .saves-... files in your home directory. + +Each Emacs session writes a file named .saves-... in your home +directory to record which files M-x recover-session should recover. +If you exit Emacs normally with C-x C-c, it deletes that file. If +Emacs or the operating system crashes, the file remains for M-x +recover-session. + +You can turn off the writing of these files by setting +auto-save-list-file-name to nil. If you do this, M-x recover-session +will not work. + +Some previous Emacs versions failed to delete these files even on +normal exit. This is fixed now. If you are thinking of turning off +this feature because of past experiences with versions that had this +bug, it would make sense to check whether you still want to do so +now that the bug is fixed. + +** Changes to Version Control (VC) + +There is a new variable, vc-follow-symlinks. It indicates what to do +when you visit a link to a file that is under version control. +Editing the file through the link bypasses the version control system, +which is dangerous and probably not what you want. + +If this variable is t, VC follows the link and visits the real file, +telling you about it in the echo area. If it is `ask' (the default), +VC asks for confirmation whether it should follow the link. If nil, +the link is visited and a warning displayed. + +** iso-acc.el now lets you specify a choice of language. +Languages include "latin-1" (the default) and "latin-2" (which +is designed for entering ISO Latin-2 characters). + +There are also choices for specific human languages such as French and +Portuguese. These are subsets of Latin-1, which differ in that they +enable only the accent characters needed for particular language. +The other accent characters, not needed for the chosen language, +remain normal. + +** Posting articles and sending mail now has M-TAB completion on various +header fields (Newsgroups, To, CC, ...). + +Completion in the Newsgroups header depends on the list of groups +known to your news reader. Completion in the Followup-To header +offers those groups which are in the Newsgroups header, since +Followup-To usually just holds one of those. + +Completion in fields that hold mail addresses works based on the list +of local users plus your aliases. Additionally, if your site provides +a mail directory or a specific host to use for any unrecognized user +name, you can arrange to query that host for completion also. (See the +documentation of variables `mail-directory-process' and +`mail-directory-stream'.) + +** A greatly extended sgml-mode offers new features such as (to be configured) +skeletons with completing read for tags and attributes, typing named +characters including optionally all 8bit characters, making tags invisible +with optional alternate display text, skipping and deleting tag(pair)s. + +Note: since Emacs' syntax feature cannot limit the special meaning of ', " and +- to inside <>, for some texts the result, especially of font locking, may be +wrong (see `sgml-specials' if you get wrong results). + +The derived html-mode configures this with tags and attributes more or +less HTML3ish. It also offers optional quick keys like C-c 1 for +headline or C-c u for unordered list (see `html-quick-keys'). Edit / +Text Properties / Face or M-g combinations create tags as applicable. +Outline minor mode is supported and level 1 font-locking tries to +fontify tag contents (which only works when they fit on one line, due +to a limitation in font-lock). + +External viewing via browse-url can occur automatically upon saving. + +** M-x imenu-add-to-menubar now adds to the menu bar for the current +buffer only. If you want to put an Imenu item in the menu bar for all +buffers that use a particular major mode, use the mode hook, as in +this example: + + (add-hook 'emacs-lisp-mode-hook + '(lambda () (imenu-add-to-menubar "Index"))) + +** Changes in BibTeX mode. + +*** Field names may now contain digits, hyphens, and underscores. + +*** Font Lock mode is now supported. + +*** bibtex-make-optional-field is no longer interactive. + +*** If bibtex-maintain-sorted-entries is non-nil, inserting new +entries is now done with a faster algorithm. However, inserting +will fail in this case if the buffer contains invalid entries or +isn't in sorted order, so you should finish each entry with C-c C-c +(bibtex-close-entry) after you have inserted or modified it. +The default value of bibtex-maintain-sorted-entries is nil. + +*** Function `show-all' is no longer bound to a key, since C-u C-c C-q +does the same job. + +*** Entries with quotes inside quote-delimited fields (as `author = +"Stefan Sch{\"o}f"') are now supported. + +*** Case in field names doesn't matter anymore when searching for help +text. + +** Font Lock mode + +*** Global Font Lock mode + +Font Lock mode can be turned on globally, in buffers that support it, by the +new command global-font-lock-mode. You can use the new variable +font-lock-global-modes to control which modes have Font Lock mode automagically +turned on. By default, this variable is set so that Font Lock mode is turned +on globally where the buffer mode supports it. + +For example, to automagically turn on Font Lock mode where supported, put: + + (global-font-lock-mode t) + +in your ~/.emacs. + +*** Local Refontification + +In Font Lock mode, editing a line automatically refontifies that line only. +However, if your change alters the syntactic context for following lines, +those lines remain incorrectly fontified. To refontify them, use the new +command M-g M-g (font-lock-fontify-block). + +In certain major modes, M-g M-g refontifies the entire current function. +(The variable font-lock-mark-block-function controls how to find the +current function.) In other major modes, M-g M-g refontifies 16 lines +above and below point. + +With a prefix argument N, M-g M-g refontifies N lines above and below point. + +** Follow mode + +Follow mode is a new minor mode combining windows showing the same +buffer into one tall "virtual window". The windows are typically two +side-by-side windows. Follow mode makes them scroll together as if +they were a unit. To use it, go to a frame with just one window, +split it into two side-by-side windows using C-x 3, and then type M-x +follow-mode. + +M-x follow-mode turns off Follow mode if it is already enabled. + +To display two side-by-side windows and activate Follow mode, use the +command M-x follow-delete-other-windows-and-split. + +** hide-show changes. + +The hooks hs-hide-hooks and hs-show-hooks have been renamed +to hs-hide-hook and hs-show-hook, to follow the convention for +normal hooks. + +** Simula mode now has a menu containing the most important commands. +The new command simula-indent-exp is bound to C-M-q. + +** etags can now handle programs written in Erlang. Files are +recognised by the extensions .erl and .hrl. The tagged lines are +those that begin a function, record, or macro. + +** MSDOS Changes + +*** It is now possible to compile Emacs with the version 2 of DJGPP. +Compilation with DJGPP version 1 also still works. + +*** The documentation of DOS-specific aspects of Emacs was rewritten +and expanded; see the ``MS-DOS'' node in the on-line docs. + +*** Emacs now uses ~ for backup file names, not .bak. + +*** You can simulate mouse-3 on two-button mice by simultaneously +pressing both mouse buttons. + +*** A number of packages and commands which previously failed or had +restricted functionality on MS-DOS, now work. The most important ones +are: + +**** Printing (both with `M-x lpr-buffer' and with `ps-print' package) +now works. + +**** `Ediff' works (in a single-frame mode). + +**** `M-x display-time' can be used on MS-DOS (due to the new +implementation of Emacs timers, see below). + +**** `Dired' supports Unix-style shell wildcards. + +**** The `c-macro-expand' command now works as on other platforms. + +**** `M-x recover-session' works. + +**** `M-x list-colors-display' displays all the available colors. + +**** The `TPU-EDT' package works. + +* Lisp changes in Emacs 19.31. + +** The function using-unix-filesystems on Windows NT and Windows 95 +tells Emacs to read and write files assuming that they reside on a +remote Unix filesystem. No CR/LF translation is done on any files in +this case. Invoking using-unix-filesystems with t activates this +behavior, and invoking it with any other value deactivates it. + +** Change in system-type and system-configuration values. + +The value of system-type on a Linux-based GNU system is now `lignux', +not `linux'. This means that some programs which use `system-type' +need to be changed. The value of `system-configuration' will also +be different. + +It is generally recommended to use `system-configuration' rather +than `system-type'. + +See the file LINUX-GNU in this directory for more about this. + +** The functions shell-command and dired-call-process +now run file name handlers for default-directory, if it has them. + +** Undoing the deletion of text now restores the positions of markers +that pointed into or next to the deleted text. + +** Timers created with run-at-time now work internally to Emacs, and +no longer use a separate process. Therefore, they now work more +reliably and can be used for shorter time delays. + +The new function run-with-timer is a convenient way to set up a timer +to run a specified amount of time after the present. A call looks +like this: + + (run-with-timer SECS REPEAT FUNCTION ARGS...) + +SECS says how many seconds should elapse before the timer happens. +It may be an integer or a floating point number. When the timer +becomes ripe, the action is to call FUNCTION with arguments ARGS. + +REPEAT gives the interval for repeating the timer (measured in +seconds). It may be an integer or a floating point number. nil or 0 +means don't repeat at all--call FUNCTION just once. + +*** with-timeout provides an easy way to do something but give +up if too much time passes. + + (with-timeout (SECONDS TIMEOUT-FORMS...) BODY...) + +This executes BODY, but gives up after SECONDS seconds. +If it gives up, it runs the TIMEOUT-FORMS and returns the value +of the last one of them. Normally it returns the value of the last +form in BODY. + +*** You can now arrange to call a function whenever Emacs is idle for +a certain length of time. To do this, call run-with-idle-timer. A +call looks like this: + + (run-with-idle-timer SECS REPEAT FUNCTION ARGS...) + +SECS says how many seconds of idleness should elapse before the timer +runs. It may be an integer or a floating point number. When the +timer becomes ripe, the action is to call FUNCTION with arguments +ARGS. + +Emacs becomes idle whenever it finishes executing a keyboard or mouse +command. It remains idle until it receives another keyboard or mouse +command. + +REPEAT, if non-nil, means this timer should be activated again each +time Emacs becomes idle and remains idle for SECS seconds The timer +does not repeat if Emacs *remains* idle; it runs at most once after +each time Emacs becomes idle. + +If REPEAT is nil, the timer runs just once, the first time Emacs is +idle for SECS seconds. + +*** post-command-idle-hook is now obsolete; you shouldn't use it at +all, because it interferes with the idle timer mechanism. If your +programs use post-command-idle-hook, convert them to use idle timers +instead. + +*** y-or-n-p-with-timeout lets you ask a question but give up if +there is no answer within a certain time. + + (y-or-n-p-with-timeout PROMPT SECONDS DEFAULT-VALUE) + +asks the question PROMPT (just like y-or-n-p). If the user answers +within SECONDS seconds, it returns the answer that the user gave. +Otherwise it gives up after SECONDS seconds, and returns DEFAULT-VALUE. + +** Minor change to `encode-time': you can now pass more than seven +arguments. If you do that, the first six arguments have the usual +meaning, the last argument is interpreted as the time zone, and the +arguments in between are ignored. + +This means that it works to use the list returned by `decode-time' as +the list of arguments for `encode-time'. + +** The default value of load-path now includes the directory +/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/site-lisp In addition to +/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp. You can use this new directory for +site-specific Lisp packages that belong with a particular Emacs +version. + +It is not unusual for a Lisp package that works well in one Emacs +version to cause trouble in another. Sometimes packages need updating +for incompatible changes; sometimes they look at internal data that +has changed; sometimes the package has been installed in Emacs itself +and the installed version should be used. Whatever the reason for the +problem, this new feature makes it easier to solve. + +** When your program contains a fixed file name (like .completions or +.abbrev.defs), the file name usually needs to be different on operating +systems with limited file name syntax. + +Now you can avoid ad-hoc conditionals by using the function +convert-standard-filename to convert the file name to a proper form +for each operating system. Here is an example of use, from the file +completions.el: + +(defvar save-completions-file-name + (convert-standard-filename "~/.completions") + "*The filename to save completions to.") + +This sets the variable save-completions-file-name to a value that +depends on the operating system, because the definition of +convert-standard-filename depends on the operating system. On +Unix-like systems, it returns the specified file name unchanged. On +MS-DOS, it adapts the name to fit the limitations of that system. + +** The interactive spec N now returns the numeric prefix argument +rather than the raw prefix argument. (It still reads a number using the +minibuffer if there is no prefix argument at all.) + +** When a process is deleted, this no longer disconnects the process +marker from its buffer position. + +** The variable garbage-collection-messages now controls whether +Emacs displays a message at the beginning and end of garbage collection. +The default is nil, meaning there are no messages. + +** The variable debug-ignored-errors specifies certain kinds of errors +that should not enter the debugger. Its value is a list of error +condition symbols and/or regular expressions. If the error has any +of the condition symbols listed, or if any of the regular expressions +matches the error message, then that error does not enter the debugger, +regardless of the value of debug-on-error. + +This variable is initialized to match certain common but uninteresting +errors that happen often during editing. + +** The new function error-message-string converts an error datum +into its error message. The error datum is what condition-case +puts into the variable, to describe the error that happened. + +** Anything that changes which buffer appears in a given window +now runs the window-scroll-functions for that window. + +** The new function get-buffer-window-list returns a list of windows displaying +a buffer. The function is called with the buffer (a buffer object or a buffer +name) and two optional arguments specifying the minibuffer windows and frames +to search. Therefore this function takes optional args like next-window etc., +and not get-buffer-window. + +** buffer-substring now runs the hook buffer-access-fontify-functions, +calling each function with two arguments--the range of the buffer +being accessed. buffer-substring-no-properties does not call them. + +If you use this feature, you should set the variable +buffer-access-fontified-property to a non-nil symbol, which is a +property name. Then, if all the characters in the buffer range have a +non-nil value for that property, the buffer-access-fontify-functions +are not called. When called, these functions should put a non-nil +property on the text that they fontify, so that they won't get called +over and over for the same text. + +** Changes in lisp-mnt.el + +*** The lisp-mnt package can now recognize file headers that are written +in the formats used by the `what' command and the RCS `ident' command: + +;; @(#) HEADER: text +;; $HEADER: text $ + +in addition to the normal + +;; HEADER: text + +*** The commands lm-verify and lm-synopsis are now interactive. lm-verify +checks that the library file has proper sections and headers, and +lm-synopsis extracts first line "synopsis'"information. + + + +* For older news, see the file ONEWS ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Copyright information:
--- a/etc/NEWS.1 Thu Aug 17 15:37:07 2000 +0000 +++ b/etc/NEWS.1 Thu Aug 17 15:38:59 2000 +0000 @@ -1,4994 +1,1154 @@ -GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes. 5 Jan 2000 -Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Old GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes thru version 15. +Copyright (C) 1985 Richard M. Stallman. See the end for copying conditions. - -Please send Emacs bug reports to bug-gnu-emacs@gnu.org. -For older news, see the file ONEWS. - -^L -* Emacs 20.7 is a bug-fix release with few user-visible changes - -** It is now possible to use CCL-based coding systems for keyboard -input. - -** ange-ftp now handles FTP security extensions, like Kerberos. - -** Rmail has been extended to recognize more forms of digest messages. - -** Now, most coding systems set in keyboard coding system work not -only for character input, but also in incremental search. The -exceptions are such coding systems that handle 2-byte character sets -(e.g euc-kr, euc-jp) and that use ISO's escape sequence -(e.g. iso-2022-jp). They are ignored in incremental search. - -** Support for Macintosh PowerPC-based machines running GNU/Linux has -been added. - -^L -* Emacs 20.6 is a bug-fix release with one user-visible change - -** Support for ARM-based non-RISCiX machines has been added. - -^L -* Emacs 20.5 is a bug-fix release with no user-visible changes. + +Changes in Emacs 15 -** Not new, but not mentioned before: -M-w when Transient Mark mode is enabled disables the mark. - -* Changes in Emacs 20.4 - -** Init file may be called .emacs.el. - -You can now call the Emacs init file `.emacs.el'. -Formerly the name had to be `.emacs'. If you use the name -`.emacs.el', you can byte-compile the file in the usual way. - -If both `.emacs' and `.emacs.el' exist, the latter file -is the one that is used. +* Emacs now runs on Sun and Megatest 68000 systems; + also on at least one 16000 system running 4.2. -** shell-command, and shell-command-on-region, now return -the exit code of the command (unless it is asynchronous). -Also, you can specify a place to put the error output, -separate from the command's regular output. -Interactively, the variable shell-command-default-error-buffer -says where to put error output; set it to a buffer name. -In calls from Lisp, an optional argument ERROR-BUFFER specifies -the buffer name. - -When you specify a non-nil error buffer (or buffer name), any error -output is inserted before point in that buffer, with \f\n to separate -it from the previous batch of error output. The error buffer is not -cleared, so error output from successive commands accumulates there. - -** Setting the default value of enable-multibyte-characters to nil in -the .emacs file, either explicitly using setq-default, or via Custom, -is now essentially equivalent to using --unibyte: all buffers -created during startup will be made unibyte after loading .emacs. - -** C-x C-f now handles the wildcards * and ? in file names. For -example, typing C-x C-f c*.c RET visits all the files whose names -match c*.c. To visit a file whose name contains * or ?, add the -quoting sequence /: to the beginning of the file name. +* Emacs now alters the output-start and output-stop characters + to prevent C-s and C-q from being considered as flow control + by cretinous rlogin software in 4.2. -** The M-x commands keep-lines, flush-lines and count-matches -now have the same feature as occur and query-replace: -if the pattern contains any upper case letters, then -they never ignore case. - -** The end-of-line format conversion feature previously mentioned -under `* Emacs 20.1 changes for MS-DOS and MS-Windows' actually -applies to all operating systems. Emacs recognizes from the contents -of a file what convention it uses to separate lines--newline, CRLF, or -just CR--and automatically converts the contents to the normal Emacs -convention (using newline to separate lines) for editing. This is a -part of the general feature of coding system conversion. - -If you subsequently save the buffer, Emacs converts the text back to -the same format that was used in the file before. - -You can turn off end-of-line conversion by setting the variable -`inhibit-eol-conversion' to non-nil, e.g. with Custom in the MULE group. - -** The character set property `prefered-coding-system' has been -renamed to `preferred-coding-system', for the sake of correct spelling. -This is a fairly internal feature, so few programs should be affected. - -** Mode-line display of end-of-line format is changed. -The indication of the end-of-line format of the file visited by a -buffer is now more explicit when that format is not the usual one for -your operating system. For example, the DOS-style end-of-line format -is displayed as "(DOS)" on Unix and GNU/Linux systems. The usual -end-of-line format is still displayed as a single character (colon for -Unix, backslash for DOS and Windows, and forward slash for the Mac). - -The values of the variables eol-mnemonic-unix, eol-mnemonic-dos, -eol-mnemonic-mac, and eol-mnemonic-undecided, which are strings, -control what is displayed in the mode line for each end-of-line -format. You can now customize these variables. +* It is now possible convert Mocklisp code (for Gosling Emacs) to Lisp code + that can run in GNU Emacs. M-x convert-mocklisp-buffer + converts the contents of the current buffer from Mocklisp to + GNU Emacs Lisp. You should then save the converted buffer with C-x C-w + under a name ending in ".el" -** In the previous version of Emacs, tar-mode didn't work well if a -filename contained non-ASCII characters. Now this is fixed. Such a -filename is decoded by file-name-coding-system if the default value of -enable-multibyte-characters is non-nil. - -** The command temp-buffer-resize-mode toggles a minor mode -in which temporary buffers (such as help buffers) are given -windows just big enough to hold the whole contents. - -** If you use completion.el, you must now run the function -dynamic-completion-mode to enable it. Just loading the file -doesn't have any effect. - -** In Flyspell mode, the default is now to make just one Ispell process, -not one per buffer. - -** If you use iswitchb but do not call (iswitchb-default-keybindings) to -use the default keybindings, you will need to add the following line: - (add-hook 'minibuffer-setup-hook 'iswitchb-minibuffer-setup) + There are probably some Mocklisp constructs that are not handled. + If you encounter one, feel free to report the failure as a bug. + The construct will be handled in a future Emacs release, if that is not + not too hard to do. -** Auto-show mode is no longer enabled just by loading auto-show.el. -To control it, set `auto-show-mode' via Custom or use the -`auto-show-mode' command. - -** Handling of X fonts' ascent/descent parameters has been changed to -avoid redisplay problems. As a consequence, compared with previous -versions the line spacing and frame size now differ with some font -choices, typically increasing by a pixel per line. This change -occurred in version 20.3 but was not documented then. - -** If you select the bar cursor style, it uses the frame's -cursor-color, rather than the cursor foreground pixel. - -** In multibyte mode, Rmail decodes incoming MIME messages using the -character set specified in the message. If you want to disable this -feature, set the variable rmail-decode-mime-charset to nil. - -** Not new, but not mentioned previously in NEWS: when you use #! at -the beginning of a file to make it executable and specify an -interpreter program, Emacs looks on the second line for the -*- mode -and variable specification, as well as on the first line. - -** Support for IBM codepage encoding of non-ASCII characters. + Note that lisp code converted from Mocklisp code will not necessarily + run as fast as code specifically written for GNU Emacs, nor will it use + the many features of GNU Emacs which are not present in Gosling's emacs. + (In particular, the byte-compiler (m-x byte-compile-file) knows little + about compilation of code directly converted from mocklisp.) + It is envisaged that old mocklisp code will be incrementally converted + to GNU lisp code, with M-x convert-mocklisp-buffer being the first + step in this process. -The new command M-x codepage-setup creates a special coding system -that can be used to convert text between a specific IBM codepage and -one of the character sets built into Emacs which matches that -codepage. For example, codepage 850 corresponds to Latin-1 character -set, codepage 855 corresponds to Cyrillic-ISO character set, etc. - -Windows codepages 1250, 1251 and some others, where Windows deviates -from the corresponding ISO character set, are also supported. - -IBM box-drawing characters and other glyphs which don't have -equivalents in the corresponding ISO character set, are converted to -a character defined by dos-unsupported-char-glyph on MS-DOS, and to -`?' on other systems. +* Control-x n (narrow-to-region) is now by default a disabled command. -IBM codepages are widely used on MS-DOS and MS-Windows, so this -feature is most useful on those platforms, but it can also be used on -Unix. - -Emacs compiled for MS-DOS automatically loads the support for the -current codepage when it starts. - -** Mail changes - -*** When mail is sent using compose-mail (C-x m), and if -`mail-send-nonascii' is set to the new default value `mime', -appropriate MIME headers are added. The headers are added only if -non-ASCII characters are present in the body of the mail, and no other -MIME headers are already present. For example, the following three -headers are added if the coding system used in the *mail* buffer is -latin-1: - - MIME-version: 1.0 - Content-type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1 - Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit + This means that, if you issue this command, it will ask whether + you really mean it. You have the opportunity to enable the + command permanently at that time, so you will not be asked again. + This will place the form "(put 'narrow-to-region 'disabled nil)" in your + .emacs file. -*** The new variable default-sendmail-coding-system specifies the -default way to encode outgoing mail. This has higher priority than -default-buffer-file-coding-system but has lower priority than -sendmail-coding-system and the local value of -buffer-file-coding-system. - -You should not set this variable manually. Instead, set -sendmail-coding-system to specify a fixed encoding for all outgoing -mail. - -*** When you try to send a message that contains non-ASCII characters, -if the coding system specified by those variables doesn't handle them, -Emacs will ask you to select a suitable coding system while showing a -list of possible coding systems. - -** CC Mode changes +* Tags now prompts for the tag table file name to use. -*** c-default-style can now take an association list that maps major -modes to style names. When this variable is an alist, Java mode no -longer hardcodes a setting to "java" style. See the variable's -docstring for details. - -*** It's now possible to put a list as the offset on a syntactic -symbol. The list is evaluated recursively until a non-nil offset is -found. This is useful to combine several lineup functions to act in a -prioritized order on a single line. However, none of the supplied -lineup functions use this feature currently. + All the tags commands ask for the tag table file name + if you have not yet specified one. -*** New syntactic symbol catch-clause, which is used on the "catch" and -"finally" lines in try-catch constructs in C++ and Java. - -*** New cleanup brace-catch-brace on c-cleanup-list, which does for -"catch" lines what brace-elseif-brace does for "else if" lines. - -*** The braces of Java anonymous inner classes are treated separately -from the braces of other classes in auto-newline mode. Two new -symbols inexpr-class-open and inexpr-class-close may be used on -c-hanging-braces-alist to control the automatic newlines used for -anonymous classes. - -*** Support for the Pike language added, along with new Pike specific -syntactic symbols: inlambda, lambda-intro-cont + Also, the command M-x visit-tag-table can now be used to + specify the tag table file name initially, or to switch + to a new tag table. -*** Support for Java anonymous classes via new syntactic symbol -inexpr-class. New syntactic symbol inexpr-statement for Pike -support and gcc-style statements inside expressions. New lineup -function c-lineup-inexpr-block. - -*** New syntactic symbol brace-entry-open which is used in brace lists -(i.e. static initializers) when a list entry starts with an open -brace. These used to be recognized as brace-list-entry's. -c-electric-brace also recognizes brace-entry-open braces -(brace-list-entry's can no longer be electrified). - -*** New command c-indent-line-or-region, not bound by default. - -*** `#' is only electric when typed in the indentation of a line. - -*** Parentheses are now electric (via the new command c-electric-paren) -for auto-reindenting lines when parens are typed. - -*** In "gnu" style, inline-open offset is now set to zero. - -*** Uniform handling of the inclass syntactic symbol. The indentation -associated with it is now always relative to the class opening brace. -This means that the indentation behavior has changed in some -circumstances, but only if you've put anything besides 0 on the -class-open syntactic symbol (none of the default styles do that). - -** Gnus changes. - -*** New functionality for using Gnus as an offline newsreader has been -added. A plethora of new commands and modes have been added. See the -Gnus manual for the full story. - -*** The nndraft backend has returned, but works differently than -before. All Message buffers are now also articles in the nndraft -group, which is created automatically. - -*** `gnus-alter-header-function' can now be used to alter header -values. +* If truncate-partial-width-windows is non-nil (as it intially is), + all windows less than the full screen width (that is, + made by side-by-side splitting) truncate lines rather than continuing + them. -*** `gnus-summary-goto-article' now accept Message-ID's. - -*** A new Message command for deleting text in the body of a message -outside the region: `C-c C-v'. - -*** You can now post to component group in nnvirtual groups with -`C-u C-c C-c'. - -*** `nntp-rlogin-program' -- new variable to ease customization. - -*** `C-u C-c C-c' in `gnus-article-edit-mode' will now inhibit -re-highlighting of the article buffer. - -*** New element in `gnus-boring-article-headers' -- `long-to'. - -*** `M-i' symbolic prefix command. See the section "Symbolic -Prefixes" in the Gnus manual for details. +* Emacs now checks for Lisp stack overflow to avoid fatal errors. + The depth in eval, apply and funcall may not exceed max-lisp-eval-depth. + The depth in variable bindings and unwind-protects may not exceed + max-specpdl-size. If either limit is exceeded, an error occurs. + You can set the limits to larger values if you wish, but if you make them + too large, you are vulnerable to a fatal error if you invoke + Lisp code that does infinite recursion. -*** `L' and `I' in the summary buffer now take the symbolic prefix -`a' to add the score rule to the "all.SCORE" file. - -*** `gnus-simplify-subject-functions' variable to allow greater -control over simplification. - -*** `A T' -- new command for fetching the current thread. - -*** `/ T' -- new command for including the current thread in the -limit. - -*** `M-RET' is a new Message command for breaking cited text. - -*** \\1-expressions are now valid in `nnmail-split-methods'. - -*** The `custom-face-lookup' function has been removed. -If you used this function in your initialization files, you must -rewrite them to use `face-spec-set' instead. - -*** Cancelling now uses the current select method. Symbolic prefix -`a' forces normal posting method. +* New hooks find-file-hook and write-file-hook. + Both of these variables if non-nil should be functions of no arguments. + At the time they are called (current-buffer) will be the buffer being + read or written respectively. -*** New command to translate M******** sm*rtq**t*s into proper text --- `W d'. - -*** For easier debugging of nntp, you can set `nntp-record-commands' -to a non-nil value. - -*** nntp now uses ~/.authinfo, a .netrc-like file, for controlling -where and how to send AUTHINFO to NNTP servers. - -*** A command for editing group parameters from the summary buffer -has been added. - -*** A history of where mails have been split is available. - -*** A new article date command has been added -- `article-date-iso8601'. - -*** Subjects can be simplified when threading by setting -`gnus-score-thread-simplify'. - -*** A new function for citing in Message has been added -- -`message-cite-original-without-signature'. - -*** `article-strip-all-blank-lines' -- new article command. - -*** A new Message command to kill to the end of the article has -been added. - -*** A minimum adaptive score can be specified by using the -`gnus-adaptive-word-minimum' variable. - -*** The "lapsed date" article header can be kept continually -updated by the `gnus-start-date-timer' command. - -*** Web listserv archives can be read with the nnlistserv backend. - -*** Old dejanews archives can now be read by nnweb. + find-file-hook is called whenever a file is read into its own buffer, + such as by calling find-file, revert-buffer, etc. It is not called by + functions such as insert-file which do not read the file into a buffer of + its own. + find-file-hook is called after the file has been read in and its + local variables (if any) have been processed. -*** `gnus-posting-styles' has been re-activated. - -** Changes to TeX and LaTeX mode - -*** The new variable `tex-start-options-string' can be used to give -options for the TeX run. The default value causes TeX to run in -nonstopmode. For an interactive TeX run set it to nil or "". + write-file-hook is called just before writing out a file from a buffer. -*** The command `tex-feed-input' sends input to the Tex Shell. In a -TeX buffer it is bound to the keys C-RET, C-c RET, and C-c C-m (some -of these keys may not work on all systems). For instance, if you run -TeX interactively and if the TeX run stops because of an error, you -can continue it without leaving the TeX buffer by typing C-RET. - -*** The Tex Shell Buffer is now in `compilation-shell-minor-mode'. -All error-parsing commands of the Compilation major mode are available -but bound to keys that don't collide with the shell. Thus you can use -the Tex Shell for command line executions like a usual shell. +* The initial value of shell-prompt-pattern is now "^[^#$%>]*[#$%>] *" -*** The commands `tex-validate-region' and `tex-validate-buffer' check -the matching of braces and $'s. The errors are listed in a *Occur* -buffer and you can use C-c C-c or mouse-2 to go to a particular -mismatch. - -** Changes to RefTeX mode - -*** The table of contents buffer can now also display labels and -file boundaries in addition to sections. Use `l', `i', and `c' keys. - -*** Labels derived from context (the section heading) are now -lowercase by default. To make the label legal in LaTeX, latin-1 -characters will lose their accent. All Mule characters will be -removed from the label. - -*** The automatic display of cross reference information can also use -a window instead of the echo area. See variable `reftex-auto-view-crossref'. - -*** kpsewhich can be used by RefTeX to find TeX and BibTeX files. See the -customization group `reftex-finding-files'. +* If the .emacs file sets inhibit-startup-message to non-nil, + the messages normally printed by Emacs at startup time + are inhibited. -*** The option `reftex-bibfile-ignore-list' has been renamed to -`reftex-bibfile-ignore-regexps' and indeed can be fed with regular -expressions. - -*** Multiple Selection buffers are now hidden buffers. - -** New/deleted modes and packages - -*** The package snmp-mode.el provides major modes for editing SNMP and -SNMPv2 MIBs. It has entries on `auto-mode-alist'. - -*** The package sql.el provides a major mode, M-x sql-mode, for -editing SQL files, and M-x sql-interactive-mode for interacting with -SQL interpreters. It has an entry on `auto-mode-alist'. +* Facility for run-time conditionalization on the basis of emacs features. -*** M-x highlight-changes-mode provides a minor mode displaying buffer -changes with a special face. - -*** ispell4.el has been deleted. It got in the way of ispell.el and -this was hard to fix reliably. It has long been obsolete -- use -Ispell 3.1 and ispell.el. - -* MS-DOS changes in Emacs 20.4 - -** Emacs compiled for MS-DOS now supports MULE features better. -This includes support for display of all ISO 8859-N character sets, -conversion to and from IBM codepage encoding of non-ASCII characters, -and automatic setup of the MULE environment at startup. For details, -check out the section `MS-DOS and MULE' in the manual. - -The MS-DOS installation procedure automatically configures and builds -Emacs with input method support if it finds an unpacked Leim -distribution when the config.bat script is run. + The new variable features is a list of symbols which represent "features" + of the executing emacs, for use in run-time conditionalization. -** Formerly, the value of lpr-command did not affect printing on -MS-DOS unless print-region-function was set to nil, but now it -controls whether an external program is invoked or output is written -directly to a printer port. Similarly, in the previous version of -Emacs, the value of ps-lpr-command did not affect PostScript printing -on MS-DOS unless ps-printer-name was set to something other than a -string (eg. t or `pipe'), but now it controls whether an external -program is used. (These changes were made so that configuration of -printing variables would be almost identical across all platforms.) - -** In the previous version of Emacs, PostScript and non-PostScript -output was piped to external programs, but because most print programs -available for MS-DOS and MS-Windows cannot read data from their standard -input, on those systems the data to be output is now written to a -temporary file whose name is passed as the last argument to the external -program. + The function featurep of one argument may be used to test for the + presence of a feature. It is just the same as + (not (null (memq FEATURE features))) where FEATURE is its argument. + For example, (if (featurep 'magic-window-hack) + (transmogrify-window 'vertical) + (split-window-vertically)) -An exception is made for `print', a standard program on Windows NT, -and `nprint', a standard program on Novell Netware. For both of these -programs, the command line is constructed in the appropriate syntax -automatically, using only the value of printer-name or ps-printer-name -as appropriate--the value of the relevant `-switches' variable is -ignored, as both programs have no useful switches. - -** The value of the variable dos-printer (cf. dos-ps-printer), if it has -a value, overrides the value of printer-name (cf. ps-printer-name), on -MS-DOS and MS-Windows only. This has been true since version 20.3, but -was not documented clearly before. - -** All the Emacs games now work on MS-DOS terminals. -This includes Tetris and Snake. - -* Lisp changes in Emacs 20.4 - -** New functions line-beginning-position and line-end-position -return the position of the beginning or end of the current line. -They both accept an optional argument, which has the same -meaning as the argument to beginning-of-line or end-of-line. - -** find-file and allied functions now have an optional argument -WILDCARD. If this is non-nil, they do wildcard processing, -and visit all files that match the wildcard pattern. + The function provide of one argument "announces" that FEATURE is present. + It is much the same as (if (not (featurep FEATURE)) + (setq features (cons FEATURE features))) -** Changes in the file-attributes function. - -*** The file size returned by file-attributes may be an integer or a float. -It is an integer if the size fits in a Lisp integer, float otherwise. - -*** The inode number returned by file-attributes may be an integer (if -the number fits in a Lisp integer) or a cons cell containing two -integers. - -** The new function directory-files-and-attributes returns a list of -files in a directory and their attributes. It accepts the same -arguments as directory-files and has similar semantics, except that -file names and attributes are returned. + The function require with arguments FEATURE and FILE-NAME loads FILE-NAME + (which should contain the form (provide FEATURE)) unless FEATURE is present. + It is much the same as (if (not (featurep FEATURE)) + (progn (load FILE-NAME) + (if (not featurep FEATURE) (error ...)))) + FILE-NAME is optional and defaults to FEATURE. -** The new function file-attributes-lessp is a helper function for -sorting the list generated by directory-files-and-attributes. It -accepts two arguments, each a list of a file name and its atttributes. -It compares the file names of each according to string-lessp and -returns the result. - -** The new function file-expand-wildcards expands a wildcard-pattern -to produce a list of existing files that match the pattern. - -** New functions for base64 conversion: - -The function base64-encode-region converts a part of the buffer -into the base64 code used in MIME. base64-decode-region -performs the opposite conversion. Line-breaking is supported -optionally. - -Functions base64-encode-string and base64-decode-string do a similar -job on the text in a string. They return the value as a new string. - -** -The new function process-running-child-p -will tell you if a subprocess has given control of its -terminal to its own child process. +* New function load-average. -** interrupt-process and such functions have a new feature: -when the second argument is `lambda', they send a signal -to the running child of the subshell, if any, but if the shell -itself owns its terminal, no signal is sent. - -** There are new widget types `plist' and `alist' which can -be used for customizing variables whose values are plists or alists. - -** easymenu.el Now understands `:key-sequence' and `:style button'. -:included is an alias for :visible. - -easy-menu-add-item now understands the values returned by -easy-menu-remove-item and easy-menu-item-present-p. This can be used -to move or copy menu entries. - -** Multibyte editing changes + This returns a list of three integers, which are + the current 1 minute, 5 minute and 15 minute load averages, + each multiplied by a hundred (since normally they are floating + point numbers). -*** The definitions of sref and char-bytes are changed. Now, sref is -an alias of aref and char-bytes always returns 1. This change is to -make some Emacs Lisp code which works on 20.2 and earlier also -work on the latest Emacs. Such code uses a combination of sref and -char-bytes in a loop typically as below: - (setq char (sref str idx) - idx (+ idx (char-bytes idx))) -The byte-compiler now warns that this is obsolete. +* Per-terminal libraries loaded automatically. -If you want to know how many bytes a specific multibyte character -(say, CH) occupies in a multibyte buffer, use this code: - (charset-bytes (char-charset ch)) - -*** In multibyte mode, when you narrow a buffer to some region, and the -region is preceded or followed by non-ASCII codes, inserting or -deleting at the head or the end of the region may signal this error: - - Byte combining across boundary of accessible buffer text inhibitted - -This is to avoid some bytes being combined together into a character -across the boundary. + Emacs when starting up on terminal type T automatically loads + a library named term-T. T is the value of the TERM environment variable. + Thus, on terminal type vt100, Emacs would do (load "term-vt100" t t). + Such libraries are good places to set the character translation table. -*** The functions find-charset-region and find-charset-string include -`unknown' in the returned list in the following cases: - o The current buffer or the target string is unibyte and - contains 8-bit characters. - o The current buffer or the target string is multibyte and - contains invalid characters. - -*** The functions decode-coding-region and encode-coding-region remove -text properties of the target region. Ideally, they should correctly -preserve text properties, but for the moment, it's hard. Removing -text properties is better than preserving them in a less-than-correct -way. - -*** prefer-coding-system sets EOL conversion of default coding systems. -If the argument to prefer-coding-system specifies a certain type of -end of line conversion, the default coding systems set by -prefer-coding-system will specify that conversion type for end of line. + It is a bad idea to redefine lots of commands in a per-terminal library, + since this affects all users. Instead, define a command to do the + redefinitions and let the user's init file, which is loaded later, + call that command or not, as the user prefers. -*** The new function thai-compose-string can be used to properly -compose Thai characters in a string. - -** The primitive `define-prefix-command' now takes an optional third -argument NAME, which should be a string. It supplies the menu name -for the created keymap. Keymaps created in order to be displayed as -menus should always use the third argument. - -** The meanings of optional second arguments for read-char, -read-event, and read-char-exclusive are flipped. Now the second -arguments are INHERIT-INPUT-METHOD. These functions use the current -input method (if any) if and only if INHERIT-INPUT-METHOD is non-nil. - -** The new function clear-this-command-keys empties out the contents -of the vector that (this-command-keys) returns. This is useful in -programs that read passwords, to prevent the passwords from echoing -inadvertently as part of the next command in certain cases. +* Programmer's note: detecting killed buffers. -** The new macro `with-temp-message' displays a temporary message in -the echo area, while executing some Lisp code. Like `progn', it -returns the value of the last form, but it also restores the previous -echo area contents. - - (with-temp-message MESSAGE &rest BODY) - -** The function `require' now takes an optional third argument -NOERROR. If it is non-nil, then there is no error if the -requested feature cannot be loaded. - -** In the function modify-face, an argument of (nil) for the -foreground color, background color or stipple pattern -means to clear out that attribute. - -** The `outer-window-id' frame property of an X frame -gives the window number of the outermost X window for the frame. + Buffers are eliminated by explicitly killing them, using + the function kill-buffer. This does not eliminate or affect + the pointers to the buffer which may exist in list structure. + If you have a pointer to a buffer and wish to tell whether + the buffer has been killed, use the function buffer-name. + It returns nil on a killed buffer, and a string on a live buffer. -** Temporary buffers made with with-output-to-temp-buffer are now -read-only by default, and normally use the major mode Help mode -unless you put them in some other non-Fundamental mode before the -end of with-output-to-temp-buffer. - -** The new functions gap-position and gap-size return information on -the gap of the current buffer. - -** The new functions position-bytes and byte-to-position provide a way -to convert between character positions and byte positions in the -current buffer. +* New ways to access the last command input character. -** vc.el defines two new macros, `edit-vc-file' and `with-vc-file', to -facilitate working with version-controlled files from Lisp programs. -These macros check out a given file automatically if needed, and check -it back in after any modifications have been made. - -* Installation Changes in Emacs 20.3 - -** The default value of load-path now includes most subdirectories of -the site-specific directories /usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp and -/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/site-lisp, in addition to those -directories themselves. Both immediate subdirectories and -subdirectories multiple levels down are added to load-path. + The function last-key-struck, which used to return the last + input character that was read by command input, is eliminated. + Instead, you can find this information as the value of the + variable last-command-char. (This variable used to be called + last-key). -Not all subdirectories are included, though. Subdirectories whose -names do not start with a letter or digit are excluded. -Subdirectories named RCS or CVS are excluded. Also, a subdirectory -which contains a file named `.nosearch' is excluded. You can use -these methods to prevent certain subdirectories from being searched. - -Emacs finds these subdirectories and adds them to load-path when it -starts up. While it would be cleaner to find the subdirectories each -time Emacs loads a file, that would be much slower. - -This feature is an incompatible change. If you have stored some Emacs -Lisp files in a subdirectory of the site-lisp directory specifically -to prevent them from being used, you will need to rename the -subdirectory to start with a non-alphanumeric character, or create a -`.nosearch' file in it, in order to continue to achieve the desired -results. - -** Emacs no longer includes an old version of the C preprocessor from -GCC. This was formerly used to help compile Emacs with C compilers -that had limits on the significant length of an identifier, but in -fact we stopped supporting such compilers some time ago. - -* Changes in Emacs 20.3 - -** The new command C-x z (repeat) repeats the previous command -including its argument. If you repeat the z afterward, -it repeats the command additional times; thus, you can -perform many repetitions with one keystroke per repetition. + Another new variable, last-input-char, holds the last character + read from the command input stream regardless of what it was + read for. last-input-char and last-command-char are different + only inside a command that has called read-char to read input. -** Emacs now supports "selective undo" which undoes only within a -specified region. To do this, set point and mark around the desired -region and type C-u C-x u (or C-u C-_). You can then continue undoing -further, within the same region, by repeating the ordinary undo -command C-x u or C-_. This will keep undoing changes that were made -within the region you originally specified, until either all of them -are undone, or it encounters a change which crosses the edge of that -region. - -In Transient Mark mode, undoing when a region is active requests -selective undo. - -** If you specify --unibyte when starting Emacs, then all buffers are -unibyte, except when a Lisp program specifically creates a multibyte -buffer. Setting the environment variable EMACS_UNIBYTE has the same -effect. The --no-unibyte option overrides EMACS_UNIBYTE and directs -Emacs to run normally in multibyte mode. +* The new switch -kill causes Emacs to exit after processing the + preceding command line arguments. Thus, + emacs -l lib data -e do-it -kill + means to load lib, find file data, call do-it on no arguments, + and then exit. -The option --unibyte does not affect the reading of Emacs Lisp files, -though. If you want a Lisp file to be read in unibyte mode, use --*-unibyte: t;-*- on its first line. That will force Emacs to -load that file in unibyte mode, regardless of how Emacs was started. - -** toggle-enable-multibyte-characters no longer has a key binding and -no longer appears in the menu bar. We've realized that changing the -enable-multibyte-characters variable in an existing buffer is -something that most users not do. - -** You can specify a coding system to use for the next cut or paste -operations through the window system with the command C-x RET X. -The coding system can make a difference for communication with other -applications. - -C-x RET x specifies a coding system for all subsequent cutting and -pasting operations. - -** You can specify the printer to use for commands that do printing by -setting the variable `printer-name'. Just what a printer name looks -like depends on your operating system. You can specify a different -printer for the Postscript printing commands by setting -`ps-printer-name'. +* The config.h file has been modularized. -** Emacs now supports on-the-fly spell checking by the means of a -minor mode. It is called M-x flyspell-mode. You don't have to remember -any other special commands to use it, and you will hardly notice it -except when you make a spelling error. Flyspell works by highlighting -incorrect words as soon as they are completed or as soon as the cursor -hits a new word. - -Flyspell mode works with whichever dictionary you have selected for -Ispell in Emacs. In TeX mode, it understands TeX syntax so as not -to be confused by TeX commands. - -You can correct a misspelled word by editing it into something -correct. You can also correct it, or accept it as correct, by -clicking on the word with Mouse-2; that gives you a pop-up menu -of various alternative replacements and actions. - -Flyspell mode also proposes "automatic" corrections. M-TAB replaces -the current misspelled word with a possible correction. If several -corrections are made possible, M-TAB cycles through them in -alphabetical order, or in order of decreasing likelihood if -flyspell-sort-corrections is nil. - -Flyspell mode also flags an error when a word is repeated, if -flyspell-mark-duplications-flag is non-nil. - -** Changes in input method usage. - -Now you can use arrow keys (right, left, down, up) for selecting among -the alternatives just the same way as you do by C-f, C-b, C-n, and C-p -respectively. - -You can use the ENTER key to accept the current conversion. - -If you type TAB to display a list of alternatives, you can select one -of the alternatives with Mouse-2. - -The meaning of the variable `input-method-verbose-flag' is changed so -that you can set it to t, nil, `default', or `complex-only'. - - If the value is nil, extra guidance is never given. + Options that depend on the machine you are running on are defined + in a file whose name starts with "m-", such as m-vax.h. + Options that depend on the operating system software version you are + running on are defined in a file whose name starts with "s-", + such as s-bsd4.2.h. - If the value is t, extra guidance is always given. - - If the value is `complex-only', extra guidance is always given only - when you are using complex input methods such as chinese-py. - - If the value is `default' (this is the default), extra guidance is - given in the following case: - o When you are using a complex input method. - o When you are using a simple input method but not in the minibuffer. - -If you are using Emacs through a very slow line, setting -input-method-verbose-flag to nil or to complex-only is a good choice, -and if you are using an input method you are not familiar with, -setting it to t is helpful. - -The old command select-input-method is now called set-input-method. + config.h includes one m- file and one s- file. It also defines a + few other options whose values do not follow from the machine type + and system type being used. Installers normally will have to + select the correct m- and s- files but will never have to change their + contents. -In the language environment "Korean", you can use the following -keys: - Shift-SPC toggle-korean-input-method - C-F9 quail-hangul-switch-symbol-ksc - F9 quail-hangul-switch-hanja -These key bindings are canceled when you switch to another language -environment. +* Termcap AL and DL strings are understood. -** The minibuffer history of file names now records the specified file -names, not the entire minibuffer input. For example, if the -minibuffer starts out with /usr/foo/, you might type in /etc/passwd to -get - - /usr/foo//etc/passwd + If the termcap entry defines AL and DL strings, for insertion + and deletion of multiple lines in one blow, Emacs now uses them. + This matters most on certain bit map display terminals for which + scrolling is comparatively slow. -which stands for the file /etc/passwd. - -Formerly, this used to put /usr/foo//etc/passwd in the history list. -Now this puts just /etc/passwd in the history list. - -** If you are root, Emacs sets backup-by-copying-when-mismatch to t -at startup, so that saving a file will be sure to preserve -its owner and group. +* Bias against scrolling screen far on fast terminals. -** find-func.el can now also find the place of definition of Emacs -Lisp variables in user-loaded libraries. - -** C-x r t (string-rectangle) now deletes the existing rectangle -contents before inserting the specified string on each line. - -** There is a new command delete-whitespace-rectangle -which deletes whitespace starting from a particular column -in all the lines on a rectangle. The column is specified -by the left edge of the rectangle. - -** You can now store a number into a register with C-u NUMBER C-x r n REG, -increment it by INC with C-u INC C-x r + REG (to increment by one, omit -C-u INC), and insert it in the buffer with C-x r g REG. This is useful -for writing keyboard macros. + Emacs now prefers to redraw a few lines rather than + shift them a long distance on the screen, when the terminal is fast. -** The new command M-x speedbar displays a frame in which directories, -files, and tags can be displayed, manipulated, and jumped to. The -frame defaults to 20 characters in width, and is the same height as -the frame that it was started from. Some major modes define -additional commands for the speedbar, including Rmail, GUD/GDB, and -info. - -** query-replace-regexp is now bound to C-M-%. - -** In Transient Mark mode, when the region is active, M-x -query-replace and the other replace commands now operate on the region -contents only. - -** M-x write-region, when used interactively, now asks for -confirmation before overwriting an existing file. When you call -the function from a Lisp program, a new optional argument CONFIRM -says whether to ask for confirmation in this case. +* New major mode, mim-mode. -** If you use find-file-literally and the file is already visited -non-literally, the command asks you whether to revisit the file -literally. If you say no, it signals an error. - -** Major modes defined with the "derived mode" feature -now use the proper name for the mode hook: WHATEVER-mode-hook. -Formerly they used the name WHATEVER-mode-hooks, but that is -inconsistent with Emacs conventions. + This major mode is for editing MDL code. Perhaps a MDL + user can explain why it is not called mdl-mode. + You must load the library mim-mode explicitly to use this. -** shell-command-on-region (and shell-command) reports success or -failure if the command produces no output. - -** Set focus-follows-mouse to nil if your window system or window -manager does not transfer focus to another window when you just move -the mouse. - -** mouse-menu-buffer-maxlen has been renamed to -mouse-buffer-menu-maxlen to be consistent with the other related -function and variable names. +* GNU documentation formatter `texinfo'. -** The new variable auto-coding-alist specifies coding systems for -reading specific files. This has higher priority than -file-coding-system-alist. - -** If you set the variable unibyte-display-via-language-environment to -t, then Emacs displays non-ASCII characters are displayed by -converting them to the equivalent multibyte characters according to -the current language environment. As a result, they are displayed -according to the current fontset. - -** C-q's handling of codes in the range 0200 through 0377 is changed. - -The codes in the range 0200 through 0237 are inserted as one byte of -that code regardless of the values of nonascii-translation-table and -nonascii-insert-offset. - -For the codes in the range 0240 through 0377, if -enable-multibyte-characters is non-nil and nonascii-translation-table -nor nonascii-insert-offset can't convert them to valid multibyte -characters, they are converted to Latin-1 characters. + The `texinfo' library defines a format for documentation + files which can be passed through Tex to make a printed manual + or passed through texinfo to make an Info file. Texinfo is + documented fully by its own Info file; compare this file + with its source, texinfo.texinfo, for additional guidance. -** If you try to find a file that is not read-accessible, you now get -an error, rather than an empty buffer and a warning. - -** In the minibuffer history commands M-r and M-s, an upper case -letter in the regular expression forces case-sensitive search. - -** In the *Help* buffer, cross-references to commands and variables -are inferred and hyperlinked. Use C-h m in Help mode for the relevant -command keys. - -** M-x apropos-command, with a prefix argument, no longer looks for -user option variables--instead it looks for noninteractive functions. - -Meanwhile, the command apropos-variable normally searches for -user option variables; with a prefix argument, it looks at -all variables that have documentation. + All documentation files for GNU utilities should be written + in texinfo input format. -** When you type a long line in the minibuffer, and the minibuffer -shows just one line, automatically scrolling works in a special way -that shows you overlap with the previous line of text. The variable -minibuffer-scroll-overlap controls how many characters of overlap -it should show; the default is 20. - -Meanwhile, Resize Minibuffer mode is still available; in that mode, -the minibuffer grows taller (up to a point) as needed to show the whole -of your input. + Tex processing of texinfo files requires the Botex macro package. + This is not ready for distribution yet, but will appear at + a later time. -** The new command M-x customize-changed-options lets you customize -all the options whose meanings or default values have changed in -recent Emacs versions. You specify a previous Emacs version number as -argument, and the command creates a customization buffer showing all -the customizable options which were changed since that version. -Newly added options are included as well. - -If you don't specify a particular version number argument, -then the customization buffer shows all the customizable options -for which Emacs versions of changes are recorded. +* New function read-from-string (emacs 15.29) -This function is also bound to the Changed Options entry in the -Customize menu. - -** When you run M-x grep with a prefix argument, it figures out -the tag around point and puts that into the default grep command. - -** The new command M-* (pop-tag-mark) pops back through a history of -buffer positions from which M-. or other tag-finding commands were -invoked. - -** The new variable comment-padding specifies the number of spaces -that `comment-region' will insert before the actual text of the comment. -The default is 1. - -** In Fortran mode the characters `.', `_' and `$' now have symbol -syntax, not word syntax. Fortran mode now supports `imenu' and has -new commands fortran-join-line (M-^) and fortran-narrow-to-subprogram -(C-x n d). M-q can be used to fill a statement or comment block -sensibly. + read-from-string takes three arguments: a string to read from, + and optionally start and end indices which delimit a substring + from which to read. (They default to 0 and the length of the string, + respectively.) -** GUD now supports jdb, the Java debugger, and pdb, the Python debugger. - -** If you set the variable add-log-keep-changes-together to a non-nil -value, the command `C-x 4 a' will automatically notice when you make -two entries in one day for one file, and combine them. - -** You can use the command M-x diary-mail-entries to mail yourself a -reminder about upcoming diary entries. See the documentation string -for a sample shell script for calling this function automatically -every night. - -** Desktop changes - -*** All you need to do to enable use of the Desktop package, is to set -the variable desktop-enable to t with Custom. - -*** Minor modes are now restored. Which minor modes are restored -and how modes are restored is controlled by `desktop-minor-mode-table'. - -** There is no need to do anything special, now, to enable Gnus to -read and post multi-lingual articles. + This function returns a cons cell whose car is the object produced + by reading from the string and whose cdr is a number giving the + index in the string of the first character not read. That index may + be passed as the second argument to a later call to read-from-string + to read the next form represented by the string. -** Outline mode has now support for showing hidden outlines when -doing an isearch. In order for this to happen search-invisible should -be set to open (the default). If an isearch match is inside a hidden -outline the outline is made visible. If you continue pressing C-s and -the match moves outside the formerly invisible outline, the outline is -made invisible again. - -** Mail reading and sending changes - -*** The Rmail e command now switches to displaying the whole header of -the message before it lets you edit the message. This is so that any -changes you make in the header will not be lost if you subsequently -toggle. - -*** The w command in Rmail, which writes the message body into a file, -now works in the summary buffer as well. (The command to delete the -summary buffer is now Q.) The default file name for the w command, if -the message has no subject, is stored in the variable -rmail-default-body-file. - -*** Most of the commands and modes that operate on mail and netnews no -longer depend on the value of mail-header-separator. Instead, they -handle whatever separator the buffer happens to use. - -*** If you set mail-signature to a value which is not t, nil, or a string, -it should be an expression. When you send a message, this expression -is evaluated to insert the signature. - -*** The new Lisp library feedmail.el (version 8) enhances processing of -outbound email messages. It works in coordination with other email -handling packages (e.g., rmail, VM, gnus) and is responsible for -putting final touches on messages and actually submitting them for -transmission. Users of the emacs program "fakemail" might be -especially interested in trying feedmail. - -feedmail is not enabled by default. See comments at the top of -feedmail.el for set-up instructions. Among the bigger features -provided by feedmail are: + In addition, the function read now accepts a string as its argument. + In this case, it calls read-from-string on the whole string, and + returns the car of the result. (ie the actual object read.) + +Changes in Emacs 14 -**** you can park outgoing messages into a disk-based queue and -stimulate sending some or all of them later (handy for laptop users); -there is also a queue for draft messages - -**** you can get one last look at the prepped outbound message and -be prompted for confirmation - -**** does smart filling of address headers - -**** can generate a MESSAGE-ID: line and a DATE: line; the date can be -the time the message was written or the time it is being sent; this -can make FCC copies more closely resemble copies that recipients get - -**** you can specify an arbitrary function for actually transmitting -the message; included in feedmail are interfaces for /bin/[r]mail, -/usr/lib/sendmail, and elisp smtpmail; it's easy to write a new -function for something else (10-20 lines of elisp) - -** Dired changes - -*** The Dired function dired-do-toggle, which toggles marked and unmarked -files, is now bound to "t" instead of "T". - -*** dired-at-point has been added to ffap.el. It allows one to easily -run Dired on the directory name at point. - -*** Dired has a new command: %g. It searches the contents of -files in the directory and marks each file that contains a match -for a specified regexp. - -** VC Changes - -*** New option vc-ignore-vc-files lets you turn off version control -conveniently. - -*** VC Dired has been completely rewritten. It is now much -faster, especially for CVS, and works very similar to ordinary -Dired. +* Completion now prints various messages such as [Sole Completion] + or [Next Character Not Unique] to describe the results obtained. + These messages appear after the text in the minibuffer, and remain + on the screen until a few seconds go by or you type a key. -VC Dired is invoked by typing C-x v d and entering the name of the -directory to display. By default, VC Dired gives you a recursive -listing of all files at or below the given directory which are -currently locked (for CVS, all files not up-to-date are shown). - -You can change the listing format by setting vc-dired-recurse to nil, -then it shows only the given directory, and you may also set -vc-dired-terse-display to nil, then it shows all files under version -control plus the names of any subdirectories, so that you can type `i' -on such lines to insert them manually, as in ordinary Dired. - -All Dired commands operate normally in VC Dired, except for `v', which -is redefined as the version control prefix. That means you may type -`v l', `v =' etc. to invoke `vc-print-log', `vc-diff' and the like on -the file named in the current Dired buffer line. `v v' invokes -`vc-next-action' on this file, or on all files currently marked. - -The new command `v t' (vc-dired-toggle-terse-mode) allows you to -toggle between terse display (only locked files) and full display (all -VC files plus subdirectories). There is also a special command, -`* l', to mark all files currently locked. - -Giving a prefix argument to C-x v d now does the same thing as in -ordinary Dired: it allows you to supply additional options for the ls -command in the minibuffer, to fine-tune VC Dired's output. - -*** Under CVS, if you merge changes from the repository into a working -file, and CVS detects conflicts, VC now offers to start an ediff -session to resolve them. - -Alternatively, you can use the new command `vc-resolve-conflicts' to -resolve conflicts in a file at any time. It works in any buffer that -contains conflict markers as generated by rcsmerge (which is what CVS -uses as well). +* The buffer-read-only flag is implemented. + Setting or binding this per-buffer variable to a non-nil value + makes illegal any operation which would modify the textual content of + the buffer. (Such operations signal a buffer-read-only error) + The read-only state of a buffer may be altered using toggle-read-only + (C-x C-q) + The buffers used by Rmail, Dired, Rnews, and Info are now read-only + by default to prevent accidental damage to the information in those + buffers. -*** You can now transfer changes between branches, using the new -command vc-merge (C-x v m). It is implemented for RCS and CVS. When -you invoke it in a buffer under version-control, you can specify -either an entire branch or a pair of versions, and the changes on that -branch or between the two versions are merged into the working file. -If this results in any conflicts, they may be resolved interactively, -using ediff. - -** Changes in Font Lock - -*** The face and variable previously known as font-lock-reference-face -are now called font-lock-constant-face to better reflect their typical -use for highlighting constants and labels. (Its face properties are -unchanged.) The variable font-lock-reference-face remains for now for -compatibility reasons, but its value is font-lock-constant-face. - -** Frame name display changes +* Functions car-safe and cdr-safe. + These functions are like car and cdr when the argument is a cons. + Given an argument not a cons, car-safe always returns nil, with + no error; the same for cdr-safe. -*** The command set-frame-name lets you set the name of the current -frame. You can use the new command select-frame-by-name to select and -raise a frame; this is mostly useful on character-only terminals, or -when many frames are invisible or iconified. - -*** On character-only terminal (not a window system), changing the -frame name is now reflected on the mode line and in the Buffers/Frames -menu. - -** Comint (subshell) changes +* The new function user-real-login-name returns the name corresponding + to the real uid of the Emacs process. This is usually the same + as what user-login-name returns; however, when Emacs is invoked + from su, user-real-login-name returns "root" but user-login-name + returns the name of the user who invoked su. + +Changes in Emacs 13 -*** In Comint modes, the commands to kill, stop or interrupt a -subjob now also kill pending input. This is for compatibility -with ordinary shells, where the signal characters do this. - -*** There are new commands in Comint mode. - -C-c C-x fetches the "next" line from the input history; -that is, the line after the last line you got. -You can use this command to fetch successive lines, one by one. - -C-c SPC accumulates lines of input. More precisely, it arranges to -send the current line together with the following line, when you send -the following line. +* There is a new version numbering scheme. -C-c C-a if repeated twice consecutively now moves to the process mark, -which separates the pending input from the subprocess output and the -previously sent input. - -C-c M-r now runs comint-previous-matching-input-from-input; -it searches for a previous command, using the current pending input -as the search string. - -*** New option compilation-scroll-output can be set to scroll -automatically in compilation-mode windows. - -** C mode changes - -*** Multiline macros are now handled, both as they affect indentation, -and as recognized syntax. New syntactic symbol cpp-macro-cont is -assigned to second and subsequent lines of a multiline macro -definition. - -*** A new style "user" which captures all non-hook-ified -(i.e. top-level) .emacs file variable settings and customizations. -Style "cc-mode" is an alias for "user" and is deprecated. "gnu" -style is still the default however. - -*** "java" style now conforms to Sun's JDK coding style. - -*** There are new commands c-beginning-of-defun, c-end-of-defun which -are alternatives which you could bind to C-M-a and C-M-e if you prefer -them. They do not have key bindings by default. - -*** New and improved implementations of M-a (c-beginning-of-statement) -and M-e (c-end-of-statement). - -*** C++ namespace blocks are supported, with new syntactic symbols -namespace-open, namespace-close, and innamespace. + What used to be the first version number, which was 1, + has been discarded since it does not seem that I need three + levels of version number. -*** File local variable settings of c-file-style and c-file-offsets -makes the style variables local to that buffer only. - -*** New indentation functions c-lineup-close-paren, -c-indent-one-line-block, c-lineup-dont-change. - -*** Improvements (hopefully!) to the way CC Mode is loaded. You -should now be able to do a (require 'cc-mode) to get the entire -package loaded properly for customization in your .emacs file. A new -variable c-initialize-on-load controls this and is t by default. - -** Changes to hippie-expand. - -*** New customization variable `hippie-expand-dabbrev-skip-space'. If -non-nil, trailing spaces may be included in the abbreviation to search for, -which then gives the same behavior as the original `dabbrev-expand'. + However, a new third version number has been added to represent + changes by user sites. This number will always be zero in + Emacs when I distribute it; it will be incremented each time + Emacs is built at another site. -*** New customization variable `hippie-expand-dabbrev-as-symbol'. If -non-nil, characters of syntax '_' is considered part of the word when -expanding dynamically. - -*** New customization variable `hippie-expand-no-restriction'. If -non-nil, narrowed buffers are widened before they are searched. +* There is now a reader syntax for Meta characters: + \M-CHAR means CHAR or'ed with the Meta bit. For example: -*** New customization variable `hippie-expand-only-buffers'. If -non-empty, buffers searched are restricted to the types specified in -this list. Useful for example when constructing new special-purpose -expansion functions with `make-hippie-expand-function'. - -*** Text properties of the expansion are no longer copied. - -** Changes in BibTeX mode. - -*** Any titleword matching a regexp in the new variable -bibtex-autokey-titleword-ignore (case sensitive) is ignored during -automatic key generation. This replaces variable -bibtex-autokey-titleword-first-ignore, which only checked for matches -against the first word in the title. + ?\M-x is (+ ?x 128) + ?\M-\n is (+ ?\n 128) + ?\M-\^f is (+ ?\^f 128) -*** Autokey generation now uses all words from the title, not just -capitalized words. To avoid conflicts with existing customizations, -bibtex-autokey-titleword-ignore is set up such that words starting with -lowerkey characters will still be ignored. Thus, if you want to use -lowercase words from the title, you will have to overwrite the -bibtex-autokey-titleword-ignore standard setting. - -*** Case conversion of names and title words for automatic key -generation is more flexible. Variable bibtex-autokey-preserve-case is -replaced by bibtex-autokey-titleword-case-convert and -bibtex-autokey-name-case-convert. - -** Changes in vcursor.el. + This syntax can be used in strings too. Note, however, that + Meta characters are not meaningful in key sequences being passed + to define-key or lookup-key; you must use ESC characters (\e) + in them instead. -*** Support for character terminals is available: there is a new keymap -and the vcursor will appear as an arrow between buffer text. A -variable `vcursor-interpret-input' allows input from the vcursor to be -entered exactly as if typed. Numerous functions, including -`vcursor-compare-windows', have been rewritten to improve consistency -in the selection of windows and corresponding keymaps. - -*** vcursor options can now be altered with M-x customize under the -Editing group once the package is loaded. - -*** Loading vcursor now does not define keys by default, as this is -generally a bad side effect. Use M-x customize to set -vcursor-key-bindings to t to restore the old behaviour. - -*** vcursor-auto-disable can be `copy', which turns off copying from the -vcursor, but doesn't disable it, after any non-vcursor command. - -** Ispell changes. - -*** You can now spell check comments and strings in the current -buffer with M-x ispell-comments-and-strings. Comments and strings -are identified by syntax tables in effect. + ?\C- can be used likewise for control characters. (13.9) -*** Generic region skipping implemented. -A single buffer can be broken into a number of regions where text will -and will not be checked. The definitions of the regions can be user -defined. New applications and improvements made available by this -include: - - o URLs are automatically skipped - o EMail message checking is vastly improved. - -*** Ispell can highlight the erroneous word even on non-window terminals. - -** Changes to RefTeX mode - -RefTeX has been updated in order to make it more usable with very -large projects (like a several volume math book). The parser has been -re-written from scratch. To get maximum speed from RefTeX, check the -section `Optimizations' in the manual. - -*** New recursive parser. +* Installation change + The string "../lisp" now adds to the front of the load-path + used for searching for Lisp files during Emacs initialization. + It used to replace the path specified in paths.h entirely. + Now the directory ../lisp is searched first and the directoris + specified in paths.h are searched afterward. + +Changes in Emacs 1.12 -The old version of RefTeX created a single large buffer containing the -entire multifile document in order to parse the document. The new -recursive parser scans the individual files. - -*** Parsing only part of a document. - -Reparsing of changed document parts can now be made faster by enabling -partial scans. To use this feature, read the documentation string of -the variable `reftex-enable-partial-scans' and set the variable to t. - - (setq reftex-enable-partial-scans t) - -*** Storing parsing information in a file. - -This can improve startup times considerably. To turn it on, use - - (setq reftex-save-parse-info t) - -*** Using multiple selection buffers - -If the creation of label selection buffers is too slow (this happens -for large documents), you can reuse these buffers by setting - - (setq reftex-use-multiple-selection-buffers t) - -*** References to external documents. +* There is a new installation procedure. + See the file INSTALL that comes in the top level + directory in the tar file or tape. -The LaTeX package `xr' allows to cross-reference labels in external -documents. RefTeX can provide information about the external -documents as well. To use this feature, set up the \externaldocument -macros required by the `xr' package and rescan the document with -RefTeX. The external labels can then be accessed with the `x' key in -the selection buffer provided by `reftex-reference' (bound to `C-c )'). -The `x' key also works in the table of contents buffer. - -*** Many more labeled LaTeX environments are recognized by default. - -The builtin command list now covers all the standard LaTeX commands, -and all of the major packages included in the LaTeX distribution. - -Also, RefTeX now understands the \appendix macro and changes -the enumeration of sections in the *toc* buffer accordingly. - -*** Mouse support for selection and *toc* buffers - -The mouse can now be used to select items in the selection and *toc* -buffers. See also the new option `reftex-highlight-selection'. - -*** New keymaps for selection and table of contents modes. - -The selection processes for labels and citation keys, and the table of -contents buffer now have their own keymaps: `reftex-select-label-map', -`reftex-select-bib-map', `reftex-toc-map'. The selection processes -have a number of new keys predefined. In particular, TAB lets you -enter a label with completion. Check the on-the-fly help (press `?' -at the selection prompt) or read the Info documentation to find out -more. - -*** Support for the varioref package - -The `v' key in the label selection buffer toggles \ref versus \vref. - -*** New hooks +* The Meta key is now supported on terminals that have it. + This is a shift key which causes the high bit to be turned on + in all input characters typed while it is held down. -Three new hooks can be used to redefine the way labels, references, -and citations are created. These hooks are -`reftex-format-label-function', `reftex-format-ref-function', -`reftex-format-cite-function'. - -*** Citations outside LaTeX - -The command `reftex-citation' may also be used outside LaTeX (e.g. in -a mail buffer). See the Info documentation for details. - -*** Short context is no longer fontified. - -The short context in the label menu no longer copies the -fontification from the text in the buffer. If you prefer it to be -fontified, use - - (setq reftex-refontify-context t) - -** file-cache-minibuffer-complete now accepts a prefix argument. -With a prefix argument, it does not try to do completion of -the file name within its directory; it only checks for other -directories that contain the same file name. - -Thus, given the file name Makefile, and assuming that a file -Makefile.in exists in the same directory, ordinary -file-cache-minibuffer-complete will try to complete Makefile to -Makefile.in and will therefore never look for other directories that -have Makefile. A prefix argument tells it not to look for longer -names such as Makefile.in, so that instead it will look for other -directories--just as if the name were already complete in its present -directory. - -** New modes and packages - -*** There is a new alternative major mode for Perl, Cperl mode. -It has many more features than Perl mode, and some people prefer -it, but some do not. + read-char now returns a value in the range 128-255 if + a Meta character is typed. When interpreted as command + input, a Meta character is equivalent to a two character + sequence, the meta prefix character followed by the un-metized + character (Meta-G unmetized is G). -*** There is a new major mode, M-x vhdl-mode, for editing files of VHDL -code. - -*** M-x which-function-mode enables a minor mode that displays the -current function name continuously in the mode line, as you move -around in a buffer. - -Which Function mode is effective in major modes which support Imenu. - -*** Gametree is a major mode for editing game analysis trees. The author -uses it for keeping notes about his postal Chess games, but it should -be helpful for other two-player games as well, as long as they have an -established system of notation similar to Chess. - -*** The new minor mode checkdoc-minor-mode provides Emacs Lisp -documentation string checking for style and spelling. The style -guidelines are found in the Emacs Lisp programming manual. - -*** The net-utils package makes some common networking features -available in Emacs. Some of these functions are wrappers around -system utilities (ping, nslookup, etc); others are implementations of -simple protocols (finger, whois) in Emacs Lisp. There are also -functions to make simple connections to TCP/IP ports for debugging and -the like. - -*** highlight-changes-mode is a minor mode that uses colors to -identify recently changed parts of the buffer text. - -*** The new package `midnight' lets you specify things to be done -within Emacs at midnight--by default, kill buffers that you have not -used in a considerable time. To use this feature, customize -the user option `midnight-mode' to t. - -*** The file generic-x.el defines a number of simple major modes. + The meta prefix character + is specified by the value of the variable meta-prefix-char. + If this character (normally Escape) has been redefined locally + with a non-prefix definition (such as happens in completing + minibuffers) then the local redefinition is suppressed when + the character is not the last one in a key sequence. + So the local redefinition is effective if you type the character + explicitly, but not effective if the character comes from + the use of the Meta key. - apache-generic-mode: For Apache and NCSA httpd configuration files - samba-generic-mode: Samba configuration files - fvwm-generic-mode: For fvwm initialization files - x-resource-generic-mode: For X resource files - hosts-generic-mode: For hosts files (.rhosts, /etc/hosts, etc) - mailagent-rules-generic-mode: For mailagent .rules files - javascript-generic-mode: For JavaScript files - vrml-generic-mode: For VRML files - java-manifest-generic-mode: For Java MANIFEST files - java-properties-generic-mode: For Java property files - mailrc-generic-mode: For .mailrc files - - Platform-specific modes: +* `-' is no longer a completion command in the minibuffer. + It is an ordinary self-inserting character. - prototype-generic-mode: For Solaris/Sys V prototype files - pkginfo-generic-mode: For Solaris/Sys V pkginfo files - alias-generic-mode: For C shell alias files - inf-generic-mode: For MS-Windows INF files - ini-generic-mode: For MS-Windows INI files - reg-generic-mode: For MS-Windows Registry files - bat-generic-mode: For MS-Windows BAT scripts - rc-generic-mode: For MS-Windows Resource files - rul-generic-mode: For InstallShield scripts - -* Lisp changes in Emacs 20.3 since the Emacs Lisp Manual was published +* The list load-path of directories load to search for Lisp files + is now controlled by the EMACSLOADPATH environment variable +[[ Note this was originally EMACS-LOAD-PATH and has been changed + again; sh does not deal properly with hyphens in env variable names]] + rather than the EPATH environment variable. This is to avoid + conflicts with other Emacses. -** If you want a Lisp file to be read in unibyte mode, -use -*-unibyte: t;-*- on its first line. -That will force Emacs to read that file in unibyte mode. -Otherwise, the file will be loaded and byte-compiled in multibyte mode. - -Thus, each lisp file is read in a consistent way regardless of whether -you started Emacs with --unibyte, so that a Lisp program gives -consistent results regardless of how Emacs was started. - -** The new function assoc-default is useful for searching an alist, -and using a default value if the key is not found there. You can -specify a comparison predicate, so this function is useful for -searching comparing a string against an alist of regular expressions. + While Emacs is being built initially, the load-path + is now just ("../lisp"), ignoring paths.h. It does not + ignore EMACSLOADPATH, however; you should avoid having + this variable set while building Emacs. -** The functions unibyte-char-to-multibyte and -multibyte-char-to-unibyte convert between unibyte and multibyte -character codes, in a way that is appropriate for the current language -environment. - -** The functions read-event, read-char and read-char-exclusive now -take two optional arguments. PROMPT, if non-nil, specifies a prompt -string. SUPPRESS-INPUT-METHOD, if non-nil, says to disable the -current input method for reading this one event. - -** Two new variables print-escape-nonascii and print-escape-multibyte -now control whether to output certain characters as -backslash-sequences. print-escape-nonascii applies to single-byte -non-ASCII characters; print-escape-multibyte applies to multibyte -characters. Both of these variables are used only when printing -in readable fashion (prin1 uses them, princ does not). - -* Lisp changes in Emacs 20.3 before the Emacs Lisp Manual was published - -** Compiled Emacs Lisp files made with the modified "MBSK" version -of Emacs 20.2 do not work in Emacs 20.3. - -** Buffer positions are now measured in characters, as they were -in Emacs 19 and before. This means that (forward-char 1) -always increases point by 1. - -The function chars-in-region now just subtracts its arguments. It is -considered obsolete. The function char-boundary-p has been deleted. - -See below for additional changes relating to multibyte characters. - -** defcustom, defface and defgroup now accept the keyword `:version'. -Use this to specify in which version of Emacs a certain variable's -default value changed. For example, +* You can now specify a translation table for keyboard + input characters, as a way of exchanging or substituting + keys on the keyboard. - (defcustom foo-max 34 "*Maximum number of foo's allowed." - :type 'integer - :group 'foo - :version "20.3") - - (defgroup foo-group nil "The foo group." - :version "20.3") - -If an entire new group is added or the variables in it have the -default values changed, then just add a `:version' to that group. It -is recommended that new packages added to the distribution contain a -`:version' in the top level group. - -This information is used to control the customize-changed-options command. - -** It is now an error to change the value of a symbol whose name -starts with a colon--if it is interned in the standard obarray. + If the value of keyboard-translate-table is a string, + every character received from the keyboard is used as an + index in that string, and the character at that index in + the string is used as input instead of what was actually + typed. If the actual input character is >= the length of + the string, it is used unchanged. -However, setting such a symbol to its proper value, which is that -symbol itself, is not an error. This is for the sake of programs that -support previous Emacs versions by explicitly setting these variables -to themselves. - -If you set the variable keyword-symbols-constant-flag to nil, -this error is suppressed, and you can set these symbols to any -values whatever. - -** There is a new debugger command, R. -It evaluates an expression like e, but saves the result -in the buffer *Debugger-record*. - -** Frame-local variables. - -You can now make a variable local to various frames. To do this, call -the function make-variable-frame-local; this enables frames to have -local bindings for that variable. - -These frame-local bindings are actually frame parameters: you create a -frame-local binding in a specific frame by calling -modify-frame-parameters and specifying the variable name as the -parameter name. + One way this feature can be used is to fix bad keyboard + designes. For example, on some terminals, Delete is + Shift-Underscore. Since Delete is a more useful character + than Underscore, it is an improvement to make the unshifted + character Delete and the shifted one Underscore. This can + be done with -Buffer-local bindings take precedence over frame-local bindings. -Thus, if the current buffer has a buffer-local binding, that binding is -active; otherwise, if the selected frame has a frame-local binding, -that binding is active; otherwise, the default binding is active. - -It would not be hard to implement window-local bindings, but it is not -clear that this would be very useful; windows tend to come and go in a -very transitory fashion, so that trying to produce any specific effect -through a window-local binding would not be very robust. - -** `sregexq' and `sregex' are two new functions for constructing -"symbolic regular expressions." These are Lisp expressions that, when -evaluated, yield conventional string-based regexps. The symbolic form -makes it easier to construct, read, and maintain complex patterns. -See the documentation in sregex.el. - -** parse-partial-sexp's return value has an additional element which -is used to pass information along if you pass it to another call to -parse-partial-sexp, starting its scan where the first call ended. -The contents of this field are not yet finalized. - -** eval-region now accepts a fourth optional argument READ-FUNCTION. -If it is non-nil, that function is used instead of `read'. - -** unload-feature by default removes the feature's functions from -known hooks to avoid trouble, but a package providing FEATURE can -define a hook FEATURE-unload-hook to be run by unload-feature instead. - -** read-from-minibuffer no longer returns the argument DEFAULT-VALUE -when the user enters empty input. It now returns the null string, as -it did in Emacs 19. The default value is made available in the -history via M-n, but it is not applied here as a default. - -The other, more specialized minibuffer-reading functions continue to -return the default value (not the null string) when the user enters -empty input. + ;; First make a translate table that does the identity translation. + (setq keyboard-translate-table (make-string 128 0)) + (let ((i 0)) + (while (< i 128) + (aset keyboard-translate-table i i) + (setq i (1+ i)))) -** The new variable read-buffer-function controls which routine to use -for selecting buffers. For example, if you set this variable to -`iswitchb-read-buffer', iswitchb will be used to read buffer names. -Other functions can also be used if they accept the same arguments as -`read-buffer' and return the selected buffer name as a string. - -** The new function read-passwd reads a password from the terminal, -echoing a period for each character typed. It takes three arguments: -a prompt string, a flag which says "read it twice to make sure", and a -default password to use if the user enters nothing. - -** The variable fill-nobreak-predicate gives major modes a way to -specify not to break a line at certain places. Its value is a -function which is called with no arguments, with point located at the -place where a break is being considered. If the function returns -non-nil, then the line won't be broken there. - -** window-end now takes an optional second argument, UPDATE. -If this is non-nil, then the function always returns an accurate -up-to-date value for the buffer position corresponding to the -end of the window, even if this requires computation. + ;; Now alter translations of some characters. + (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\_ ?\^?) + (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\^? ?\_) -** other-buffer now takes an optional argument FRAME -which specifies which frame's buffer list to use. -If it is nil, that means use the selected frame's buffer list. - -** The new variable buffer-display-time, always local in every buffer, -holds the value of (current-time) as of the last time that a window -was directed to display this buffer. - -** It is now meaningful to compare two window-configuration objects -with `equal'. Two window-configuration objects are equal if they -describe equivalent arrangements of windows, in the same frame--in -other words, if they would give the same results if passed to -set-window-configuration. - -** compare-window-configurations is a new function that compares two -window configurations loosely. It ignores differences in saved buffer -positions and scrolling, and considers only the structure and sizes of -windows and the choice of buffers to display. - -** The variable minor-mode-overriding-map-alist allows major modes to -override the key bindings of a minor mode. The elements of this alist -look like the elements of minor-mode-map-alist: (VARIABLE . KEYMAP). + If your terminal has a Meta key and can therefore send + codes up to 255, Meta characters are translated through + elements 128 through 255 of the translate table, and therefore + are translated independently of the corresponding non-Meta + characters. You must therefore establish translations + independently for the Meta characters if you want them too: -If the VARIABLE in an element of minor-mode-overriding-map-alist has a -non-nil value, the paired KEYMAP is active, and totally overrides the -map (if any) specified for the same variable in minor-mode-map-alist. - -minor-mode-overriding-map-alist is automatically local in all buffers, -and it is meant to be set by major modes. - -** The function match-string-no-properties is like match-string -except that it discards all text properties from the result. - -** The function load-average now accepts an optional argument -USE-FLOATS. If it is non-nil, the load average values are returned as -floating point numbers, rather than as integers to be divided by 100. - -** The new variable temporary-file-directory specifies the directory -to use for creating temporary files. The default value is determined -in a reasonable way for your operating system; on GNU and Unix systems -it is based on the TMP and TMPDIR environment variables. - -** Menu changes - -*** easymenu.el now uses the new menu item format and supports the -keywords :visible and :filter. The existing keyword :keys is now -better supported. - -The variable `easy-menu-precalculate-equivalent-keybindings' controls -a new feature which calculates keyboard equivalents for the menu when -you define the menu. The default is t. If you rarely use menus, you -can set the variable to nil to disable this precalculation feature; -then the calculation is done only if you use the menu bar. - -*** A new format for menu items is supported. - -In a keymap, a key binding that has the format - (STRING . REAL-BINDING) or (STRING HELP-STRING . REAL-BINDING) -defines a menu item. Now a menu item definition may also be a list that -starts with the symbol `menu-item'. + ;; First make a translate table that does the identity translation. + (setq keyboard-translate-table (make-string 256 0)) + (let ((i 0)) + (while (< i 256) + (aset keyboard-translate-table i i) + (setq i (1+ i)))) -The format is: - (menu-item ITEM-NAME) or - (menu-item ITEM-NAME REAL-BINDING . ITEM-PROPERTY-LIST) -where ITEM-NAME is an expression which evaluates to the menu item -string, and ITEM-PROPERTY-LIST has the form of a property list. -The supported properties include + ;; Now alter translations of some characters. + (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\_ ?\^?) + (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\^? ?\_) -:enable FORM Evaluate FORM to determine whether the - item is enabled. -:visible FORM Evaluate FORM to determine whether the - item should appear in the menu. -:filter FILTER-FN - FILTER-FN is a function of one argument, - which will be REAL-BINDING. - It should return a binding to use instead. -:keys DESCRIPTION - DESCRIPTION is a string that describes an equivalent keyboard - binding for for REAL-BINDING. DESCRIPTION is expanded with - `substitute-command-keys' before it is used. -:key-sequence KEY-SEQUENCE - KEY-SEQUENCE is a key-sequence for an equivalent - keyboard binding. -:key-sequence nil - This means that the command normally has no - keyboard equivalent. -:help HELP HELP is the extra help string (not currently used). -:button (TYPE . SELECTED) - TYPE is :toggle or :radio. - SELECTED is a form, to be evaluated, and its - value says whether this button is currently selected. + ;; Now alter translations of some Meta characters. + (aset keyboard-translate-table (+ 128 ?\_) (+ 128 ?\^?)) + (aset keyboard-translate-table (+ 128 ?\^?) (+ 128 ?\_)) -Buttons are at the moment only simulated by prefixes in the menu. -Eventually ordinary X-buttons may be supported. - -(menu-item ITEM-NAME) defines unselectable item. - -** New event types +* (process-kill-without-query PROCESS) -*** The new event type `mouse-wheel' is generated by a wheel on a -mouse (such as the MS Intellimouse). The event contains a delta that -corresponds to the amount and direction that the wheel is rotated, -which is typically used to implement a scroll or zoom. The format is: - - (mouse-wheel POSITION DELTA) - -where POSITION is a list describing the position of the event in the -same format as a mouse-click event, and DELTA is a signed number -indicating the number of increments by which the wheel was rotated. A -negative DELTA indicates that the wheel was rotated backwards, towards -the user, and a positive DELTA indicates that the wheel was rotated -forward, away from the user. - -As of now, this event type is generated only on MS Windows. - -*** The new event type `drag-n-drop' is generated when a group of -files is selected in an application outside of Emacs, and then dragged -and dropped onto an Emacs frame. The event contains a list of -filenames that were dragged and dropped, which are then typically -loaded into Emacs. The format is: - - (drag-n-drop POSITION FILES) - -where POSITION is a list describing the position of the event in the -same format as a mouse-click event, and FILES is the list of filenames -that were dragged and dropped. - -As of now, this event type is generated only on MS Windows. - -** Changes relating to multibyte characters. - -*** The variable enable-multibyte-characters is now read-only; -any attempt to set it directly signals an error. The only way -to change this value in an existing buffer is with set-buffer-multibyte. +This marks the process so that, when you kill Emacs, +you will not on its account be queried about active subprocesses. + +Changes in Emacs 1.11 -*** In a string constant, `\ ' now stands for "nothing at all". You -can use it to terminate a hex escape which is followed by a character -that could otherwise be read as part of the hex escape. - -*** String indices are now measured in characters, as they were -in Emacs 19 and before. - -The function chars-in-string has been deleted. -The function concat-chars has been renamed to `string'. - -*** The function set-buffer-multibyte sets the flag in the current -buffer that says whether the buffer uses multibyte representation or -unibyte representation. If the argument is nil, it selects unibyte -representation. Otherwise it selects multibyte representation. - -This function does not change the contents of the buffer, viewed -as a sequence of bytes. However, it does change the contents -viewed as characters; a sequence of two bytes which is treated as -one character when the buffer uses multibyte representation -will count as two characters using unibyte representation. +* The commands C-c and C-z have been interchanged, + for greater compatibility with normal Unix usage. + C-z now runs suspend-emacs and C-c runs exit-recursive-edit. -This function sets enable-multibyte-characters to record which -representation is in use. It also adjusts various data in the buffer -(including its markers, overlays and text properties) so that they are -consistent with the new representation. - -*** string-make-multibyte takes a string and converts it to multibyte -representation. Most of the time, you don't need to care -about the representation, because Emacs converts when necessary; -however, it makes a difference when you compare strings. +* The value returned by file-name-directory now ends + with a slash. (file-name-directory "foo/bar") => "foo/". + This avoids confusing results when dealing with files + in the root directory. -The conversion of non-ASCII characters works by adding the value of -nonascii-insert-offset to each character, or by translating them -using the table nonascii-translation-table. - -*** string-make-unibyte takes a string and converts it to unibyte -representation. Most of the time, you don't need to care about the -representation, but it makes a difference when you compare strings. - -The conversion from multibyte to unibyte representation -loses information; the only time Emacs performs it automatically -is when inserting a multibyte string into a unibyte buffer. + The value of the per-buffer variable default-directory + is also supposed to have a final slash now. -*** string-as-multibyte takes a string, and returns another string -which contains the same bytes, but treats them as multibyte. - -*** string-as-unibyte takes a string, and returns another string -which contains the same bytes, but treats them as unibyte. - -*** The new function compare-strings lets you compare -portions of two strings. Unibyte strings are converted to multibyte, -so that a unibyte string can match a multibyte string. -You can specify whether to ignore case or not. - -*** assoc-ignore-case now uses compare-strings so that -it can treat unibyte and multibyte strings as equal. - -*** Regular expression operations and buffer string searches now -convert the search pattern to multibyte or unibyte to accord with the -buffer or string being searched. - -One consequence is that you cannot always use \200-\377 inside of -[...] to match all non-ASCII characters. This does still work when -searching or matching a unibyte buffer or string, but not when -searching or matching a multibyte string. Unfortunately, there is no -obvious choice of syntax to use within [...] for that job. But, what -you want is just to match all non-ASCII characters, the regular -expression [^\0-\177] works for it. - -*** Structure of coding system changed. - -All coding systems (including aliases and subsidiaries) are named -by symbols; the symbol's `coding-system' property is a vector -which defines the coding system. Aliases share the same vector -as the principal name, so that altering the contents of this -vector affects the principal name and its aliases. You can define -your own alias name of a coding system by the function -define-coding-system-alias. +* There are now variables to control the switches passed to + `ls' by the C-x C-d command (list-directory). + list-directory-brief-switches is a string, initially "-CF", + used for brief listings, and list-directory-verbose-switches + is a string, initially "-l", used for verbose ones. -The coding system definition includes a property list of its own. Use -the new functions `coding-system-get' and `coding-system-put' to -access such coding system properties as post-read-conversion, -pre-write-conversion, character-translation-table-for-decode, -character-translation-table-for-encode, mime-charset, and -safe-charsets. For instance, (coding-system-get 'iso-latin-1 -'mime-charset) gives the corresponding MIME-charset parameter -`iso-8859-1'. - -Among the coding system properties listed above, safe-charsets is new. -The value of this property is a list of character sets which this -coding system can correctly encode and decode. For instance: -(coding-system-get 'iso-latin-1 'safe-charsets) => (ascii latin-iso8859-1) - -Here, "correctly encode" means that the encoded character sets can -also be handled safely by systems other than Emacs as far as they -are capable of that coding system. Though, Emacs itself can encode -the other character sets and read it back correctly. +* For Ann Arbor Ambassador terminals, the termcap "ti" string + is now used to initialize the screen geometry on entry to Emacs, + and the "te" string is used to set it back on exit. + If the termcap entry does not define the "ti" or "te" string, + Emacs does what it used to do. + +Changes in Emacs 1.10 -*** The new function select-safe-coding-system can be used to find a -proper coding system for encoding the specified region or string. -This function requires a user interaction. - -*** The new functions find-coding-systems-region and -find-coding-systems-string are helper functions used by -select-safe-coding-system. They return a list of all proper coding -systems to encode a text in some region or string. If you don't want -a user interaction, use one of these functions instead of -select-safe-coding-system. - -*** The explicit encoding and decoding functions, such as -decode-coding-region and encode-coding-string, now set -last-coding-system-used to reflect the actual way encoding or decoding -was done. - -*** The new function detect-coding-with-language-environment can be -used to detect a coding system of text according to priorities of -coding systems used by some specific language environment. +* GNU Emacs has been made almost 1/3 smaller. + It now dumps out as only 530kbytes on Vax 4.2bsd. -*** The functions detect-coding-region and detect-coding-string always -return a list if the arg HIGHEST is nil. Thus, if only ASCII -characters are found, they now return a list of single element -`undecided' or its subsidiaries. - -*** The new functions coding-system-change-eol-conversion and -coding-system-change-text-conversion can be used to get a different -coding system than what specified only in how end-of-line or text is -converted. - -*** The new function set-selection-coding-system can be used to set a -coding system for communicating with other X clients. +* The term "checkpoint" has been replaced by "auto save" + throughout the function names, variable names and documentation + of GNU Emacs. -*** The function `map-char-table' now passes as argument only valid -character codes, plus generic characters that stand for entire -character sets or entire subrows of a character set. In other words, -each time `map-char-table' calls its FUNCTION argument, the key value -either will be a valid individual character code, or will stand for a -range of characters. - -*** The new function `char-valid-p' can be used for checking whether a -Lisp object is a valid character code or not. - -*** The new function `charset-after' returns a charset of a character -in the current buffer at position POS. - -*** Input methods are now implemented using the variable -input-method-function. If this is non-nil, its value should be a -function; then, whenever Emacs reads an input event that is a printing -character with no modifier bits, it calls that function, passing the -event as an argument. Often this function will read more input, first -binding input-method-function to nil. - -The return value should be a list of the events resulting from input -method processing. These events will be processed sequentially as -input, before resorting to unread-command-events. Events returned by -the input method function are not passed to the input method function, -not even if they are printing characters with no modifier bits. +* The function load now tries appending ".elc" and ".el" + to the specified filename BEFORE it tries the filename + without change. -The input method function is not called when reading the second and -subsequent events of a key sequence. - -*** You can customize any language environment by using -set-language-environment-hook and exit-language-environment-hook. - -The hook `exit-language-environment-hook' should be used to undo -customizations that you made with set-language-environment-hook. For -instance, if you set up a special key binding for a specific language -environment by set-language-environment-hook, you should set up -exit-language-environment-hook to restore the normal key binding. - -* Changes in Emacs 20.1 - -** Emacs has a new facility for customization of its many user -options. It is called M-x customize. With this facility you can look -at the many user options in an organized way; they are grouped into a -tree structure. +* rmail now makes the mode line display the total number + of messages and the current message number. + The "f" command now means forward a message to another user. + The command to search through all messages for a string is now "F". + The "u" command now means to move back to the previous + message and undelete it. To undelete the selected message, use Meta-u. -M-x customize also knows what sorts of values are legitimate for each -user option and ensures that you don't use invalid values. - -With M-x customize, you can set options either for the present Emacs -session or permanently. (Permanent settings are stored automatically -in your .emacs file.) - -** Scroll bars are now on the left side of the window. -You can change this with M-x customize-option scroll-bar-mode. +* The hyphen character is now equivalent to a Space while + in completing minibuffers. Both mean to complete an additional word. -** The mode line no longer includes the string `Emacs'. -This makes more space in the mode line for other information. - -** When you select a region with the mouse, it is highlighted -immediately afterward. At that time, if you type the DELETE key, it -kills the region. - -The BACKSPACE key, and the ASCII character DEL, do not do this; they -delete the character before point, as usual. - -** In an incremental search the whole current match is highlighted -on terminals which support this. (You can disable this feature -by setting search-highlight to nil.) +* The Lisp function error now takes args like format + which are used to construct the error message. -** In the minibuffer, in some cases, you can now use M-n to -insert the default value into the minibuffer as text. In effect, -the default value (if the minibuffer routines know it) is tacked -onto the history "in the future". (The more normal use of the -history list is to use M-p to insert minibuffer input used in the -past.) - -** In Text mode, now only blank lines separate paragraphs. -This makes it possible to get the full benefit of Adaptive Fill mode -in Text mode, and other modes derived from it (such as Mail mode). -TAB in Text mode now runs the command indent-relative; this -makes a practical difference only when you use indented paragraphs. - -As a result, the old Indented Text mode is now identical to Text mode, -and is an alias for it. - -If you want spaces at the beginning of a line to start a paragraph, -use the new mode, Paragraph Indent Text mode. - -** Scrolling changes - -*** Scroll commands to scroll a whole screen now preserve the screen -position of the cursor, if scroll-preserve-screen-position is non-nil. - -In this mode, if you scroll several screens back and forth, finishing -on the same screen where you started, the cursor goes back to the line -where it started. - -*** If you set scroll-conservatively to a small number, then when you -move point a short distance off the screen, Emacs will scroll the -screen just far enough to bring point back on screen, provided that -does not exceed `scroll-conservatively' lines. - -*** The new variable scroll-margin says how close point can come to the -top or bottom of a window. It is a number of screen lines; if point -comes within that many lines of the top or bottom of the window, Emacs -recenters the window. +* Redisplay will refuse to start its display at the end of the buffer. + It will pick a new place to display from, rather than use that. -** International character set support (MULE) - -Emacs now supports a wide variety of international character sets, -including European variants of the Latin alphabet, as well as Chinese, -Devanagari (Hindi and Marathi), Ethiopian, Greek, IPA, Japanese, -Korean, Lao, Russian, Thai, Tibetan, and Vietnamese scripts. These -features have been merged from the modified version of Emacs known as -MULE (for "MULti-lingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs") - -Users of these scripts have established many more-or-less standard -coding systems for storing files. Emacs uses a single multibyte -character encoding within Emacs buffers; it can translate from a wide -variety of coding systems when reading a file and can translate back -into any of these coding systems when saving a file. - -Keyboards, even in the countries where these character sets are used, -generally don't have keys for all the characters in them. So Emacs -supports various "input methods", typically one for each script or -language, to make it possible to type them. - -The Emacs internal multibyte encoding represents a non-ASCII -character as a sequence of bytes in the range 0200 through 0377. - -The new prefix key C-x RET is used for commands that pertain -to multibyte characters, coding systems, and input methods. - -You can disable multibyte character support as follows: - - (setq-default enable-multibyte-characters nil) - -Calling the function standard-display-european turns off multibyte -characters, unless you specify a non-nil value for the second -argument, AUTO. This provides compatibility for people who are -already using standard-display-european to continue using unibyte -characters for their work until they want to change. - -*** Input methods +* The value returned by garbage-collect has been changed. + Its first element is no longer a number but a cons, + whose car is the number of cons cells now in use, + and whose cdr is the number of cons cells that have been + made but are now free. + The second element is similar but describes symbols rather than cons cells. + The third element is similar but describes markers. -An input method is a kind of character conversion which is designed -specifically for interactive input. In Emacs, typically each language -has its own input method (though sometimes several languages which use -the same characters can share one input method). Some languages -support several input methods. - -The simplest kind of input method works by mapping ASCII letters into -another alphabet. This is how the Greek and Russian input methods -work. - -A more powerful technique is composition: converting sequences of -characters into one letter. Many European input methods use -composition to produce a single non-ASCII letter from a sequence which -consists of a letter followed by diacritics. For example, a' is one -sequence of two characters that might be converted into a single -letter. - -The input methods for syllabic scripts typically use mapping followed -by conversion. The input methods for Thai and Korean work this way. -First, letters are mapped into symbols for particular sounds or tone -marks; then, sequences of these which make up a whole syllable are -mapped into one syllable sign--most often a "composite character". - -None of these methods works very well for Chinese and Japanese, so -they are handled specially. First you input a whole word using -phonetic spelling; then, after the word is in the buffer, Emacs -converts it into one or more characters using a large dictionary. - -Since there is more than one way to represent a phonetically spelled -word using Chinese characters, Emacs can only guess which one to use; -typically these input methods give you a way to say "guess again" if -the first guess is wrong. - -*** The command C-x RET m (toggle-enable-multibyte-characters) -turns multibyte character support on or off for the current buffer. +* The variable buffer-name has been eliminated. + The function buffer-name still exists. This is to prevent + user programs from changing buffer names without going + through the rename-buffer function. + +Changes in Emacs 1.9 -If multibyte character support is turned off in a buffer, then each -byte is a single character, even codes 0200 through 0377--exactly as -they did in Emacs 19.34. This includes the features for support for -the European characters, ISO Latin-1 and ISO Latin-2. - -However, there is no need to turn off multibyte character support to -use ISO Latin-1 or ISO Latin-2; the Emacs multibyte character set -includes all the characters in these character sets, and Emacs can -translate automatically to and from either one. - -*** Visiting a file in unibyte mode. - -Turning off multibyte character support in the buffer after visiting a -file with multibyte code conversion will display the multibyte -sequences already in the buffer, byte by byte. This is probably not -what you want. +* When a fill prefix is in effect, paragraphs are started + or separated by lines that do not start with the fill prefix. + Also, a line which consists of the fill prefix followed by + white space separates paragraphs. -If you want to edit a file of unibyte characters (Latin-1, for -example), you can do it by specifying `no-conversion' as the coding -system when reading the file. This coding system also turns off -multibyte characters in that buffer. - -If you turn off multibyte character support entirely, this turns off -character conversion as well. - -*** Displaying international characters on X Windows. +* C-x C-v runs the new function find-alternate-file. + It finds the specified file, switches to that buffer, + and kills the previous current buffer. (It requires + confirmation if that buffer had changes.) This is + most useful after you find the wrong file due to a typo. -A font for X typically displays just one alphabet or script. -Therefore, displaying the entire range of characters Emacs supports -requires using many fonts. - -Therefore, Emacs now supports "fontsets". Each fontset is a -collection of fonts, each assigned to a range of character codes. - -A fontset has a name, like a font. Individual fonts are defined by -the X server; fontsets are defined within Emacs itself. But once you -have defined a fontset, you can use it in a face or a frame just as -you would use a font. - -If a fontset specifies no font for a certain character, or if it -specifies a font that does not exist on your system, then it cannot -display that character. It will display an empty box instead. +* Exiting the minibuffer moves the cursor to column 0, + to show you that it has really been exited. -The fontset height and width are determined by the ASCII characters -(that is, by the font in the fontset which is used for ASCII -characters). If another font in the fontset has a different height, -or the wrong width, then characters assigned to that font are clipped, -and displayed within a box if highlight-wrong-size-font is non-nil. - -*** Defining fontsets. - -Emacs does not use any fontset by default. Its default font is still -chosen as in previous versions. You can tell Emacs to use a fontset -with the `-fn' option or the `Font' X resource. - -Emacs creates a standard fontset automatically according to the value -of standard-fontset-spec. This fontset's short name is -`fontset-standard'. Bold, italic, and bold-italic variants of the -standard fontset are created automatically. - -If you specify a default ASCII font with the `Font' resource or `-fn' -argument, a fontset is generated from it. This works by replacing the -FOUNDARY, FAMILY, ADD_STYLE, and AVERAGE_WIDTH fields of the font name -with `*' then using this to specify a fontset. This fontset's short -name is `fontset-startup'. - -Emacs checks resources of the form Fontset-N where N is 0, 1, 2... -The resource value should have this form: - FONTSET-NAME, [CHARSET-NAME:FONT-NAME]... -FONTSET-NAME should have the form of a standard X font name, except: - * most fields should be just the wild card "*". - * the CHARSET_REGISTRY field should be "fontset" - * the CHARSET_ENCODING field can be any nickname of the fontset. -The construct CHARSET-NAME:FONT-NAME can be repeated any number -of times; each time specifies the font for one character set. -CHARSET-NAME should be the name name of a character set, and -FONT-NAME should specify an actual font to use for that character set. +* Meta-g (fill-region) now fills each paragraph in the + region individually. To fill the region as if it were + a single paragraph (for when the paragraph-delimiting mechanism + does the wrong thing), use fill-region-as-paragraph. -Each of these fontsets has an alias which is made from the -last two font name fields, CHARSET_REGISTRY and CHARSET_ENCODING. -You can refer to the fontset by that alias or by its full name. - -For any character sets that you don't mention, Emacs tries to choose a -font by substituting into FONTSET-NAME. For instance, with the -following resource, - Emacs*Fontset-0: -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24 -the font for ASCII is generated as below: - -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-ISO8859-1 -Here is the substitution rule: - Change CHARSET_REGISTRY and CHARSET_ENCODING to that of the charset - defined in the variable x-charset-registries. For instance, ASCII has - the entry (ascii . "ISO8859-1") in this variable. Then, reduce - sequences of wild cards -*-...-*- with a single wildcard -*-. - (This is to prevent use of auto-scaled fonts.) +* Tab in text mode now runs the function tab-to-tab-stop. + A new mode called indented-text-mode is like text-mode + except that in it Tab runs the function indent-relative, + which indents the line under the previous line. + If auto fill is enabled while in indented-text-mode, + the new lines that it makes are indented. -The function which processes the fontset resource value to create the -fontset is called create-fontset-from-fontset-spec. You can also call -that function explicitly to create a fontset. - -With the X resource Emacs.Font, you can specify a fontset name just -like an actual font name. But be careful not to specify a fontset -name in a wildcard resource like Emacs*Font--that tries to specify the -fontset for other purposes including menus, and they cannot handle -fontsets. - -*** The command M-x set-language-environment sets certain global Emacs -defaults for a particular choice of language. - -Selecting a language environment typically specifies a default input -method and which coding systems to recognize automatically when -visiting files. However, it does not try to reread files you have -already visited; the text in those buffers is not affected. The -language environment may also specify a default choice of coding -system for new files that you create. - -It makes no difference which buffer is current when you use -set-language-environment, because these defaults apply globally to the -whole Emacs session. +* Functions kill-rectangle and yank-rectangle. + kill-rectangle deletes the rectangle specified by dot and mark + (or by two arguments) and saves it in the variable killed-rectangle. + yank-rectangle inserts the rectangle in that variable. -For example, M-x set-language-environment RET Latin-1 RET -chooses the Latin-1 character set. In the .emacs file, you can do this -with (set-language-environment "Latin-1"). - -*** The command C-x RET f (set-buffer-file-coding-system) -specifies the file coding system for the current buffer. This -specifies what sort of character code translation to do when saving -the file. As an argument, you must specify the name of one of the -coding systems that Emacs supports. - -*** The command C-x RET c (universal-coding-system-argument) -lets you specify a coding system when you read or write a file. -This command uses the minibuffer to read a coding system name. -After you exit the minibuffer, the specified coding system -is used for *the immediately following command*. - -So if the immediately following command is a command to read or -write a file, it uses the specified coding system for that file. + Tab characters in a rectangle being saved are replaced + by spaces in such a way that their appearance will + not be changed if the rectangle is later reinserted + at a different column position. -If the immediately following command does not use the coding system, -then C-x RET c ultimately has no effect. - -For example, C-x RET c iso-8859-1 RET C-x C-f temp RET -visits the file `temp' treating it as ISO Latin-1. - -*** You can specify the coding system for a file using the -*- -construct. Include `coding: CODINGSYSTEM;' inside the -*-...-*- -to specify use of coding system CODINGSYSTEM. You can also -specify the coding system in a local variable list at the end -of the file. - -*** The command C-x RET t (set-terminal-coding-system) specifies -the coding system for terminal output. If you specify a character -code for terminal output, all characters output to the terminal are -translated into that character code. - -This feature is useful for certain character-only terminals built in -various countries to support the languages of those countries. - -By default, output to the terminal is not translated at all. +* `+' in a regular expression now means + to repeat the previous expression one or more times. + `?' means to repeat it zero or one time. + They are in all regards like `*' except for the + number of repetitions they match. -*** The command C-x RET k (set-keyboard-coding-system) specifies -the coding system for keyboard input. - -Character code translation of keyboard input is useful for terminals -with keys that send non-ASCII graphic characters--for example, -some terminals designed for ISO Latin-1 or subsets of it. - -By default, keyboard input is not translated at all. - -Character code translation of keyboard input is similar to using an -input method, in that both define sequences of keyboard input that -translate into single characters. However, input methods are designed -to be convenient for interactive use, while the code translations are -designed to work with terminals. + \< in a regular expression now matches the null string + when it is at the beginning of a word; \> matches + the null string at the end of a word. -*** The command C-x RET p (set-buffer-process-coding-system) -specifies the coding system for input and output to a subprocess. -This command applies to the current buffer; normally, each subprocess -has its own buffer, and thus you can use this command to specify -translation to and from a particular subprocess by giving the command -in the corresponding buffer. - -By default, process input and output are not translated at all. - -*** The variable file-name-coding-system specifies the coding system -to use for encoding file names before operating on them. -It is also used for decoding file names obtained from the system. +* C-x p narrows the buffer so that only the current page + is visible. -*** The command C-\ (toggle-input-method) activates or deactivates -an input method. If no input method has been selected before, the -command prompts for you to specify the language and input method you -want to use. - -C-u C-\ (select-input-method) lets you switch to a different input -method. C-h C-\ (or C-h I) describes the current input method. - -*** Some input methods remap the keyboard to emulate various keyboard -layouts commonly used for particular scripts. How to do this -remapping properly depends on your actual keyboard layout. To specify -which layout your keyboard has, use M-x quail-set-keyboard-layout. +* C-x ) with argument repeats the kbd macro just + defined that many times, counting the definition + as one repetition. -*** The command C-h C (describe-coding-system) displays -the coding systems currently selected for various purposes, plus -related information. - -*** The command C-h h (view-hello-file) displays a file called -HELLO, which has examples of text in many languages, using various -scripts. - -*** The command C-h L (describe-language-support) displays -information about the support for a particular language. -You specify the language as an argument. - -*** The mode line now contains a letter or character that identifies -the coding system used in the visited file. It normally follows the -first dash. - -A dash indicates the default state of affairs: no code conversion -(except CRLF => newline if appropriate). `=' means no conversion -whatsoever. The ISO 8859 coding systems are represented by digits -1 through 9. Other coding systems are represented by letters: +* C-x ( with argument begins defining a kbd macro + starting with the last one defined. It executes that + previous kbd macro initially, just as if you began + by typing it over again. - A alternativnyj (Russian) - B big5 (Chinese) - C cn-gb-2312 (Chinese) - C iso-2022-cn (Chinese) - D in-is13194-devanagari (Indian languages) - E euc-japan (Japanese) - I iso-2022-cjk or iso-2022-ss2 (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) - J junet (iso-2022-7) or old-jis (iso-2022-jp-1978-irv) (Japanese) - K euc-korea (Korean) - R koi8 (Russian) - Q tibetan - S shift_jis (Japanese) - T lao - T tis620 (Thai) - V viscii or vscii (Vietnamese) - i iso-2022-lock (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) - k iso-2022-kr (Korean) - v viqr (Vietnamese) - z hz (Chinese) - -When you are using a character-only terminal (not a window system), -two additional characters appear in between the dash and the file -coding system. These two characters describe the coding system for -keyboard input, and the coding system for terminal output. - -*** The new variable rmail-file-coding-system specifies the code -conversion to use for RMAIL files. The default value is nil. - -When you read mail with Rmail, each message is decoded automatically -into Emacs' internal format. This has nothing to do with -rmail-file-coding-system. That variable controls reading and writing -Rmail files themselves. - -*** The new variable sendmail-coding-system specifies the code -conversion for outgoing mail. The default value is nil. - -Actually, there are three different ways of specifying the coding system -for sending mail: - -- If you use C-x RET f in the mail buffer, that takes priority. -- Otherwise, if you set sendmail-coding-system non-nil, that specifies it. -- Otherwise, the default coding system for new files is used, - if that is non-nil. That comes from your language environment. -- Otherwise, Latin-1 is used. - -*** The command C-h t (help-with-tutorial) accepts a prefix argument -to specify the language for the tutorial file. Currently, English, -Japanese, Korean and Thai are supported. We welcome additional -translations. - -** An easy new way to visit a file with no code or format conversion -of any kind: Use M-x find-file-literally. There is also a command -insert-file-literally which inserts a file into the current buffer -without any conversion. +* C-x q command queries the user during kbd macro execution. + With prefix argument, enters recursive edit, + reading keyboard commands even within a kbd macro. + You can give different commands each time the macro executes. + Without prefix argument, reads a character. Your options are: + Space -- execute the rest of the macro. + Delete -- skip the rest of the macro; start next repetition. + C-d -- skip rest of the macro and don't repeat it any more. + C-r -- enter a recursive edit, then on exit ask again for a character + C-l -- redisplay screen and ask again." -** C-q's handling of octal character codes is changed. -You can now specify any number of octal digits. -RET terminates the digits and is discarded; -any other non-digit terminates the digits and is then used as input. - -** There are new commands for looking up Info documentation for -functions, variables and file names used in your programs. - -Type M-x info-lookup-symbol to look up a symbol in the buffer at point. -Type M-x info-lookup-file to look up a file in the buffer at point. - -Precisely which Info files are used to look it up depends on the major -mode. For example, in C mode, the GNU libc manual is used. - -** M-TAB in most programming language modes now runs the command -complete-symbol. This command performs completion on the symbol name -in the buffer before point. - -With a numeric argument, it performs completion based on the set of -symbols documented in the Info files for the programming language that -you are using. - -With no argument, it does completion based on the current tags tables, -just like the old binding of M-TAB (complete-tag). - -** File locking works with NFS now. - -The lock file for FILENAME is now a symbolic link named .#FILENAME, -in the same directory as FILENAME. - -This means that collision detection between two different machines now -works reasonably well; it also means that no file server or directory -can become a bottleneck. +* write-kbd-macro and append-kbd-macro are used to save + a kbd macro definition in a file (as Lisp code to + redefine the macro when the file is loaded). + These commands differ in that write-kbd-macro + discards the previous contents of the file. + If given a prefix argument, both commands + record the keys which invoke the macro as well as the + macro's definition. -The new method does have drawbacks. It means that collision detection -does not operate when you edit a file in a directory where you cannot -create new files. Collision detection also doesn't operate when the -file server does not support symbolic links. But these conditions are -rare, and the ability to have collision detection while using NFS is -so useful that the change is worth while. - -When Emacs or a system crashes, this may leave behind lock files which -are stale. So you may occasionally get warnings about spurious -collisions. When you determine that the collision is spurious, just -tell Emacs to go ahead anyway. - -** If you wish to use Show Paren mode to display matching parentheses, -it is no longer sufficient to load paren.el. Instead you must call -show-paren-mode. - -** If you wish to use Delete Selection mode to replace a highlighted -selection when you insert new text, it is no longer sufficient to load -delsel.el. Instead you must call the function delete-selection-mode. +* The variable global-minor-modes is used to display + strings in the mode line of all buffers. It should be + a list of elements thaht are conses whose cdrs are strings + to be displayed. This complements the variable + minor-modes, which has the same effect but has a separate + value in each buffer. -** If you wish to use Partial Completion mode to complete partial words -within symbols or filenames, it is no longer sufficient to load -complete.el. Instead you must call the function partial-completion-mode. - -** If you wish to use uniquify to rename buffers for you, -it is no longer sufficient to load uniquify.el. You must also -set uniquify-buffer-name-style to one of the non-nil legitimate values. - -** Changes in View mode. - -*** Several new commands are available in View mode. -Do H in view mode for a list of commands. - -*** There are two new commands for entering View mode: -view-file-other-frame and view-buffer-other-frame. - -*** Exiting View mode does a better job of restoring windows to their -previous state. - -*** New customization variable view-scroll-auto-exit. If non-nil, -scrolling past end of buffer makes view mode exit. - -*** New customization variable view-exits-all-viewing-windows. If -non-nil, view-mode will at exit restore all windows viewing buffer, -not just the selected window. +* C-x = describes horizontal scrolling in effect, if any. -*** New customization variable view-read-only. If non-nil, visiting a -read-only file automatically enters View mode, and toggle-read-only -turns View mode on or off. - -*** New customization variable view-remove-frame-by-deleting controls -how to remove a not needed frame at view mode exit. If non-nil, -delete the frame, if nil make an icon of it. - -** C-x v l, the command to print a file's version control log, -now positions point at the entry for the file's current branch version. - -** C-x v =, the command to compare a file with the last checked-in version, -has a new feature. If the file is currently not locked, so that it is -presumably identical to the last checked-in version, the command now asks -which version to compare with. - -** When using hideshow.el, incremental search can temporarily show hidden -blocks if a match is inside the block. +* Return now auto-fills the line it is ending, in auto fill mode. + Space with zero as argument auto-fills the line before it + just like Space without an argument. + +Changes in Emacs 1.8 -The block is hidden again if the search is continued and the next match -is outside the block. By customizing the variable -isearch-hide-immediately you can choose to hide all the temporarily -shown blocks only when exiting from incremental search. - -By customizing the variable hs-isearch-open you can choose what kind -of blocks to temporarily show during isearch: comment blocks, code -blocks, all of them or none. - -** The new command C-x 4 0 (kill-buffer-and-window) kills the -current buffer and deletes the selected window. It asks for -confirmation first. - -** C-x C-w, which saves the buffer into a specified file name, -now changes the major mode according to that file name. -However, the mode will not be changed if -(1) a local variables list or the `-*-' line specifies a major mode, or -(2) the current major mode is a "special" mode, - not suitable for ordinary files, or -(3) the new file name does not particularly specify any mode. +This release mostly fixes bugs. There are a few new features: -This applies to M-x set-visited-file-name as well. - -However, if you set change-major-mode-with-file-name to nil, then -these commands do not change the major mode. - -** M-x occur changes. - -*** If the argument to M-x occur contains upper case letters, -it performs a case-sensitive search. - -*** In the *Occur* buffer made by M-x occur, -if you type g or M-x revert-buffer, this repeats the search -using the same regular expression and the same buffer as before. - -** In Transient Mark mode, the region in any one buffer is highlighted -in just one window at a time. At first, it is highlighted in the -window where you set the mark. The buffer's highlighting remains in -that window unless you select to another window which shows the same -buffer--then the highlighting moves to that window. +* apropos now sorts the symbols before displaying them. + Also, it returns a list of the symbols found. -** The feature to suggest key bindings when you use M-x now operates -after the command finishes. The message suggesting key bindings -appears temporarily in the echo area. The previous echo area contents -come back after a few seconds, in case they contain useful information. - -** Each frame now independently records the order for recently -selected buffers, so that the default for C-x b is now based on the -buffers recently selected in the selected frame. + apropos now accepts a second arg PRED which should be a function + of one argument; if PRED is non-nil, each symbol is tested + with PRED and only symbols for which PRED returns non-nil + appear in the output or the returned list. -** Outline mode changes. - -*** Outline mode now uses overlays (this is the former noutline.el). - -*** Incremental searches skip over invisible text in Outline mode. - -** When a minibuffer window is active but not the selected window, if -you try to use the minibuffer, you used to get a nested minibuffer. -Now, this not only gives an error, it also cancels the minibuffer that -was already active. + If the third argument to apropos is non-nil, apropos does not + display anything; it merely returns the list of symbols found. -The motive for this change is so that beginning users do not -unknowingly move away from minibuffers, leaving them active, and then -get confused by it. - -If you want to be able to have recursive minibuffers, you must -set enable-recursive-minibuffers to non-nil. - -** Changes in dynamic abbrevs. - -*** Expanding dynamic abbrevs with M-/ is now smarter about case -conversion. If the expansion has mixed case not counting the first -character, and the abbreviation matches the beginning of the expansion -including case, then the expansion is copied verbatim. - -The expansion is also copied verbatim if the abbreviation itself has -mixed case. And using SPC M-/ to copy an additional word always -copies it verbatim except when the previous copied word is all caps. + C-h a now runs the new function command-apropos rather than + apropos, and shows only symbols with definitions as commands. -*** The values of `dabbrev-case-replace' and `dabbrev-case-fold-search' -are no longer Lisp expressions. They have simply three possible -values. - -`dabbrev-case-replace' has these three values: nil (don't preserve -case), t (do), or `case-replace' (do like M-x query-replace). -`dabbrev-case-fold-search' has these three values: nil (don't ignore -case), t (do), or `case-fold-search' (do like search). - -** Minibuffer history lists are truncated automatically now to a -certain length. The variable history-length specifies how long they -can be. The default value is 30. - -** Changes in Mail mode. - -*** The key C-x m no longer runs the `mail' command directly. -Instead, it runs the command `compose-mail', which invokes the mail -composition mechanism you have selected with the variable -`mail-user-agent'. The default choice of user agent is -`sendmail-user-agent', which gives behavior compatible with the old -behavior. +* M-x shell sends the command + if (-f ~/.emacs_NAME)source ~/.emacs_NAME + invisibly to the shell when it starts. Here NAME + is replaced by the name of shell used, + as it came from your ESHELL or SHELL environment variable + but with directory name, if any, removed. -C-x 4 m now runs compose-mail-other-window, and C-x 5 m runs -compose-mail-other-frame. - -*** While composing a reply to a mail message, from Rmail, you can use -the command C-c C-r to cite just the region from the message you are -replying to. This copies the text which is the selected region in the -buffer that shows the original message. - -*** The command C-c C-i inserts a file at the end of the message, -with separator lines around the contents. - -*** The command M-x expand-mail-aliases expands all mail aliases -in suitable mail headers. Emacs automatically extracts mail alias -definitions from your mail alias file (e.g., ~/.mailrc). You do not -need to expand mail aliases yourself before sending mail. - -*** New features in the mail-complete command. +* M-, now runs the command tags-loop-continue, which is used + to resume a terminated tags-search or tags-query-replace. + +Changes in Emacs 1.7 -**** The mail-complete command now inserts the user's full name, -for local users or if that is known. The variable mail-complete-style -controls the style to use, and whether to do this at all. -Its values are like those of mail-from-style. - -**** The variable mail-passwd-command lets you specify a shell command -to run to fetch a set of password-entries that add to the ones in -/etc/passwd. +It's Beat CCA Week. -**** The variable mail-passwd-file now specifies a list of files to read -to get the list of user ids. By default, one file is used: -/etc/passwd. - -** You can "quote" a file name to inhibit special significance of -special syntax, by adding `/:' to the beginning. Thus, if you have a -directory named `/foo:', you can prevent it from being treated as a -reference to a remote host named `foo' by writing it as `/:/foo:'. - -Emacs uses this new construct automatically when necessary, such as -when you start it with a working directory whose name might otherwise -be taken to be magic. +* The initial buffer is now called "*scratch*" instead of "scratch", + so that all buffer names used automatically by Emacs now have *'s. -** There is a new command M-x grep-find which uses find to select -files to search through, and grep to scan them. The output is -available in a Compile mode buffer, as with M-x grep. - -M-x grep now uses the -e option if the grep program supports that. -(-e prevents problems if the search pattern starts with a dash.) - -** In Dired, the & command now flags for deletion the files whose names -suggest they are probably not needed in the long run. - -In Dired, * is now a prefix key for mark-related commands. +* Undo information is now stored separately for each buffer. + The Undo command (C-x u) always applies to the current + buffer only. -new key dired.el binding old key -------- ---------------- ------- - * c dired-change-marks c - * m dired-mark m - * * dired-mark-executables * (binding deleted) - * / dired-mark-directories / (binding deleted) - * @ dired-mark-symlinks @ (binding deleted) - * u dired-unmark u - * DEL dired-unmark-backward DEL - * ? dired-unmark-all-files M-C-? - * ! dired-unmark-all-marks - * % dired-mark-files-regexp % m - * C-n dired-next-marked-file M-} - * C-p dired-prev-marked-file M-{ - -** Rmail changes. - -*** When Rmail cannot convert your incoming mail into Babyl format, it -saves the new mail in the file RMAILOSE.n, where n is an integer -chosen to make a unique name. This way, Rmail will not keep crashing -each time you run it. - -*** In Rmail, the variable rmail-summary-line-count-flag now controls -whether to include the line count in the summary. Non-nil means yes. + C-_ is now a synonym for C-x u. -*** In Rmail summary buffers, d and C-d (the commands to delete -messages) now take repeat counts as arguments. A negative argument -means to move in the opposite direction. - -*** In Rmail, the t command now takes an optional argument which lets -you specify whether to show the message headers in full or pruned. - -*** In Rmail, the new command w (rmail-output-body-to-file) writes -just the body of the current message into a file, without the headers. -It takes the file name from the message subject, by default, but you -can edit that file name in the minibuffer before it is actually used -for output. - -** Gnus changes. - -*** nntp.el has been totally rewritten in an asynchronous fashion. - -*** Article prefetching functionality has been moved up into -Gnus. - -*** Scoring can now be performed with logical operators like -`and', `or', `not', and parent redirection. - -*** Article washing status can be displayed in the -article mode line. - -*** gnus.el has been split into many smaller files. - -*** Suppression of duplicate articles based on Message-ID. - -(setq gnus-suppress-duplicates t) - -*** New variables for specifying what score and adapt files -are to be considered home score and adapt files. See -`gnus-home-score-file' and `gnus-home-adapt-files'. - -*** Groups can inherit group parameters from parent topics. + (buffer-flush-undo BUFFER) causes undo information not to + be kept for BUFFER, and frees the space that would have + been used to hold it. In any case, no undo information is + kept for buffers whose names start with spaces. (These + buffers also do not appear in the C-x C-b display.) -*** Article editing has been revamped and is now usable. - -*** Signatures can be recognized in more intelligent fashions. -See `gnus-signature-separator' and `gnus-signature-limit'. - -*** Summary pick mode has been made to look more nn-like. -Line numbers are displayed and the `.' command can be -used to pick articles. - -*** Commands for moving the .newsrc.eld from one server to -another have been added. - - `M-x gnus-change-server' - -*** A way to specify that "uninteresting" fields be suppressed when -generating lines in buffers. - -*** Several commands in the group buffer can be undone with -`M-C-_'. - -*** Scoring can be done on words using the new score type `w'. - -*** Adaptive scoring can be done on a Subject word-by-word basis: - - (setq gnus-use-adaptive-scoring '(word)) - -*** Scores can be decayed. - - (setq gnus-decay-scores t) - -*** Scoring can be performed using a regexp on the Date header. The -Date is normalized to compact ISO 8601 format first. - -*** A new command has been added to remove all data on articles from -the native server. - - `M-x gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups' +* Rectangle operations are now implemented. + C-x r stores the rectangle described by dot and mark + into a register; it reads the register name from the keyboard. + C-x g, the command to insert the contents of a register, + can be used to reinsert the rectangle elsewhere. -*** A new command for reading collections of documents -(nndoc with nnvirtual on top) has been added -- `M-C-d'. - -*** Process mark sets can be pushed and popped. - -*** A new mail-to-news backend makes it possible to post -even when the NNTP server doesn't allow posting. - -*** A new backend for reading searches from Web search engines -(DejaNews, Alta Vista, InReference) has been added. - - Use the `G w' command in the group buffer to create such - a group. - -*** Groups inside topics can now be sorted using the standard -sorting functions, and each topic can be sorted independently. - - See the commands under the `T S' submap. - -*** Subsets of the groups can be sorted independently. - - See the commands under the `G P' submap. - -*** Cached articles can be pulled into the groups. - - Use the `Y c' command. - -*** Score files are now applied in a more reliable order. - -*** Reports on where mail messages end up can be generated. - - `M-x nnmail-split-history' - -*** More hooks and functions have been added to remove junk -from incoming mail before saving the mail. - - See `nnmail-prepare-incoming-header-hook'. - -*** The nnml mail backend now understands compressed article files. + Other rectangle commands include + open-rectangle: + insert a blank rectangle in the position and size + described by dot and mark, at its corners; + the existing text is pushed to the right. + clear-rectangle: + replace the rectangle described by dot ane mark + with blanks. The previous text is deleted. + delete-rectangle: + delete the text of the specified rectangle, + moving the text beyond it on each line leftward. -*** To enable Gnus to read/post multi-lingual articles, you must execute -the following code, for instance, in your .emacs. - - (add-hook 'gnus-startup-hook 'gnus-mule-initialize) - -Then, when you start Gnus, it will decode non-ASCII text automatically -and show appropriate characters. (Note: if you are using gnus-mime -from the SEMI package, formerly known as TM, you should NOT add this -hook to gnus-startup-hook; gnus-mime has its own method of handling -this issue.) - -Since it is impossible to distinguish all coding systems -automatically, you may need to specify a choice of coding system for a -particular news group. This can be done by: - - (gnus-mule-add-group NEWSGROUP 'CODING-SYSTEM) - -Here NEWSGROUP should be a string which names a newsgroup or a tree -of newsgroups. If NEWSGROUP is "XXX.YYY", all news groups under -"XXX.YYY" (including "XXX.YYY.ZZZ") will use the specified coding -system. CODING-SYSTEM specifies which coding system to use (for both -for reading and posting). - -CODING-SYSTEM can also be a cons cell of the form - (READ-CODING-SYSTEM . POST-CODING-SYSTEM) -Then READ-CODING-SYSTEM is used when you read messages from the -newsgroups, while POST-CODING-SYSTEM is used when you post messages -there. - -Emacs knows the right coding systems for certain newsgroups by -default. Here are some of these default settings: - - (gnus-mule-add-group "fj" 'iso-2022-7) - (gnus-mule-add-group "alt.chinese.text" 'hz-gb-2312) - (gnus-mule-add-group "alt.hk" 'hz-gb-2312) - (gnus-mule-add-group "alt.chinese.text.big5" 'cn-big5) - (gnus-mule-add-group "soc.culture.vietnamese" '(nil . viqr)) +* Side-by-side windows are allowed. Use C-x 5 to split the + current window into two windows side by side. + C-x } makes the selected window ARG columns wider at the + expense of the windows at its sides. C-x { makes the selected + window ARG columns narrower. An argument to C-x 5 specifies + how many columns to give to the leftmost of the two windows made. -When you reply by mail to an article, these settings are ignored; -the mail is encoded according to sendmail-coding-system, as usual. - -** CC mode changes. - -*** If you edit primarily one style of C (or C++, Objective-C, Java) -code, you may want to make the CC Mode style variables have global -values so that you can set them directly in your .emacs file. To do -this, set c-style-variables-are-local-p to nil in your .emacs file. -Note that this only takes effect if you do it *before* cc-mode.el is -loaded. - -If you typically edit more than one style of C (or C++, Objective-C, -Java) code in a single Emacs session, you may want to make the CC Mode -style variables have buffer local values. By default, all buffers -share the same style variable settings; to make them buffer local, set -c-style-variables-are-local-p to t in your .emacs file. Note that you -must do this *before* CC Mode is loaded. - -*** The new variable c-indentation-style holds the C style name -of the current buffer. - -*** The variable c-block-comments-indent-p has been deleted, because -it is no longer necessary. C mode now handles all the supported styles -of block comments, with no need to say which one you will use. - -*** There is a new indentation style "python", which specifies the C -style that the Python developers like. - -*** There is a new c-cleanup-list option: brace-elseif-brace. -This says to put ...} else if (...) {... on one line, -just as brace-else-brace says to put ...} else {... on one line. - -** VC Changes [new] - -** In vc-retrieve-snapshot (C-x v r), if you don't specify a snapshot -name, it retrieves the *latest* versions of all files in the current -directory and its subdirectories (aside from files already locked). + C-x 2 now accepts a numeric argument to specify the number of + lines to give to the uppermost of the two windows it makes. -This feature is useful if your RCS directory is a link to a common -master directory, and you want to pick up changes made by other -developers. - -You can do the same thing for an individual file by typing C-u C-x C-q -RET in a buffer visiting that file. - -*** VC can now handle files under CVS that are being "watched" by -other developers. Such files are made read-only by CVS. To get a -writable copy, type C-x C-q in a buffer visiting such a file. VC then -calls "cvs edit", which notifies the other developers of it. - -*** vc-version-diff (C-u C-x v =) now suggests reasonable defaults for -version numbers, based on the current state of the file. - -** Calendar changes. +* Horizontal scrolling of the lines in a window is now implemented. + C-x < (scroll-left) scrolls all displayed lines left, + with the numeric argument (default 1) saying how far to scroll. + When the window is scrolled left, some amount of the beginning + of each nonempty line is replaced by an "$". + C-x > scrolls right. If a window has no text hidden at the left + margin, it cannot be scrolled any farther right than that. + When nonzero leftwards scrolling is in effect in a window. + lines are automatically truncated at the window's right margin + regardless of the value of the variable truncate-lines in the + buffer being displayed. -A new function, list-holidays, allows you list holidays or subclasses -of holidays for ranges of years. Related menu items allow you do this -for the year of the selected date, or the following/previous years. - -** ps-print changes - -There are some new user variables for customizing the page layout. - -*** Paper size, paper orientation, columns - -The variable `ps-paper-type' determines the size of paper ps-print -formats for; it should contain one of the symbols: -`a4' `a3' `letter' `legal' `letter-small' `tabloid' -`ledger' `statement' `executive' `a4small' `b4' `b5' -It defaults to `letter'. -If you need other sizes, see the variable `ps-page-dimensions-database'. - -The variable `ps-landscape-mode' determines the orientation -of the printing on the page. nil, the default, means "portrait" mode, -non-nil means "landscape" mode. +* C-x C-d now uses the default output format of `ls', + which gives just file names in multiple columns. + C-u C-x C-d passes the -l switch to `ls'. -The variable `ps-number-of-columns' must be a positive integer. -It determines the number of columns both in landscape and portrait mode. -It defaults to 1. - -*** Horizontal layout +* C-t at the end of a line now exchanges the two preceding characters. -The horizontal layout is determined by the variables -`ps-left-margin', `ps-inter-column', and `ps-right-margin'. -All are measured in points. - -*** Vertical layout - -The vertical layout is determined by the variables -`ps-bottom-margin', `ps-top-margin', and `ps-header-offset'. -All are measured in points. - -*** Headers + All the transpose commands now interpret zero as an argument + to mean to transpose the textual unit after or around dot + with the one after or around the mark. -If the variable `ps-print-header' is nil, no header is printed. Then -`ps-header-offset' is not relevant and `ps-top-margin' represents the -margin above the text. - -If the variable `ps-print-header-frame' is non-nil, a gaudy -framing box is printed around the header. - -The contents of the header are determined by `ps-header-lines', -`ps-show-n-of-n', `ps-left-header' and `ps-right-header'. +* M-! executes a shell command in an inferior shell + and displays the output from it. With a prefix argument, + it inserts the output in the current buffer after dot + and sets the mark after the output. The shell command + gets /dev/null as its standard input. -The height of the header is determined by `ps-header-line-pad', -`ps-header-font-family', `ps-header-title-font-size' and -`ps-header-font-size'. - -*** Font managing - -The variable `ps-font-family' determines which font family is to be -used for ordinary text. Its value must be a key symbol in the alist -`ps-font-info-database'. You can add other font families by adding -elements to this alist. - -The variable `ps-font-size' determines the size of the font -for ordinary text. It defaults to 8.5 points. + M-| is like M-! but passes the contents of the region + as input to the shell command. A prefix argument makes + the output from the command replace the contents of the region. -** hideshow changes. - -*** now supports hiding of blocks of single line comments (like // for -C++, ; for lisp). - -*** Support for java-mode added. - -*** When doing `hs-hide-all' it is now possible to also hide the comments -in the file if `hs-hide-comments-when-hiding-all' is set. - -*** The new function `hs-hide-initial-comment' hides the the comments at -the beginning of the files. Finally those huge RCS logs don't stay in your -way! This is run by default when entering the `hs-minor-mode'. - -*** Now uses overlays instead of `selective-display', so is more -robust and a lot faster. - -*** A block beginning can span multiple lines. - -*** The new variable `hs-show-hidden-short-form' if t, directs hideshow -to show only the beginning of a block when it is hidden. See the -documentation for more details. - -** Changes in Enriched mode. - -*** When you visit a file in enriched-mode, Emacs will make sure it is -filled to the current fill-column. This behavior is now independent -of the size of the window. When you save the file, the fill-column in -use is stored as well, so that the whole buffer need not be refilled -the next time unless the fill-column is different. - -*** use-hard-newlines is now a minor mode. When it is enabled, Emacs -distinguishes between hard and soft newlines, and treats hard newlines -as paragraph boundaries. Otherwise all newlines inserted are marked -as soft, and paragraph boundaries are determined solely from the text. +* The mode line will now say "Def" after the major mode + while a keyboard macro is being defined. -** Font Lock mode - -*** Custom support - -The variables font-lock-face-attributes, font-lock-display-type and -font-lock-background-mode are now obsolete; the recommended way to specify the -faces to use for Font Lock mode is with M-x customize-group on the new custom -group font-lock-highlighting-faces. If you set font-lock-face-attributes in -your ~/.emacs file, Font Lock mode will respect its value. However, you should -consider converting from setting that variable to using M-x customize. - -You can still use X resources to specify Font Lock face appearances. - -*** Maximum decoration +* The variable fill-prefix is now used by Meta-q. + Meta-q removes the fill prefix from lines that start with it + before filling, and inserts the fill prefix on each line + after filling. -Fontification now uses the maximum level of decoration supported by -default. Previously, fontification used a mode-specific default level -of decoration, which is typically the minimum level of decoration -supported. You can set font-lock-maximum-decoration to nil -to get the old behavior. - -*** New support - -Support is now provided for Java, Objective-C, AWK and SIMULA modes. - -Note that Font Lock mode can be turned on without knowing exactly what modes -support Font Lock mode, via the command global-font-lock-mode. - -*** Configurable support - -Support for C, C++, Objective-C and Java can be more easily configured for -additional types and classes via the new variables c-font-lock-extra-types, -c++-font-lock-extra-types, objc-font-lock-extra-types and, you guessed it, -java-font-lock-extra-types. These value of each of these variables should be a -list of regexps matching the extra type names. For example, the default value -of c-font-lock-extra-types is ("\\sw+_t") which means fontification follows the -convention that C type names end in _t. This results in slower fontification. + The command C-x . sets the fill prefix equal to the text + on the current line before dot. -Of course, you can change the variables that specify fontification in whatever -way you wish, typically by adding regexps. However, these new variables make -it easier to make specific and common changes for the fontification of types. - -*** Adding highlighting patterns to existing support - -You can use the new function font-lock-add-keywords to add your own -highlighting patterns, such as for project-local or user-specific constructs, -for any mode. - -For example, to highlight `FIXME:' words in C comments, put: - - (font-lock-add-keywords 'c-mode '(("\\<FIXME:" 0 font-lock-warning-face t))) - -in your ~/.emacs. - -*** New faces +* The new command Meta-j (indent-new-comment-line), + is like Linefeed (indent-new-line) except when dot is inside a comment; + in that case, Meta-j inserts a comment starter on the new line, + indented under the comment starter above. It also inserts + a comment terminator at the end of the line above, + if the language being edited calls for one. -Font Lock now defines two new faces, font-lock-builtin-face and -font-lock-warning-face. These are intended to highlight builtin keywords, -distinct from a language's normal keywords, and objects that should be brought -to user attention, respectively. Various modes now use these new faces. - -*** Changes to fast-lock support mode - -The fast-lock package, one of the two Font Lock support modes, can now process -cache files silently. You can use the new variable fast-lock-verbose, in the -same way as font-lock-verbose, to control this feature. - -*** Changes to lazy-lock support mode - -The lazy-lock package, one of the two Font Lock support modes, can now fontify -according to the true syntactic context relative to other lines. You can use -the new variable lazy-lock-defer-contextually to control this feature. If -non-nil, changes to the buffer will cause subsequent lines in the buffer to be -refontified after lazy-lock-defer-time seconds of idle time. If nil, then only -the modified lines will be refontified; this is the same as the previous Lazy -Lock mode behaviour and the behaviour of Font Lock mode. +* Rmail should work correctly now, and has some C-h m documentation. + +Changes in Emacs 1.6 -This feature is useful in modes where strings or comments can span lines. -For example, if a string or comment terminating character is deleted, then if -this feature is enabled subsequent lines in the buffer will be correctly -refontified to reflect their new syntactic context. Previously, only the line -containing the deleted character would be refontified and you would have to use -the command M-g M-g (font-lock-fontify-block) to refontify some lines. - -As a consequence of this new feature, two other variables have changed: - -Variable `lazy-lock-defer-driven' is renamed `lazy-lock-defer-on-scrolling'. -Variable `lazy-lock-defer-time' can now only be a time, i.e., a number. -Buffer modes for which on-the-fly deferral applies can be specified via the -new variable `lazy-lock-defer-on-the-fly'. - -If you set these variables in your ~/.emacs, then you may have to change those -settings. - -** Ada mode changes. +* save-buffers-kill-emacs is now on C-x C-c + while C-x C-z does suspend-emacs. This is to make + C-x C-c like the normal Unix meaning of C-c + and C-x C-z linke the normal Unix meaning of C-z. -*** There is now better support for using find-file.el with Ada mode. -If you switch between spec and body, the cursor stays in the same -procedure (modulo overloading). If a spec has no body file yet, but -you try to switch to its body file, Ada mode now generates procedure -stubs. - -*** There are two new commands: - - `ada-make-local' : invokes gnatmake on the current buffer - - `ada-check-syntax' : check syntax of current buffer. - -The user options `ada-compiler-make', `ada-make-options', -`ada-language-version', `ada-compiler-syntax-check', and -`ada-compile-options' are used within these commands. - -*** Ada mode can now work with Outline minor mode. The outline level -is calculated from the indenting, not from syntactic constructs. -Outlining does not work if your code is not correctly indented. - -*** The new function `ada-gnat-style' converts the buffer to the style of -formatting used in GNAT. It places two blanks after a comment start, -places one blank between a word end and an opening '(', and puts one -space between a comma and the beginning of a word. +* M-ESC (eval-expression) is now a disabled command by default. + This prevents users who type ESC ESC accidentally from + getting confusing results. Put + (put 'eval-expression 'disabled nil) + in your ~/.emacs file to enable the command. -** Scheme mode changes. - -*** Scheme mode indentation now uses many of the facilities of Lisp -mode; therefore, the variables to customize it are the variables used -for Lisp mode which have names starting with `lisp-'. The variables -with names starting with `scheme-' which used to do this no longer -have any effect. - -If you want to use different indentation for Scheme and Lisp, this is -still possible, but now you must do it by adding a hook to -scheme-mode-hook, which could work by setting the `lisp-' indentation -variables as buffer-local variables. - -*** DSSSL mode is a variant of Scheme mode, for editing DSSSL scripts. -Use M-x dsssl-mode. - -** Changes to the emacsclient program - -*** If a socket can't be found, and environment variables LOGNAME or -USER are set, emacsclient now looks for a socket based on the UID -associated with the name. That is an emacsclient running as root -can connect to an Emacs server started by a non-root user. - -*** The emacsclient program now accepts an option --no-wait which tells -it to return immediately without waiting for you to "finish" the -buffer in Emacs. - -*** The new option --alternate-editor allows to specify an editor to -use if Emacs is not running. The environment variable -ALTERNATE_EDITOR can be used for the same effect; the command line -option takes precedence. - -** M-x eldoc-mode enables a minor mode in which the echo area -constantly shows the parameter list for function being called at point -(in Emacs Lisp and Lisp Interaction modes only). +* Self-inserting text is grouped into bunches for undoing. + Each C-x u command undoes up to 20 consecutive self-inserting + characters. -** C-x n d now runs the new command narrow-to-defun, -which narrows the accessible parts of the buffer to just -the current defun. - -** Emacs now handles the `--' argument in the standard way; all -following arguments are treated as ordinary file names. - -** On MSDOS and Windows, the bookmark file is now called _emacs.bmk, -and the saved desktop file is now called _emacs.desktop (truncated if -necessary). - -** When you kill a buffer that visits a file, -if there are any registers that save positions in the file, -these register values no longer become completely useless. -If you try to go to such a register with C-x j, then you are -asked whether to visit the file again. If you say yes, -it visits the file and then goes to the same position. +* Help f now uses as a default the function being called + in the innermost Lisp expression that dot is in. + This makes it more convenient to use while writing + Lisp code to run in Emacs. + (If the text around dot does not appear to be a call + to a Lisp function, there is no default.) -** When you visit a file that changes frequently outside Emacs--for -example, a log of output from a process that continues to run--it may -be useful for Emacs to revert the file without querying you whenever -you visit the file afresh with C-x C-f. - -You can request this behavior for certain files by setting the -variable revert-without-query to a list of regular expressions. If a -file's name matches any of these regular expressions, find-file and -revert-buffer revert the buffer without asking for permission--but -only if you have not edited the buffer text yourself. - -** set-default-font has been renamed to set-frame-font -since it applies only to the current frame. - -** In TeX mode, you can use the variable tex-main-file to specify the -file for tex-file to run TeX on. (By default, tex-main-file is nil, -and tex-file runs TeX on the current visited file.) - -This is useful when you are editing a document that consists of -multiple files. In each of the included files, you can set up a local -variable list which specifies the top-level file of your document for -tex-main-file. Then tex-file will run TeX on the whole document -instead of just the file you are editing. + Likewise, Help v uses the symbol around or before dot + as a default, if that is a variable name. -** RefTeX mode - -RefTeX mode is a new minor mode with special support for \label, \ref -and \cite macros in LaTeX documents. RefTeX distinguishes labels of -different environments (equation, figure, ...) and has full support for -multifile documents. To use it, select a buffer with a LaTeX document and -turn the mode on with M-x reftex-mode. Here are the main user commands: - -C-c ( reftex-label - Creates a label semi-automatically. RefTeX is context sensitive and - knows which kind of label is needed. - -C-c ) reftex-reference - Offers in a menu all labels in the document, along with context of the - label definition. The selected label is referenced as \ref{LABEL}. - -C-c [ reftex-citation - Prompts for a regular expression and displays a list of matching BibTeX - database entries. The selected entry is cited with a \cite{KEY} macro. - -C-c & reftex-view-crossref - Views the cross reference of a \ref or \cite command near point. - -C-c = reftex-toc - Shows a table of contents of the (multifile) document. From there you - can quickly jump to every section. - -Under X, RefTeX installs a "Ref" menu in the menu bar, with additional -commands. Press `?' to get help when a prompt mentions this feature. -Full documentation and customization examples are in the file -reftex.el. You can use the finder to view the file documentation: -C-h p --> tex --> reftex.el - -** Changes in BibTeX mode. - -*** Info documentation is now available. +* Commands that read filenames now insert the default + directory in the minibuffer, to become part of your input. + This allows you to see what the default is. + You may type a filename which goes at the end of the + default directory, or you may edit the default directory + as you like to create the input you want to give. + You may also type an absolute pathname (starting with /) + or refer to a home directory (input starting with ~) + after the default; the presence of // or /~ causes + everything up through the slash that precedes your + type-in to be ignored. -*** Don't allow parentheses in string constants anymore. This confused -both the BibTeX program and Emacs BibTeX mode. - -*** Renamed variable bibtex-mode-user-optional-fields to -bibtex-user-optional-fields. - -*** Removed variable bibtex-include-OPTannote -(use bibtex-user-optional-fields instead). - -*** New interactive functions to copy and kill fields and complete -entries to the BibTeX kill ring, from where they can be yanked back by -appropriate functions. - -*** New interactive functions for repositioning and marking of -entries. They are bound by default to M-C-l and M-C-h. - -*** New hook bibtex-clean-entry-hook. It is called after entry has -been cleaned. + Returning the default directory without change, + including the terminating slash, requests the use + of the default file name (usually the visited file's name). -*** New variable bibtex-field-delimiters, which replaces variables -bibtex-field-{left|right}-delimiter. - -*** New variable bibtex-entry-delimiters to determine how entries -shall be delimited. - -*** Allow preinitialization of fields. See documentation of -bibtex-user-optional-fields, bibtex-entry-field-alist, and -bibtex-include-OPTkey for details. + Set the variable insert-default-directory to nil + to turn off this feature. -*** Book and InBook entries require either an author or an editor -field. This is now supported by bibtex.el. Alternative fields are -prefixed with `ALT'. - -*** New variable bibtex-entry-format, which replaces variable -bibtex-clean-entry-zap-empty-opts and allows specification of many -formatting options performed on cleaning an entry (see variable -documentation). - -*** Even more control on how automatic keys are generated. See -documentation of bibtex-generate-autokey for details. Transcriptions -for foreign languages other than German are now handled, too. +* M-x shell now uses the environment variable ESHELL, + if it exists, as the file name of the shell to run. + If there is no ESHELL variable, the SHELL variable is used. + This is because some shells do not work properly as inferiors + of Emacs (or anything like Emacs). -*** New boolean user option bibtex-comma-after-last-field to decide if -comma should be inserted at end of last field. - -*** New boolean user option bibtex-align-at-equal-sign to determine if -alignment should be made at left side of field contents or at equal -signs. New user options to control entry layout (e.g. indentation). - -*** New function bibtex-fill-entry to realign entries. - -*** New function bibtex-reformat to reformat region or buffer. - -*** New function bibtex-convert-alien to convert a BibTeX database -from alien sources. - -*** New function bibtex-complete-key (similar to bibtex-complete-string) -to complete prefix to a key defined in buffer. Mainly useful in -crossref entries. - -*** New function bibtex-count-entries to count entries in buffer or -region. - -*** Added support for imenu. - -*** The function `bibtex-validate' now checks current region instead -of buffer if mark is active. Now it shows all errors of buffer in a -`compilation mode' buffer. You can use the normal commands (e.g. -`next-error') for compilation modes to jump to errors. - -*** New variable `bibtex-string-file-path' to determine where the files -from `bibtex-string-files' are searched. - -** Iso Accents mode now supports Latin-3 as an alternative. - -** The command next-error now opens blocks hidden by hideshow. +* A new variable minor-modes now exists, with a separate value + in each buffer. Its value should be an alist of elements + (MODE-FUNCTION-SYMBOL . PRETTY-NAME-STRING), one for each + minor mode that is turned on in the buffer. The pretty + name strings are displayed in the mode line after the name of the + major mode (with spaces between them). The mode function + symbols should be symbols whose function definitions will + turn on the minor mode if given 1 as an argument; they are present + so that Help m can find their documentation strings. -** The function using-unix-filesystems has been replaced by the -functions add-untranslated-filesystem and remove-untranslated-filesystem. -Each of these functions takes the name of a drive letter or directory -as an argument. - -When a filesystem is added as untranslated, all files on it are read -and written in binary mode (no cr/lf translation is performed). - -** browse-url changes - -*** New methods for: Grail (browse-url-generic), MMM (browse-url-mmm), -Lynx in a separate xterm (browse-url-lynx-xterm) or in an Emacs window -(browse-url-lynx-emacs), remote W3 (browse-url-w3-gnudoit), generic -non-remote-controlled browsers (browse-url-generic) and associated -customization variables. - -*** New commands `browse-url-of-region' and `browse-url'. - -*** URLs marked up with <URL:...> (RFC1738) work if broken across -lines. Browsing methods can be associated with URL regexps -(e.g. mailto: URLs) via `browse-url-browser-function'. - -** Changes in Ediff - -*** Clicking Mouse-2 on a brief command description in Ediff control panel -pops up the Info file for this command. - -*** There is now a variable, ediff-autostore-merges, which controls whether -the result of a merge is saved in a file. By default, this is done only when -merge is done from a session group (eg, when merging files in two different -directories). - -*** Since Emacs 19.31 (this hasn't been announced before), Ediff can compare -and merge groups of files residing in different directories, or revisions of -files in the same directory. - -*** Since Emacs 19.31, Ediff can apply multi-file patches interactively. -The patches must be in the context format or GNU unified format. (The bug -related to the GNU format has now been fixed.) - -** Changes in Viper +* The format of tag table files has been changed. + The new format enables Emacs to find tags much faster. -*** The startup file is now .viper instead of .vip -*** All variable/function names have been changed to start with viper- - instead of vip-. -*** C-\ now simulates the meta-key in all Viper states. -*** C-z in Insert state now escapes to Vi for the duration of the next -Viper command. In Vi and Insert states, C-z behaves as before. -*** C-c \ escapes to Vi for one command if Viper is in Insert or Emacs states. -*** _ is no longer the meta-key in Vi state. -*** The variable viper-insert-state-cursor-color can be used to change cursor -color when Viper is in insert state. -*** If search lands the cursor near the top or the bottom of the window, -Viper pulls the window up or down to expose more context. The variable -viper-adjust-window-after-search controls this behavior. - -** Etags changes. - -*** In C, C++, Objective C and Java, Etags tags global variables by -default. The resulting tags files are inflated by 30% on average. -Use --no-globals to turn this feature off. Etags can also tag -variables which are members of structure-like constructs, but it does -not by default. Use --members to turn this feature on. - -*** C++ member functions are now recognized as tags. - -*** Java is tagged like C++. In addition, "extends" and "implements" -constructs are tagged. Files are recognised by the extension .java. - -*** Etags can now handle programs written in Postscript. Files are -recognised by the extensions .ps and .pdb (Postscript with C syntax). -In Postscript, tags are lines that start with a slash. - -*** Etags now handles Objective C and Objective C++ code. The usual C and -C++ tags are recognized in these languages; in addition, etags -recognizes special Objective C syntax for classes, class categories, -methods and protocols. + A new program, etags, exists to make the kind of + tag table that Emacs wants. etags is invoked just + like ctags; in fact, if you give it any switches, + it does exactly what ctags would do. Give it the + empty switch ("-") to make it act like ctags with no switches. -*** Etags also handles Cobol. Files are recognised by the extension -.cobol. The tagged lines are those containing a word that begins in -column 8 and ends in a full stop, i.e. anything that could be a -paragraph name. - -*** Regexps in Etags now support intervals, as in ed or grep. The syntax of -an interval is \{M,N\}, and it means to match the preceding expression -at least M times and as many as N times. - -** The format for specifying a custom format for time-stamp to insert -in files has changed slightly. - -With the new enhancements to the functionality of format-time-string, -time-stamp-format will change to be eventually compatible with it. -This conversion is being done in two steps to maintain compatibility -with old time-stamp-format values. + etags names the tag table file "TAGS" rather than "tags", + so that these tag tables and the standard Unix ones + can coexist. -In the new scheme, alternate case is signified by the number-sign -(`#') modifier, rather than changing the case of the format character. -This feature is as yet incompletely implemented for compatibility -reasons. - -In the old time-stamp-format, all numeric fields defaulted to their -natural width. (With format-time-string, each format has a -fixed-width default.) In this version, you can specify the colon -(`:') modifier to a numeric conversion to mean "give me the historical -time-stamp-format width default." Do not use colon if you are -specifying an explicit width, as in "%02d". + The tags library can no longer use standard ctags-style + tag tables files. -Numbers are no longer truncated to the requested width, except in the -case of "%02y", which continues to give a two-digit year. Digit -truncation probably wasn't being used for anything else anyway. +* The file of Lisp code Emacs reads on startup is now + called ~/.emacs rather than ~/.emacs_pro. -The new formats will work with old versions of Emacs. New formats are -being recommended now to allow time-stamp-format to change in the -future to be compatible with format-time-string. The new forms being -recommended now will continue to work then. - -See the documentation string for the variable time-stamp-format for -details. - -** There are some additional major modes: +* copy-file now gives the copied file the same mode bits + as the original file. -dcl-mode, for editing VMS DCL files. -m4-mode, for editing files of m4 input. -meta-mode, for editing MetaFont and MetaPost source files. - -** In Shell mode, the command shell-copy-environment-variable lets you -copy the value of a specified environment variable from the subshell -into Emacs. - -** New Lisp packages include: - -*** battery.el displays battery status for laptops. - -*** M-x bruce (named after Lenny Bruce) is a program that might -be used for adding some indecent words to your email. - -*** M-x crisp-mode enables an emulation for the CRiSP editor. - -*** M-x dirtrack arranges for better tracking of directory changes -in shell buffers. - -*** The new library elint.el provides for linting of Emacs Lisp code. -See the documentation for `elint-initialize', `elint-current-buffer' -and `elint-defun'. - -*** M-x expand-add-abbrevs defines a special kind of abbrev which is -meant for programming constructs. These abbrevs expand like ordinary -ones, when you type SPC, but only at the end of a line and not within -strings or comments. - -These abbrevs can act as templates: you can define places within an -abbrev for insertion of additional text. Once you expand the abbrev, -you can then use C-x a p and C-x a n to move back and forth to these -insertion points. Thus you can conveniently insert additional text -at these points. - -*** filecache.el remembers the location of files so that you -can visit them by short forms of their names. +* Output from a process inserted into the process's buffer + no longer sets the buffer's mark. Instead it sets a + marker associated with the process to point to the end + of the inserted text. You can access this marker with + (process-mark PROCESS) + and then either examine its position with marker-position + or set its position with set-marker. -*** find-func.el lets you find the definition of the user-loaded -Emacs Lisp function at point. - -*** M-x handwrite converts text to a "handwritten" picture. - -*** M-x iswitchb-buffer is a command for switching to a buffer, much like -switch-buffer, but it reads the argument in a more helpful way. - -*** M-x landmark implements a neural network for landmark learning. - -*** M-x locate provides a convenient interface to the `locate' program. - -*** M4 mode is a new mode for editing files of m4 input. - -*** mantemp.el creates C++ manual template instantiations -from the GCC error messages which indicate which instantiations are needed. +* completing-read takes a new optional fifth argument which, + if non-nil, should be a string of text to insert into + the minibuffer before reading user commands. -*** mouse-copy.el provides a one-click copy and move feature. -You can drag a region with M-mouse-1, and it is automatically -inserted at point. M-Shift-mouse-1 deletes the text from its -original place after inserting the copy. - -*** mouse-drag.el lets you do scrolling by dragging Mouse-2 -on the buffer. - -You click the mouse and move; that distance either translates into the -velocity to scroll (with mouse-drag-throw) or the distance to scroll -(with mouse-drag-drag). Horizontal scrolling is enabled when needed. - -Enable mouse-drag with: - (global-set-key [down-mouse-2] 'mouse-drag-throw) --or- - (global-set-key [down-mouse-2] 'mouse-drag-drag) - -*** mspools.el is useful for determining which mail folders have -mail waiting to be read in them. It works with procmail. - -*** Octave mode is a major mode for editing files of input for Octave. -It comes with a facility for communicating with an Octave subprocess. +* The Lisp function elt now exists: + (elt ARRAY N) is like (aref ARRAY N), + (elt LIST N) is like (nth N LIST). -*** ogonek - -The ogonek package provides functions for changing the coding of -Polish diacritic characters in buffers. Codings known from various -platforms are supported such as ISO8859-2, Mazovia, IBM Latin2, and -TeX. For example, you can change the coding from Mazovia to -ISO8859-2. Another example is a change of coding from ISO8859-2 to -prefix notation (in which `/a' stands for the aogonek character, for -instance) and vice versa. - -To use this package load it using - M-x load-library [enter] ogonek -Then, you may get an explanation by calling one of - M-x ogonek-jak -- in Polish - M-x ogonek-how -- in English -The info specifies the commands and variables provided as well as the -ways of customization in `.emacs'. +* rplaca is now a synonym for setcar, and rplacd for setcdr. + eql is now a synonym for eq; it turns out that the Common Lisp + distinction between eq and eql is insignificant in Emacs. + numberp is a new synonym for integerp. -*** Interface to ph. - -Emacs provides a client interface to CCSO Nameservers (ph/qi) - -The CCSO nameserver is used in many universities to provide directory -services about people. ph.el provides a convenient Emacs interface to -these servers. - -*** uce.el is useful for replying to unsolicited commercial email. - -*** vcursor.el implements a "virtual cursor" feature. -You can move the virtual cursor with special commands -while the real cursor does not move. - -*** webjump.el is a "hot list" package which you can set up -for visiting your favorite web sites. - -*** M-x winner-mode is a minor mode which saves window configurations, -so you can move back to other configurations that you have recently used. +* auto-save has been renamed to auto-save-mode. -** movemail change - -Movemail no longer needs to be installed setuid root in order for POP -mail retrieval to function properly. This is because it no longer -supports the RPOP (reserved-port POP) protocol; instead, it uses the -user's POP password to authenticate to the mail server. - -This change was made earlier, but not reported in NEWS before. - -* Emacs 20.1 changes for MS-DOS and MS-Windows. - -** Changes in handling MS-DOS/MS-Windows text files. - -Emacs handles three different conventions for representing -end-of-line: CRLF for MSDOS, LF for Unix and GNU, and CR (used on the -Macintosh). Emacs determines which convention is used in a specific -file based on the contents of that file (except for certain special -file names), and when it saves the file, it uses the same convention. +* Auto save file names for buffers are now created by the + function make-auto-save-file-name. This is so you can + redefine that function to change the way auto save file names + are chosen. -To save the file and change the end-of-line convention, you can use -C-x RET f (set-buffer-file-coding-system) to specify a different -coding system for the buffer. Then, when you save the file, the newly -specified coding system will take effect. For example, to save with -LF, specify undecided-unix (or some other ...-unix coding system); to -save with CRLF, specify undecided-dos. - -* Lisp Changes in Emacs 20.1 +* expand-file-name no longer discards a final slash. + (expand-file-name "foo" "/lose") => "/lose/foo" + (expand-file-name "foo/" "/lose") => "/lose/foo/" -** Byte-compiled files made with Emacs 20 will, in general, work in -Emacs 19 as well, as long as the source code runs in Emacs 19. And -vice versa: byte-compiled files made with Emacs 19 should also run in -Emacs 20, as long as the program itself works in Emacs 20. - -** Windows-specific functions and variables have been renamed -to start with w32- instead of win32-. - -In hacker language, calling something a "win" is a form of praise. We -don't want to praise a non-free Microsoft system, so we don't call it -"win". + Also, expand-file-name no longer substitutes $ constructs. + A new function substitute-in-file-name does this. Reading + a file name with read-file-name or the `f' or`F' option + of interactive calling uses substitute-in-file-name + on the file name that was read and returns the result. -** Basic Lisp changes - -*** A symbol whose name starts with a colon now automatically -evaluates to itself. Therefore such a symbol can be used as a constant. - -*** The defined purpose of `defconst' has been changed. It should now -be used only for values that should not be changed whether by a program -or by the user. - -The actual behavior of defconst has not been changed. - -*** There are new macros `when' and `unless' - -(when CONDITION BODY...) is short for (if CONDITION (progn BODY...)) -(unless CONDITION BODY...) is short for (if CONDITION nil BODY...) - -*** Emacs now defines functions caar, cadr, cdar and cddr with their -usual Lisp meanings. For example, caar returns the car of the car of -its argument. - -*** equal, when comparing strings, now ignores their text properties. - -*** The new function `functionp' tests whether an object is a function. - -*** arrayp now returns t for char-tables and bool-vectors. - -*** Certain primitives which use characters (as integers) now get an -error if the integer is not a valid character code. These primitives -include insert-char, char-to-string, and the %c construct in the -`format' function. - -*** The `require' function now insists on adding a suffix, either .el -or .elc, to the file name. Thus, (require 'foo) will not use a file -whose name is just foo. It insists on foo.el or foo.elc. + All I/O primitives including insert-file-contents and + delete-file call expand-file-name on the file name supplied. + This change makes them considerably faster in the usual case. -*** The `autoload' function, when the file name does not contain -either a directory name or the suffix .el or .elc, insists on -adding one of these suffixes. - -*** string-to-number now takes an optional second argument BASE -which specifies the base to use when converting an integer. -If BASE is omitted, base 10 is used. - -We have not implemented other radices for floating point numbers, -because that would be much more work and does not seem useful. - -*** substring now handles vectors as well as strings. - -*** The Common Lisp function eql is no longer defined normally. -You must load the `cl' library to define it. - -*** The new macro `with-current-buffer' lets you evaluate an expression -conveniently with a different current buffer. It looks like this: +* Interactive calling spec strings allow the new code letter 'D' + which means to read a directory name. It is like 'f' except + that the default if the user makes no change in the minibuffer + is to return the current default directory rather than the + current visited file name. + +Changes in Emacs 1.5 - (with-current-buffer BUFFER BODY-FORMS...) - -BUFFER is the expression that says which buffer to use. -BODY-FORMS say what to do in that buffer. - -*** The new primitive `save-current-buffer' saves and restores the -choice of current buffer, like `save-excursion', but without saving or -restoring the value of point or the mark. `with-current-buffer' -works using `save-current-buffer'. - -*** The new macro `with-temp-file' lets you do some work in a new buffer and -write the output to a specified file. Like `progn', it returns the value -of the last form. - -*** The new macro `with-temp-buffer' lets you do some work in a new buffer, -which is discarded after use. Like `progn', it returns the value of the -last form. If you wish to return the buffer contents, use (buffer-string) -as the last form. +* suspend-emacs now accepts an optional argument + which is a string to be stuffed as terminal input + to be read by Emacs's superior shell after Emacs exits. -*** The new function split-string takes a string, splits it at certain -characters, and returns a list of the substrings in between the -matches. - -For example, (split-string "foo bar lose" " +") returns ("foo" "bar" "lose"). - -*** The new macro with-output-to-string executes some Lisp expressions -with standard-output set up so that all output feeds into a string. -Then it returns that string. - -For example, if the current buffer name is `foo', - -(with-output-to-string - (princ "The buffer is ") - (princ (buffer-name))) - -returns "The buffer is foo". - -** Non-ASCII characters are now supported, if enable-multibyte-characters -is non-nil. - -These characters have character codes above 256. When inserted in the -buffer or stored in a string, they are represented as multibyte -characters that occupy several buffer positions each. - -*** When enable-multibyte-characters is non-nil, a single character in -a buffer or string can be two or more bytes (as many as four). - -Buffers and strings are still made up of unibyte elements; -character positions and string indices are always measured in bytes. -Therefore, moving forward one character can increase the buffer -position by 2, 3 or 4. The function forward-char moves by whole -characters, and therefore is no longer equivalent to - (lambda (n) (goto-char (+ (point) n))). - -ASCII characters (codes 0 through 127) are still single bytes, always. -Sequences of byte values 128 through 255 are used to represent -non-ASCII characters. These sequences are called "multibyte -characters". + A library called ledit exists which uses this feature + to transmit text to a Lisp job running as a sibling of + Emacs. -The first byte of a multibyte character is always in the range 128 -through 159 (octal 0200 through 0237). These values are called -"leading codes". The second and subsequent bytes are always in the -range 160 through 255 (octal 0240 through 0377). The first byte, the -leading code, determines how many bytes long the sequence is. - -*** The function forward-char moves over characters, and therefore -(forward-char 1) may increase point by more than 1 if it moves over a -multibyte character. Likewise, delete-char always deletes a -character, which may be more than one buffer position. - -This means that some Lisp programs, which assume that a character is -always one buffer position, need to be changed. - -However, all ASCII characters are always one buffer position. +* If find-file is given the name of a directory, + it automatically invokes dired on that directory + rather than reading in the binary data that make up + the actual contents of the directory according to Unix. -*** The regexp [\200-\377] no longer matches all non-ASCII characters, -because when enable-multibyte-characters is non-nil, these characters -have codes that are not in the range octal 200 to octal 377. However, -the regexp [^\000-\177] does match all non-ASCII characters, -guaranteed. - -*** The function char-boundary-p returns non-nil if position POS is -between two characters in the buffer (not in the middle of a -character). - -When the value is non-nil, it says what kind of character follows POS: +* Saving an Emacs buffer now preserves the file modes + of any previously existing file with the same name. + This works using new Lisp functions file-modes and + set-file-modes, which can be used to read or set the mode + bits of any file. - 0 if POS is at an ASCII character or at the end of range, - 1 if POS is before a 2-byte length multi-byte form, - 2 if POS is at a head of 3-byte length multi-byte form, - 3 if POS is at a head of 4-byte length multi-byte form, - 4 if POS is at a head of multi-byte form of a composite character. - -*** The function char-bytes returns how many bytes the character CHAR uses. - -*** Strings can contain multibyte characters. The function -`length' returns the string length counting bytes, which may be -more than the number of characters. +* The Lisp function cond now exists, with its traditional meaning. -You can include a multibyte character in a string constant by writing -it literally. You can also represent it with a hex escape, -\xNNNNNNN..., using as many digits as necessary. Any character which -is not a valid hex digit terminates this construct. If you want to -follow it with a character that is a hex digit, write backslash and -newline in between; that will terminate the hex escape. - -*** The function concat-chars takes arguments which are characters -and returns a string containing those characters. - -*** The function sref access a multibyte character in a string. -(sref STRING INDX) returns the character in STRING at INDEX. INDEX -counts from zero. If INDEX is at a position in the middle of a -character, sref signals an error. - -*** The function chars-in-string returns the number of characters -in a string. This is less than the length of the string, if the -string contains multibyte characters (the length counts bytes). - -*** The function chars-in-region returns the number of characters -in a region from BEG to END. This is less than (- END BEG) if the -region contains multibyte characters (the length counts bytes). - -*** The function string-to-list converts a string to a list of -the characters in it. string-to-vector converts a string -to a vector of the characters in it. - -*** The function store-substring alters part of the contents -of a string. You call it as follows: - - (store-substring STRING IDX OBJ) - -This says to alter STRING, by storing OBJ starting at index IDX in -STRING. OBJ may be either a character or a (smaller) string. -This function really does alter the contents of STRING. -Since it is impossible to change the length of an existing string, -it is an error if OBJ doesn't fit within STRING's actual length. +* defvar and defconst now permit the documentation string + to be omitted. defvar also permits the initial value + to be omitted; then it acts only as a comment. + +Changes in Emacs 1.4 -*** char-width returns the width (in columns) of the character CHAR, -if it were displayed in the current buffer and the selected window. - -*** string-width returns the width (in columns) of the text in STRING, -if it were displayed in the current buffer and the selected window. - -*** truncate-string-to-width shortens a string, if necessary, -to fit within a certain number of columns. (Of course, it does -not alter the string that you give it; it returns a new string -which contains all or just part of the existing string.) - -(truncate-string-to-width STR END-COLUMN &optional START-COLUMN PADDING) - -This returns the part of STR up to column END-COLUMN. - -The optional argument START-COLUMN specifies the starting column. -If this is non-nil, then the first START-COLUMN columns of the string -are not included in the resulting value. +* Auto-filling now normally indents the new line it creates + by calling indent-according-to-mode. This function, meanwhile, + has in Fundamental and Text modes the effect of making the line + have an indentation of the value of left-margin, a per-buffer variable. -The optional argument PADDING, if non-nil, is a padding character to be added -at the beginning and end the resulting string, to extend it to exactly -WIDTH columns. If PADDING is nil, that means do not pad; then, if STRING -is narrower than WIDTH, the value is equal to STRING. - -If PADDING and START-COLUMN are both non-nil, and if there is no clean -place in STRING that corresponds to START-COLUMN (because one -character extends across that column), then the padding character -PADDING is added one or more times at the beginning of the result -string, so that its columns line up as if it really did start at -column START-COLUMN. - -*** When the functions in the list after-change-functions are called, -the third argument is the number of bytes in the pre-change text, not -necessarily the number of characters. It is, in effect, the -difference in buffer position between the beginning and the end of the -changed text, before the change. - -*** The characters Emacs uses are classified in various character -sets, each of which has a name which is a symbol. In general there is -one character set for each script, not for each language. + Tab no longer precisely does indent-according-to-mode; + it does that in all modes that supply their own indentation routine, + but in Fundamental, Text and allied modes it inserts a tab character. -**** The function charsetp tests whether an object is a character set name. - -**** The variable charset-list holds a list of character set names. - -**** char-charset, given a character code, returns the name of the character -set that the character belongs to. (The value is a symbol.) - -**** split-char, given a character code, returns a list containing the -name of the character set, followed by one or two byte-values -which identify the character within that character set. - -**** make-char, given a character set name and one or two subsequent -byte-values, constructs a character code. This is roughly the -opposite of split-char. - -**** find-charset-region returns a list of the character sets -of all the characters between BEG and END. +* The command M-x grep now invokes grep (on arguments + supplied by the user) and reads the output from grep + asynchronously into a buffer. The command C-x ` can + be used to move to the lines that grep has found. + This is an adaptation of the mechanism used for + running compilations and finding the loci of error messages. -**** find-charset-string returns a list of the character sets -of all the characters in a string. - -*** Here are the Lisp facilities for working with coding systems -and specifying coding systems. - -**** The function coding-system-list returns a list of all coding -system names (symbols). With optional argument t, it returns a list -of all distinct base coding systems, not including variants. -(Variant coding systems are those like latin-1-dos, latin-1-unix -and latin-1-mac which specify the end-of-line conversion as well -as what to do about code conversion.) - -**** coding-system-p tests a symbol to see if it is a coding system -name. It returns t if so, nil if not. - -**** file-coding-system-alist specifies which coding systems to use -for certain file names. It works like network-coding-system-alist, -except that the PATTERN is matched against the file name. + You can now use C-x ` even while grep or compilation + is proceeding; as more matches or error messages arrive, + C-x ` will parse them and be able to find them. -Each element has the format (PATTERN . VAL), where PATTERN determines -which file names the element applies to. PATTERN should be a regexp -to match against a file name. - -VAL is a coding system, a cons cell containing two coding systems, or -a function symbol. If VAL is a coding system, it is used for both -decoding what received from the network stream and encoding what sent -to the network stream. If VAL is a cons cell containing two coding -systems, the car specifies the coding system for decoding, and the cdr -specifies the coding system for encoding. - -If VAL is a function symbol, the function must return a coding system -or a cons cell containing two coding systems, which is used as above. - -**** The variable network-coding-system-alist specifies -the coding system to use for network sockets. +* M-x mail now provides a command to send the message + and "exit"--that is, return to the previously selected + buffer. It is C-z C-z. -Each element has the format (PATTERN . VAL), where PATTERN determines -which network sockets the element applies to. PATTERN should be -either a port number or a regular expression matching some network -service names. - -VAL is a coding system, a cons cell containing two coding systems, or -a function symbol. If VAL is a coding system, it is used for both -decoding what received from the network stream and encoding what sent -to the network stream. If VAL is a cons cell containing two coding -systems, the car specifies the coding system for decoding, and the cdr -specifies the coding system for encoding. +* Tab in C mode now tries harder to adapt to all indentation styles. + If the line being indented is a statement that is not the first + one in the containing compound-statement, it is aligned under + the beginning of the first statement. -If VAL is a function symbol, the function must return a coding system -or a cons cell containing two coding systems, which is used as above. - -**** process-coding-system-alist specifies which coding systems to use -for certain subprocess. It works like network-coding-system-alist, -except that the PATTERN is matched against the program name used to -start the subprocess. - -**** The variable default-process-coding-system specifies the coding -systems to use for subprocess (and net connection) input and output, -when nothing else specifies what to do. The value is a cons cell -(OUTPUT-CODING . INPUT-CODING). OUTPUT-CODING applies to output -to the subprocess, and INPUT-CODING applies to input from it. +* The functions screen-width and screen-height return the + total width and height of the screen as it is now being used. + set-screen-width and set-screen-height tell Emacs how big + to assume the screen is; they each take one argument, + an integer. -**** The variable coding-system-for-write, if non-nil, specifies the -coding system to use for writing a file, or for output to a synchronous -subprocess. - -It also applies to any asynchronous subprocess or network connection, -but in a different way: the value of coding-system-for-write when you -start the subprocess or connection affects that subprocess or -connection permanently or until overridden. - -The variable coding-system-for-write takes precedence over -file-coding-system-alist, process-coding-system-alist and -network-coding-system-alist, and all other methods of specifying a -coding system for output. But most of the time this variable is nil. -It exists so that Lisp programs can bind it to a specific coding -system for one operation at a time. - -**** coding-system-for-read applies similarly to input from -files, subprocesses or network connections. - -**** The function process-coding-system tells you what -coding systems(s) an existing subprocess is using. -The value is a cons cell, - (DECODING-CODING-SYSTEM . ENCODING-CODING-SYSTEM) -where DECODING-CODING-SYSTEM is used for decoding output from -the subprocess, and ENCODING-CODING-SYSTEM is used for encoding -input to the subprocess. - -**** The function set-process-coding-system can be used to -change the coding systems in use for an existing subprocess. - -** Emacs has a new facility to help users manage the many -customization options. To make a Lisp program work with this facility, -you need to use the new macros defgroup and defcustom. +* The Lisp function 'function' now exists. function is the + same as quote, except that it serves as a signal to the + Lisp compiler that the argument should be compiled as + a function. Example: + (mapcar (function (lambda (x) (+ x 5))) list) -You use defcustom instead of defvar, for defining a user option -variable. The difference is that you specify two additional pieces of -information (usually): the "type" which says what values are -legitimate, and the "group" which specifies the hierarchy for -customization. - -Thus, instead of writing - - (defvar foo-blurgoze nil - "*Non-nil means that foo will act very blurgozely.") - -you would now write this: - - (defcustom foo-blurgoze nil - "*Non-nil means that foo will act very blurgozely." - :type 'boolean - :group foo) +* The function set-key has been renamed to global-set-key. + undefine-key and local-undefine-key has been renamed to + global-unset-key and local-unset-key. -The type `boolean' means that this variable has only -two meaningful states: nil and non-nil. Other type values -describe other possibilities; see the manual for Custom -for a description of them. - -The "group" argument is used to specify a group which the option -should belong to. You define a new group like this: - - (defgroup ispell nil - "Spell checking using Ispell." - :group 'processes) - -The "group" argument in defgroup specifies the parent group. The root -group is called `emacs'; it should not contain any variables itself, -but only other groups. The immediate subgroups of `emacs' correspond -to the keywords used by C-h p. Under these subgroups come -second-level subgroups that belong to individual packages. +* Emacs now collects input from asynchronous subprocesses + while waiting in the functions sleep-for and sit-for. -Each Emacs package should have its own set of groups. A simple -package should have just one group; a more complex package should -have a hierarchy of its own groups. The sole or root group of a -package should be a subgroup of one or more of the "keyword" -first-level subgroups. - -** New `widget' library for inserting UI components in buffers. - -This library, used by the new custom library, is documented in a -separate manual that accompanies Emacs. - -** easy-mmode - -The easy-mmode package provides macros and functions that make -developing minor modes easier. Roughly, the programmer has to code -only the functionality of the minor mode. All the rest--toggles, -predicate, and documentation--can be done in one call to the macro -`easy-mmode-define-minor-mode' (see the documentation). See also -`easy-mmode-define-keymap'. - -** Text property changes - -*** The `intangible' property now works on overlays as well as on a -text property. - -*** The new functions next-char-property-change and -previous-char-property-change scan through the buffer looking for a -place where either a text property or an overlay might change. The -functions take two arguments, POSITION and LIMIT. POSITION is the -starting position for the scan. LIMIT says where to stop the scan. - -If no property change is found before LIMIT, the value is LIMIT. If -LIMIT is nil, scan goes to the beginning or end of the accessible part -of the buffer. If no property change is found, the value is the -position of the beginning or end of the buffer. - -*** In the `local-map' text property or overlay property, the property -value can now be a symbol whose function definition is a keymap. This -is an alternative to using the keymap itself. +* Shell mode's Newline command attempts to distinguish subshell + prompts from user input when issued in the middle of the buffer. + It no longer reexecutes from dot to the end of the line; + it reeexecutes the entire line minus any prompt. + The prompt is recognized by searching for the value of + shell-prompt-pattern, starting from the beginning of the line. + Anything thus skipped is not reexecuted. + +Changes in Emacs 1.3 -** Changes in invisibility features - -*** Isearch can now temporarily show parts of the buffer which are -hidden by an overlay with a invisible property, when the search match -is inside that portion of the buffer. To enable this the overlay -should have a isearch-open-invisible property which is a function that -would be called having the overlay as an argument, the function should -make the overlay visible. - -During incremental search the overlays are shown by modifying the -invisible and intangible properties, if beside this more actions are -needed the overlay should have a isearch-open-invisible-temporary -which is a function. The function is called with 2 arguments: one is -the overlay and the second is nil when it should show the overlay and -t when it should hide it. - -*** add-to-invisibility-spec, remove-from-invisibility-spec - -Modes that use overlays to hide portions of a buffer should set the -invisible property of the overlay to the mode's name (or another symbol) -and modify the `buffer-invisibility-spec' to include that symbol. -Use `add-to-invisibility-spec' and `remove-from-invisibility-spec' to -manipulate the `buffer-invisibility-spec'. -Here is an example of how to do this: - - ;; If we want to display an ellipsis: - (add-to-invisibility-spec '(my-symbol . t)) - ;; If you don't want ellipsis: - (add-to-invisibility-spec 'my-symbol) - - ... - (overlay-put (make-overlay beginning end) 'invisible 'my-symbol) - - ... - ;; When done with the overlays: - (remove-from-invisibility-spec '(my-symbol . t)) - ;; Or respectively: - (remove-from-invisibility-spec 'my-symbol) - -** Changes in syntax parsing. +* An undo facility exists now. Type C-x u to undo a batch of + changes (usually one command's changes, but some commands + such as query-replace divide their changes into multiple + batches. You can repeat C-x u to undo further. As long + as no commands other than C-x u intervene, each one undoes + another batch. A numeric argument to C-x u acts as a repeat + count. -*** The syntax-directed buffer-scan functions (such as -`parse-partial-sexp', `forward-word' and similar functions) can now -obey syntax information specified by text properties, if the variable -`parse-sexp-lookup-properties' is non-nil. - -If the value of `parse-sexp-lookup-properties' is nil, the behavior -is as before: the syntax-table of the current buffer is always -used to determine the syntax of the character at the position. - -When `parse-sexp-lookup-properties' is non-nil, the syntax of a -character in the buffer is calculated thus: - - a) if the `syntax-table' text-property of that character - is a cons, this cons becomes the syntax-type; - - Valid values of `syntax-table' text-property are: nil, a valid - syntax-table, and a valid syntax-table element, i.e., - a cons cell of the form (SYNTAX-CODE . MATCHING-CHAR). - - b) if the character's `syntax-table' text-property - is a syntax table, this syntax table is used - (instead of the syntax-table of the current buffer) to - determine the syntax type of the character. - - c) otherwise the syntax-type is determined by the syntax-table - of the current buffer. - -*** The meaning of \s in regular expressions is also affected by the -value of `parse-sexp-lookup-properties'. The details are the same as -for the syntax-directed buffer-scan functions. - -*** There are two new syntax-codes, `!' and `|' (numeric values 14 -and 15). A character with a code `!' starts a comment which is ended -only by another character with the same code (unless quoted). A -character with a code `|' starts a string which is ended only by -another character with the same code (unless quoted). + If you keep on undoing, eventually you may be told that + you have used up all the recorded undo information. + Some actions, such as reading in files, discard all + undo information. -These codes are mainly meant for use as values of the `syntax-table' -text property. - -*** The function `parse-partial-sexp' has new semantics for the sixth -arg COMMENTSTOP. If it is `syntax-table', parse stops after the start -of a comment or a string, or after end of a comment or a string. - -*** The state-list which the return value from `parse-partial-sexp' -(and can also be used as an argument) now has an optional ninth -element: the character address of the start of last comment or string; -nil if none. The fourth and eighth elements have special values if the -string/comment is started by a "!" or "|" syntax-code. - -*** Since new features of `parse-partial-sexp' allow a complete -syntactic parsing, `font-lock' no longer supports -`font-lock-comment-start-regexp'. - -** Changes in face features + The undo information is not currently stored separately + for each buffer, so it is mainly good if you do something + totally spastic. [This has since been fixed.] -*** The face functions are now unconditionally defined in Emacs, even -if it does not support displaying on a device that supports faces. - -*** The function face-documentation returns the documentation string -of a face (or nil if it doesn't have one). - -*** The function face-bold-p returns t if a face should be bold. -set-face-bold-p sets that flag. +* A learn-by-doing tutorial introduction to Emacs now exists. + Type C-h t to enter it. -*** The function face-italic-p returns t if a face should be italic. -set-face-italic-p sets that flag. - -*** You can now specify foreground and background colors for text -by adding elements of the form (foreground-color . COLOR-NAME) -and (background-color . COLOR-NAME) to the list of faces in -the `face' property (either the character's text property or an -overlay property). - -This means that you no longer need to create named faces to use -arbitrary colors in a Lisp package. - -** Changes in file-handling functions +* An Info documentation browser exists. Do M-x info to enter it. + It contains a tutorial introduction so that no more documentation + is needed here. As of now, the only documentation in it + is that of Info itself. -*** File-access primitive functions no longer discard an extra redundant -directory name from the beginning of the file name. In other words, -they no longer do anything special with // or /~. That conversion -is now done only in substitute-in-file-name. - -This makes it possible for a Lisp program to open a file whose name -begins with ~. - -*** If copy-file is unable to set the date of the output file, -it now signals an error with the condition file-date-error. - -*** The inode number returned by file-attributes may be an integer (if -the number fits in a Lisp integer) or a list of integers. - -*** insert-file-contents can now read from a special file, -as long as the arguments VISIT and REPLACE are nil. - -*** The RAWFILE arg to find-file-noselect, if non-nil, now suppresses -character code conversion as well as other things. +* Help k and Help c are now different. Help c prints just the + name of the function which the specified key invokes. Help k + prints the documentation of the function as well. -Meanwhile, this feature does work with remote file names -(formerly it did not). - -*** Lisp packages which create temporary files should use the TMPDIR -environment variable to decide which directory to put them in. - -*** interpreter-mode-alist elements now specify regexps -instead of constant strings. - -*** expand-file-name no longer treats `//' or `/~' specially. It used -to delete all the text of a file name up through the first slash of -any `//' or `/~' sequence. Now it passes them straight through. - -substitute-in-file-name continues to treat those sequences specially, -in the same way as before. - -*** The variable `format-alist' is more general now. -The FROM-FN and TO-FN in a format definition can now be strings -which specify shell commands to use as filters to perform conversion. +* A document of the differences between GNU Emacs and Twenex Emacs + now exists. It is called DIFF, in the same directory as this file. -*** The new function access-file tries to open a file, and signals an -error if that fails. If the open succeeds, access-file does nothing -else, and returns nil. - -*** The function insert-directory now signals an error if the specified -directory cannot be listed. - -** Changes in minibuffer input - -*** The functions read-buffer, read-variable, read-command, read-string -read-file-name, read-from-minibuffer and completing-read now take an -additional argument which specifies the default value. If this -argument is non-nil, it should be a string; that string is used in two -ways: - - It is returned if the user enters empty input. - It is available through the history command M-n. +* C mode can now indent comments better, including multi-line ones. + Meta-Control-q now reindents comment lines within the expression + being aligned. -*** The functions read-string, read-from-minibuffer, -read-no-blanks-input and completing-read now take an additional -argument INHERIT-INPUT-METHOD. If this is non-nil, then the -minibuffer inherits the current input method and the setting of -enable-multibyte-characters from the previously current buffer. - -In an interactive spec, you can use M instead of s to read an -argument in this way. +* Insertion of a close-parenthesis now shows the matching open-parenthesis + even if it is off screen, by printing the text following it on its line + in the minibuffer. -*** All minibuffer input functions discard text properties -from the text you enter in the minibuffer, unless the variable -minibuffer-allow-text-properties is non-nil. - -** Echo area features +* A file can now contain a list of local variable values + to be in effect when the file is edited. See the file DIFF + in the same directory as this file for full details. -*** Clearing the echo area now runs the normal hook -echo-area-clear-hook. Note that the echo area can be used while the -minibuffer is active; in that case, the minibuffer is still active -after the echo area is cleared. - -*** The function current-message returns the message currently displayed -in the echo area, or nil if there is none. +* A function nth is defined. It means the same thing as in Common Lisp. -** Keyboard input features - -*** tty-erase-char is a new variable that reports which character was -set up as the terminal's erase character when time Emacs was started. - -*** num-nonmacro-input-events is the total number of input events -received so far from the terminal. It does not count those generated -by keyboard macros. - -** Frame-related changes - -*** make-frame runs the normal hook before-make-frame-hook just before -creating a frame, and just after creating a frame it runs the abnormal -hook after-make-frame-functions with the new frame as arg. - -*** The new hook window-configuration-change-hook is now run every time -the window configuration has changed. The frame whose configuration -has changed is the selected frame when the hook is run. - -*** Each frame now independently records the order for recently -selected buffers, in its buffer-list frame parameter, so that the -value of other-buffer is now based on the buffers recently displayed -in the selected frame. - -*** The value of the frame parameter vertical-scroll-bars -is now `left', `right' or nil. A non-nil value specifies -which side of the window to put the scroll bars on. - -** X Windows features - -*** You can examine X resources for other applications by binding -x-resource-class around a call to x-get-resource. The usual value of -x-resource-class is "Emacs", which is the correct value for Emacs. - -*** In menus, checkboxes and radio buttons now actually work. -The menu displays the current status of the box or button. +* The function install-command has been renamed to set-key. + It now takes the key sequence as the first argument + and the definition for it as the second argument. + Likewise, local-install-command has been renamed to local-set-key. + +Changes in Emacs 1.2 -*** The function x-list-fonts now takes an optional fourth argument -MAXIMUM which sets a limit on how many matching fonts to return. -A smaller value of MAXIMUM makes the function faster. - -If the only question is whether *any* font matches the pattern, -it is good to supply 1 for this argument. - -** Subprocess features - -*** A reminder: it is no longer necessary for subprocess filter -functions and sentinels to do save-match-data, because Emacs does this -automatically. - -*** The new function shell-command-to-string executes a shell command -and returns the output from the command as a string. - -*** The new function process-contact returns t for a child process, -and (HOSTNAME SERVICE) for a net connection. - -** An error in running pre-command-hook or post-command-hook -does clear the variable to nil. The documentation was wrong before. - -** In define-key-after, if AFTER is t, the new binding now always goes -at the end of the keymap. If the keymap is a menu, this means it -goes after the other menu items. - -** If you have a program that makes several changes in the same area -of the buffer, you can use the macro combine-after-change-calls -around that Lisp code to make it faster when after-change hooks -are in use. - -The macro arranges to call the after-change functions just once for a -series of several changes--if that seems safe. - -Don't alter the variables after-change-functions and -after-change-function within the body of a combine-after-change-calls -form. +* A Lisp single-stepping and debugging facility exists. + To cause the debugger to be entered when an error + occurs, set the variable debug-on-error non-nil. -** If you define an abbrev (with define-abbrev) whose EXPANSION -is not a string, then the abbrev does not expand in the usual sense, -but its hook is still run. - -** Normally, the Lisp debugger is not used (even if you have enabled it) -for errors that are handled by condition-case. - -If you set debug-on-signal to a non-nil value, then the debugger is called -regardless of whether there is a handler for the condition. This is -useful for debugging problems that happen inside of a condition-case. - -This mode of operation seems to be unreliable in other ways. Errors that -are normal and ought to be handled, perhaps in timers or process -filters, will instead invoke the debugger. So don't say you weren't -warned. - -** The new variable ring-bell-function lets you specify your own -way for Emacs to "ring the bell". - -** If run-at-time's TIME argument is t, the action is repeated at -integral multiples of REPEAT from the epoch; this is useful for -functions like display-time. - -** You can use the function locate-library to find the precise file -name of a Lisp library. This isn't new, but wasn't documented before. - -** Commands for entering view mode have new optional arguments that -can be used from Lisp. Low-level entrance to and exit from view mode -is done by functions view-mode-enter and view-mode-exit. - -** batch-byte-compile-file now makes Emacs return a nonzero status code -if there is an error in compilation. - -** pop-to-buffer, switch-to-buffer-other-window and -switch-to-buffer-other-frame now accept an additional optional -argument NORECORD, much like switch-to-buffer. If it is non-nil, -they don't put the buffer at the front of the buffer list. + To cause the debugger to be entered whenever function foo + is called, do (debug-on-entry 'foo). To cancel this, + do (cancel-debug-on-entry 'foo). debug-on-entry does + not work for primitives (written in C), only functions + written in Lisp. Most standard Emacs commands are in Lisp. -** If your .emacs file leaves the *scratch* buffer non-empty, -Emacs does not display the startup message, so as to avoid changing -the *scratch* buffer. - -** The new function regexp-opt returns an efficient regexp to match a string. -The arguments are STRINGS and (optionally) PAREN. This function can be used -where regexp matching or searching is intensively used and speed is important, -e.g., in Font Lock mode. - -** The variable buffer-display-count is local to each buffer, -and is incremented each time the buffer is displayed in a window. -It starts at 0 when the buffer is created. - -** The new function compose-mail starts composing a mail message -using the user's chosen mail composition agent (specified with the -variable mail-user-agent). It has variants compose-mail-other-window -and compose-mail-other-frame. + When the debugger is entered, the selected window shows + a buffer called " *Backtrace" which displays a series + of stack frames, most recently entered first. For each + frame, the function name called is shown, usually followed + by the argument values unless arguments are still being + calculated. At the beginning of the buffer is a description + of why the debugger was entered: function entry, function exit, + error, or simply that the user called the function `debug'. -** The `user-full-name' function now takes an optional parameter which -can either be a number (the UID) or a string (the login name). The -full name of the specified user will be returned. - -** Lisp packages that load files of customizations, or any other sort -of user profile, should obey the variable init-file-user in deciding -where to find it. They should load the profile of the user name found -in that variable. If init-file-user is nil, meaning that the -q -option was used, then Lisp packages should not load the customization -files at all. + To exit the debugger and return to top level, type `q'. -** format-time-string now allows you to specify the field width -and type of padding. This works as in printf: you write the field -width as digits in the middle of a %-construct. If you start -the field width with 0, it means to pad with zeros. - -For example, %S normally specifies the number of seconds since the -minute; %03S means to pad this with zeros to 3 positions, %_3S to pad -with spaces to 3 positions. Plain %3S pads with zeros, because that -is how %S normally pads to two positions. - -** thing-at-point now supports a new kind of "thing": url. - -** imenu.el changes. + In the debugger, you can evaluate Lisp expressions by + typing `e'. This is equivalent to `M-ESC'. -You can now specify a function to be run when selecting an -item from menu created by imenu. - -An example of using this feature: if we define imenu items for the -#include directives in a C file, we can open the included file when we -select one of those items. - -* Emacs 19.34 is a bug-fix release with no user-visible changes. - -* Changes in Emacs 19.33. - -** Bibtex mode no longer turns on Auto Fill automatically. (No major -mode should do that--it is the user's choice.) - -** The variable normal-auto-fill-function specifies the function to -use for auto-fill-function, if and when Auto Fill is turned on. -Major modes can set this locally to alter how Auto Fill works. - -* Editing Changes in Emacs 19.32 - -** C-x f with no argument now signals an error. -To set the fill column at the current column, use C-u C-x f. - -** Expanding dynamic abbrevs with M-/ is now smarter about case -conversion. If you type the abbreviation with mixed case, and it -matches the beginning of the expansion including case, then the -expansion is copied verbatim. Using SPC M-/ to copy an additional -word always copies it verbatim except when the previous copied word is -all caps. - -** On a non-windowing terminal, which can display only one Emacs frame -at a time, creating a new frame with C-x 5 2 also selects that frame. - -When using a display that can show multiple frames at once, C-x 5 2 -does make the frame visible, but does not select it. This is the same -as in previous Emacs versions. + When the debugger is entered due to an error, that is + all you can do. When it is entered due to function entry + (such as, requested by debug-on-entry), you have two + options: + Continue execution and reenter debugger after the + completion of the function being entered. Type `c'. + Continue execution but enter the debugger before + the next subexpression. Type `d'. -** You can use C-x 5 2 to create multiple frames on MSDOS, just as on a -non-X terminal on Unix. Of course, only one frame is visible at any -time, since your terminal doesn't have the ability to display multiple -frames. - -** On Windows, set win32-pass-alt-to-system to a non-nil value -if you would like tapping the Alt key to invoke the Windows menu. -This feature is not enabled by default; since the Alt key is also the -Meta key, it is too easy and painful to activate this feature by -accident. - -** The command apply-macro-to-region-lines repeats the last defined -keyboard macro once for each complete line within the current region. -It does this line by line, by moving point to the beginning of that -line and then executing the macro. - -This command is not new, but was never documented before. + You will see that some stack frames are marked with *. + This means the debugger will be entered when those + frames exit. You will see the value being returned + in the first line of the backtrace buffer. Your options: + Continue execution, and return that value. Type `c'. + Continue execution, and return a specified value. Type `r'. -** You can now use Mouse-1 to place the region around a string constant -(something surrounded by doublequote characters or other delimiter -characters of like syntax) by double-clicking on one of the delimiting -characters. - -** Font Lock mode - -*** Font Lock support modes - -Font Lock can be configured to use Fast Lock mode and Lazy Lock mode (see -below) in a flexible way. Rather than adding the appropriate function to the -hook font-lock-mode-hook, you can use the new variable font-lock-support-mode -to control which modes have Fast Lock mode or Lazy Lock mode turned on when -Font Lock mode is enabled. - -For example, to use Fast Lock mode when Font Lock mode is turned on, put: - - (setq font-lock-support-mode 'fast-lock-mode) - -in your ~/.emacs. - -*** lazy-lock + You can mark a frame to enter the debugger on exit + with the `b' command, or clear such a mark with `u'. -The lazy-lock package speeds up Font Lock mode by making fontification occur -only when necessary, such as when a previously unfontified part of the buffer -becomes visible in a window. When you create a buffer with Font Lock mode and -Lazy Lock mode turned on, the buffer is not fontified. When certain events -occur (such as scrolling), Lazy Lock makes sure that the visible parts of the -buffer are fontified. Lazy Lock also defers on-the-fly fontification until -Emacs has been idle for a given amount of time. - -To use this package, put in your ~/.emacs: - - (setq font-lock-support-mode 'lazy-lock-mode) - -To control the package behaviour, see the documentation for `lazy-lock-mode'. - -** Changes in BibTeX mode. - -*** For all entries allow spaces and tabs between opening brace or -paren and key. - -*** Non-escaped double-quoted characters (as in `Sch"of') are now -supported. - -** Gnus changes. - -Gnus, the Emacs news reader, has undergone further rewriting. Many new -commands and variables have been added. There should be no -significant incompatibilities between this Gnus version and the -previously released version, except in the message composition area. - -Below is a list of the more user-visible changes. Coding changes -between Gnus 5.1 and 5.2 are more extensive. - -*** A new message composition mode is used. All old customization -variables for mail-mode, rnews-reply-mode and gnus-msg are now -obsolete. - -*** Gnus is now able to generate "sparse" threads -- threads where -missing articles are represented by empty nodes. +* Lisp macros now exist. + For example, you can write + (defmacro cadr (arg) (list 'car (list 'cdr arg))) + and then the expression + (cadr foo) + will expand into + (car (cdr foo)) + +Changes in Emacs 1.1 - (setq gnus-build-sparse-threads 'some) - -*** Outgoing articles are stored on a special archive server. - - To disable this: (setq gnus-message-archive-group nil) - -*** Partial thread regeneration now happens when articles are -referred. - -*** Gnus can make use of GroupLens predictions: - - (setq gnus-use-grouplens t) - -*** A trn-line tree buffer can be displayed. - - (setq gnus-use-trees t) +* The initial buffer is now called "scratch" and is in a + new major mode, Lisp Interaction mode. This mode is + intended for typing Lisp expressions, evaluating them, + and having the values printed into the buffer. -*** An nn-like pick-and-read minor mode is available for the summary -buffers. - - (add-hook 'gnus-summary-mode-hook 'gnus-pick-mode) - -*** In binary groups you can use a special binary minor mode: - - `M-x gnus-binary-mode' - -*** Groups can be grouped in a folding topic hierarchy. + Type Linefeed after a Lisp expression, to evaluate the + expression and have its value printed into the buffer, + advancing dot. - (add-hook 'gnus-group-mode-hook 'gnus-topic-mode) - -*** Gnus can re-send and bounce mail. - - Use the `S D r' and `S D b'. - -*** Groups can now have a score, and bubbling based on entry frequency -is possible. - - (add-hook 'gnus-summary-exit-hook 'gnus-summary-bubble-group) + The other commands of Lisp mode are available. -*** Groups can be process-marked, and commands can be performed on -groups of groups. - -*** Caching is possible in virtual groups. - -*** nndoc now understands all kinds of digests, mail boxes, rnews news -batches, ClariNet briefs collections, and just about everything else. - -*** Gnus has a new backend (nnsoup) to create/read SOUP packets. - -*** The Gnus cache is much faster. - -*** Groups can be sorted according to many criteria. - - For instance: (setq gnus-group-sort-function 'gnus-group-sort-by-rank) - -*** New group parameters have been introduced to set list-address and -expiration times. - -*** All formatting specs allow specifying faces to be used. - -*** There are several more commands for setting/removing/acting on -process marked articles on the `M P' submap. - -*** The summary buffer can be limited to show parts of the available -articles based on a wide range of criteria. These commands have been -bound to keys on the `/' submap. - -*** Articles can be made persistent -- as an alternative to saving -articles with the `*' command. - -*** All functions for hiding article elements are now toggles. - -*** Article headers can be buttonized. - - (add-hook 'gnus-article-display-hook 'gnus-article-add-buttons-to-head) +* The C-x C-e command for evaluating the Lisp expression + before dot has been changed to print the value in the + minibuffer line rather than insert it in the buffer. + A numeric argument causes the printed value to appear + in the buffer instead. -*** All mail backends support fetching articles by Message-ID. - -*** Duplicate mail can now be treated properly. See the -`nnmail-treat-duplicates' variable. - -*** All summary mode commands are available directly from the article -buffer. - -*** Frames can be part of `gnus-buffer-configuration'. - -*** Mail can be re-scanned by a daemonic process. - -*** Gnus can make use of NoCeM files to filter spam. - - (setq gnus-use-nocem t) - -*** Groups can be made permanently visible. +* In Lisp mode, the command M-C-x evaluates the defun + containing or following dot. The value is printed in + the minibuffer. - (setq gnus-permanently-visible-groups "^nnml:") - -*** Many new hooks have been introduced to make customizing easier. - -*** Gnus respects the Mail-Copies-To header. - -*** Threads can be gathered by looking at the References header. +* The value of a Lisp expression evaluated using M-ESC + is now printed in the minibuffer. - (setq gnus-summary-thread-gathering-function - 'gnus-gather-threads-by-references) - -*** Read articles can be stored in a special backlog buffer to avoid -refetching. - - (setq gnus-keep-backlog 50) - -*** A clean copy of the current article is always stored in a separate -buffer to allow easier treatment. - -*** Gnus can suggest where to save articles. See `gnus-split-methods'. +* M-q now runs fill-paragraph, independent of major mode. -*** Gnus doesn't have to do as much prompting when saving. - - (setq gnus-prompt-before-saving t) - -*** gnus-uu can view decoded files asynchronously while fetching -articles. - - (setq gnus-uu-grabbed-file-functions 'gnus-uu-grab-view) - -*** Filling in the article buffer now works properly on cited text. - -*** Hiding cited text adds buttons to toggle hiding, and how much -cited text to hide is now customizable. - - (setq gnus-cited-lines-visible 2) - -*** Boring headers can be hidden. +* C-h m now prints documentation on the current buffer's + major mode. What it prints is the documentation of the + major mode name as a function. All major modes have been + equipped with documentation that describes all commands + peculiar to the major mode, for this purpose. - (add-hook 'gnus-article-display-hook 'gnus-article-hide-boring-headers) - -*** Default scoring values can now be set from the menu bar. - -*** Further syntax checking of outgoing articles have been added. - -The Gnus manual has been expanded. It explains all these new features -in greater detail. - -* Lisp Changes in Emacs 19.32 - -** The function set-visited-file-name now accepts an optional -second argument NO-QUERY. If it is non-nil, then the user is not -asked for confirmation in the case where the specified file already -exists. - -** The variable print-length applies to printing vectors and bitvectors, -as well as lists. +* You can display a Unix manual entry with + the M-x manual-entry command. -** The new function keymap-parent returns the parent keymap -of a given keymap. - -** The new function set-keymap-parent specifies a new parent for a -given keymap. The arguments are KEYMAP and PARENT. PARENT must be a -keymap or nil. - -** Sometimes menu keymaps use a command name, a symbol, which is really -an automatically generated alias for some other command, the "real" -name. In such a case, you should give that alias symbol a non-nil -menu-alias property. That property tells the menu system to look for -equivalent keys for the real name instead of equivalent keys for the -alias. - -* Editing Changes in Emacs 19.31 - -** Freedom of the press restricted in the United States. - -Emacs has been censored in accord with the Communications Decency Act. -This includes removing some features of the doctor program. That law -was described by its supporters as a ban on pornography, but it bans -far more than that. The Emacs distribution has never contained any -pornography, but parts of it were nonetheless prohibited. - -For information on US government censorship of the Internet, and what -you can do to bring back freedom of the press, see the web site -`http://www.vtw.org/'. - -** A note about C mode indentation customization. - -The old (Emacs 19.29) ways of specifying a C indentation style -do not normally work in the new implementation of C mode. -It has its own methods of customizing indentation, which are -much more powerful than the old C mode. See the Editing Programs -chapter of the manual for details. - -However, you can load the library cc-compat to make the old -customization variables take effect. - -** Marking with the mouse. +* You can run a shell, displaying its output in a buffer, + with the M-x shell command. The Return key sends input + to the subshell. Output is printed inserted automatically + in the buffer. Commands C-c, C-d, C-u, C-w and C-z are redefined + for controlling the subshell and its subjobs. + "cd", "pushd" and "popd" commands are recognized as you + enter them, so that the default directory of the Emacs buffer + always remains the same as that of the subshell. -When you mark a region with the mouse, the region now remains -highlighted until the next input event, regardless of whether you are -using M-x transient-mark-mode. - -** Improved Windows NT/95 support. - -*** Emacs now supports scroll bars on Windows NT and Windows 95. - -*** Emacs now supports subprocesses on Windows 95. (Subprocesses used -to work on NT only and not on 95.) - -*** There are difficulties with subprocesses, though, due to problems -in Windows, beyond the control of Emacs. They work fine as long as -you run Windows applications. The problems arise when you run a DOS -application in a subprocesses. Since current shells run as DOS -applications, these problems are significant. - -If you run a DOS application in a subprocess, then the application is -likely to busy-wait, which means that your machine will be 100% busy. -However, if you don't mind the temporary heavy load, the subprocess -will work OK as long as you tell it to terminate before you start any -other DOS application as a subprocess. - -Emacs is unable to terminate or interrupt a DOS subprocess. -You have to do this by providing input directly to the subprocess. - -If you run two DOS applications at the same time in two separate -subprocesses, even if one of them is asynchronous, you will probably -have to reboot your machine--until then, it will remain 100% busy. -Windows simply does not cope when one Windows process tries to run two -separate DOS subprocesses. Typing CTL-ALT-DEL and then choosing -Shutdown seems to work although it may take a few minutes. - -** M-x resize-minibuffer-mode. - -This command, not previously mentioned in NEWS, toggles a mode in -which the minibuffer window expands to show as many lines as the -minibuffer contains. - -** `title' frame parameter and resource. - -The `title' X resource now specifies just the frame title, nothing else. -It does not affect the name used for looking up other X resources. -It works by setting the new `title' frame parameter, which likewise -affects just the displayed title of the frame. - -The `name' parameter continues to do what it used to do: -it specifies the frame name for looking up X resources, -and also serves as the default for the displayed title -when the `title' parameter is unspecified or nil. - -** Emacs now uses the X toolkit by default, if you have a new -enough version of X installed (X11R5 or newer). - -** When you compile Emacs with the Motif widget set, Motif handles the -F10 key by activating the menu bar. To avoid confusion, the usual -Emacs binding of F10 is replaced with a no-op when using Motif. - -If you want to be able to use F10 in Emacs, you can rebind the Motif -menubar to some other key which you don't use. To do so, add -something like this to your X resources file. This example rebinds -the Motif menu bar activation key to S-F12: - - Emacs*defaultVirtualBindings: osfMenuBar : Shift<Key>F12 - -** In overwrite mode, DEL now inserts spaces in most cases -to replace the characters it "deletes". - -** The Rmail summary now shows the number of lines in each message. - -** Rmail has a new command M-x unforward-rmail-message, which extracts -a forwarded message from the message that forwarded it. To use it, -select a message which contains a forwarded message and then type the command. -It inserts the forwarded message as a separate Rmail message -immediately after the selected one. - -This command also undoes the textual modifications that are standardly -made, as part of forwarding, by Rmail and other mail reader programs. +* C-x $ (that's a real dollar sign) controls line-hiding based + on indentation. With a numeric arg N > 0, it causes all lines + indented by N or more columns to become invisible. + They are, effectively, tacked onto the preceding line, where + they are represented by " ..." on the screen. + (The end of the preceding visible line corresponds to a + screen cursor position before the "...". Anywhere in the + invisible lines that follow appears on the screen as a cursor + position after the "...".) + Currently, all editing commands treat invisible lines just + like visible ones, except for C-n and C-p, which have special + code to count visible lines only. + C-x $ with no argument turns off this mode, which in any case + is remembered separately for each buffer. -** Turning off saving of .saves-... files in your home directory. - -Each Emacs session writes a file named .saves-... in your home -directory to record which files M-x recover-session should recover. -If you exit Emacs normally with C-x C-c, it deletes that file. If -Emacs or the operating system crashes, the file remains for M-x -recover-session. - -You can turn off the writing of these files by setting -auto-save-list-file-name to nil. If you do this, M-x recover-session -will not work. - -Some previous Emacs versions failed to delete these files even on -normal exit. This is fixed now. If you are thinking of turning off -this feature because of past experiences with versions that had this -bug, it would make sense to check whether you still want to do so -now that the bug is fixed. - -** Changes to Version Control (VC) - -There is a new variable, vc-follow-symlinks. It indicates what to do -when you visit a link to a file that is under version control. -Editing the file through the link bypasses the version control system, -which is dangerous and probably not what you want. - -If this variable is t, VC follows the link and visits the real file, -telling you about it in the echo area. If it is `ask' (the default), -VC asks for confirmation whether it should follow the link. If nil, -the link is visited and a warning displayed. - -** iso-acc.el now lets you specify a choice of language. -Languages include "latin-1" (the default) and "latin-2" (which -is designed for entering ISO Latin-2 characters). +* Outline mode is another form of selective display. + It is a major mode invoked with M-x outline-mode. + It is intended for editing files that are structured as + outlines, with heading lines (lines that begin with one + or more asterisks) and text lines (all other lines). + The number of asterisks in a heading line are its level; + the subheadings of a heading line are all following heading + lines at higher levels, until but not including the next + heading line at the same or a lower level, regardless + of intervening text lines. -There are also choices for specific human languages such as French and -Portuguese. These are subsets of Latin-1, which differ in that they -enable only the accent characters needed for particular language. -The other accent characters, not needed for the chosen language, -remain normal. - -** Posting articles and sending mail now has M-TAB completion on various -header fields (Newsgroups, To, CC, ...). - -Completion in the Newsgroups header depends on the list of groups -known to your news reader. Completion in the Followup-To header -offers those groups which are in the Newsgroups header, since -Followup-To usually just holds one of those. - -Completion in fields that hold mail addresses works based on the list -of local users plus your aliases. Additionally, if your site provides -a mail directory or a specific host to use for any unrecognized user -name, you can arrange to query that host for completion also. (See the -documentation of variables `mail-directory-process' and -`mail-directory-stream'.) + In outline mode, you have commands to hide (remove from display) + or show the text or subheadings under each heading line + independently. Hidden text or subheadings are invisibly + attached to the end of the preceding heading line, so that + if you kill the hading line and yank it back elsewhere + all the invisible lines accompany it. -** A greatly extended sgml-mode offers new features such as (to be configured) -skeletons with completing read for tags and attributes, typing named -characters including optionally all 8bit characters, making tags invisible -with optional alternate display text, skipping and deleting tag(pair)s. - -Note: since Emacs' syntax feature cannot limit the special meaning of ', " and -- to inside <>, for some texts the result, especially of font locking, may be -wrong (see `sgml-specials' if you get wrong results). + All editing commands treat hidden outline-mode lines + as part of the preceding visible line. + +* C-x C-z runs save-buffers-kill-emacs + offers to save each file buffer, then exits. -The derived html-mode configures this with tags and attributes more or -less HTML3ish. It also offers optional quick keys like C-c 1 for -headline or C-c u for unordered list (see `html-quick-keys'). Edit / -Text Properties / Face or M-g combinations create tags as applicable. -Outline minor mode is supported and level 1 font-locking tries to -fontify tag contents (which only works when they fit on one line, due -to a limitation in font-lock). - -External viewing via browse-url can occur automatically upon saving. - -** M-x imenu-add-to-menubar now adds to the menu bar for the current -buffer only. If you want to put an Imenu item in the menu bar for all -buffers that use a particular major mode, use the mode hook, as in -this example: +* C-c's function is now called suspend-emacs. - (add-hook 'emacs-lisp-mode-hook - '(lambda () (imenu-add-to-menubar "Index"))) - -** Changes in BibTeX mode. - -*** Field names may now contain digits, hyphens, and underscores. - -*** Font Lock mode is now supported. - -*** bibtex-make-optional-field is no longer interactive. - -*** If bibtex-maintain-sorted-entries is non-nil, inserting new -entries is now done with a faster algorithm. However, inserting -will fail in this case if the buffer contains invalid entries or -isn't in sorted order, so you should finish each entry with C-c C-c -(bibtex-close-entry) after you have inserted or modified it. -The default value of bibtex-maintain-sorted-entries is nil. +* The command C-x m runs mail, which switches to a buffer *mail* + and lets you compose a message to send. C-x 4 m runs mail in + another window. Type C-z C-s in the mail buffer to send the + message according to what you have entered in the buffer. -*** Function `show-all' is no longer bound to a key, since C-u C-c C-q -does the same job. - -*** Entries with quotes inside quote-delimited fields (as `author = -"Stefan Sch{\"o}f"') are now supported. - -*** Case in field names doesn't matter anymore when searching for help -text. - -** Font Lock mode - -*** Global Font Lock mode - -Font Lock mode can be turned on globally, in buffers that support it, by the -new command global-font-lock-mode. You can use the new variable -font-lock-global-modes to control which modes have Font Lock mode automagically -turned on. By default, this variable is set so that Font Lock mode is turned -on globally where the buffer mode supports it. + You must separate the headers from the message text with + an empty line. -For example, to automagically turn on Font Lock mode where supported, put: - - (global-font-lock-mode t) - -in your ~/.emacs. - -*** Local Refontification - -In Font Lock mode, editing a line automatically refontifies that line only. -However, if your change alters the syntactic context for following lines, -those lines remain incorrectly fontified. To refontify them, use the new -command M-g M-g (font-lock-fontify-block). - -In certain major modes, M-g M-g refontifies the entire current function. -(The variable font-lock-mark-block-function controls how to find the -current function.) In other major modes, M-g M-g refontifies 16 lines -above and below point. - -With a prefix argument N, M-g M-g refontifies N lines above and below point. +* You can now dired partial directories (specified with names + containing *'s, etc, all processed by the shell). Also, you + can dired more than one directory; dired names the buffer + according to the filespec or directory name. Reinvoking + dired on a directory already direded just switches back to + the same directory used last time; do M-x revert if you want + to read in the current contents of the directory. -** Follow mode - -Follow mode is a new minor mode combining windows showing the same -buffer into one tall "virtual window". The windows are typically two -side-by-side windows. Follow mode makes them scroll together as if -they were a unit. To use it, go to a frame with just one window, -split it into two side-by-side windows using C-x 3, and then type M-x -follow-mode. - -M-x follow-mode turns off Follow mode if it is already enabled. - -To display two side-by-side windows and activate Follow mode, use the -command M-x follow-delete-other-windows-and-split. - -** hide-show changes. - -The hooks hs-hide-hooks and hs-show-hooks have been renamed -to hs-hide-hook and hs-show-hook, to follow the convention for -normal hooks. + C-x d runs dired, and C-x 4 d runs dired in another window. -** Simula mode now has a menu containing the most important commands. -The new command simula-indent-exp is bound to C-M-q. - -** etags can now handle programs written in Erlang. Files are -recognised by the extensions .erl and .hrl. The tagged lines are -those that begin a function, record, or macro. - -** MSDOS Changes - -*** It is now possible to compile Emacs with the version 2 of DJGPP. -Compilation with DJGPP version 1 also still works. - -*** The documentation of DOS-specific aspects of Emacs was rewritten -and expanded; see the ``MS-DOS'' node in the on-line docs. - -*** Emacs now uses ~ for backup file names, not .bak. - -*** You can simulate mouse-3 on two-button mice by simultaneously -pressing both mouse buttons. - -*** A number of packages and commands which previously failed or had -restricted functionality on MS-DOS, now work. The most important ones -are: - -**** Printing (both with `M-x lpr-buffer' and with `ps-print' package) -now works. - -**** `Ediff' works (in a single-frame mode). - -**** `M-x display-time' can be used on MS-DOS (due to the new -implementation of Emacs timers, see below). - -**** `Dired' supports Unix-style shell wildcards. - -**** The `c-macro-expand' command now works as on other platforms. - -**** `M-x recover-session' works. + C-x C-d (list-directory) also allows partial directories now. + +Lisp programming changes -**** `M-x list-colors-display' displays all the available colors. - -**** The `TPU-EDT' package works. - -* Lisp changes in Emacs 19.31. - -** The function using-unix-filesystems on Windows NT and Windows 95 -tells Emacs to read and write files assuming that they reside on a -remote Unix filesystem. No CR/LF translation is done on any files in -this case. Invoking using-unix-filesystems with t activates this -behavior, and invoking it with any other value deactivates it. - -** Change in system-type and system-configuration values. - -The value of system-type on a Linux-based GNU system is now `lignux', -not `linux'. This means that some programs which use `system-type' -need to be changed. The value of `system-configuration' will also -be different. +* t as an output stream now means "print to the minibuffer". + If there is already text in the minibuffer printed via t + as an output stream, the new text is appended to the old + (or is truncated and lost at the margin). If the minibuffer + contains text put there for some other reason, it is cleared + first. -It is generally recommended to use `system-configuration' rather -than `system-type'. - -See the file LINUX-GNU in this directory for more about this. - -** The functions shell-command and dired-call-process -now run file name handlers for default-directory, if it has them. + t is now the top-level value of standard-output. -** Undoing the deletion of text now restores the positions of markers -that pointed into or next to the deleted text. - -** Timers created with run-at-time now work internally to Emacs, and -no longer use a separate process. Therefore, they now work more -reliably and can be used for shorter time delays. - -The new function run-with-timer is a convenient way to set up a timer -to run a specified amount of time after the present. A call looks -like this: - - (run-with-timer SECS REPEAT FUNCTION ARGS...) + t as an input stream now means "read via the minibuffer". + The minibuffer is used to read a line of input, with editing, + and this line is then parsed. Any excess not used by `read' + is ignored; each `read' from t reads fresh input. + t is now the top-level value of standard-input. -SECS says how many seconds should elapse before the timer happens. -It may be an integer or a floating point number. When the timer -becomes ripe, the action is to call FUNCTION with arguments ARGS. - -REPEAT gives the interval for repeating the timer (measured in -seconds). It may be an integer or a floating point number. nil or 0 -means don't repeat at all--call FUNCTION just once. - -*** with-timeout provides an easy way to do something but give -up if too much time passes. - - (with-timeout (SECONDS TIMEOUT-FORMS...) BODY...) - -This executes BODY, but gives up after SECONDS seconds. -If it gives up, it runs the TIMEOUT-FORMS and returns the value -of the last one of them. Normally it returns the value of the last -form in BODY. - -*** You can now arrange to call a function whenever Emacs is idle for -a certain length of time. To do this, call run-with-idle-timer. A -call looks like this: - - (run-with-idle-timer SECS REPEAT FUNCTION ARGS...) - -SECS says how many seconds of idleness should elapse before the timer -runs. It may be an integer or a floating point number. When the -timer becomes ripe, the action is to call FUNCTION with arguments -ARGS. - -Emacs becomes idle whenever it finishes executing a keyboard or mouse -command. It remains idle until it receives another keyboard or mouse -command. - -REPEAT, if non-nil, means this timer should be activated again each -time Emacs becomes idle and remains idle for SECS seconds The timer -does not repeat if Emacs *remains* idle; it runs at most once after -each time Emacs becomes idle. +* A marker may be used as an input stream or an output stream. + The effect is to grab input from where the marker points, + advancing it over the characters read, or to insert output + at the marker and advance it. -If REPEAT is nil, the timer runs just once, the first time Emacs is -idle for SECS seconds. - -*** post-command-idle-hook is now obsolete; you shouldn't use it at -all, because it interferes with the idle timer mechanism. If your -programs use post-command-idle-hook, convert them to use idle timers -instead. - -*** y-or-n-p-with-timeout lets you ask a question but give up if -there is no answer within a certain time. - - (y-or-n-p-with-timeout PROMPT SECONDS DEFAULT-VALUE) - -asks the question PROMPT (just like y-or-n-p). If the user answers -within SECONDS seconds, it returns the answer that the user gave. -Otherwise it gives up after SECONDS seconds, and returns DEFAULT-VALUE. +* Output from an asynchronous subprocess is now inserted at + the end of the associated buffer, not at the buffer's dot, + and the buffer's mark is set to the end of the inserted output + each time output is inserted. -** Minor change to `encode-time': you can now pass more than seven -arguments. If you do that, the first six arguments have the usual -meaning, the last argument is interpreted as the time zone, and the -arguments in between are ignored. - -This means that it works to use the list returned by `decode-time' as -the list of arguments for `encode-time'. - -** The default value of load-path now includes the directory -/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/site-lisp In addition to -/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp. You can use this new directory for -site-specific Lisp packages that belong with a particular Emacs -version. - -It is not unusual for a Lisp package that works well in one Emacs -version to cause trouble in another. Sometimes packages need updating -for incompatible changes; sometimes they look at internal data that -has changed; sometimes the package has been installed in Emacs itself -and the installed version should be used. Whatever the reason for the -problem, this new feature makes it easier to solve. - -** When your program contains a fixed file name (like .completions or -.abbrev.defs), the file name usually needs to be different on operating -systems with limited file name syntax. +* (pos-visible-in-window-p POS WINDOW) + returns t if position POS in WINDOW's buffer is in the range + that is being displayed in WINDOW; nil if it is scrolled + vertically out of visibility. -Now you can avoid ad-hoc conditionals by using the function -convert-standard-filename to convert the file name to a proper form -for each operating system. Here is an example of use, from the file -completions.el: - -(defvar save-completions-file-name - (convert-standard-filename "~/.completions") - "*The filename to save completions to.") - -This sets the variable save-completions-file-name to a value that -depends on the operating system, because the definition of -convert-standard-filename depends on the operating system. On -Unix-like systems, it returns the specified file name unchanged. On -MS-DOS, it adapts the name to fit the limitations of that system. - -** The interactive spec N now returns the numeric prefix argument -rather than the raw prefix argument. (It still reads a number using the -minibuffer if there is no prefix argument at all.) + If display in WINDOW is not currently up to date, this function + calculates carefully whether POS would appear if display were + done immediately based on the current (window-start WINDOW). -** When a process is deleted, this no longer disconnects the process -marker from its buffer position. - -** The variable garbage-collection-messages now controls whether -Emacs displays a message at the beginning and end of garbage collection. -The default is nil, meaning there are no messages. - -** The variable debug-ignored-errors specifies certain kinds of errors -that should not enter the debugger. Its value is a list of error -condition symbols and/or regular expressions. If the error has any -of the condition symbols listed, or if any of the regular expressions -matches the error message, then that error does not enter the debugger, -regardless of the value of debug-on-error. - -This variable is initialized to match certain common but uninteresting -errors that happen often during editing. - -** The new function error-message-string converts an error datum -into its error message. The error datum is what condition-case -puts into the variable, to describe the error that happened. + POS defaults to (dot), and WINDOW to (selected-window). -** Anything that changes which buffer appears in a given window -now runs the window-scroll-functions for that window. - -** The new function get-buffer-window-list returns a list of windows displaying -a buffer. The function is called with the buffer (a buffer object or a buffer -name) and two optional arguments specifying the minibuffer windows and frames -to search. Therefore this function takes optional args like next-window etc., -and not get-buffer-window. - -** buffer-substring now runs the hook buffer-access-fontify-functions, -calling each function with two arguments--the range of the buffer -being accessed. buffer-substring-no-properties does not call them. +* Variable buffer-alist replaced by function (buffer-list). + The actual alist of buffers used internally by Emacs is now + no longer accessible, to prevent the user from crashing Emacs + by modifying it. The function buffer-list returns a list + of all existing buffers. Modifying this list cannot hurt anything + as a new list is constructed by each call to buffer-list. -If you use this feature, you should set the variable -buffer-access-fontified-property to a non-nil symbol, which is a -property name. Then, if all the characters in the buffer range have a -non-nil value for that property, the buffer-access-fontify-functions -are not called. When called, these functions should put a non-nil -property on the text that they fontify, so that they won't get called -over and over for the same text. - -** Changes in lisp-mnt.el - -*** The lisp-mnt package can now recognize file headers that are written -in the formats used by the `what' command and the RCS `ident' command: +* load now takes an optional third argument NOMSG which, if non-nil, + prevents load from printing a message when it starts and when + it is done. -;; @(#) HEADER: text -;; $HEADER: text $ - -in addition to the normal - -;; HEADER: text - -*** The commands lm-verify and lm-synopsis are now interactive. lm-verify -checks that the library file has proper sections and headers, and -lm-synopsis extracts first line "synopsis'"information. +* byte-recompile-directory is a new function which finds all + the .elc files in a directory, and regenerates each one which + is older than the corresponding .el (Lisp source) file. -* For older news, see the file ONEWS. - ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Copyright information: -Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +Copyright (C) 1985 Richard M. Stallman Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the @@ -5001,6 +1161,5 @@ carry prominent notices stating who last changed them. Local variables: -mode: outline -paragraph-separate: "[ ]*$" +mode: text end:
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/etc/NEWS.2 Thu Aug 17 15:38:59 2000 +0000 @@ -0,0 +1,1348 @@ +GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes. 26-Mar-1986 +Copyright (C) 1986 Richard M. Stallman. +See the end for copying conditions. + +For older news, see the file NEWS.1. + +Changes in Emacs 17 + +* Frustrated? + +Try M-x doctor. + +* Bored? + +Try M-x hanoi. + +* Brain-damaged? + +Try M-x yow. + +* Sun3, Tahoe, Apollo, HP9000s300, Celerity, NCR Tower 32, + Sequent, Stride, Encore, Plexus and AT&T 7300 machines supported. + +The Tahoe, Sun3, Sequent and Celerity use 4.2. In regard to the +Apollo, see the file APOLLO in this directory. NCR Tower32, +HP9000s300, Stride and Nu run forms of System V. System V rel 2 also +works on Vaxes now. See etc/MACHINES. + +* System V Unix supported, including subprocesses. + +It should be possible now to bring up Emacs on a machine running +mere unameliorated system V Unix with no major work; just possible bug +fixes. But you can expect to find a handful of those on any machine +that Emacs has not been run on before. + +* Berkeley 4.1 Unix supported. + +See etc/MACHINES. + +* Portable `alloca' provided. + +Emacs can now run on machines that do not and cannot support the library +subroutine `alloca' in the canonical fashion, using an `alloca' emulation +written in C. + +* On-line manual. + +Info now contains an Emacs manual, with essentially the same text +as in the printed manual. + +The manual can now be printed with a standard TeX. + +Nicely typeset and printed copies of the manual are available +from the Free Software Foundation. + +* Backup file version numbers. + +Emacs now supports version numbers in backup files. + +The first time you save a particular file in one editing session, +the old file is copied or renamed to serve as a backup file. +In the past, the name for the backup file was made by appending `~' +to the end of the original file name. + +Now the backup file name can instead be made by appending ".~NN~" to +the original file name, where NN stands for a numeric version. Each +time this is done, the new version number is one higher than the +highest previously used. + +Thus, the active, current file does not have a version number. +Only the backups have them. + +This feature is controlled by the variable `version-control'. If it +is `nil', as normally, then numbered backups are made only for files +that already have numbered backups. Backup names with just `~' are +used for files that have no numbered backups. + +If `version-control' is `never', then the backup file's name is +made with just `~' in any case. + +If `version-control' is not `nil' or `never', numbered backups are +made unconditionally. + +To prevent unlimited consumption of disk space, Emacs can delete +old backup versions automatically. Generally Emacs keeps the first +few backups and the latest few backups, deleting any in between. +This happens every time a new backup is made. The two variables that +control the deletion are `kept-old-versions' and `kept-new-versions'. +Their values are, respectively, the number of oldest backups to keep +and the number of newest ones to keep, each time a new backup is made. +The value of `kept-new-versions' includes the backup just created. +By default, both values are 2. + +If `trim-versions-without-asking' is non-`nil', the excess middle versions +are deleted without a murmur. If it is `nil', the default, then you +are asked whether the excess middle versions should really be deleted. + +Dired has a new command `.' which marks for deletion all but the latest +and oldest few of every numeric series of backups. `kept-old-versions' +controls the number of oldest versions to keep, and `dired-kept-versions' +controls the number of latest versions to keep. A numeric argument to +the `.' command, if positive, specifies the number of latest versions +to keep, overriding `dired-kept-versions'. A negative argument specifies +the number of oldest versions to keep, using minus the argument to override +`kept-old-versions'. + +* Immediate conflict detection. + +Emacs now locks the files it is modifying, so that if +you start to modify within Emacs a file that is being +modified in another Emacs, you get an immediate warning. + +The warning gives you three choices: +1. Give up, and do not make any changes. +2. Make changes anyway at your own risk. +3. Make changes anyway, and record yourself as + the person locking the file (instead of whoever + was previously recorded.) + +Just visiting a file does not lock it. It is locked +when you try to change the buffer that is visiting the file. +Saving the file unlocks it until you make another change. + +Locking is done by writing a lock file in a special designated +directory. If such a directory is not provided and told to +Emacs as part of configuring it for your machine, the lock feature +is turned off. + +* M-x recover-file. + +This command is used to get a file back from an auto-save +(after a system crash, for example). It takes a file name +as argument and visits that file, but gets the data from the +file's last auto save rather than from the file itself. + +* M-x normal-mode. + +This command resets the current buffer's major mode and local +variables to be as specified by the visit filename, the -*- line +and/or the Local Variables: block at the end of the buffer. +It is the same thing normally done when a file is first visited. + +* Echo area messages disappear shortly if minibuffer is in use. + +Any message in the echo area disappears after 2 seconds +if the minibuffer is active. This allows the minibuffer +to become visible again. + +* C-z on System V runs a subshell. + +On systems which do not allow programs to be suspended, the C-z command +forks a subshell that talks directly to the terminal, and then waits +for the subshell to exit. This gets almost the effect of suspending +in that you can run other programs and then return to Emacs. However, +you cannot log out from the subshell. + +* C-c is always a prefix character. + +Also, subcommands of C-c which are letters are always +reserved for the user. No standard Emacs major mode +defines any of them. + +* Picture mode C-c commands changed. + +The old C-c k command is now C-c C-w. +The old C-c y command is now C-c C-x. + +* Shell mode commands changed. + +All the special commands of Shell mode are now moved onto +the C-c prefix. Most are not changed aside from that. +Thus, the old Shell mode C-c command (kill current job) +is now C-c C-c; the old C-z (suspend current job) is now C-c C-z, +etc. + +The old C-x commands are now C-c commands. C-x C-k (kill output) +is now C-c C-o, and C-x C-v (show output) is now C-c C-r. + +The old M-= (copy previous input) command is now C-c C-y. + +* Shell mode recognizes aliases for `pushd', `popd' and `cd'. + +Shell mode now uses the variable `shell-pushd-regexp' as a +regular expression to recognize any command name that is +equivalent to a `pushd' command. By default it is set up +to recognize just `pushd' itself. If you use aliases for +`pushd', change the regexp to recognize them as well. + +There are also `shell-popd-regexp' to recognize commands +with the effect of a `popd', and `shell-cd-regexp' to recognize +commands with the effect of a `cd'. + +* "Exit" command in certain modes now C-c C-c. + +These include electric buffer menu mode, electric command history +mode, Info node edit mode, and Rmail edit mode. In all these +modes, the command to exit used to be just C-c. + +* Outline mode changes. + +Lines that are not heading lines are now called "body" lines. +The command `hide-text' is renamed to `hide-body'. +The key M-H is renamed to C-c C-h. +The key M-S is renamed to C-c C-s. +The key M-s is renamed to C-c C-i. + +Changes of line visibility are no longer undoable. As a result, +they no longer use up undo memory and no longer interfere with +undoing earlier commands. + +* Rmail changes. + +The s and q commands now both expunge deleted messages before saving; +use C-x C-s to save without expunging. + +The u command now undeletes the current message if it is deleted; +otherwise, it backs up as far as necessary to reach a deleted message, +and undeletes that one. The u command in the summary behaves likewise, +but considers only messages listed in the summary. The M-u command +has been eliminated. + +The o and C-o keys' meanings are interchanged. +o now outputs to an Rmail file, and C-o to a Unix mail file. + +The F command (rmail-find) is renamed to M-s (rmail-search). +Various new commands and features exist; see the Emacs manual. + +* Local bindings described first in describe-bindings. + +* [...], {...} now balance in Fundamental mode. + +* Nroff mode and TeX mode. + +The are two new major modes for editing nroff input and TeX input. +See the Emacs manual for full information. + +* New C indentation style variable `c-brace-imaginary-offset'. + +The value of `c-brace-imaginary-offset', normally zero, controls the +indentation of a statement inside a brace-group where the open-brace +is not the first thing on a line. The value says where the open-brace +is imagined to be, relative to the first nonblank character on the line. + +* Dired improvements. + +Dired now normally keeps the cursor at the beginning of the file name, +not at the beginning of the line. The most used motion commands are +redefined in Dired to position the cursor this way. + +`n' and `p' are now equivalent in dired to `C-n' and `C-p'. + +If any files to be deleted cannot be deleted, their names are +printed in an error message. + +If the `v' command is invoked on a file which is a directory, +dired is run on that directory. + +* `visit-tag-table' renamed `visit-tags-table'. + +This is so apropos of `tags' finds everything you need to +know about in connection with Tags. + +* `mh-e' library uses C-c as prefix. + +All the special commands of `mh-rmail' now are placed on a +C-c prefix rather than on the C-x prefix. This is for +consistency with other special modes with their own commands. + +* M-$ or `spell-word' checks word before point. + +It used to check the word after point. + +* Quitting during autoloading no longer causes trouble. + +Now, when a file is autoloaded, all function redefinitions +and `provide' calls are recorded and are undone if you quit +before the file is finished loading. + +As a result, it no longer happens that some of the entry points +which are normally autoloading have been defined already, but the +entire file is not really present to support them. + +* `else' can now be indented correctly in C mode. + +TAB in C mode now knows which `if' statement an `else' matches +up with, and can indent the `else' correctly under the `if', +even if the `if' contained such things as another `if' statement, +or a `while' or `for' statement, with no braces around it. + +* `batch-byte-compile' + +Runs byte-compile-file on the files specified on the command line. +All the rest of the command line arguments are taken as files to +compile (or, if directories, to do byte-recompile-directory on). +Must be used only with -batch, and kills emacs on completion. +Each file will be processed even if an error occurred previously. +For example, invoke `emacs -batch -f batch-byte-compile *.el'. + +* `-batch' changes. + +`-batch' now implies `-q': no init file is loaded by Emacs when +`-batch' is used. Also, no `term/TERMTYPE.el' file is loaded. Auto +saving is not done except in buffers in which it is explicitly +requested. Also, many echo-area printouts describing what is going on +are inhibited in batch mode, so that the only output you get is the +output you program specifically. + +One echo-area message that is not suppressed is the one that says +that a file is being loaded. That is because you can prevent this +message by passing `t' as the third argument to `load'. + +* Display of search string in incremental search. + +Now, when you type C-s or C-r to reuse the previous search +string, that search string is displayed immediately in the echo area. + +Three dots are displayed after the search string while search +is actually going on. + +* View commands. + +The commands C-x ], C-x [, C-x /, C-x j and C-x o are now +available inside `view-buffer' and `view-file', with their +normal meanings. + +* Full-width windows preferred. + +The ``other-window'' commands prefer other full width windows, +and will split only full width windows. + +* M-x rename-file can copy if necessary. + +When used between different file systems, since actual renaming does +not work, the old file will be copied and deleted. + +* Within C-x ESC, you can pick the command to repeat. + +While editing a previous command to be repeated, inside C-x ESC, +you can now use the commands M-p and M-n to pick an earlier or +later command to repeat. M-n picks the next earlier command +and M-p picks the next later one. The new command appears in +the minibuffer, and you can go ahead and edit it, and repeat it +when you exit the minibuffer. + +Using M-n or M-p within C-x ESC is like having used a different +numeric argument when you ran C-x ESC in the first place. + +The command you finally execute using C-x ESC is added to the +front of the command history, unless it is identical with the +first thing in the command history. + +* Use C-c C-c to exit from editing within Info. + +It used to be C-z for this. Somehow this use of C-z was +left out when all the others were moved. The intention is that +C-z should always suspend Emacs. + +* Default arg to C-x < and C-x > now window width minus 2. + +These commands, which scroll the current window horizontally +by a specified number of columns, now scroll a considerable +distance rather than a single column if used with no argument. + +* Auto Save Files Deleted. + +The default value of `delete-auto-save-files' is now `t', so that +when you save a file for real, its auto save file is deleted. + +* Rnews changes. + +The N, P and J keys in Rnews are renamed to M-n, M-p and M-j. +These keys move among newsgroups. + +The n and p keys for moving sequentially between news articles now +accept repeat count arguments, and the + and - keys, made redundant by +this change, are eliminated. + +The s command for outputting the current article to a file +is renamed as o, to be compatible with Rmail. + +* Sendmail changes. + +If you have a ~/.mailrc file, Emacs searches it for mailing address +aliases, and these aliases are expanded when you send mail in Emacs. + +Fcc fields can now be used in the headers in the *mail* buffer +to specify files in which copies of the message should be put. +The message is written into those files in Unix mail file format. +The message as sent does not contain any Fcc fields in its header. +You can use any number of Fcc fields, but only one file name in each one. +The variable `mail-archive-file-name', if non-`nil', can be a string +which is a file name; an Fcc to that file will be inserted in every +message when you begin to compose it. + +A new command C-c q now exists in Mail mode. It fills the +paragraphs of an old message that had been inserted with C-c y. + +When the *mail* buffer is put in Mail mode, text-mode-hook +is now run in addition to mail-mode-hook. text-mode-hook +is run first. + +The new variable `mail-header-separator' now specifies the string +to use on the line that goes between the headers and the message text. +By default it is still "--text follows this line--". + +* Command history truncated automatically. + +Just before each garbage collection, all but the last 30 elements +of the command history are discarded. + +Incompatible Lisp Programming Changes in Emacs 17 + +* `"e' no longer supported. + +This feature, which allowed Lisp functions to take arguments +that were not evaluated, has been eliminated, because it is +inescapably hard to make the compiler work properly with such +functions. + +You should use macros instead. A simple way to change any +code that uses `"e' is to replace + + (defun foo ("e x y z) ... + +with + + (defmacro foo (x y z) + (list 'foo-1 (list 'quote x) (list 'quote y) (list 'quote z))) + + (defun foo-1 (x y z) ... + +* Functions `region-to-string' and `region-around-match' removed. + +These functions were made for compatibility with Gosling Emacs, but it +turns out to be undesirable to use them in GNU Emacs because they use +the mark. They have been eliminated from Emacs proper, but are +present in mlsupport.el for the sake of converted mocklisp programs. + +If you were using `region-to-string', you should instead use +`buffer-substring'; then you can pass the bounds as arguments and +can avoid setting the mark. + +If you were using `region-around-match', you can use instead +the two functions `match-beginning' and `match-end'. These give +you one bound at a time, as a numeric value, without changing +point or the mark. + +* Function `function-type' removed. + +This just appeared not to be very useful. It can easily be written in +Lisp if you happen to want it. Just use `symbol-function' to get the +function definition of a symbol, and look at its data type or its car +if it is a list. + +* Variable `buffer-number' removed. + +You can still use the function `buffer-number' to find out +a buffer's unique number (assigned in order of creation). + +* Variable `executing-macro' renamed `executing-kbd-macro'. + +This variable is the currently executing keyboard macro, as +a string, or `nil' when no keyboard macro is being executed. + +* Loading term/$TERM. + +The library term/$TERM (where $TERM get replaced by your terminal +type), which is done by Emacs automatically when it starts up, now +happens after the user's .emacs file is loaded. + +In previous versions of Emacs, these files had names of the form +term-$TERM; thus, for example, term-vt100.el, but now they live +in a special subdirectory named term, and have names like +term/vt100.el. + +* `command-history' format changed. + +The elements of this list are now Lisp expressions which can +be evaluated directly to repeat a command. + +* Unused editing commands removed. + +The functions `forward-to-word', `backward-to-word', +`upcase-char', `mark-beginning-of-buffer' and `mark-end-of-buffer' +have been removed. Their definitions can be found in file +lisp/unused.el if you need them. + +Upward Compatible Lisp Programming Changes in Emacs 17 + +* You can now continue after errors and quits. + +When the debugger is entered because of a C-g, due to +a non-`nil' value of `debug-on-quit', the `c' command in the debugger +resumes execution of the code that was running when the quit happened. +Use the `q' command to go ahead and quit. + +The same applies to some kinds of errors, but not all. Errors +signaled with the Lisp function `signal' can be continued; the `c' +command causes `signal' to return. The `r' command causes `signal' to +return the value you specify. The `c' command is equivalent to `r' +with the value `nil'. + +For a `wrong-type-argument' error, the value returned with the `r' +command is used in place of the invalid argument. If this new value +is not valid, another error occurs. + +Errors signaled with the function `error' cannot be continued. +If you try to continue, the error just happens again. + +* `dot' renamed `point'. + +The word `dot' has been replaced with `point' in all +function and variable names, including: + + point, point-min, point-max, + point-marker, point-min-marker, point-max-marker, + window-point, set-window-point, + point-to-register, register-to-point, + exchange-point-and-mark. + +The old names are still supported, for now. + +* `string-match' records position of end of match. + +After a successful call to `string-match', `(match-end 0)' will +return the index in the string of the first character after the match. +Also, `match-begin' and `match-end' with nonzero arguments can be +used to find the indices of beginnings and ends of substrings matched +by subpatterns surrounded by parentheses. + +* New function `insert-before-markers'. + +This function is just like `insert' except in the handling of any +relocatable markers that are located at the point of insertion. +With `insert', such markers end up pointing before the inserted text. +With `insert-before-markers', they end up pointing after the inserted +text. + +* New function `copy-alist'. + +This function takes one argument, a list, and makes a disjoint copy +of the alist structure. The list itself is copied, and each element +that is a cons cell is copied, but the cars and cdrs of elements +remain shared with the original argument. + +This is what it takes to get two alists disjoint enough that changes +in one do not change the result of `assq' on the other. + +* New function `copy-keymap'. + +This function takes a keymap as argument and returns a new keymap +containing initially the same bindings. Rebindings in either one of +them will not alter the bindings in the other. + +* New function `copy-syntax-table'. + +This function takes a syntax table as argument and returns a new +syntax table containing initially the same syntax settings. Changes +in either one of them will not alter the other. + +* Randomizing the random numbers. + +`(random t)' causes the random number generator's seed to be set +based on the current time and Emacs's process id. + +* Third argument to `modify-syntax-entry'. + +The optional third argument to `modify-syntax-entry', if specified +should be a syntax table. The modification is made in that syntax table +rather than in the current syntax table. + +* New function `run-hooks'. + +This function takes any number of symbols as arguments. +It processes the symbols in order. For each symbol which +has a value (as a variable) that is non-nil, the value is +called as a function, with no arguments. + +This is useful in major mode commands. + +* Second arg to `switch-to-buffer'. + +If this function is given a non-`nil' second argument, then the +selection being done is not recorded on the selection history. +The buffer's position in the history remains unchanged. This +feature is used by the view commands, so that the selection history +after exiting from viewing is the same as it was before. + +* Second arg to `display-buffer' and `pop-to-buffer'. + +These two functions both accept an optional second argument which +defaults to `nil'. If the argument is not `nil', it means that +another window (not the selected one) must be found or created to +display the specified buffer in, even if it is already shown in +the selected window. + +This feature is used by `switch-to-buffer-other-window'. + +* New variable `completion-ignore-case'. + +If this variable is non-`nil', completion allows strings +in different cases to be considered matching. The global value +is `nil' + +This variable exists for the sake of commands that are completing +an argument in which case is not significant. It is possible +to change the value globally, but you might not like the consequences +in the many situations (buffer names, command names, file names) +where case makes a difference. + +* Major modes related to Text mode call text-mode-hook, then their own hooks. + +For example, turning on Outline mode first calls the value of +`text-mode-hook' as a function, if it exists and is non-`nil', +and then does likewise for the variable `outline-mode-hook'. + +* Defining new command line switches. + +You can define a new command line switch in your .emacs file +by putting elements on the value of `command-switch-alist'. +Each element of this list should look like + (SWITCHSTRING . FUNCTION) +where SWITCHSTRING is a string containing the switch to be +defined, such as "-foo", and FUNCTION is a function to be called +if such an argument is found in the command line. FUNCTION +receives the command line argument, a string, as its argument. + +To implement a switch that uses up one or more following arguments, +use the fact that the remaining command line arguments are kept +as a list in the variable `command-line-args'. FUNCTION can +examine this variable, and do + (setq command-line-args (cdr command-line-args) +to "use up" an argument. + +* New variable `load-in-progress'. + +This variable is non-`nil' when a file of Lisp code is being read +and executed by `load'. + +* New variable `print-length'. + +The value of this variable is normally `nil'. It may instead be +a number; in that case, when a list is printed by `prin1' or +`princ' only that many initial elements are printed; the rest are +replaced by `...'. + +* New variable `find-file-not-found-hook'. + +If `find-file' or any of its variants is used on a nonexistent file, +the value of `find-file-not-found-hook' is called (if it is not `nil') +with no arguments, after creating an empty buffer. The file's name +can be found as the value of `buffer-file-name'. + +* Processes without buffers. + +In the function `start-process', you can now specify `nil' as +the process's buffer. You can also set a process's buffer to `nil' +using `set-process-buffer'. + +The reason you might want to do this is to prevent the process +from being killed because any particular buffer is killed. +When a process has a buffer, killing that buffer kills the +process too. + +When a process has no buffer, its output is lost unless it has a +filter, and no indication of its being stopped or killed is given +unless it has a sentinel. + +* New function `user-variable-p'. `v' arg prompting changed. + +This function takes a symbol as argument and returns `t' if +the symbol is defined as a user option variable. This means +that it has a `variable-documentation' property whose value is +a string starting with `*'. + +Code `v' in an interactive arg reading string now accepts +user variables only, and completion is limited to the space of +user variables. + +The function `read-variable' also now accepts and completes +over user variables only. + +* CBREAK mode input is the default in Unix 4.3 bsd. + +In Berkeley 4.3 Unix, there are sufficient features for Emacs to +work fully correctly using CBREAK mode and not using SIGIO. +Therefore, this mode is the default when running under 4.3. +This mode corresponds to `nil' as the first argument to +`set-input-mode'. You can still select either mode by calling +that function. + +* Information on memory usage. + +The new variable `data-bytes-used' contains the number +of bytes of impure space allocated in Emacs. +`data-bytes-free' contains the number of additional bytes +Emacs could allocate. Note that space formerly allocated +and freed again still counts as `used', since it is still +in Emacs's address space. + +* No limit on size of output from `format'. + +The string output from `format' used to be truncated to +100 characters in length. Now it can have any length. + +* New errors `void-variable' and `void-function' replace `void-symbol'. + +This change makes it possible to have error messages that +clearly distinguish undefined variables from undefined functions. +It also allows `condition-case' to handle one case without the other. + +* `replace-match' handling of `\'. + +In `replace-match', when the replacement is not literal, +`\' in the replacement string is always treated as an +escape marker. The only two special `\' constructs +are `\&' and `\DIGIT', so `\' followed by anything other than +`&' or a digit has no effect. `\\' is necessary to include +a `\' in the replacement text. + +This level of escaping is comparable with what goes on in +a regular expression. It is over and above the level of `\' +escaping that goes on when strings are read in Lisp syntax. + +* New error `invalid-regexp'. + +A regexp search signals this type of error if the argument does +not meet the rules for regexp syntax. + +* `kill-emacs' with argument. + +If the argument is a number, it is returned as the exit status code +of the Emacs process. If the argument is a string, its contents +are stuffed as pending terminal input, to be read by another program +after Emacs is dead. + +* New fifth argument to `subst-char-in-region'. + +This argument is optional and defaults to `nil'. If it is not `nil', +then the substitutions made by this function are not recorded +in the Undo mechanism. + +This feature should be used with great care. It is now used +by Outline mode to make lines visible or invisible. + +* ` *Backtrace*' buffer renamed to `*Backtrace*'. + +As a result, you can now reselect this buffer easily if you switch to +another while in the debugger. + +Exiting from the debugger kills the `*Backtrace*' buffer, so you will +not try to give commands in it when no longer really in the debugger. + +* New function `switch-to-buffer-other-window'. + +This is the new primitive to select a specified buffer (the +argument) in another window. It is not quite the same as +`pop-to-buffer', because it is guaranteed to create another +window (assuming there is room on the screen) so that it can +leave the current window's old buffer displayed as well. + +All functions to select a buffer in another window should +do so by calling this new function. + +* New variable `minibuffer-help-form'. + +At entry to the minibuffer, the variable `help-form' is bound +to the value of `minibuffer-help-form'. + +`help-form' is expected at all times to contain either `nil' +or an expression to be executed when C-h is typed (overriding +teh definition of C-h as a command). `minibuffer-help-form' +can be used to provide a different default way of handling +C-h while in the minibuffer. + +* New \{...} documentation construct. + +It is now possible to set up the documentation string for +a major mode in such a way that it always describes the contents +of the major mode's keymap, as it has been customized. +To do this, include in the documentation string the characters `\{' +followed by the name of the variable containing the keymap, +terminated with `}'. (The `\' at the beginning probably needs to +be quoted with a second `\', to include it in the doc string.) +This construct is normally used on a line by itself, with no blank +lines before or after. + +For example, the documentation string for the function `c-mode' contains + ... + Paragraphs are separated by blank lines only. + Delete converts tabs to spaces as it moves back. + \\{c-mode-map} + Variables controlling indentation style: + ... + +* New character syntax class "punctuation". + +Punctuation characters behave like whitespace in word and +list parsing, but can be distinguished in regexps and in the +function `char-syntax'. Punctuation syntax is represented by +a period in `modify-syntax-entry'. + +* `auto-mode-alist' no longer needs entries for backup-file names, + +Backup suffixes of all kinds are now stripped from a file's name +before searching `auto-mode-alist'. + +Changes in Emacs 16 + +* No special code for Ambassadors, VT-100's and Concept-100's. + +Emacs now controls these terminals based on the termcap entry, like +all other terminals. Formerly it did not refer to the termcap entries +for those terminal types, and often the termcap entries for those +terminals are wrong or inadequate. If you experience worse behavior +on these terminals than in version 15, you can probably correct it by +fixing up the termcap entry. See ./TERMS for more info. + +See ./TERMS in any case if you find that some terminal does not work +right with Emacs now. + +* Minibuffer default completion character is TAB (and not ESC). + +So that ESC can be used in minibuffer for more useful prefix commands. + +* C-z suspends Emacs in all modes. + +Formerly, C-z was redefined for other purposes by certain modes, +such as Buffer Menu mode. Now other keys are used for those purposes, +to keep the meaning of C-z uniform. + +* C-x ESC (repeat-complex-command) allows editing the command it repeats. + +Instead of asking for confirmation to re-execute a command from the +command history, the command is placed, in its Lisp form, into the +minibuffer for editing. You can confirm by typing RETURN, change some +arguments and then confirm, or abort with C-g. + +* Incremental search does less redisplay on slow terminals. + +If the terminal baud rate is <= the value of `isearch-slow-speed', +incremental searching outside the text on the screen creates +a single-line window and uses that to display the line on which +a match has been found. Exiting or quitting the search restores +the previous window configuration and redisplays the window you +were searching in. + +The initial value of `isearch-slow-speed' is 1200. + +This feature is courtesy of crl@purdue. + +* Recursive minibuffers not allowed. + +If the minibuffer window is selected, most commands that would +use the minibuffer gets an error instead. (Specific commands +may override this feature and therefore still be allowed.) + +Strictly speaking, recursive entry to the minibuffer is still +possible, because you can switch to another window after +entering the minibuffer, and then minibuffer-using commands +are allowed. This is still allowed by a deliberate decision: +if you know enough to switch windows while in the minibuffer, +you can probably understand recursive minibuffers. + +This may be overridden by binding the variable +`enable-recursive-minibuffers' to t. + +* New major mode Emacs-Lisp mode, for editing Lisp code to run in Emacs. + +The mode in which emacs lisp files is edited is now called emacs-lisp-mode +and is distinct from lisp-mode. The latter is intended for use with +lisps external to emacs. + +The hook which is funcalled (if non-nil) on entry to elisp-mode is now +called emacs-lisp-mode-hook. A consequence of this changes is that +.emacs init files which set the value of lisp-mode-hook may need to be +changed to use the new names. + +* Correct matching of parentheses is checked on insertion. + +When you insert a close-paren, the matching open-paren +is checked for validity. The close paren must be the kind +of close-paren that the open-paren says it should match. +Otherwise, a warning message is printed. close-paren immediately +preceded by quoting backslash syntax character is not matched. + +This feature was originally written by shane@mit-ajax. + +* M-x list-command-history +* M-x command-history-mode +* M-x electric-command-history + +`list-command-history' displays forms from the command history subject +to user controlled filtering and limit on number of forms. It leaves +the buffer in `command-history-mode'. M-x command-history-mode +recomputes the command history each time it is invoked via +`list-command-history'. It is like Emacs-Lisp mode except that characters +don't insert themselves and provision is made for re-evaluating an +expression from the list. `electric-command-history' pops up a type +out window with the command history displayed. If the very next +character is Space, the window goes away and the previous window +configuration is restored. Otherwise you can move around in the +history and select an expression for evaluation *inside* the buffer +which invoked `electric-command-history'. The original window +configuration is restored on exit unless the command selected changes +it. + +* M-x edit-picture + +Enters a temporary major mode (the previous major mode is remembered +and can is restored on exit) designed for editing pictures and tables. +Printing characters replace rather than insert themselves with motion +afterwards that is user controlled (you can specify any of the 8 +compass directions). Special commands for movement are provided. +Special commands for hacking tabs and tab stops are provided. Special +commands for killing rectangles and overlaying them are provided. See +the documentation of function edit-picture for more details. + +Calls value of `edit-picture-hook' on entry if non-nil. + +* Stupid C-s/C-q `flow control' supported. + +Do (set-input-mode nil t) to tell Emacs to use CBREAK mode and interpret +C-s and C-q as flow control commands. (set-input-mode t nil) switches +back to interrupt-driven input. (set-input-mode nil nil) uses CBREAK +mode but no `flow control'; this may make it easier to run Emacs under +certain debuggers that have trouble dealing with inferiors that use SIGIO. + +CBREAK mode has certain inherent disadvantages, which are why it is +not the default: + + Meta-keys are ignored; CBREAK mode discards the 8th bit of + input characters. + + Control-G as keyboard input discards buffered output, + and therefore can cause incorrect screen updating. + +The use of `flow control' has its own additional disadvantage: the +characters C-s and C-q are not available as editing commands. You can +partially compensate for this by setting up a keyboard-translate-table +(see file ONEWS) that maps two other characters (such as C-^ and C-\) into +C-s and C-q. Of course, C-^ and C-\ are commonly used as escape +characters in remote-terminal programs. You really can't win except +by getting rid of this sort of `flow control.' + +The configuration switch CBREAK_INPUT is now eliminated. +INTERRUPT_INPUT exists only to specify the default mode of operation; +#define it to make interrupt-driven input the default. + +* Completion of directory names provides a slash. + +If file name completion yields the name of a directory, +a slash is appended to it. + +* Undo can clear modified-flag. + +If you undo changes in a buffer back to a state in which the +buffer was not considered "modified", then it is labelled as +once again "unmodified". + +* M-x run-lisp. + +This command creates an inferior Lisp process whose input and output +appear in the Emacs buffer named `*lisp*'. That buffer uses a major mode +called inferior-lisp-mode, which has many of the commands of lisp-mode +and those of shell-mode. Calls the value of shell-mode-hook and +lisp-mode-hook, in that order, if non-nil. + +Meanwhile, in lisp-mode, the command C-M-x is defined to +send the current defun as input to the `*lisp*' subprocess. + +* Mode line says `Narrow' when buffer is clipped. + +If a buffer has a clipping restriction (made by `narrow-to-region') +then its mode line contains the word `Narrow' after the major and +minor modes. + +* Mode line says `Abbrev' when abbrev mode is on. + +* add-change-log-entry takes prefix argument + +Giving a prefix argument makes it prompt for login name, full name, +and site name, with defaults. Otherwise the defaults are used +with no confirmation. + +* M-x view-buffer and M-x view-file + +view-buffer selects the named buffer, view-file finds the named file; the +resulting buffer is placed into view-mode (a recursive edit). The normal +emacs commands are not available. Instead a set of special commands is +provided which faclitate moving around in the buffer, searching and +scrolling by screenfuls. Exiting view-mode returns to the buffer in which +the view-file or view-buffer command was given. +Type ? or h when viewing for a complete list of view commands. +Each calls value of `view-hook' if non-nil on entry. + +written by shane@mit-ajax. + +* New key commands in dired. + +`v' views (like more) the file on the current line. +`#' marks auto-save files for deletion. +`~' marks backup files for deletion. +`r' renames a file and updates the directory listing if the +file is renamed to same directory. +`c' copies a file and updates the directory listing if the file is +copied to the same directory. + +* New function `electric-buffer-list'. + +This pops up a buffer describing the set of emacs buffers. +Immediately typing space makes the buffer list go away and returns +to the buffer and window which were previously selected. + +Otherwise one may use the c-p and c-n commands to move around in the +buffer-list buffer and type Space or C-z to select the buffer on the +cursor's line. There are a number of other commands which are the same +as those of buffer-menu-mode. + +This is a useful thing to bind to c-x c-b in your `.emacs' file if the +rather non-standard `electric' behaviour of the buffer list suits your taste. +Type C-h after invoking electric-buffer-list for more information. + +Calls value of `electric-buffer-menu-mode-hook' if non-nil on entry. +Calls value of `after-electric-buffer-menu' on exit (select) if non-nil. + +Changes in version 16 for mail reading and sending + +* sendmail prefix character is C-c (and not C-z). New command C-c w. + +For instance C-c C-c (or C-c C-s) sends mail now rather than C-z C-z. +C-c w inserts your `signature' (contents of ~/.signature) at the end +of mail. + +* New feature in C-c y command in sending mail. + +C-c y is the command to insert the message being replied to. +Normally it deletes most header fields and indents everything +by three spaces. + +Now, C-c y does not delete header fields or indent. +C-c y with any other numeric argument does delete most header +fields, but indents by the amount specified in the argument. + +* C-r command in Rmail edits current message. + +It does this by switching to a different major mode +which is nearly the same as Text mode. The only difference +between it and text mode are the two command C-c and C-]. +C-c is defined to switch back to Rmail mode, and C-] +is defined to restore the original contents of the message +and then switch back to Rmail mode. + +C-c and C-] are the only ways "back into Rmail", but you +can switch to other buffers and edit them as usual. +C-r in Rmail changes only the handling of the Rmail buffer. + +* Rmail command `t' toggles header display. + +Normally Rmail reformats messages to hide most header fields. +`t' switches to display of all the header fields of the +current message, as long as it remains current. +Another `t' switches back to the usual display. + +* Rmail command '>' goes to the last message. + +* Rmail commands `a' and `k' set message attributes. +`a' adds an attribute and `k' removes one. You specify +the attrbute by name. You can specify either a built-in +flag such as "deleted" or "filed", or a user-defined keyword +(anything not recognized as built-in). + +* Rmail commands `l' and `L' summarize by attributes. + +These commands create a summary with one line per message, +like `h', but they list only some of the messages. You +specify which attribute (for `l') or attributes (for `L') +the messages should have. + +* Rmail can parse mmdf mail files. + +* Interface to MH mail system. + +mh-e is a front end for GNU emacs and the MH mail system. It +provides a friendly and convient interface to the MH commands. + +To read mail, invoke mh-rmail. This will inc new mail and display the +scan listing on the screen. To see a summary of the mh-e commands, +type ?. Help is available through the usual facilities. + +To send mail, invoke mh-smail. + +mh-e requires a copy of MH.5 that has been compiled with the MHE +compiler switch. + +From larus@berkeley. + +New hooks and parameters in version 16 + +* New variable `blink-matching-paren-distance'. + +This is the maximum number of characters to search for +an open-paren to match an inserted close-paren. +The matching open-paren is shown and checked if it is found +within this distance. + +`nil' means search all the way to the beginning of the buffer. +In this case, a warning message is printed if no matching +open-paren is found. + +This feature was originally written by shane@mit-ajax. + +* New variable `find-file-run-dired' + +If nil, find-file will report an error if an attempt to visit a +directory is detected; otherwise, it runs dired on that directory. +The default is t. + +* Variable `dired-listing-switches' holds switches given to `ls' by dired. + +The value should be a string containing `-' followed by letters. +The letter `l' had better be included and letter 'F' had better be excluded! +The default is "-al". + +This feature was originally written by shane@mit-ajax. + +* New variable `display-time-day-and-date'. + +If this variable is set non-`nil', the function M-x display-time +displays the day and date, as well as the time. + +* New parameter `c-continued-statement-indent'. + +This controls the extra indentation given to a line +that continues a C statement started on the previous line. +By default it is 2, which is why you would see + + if (foo) + bar (); + + +* Changed meaning of `c-indent-level'. + +The value of `c-brace-offset' used to be +subtracted from the value of `c-indent-level' whenever +that value was used. Now it is not. + +As a result, `c-indent-level' is now the offset of +statements within a block, relative to the line containing +the open-brace that starts the block. + +* turn-on-auto-fill is useful value for text-mode-hook. + +(setq text-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill) +is all you have to do to make sure Auto Fill mode is turned +on whenever you enter Text mode. + +* Parameter explicit-shell-file-name for M-x shell. + +This variable, if non-nil, specifies the file name to use +for the shell to run if you do M-x shell. + +Changes in version 16 affecting Lisp programming: + +* Documentation strings adapt to customization. + +Often the documentation string for a command wants to mention +another command. Simply stating the other command as a +character sequence has a disadvantage: if the user customizes +Emacs by moving that function to a different command, the +cross reference in the documentation becomes wrong. + +A new feature allows you to write the documentation string +using a function name, and the command to run that function +is looked up when the documentation is printed. + +If a documentation string contains `\[' (two characters) then +the following text, up to the next `]', is taken as a function name. +Instead of printing that function name, the command that runs it is printed. +(M-x is used to construct a command if no shorter one exists.) + +For example, instead of putting `C-n' in a documentation string +to refer to the C-n command, put in `\[next-line]'. (In practice +you will need to quote the backslash with another backslash, +due to the syntax for strings in Lisp and C.) + +To include the literal characters `\[' in a documentation string, +precede them with `\='. To include the characters `\=', precede +them with `\='. For example, "\\=\\= is the way to quote \\=\\[" +will come out as `\= is the way to quote \['. + +The new function `substitute-command-keys' takes a string possibly +contaning \[...] constructs and replaces those constructs with +the key sequences they currently stand for. + +* Primitives `find-line-comment' and `find-line-comment-body' flushed. + +Search for the value of `comment-start-skip' if you want to find +whether and where a line has a comment. + +* New function `auto-save-file-name-p' + +Should return non-`nil' iff given a string which is the name of an +auto-save file (sans directory name). If you redefine +`make-auto-save-file-name', you should redefine this accordingly. By +default, this function returns `t' for filenames beginning with +character `#'. + +* The value of `exec-directory' now ends in a slash. + +This is to be compatible with most directory names in GNU Emacs. + +* Dribble files and termscript files. + +(open-dribble-file FILE) opens a dribble file named FILE. When a +dribble file is open, every character Emacs reads from the terminal is +written to the dribble file. + +(open-termscript FILE) opens a termscript file named FILE. When a +termscript file is open, all characters sent to the terminal by Emacs +are also written in the termscript file. + +The two of these together are very useful for debugging Emacs problems +in redisplay. + +* Upper case command characters by default are same as lower case. + +If a character in a command is an upper case letter, and is not defined, +Emacs uses the definition of the corresponding lower case letter. +For example, if C-x U is not directly undefined, it is treated as +a synonym for C-x u (undo). + +* Undefined function errors versus undefined variable errors. + +Void-symbol errors now say "boundp" if the symbol's value was void +or "fboundp" if the function definition was void. + +* New function `bury-buffer'. + +The new function `bury-buffer' takes one argument, a buffer object, +and puts that buffer at the end of the internal list of buffers. +So it is the least preferred candidate for use as the default value +of C-x b, or for other-buffer to return. + +* Already-displayed buffers have low priority for display. + +When a buffer is chosen automatically for display, or to be the +default in C-x b, buffers already displayed in windows have lower +priority than buffers not currently visible. + +* `set-window-start' accepts a third argument NOFORCE. + +This argument, if non-nil, prevents the window's force_start flag +from being set. Setting the force_start flag causes the next +redisplay to insist on starting display at the specified starting +point, even if dot must be moved to get it onto the screen. + +* New function `send-string-to-terminal'. + +This function takes one argument, a string, and outputs its contents +to the terminal exactly as specified: control characters, escape +sequences, and all. + +* Keypad put in command mode. + +The terminal's keypad is now put into command mode, as opposed to +numeric mode, while Emacs is running. This is done by means of the +termcap `ks' and `ke' strings. + +* New function `generate-new-buffer' + +This function takes a string as an argument NAME and looks for a +creates and returns a buffer called NAME if one did not already exist. +Otherwise, it successively tries appending suffixes of the form "<1>", +"<2>" etc to NAME until it creates a string which does not name an +existing buffer. A new buffer with that name is the created and returned. + +* New function `prin1-to-string' +This function takes one argument, a lisp object, and returns a string +containing that object's printed representation, such as `prin1' +would output. + +* New function `read-from-minibuffer' +Lets you supply a prompt, initial-contents, a keymap, and specify +whether the result should be interpreted as a string or a lisp object. + +Old functions `read-minibuffer', `eval-minibuffer', `read-string' all +take second optional string argument which is initial contents of +minibuffer. + +* minibuffer variable names changed (names of keymaps) + +minibuf-local-map -> minibuffer-local-map +minibuf-local-ns-map -> minibuffer-local-ns-map +minibuf-local-completion-map -> minibuffer-local-completion-map +minibuf-local-must-match-map -> minibuffer-local-must-match-map + +Changes in version 16 affecting configuring and building Emacs + +* Configuration switch VT100_INVERSE eliminated. + +You can control the use of inverse video on any terminal by setting +the variable `inverse-video', or by changing the termcap entry. If +you like, set `inverse-video' in your `.emacs' file based on +examination of (getenv "TERM"). + +* New switch `-batch' makes Emacs run noninteractively. + +If the switch `-batch' is used, Emacs treats its standard output +and input like ordinary files (even if they are a terminal). +It does not display buffers or windows; the only output to standard output +is what would appear as messages in the echo area, and each +message is followed by a newline. + +The terminal modes are not changed, so that C-z and C-c retain +their normal Unix meanings. Emacs does still read commands from +the terminal, but the idea of `-batch' is that you use it with +other command line arguments that tell Emacs a complete task to perform, +including killing itself. `-kill' used as the last argument is a good +way to accomplish this. + +The Lisp variable `noninteractive' is now defined, to be `nil' +except when `-batch' has been specified. + +* Emacs can be built with output redirected to a file. + +This is because -batch (see above) is now used in building Emacs. + +For older news, see the file NEWS.1. + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Copyright information: + +Copyright (C) 1985 Richard M. Stallman + + Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies + of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the + copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved, + thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn. + + Permission is granted to distribute modified versions + of this document, or of portions of it, + under the above conditions, provided also that they + carry prominent notices stating who last changed them. + +Local variables: +mode: text +end:
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/etc/NEWS.3 Thu Aug 17 15:38:59 2000 +0000 @@ -0,0 +1,1609 @@ +GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes. 17-Aug-1988 +Copyright (C) 1988 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +See the end for copying conditions. + +For older news, see the file NEWS.2. + +Changes in version 18.52. + +* X windows version 10 is supported under system V. + +* Pop-up menus are now supported with the same Lisp interface in +both version 10 and 11 of X windows. + +* C-x 4 a is a new command to edit a change-log entry in another window. + +* The emacs client program now allows an option +NNN to specify the +line number to go to in the file whose name follows. Thus, + emacsclient foo.c +45 bar.c +will find the files `foo.c' and `bar.c', going to line 45 in `bar.c'. + +* Dired allows empty directories to be deleted like files. + +* When the terminal type is used to find a terminal-specific file to +run, Emacs now tries the entire terminal type first. If that doesn't +yield a file that exists, the last hyphen and what follows it is +stripped. If that doesn't yield a file that exists, the previous +hyphen is stripped, and so on until all hyphens are gone. For +example, if the terminal type is `aaa-48-foo', Emacs will try first +`term/aaa-48-foo.el', then `term/aaa-48.el' and finally `term/aaa.el'. + +Underscores now receive the same treatment as hyphens. + +* Texinfo features: @defun, etc. texinfo-show-structure. +New template commands. texinfo-format-region. + +* The special "local variable" `eval' is now ignored if you are running +as root. + +* New command `c-macro-expand' shows the result of C macro expansion +in the region. It works using the C preprocessor, so its results +are completely accurate. + +* Errors in trying to auto save now flash error messages for a few seconds. + +* Killing a buffer now sends SIGHUP to the buffer's process. + +* New hooks. + +** `spell-region' now allows you to filter the text before spelling-checking. +If the value of `spell-filter' is non-nil, it is called, with no arguments, +looking at a temporary buffer containing a copy of the text to be checked. +It can alter the text freely before the spell program sees it. + +** The variable `lpr-command' now specifies the command to be used when +you use the commands to print text (such as M-x print-buffer). + +** Posting netnews now calls the value of `news-inews-hook' (if not nil) +as a function of no arguments before the actual posting. + +** Rmail now calls the value of `rmail-show-message-hook' (if not nil) +as a function of no arguments, each time a new message is selected. + +** `kill-emacs' calls the value of `kill-emacs-hook' as a function of no args. + +* New libraries. +See the source code of each library for more information. + +** icon.el: a major mode for editing programs written in Icon. + +** life.el: a simulator for the cellular automaton "life". Load the +library and run M-x life. + +** doctex.el: a library for converting the Emacs `etc/DOC' file of +documentation strings into TeX input. + +** saveconf.el: a library which records the arrangement of windows and +buffers when you exit Emacs, and automatically recreates the same +setup the next time you start Emacs. + +** uncompress.el: a library that automatically uncompresses files +when you visit them. + +** c-fill.el: a mode for editing filled comments in C. + +** kermit.el: an extended version of shell-mode designed for running kermit. + +** spook.el: a library for adding some "distract the NSA" keywords to every +message you send. + +** hideif.el: a library for hiding parts of a C program based on preprocessor +conditionals. + +** autoinsert.el: a library to put in some initial text when you visit +a nonexistent file. The text used depends on the major mode, and +comes from a directory of files created by you. + +* New programming features. + +** The variable `window-system-version' now contains the version number +of the window system you are using (if appropriate). When using X windows, +its value is either 10 or 11. + +** (interactive "N") uses the prefix argument if any; otherwise, it reads +a number using the minibuffer. + +** VMS: there are two new functions `vms-system-info' and `shrink-to-icon'. +The former allows you to get many kinds of system status information. +See its self-documentation for full details. +The second is used with the window system: it iconifies the Emacs window. + +** VMS: the new function `define-logical-name' allows you to create +job-wide logical names. The old function `define-dcl-symbol' has been +removed. + +Changes in version 18.50. + +* X windows version 11 is supported. + +Define X11 in config.h if you want X version 11 instead of version 10. + +* The command M-x gdb runs the GDB debugger as an inferior. +It asks for the filename of the executable you want to debug. + +GDB runs as an inferior with I/O through an Emacs buffer. All the +facilities of Shell mode are available. In addition, each time your +program stops, and each time you select a new stack frame, the source +code is displayed in another window with an arrow added to the line +where the program is executing. + +Special GDB-mode commands include M-s, M-n, M-i, M-u, M-d, and C-c C-f +which send the GDB commands `step', `next', `stepi', `up', `down' +and `finish'. + +In any source file, the commands C-x SPC tells GDB to set a breakpoint +on the current line. + +* M-x calendar displays a three-month calendar. + +* C-u 0 C-x C-s never makes a backup file. + +This is a way you can explicitly request not to make a backup. + +* `term-setup-hook' is for users only. + +Emacs never uses this variable for internal purposes, so you can freely +set it in your `.emacs' file to make Emacs do something special after +loading any terminal-specific setup file from `lisp/term'. + +* `copy-keymap' now copies recursive submaps. + +* New overlay-arrow feature. + +If you set the variable `overlay-arrow-string' to a string +and `overlay-arrow-position' to a marker, that string is displayed on +the screen at the position of that marker, hiding whatever text would +have appeared there. If that position isn't on the screen, or if +the buffer the marker points into isn't displayed, there is no effect. + +* -batch mode can read from the terminal. + +It now works to use `read-char' to do terminal input in a noninteractive +Emacs run. End of file causes Emacs to exit. + +* Variables `data-bytes-used' and `data-bytes-free' removed. + +These variables cannot really work because the 24-bit range of an +integer in (most ports of) GNU Emacs is not large enough to hold their +values on many systems. + +Changes in version 18.45, since version 18.41. + +* C indentation parameter `c-continued-brace-offset'. + +This parameter's value is added to the indentation of any +line that is in a continuation context and starts with an open-brace. +For example, it applies to the open brace shown here: + + if (x) + { + +The default value is zero. + +* Dabbrev expansion (Meta-/) preserves case. + +When you use Meta-/ to search the buffer for an expansion of an +abbreviation, if the expansion found is all lower case except perhaps +for its first letter, then the case pattern of the abbreviation +is carried over to the expansion that replaces it. + +* TeX-mode syntax. + +\ is no longer given "escape character" syntax in TeX mode. It now +has the syntax of an ordinary punctuation character. As a result, +\[...\] and such like are considered to balance each other. + +* Mail-mode automatic Reply-to field. + +If the variable `mail-default-reply-to' is non-`nil', then each time +you start to compose a message, a Reply-to field is inserted with +its contents taken from the value of `mail-default-reply-to'. + +* Where is your .emacs file? + +If you run Emacs under `su', so your real and effective uids are +different, Emacs uses the home directory associated with the real uid +(the name you actually logged in under) to find the .emacs file. + +Otherwise, Emacs uses the environment variable HOME to find the .emacs +file. + +The .emacs file is not loaded at all if -batch is specified. + +* Prolog mode is the default for ".pl" files. + +* File names are not case-sensitive on VMS. + +On VMS systems, all file names that you specify are converted to upper +case. You can use either upper or lower case indiscriminately. + +* VMS-only function 'define-dcl-symbol'. + +This is a new name for the function formerly called +`define-logical-name'. + +Editing Changes in Emacs 18 + +* Additional systems and machines are supported. + +GNU Emacs now runs on Vax VMS. However, many facilities that are normally +implemented by running subprocesses do not work yet. This includes listing +a directory and sending mail. There are features for running subprocesses +but they are incompatible with those on Unix. I hope that some of +the VMS users can reimplement these features for VMS (compatibly for +the user, if possible). + +VMS wizards are also asked to work on making the subprocess facilities +more upward compatible with those on Unix, and also to rewrite their +internals to use the same Lisp objects that are used on Unix to +represent processes. + +In addition, the TI Nu machine running Unix system V, the AT&T 3b, and +the Wicat, Masscomp, Integrated Solutions, Alliant, Amdahl uts, Mips, +Altos 3068 and Gould Unix systems are now supported. The IBM PC-RT is +supported under 4.2, but not yet under system V. The GEC 93 is close +to working. The port for the Elxsi is partly merged. See the file +MACHINES for full status information and machine-specific installation +advice. + +* Searching is faster. + +Forward search for a text string, or for a regexp that is equivalent +to a text string, is now several times faster. Motion by lines and +counting lines is also faster. + +* Memory usage improvements. + +It is no longer possible to run out of memory during garbage +collection. As a result, running out of memory is never fatal. This +is due to a new garbage collection algorithm which compactifies +strings in place rather than copying them. Another consequence of the +change is a reduction in total memory usage and a slight increase in +garbage collection speed. + +* Display changes. + +** Editing above top of screen. + +When you delete or kill or alter text that reaches to the top of the +screen or above it, so that display would start in the middle of a +line, Emacs will usually attempt to scroll the text so that display +starts at the beginning of a line again. + +** Yanking in the minibuffer. + +The message "Mark Set" is no longer printed when the minibuffer is +active. This is convenient with many commands, including C-y, that +normally print such a message. + +** Cursor appears in last line during y-or-n questions. + +Questions that want a `y' or `n' answer now move the cursor +to the last line, following the question. + +* Library loading changes. + +`load' now considers all possible suffixes (`.elc', `.el' and none) +for each directory in `load-path' before going on to the next directory. +It now accepts an optional fourth argument which, if non-nil, says to +use no suffixes; then the file name must be given in full. The search +of the directories in `load-path' goes on as usual in this case, but +it too can be prevented by passing an absolute file name. + +The value of `load-path' no longer by default includes nil (meaning to +look in the current default directory). The idea is that `load' should +be used to search the path only for libraries to be found in the standard +places. If you want to override system libraries with your own, place +your own libraries in one special directory and add that directory to the +front of `load-path'. + +The function `load' is no longer a command; that is to say, `M-x load' +is no longer allowed. Instead, there are two commands for loading files. +`M-x load-library' is equivalent to the old meaning of `M-x load'. +`M-x load-file' reads a file name with completion and defaulting +and then loads exactly that file, with no searching and no suffixes. + +* Emulation of other editors. + +** `edt-emulation-on' starts emulating DEC's EDT editor. + +Do `edt-emulation-off' to return Emacs to normal. + +** `vi-mode' and `vip-mode' starts emulating vi. + +These are two different vi emulations provided by GNU Emacs users. +We are interested in feedback as to which emulation is preferable. + +See the documentation and source code for these functions +for more information. + +** `set-gosmacs-bindings' emulates Gosling Emacs. + +This command changes many global bindings to resemble those of +Gosling Emacs. The previous bindings are saved and can be restored using +`set-gnu-bindings'. + +* Emulation of a display terminal. + +Within Emacs it is now possible to run programs (such as emacs or +supdup) which expect to do output to a visual display terminal. + +See the function `terminal-emulator' for more information. + +* New support for keypads and function keys. + +There is now a first attempt at terminal-independent support for +keypad and function keys. + +Emacs now defines a standard set of key-names for function and keypad +keys, and provides standard hooks for defining them. Most of the +standard key-names have default definitions built into Emacs; you can +override these in a terminal-independent manner. The default definitions +and the conventions for redefining them are in the file `lisp/keypad.el'. + +These keys on the terminal normally work by sending sequences of +characters starting with ESC. The exact sequences used vary from +terminal to terminal. Emacs interprets them in two stages: +in the first stage, terminal-dependent sequences are mapped into +the standard key-names; then second stage maps the standard key-names +into their definitions in a terminal-independent fashion. + +The terminal-specific file `term/$TERM.el' now is responsible only for +establishing the mapping from the terminal's escape sequences into +standard key-names. It no longer knows what Emacs commands are +assigned to the standard key-names. + +One other change in terminal-specific files: if the value of the TERM +variable contains a hyphen, only the part before the first hyphen is +used in forming the name of the terminal-specific file. Thus, for +terminal type `aaa-48', the file loaded is now `term/aaa.el' rather +than `term/aaa-48.el'. + +* New startup command line options. + +`-i FILE' or `-insert FILE' in the command line to Emacs tells Emacs to +insert the contents of FILE into the current buffer at that point in +command line processing. This is like using the command M-x insert-file. + +`-funcall', `-load', `-user' and `-no-init-file' are new synonyms for +`-f', `-l', `-u' and `-q'. + +`-nw' means don't use a window system. If you are using a terminal +emulator on the X window system and you want to run Emacs to work through +the terminal emulator instead of working directly with the window system, +use this switch. + +* Buffer-sorting commands. + +Various M-x commands whose names start with `sort-' sort parts of +the region: + +sort-lines divides the region into lines and sorts them alphabetically. +sort-pages divides into pages and sorts them alphabetically. +sort-paragraphs divides into paragraphs and sorts them alphabetically. +sort-fields divides into lines and sorts them alphabetically + according to one field in the line. + The numeric argument specifies which field (counting + from field 1 at the beginning of the line). Fields in a line + are separated by whitespace. +sort-numeric-fields + is similar but converts the specified fields to numbers + and sorts them numerically. +sort-columns divides into lines and sorts them according to the contents + of a specified range of columns. + +Refer to the self-documentation of these commands for full usage information. + +* Changes in various commands. + +** `tags-query-replace' and `tags-search' change. + +These functions now display the name of the file being searched at the moment. + +** `occur' output now serves as a menu. `occur-menu' command deleted. + +`M-x occur' now allows you to move quickly to any of the occurrences +listed. Select the `*Occur*' buffer that contains the output of `occur', +move point to the occurrence you want, and type C-c C-c. +This will move point to the same occurrence in the buffer that the +occurrences were found in. + +The command `occur-menu' is thus obsolete, and has been deleted. + +One way to get a list of matching lines without line numbers is to +copy the text to another buffer and use the command `keep-lines'. + +** Incremental search changes. + +Ordinary and regexp incremental searches now have distinct default +search strings. Thus, regexp searches recall only previous regexp +searches. + +If you exit an incremental search when the search string is empty, +the old default search string is kept. The default does not become +empty. + +Reversing the direction of an incremental search with C-s or C-r +when the search string is empty now does not get the default search +string. It leaves the search string empty. A second C-s or C-r +will get the default search string. As a result, you can do a reverse +incremental regexp search with C-M-s C-r. + +If you add a `*', `?' or `\|' to an incremental search regexp, +point will back up if that is appropriate. For example, if +you have searched for `ab' and add a `*', point moves to the +first match for `ab*', which may be before the match for `ab' +that was previously found. + +If an incremental search is failing and you ask to repeat it, +it will start again from the beginning of the buffer (or the end, +if it is a backward search). + +The search-controlling parameters `isearch-slow-speed' and +`isearch-slow-window-lines' have now been renamed to start with +`search' instead of `isearch'. Now all the parameters' names start +with `search'. + +If `search-slow-window-lines' is negative, the slow search window +is put at the top of the screen, and the absolute value or the +negative number specifies the height of it. + +** Undo changes + +The undo command now will mark the buffer as unmodified only when it is +identical to the contents of the visited file. + +** C-M-v in minibuffer. + +If while in the minibuffer you request help in a way that uses a +window to display something, then until you exit the minibuffer C-M-v +in the minibuffer window scrolls the window of help. + +For example, if you request a list of possible completions, C-M-v can +be used reliably to scroll the completion list. + +** M-TAB command. + +Meta-TAB performs completion on the Emacs Lisp symbol names. The sexp +in the buffer before point is compared against all existing nontrivial +Lisp symbols and completed as far as is uniquely determined by them. +Nontrivial symbols are those with either function definitions, values +or properties. + +If there are multiple possibilities for the very next character, a +list of possible completions is displayed. + +** Dynamic abbreviation package. + +The new command Meta-/ expands an abbreviation in the buffer before point +by searching the buffer for words that start with the abbreviation. + +** Changes in saving kbd macros. + +The commands `write-kbd-macro' and `append-kbd-macro' have been +deleted. The way to save a keyboard macro is to use the new command +`insert-kbd-macro', which inserts Lisp code to define the macro as +it is currently defined into the buffer before point. Visit a Lisp +file such as your Emacs init file `~/.emacs', insert the macro +definition (perhaps deleting an old definition for the same macro) +and then save the file. + +** C-x ' command. + +The new command C-x ' (expand-abbrev) expands the word before point as +an abbrev, even if abbrev-mode is not turned on. + +** Sending to inferior Lisp. + +The command C-M-x in Lisp mode, which sends the current defun to +an inferior Lisp process, now works by writing the text into a temporary +file and actually sending only a `load'-form to load the file. +As a result, it avoids the Unix bugs that used to strike when the +text was above a certain length. + +With a prefix argument, this command now makes the inferior Lisp buffer +appear on the screen and scrolls it so that the bottom is showing. + +Two variables `inferior-lisp-load-command' and `inferior-lisp-prompt', +exist to customize these feature for different Lisp implementations. + +** C-x p now disabled. + +The command C-x p, a nonrecomended command which narrows to the current +page, is now initially disabled like C-x n. + +* Dealing with files. + +** C-x C-v generalized + +This command is now allowed even if the current buffer is not visiting +a file. As usual, it kills the current buffer and replaces it with a +newly found file. + +** M-x recover-file improved; auto save file names changed. + +M-x recover-file now checks whether the last auto-save file is more +recent than the real visited file before offering to read in the +auto-save file. If the auto-save file is newer, a directory listing +containing the two files is displayed while you are asked whether you +want the auto save file. + +Visiting a file also makes this check. If the auto-save file is more recent, +a message is printed suggesting that you consider using M-x recover file. + +Auto save file names now by default have a `#' at the end as well +as at the beginning. This is so that `*.c' in a shell command +will never match auto save files. + +On VMS, auto save file names are made by appending `_$' at the front +and `$' at the end. + +When you change the visited file name of a buffer, the auto save file +is now renamed to belong to the new visited file name. + +You can customize the way auto save file names are made by redefining +the two functions `make-auto-save-file-name' and `auto-save-file-name-p', +both of which are defined in `files.el'. + +** Modifying a buffer whose file is changed on disk is detected instantly. + +On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is +implemented, Emacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer +whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or saved. +If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change the buffer. + +** Exiting Emacs offers to save `*mail*'. + +Emacs can now know about buffers that it should offer to save on exit +even though they are not visiting files. This is done for any buffer +which has a non-nil local value of `buffer-offer-save'. By default, +Mail mode provides such a local value. + +** Backup file changes. + +If a backup file cannot be written in the directory of the visited file +due to fascist file protection, a backup file is now written in your home +directory as `~/%backup%~'. Only one such file is made, ever, so only +the most recently made such backup is available. + +When backup files are made by copying, the last-modification time of the +original file is now preserved in the backup copy. + +** Visiting remote files. + +On an internet host, you can now visit and save files on any other +internet host directly from Emacs with the commands M-x ftp-find-file +and M-x ftp-write-file. Specify an argument of the form HOST:FILENAME. +Since standard internet FTP is used, the other host may be any kind +of machine and is not required to have any special facilities. + +The first time any one remote host is accessed, you will be asked to +give the user name and password for use on that host. FTP is reinvoked +each time you ask to use it, but previously specified user names and +passwords are remembered automatically. + +** Dired `g' command. + +`g' in Dired mode is equivalent to M-x revert-buffer; it causes the +current contents of the same directory to be read in. + +* Changes in major modes. + +** C mode indentation change. + +The binding of Linefeed is no longer changed by C mode. It once again +has its normal meaning, which is to insert a newline and then indent +afterward. + +The old definition did one additional thing: it reindented the line +before the new newline. This has been removed because it made the +command twice as slow. The only time it was really useful was after the +insertion of an `else', since the fact of starting with `else' may change +the way that line is indented. Now you will have to type TAB again +yourself to reindent the `else' properly. + +If the variable `c-tab-always-indent' is set to `nil', the TAB command +in C mode, with no argument, will just insert a tab character if there +is non-whitespace preceding point on the current line. Giving it a +prefix argument will force reindentation of the line (as well as +of the compound statement that begins after point, if any). + +** Fortran mode now exists. + +This mode provides commands for motion and indentation of Fortran code, +plus built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. For details, see the manual +or the on-line documentation of the command `fortran-mode'. + +** Scribe mode now exists. + +This mode does something useful for editing files of Scribe input. +It is used automatically for files with names ending in ".mss". + +** Modula2 and Prolog modes now exist. + +These modes are for editing programs in the languages of the same names. +They can be selected with M-x modula-2-mode and M-x prolog-mode. + +** Telnet mode changes. + +The telnet mode special commands have now been assigned to C-c keys. +Most of them are the same as in Shell mode. + +** Picture mode changes. + +The special picture-mode commands to specify the direction of cursor +motion after insertion have been moved to C-c keys. The commands to +specify diagonal motion were already C-c keys; they are unchanged. +The keys to specify horizontal or vertical motion are now +C-c < (left), C-c > (right), C-c ^ (up) and C-c . (down). + +** Nroff mode comments. + +Comments are now supported in Nroff mode. The standard comment commands +such as M-; and C-x ; know how to insert, align and delete comments +that start with backslash-doublequote. + +** LaTeX mode. + +LaTeX mode now exists. Use M-x latex-mode to select this mode, and +M-x plain-tex-mode to select the previously existing mode for Plain +TeX. M-x tex-mode attempts to examine the contents of the buffer and +choose between latex-mode and plain-tex-mode accordingly; if the +buffer is empty or it cannot tell, the variable `TeX-default-mode' +controls the choice. Its value should be the symbol for the mode to +be used. + +The facilities for running TeX on all or part of the buffer +work with LaTeX as well. + +Some new commands available in both modes: + +C-c C-l recenter the window showing the TeX output buffer + so most recent line of output can be seen. +C-c C-k kill the TeX subprocess. +C-c C-q show the printer queue. +C-c C-f close a block (appropriate for LaTeX only). + If the current line contains a \begin{...}, + this inserts an \end{...} on the following line + and puts point on a blank line between them. + +** Outline mode changes. + +Invisible lines in outline mode are now indicated by `...' at the +end of the previous visible line. + +The special outline heading motion commands are now all on C-c keys. +A few new ones have been added. Here is a full list: + +C-c C-n Move to next visible heading (formerly M-}) +C-c C-p Move to previous visible heading (formerly M-{) +C-c C-f Move to next visible heading at the same level. + Thus, if point is on a level-2 heading line, + this command moves to the next visible level-2 heading. +C-c C-b Move to previous visible heading at the same level. +C-c C-u Move up to previous visible heading at a higher level. + +The variable `outline-regexp' now controls recognition of heading lines. +Any line whose beginning matches this regexp is a heading line. +The depth in outline structure is determined by the length of +the string that matches. + +A line starting with a ^L (formfeed) is now by default considered +a header line. + +* Mail reading and sending. + +** MH-E changes. + +MH-E has been extensively modified and improved since the v17 release. +It contains many new features, including commands to: extracted failed +messages, kill a draft message, undo changes to a mail folder, monitor +delivery of a letter, print multiple messages, page digests backwards, +insert signatures, and burst digests. Also, many commands have been +made to able to deal with named sequences of messages, instead of +single messages. MH-E also has had numerous bugs fixed and commands +made to run faster. Furthermore, its keybindings have been changed to +be compatible with Rmail and the rest of GNU Emacs. + +** Mail mode changes. + +The C-c commands of mail mode have been rearranged: + +C-c s, C-c c, C-c t and C-c b (move point to various header fields) +have been reassigned as C-c C-f C-s, C-c C-f C-c, C-c C-f C-t and C-c +C-f C-b. C-c C-f is for "field". + +C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q. + +Thus, C-c LETTER is always unassigned. + +** Rmail C-r command changed to w. + +The Rmail command to edit the current message is now `w'. This change +has been made because people frequently type C-r while in Rmail hoping +to do a reverse incremental search. That now works. + +* Rnews changes. + +** Caesar rotation added. + +The function news-caesar-buffer-body performs encryption and +decryption of the body of a news message. It defaults to the USENET +standard of 13, and accepts any numeric arg between 1 to 25 and -25 to -1. +The function is bound to C-c C-r in both news-mode and news-reply-mode. + +** rmail-output command added. + +The C-o command has been bound to rmail-output in news-mode. +This allows one to append an article to a file which is in either Unix +mail or RMAIL format. + +** news-reply-mode changes. + +The C-c commands of news reply mode have been rearranged and changed, +so that C-c LETTER is always unassigned: + +C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q. + +C-c c, C-c t, and C-c b (move to various mail header fields) have been +deleted (they make no sense for posting and replying to USENET). + +C-c s (move to Subject: header field) has been reassigned as C-c C-f +C-s. C-c C-f is for "field". Several additional move to news header +field commands have been added. + +The local news-reply-mode bindings now look like this: + +C-c C-s news-inews (post the message) C-c C-c news-inews +C-c C-f move to a header field (and create it if there isn't): + C-c C-f C-n move to Newsgroups: C-c C-f C-s move to Subj: + C-c C-f C-f move to Followup-To: C-c C-f C-k move to Keywords: + C-c C-f C-d move to Distribution: C-c C-f C-a move to Summary: +C-c C-y news-reply-yank-original (insert current message, in NEWS). +C-c C-q mail-fill-yanked-message (fill what was yanked). +C-c C-r caesar rotate all letters by 13 places in the article's body (rot13). + +* Existing Emacs usable as a server. + +Programs such as mailers that invoke "the editor" as an inferior +to edit some text can now be told to use an existing Emacs process +instead of creating a new editor. + +To do this, you must have an Emacs process running and capable of +doing terminal I/O at the time you want to invoke it. This means that +either you are using a window system and give Emacs a separate window +or you run the other programs as inferiors of Emacs (such as, using +M-x shell). + +First prepare the existing Emacs process by loading the `server' +library and executing M-x server-start. (Your .emacs can do this +automatically.) + +Now tell the other programs to use, as "the editor", the Emacs client +program (etc/emacsclient, located in the same directory as this file). +This can be done by setting the environment variable EDITOR. + +When another program invokes the emacsclient as "the editor", the +client actually transfers the file names to be edited to the existing +Emacs, which automatically visits the files. + +When you are done editing a buffer for a client, do C-x # (server-edit). +This marks that buffer as done, and selects the next buffer that the client +asked for. When all the buffers requested by a client are marked in this +way, Emacs tells the client program to exit, so that the program that +invoked "the editor" will resume execution. + +You can only have one server Emacs at a time, but multiple client programs +can put in requests at the same time. + +The client/server work only on Berkeley Unix, since they use the Berkeley +sockets mechanism for their communication. + +Changes in Lisp programming in Emacs version 18. + +* Init file changes. + +** Suffixes no longer accepted on `.emacs'. + +Emacs will no longer load a file named `.emacs.el' or `emacs.elc' +in place of `.emacs'. This is so that it will take less time to +find `.emacs'. If you want to compile your init file, give it another +name and make `.emacs' a link to the `.elc' file, or make it contain +a call to `load' to load the `.elc' file. + +** `default-profile' renamed to `default', and loaded after `.emacs'. + +It used to be the case that the file `default-profile' was loaded if +and only if `.emacs' was not found. + +Now the name `default-profile' is not used at all. Instead, a library +named `default' is loaded after the `.emacs' file. `default' is loaded +whether the `.emacs' file exists or not. However, loading of `default' +can be prevented if the `.emacs' file sets `inhibit-default-init' to non-nil. + +In fact, you would call the default file `default.el' and probably would +byte-compile it to speed execution. + +Note that for most purposes you are better off using a `site-init' library +since that will be loaded before the runnable Emacs is dumped. By using +a `site-init' library, you avoid taking up time each time Emacs is started. + +** inhibit-command-line has been eliminated. + +This variable used to exist for .emacs files to set. It has been +eliminated because you can get the same effect by setting +command-line-args to nil and setting inhibit-startup-message to t. + +* `apply' is more general. + +`apply' now accepts any number of arguments. The first one is a function; +the rest are individual arguments to pass to that function, except for the +last, which is a list of arguments to pass. + +Previously, `apply' required exactly two arguments. Its old behavior +follows as a special case of the new definition. + +* New code-letter for `interactive'. + +(interactive "NFoo: ") is like (interactive "nFoo: ") in reading +a number using the minibuffer to serve as the argument; however, +if a prefix argument was specified, it uses the prefix argument +value as the argument, and does not use the minibuffer at all. + +This is used by the `goto-line' and `goto-char' commands. + +* Semantics of variables. + +** Built-in per-buffer variables improved. + +Several built-in variables which in the past had a different value in +each buffer now behave exactly as if `make-variable-buffer-local' had +been done to them. + +These variables are `tab-width', `ctl-arrow', `truncate-lines', +`fill-column', `left-margin', `mode-line-format', `abbrev-mode', +`overwrite-mode', `case-fold-search', `auto-fill-hook', +`selective-display', `selective-display-ellipses'. + +To be precise, each variable has a default value which shows through +in most buffers and can be accessed with `default-value' and set with +`set-default'. Setting the variable with `setq' makes the variable +local to the current buffer. Changing the default value has retroactive +effect on all buffers in which the variable is not local. + +The variables `default-case-fold-search', etc., are now obsolete. +They now refer to the default value of the variable, which is not +quite the same behavior as before, but it should enable old init files +to continue to work. + +** New per-buffer variables. + +The variables `fill-prefix', `comment-column' and `indent-tabs-mode' +are now per-buffer. They work just like `fill-column', etc. + +** New function `setq-default'. + +`setq-default' sets the default value of a variable, and uses the +same syntax that `setq' accepts: the variable name is not evaluated +and need not be quoted. + +`(setq-default case-fold-search nil)' would make searches case-sensitive +in all buffers that do not have local values for `case-fold-search'. + +** Functions `global-set' and `global-value' deleted. + +These functions were never used except by mistake by users expecting +the functionality of `set-default' and `default-value'. + +* Changes in defaulting of major modes. + +When `default-major-mode' is `nil', new buffers are supposed to +get their major mode from the buffer that is current. However, +certain major modes (such as Dired mode, Rmail mode, Rmail Summary mode, +and others) are not reasonable to use in this way. + +Now such modes' names have been given non-`nil' `mode-class' properties. +If the current buffer's mode has such a property, Fundamental mode is +used as the default for newly created buffers. + +* `where-is-internal' requires additional arguments. + +This function now accepts three arguments, two of them required: +DEFINITION, the definition to search for; LOCAL-KEYMAP, the keymap +to use as the local map when doing the searching, and FIRST-ONLY, +which is nonzero to return only the first key found. + +This function returns a list of keys (strings) whose definitions +(in the LOCAL-KEYMAP or the current global map) are DEFINITION. + +If FIRST-ONLY is non-nil, it returns a single key (string). + +This function has changed incompatibly in that now two arguments +are required when previously only one argument was allowed. To get +the old behavior of this function, write `(current-local-map)' as +the expression for the second argument. + +The incompatibility is sad, but `nil' is a legitimate value for the +second argument (it means there is no local keymap), so it cannot also +serve as a default meaning to use the current local keymap. + +* Abbrevs with hooks. + +When an abbrev defined with a hook is expanded, it now performs the +usual replacement of the abbrev with the expansion before running the +hook. Previously the abbrev itself was deleted but the expansion was +not inserted. + +* Function `scan-buffer' deleted. + +Use `search-forward' or `search-backward' in place of `scan-buffer'. +You will have to rearrange the arguments. + +* X window interface improvements. + +** Detect release of mouse buttons. + +Button-up events can now be detected. See the file `lisp/x-mouse.el' +for details. + +** New pop-up menu facility. + +The new function `x-popup-menu' pops up a menu (in a X window) +and returns an indication of which selection the user made. +For more information, see its self-documentation. + +* M-x disassemble. + +This command prints the disassembly of a byte-compiled Emacs Lisp function. + +Would anyone like to interface this to the debugger? + +* `insert-buffer-substring' can insert part of the current buffer. + +The old restriction that the text being inserted had to come from +a different buffer is now lifted. + +When inserting text from the current buffer, the text to be inserted +is determined from the specified bounds before any copying takes place. + +* New function `substitute-key-definition'. + +This is a new way to replace one command with another command as the +binding of whatever keys may happen to refer to it. + +(substitute-key-definition OLDDEF NEWDEF KEYMAP) looks through KEYMAP +for keys defined to run OLDDEF, and rebinds those keys to run NEWDEF +instead. + +* New function `insert-char'. + +Insert a specified character, a specified number of times. + +* `mark-marker' changed. + +When there is no mark, this now returns a marker that points +nowhere, rather than `nil'. + +* `ding' accepts argument. + +When given an argument, the function `ding' does not terminate +execution of a keyboard macro. Normally, `ding' does terminate +all macros that are currently executing. + +* New function `minibuffer-depth'. + +This function returns the current depth in minibuffer activations. +The value is zero when the minibuffer is not in use. +Values greater than one are possible if the user has entered the +minibuffer recursively. + +* New function `documentation-property'. + +(documentation-property SYMBOL PROPNAME) is like (get SYMBOL PROPNAME), +except that if the property value is a number `documentation-property' +will take that number (or its absolute value) as a character position +in the DOC file and return the string found there. + +(documentation-property VAR 'variable-documentation) is the proper +way for a Lisp program to get the documentation of variable VAR. + +* New documentation-string expansion feature. + +If a documentation string (for a variable or function) contains text +of the form `\<FOO>', it means that all command names specified in +`\[COMMAND]' construct from that point on should be turned into keys +using the value of the variable FOO as the local keymap. Thus, for example, + + `\<emacs-lisp-mode-map>\[eval-defun] evaluates the defun containing point.' + +will expand into + + "ESC C-x evaluates the defun containing point." + +regardless of the current major mode, because ESC C-x is defined to +run `eval-defun' in the keymap `emacs-lisp-mode-map'. The effect is +to show the key for `eval-defun' in Emacs Lisp mode regardless of the +current major mode. + +The `\<...>' construct applies to all `\[...]' constructs that follow it, +up to the end of the documentation string or the next `\<...>'. + +Without `\<...>', the keys for commands specified in `\[...]' are found +in the current buffer's local map. + +The current global keymap is always searched second, whether `\<...>' +has been used or not. + +* Multiple hooks allowed in certain contexts. + +The old hook variables `find-file-hook', `find-file-not-found-hook' and +`write-file-hook' have been replaced. + +The replacements are `find-file-hooks', `find-file-not-found-hooks' +and `write-file-hooks'. Each holds a list of functions to be called; +by default, `nil', for no functions. The functions are called in +order of appearance in the list. + +In the case of `find-file-hooks', all the functions are executed. + +In the case of `find-file-not-found-hooks', if any of the functions +returns non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called. + +In the case of `write-file-hooks', if any of the functions returns +non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called, and the file is +considered to have been written already; so actual writing in the +usual way is not done. If `write-file-hooks' is local to a buffer, +it is set to its global value if `set-visited-file-name' is called +(and thus by C-x C-w as well). + +`find-file-not-found-hooks' and `write-file-hooks' can be used +together to implement editing of files that are not stored as Unix +files: stored in archives, or inside version control systems, or on +other machines running other operating systems and accessible via ftp. + +* New hooks for suspending Emacs. + +Suspending Emacs runs the hook `suspend-hook' before suspending +and the hook `suspend-resume-hook' if the suspended Emacs is resumed. +Running a hook is done by applying the variable's value to no arguments +if the variable has a non-`nil' value. If `suspend-hook' returns +non-`nil', then suspending is inhibited and so is running the +`suspend-resume-hook'. The non-`nil' value means that the `suspend-hook' +has done whatever suspending is required. + +* Disabling commands can print a special message. + +A command is disabled by giving it a non-`nil' `disabled' property. +Now, if this property is a string, it is included in the message +printed when the user tries to run the command. + +* Emacs can open TCP connections. + +The function `open-network-stream' opens a TCP connection to +a specified host and service. Its value is a Lisp object that represents +the connection. The object is a kind of "subprocess", and I/O are +done like I/O to subprocesses. + +* Display-related changes. + +** New mode-line control features. + +The display of the mode line used to be controlled by a format-string +that was the value of the variable `mode-line-format'. + +This variable still exists, but it now allows more general values, +not just strings. Lists, cons cells and symbols are also meaningful. + +The mode line contents are created by outputting various mode elements +one after the other. Here are the kinds of objects that can be +used as mode elements, and what they do in the display: + + string the contents of the string are output to the mode line, + and %-constructs are replaced by other text. + + t or nil ignored; no output results. + + symbol the symbol's value is used. If the value is a string, + the string is output verbatim to the mode line + (so %-constructs are not interpreted). Otherwise, + the symbol's value is processed as a mode element. + + list (whose first element is a string or list or cons cell) + the elements of the list are treated as as mode elements, + so that the output they generate is concatenated, + + list (whose car is a symbol) + if the symbol's value is non-nil, the second element of the + list is treated as a mode element. Otherwise, the third + element (if any) of the list is treated as a mode element. + + cons (whose car is a positive integer) + the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but + the text it produces is padded, if necessary, to have + at least the width specified by the integer. + + cons (whose car is a negative integer) + the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but + the text it produces is truncated, if necessary, to have + at most the width specified by the integer. + +There is always one mode element to start with, that being the value of +`mode-line-format', but if this value is a list then it leads to several +more mode elements, which can lead to more, and so on. + +There is one new %-construct for mode elements that are strings: +`%n' displays ` Narrow' for a buffer that is narrowed. + +The default value of `mode-line-format' refers to several other variables. +These variables are `mode-name', `mode-line-buffer-identification', +`mode-line-process', `mode-line-modified', `global-mode-string' and +`minor-mode-alist'. The first four are local in every buffer in which they +are changed from the default. + +mode-name Name of buffer's major mode. Local in every buffer. + +mode-line-buffer-identification + Normally the list ("Emacs: %17b"), it is responsible + for displaying text to indicate what buffer is being shown + and what kind of editing it is doing. `Emacs' means + that a file of characters is being edited. Major modes + such as Info and Dired which edit or view other kinds + of data often change this value. This variables becomes + local to the current buffer if it is setq'd. + +mode-line-process + Normally nil, this variable is responsible for displaying + information about the process running in the current buffer. + M-x shell-mode and M-x compile alter this variable. + +mode-line-modified + This variable is responsible for displaying the indication + of whether the current buffer is modified or read-only. + By default its value is `("--%*%*-")'. + +minor-mode-alist + This variable is responsible for displaying text for those + minor modes that are currently enabled. Its value + is a list of elements of the form (VARIABLE STRING), + where STRING is to be displayed if VARIABLE's value + (in the buffer whose mode line is being displayed) + is non-nil. This variable is not made local to particular + buffers, but loading some libraries may add elements to it. + +global-mode-string + This variable is used to display the time, if you ask + for that. + +The idea of these variables is to eliminate the need for major modes +to alter mode-line-format itself. + +** `window-point' valid for selected window. + +The value returned by `window-point' used to be incorrect when its +argument was the selected window. Now the value is correct. + +** Window configurations may be saved as Lisp objects. + +The function `current-window-configuration' returns a special type of +Lisp object that represents the current layout of windows: the +sizes and positions of windows, which buffers appear in them, and +which parts of the buffers appear on the screen. + +The function `set-window-configuration' takes one argument, which must +be a window configuration object, and restores that configuration. + +** New hook `temp-output-buffer-show-hook'. + +This hook allows you to control how help buffers are displayed. +Whenever `with-output-to-temp-buffer' has executed its body and wants +to display the temp buffer, if this variable is bound and non-`nil' +then its value is called with one argument, the temp buffer. +The hook function is solely responsible for displaying the buffer. +The standard manner of display--making the buffer appear in a window--is +used only if there is no hook function. + +** New function `minibuffer-window'. + +This function returns the window used (sometimes) for displaying +the minibuffer. It can be used even when the minibuffer is not active. + +** New feature to `next-window'. + +If the optional second argument is neither `nil' nor `t', the minibuffer +window is omitted from consideration even when active; if the starting +window was the last non-minibuffer window, the value will be the first +non-minibuffer window. + +** New variable `minibuffer-scroll-window'. + +When this variable is non-`nil', the command `scroll-other-window' +uses it as the window to be scrolled. Displays of completion-lists +set this variable to the window containing the display. + +** New argument to `sit-for'. + +A non-nil second argument to `sit-for' means do not redisplay; +just wait for the specified time or until input is available. + +** Deleted function `set-minor-mode'; minor modes must be changed. + +The function `set-minor-mode' has been eliminated. The display +of minor mode names in the mode line is now controlled by the +variable `minor-mode-alist'. To specify display of a new minor +mode, it is sufficient to add an element to this list. Once that +is done, you can turn the mode on and off just by setting a variable, +and the display will show its status automatically. + +** New variable `cursor-in-echo-area'. + +If this variable is non-nil, the screen cursor appears on the +last line of the screen, at the end of the text displayed there. + +Binding this variable to t is useful at times when reading single +characters of input with `read-char'. + +** New per-buffer variable `selective-display-ellipses'. + +If this variable is non-nil, an ellipsis (`...') appears on the screen +at the end of each text line that is followed by invisible text. + +If this variable is nil, no ellipses appear. Then there is no sign +on the screen that invisible text is present. + +Text is made invisible under the control of the variable +`selective-display'; this is how Outline mode and C-x $ work. + +** New variable `no-redraw-on-reenter'. + +If you set this variable non-nil, Emacs will not clear the screen when +you resume it after suspending it. This is for the sake of terminals +with multiple screens of memory, where the termcap entry has been set +up to switch between screens when Emacs is suspended and resumed. + +** New argument to `set-screen-height' or `set-screen-width'. + +These functions now take an optional second argument which says +what significance the newly specified height or width has. + +If the argument is nil, or absent, it means that Emacs should +believe that the terminal height or width really is as just specified. + +If the argument is t, it means Emacs should not believe that the +terminal really is this high or wide, but it should use the +specific height or width as the number of lines or columns to display. +Thus, you could display only 24 lines on a screen known to have 48 lines. + +What practical difference is there between using only 24 lines for display +and really believing that the terminal has 24 lines? + +1. The ``real'' height of the terminal says what the terminal command +to move the cursor to the last line will do. + +2. The ``real'' height of the terminal determines how much padding is +needed. + +* File-related changes. + +** New parameter `backup-by-copying-when-mismatch'. + +If this variable is non-`nil', then when Emacs is about to save a +file, it will create the backup file by copying if that would avoid +changing the file's uid or gid. + +The default value of this variable is `nil', because usually it is +useful to have the uid of a file change according to who edited it +last. I recommend thet this variable be left normally `nil' and +changed with a local variables list in those particular files where +the uid needs to be preserved. + +** New parameter `file-precious-flag'. + +If this variable is non-`nil', saving the buffer tries to avoid +leaving an incomplete file due to disk full or other I/O errors. +It renames the old file before saving. If saving is successful, +the renamed file is deleted; if saving gets an error, the renamed +file is renamed back to the name you visited. + +Backups are always made by copying for such files. + +** New variable `buffer-offer-save'. + +If the value of this variable is non-`nil' in a buffer then exiting +Emacs will offer to save the buffer (if it is modified and nonempty) +even if the buffer is not visiting a file. This variable is +automatically made local to the current buffer whenever it is set. + +** `rename-file', `copy-file', `add-name-to-file' and `make-symbolic-link'. + +The third argument to these functions used to be `t' or `nil'; `t' +meaning go ahead even if the specified new file name already has a file, +and `nil' meaning to get an error. + +Now if the third argument is a number it means to ask the user for +confirmation in this case. + +** New optional argument to `copy-file'. + +If `copy-file' receives a non-nil fourth argument, it attempts +to give the new copy the same time-of-last-modification that the +original file has. + +** New function `file-newer-than-file-p'. + +(file-newer-than-file-p FILE1 FILE2) returns non-nil if FILE1 has been +modified more recently than FILE2. If FILE1 does not exist, the value +is always nil; otherwise, if FILE2 does not exist, the value is t. +This is meant for use when FILE2 depends on FILE1, to see if changes +in FILE1 make it necessary to recompute FILE2 from it. + +** Changed function `file-exists-p'. + +This function is no longer the same as `file-readable-p'. +`file-exists-p' can now return t for a file that exists but which +the fascists won't allow you to read. + +** New function `file-locked-p'. + +This function receives a file name as argument and returns `nil' +if the file is not locked, `t' if locked by this Emacs, or a +string giving the name of the user who has locked it. + +** New function `file-name-sans-versions'. + +(file-name-sans-versions NAME) returns a substring of NAME, with any +version numbers or other backup suffixes deleted from the end. + +** New functions for directory names. + +Although a directory is really a kind of file, specifying a directory +uses a somewhat different syntax from specifying a file. +In Emacs, a directory name is used as part of a file name. + +On Unix, the difference is small: a directory name ends in a slash, +while a file name does not: thus, `/usr/rms/' to name a directory, +while `/usr/rms' names the file which holds that directory. + +On VMS, the difference is considerable: `du:[rms.foo]' specifies a +directory, but the name of the file that holds that directory is +`du:[rms]foo.dir'. + +There are two new functions for converting between directory names +and file names. `directory-file-name' takes a directory name and +returns the name of the file in which that directory's data is stored. +`file-name-as-directory' takes the name of a file and returns +the corresponding directory name. These always understand Unix file name +syntax; on VMS, they understand VMS syntax as well. + +For example, (file-name-as-directory "/usr/rms") returns "/usr/rms/" +and (directory-file-name "/usr/rms/") returns "/usr/rms". +On VMS, (file-name-as-directory "du:[rms]foo.dir") returns "du:[rms.foo]" +and (directory-file-name "du:[rms.foo]") returns "du:[rms]foo.dir". + +** Value of `file-attributes' changed. + +The function file-attributes returns a list containing many kinds of +information about a file. Now the list has eleven elements. + +The tenth element is `t' if deleting the file and creating another +file of the same name would result in a change in the file's group; +`nil' if there would be no change. You can also think of this as +comparing the file's group with the default group for files created in +the same directory by you. + +The eleventh element is the inode number of the file. + +** VMS-only function `file-name-all-versions'. + +This function returns a list of all the completions, including version +number, of a specified version-number-less file name. This is like +`file-name-all-completions', except that the latter returns values +that do not include version numbers. + +** VMS-only variable `vms-stmlf-recfm'. + +On a VMS system, if this variable is non-nil, Emacs will give newly +created files the record format `stmlf'. This is necessary for files +that must contain lines of arbitrary length, such as compiled Emacs +Lisp. + +When writing a new version of an existing file, Emacs always keeps +the same record format as the previous version; so this variable has +no effect. + +This variable has no effect on Unix systems. + +** `insert-file-contents' on an empty file. + +This no longer sets the buffer's "modified" flag. + +** New function (VMS only) `define-logical-name': + +(define-logical-name LOGICAL TRANSLATION) defines a VMS logical name +LOGICAL whose translation is TRANSLATION. The new name applies to +the current process only. + +** Deleted variable `ask-about-buffer-names'. + +If you want buffer names for files to be generated in a special way, +you must redefine `create-file-buffer'. + +* Subprocess-related changes. + +** New function `process-list'. + +This function takes no arguments and returns a list of all +of Emacs's asynchronous subprocesses. + +** New function `process-exit-status'. + +This function, given a process, process name or buffer as argument, +returns the exit status code or signal number of the process. +If the process has not yet exited or died, this function returns 0. + +** Process output ignores `buffer-read-only'. + +Output from a process will go into the process's buffer even if the +buffer is read only. + +** Switching buffers in filter functions and sentinels. + +Emacs no longer saves and restore the current buffer around calling +the filter and sentinel functions, so these functions can now +permanently alter the selected buffer in a straightforward manner. + +** Specifying environment variables for subprocesses. + +When a subprocess is started with `start-process' or `call-process', +the value of the variable `process-environment' is taken to +specify the environment variables to give the subprocess. The +value should be a list of strings, each of the form "VAR=VALUE". + +`process-environment' is initialized when Emacs starts up +based on Emacs's environment. + +** New variable `process-connection-type'. + +If this variable is `nil', when a subprocess is created, Emacs uses +a pipe rather than a pty to communicate with it. Normally this +variable is `t', telling Emacs to use a pty if ptys are supported +and one is available. + +** New function `waiting-for-user-input-p'. + +This function, given a subprocess as argument, returns `t' if that +subprocess appears to be waiting for input sent from Emacs, +or `nil' otherwise. + +** New hook `shell-set-directory-error-hook'. + +The value of this variable is called, with no arguments, whenever +Shell mode gets an error trying to keep track of directory-setting +commands (such as `cd' and `pushd') used in the shell buffer. + +* New functions `user-uid' and `user-real-uid'. + +These functions take no arguments and return, respectively, +the effective uid and the real uid of the Emacs process. +The value in each case is an integer. + +* New variable `print-escape-newlines' controls string printing. + +If this variable is non-`nil', then when a Lisp string is printed +by the Lisp printing function `prin1' or `print', newline characters +are printed as `\n' rather than as a literal newline. + +* New function `sysnetunam' on HPUX. + +This function takes two arguments, a network address PATH and a +login string LOGIN, and executes the system call `netunam'. +It returns `t' if the call succeeds, otherwise `nil'. + +News regarding installation: + +* Many `s-...' file names changed. + +Many `s-...' files have been renamed. All periods in such names, +except the ones just before the final `h', have been changed to +hyphens. Thus, `s-bsd4.2.h' has been renamed to `s-bsd4-2.h'. + +This is so a Unix distribution can be moved mechanically to VMS. + +* `DOCSTR...' file now called `DOC-...'. + +The file of on-line documentation strings, that used to be +`DOCSTR.mm.nn.oo' in this directory, is now called `DOC-mm.nn.oo'. +This is so that it can port to VMS using the standard conventions +for translating filenames for VMS. + +This file also now contains the doc strings for variables as +well as functions. + +* Emacs no longer uses floating point arithmetic. + +This may make it easier to port to some machines. + +* Macros `XPNTR' and `XSETPNTR'; flag `DATA_SEG_BITS'. + +These macros exclusively are used to unpack a pointer from a Lisp_Object +and to insert a pointer into a Lisp_Object. Redefining them may help +port Emacs to machines in which all pointers to data objects have +certain high bits set. + +If `DATA_SEG_BITS' is defined, it should be a number which contains +the high bits to be inclusive or'ed with pointers that are unpacked. + +* New flag `HAVE_X_MENU'. + +Define this flag in `config.h' in addition to `HAVE_X_WINDOWS' +to enable use of the Emacs interface to X Menus. On some operating +systems, the rest of the X interface works properly but X Menus +do not work; hence this separate flag. See the file `src/xmenu.c' +for more information. + +* Macros `ARRAY_MARK_FLAG' and `DONT_COPY_FLAG'. + +* `HAVE_ALLOCA' prevents assembly of `alloca.s'. + +* `SYSTEM_MALLOC' prevents use of GNU `malloc.c'. + +SYSTEM_MALLOC, if defined, means use the system's own `malloc' routines +rather than those that come with Emacs. + +Use this only if absolutely necessary, because if it is used you do +not get warnings when space is getting low. + +* New flags to control unexec. + +See the file `unexec.c' for a long comment on the compilation +switches that suffice to make it work on many machines. + +* `PNTR_COMPARISON_TYPE' + +Pointers that need to be compared for ordering are converted to this type +first. Normally this is `unsigned int'. + +* `HAVE_VFORK', `HAVE_DUP2' and `HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY'. + +These flags just say whether certain system calls are available. + +* New macros control compiler switches, linker switches and libraries. + +The m- and s- files can now control in a modular fashion the precise +arguments passed to `cc' and `ld'. + +LIBS_STANDARD defines the standard C libraries. Default is `-lc'. +LIBS_DEBUG defines the extra libraries to use when debugging. Default `-lg'. +LIBS_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra libraries. +LIBS_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra libraries. +LIBS_TERMCAP defines the libraries for Termcap or Terminfo. + It is defined by default in a complicated fashion but the m- or s- file + can override it. + +LD_SWITCH_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra `ld' switches. + The default is `-X' on BSD systems except those few that use COFF object files. +LD_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `ld' switches. + +C_DEBUG_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' when debugging. Default `-g'. +C_OPTIMIZE_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' to optimize. Default `-O'. +C_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `cc' switches. + +For older news, see the file NEWS.2. + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Copyright information: + +Copyright (C) 1988 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies + of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the + copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved, + thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn. + + Permission is granted to distribute modified versions + of this document, or of portions of it, + under the above conditions, provided also that they + carry prominent notices stating who last changed them. + +Local variables: +mode: text +end:
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/etc/NEWS.4 Thu Aug 17 15:38:59 2000 +0000 @@ -0,0 +1,1691 @@ +GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes. 1992. +Copyright (C) 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +See the end for copying conditions. + +For older news, see the file NEWS.3. + +Changes in version 18.58. + +* RMAIL reply now properly parses nested comments in addesses. + +* The "visual bell" feature when used with X windows +now flashes only 1/4 of the window's total area. This is because +flashing the whole window is too slow on some systems. + +* `call-process' and `call-process-region' now return an indication +of the exit status of the subprocess: either a numeric exit code +or a string describing the signal which caused termination. + +* It is possible for regular expression matching to overflow the stack +of failure points. In the past, such overflow was treated as simple +failure to match. Now it causes an error. + +* You can use C-u to end a numeric argument. Thus, type C-u 1 0 0 C-u 1 +to insert 100 1's. + +* Emacs now knows how to get resource values from the X server. + +* Job control commands in shell mode work properly on more systems +because they now work by "typing" signal characters such as C-c. + +* copy-keymap no longer recursively copies keymaps reached through +symbols' function definitions (i.e., those that have names). It does +copy nested keymaps that appear directly in the other copied keymaps. + +Changes in version 18.56. + +* C-g should now work to interrupt a running program +on all kinds of systems even when using X windows. + +* Quitting is inhibited while a filter or sentinel is running. +Those functions can run asynchronously while Emacs is waiting +for keyboard input, and if they allow quitting, they +make the behavior of C-g unpredictable. + +* Storing text into the X windows cut buffer +now clears out any selection. + +* The undo facility is completely rewritten, and now +uses Lisp data structures. It can record much more +information. You can use the variables undo-threshold +and undo-high-threshold to control how much. + +* There is no longer a maximum screen height or width. + +Changes in version 18.52. + +* X windows version 10 is supported under system V. + +* Pop-up menus are now supported with the same Lisp interface in +both version 10 and 11 of X windows. + +* C-x 4 a is a new command to edit a change-log entry in another window. + +* The emacs client program now allows an option +NNN to specify the +line number to go to in the file whose name follows. Thus, + emacsclient foo.c +45 bar.c +will find the files `foo.c' and `bar.c', going to line 45 in `bar.c'. + +* Dired allows empty directories to be deleted like files. + +* When the terminal type is used to find a terminal-specific file to +run, Emacs now tries the entire terminal type first. If that doesn't +yield a file that exists, the last hyphen and what follows it is +stripped. If that doesn't yield a file that exists, the previous +hyphen is stripped, and so on until all hyphens are gone. For +example, if the terminal type is `aaa-48-foo', Emacs will try first +`term/aaa-48-foo.el', then `term/aaa-48.el' and finally `term/aaa.el'. + +Underscores now receive the same treatment as hyphens. + +* Texinfo features: @defun, etc. texinfo-show-structure. +New template commands. texinfo-format-region. + +* The special "local variable" `eval' is now ignored if you are running +as root. + +* New command `c-macro-expand' shows the result of C macro expansion +in the region. It works using the C preprocessor, so its results +are completely accurate. + +* Errors in trying to auto save now flash error messages for a few seconds. + +* Killing a buffer now sends SIGHUP to the buffer's process. + +* New hooks. + +** `spell-region' now allows you to filter the text before spelling-checking. +If the value of `spell-filter' is non-nil, it is called, with no arguments, +looking at a temporary buffer containing a copy of the text to be checked. +It can alter the text freely before the spell program sees it. + +** The variable `lpr-command' now specifies the command to be used when +you use the commands to print text (such as M-x print-buffer). + +** Posting netnews now calls the value of `news-inews-hook' (if not nil) +as a function of no arguments before the actual posting. + +** Rmail now calls the value of `rmail-show-message-hook' (if not nil) +as a function of no arguments, each time a new message is selected. + +** `kill-emacs' calls the value of `kill-emacs-hook' as a function of no args +unless Emacs is running in batch mode. + +* New libraries. +See the source code of each library for more information. + +** icon.el: a major mode for editing programs written in Icon. + +** life.el: a simulator for the cellular automaton "life". Load the +library and run M-x life. + +** doctex.el: a library for converting the Emacs `etc/DOC' file of +documentation strings into TeX input. + +** saveconf.el: a library which records the arrangement of windows and +buffers when you exit Emacs, and automatically recreates the same +setup the next time you start Emacs. + +** uncompress.el: a library that automatically uncompresses files +when you visit them. + +** c-fill.el: a mode for editing filled comments in C. + +** kermit.el: an extended version of shell-mode designed for running kermit. + +** spook.el: a library for adding some "distract the NSA" keywords to every +message you send. + +** hideif.el: a library for hiding parts of a C program based on preprocessor +conditionals. + +** autoinsert.el: a library to put in some initial text when you visit +a nonexistent file. The text used depends on the major mode, and +comes from a directory of files created by you. + +* New programming features. + +** The variable `window-system-version' now contains the version number +of the window system you are using (if appropriate). When using X windows, +its value is either 10 or 11. + +** (interactive "N") uses the prefix argument if any; otherwise, it reads +a number using the minibuffer. + +** VMS: there are two new functions `vms-system-info' and `shrink-to-icon'. +The former allows you to get many kinds of system status information. +See its self-documentation for full details. +The second is used with the window system: it iconifies the Emacs window. + +** VMS: the new function `define-logical-name' allows you to create +job-wide logical names. The old function `define-dcl-symbol' has been +removed. + +Changes in version 18.50. + +* X windows version 11 is supported. + +Define X11 in config.h if you want X version 11 instead of version 10. + +* The command M-x gdb runs the GDB debugger as an inferior. +It asks for the filename of the executable you want to debug. + +GDB runs as an inferior with I/O through an Emacs buffer. All the +facilities of Shell mode are available. In addition, each time your +program stops, and each time you select a new stack frame, the source +code is displayed in another window with an arrow added to the line +where the program is executing. + +Special GDB-mode commands include M-s, M-n, M-i, M-u, M-d, and C-c C-f +which send the GDB commands `step', `next', `stepi', `up', `down' +and `finish'. + +In any source file, the commands C-x SPC tells GDB to set a breakpoint +on the current line. + +* M-x calendar displays a three-month calendar. + +* C-u 0 C-x C-s never makes a backup file. + +This is a way you can explicitly request not to make a backup. + +* `term-setup-hook' is for users only. + +Emacs never uses this variable for internal purposes, so you can freely +set it in your `.emacs' file to make Emacs do something special after +loading any terminal-specific setup file from `lisp/term'. + +* `copy-keymap' now copies recursive submaps. + +* New overlay-arrow feature. + +If you set the variable `overlay-arrow-string' to a string +and `overlay-arrow-position' to a marker, that string is displayed on +the screen at the position of that marker, hiding whatever text would +have appeared there. If that position isn't on the screen, or if +the buffer the marker points into isn't displayed, there is no effect. + +* -batch mode can read from the terminal. + +It now works to use `read-char' to do terminal input in a noninteractive +Emacs run. End of file causes Emacs to exit. + +* Variables `data-bytes-used' and `data-bytes-free' removed. + +These variables cannot really work because the 24-bit range of an +integer in (most ports of) GNU Emacs is not large enough to hold their +values on many systems. + +Changes in version 18.45, since version 18.41. + +* C indentation parameter `c-continued-brace-offset'. + +This parameter's value is added to the indentation of any +line that is in a continuation context and starts with an open-brace. +For example, it applies to the open brace shown here: + + if (x) + { + +The default value is zero. + +* Dabbrev expansion (Meta-/) preserves case. + +When you use Meta-/ to search the buffer for an expansion of an +abbreviation, if the expansion found is all lower case except perhaps +for its first letter, then the case pattern of the abbreviation +is carried over to the expansion that replaces it. + +* TeX-mode syntax. + +\ is no longer given "escape character" syntax in TeX mode. It now +has the syntax of an ordinary punctuation character. As a result, +\[...\] and such like are considered to balance each other. + +* Mail-mode automatic Reply-to field. + +If the variable `mail-default-reply-to' is non-`nil', then each time +you start to compose a message, a Reply-to field is inserted with +its contents taken from the value of `mail-default-reply-to'. + +* Where is your .emacs file? + +If you run Emacs under `su', so your real and effective uids are +different, Emacs uses the home directory associated with the real uid +(the name you actually logged in under) to find the .emacs file. + +Otherwise, Emacs uses the environment variable HOME to find the .emacs +file. + +The .emacs file is not loaded at all if -batch is specified. + +* Prolog mode is the default for ".pl" files. + +* File names are not case-sensitive on VMS. + +On VMS systems, all file names that you specify are converted to upper +case. You can use either upper or lower case indiscriminately. + +* VMS-only function 'define-dcl-symbol'. + +This is a new name for the function formerly called +`define-logical-name'. + +Editing Changes in Emacs 18 + +* Additional systems and machines are supported. + +GNU Emacs now runs on Vax VMS. However, many facilities that are normally +implemented by running subprocesses do not work yet. This includes listing +a directory and sending mail. There are features for running subprocesses +but they are incompatible with those on Unix. I hope that some of +the VMS users can reimplement these features for VMS (compatibly for +the user, if possible). + +VMS wizards are also asked to work on making the subprocess facilities +more upward compatible with those on Unix, and also to rewrite their +internals to use the same Lisp objects that are used on Unix to +represent processes. + +In addition, the TI Nu machine running Unix system V, the AT&T 3b, and +the Wicat, Masscomp, Integrated Solutions, Alliant, Amdahl uts, Mips, +Altos 3068 and Gould Unix systems are now supported. The IBM PC-RT is +supported under 4.2, but not yet under system V. The GEC 93 is close +to working. The port for the Elxsi is partly merged. See the file +MACHINES for full status information and machine-specific installation +advice. + +* Searching is faster. + +Forward search for a text string, or for a regexp that is equivalent +to a text string, is now several times faster. Motion by lines and +counting lines is also faster. + +* Memory usage improvements. + +It is no longer possible to run out of memory during garbage +collection. As a result, running out of memory is never fatal. This +is due to a new garbage collection algorithm which compactifies +strings in place rather than copying them. Another consequence of the +change is a reduction in total memory usage and a slight increase in +garbage collection speed. + +* Display changes. + +** Editing above top of screen. + +When you delete or kill or alter text that reaches to the top of the +screen or above it, so that display would start in the middle of a +line, Emacs will usually attempt to scroll the text so that display +starts at the beginning of a line again. + +** Yanking in the minibuffer. + +The message "Mark Set" is no longer printed when the minibuffer is +active. This is convenient with many commands, including C-y, that +normally print such a message. + +** Cursor appears in last line during y-or-n questions. + +Questions that want a `y' or `n' answer now move the cursor +to the last line, following the question. + +* Library loading changes. + +`load' now considers all possible suffixes (`.elc', `.el' and none) +for each directory in `load-path' before going on to the next directory. +It now accepts an optional fourth argument which, if non-nil, says to +use no suffixes; then the file name must be given in full. The search +of the directories in `load-path' goes on as usual in this case, but +it too can be prevented by passing an absolute file name. + +The value of `load-path' no longer by default includes nil (meaning to +look in the current default directory). The idea is that `load' should +be used to search the path only for libraries to be found in the standard +places. If you want to override system libraries with your own, place +your own libraries in one special directory and add that directory to the +front of `load-path'. + +The function `load' is no longer a command; that is to say, `M-x load' +is no longer allowed. Instead, there are two commands for loading files. +`M-x load-library' is equivalent to the old meaning of `M-x load'. +`M-x load-file' reads a file name with completion and defaulting +and then loads exactly that file, with no searching and no suffixes. + +* Emulation of other editors. + +** `edt-emulation-on' starts emulating DEC's EDT editor. + +Do `edt-emulation-off' to return Emacs to normal. + +** `vi-mode' and `vip-mode' starts emulating vi. + +These are two different vi emulations provided by GNU Emacs users. +We are interested in feedback as to which emulation is preferable. + +See the documentation and source code for these functions +for more information. + +** `set-gosmacs-bindings' emulates Gosling Emacs. + +This command changes many global bindings to resemble those of +Gosling Emacs. The previous bindings are saved and can be restored using +`set-gnu-bindings'. + +* Emulation of a display terminal. + +Within Emacs it is now possible to run programs (such as emacs or +supdup) which expect to do output to a visual display terminal. + +See the function `terminal-emulator' for more information. + +* New support for keypads and function keys. + +There is now a first attempt at terminal-independent support for +keypad and function keys. + +Emacs now defines a standard set of key-names for function and keypad +keys, and provides standard hooks for defining them. Most of the +standard key-names have default definitions built into Emacs; you can +override these in a terminal-independent manner. The default definitions +and the conventions for redefining them are in the file `lisp/keypad.el'. + +These keys on the terminal normally work by sending sequences of +characters starting with ESC. The exact sequences used vary from +terminal to terminal. Emacs interprets them in two stages: +in the first stage, terminal-dependent sequences are mapped into +the standard key-names; then second stage maps the standard key-names +into their definitions in a terminal-independent fashion. + +The terminal-specific file `term/$TERM.el' now is responsible only for +establishing the mapping from the terminal's escape sequences into +standard key-names. It no longer knows what Emacs commands are +assigned to the standard key-names. + +One other change in terminal-specific files: if the value of the TERM +variable contains a hyphen, only the part before the first hyphen is +used in forming the name of the terminal-specific file. Thus, for +terminal type `aaa-48', the file loaded is now `term/aaa.el' rather +than `term/aaa-48.el'. + +* New startup command line options. + +`-i FILE' or `-insert FILE' in the command line to Emacs tells Emacs to +insert the contents of FILE into the current buffer at that point in +command line processing. This is like using the command M-x insert-file. + +`-funcall', `-load', `-user' and `-no-init-file' are new synonyms for +`-f', `-l', `-u' and `-q'. + +`-nw' means don't use a window system. If you are using a terminal +emulator on the X window system and you want to run Emacs to work through +the terminal emulator instead of working directly with the window system, +use this switch. + +* Buffer-sorting commands. + +Various M-x commands whose names start with `sort-' sort parts of +the region: + +sort-lines divides the region into lines and sorts them alphabetically. +sort-pages divides into pages and sorts them alphabetically. +sort-paragraphs divides into paragraphs and sorts them alphabetically. +sort-fields divides into lines and sorts them alphabetically + according to one field in the line. + The numeric argument specifies which field (counting + from field 1 at the beginning of the line). Fields in a line + are separated by whitespace. +sort-numeric-fields + is similar but converts the specified fields to numbers + and sorts them numerically. +sort-columns divides into lines and sorts them according to the contents + of a specified range of columns. + +Refer to the self-documentation of these commands for full usage information. + +* Changes in various commands. + +** `occur' output now serves as a menu. `occur-menu' command deleted. + +`M-x occur' now allows you to move quickly to any of the occurrences +listed. Select the `*Occur*' buffer that contains the output of `occur', +move point to the occurrence you want, and type C-c C-c. +This will move point to the same occurrence in the buffer that the +occurrences were found in. + +The command `occur-menu' is thus obsolete, and has been deleted. + +One way to get a list of matching lines without line numbers is to +copy the text to another buffer and use the command `keep-lines'. + +** Incremental search changes. + +Ordinary and regexp incremental searches now have distinct default +search strings. Thus, regexp searches recall only previous regexp +searches. + +If you exit an incremental search when the search string is empty, +the old default search string is kept. The default does not become +empty. + +Reversing the direction of an incremental search with C-s or C-r +when the search string is empty now does not get the default search +string. It leaves the search string empty. A second C-s or C-r +will get the default search string. As a result, you can do a reverse +incremental regexp search with C-M-s C-r. + +If you add a `*', `?' or `\|' to an incremental search regexp, +point will back up if that is appropriate. For example, if +you have searched for `ab' and add a `*', point moves to the +first match for `ab*', which may be before the match for `ab' +that was previously found. + +If an incremental search is failing and you ask to repeat it, +it will start again from the beginning of the buffer (or the end, +if it is a backward search). + +The search-controlling parameters `isearch-slow-speed' and +`isearch-slow-window-lines' have now been renamed to start with +`search' instead of `isearch'. Now all the parameters' names start +with `search'. + +If `search-slow-window-lines' is negative, the slow search window +is put at the top of the screen, and the absolute value or the +negative number specifies the height of it. + +** Undo changes + +The undo command now will mark the buffer as unmodified only when it is +identical to the contents of the visited file. + +** C-M-v in minibuffer. + +If while in the minibuffer you request help in a way that uses a +window to display something, then until you exit the minibuffer C-M-v +in the minibuffer window scrolls the window of help. + +For example, if you request a list of possible completions, C-M-v can +be used reliably to scroll the completion list. + +** M-TAB command. + +Meta-TAB performs completion on the Emacs Lisp symbol names. The sexp +in the buffer before point is compared against all existing nontrivial +Lisp symbols and completed as far as is uniquely determined by them. +Nontrivial symbols are those with either function definitions, values +or properties. + +If there are multiple possibilities for the very next character, a +list of possible completions is displayed. + +** Dynamic abbreviation package. + +The new command Meta-/ expands an abbreviation in the buffer before point +by searching the buffer for words that start with the abbreviation. + +** Changes in saving kbd macros. + +The commands `write-kbd-macro' and `append-kbd-macro' have been +deleted. The way to save a keyboard macro is to use the new command +`insert-kbd-macro', which inserts Lisp code to define the macro as +it is currently defined into the buffer before point. Visit a Lisp +file such as your Emacs init file `~/.emacs', insert the macro +definition (perhaps deleting an old definition for the same macro) +and then save the file. + +** C-x ' command. + +The new command C-x ' (expand-abbrev) expands the word before point as +an abbrev, even if abbrev-mode is not turned on. + +** Sending to inferior Lisp. + +The command C-M-x in Lisp mode, which sends the current defun to +an inferior Lisp process, now works by writing the text into a temporary +file and actually sending only a `load'-form to load the file. +As a result, it avoids the Unix bugs that used to strike when the +text was above a certain length. + +With a prefix argument, this command now makes the inferior Lisp buffer +appear on the screen and scrolls it so that the bottom is showing. + +Two variables `inferior-lisp-load-command' and `inferior-lisp-prompt', +exist to customize these feature for different Lisp implementations. + +** C-x n p now disabled. + +The command C-x n p, a nonrecomended command which narrows to the current +page, is now initially disabled like C-x n n. + +* Dealing with files. + +** C-x C-v generalized + +This command is now allowed even if the current buffer is not visiting +a file. As usual, it kills the current buffer and replaces it with a +newly found file. + +** M-x recover-file improved; auto save file names changed. + +M-x recover-file now checks whether the last auto-save file is more +recent than the real visited file before offering to read in the +auto-save file. If the auto-save file is newer, a directory listing +containing the two files is displayed while you are asked whether you +want the auto save file. + +Visiting a file also makes this check. If the auto-save file is more recent, +a message is printed suggesting that you consider using M-x recover file. + +Auto save file names now by default have a `#' at the end as well +as at the beginning. This is so that `*.c' in a shell command +will never match auto save files. + +On VMS, auto save file names are made by appending `_$' at the front +and `$' at the end. + +When you change the visited file name of a buffer, the auto save file +is now renamed to belong to the new visited file name. + +You can customize the way auto save file names are made by redefining +the two functions `make-auto-save-file-name' and `auto-save-file-name-p', +both of which are defined in `files.el'. + +** Modifying a buffer whose file is changed on disk is detected instantly. + +On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is +implemented, Emacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer +whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or saved. +If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change the buffer. + +** Exiting Emacs offers to save `*mail*'. + +Emacs can now know about buffers that it should offer to save on exit +even though they are not visiting files. This is done for any buffer +which has a non-nil local value of `buffer-offer-save'. By default, +Mail mode provides such a local value. + +** Backup file changes. + +If a backup file cannot be written in the directory of the visited file +due to fascist file protection, a backup file is now written in your home +directory as `~/%backup%~'. Only one such file is made, ever, so only +the most recently made such backup is available. + +When backup files are made by copying, the last-modification time of the +original file is now preserved in the backup copy. + +** Visiting remote files. + +On an internet host, you can now visit and save files on any other +internet host directly from Emacs with the commands M-x ftp-find-file +and M-x ftp-write-file. Specify an argument of the form HOST:FILENAME. +Since standard internet FTP is used, the other host may be any kind +of machine and is not required to have any special facilities. + +The first time any one remote host is accessed, you will be asked to +give the user name and password for use on that host. FTP is reinvoked +each time you ask to use it, but previously specified user names and +passwords are remembered automatically. + +** Dired `g' command. + +`g' in Dired mode is equivalent to M-x revert-buffer; it causes the +current contents of the same directory to be read in. + +* Changes in major modes. + +** C mode indentation change. + +The binding of Linefeed is no longer changed by C mode. It once again +has its normal meaning, which is to insert a newline and then indent +afterward. + +The old definition did one additional thing: it reindented the line +before the new newline. This has been removed because it made the +command twice as slow. The only time it was really useful was after the +insertion of an `else', since the fact of starting with `else' may change +the way that line is indented. Now you will have to type TAB again +yourself to reindent the `else' properly. + +If the variable `c-tab-always-indent' is set to `nil', the TAB command +in C mode, with no argument, will just insert a tab character if there +is non-whitespace preceding point on the current line. Giving it a +prefix argument will force reindentation of the line (as well as +of the compound statement that begins after point, if any). + +** Fortran mode now exists. + +This mode provides commands for motion and indentation of Fortran code, +plus built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. For details, see the manual +or the on-line documentation of the command `fortran-mode'. + +** Scribe mode now exists. + +This mode does something useful for editing files of Scribe input. +It is used automatically for files with names ending in ".mss". + +** Modula2 and Prolog modes now exist. + +These modes are for editing programs in the languages of the same names. +They can be selected with M-x modula-2-mode and M-x prolog-mode. + +** Telnet mode changes. + +The telnet mode special commands have now been assigned to C-c keys. +Most of them are the same as in Shell mode. + +** Picture mode changes. + +The special picture-mode commands to specify the direction of cursor +motion after insertion have been moved to C-c keys. The commands to +specify diagonal motion were already C-c keys; they are unchanged. +The keys to specify horizontal or vertical motion are now +C-c < (left), C-c > (right), C-c ^ (up) and C-c . (down). + +** Nroff mode comments. + +Comments are now supported in Nroff mode. The standard comment commands +such as M-; and C-x ; know how to insert, align and delete comments +that start with backslash-doublequote. + +** LaTeX mode. + +LaTeX mode now exists. Use M-x latex-mode to select this mode, and +M-x plain-tex-mode to select the previously existing mode for Plain +TeX. M-x tex-mode attempts to examine the contents of the buffer and +choose between latex-mode and plain-tex-mode accordingly; if the +buffer is empty or it cannot tell, the variable `TeX-default-mode' +controls the choice. Its value should be the symbol for the mode to +be used. + +The facilities for running TeX on all or part of the buffer +work with LaTeX as well. + +Some new commands available in both modes: + +C-c C-l recenter the window showing the TeX output buffer + so most recent line of output can be seen. +C-c C-k kill the TeX subprocess. +C-c C-q show the printer queue. +C-c C-f close a block (appropriate for LaTeX only). + If the current line contains a \begin{...}, + this inserts an \end{...} on the following line + and puts point on a blank line between them. + +** Outline mode changes. + +Invisible lines in outline mode are now indicated by `...' at the +end of the previous visible line. + +The special outline heading motion commands are now all on C-c keys. +A few new ones have been added. Here is a full list: + +C-c C-n Move to next visible heading (formerly M-}) +C-c C-p Move to previous visible heading (formerly M-{) +C-c C-f Move to next visible heading at the same level. + Thus, if point is on a level-2 heading line, + this command moves to the next visible level-2 heading. +C-c C-b Move to previous visible heading at the same level. +C-c C-u Move up to previous visible heading at a higher level. + +The variable `outline-regexp' now controls recognition of heading lines. +Any line whose beginning matches this regexp is a heading line. +The depth in outline structure is determined by the length of +the string that matches. + +A line starting with a ^L (formfeed) is now by default considered +a header line. + +* Mail reading and sending. + +** MH-E changes. + +MH-E has been extensively modified and improved since the v17 release. +It contains many new features, including commands to: extracted failed +messages, kill a draft message, undo changes to a mail folder, monitor +delivery of a letter, print multiple messages, page digests backwards, +insert signatures, and burst digests. Also, many commands have been +made to able to deal with named sequences of messages, instead of +single messages. MH-E also has had numerous bugs fixed and commands +made to run faster. Furthermore, its keybindings have been changed to +be compatible with Rmail and the rest of GNU Emacs. + +** Mail mode changes. + +The C-c commands of mail mode have been rearranged: + +C-c s, C-c c, C-c t and C-c b (move point to various header fields) +have been reassigned as C-c C-f C-s, C-c C-f C-c, C-c C-f C-t and C-c +C-f C-b. C-c C-f is for "field". + +C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q. + +Thus, C-c LETTER is always unassigned. + +** Rmail C-r command changed to w. + +The Rmail command to edit the current message is now `w'. This change +has been made because people frequently type C-r while in Rmail hoping +to do a reverse incremental search. That now works. + +* Rnews changes. + +** Caesar rotation added. + +The function news-caesar-buffer-body performs the rot13 code on the +body of a news message. You can also specify the number to rotate by, +as a prefix argument. The function is bound to C-c C-r in both +News mode and News Reply mode. + +** rmail-output command added. + +The C-o command has been bound to rmail-output in news-mode. +This allows one to append an article to a file which is in either Unix +mail or RMAIL format. + +** news-reply-mode changes. + +The C-c commands of news reply mode have been rearranged and changed, +so that C-c LETTER is always unassigned: + +C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q. + +C-c c, C-c t, and C-c b (move to various mail header fields) have been +deleted (they make no sense for posting and replying to USENET). + +C-c s (move to Subject: header field) has been reassigned as C-c C-f +C-s. C-c C-f is for "field". Several additional move to news header +field commands have been added. + +The local news-reply-mode bindings now look like this: + +C-c C-s news-inews (post the message) C-c C-c news-inews +C-c C-f move to a header field (and create it if there isn't): + C-c C-f C-n move to Newsgroups: C-c C-f C-s move to Subj: + C-c C-f C-f move to Followup-To: C-c C-f C-k move to Keywords: + C-c C-f C-d move to Distribution: C-c C-f C-a move to Summary: +C-c C-y news-reply-yank-original (insert current message, in NEWS). +C-c C-q mail-fill-yanked-message (fill what was yanked). +C-c C-r caesar rotate all letters by 13 places in the article's body (rot13). + +* Changes in tags handling. + +** M-. (`find-tag') and similar commands now look first for an exact +match in the tags table, and try substring matches only afterward. + +** The new command `find-tag-regexp' visits successively the tags that +match a specified regular expression. + +** You can now use more than one tags table. Using `visit-tags-table' +to load a new tags table does not discard the other tables previously +loaded. The other tags commands use all the tags tables that are loaded; +the first tags table used is the one that mentions the current visited file. + +** Tags tables can now be told to "include" other tags tables. This means +the tags table gives the file names of other tags tables. Tags command +then search included tags tables after the including table (but before any +other tags tables you have loaded). Included tags tables can make it much +easier and more efficient to maintain a tags table for a large package with +many subdirectories--there is one tags table for each subdirectory, and a +master tags table that includes each subdirectory table. You use `-i' +options to `etags' when creating the tags table to give the file names of +the included tables. + +** You can now use the tags table for completion of names during +ordinary editing. The command M-TAB (except in Emacs Lisp mode) +completes the identifier in the buffer before point, using the set of +all tags as the list of possible completions. + +** `tags-query-replace' and `tags-search' changes. + +These functions no longer permanently create buffers for files that +are searched but that do not contain any matches for the search +pattern. + +* Existing Emacs usable as a server. + +Programs such as mailers that invoke "the editor" as an inferior +to edit some text can now be told to use an existing Emacs process +instead of creating a new editor. + +To do this, you must have an Emacs process running and capable of +doing terminal I/O at the time you want to invoke it. This means that +either you are using a window system and give Emacs a separate window +or you run the other programs as inferiors of Emacs (such as, using +M-x shell). + +First prepare the existing Emacs process by loading the `server' +library and executing M-x server-start. (Your .emacs can do this +automatically.) + +Now tell the other programs to use, as "the editor", the Emacs client +program (etc/emacsclient, located in the same directory as this file). +This can be done by setting the environment variable EDITOR. + +When another program invokes the emacsclient as "the editor", the +client actually transfers the file names to be edited to the existing +Emacs, which automatically visits the files. + +When you are done editing a buffer for a client, do C-x # (server-edit). +This marks that buffer as done, and selects the next buffer that the client +asked for. When all the buffers requested by a client are marked in this +way, Emacs tells the client program to exit, so that the program that +invoked "the editor" will resume execution. + +You can only have one server Emacs at a time, but multiple client programs +can put in requests at the same time. + +The client/server work only on Berkeley Unix, since they use the Berkeley +sockets mechanism for their communication. + +Changes in Lisp programming in Emacs version 18. + +* Init file changes. + +** Suffixes no longer accepted on `.emacs'. + +Emacs will no longer load a file named `.emacs.el' or `emacs.elc' +in place of `.emacs'. This is so that it will take less time to +find `.emacs'. If you want to compile your init file, give it another +name and make `.emacs' a link to the `.elc' file, or make it contain +a call to `load' to load the `.elc' file. + +** `default-profile' renamed to `default', and loaded after `.emacs'. + +It used to be the case that the file `default-profile' was loaded if +and only if `.emacs' was not found. + +Now the name `default-profile' is not used at all. Instead, a library +named `default' is loaded after the `.emacs' file. `default' is loaded +whether the `.emacs' file exists or not. However, loading of `default' +can be prevented if the `.emacs' file sets `inhibit-default-init' to non-nil. + +In fact, you would call the default file `default.el' and probably would +byte-compile it to speed execution. + +Note that for most purposes you are better off using a `site-init' library +since that will be loaded before the runnable Emacs is dumped. By using +a `site-init' library, you avoid taking up time each time Emacs is started. + +** inhibit-command-line has been eliminated. + +This variable used to exist for .emacs files to set. It has been +eliminated because you can get the same effect by setting +command-line-args to nil and setting inhibit-startup-message to t. + +* `apply' is more general. + +`apply' now accepts any number of arguments. The first one is a function; +the rest are individual arguments to pass to that function, except for the +last, which is a list of arguments to pass. + +Previously, `apply' required exactly two arguments. Its old behavior +follows as a special case of the new definition. + +* New code-letter for `interactive'. + +(interactive "NFoo: ") is like (interactive "nFoo: ") in reading +a number using the minibuffer to serve as the argument; however, +if a prefix argument was specified, it uses the prefix argument +value as the argument, and does not use the minibuffer at all. + +This is used by the `goto-line' and `goto-char' commands. + +* Semantics of variables. + +** Built-in per-buffer variables improved. + +Several built-in variables which in the past had a different value in +each buffer now behave exactly as if `make-variable-buffer-local' had +been done to them. + +These variables are `tab-width', `ctl-arrow', `truncate-lines', +`fill-column', `left-margin', `mode-line-format', `abbrev-mode', +`overwrite-mode', `case-fold-search', `auto-fill-hook', +`selective-display', `selective-display-ellipses'. + +To be precise, each variable has a default value which shows through +in most buffers and can be accessed with `default-value' and set with +`set-default'. Setting the variable with `setq' makes the variable +local to the current buffer. Changing the default value has retroactive +effect on all buffers in which the variable is not local. + +The variables `default-case-fold-search', etc., are now obsolete. +They now refer to the default value of the variable, which is not +quite the same behavior as before, but it should enable old init files +to continue to work. + +** New per-buffer variables. + +The variables `fill-prefix', `comment-column' and `indent-tabs-mode' +are now per-buffer. They work just like `fill-column', etc. + +** New function `setq-default'. + +`setq-default' sets the default value of a variable, and uses the +same syntax that `setq' accepts: the variable name is not evaluated +and need not be quoted. + +`(setq-default case-fold-search nil)' would make searches case-sensitive +in all buffers that do not have local values for `case-fold-search'. + +You can set multiple variables sequentially, each with its own value, +in `setq-default' just as in `setq'. + +** Functions `global-set' and `global-value' deleted. + +These functions were never used except by mistake by users expecting +the functionality of `set-default' and `default-value'. + +* Changes in defaulting of major modes. + +When `default-major-mode' is `nil', new buffers are supposed to +get their major mode from the buffer that is current. However, +certain major modes (such as Dired mode, Rmail mode, Rmail Summary mode, +and others) are not reasonable to use in this way. + +Now such modes' names have been given non-`nil' `mode-class' properties. +If the current buffer's mode has such a property, Fundamental mode is +used as the default for newly created buffers. + +* `where-is-internal' requires additional arguments. + +This function now accepts three arguments, two of them required: +DEFINITION, the definition to search for; LOCAL-KEYMAP, the keymap +to use as the local map when doing the searching, and FIRST-ONLY, +which is nonzero to return only the first key found. + +This function returns a list of keys (strings) whose definitions +(in the LOCAL-KEYMAP or the current global map) are DEFINITION. + +If FIRST-ONLY is non-nil, it returns a single key (string). + +This function has changed incompatibly in that now two arguments +are required when previously only one argument was allowed. To get +the old behavior of this function, write `(current-local-map)' as +the expression for the second argument. + +The incompatibility is sad, but `nil' is a legitimate value for the +second argument (it means there is no local keymap), so it cannot also +serve as a default meaning to use the current local keymap. + +* Abbrevs with hooks. + +When an abbrev defined with a hook is expanded, it now performs the +usual replacement of the abbrev with the expansion before running the +hook. Previously the abbrev itself was deleted but the expansion was +not inserted. + +* Function `scan-buffer' deleted. + +Use `search-forward' or `search-backward' in place of `scan-buffer'. +You will have to rearrange the arguments. + +* X window interface improvements. + +** Detect release of mouse buttons. + +Button-up events can now be detected. See the file `lisp/x-mouse.el' +for details. + +** New pop-up menu facility. + +The new function `x-popup-menu' pops up a menu (in a X window) +and returns an indication of which selection the user made. +For more information, see its self-documentation. + +* M-x disassemble. + +This command prints the disassembly of a byte-compiled Emacs Lisp function. + +Would anyone like to interface this to the debugger? + +* `insert-buffer-substring' can insert part of the current buffer. + +The old restriction that the text being inserted had to come from +a different buffer is now lifted. + +When inserting text from the current buffer, the text to be inserted +is determined from the specified bounds before any copying takes place. + +* New function `substitute-key-definition'. + +This is a new way to replace one command with another command as the +binding of whatever keys may happen to refer to it. + +(substitute-key-definition OLDDEF NEWDEF KEYMAP) looks through KEYMAP +for keys defined to run OLDDEF, and rebinds those keys to run NEWDEF +instead. + +* New function `insert-char'. + +Insert a specified character, a specified number of times. + +* `mark-marker' changed. + +When there is no mark, this now returns a marker that points +nowhere, rather than `nil'. + +* `ding' accepts argument. + +When given an argument, the function `ding' does not terminate +execution of a keyboard macro. Normally, `ding' does terminate +all macros that are currently executing. + +* New function `minibuffer-depth'. + +This function returns the current depth in minibuffer activations. +The value is zero when the minibuffer is not in use. +Values greater than one are possible if the user has entered the +minibuffer recursively. + +* New function `documentation-property'. + +(documentation-property SYMBOL PROPNAME) is like (get SYMBOL PROPNAME), +except that if the property value is a number `documentation-property' +will take that number (or its absolute value) as a character position +in the DOC file and return the string found there. + +(documentation-property VAR 'variable-documentation) is the proper +way for a Lisp program to get the documentation of variable VAR. + +* New documentation-string expansion feature. + +If a documentation string (for a variable or function) contains text +of the form `\<FOO>', it means that all command names specified in +`\[COMMAND]' construct from that point on should be turned into keys +using the value of the variable FOO as the local keymap. Thus, for example, + + `\<emacs-lisp-mode-map>\[eval-defun] evaluates the defun containing point.' + +will expand into + + "ESC C-x evaluates the defun containing point." + +regardless of the current major mode, because ESC C-x is defined to +run `eval-defun' in the keymap `emacs-lisp-mode-map'. The effect is +to show the key for `eval-defun' in Emacs Lisp mode regardless of the +current major mode. + +The `\<...>' construct applies to all `\[...]' constructs that follow it, +up to the end of the documentation string or the next `\<...>'. + +Without `\<...>', the keys for commands specified in `\[...]' are found +in the current buffer's local map. + +The current global keymap is always searched second, whether `\<...>' +has been used or not. + +* Multiple hooks allowed in certain contexts. + +The old hook variables `find-file-hook', `find-file-not-found-hook' and +`write-file-hook' have been replaced. + +The replacements are `find-file-hooks', `find-file-not-found-hooks' +and `write-file-hooks'. Each holds a list of functions to be called; +by default, `nil', for no functions. The functions are called in +order of appearance in the list. + +In the case of `find-file-hooks', all the functions are executed. + +In the case of `find-file-not-found-hooks', if any of the functions +returns non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called. + +In the case of `write-file-hooks', if any of the functions returns +non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called, and the file is +considered to have been written already; so actual writing in the +usual way is not done. If `write-file-hooks' is local to a buffer, +it is set to its global value if `set-visited-file-name' is called +(and thus by C-x C-w as well). + +`find-file-not-found-hooks' and `write-file-hooks' can be used +together to implement editing of files that are not stored as Unix +files: stored in archives, or inside version control systems, or on +other machines running other operating systems and accessible via ftp. + +* New hooks for suspending Emacs. + +Suspending Emacs runs the hook `suspend-hook' before suspending +and the hook `suspend-resume-hook' if the suspended Emacs is resumed. +Running a hook is done by applying the variable's value to no arguments +if the variable has a non-`nil' value. If `suspend-hook' returns +non-`nil', then suspending is inhibited and so is running the +`suspend-resume-hook'. The non-`nil' value means that the `suspend-hook' +has done whatever suspending is required. + +* Disabling commands can print a special message. + +A command is disabled by giving it a non-`nil' `disabled' property. +Now, if this property is a string, it is included in the message +printed when the user tries to run the command. + +* Emacs can open TCP connections. + +The function `open-network-stream' opens a TCP connection to +a specified host and service. Its value is a Lisp object that represents +the connection. The object is a kind of "subprocess", and I/O are +done like I/O to subprocesses. + +* Display-related changes. + +** New mode-line control features. + +The display of the mode line used to be controlled by a format-string +that was the value of the variable `mode-line-format'. + +This variable still exists, but it now allows more general values, +not just strings. Lists, cons cells and symbols are also meaningful. + +The mode line contents are created by outputting various mode elements +one after the other. Here are the kinds of objects that can be +used as mode elements, and what they do in the display: + + string the contents of the string are output to the mode line, + and %-constructs are replaced by other text. + + t or nil ignored; no output results. + + symbol the symbol's value is used. If the value is a string, + the string is output verbatim to the mode line + (so %-constructs are not interpreted). Otherwise, + the symbol's value is processed as a mode element. + + list (whose first element is a string or list or cons cell) + the elements of the list are treated as as mode elements, + so that the output they generate is concatenated, + + list (whose car is a symbol) + if the symbol's value is non-nil, the second element of the + list is treated as a mode element. Otherwise, the third + element (if any) of the list is treated as a mode element. + + cons (whose car is a positive integer) + the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but + the text it produces is padded, if necessary, to have + at least the width specified by the integer. + + cons (whose car is a negative integer) + the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but + the text it produces is truncated, if necessary, to have + at most the width specified by the integer. + +There is always one mode element to start with, that being the value of +`mode-line-format', but if this value is a list then it leads to several +more mode elements, which can lead to more, and so on. + +There is one new %-construct for mode elements that are strings: +`%n' displays ` Narrow' for a buffer that is narrowed. + +The default value of `mode-line-format' refers to several other variables. +These variables are `mode-name', `mode-line-buffer-identification', +`mode-line-process', `mode-line-modified', `global-mode-string' and +`minor-mode-alist'. The first four are local in every buffer in which they +are changed from the default. + +mode-name Name of buffer's major mode. Local in every buffer. + +mode-line-buffer-identification + Normally the list ("Emacs: %17b"), it is responsible + for displaying text to indicate what buffer is being shown + and what kind of editing it is doing. `Emacs' means + that a file of characters is being edited. Major modes + such as Info and Dired which edit or view other kinds + of data often change this value. This variables becomes + local to the current buffer if it is setq'd. + +mode-line-process + Normally nil, this variable is responsible for displaying + information about the process running in the current buffer. + M-x shell-mode and M-x compile alter this variable. + +mode-line-modified + This variable is responsible for displaying the indication + of whether the current buffer is modified or read-only. + By default its value is `("--%*%*-")'. + +minor-mode-alist + This variable is responsible for displaying text for those + minor modes that are currently enabled. Its value + is a list of elements of the form (VARIABLE STRING), + where STRING is to be displayed if VARIABLE's value + (in the buffer whose mode line is being displayed) + is non-nil. This variable is not made local to particular + buffers, but loading some libraries may add elements to it. + +global-mode-string + This variable is used to display the time, if you ask + for that. + +The idea of these variables is to eliminate the need for major modes +to alter mode-line-format itself. + +** `window-point' valid for selected window. + +The value returned by `window-point' used to be incorrect when its +argument was the selected window. Now the value is correct. + +** Window configurations may be saved as Lisp objects. + +The function `current-window-configuration' returns a special type of +Lisp object that represents the current layout of windows: the +sizes and positions of windows, which buffers appear in them, and +which parts of the buffers appear on the screen. + +The function `set-window-configuration' takes one argument, which must +be a window configuration object, and restores that configuration. + +** New hook `temp-output-buffer-show-hook'. + +This hook allows you to control how help buffers are displayed. +Whenever `with-output-to-temp-buffer' has executed its body and wants +to display the temp buffer, if this variable is bound and non-`nil' +then its value is called with one argument, the temp buffer. +The hook function is solely responsible for displaying the buffer. +The standard manner of display--making the buffer appear in a window--is +used only if there is no hook function. + +** New function `minibuffer-window'. + +This function returns the window used (sometimes) for displaying +the minibuffer. It can be used even when the minibuffer is not active. + +** New feature to `next-window'. + +If the optional second argument is neither `nil' nor `t', the minibuffer +window is omitted from consideration even when active; if the starting +window was the last non-minibuffer window, the value will be the first +non-minibuffer window. + +** New variable `minibuffer-scroll-window'. + +When this variable is non-`nil', the command `scroll-other-window' +uses it as the window to be scrolled. Displays of completion-lists +set this variable to the window containing the display. + +** New argument to `sit-for'. + +A non-nil second argument to `sit-for' means do not redisplay; +just wait for the specified time or until input is available. + +** Deleted function `set-minor-mode'; minor modes must be changed. + +The function `set-minor-mode' has been eliminated. The display +of minor mode names in the mode line is now controlled by the +variable `minor-mode-alist'. To specify display of a new minor +mode, it is sufficient to add an element to this list. Once that +is done, you can turn the mode on and off just by setting a variable, +and the display will show its status automatically. + +** New variable `cursor-in-echo-area'. + +If this variable is non-nil, the screen cursor appears on the +last line of the screen, at the end of the text displayed there. + +Binding this variable to t is useful at times when reading single +characters of input with `read-char'. + +** New per-buffer variable `selective-display-ellipses'. + +If this variable is non-nil, an ellipsis (`...') appears on the screen +at the end of each text line that is followed by invisible text. + +If this variable is nil, no ellipses appear. Then there is no sign +on the screen that invisible text is present. + +Text is made invisible under the control of the variable +`selective-display'; this is how Outline mode and C-x $ work. + +** New variable `no-redraw-on-reenter'. + +If you set this variable non-nil, Emacs will not clear the screen when +you resume it after suspending it. This is for the sake of terminals +with multiple screens of memory, where the termcap entry has been set +up to switch between screens when Emacs is suspended and resumed. + +** New argument to `set-screen-height' or `set-screen-width'. + +These functions now take an optional second argument which says +what significance the newly specified height or width has. + +If the argument is nil, or absent, it means that Emacs should +believe that the terminal height or width really is as just specified. + +If the argument is t, it means Emacs should not believe that the +terminal really is this high or wide, but it should use the +specific height or width as the number of lines or columns to display. +Thus, you could display only 24 lines on a screen known to have 48 lines. + +What practical difference is there between using only 24 lines for display +and really believing that the terminal has 24 lines? + +1. The "real" height of the terminal says what the terminal command +to move the cursor to the last line will do. + +2. The "real" height of the terminal determines how much padding is +needed. + +* File-related changes. + +** New parameter `backup-by-copying-when-mismatch'. + +If this variable is non-`nil', then when Emacs is about to save a +file, it will create the backup file by copying if that would avoid +changing the file's uid or gid. + +The default value of this variable is `nil', because usually it is +useful to have the uid of a file change according to who edited it +last. I recommend thet this variable be left normally `nil' and +changed with a local variables list in those particular files where +the uid needs to be preserved. + +** New parameter `file-precious-flag'. + +If this variable is non-`nil', saving the buffer tries to avoid +leaving an incomplete file due to disk full or other I/O errors. +It renames the old file before saving. If saving is successful, +the renamed file is deleted; if saving gets an error, the renamed +file is renamed back to the name you visited. + +Backups are always made by copying for such files. + +** New variable `buffer-offer-save'. + +If the value of this variable is non-`nil' in a buffer then exiting +Emacs will offer to save the buffer (if it is modified and nonempty) +even if the buffer is not visiting a file. This variable is +automatically made local to the current buffer whenever it is set. + +** `rename-file', `copy-file', `add-name-to-file' and `make-symbolic-link'. + +The third argument to these functions used to be `t' or `nil'; `t' +meaning go ahead even if the specified new file name already has a file, +and `nil' meaning to get an error. + +Now if the third argument is a number it means to ask the user for +confirmation in this case. + +** New optional argument to `copy-file'. + +If `copy-file' receives a non-nil fourth argument, it attempts +to give the new copy the same time-of-last-modification that the +original file has. + +** New function `file-newer-than-file-p'. + +(file-newer-than-file-p FILE1 FILE2) returns non-nil if FILE1 has been +modified more recently than FILE2. If FILE1 does not exist, the value +is always nil; otherwise, if FILE2 does not exist, the value is t. +This is meant for use when FILE2 depends on FILE1, to see if changes +in FILE1 make it necessary to recompute FILE2 from it. + +** Changed function `file-exists-p'. + +This function is no longer the same as `file-readable-p'. +`file-exists-p' can now return t for a file that exists but which +the fascists won't allow you to read. + +** New function `file-locked-p'. + +This function receives a file name as argument and returns `nil' +if the file is not locked, `t' if locked by this Emacs, or a +string giving the name of the user who has locked it. + +** New function `file-name-sans-versions'. + +(file-name-sans-versions NAME) returns a substring of NAME, with any +version numbers or other backup suffixes deleted from the end. + +** New functions for directory names. + +Although a directory is really a kind of file, specifying a directory +uses a somewhat different syntax from specifying a file. +In Emacs, a directory name is used as part of a file name. + +On Unix, the difference is small: a directory name ends in a slash, +while a file name does not: thus, `/usr/rms/' to name a directory, +while `/usr/rms' names the file which holds that directory. + +On VMS, the difference is considerable: `du:[rms.foo]' specifies a +directory, but the name of the file that holds that directory is +`du:[rms]foo.dir'. + +There are two new functions for converting between directory names +and file names. `directory-file-name' takes a directory name and +returns the name of the file in which that directory's data is stored. +`file-name-as-directory' takes the name of a file and returns +the corresponding directory name. These always understand Unix file name +syntax; on VMS, they understand VMS syntax as well. + +For example, (file-name-as-directory "/usr/rms") returns "/usr/rms/" +and (directory-file-name "/usr/rms/") returns "/usr/rms". +On VMS, (file-name-as-directory "du:[rms]foo.dir") returns "du:[rms.foo]" +and (directory-file-name "du:[rms.foo]") returns "du:[rms]foo.dir". + +** Value of `file-attributes' changed. + +The function file-attributes returns a list containing many kinds of +information about a file. Now the list has eleven elements. + +The tenth element is `t' if deleting the file and creating another +file of the same name would result in a change in the file's group; +`nil' if there would be no change. You can also think of this as +comparing the file's group with the default group for files created in +the same directory by you. + +The eleventh element is the inode number of the file. + +** VMS-only function `file-name-all-versions'. + +This function returns a list of all the completions, including version +number, of a specified version-number-less file name. This is like +`file-name-all-completions', except that the latter returns values +that do not include version numbers. + +** VMS-only variable `vms-stmlf-recfm'. + +On a VMS system, if this variable is non-nil, Emacs will give newly +created files the record format `stmlf'. This is necessary for files +that must contain lines of arbitrary length, such as compiled Emacs +Lisp. + +When writing a new version of an existing file, Emacs always keeps +the same record format as the previous version; so this variable has +no effect. + +This variable has no effect on Unix systems. + +** `insert-file-contents' on an empty file. + +This no longer sets the buffer's "modified" flag. + +** New function (VMS only) `define-logical-name': + +(define-logical-name LOGICAL TRANSLATION) defines a VMS logical name +LOGICAL whose translation is TRANSLATION. The new name applies to +the current process only. + +** Deleted variable `ask-about-buffer-names'. + +If you want buffer names for files to be generated in a special way, +you must redefine `create-file-buffer'. + +* Subprocess-related changes. + +** New function `process-list'. + +This function takes no arguments and returns a list of all +of Emacs's asynchronous subprocesses. + +** New function `process-exit-status'. + +This function, given a process, process name or buffer as argument, +returns the exit status code or signal number of the process. +If the process has not yet exited or died, this function returns 0. + +** Process output ignores `buffer-read-only'. + +Output from a process will go into the process's buffer even if the +buffer is read only. + +** Switching buffers in filter functions and sentinels. + +Emacs no longer saves and restore the current buffer around calling +the filter and sentinel functions, so these functions can now +permanently alter the selected buffer in a straightforward manner. + +** Specifying environment variables for subprocesses. + +When a subprocess is started with `start-process' or `call-process', +the value of the variable `process-environment' is taken to +specify the environment variables to give the subprocess. The +value should be a list of strings, each of the form "VAR=VALUE". + +`process-environment' is initialized when Emacs starts up +based on Emacs's environment. + +** New variable `process-connection-type'. + +If this variable is `nil', when a subprocess is created, Emacs uses +a pipe rather than a pty to communicate with it. Normally this +variable is `t', telling Emacs to use a pty if ptys are supported +and one is available. + +** New function `waiting-for-user-input-p'. + +This function, given a subprocess as argument, returns `t' if that +subprocess appears to be waiting for input sent from Emacs, +or `nil' otherwise. + +** New hook `shell-set-directory-error-hook'. + +The value of this variable is called, with no arguments, whenever +Shell mode gets an error trying to keep track of directory-setting +commands (such as `cd' and `pushd') used in the shell buffer. + +* New functions `user-uid' and `user-real-uid'. + +These functions take no arguments and return, respectively, +the effective uid and the real uid of the Emacs process. +The value in each case is an integer. + +* New variable `print-escape-newlines' controls string printing. + +If this variable is non-`nil', then when a Lisp string is printed +by the Lisp printing function `prin1' or `print', newline characters +are printed as `\n' rather than as a literal newline. + +* New function `sysnetunam' on HPUX. + +This function takes two arguments, a network address PATH and a +login string LOGIN, and executes the system call `netunam'. +It returns `t' if the call succeeds, otherwise `nil'. + +News regarding installation: + +* Many `s-...' file names changed. + +Many `s-...' files have been renamed. All periods in such names, +except the ones just before the final `h', have been changed to +hyphens. Thus, `s-bsd4.2.h' has been renamed to `s-bsd4-2.h'. + +This is so a Unix distribution can be moved mechanically to VMS. + +* `DOCSTR...' file now called `DOC-...'. + +The file of on-line documentation strings, that used to be +`DOCSTR.mm.nn.oo' in this directory, is now called `DOC-mm.nn.oo'. +This is so that it can port to VMS using the standard conventions +for translating filenames for VMS. + +This file also now contains the doc strings for variables as +well as functions. + +* Emacs no longer uses floating point arithmetic. + +This may make it easier to port to some machines. + +* Macros `XPNTR' and `XSETPNTR'; flag `DATA_SEG_BITS'. + +These macros exclusively are used to unpack a pointer from a Lisp_Object +and to insert a pointer into a Lisp_Object. Redefining them may help +port Emacs to machines in which all pointers to data objects have +certain high bits set. + +If `DATA_SEG_BITS' is defined, it should be a number which contains +the high bits to be inclusive or'ed with pointers that are unpacked. + +* New flag `HAVE_X_MENU'. + +Define this flag in `config.h' in addition to `HAVE_X_WINDOWS' +to enable use of the Emacs interface to X Menus. On some operating +systems, the rest of the X interface works properly but X Menus +do not work; hence this separate flag. See the file `src/xmenu.c' +for more information. + +* Macros `ARRAY_MARK_FLAG' and `DONT_COPY_FLAG'. + +* `HAVE_ALLOCA' prevents assembly of `alloca.s'. + +* `SYSTEM_MALLOC' prevents use of GNU `malloc.c'. + +SYSTEM_MALLOC, if defined, means use the system's own `malloc' routines +rather than those that come with Emacs. + +Use this only if absolutely necessary, because if it is used you do +not get warnings when space is getting low. + +* New flags to control unexec. + +See the file `unexec.c' for a long comment on the compilation +switches that suffice to make it work on many machines. + +* `PNTR_COMPARISON_TYPE' + +Pointers that need to be compared for ordering are converted to this type +first. Normally this is `unsigned int'. + +* `HAVE_VFORK', `HAVE_DUP2' and `HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY'. + +These flags just say whether certain system calls are available. + +* New macros control compiler switches, linker switches and libraries. + +The m- and s- files can now control in a modular fashion the precise +arguments passed to `cc' and `ld'. + +LIBS_STANDARD defines the standard C libraries. Default is `-lc'. +LIBS_DEBUG defines the extra libraries to use when debugging. Default `-lg'. +LIBS_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra libraries. +LIBS_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra libraries. +LIBS_TERMCAP defines the libraries for Termcap or Terminfo. + It is defined by default in a complicated fashion but the m- or s- file + can override it. + +LD_SWITCH_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra `ld' switches. + The default is `-X' on BSD systems except those few that use COFF object files. +LD_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `ld' switches. + +C_DEBUG_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' when debugging. Default `-g'. +C_OPTIMIZE_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' to optimize. Default `-O'. +C_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `cc' switches. + +For older news, see the file NEWS.3. + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Copyright information: + +Copyright (C) 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies + of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the + copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved, + thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn. + + Permission is granted to distribute modified versions + of this document, or of portions of it, + under the above conditions, provided also that they + carry prominent notices stating who last changed them. + +Local variables: +mode: text +end:
--- a/etc/ONEWS Thu Aug 17 15:37:07 2000 +0000 +++ b/etc/ONEWS Thu Aug 17 15:38:59 2000 +0000 @@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ Copyright (C) 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc. See the end for copying conditions. -For older news, see the file OONEWS. +For older news, see the file NEWS.4. * Editing Changes in Emacs 19.30. @@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ *** RCS customization. There is a new variable vc-consult-headers. If it is t (the default), -VC searches for RCS headers in working files (like `$Id$') and +VC searches for RCS headers in working files (like `$Id: ONEWS,v 1.1 1999/10/03 11:59:45 fx Exp $') and determines the state of the file from them, not from the master file. This is fast and more reliable when you use branches. (The variable was already present in Emacs 19.29, but didn't get mentioned in the @@ -5685,7 +5685,7 @@ architecture-specific or easy-to-recreate files are not included in the tar file. -* For older news, see the file OONEWS. For Lisp changes in (the first +* For older news, see the file NEWS.4. For Lisp changes in (the first * release of) Emacs 19, see the file LNEWS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------
--- a/etc/OONEWS Thu Aug 17 15:37:07 2000 +0000 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,1691 +0,0 @@ -GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes. 1992. -Copyright (C) 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -See the end for copying conditions. - -For older news, see the file OOONEWS. - -Changes in version 18.58. - -* RMAIL reply now properly parses nested comments in addesses. - -* The "visual bell" feature when used with X windows -now flashes only 1/4 of the window's total area. This is because -flashing the whole window is too slow on some systems. - -* `call-process' and `call-process-region' now return an indication -of the exit status of the subprocess: either a numeric exit code -or a string describing the signal which caused termination. - -* It is possible for regular expression matching to overflow the stack -of failure points. In the past, such overflow was treated as simple -failure to match. Now it causes an error. - -* You can use C-u to end a numeric argument. Thus, type C-u 1 0 0 C-u 1 -to insert 100 1's. - -* Emacs now knows how to get resource values from the X server. - -* Job control commands in shell mode work properly on more systems -because they now work by "typing" signal characters such as C-c. - -* copy-keymap no longer recursively copies keymaps reached through -symbols' function definitions (i.e., those that have names). It does -copy nested keymaps that appear directly in the other copied keymaps. - -Changes in version 18.56. - -* C-g should now work to interrupt a running program -on all kinds of systems even when using X windows. - -* Quitting is inhibited while a filter or sentinel is running. -Those functions can run asynchronously while Emacs is waiting -for keyboard input, and if they allow quitting, they -make the behavior of C-g unpredictable. - -* Storing text into the X windows cut buffer -now clears out any selection. - -* The undo facility is completely rewritten, and now -uses Lisp data structures. It can record much more -information. You can use the variables undo-threshold -and undo-high-threshold to control how much. - -* There is no longer a maximum screen height or width. - -Changes in version 18.52. - -* X windows version 10 is supported under system V. - -* Pop-up menus are now supported with the same Lisp interface in -both version 10 and 11 of X windows. - -* C-x 4 a is a new command to edit a change-log entry in another window. - -* The emacs client program now allows an option +NNN to specify the -line number to go to in the file whose name follows. Thus, - emacsclient foo.c +45 bar.c -will find the files `foo.c' and `bar.c', going to line 45 in `bar.c'. - -* Dired allows empty directories to be deleted like files. - -* When the terminal type is used to find a terminal-specific file to -run, Emacs now tries the entire terminal type first. If that doesn't -yield a file that exists, the last hyphen and what follows it is -stripped. If that doesn't yield a file that exists, the previous -hyphen is stripped, and so on until all hyphens are gone. For -example, if the terminal type is `aaa-48-foo', Emacs will try first -`term/aaa-48-foo.el', then `term/aaa-48.el' and finally `term/aaa.el'. - -Underscores now receive the same treatment as hyphens. - -* Texinfo features: @defun, etc. texinfo-show-structure. -New template commands. texinfo-format-region. - -* The special "local variable" `eval' is now ignored if you are running -as root. - -* New command `c-macro-expand' shows the result of C macro expansion -in the region. It works using the C preprocessor, so its results -are completely accurate. - -* Errors in trying to auto save now flash error messages for a few seconds. - -* Killing a buffer now sends SIGHUP to the buffer's process. - -* New hooks. - -** `spell-region' now allows you to filter the text before spelling-checking. -If the value of `spell-filter' is non-nil, it is called, with no arguments, -looking at a temporary buffer containing a copy of the text to be checked. -It can alter the text freely before the spell program sees it. - -** The variable `lpr-command' now specifies the command to be used when -you use the commands to print text (such as M-x print-buffer). - -** Posting netnews now calls the value of `news-inews-hook' (if not nil) -as a function of no arguments before the actual posting. - -** Rmail now calls the value of `rmail-show-message-hook' (if not nil) -as a function of no arguments, each time a new message is selected. - -** `kill-emacs' calls the value of `kill-emacs-hook' as a function of no args -unless Emacs is running in batch mode. - -* New libraries. -See the source code of each library for more information. - -** icon.el: a major mode for editing programs written in Icon. - -** life.el: a simulator for the cellular automaton "life". Load the -library and run M-x life. - -** doctex.el: a library for converting the Emacs `etc/DOC' file of -documentation strings into TeX input. - -** saveconf.el: a library which records the arrangement of windows and -buffers when you exit Emacs, and automatically recreates the same -setup the next time you start Emacs. - -** uncompress.el: a library that automatically uncompresses files -when you visit them. - -** c-fill.el: a mode for editing filled comments in C. - -** kermit.el: an extended version of shell-mode designed for running kermit. - -** spook.el: a library for adding some "distract the NSA" keywords to every -message you send. - -** hideif.el: a library for hiding parts of a C program based on preprocessor -conditionals. - -** autoinsert.el: a library to put in some initial text when you visit -a nonexistent file. The text used depends on the major mode, and -comes from a directory of files created by you. - -* New programming features. - -** The variable `window-system-version' now contains the version number -of the window system you are using (if appropriate). When using X windows, -its value is either 10 or 11. - -** (interactive "N") uses the prefix argument if any; otherwise, it reads -a number using the minibuffer. - -** VMS: there are two new functions `vms-system-info' and `shrink-to-icon'. -The former allows you to get many kinds of system status information. -See its self-documentation for full details. -The second is used with the window system: it iconifies the Emacs window. - -** VMS: the new function `define-logical-name' allows you to create -job-wide logical names. The old function `define-dcl-symbol' has been -removed. - -Changes in version 18.50. - -* X windows version 11 is supported. - -Define X11 in config.h if you want X version 11 instead of version 10. - -* The command M-x gdb runs the GDB debugger as an inferior. -It asks for the filename of the executable you want to debug. - -GDB runs as an inferior with I/O through an Emacs buffer. All the -facilities of Shell mode are available. In addition, each time your -program stops, and each time you select a new stack frame, the source -code is displayed in another window with an arrow added to the line -where the program is executing. - -Special GDB-mode commands include M-s, M-n, M-i, M-u, M-d, and C-c C-f -which send the GDB commands `step', `next', `stepi', `up', `down' -and `finish'. - -In any source file, the commands C-x SPC tells GDB to set a breakpoint -on the current line. - -* M-x calendar displays a three-month calendar. - -* C-u 0 C-x C-s never makes a backup file. - -This is a way you can explicitly request not to make a backup. - -* `term-setup-hook' is for users only. - -Emacs never uses this variable for internal purposes, so you can freely -set it in your `.emacs' file to make Emacs do something special after -loading any terminal-specific setup file from `lisp/term'. - -* `copy-keymap' now copies recursive submaps. - -* New overlay-arrow feature. - -If you set the variable `overlay-arrow-string' to a string -and `overlay-arrow-position' to a marker, that string is displayed on -the screen at the position of that marker, hiding whatever text would -have appeared there. If that position isn't on the screen, or if -the buffer the marker points into isn't displayed, there is no effect. - -* -batch mode can read from the terminal. - -It now works to use `read-char' to do terminal input in a noninteractive -Emacs run. End of file causes Emacs to exit. - -* Variables `data-bytes-used' and `data-bytes-free' removed. - -These variables cannot really work because the 24-bit range of an -integer in (most ports of) GNU Emacs is not large enough to hold their -values on many systems. - -Changes in version 18.45, since version 18.41. - -* C indentation parameter `c-continued-brace-offset'. - -This parameter's value is added to the indentation of any -line that is in a continuation context and starts with an open-brace. -For example, it applies to the open brace shown here: - - if (x) - { - -The default value is zero. - -* Dabbrev expansion (Meta-/) preserves case. - -When you use Meta-/ to search the buffer for an expansion of an -abbreviation, if the expansion found is all lower case except perhaps -for its first letter, then the case pattern of the abbreviation -is carried over to the expansion that replaces it. - -* TeX-mode syntax. - -\ is no longer given "escape character" syntax in TeX mode. It now -has the syntax of an ordinary punctuation character. As a result, -\[...\] and such like are considered to balance each other. - -* Mail-mode automatic Reply-to field. - -If the variable `mail-default-reply-to' is non-`nil', then each time -you start to compose a message, a Reply-to field is inserted with -its contents taken from the value of `mail-default-reply-to'. - -* Where is your .emacs file? - -If you run Emacs under `su', so your real and effective uids are -different, Emacs uses the home directory associated with the real uid -(the name you actually logged in under) to find the .emacs file. - -Otherwise, Emacs uses the environment variable HOME to find the .emacs -file. - -The .emacs file is not loaded at all if -batch is specified. - -* Prolog mode is the default for ".pl" files. - -* File names are not case-sensitive on VMS. - -On VMS systems, all file names that you specify are converted to upper -case. You can use either upper or lower case indiscriminately. - -* VMS-only function 'define-dcl-symbol'. - -This is a new name for the function formerly called -`define-logical-name'. - -Editing Changes in Emacs 18 - -* Additional systems and machines are supported. - -GNU Emacs now runs on Vax VMS. However, many facilities that are normally -implemented by running subprocesses do not work yet. This includes listing -a directory and sending mail. There are features for running subprocesses -but they are incompatible with those on Unix. I hope that some of -the VMS users can reimplement these features for VMS (compatibly for -the user, if possible). - -VMS wizards are also asked to work on making the subprocess facilities -more upward compatible with those on Unix, and also to rewrite their -internals to use the same Lisp objects that are used on Unix to -represent processes. - -In addition, the TI Nu machine running Unix system V, the AT&T 3b, and -the Wicat, Masscomp, Integrated Solutions, Alliant, Amdahl uts, Mips, -Altos 3068 and Gould Unix systems are now supported. The IBM PC-RT is -supported under 4.2, but not yet under system V. The GEC 93 is close -to working. The port for the Elxsi is partly merged. See the file -MACHINES for full status information and machine-specific installation -advice. - -* Searching is faster. - -Forward search for a text string, or for a regexp that is equivalent -to a text string, is now several times faster. Motion by lines and -counting lines is also faster. - -* Memory usage improvements. - -It is no longer possible to run out of memory during garbage -collection. As a result, running out of memory is never fatal. This -is due to a new garbage collection algorithm which compactifies -strings in place rather than copying them. Another consequence of the -change is a reduction in total memory usage and a slight increase in -garbage collection speed. - -* Display changes. - -** Editing above top of screen. - -When you delete or kill or alter text that reaches to the top of the -screen or above it, so that display would start in the middle of a -line, Emacs will usually attempt to scroll the text so that display -starts at the beginning of a line again. - -** Yanking in the minibuffer. - -The message "Mark Set" is no longer printed when the minibuffer is -active. This is convenient with many commands, including C-y, that -normally print such a message. - -** Cursor appears in last line during y-or-n questions. - -Questions that want a `y' or `n' answer now move the cursor -to the last line, following the question. - -* Library loading changes. - -`load' now considers all possible suffixes (`.elc', `.el' and none) -for each directory in `load-path' before going on to the next directory. -It now accepts an optional fourth argument which, if non-nil, says to -use no suffixes; then the file name must be given in full. The search -of the directories in `load-path' goes on as usual in this case, but -it too can be prevented by passing an absolute file name. - -The value of `load-path' no longer by default includes nil (meaning to -look in the current default directory). The idea is that `load' should -be used to search the path only for libraries to be found in the standard -places. If you want to override system libraries with your own, place -your own libraries in one special directory and add that directory to the -front of `load-path'. - -The function `load' is no longer a command; that is to say, `M-x load' -is no longer allowed. Instead, there are two commands for loading files. -`M-x load-library' is equivalent to the old meaning of `M-x load'. -`M-x load-file' reads a file name with completion and defaulting -and then loads exactly that file, with no searching and no suffixes. - -* Emulation of other editors. - -** `edt-emulation-on' starts emulating DEC's EDT editor. - -Do `edt-emulation-off' to return Emacs to normal. - -** `vi-mode' and `vip-mode' starts emulating vi. - -These are two different vi emulations provided by GNU Emacs users. -We are interested in feedback as to which emulation is preferable. - -See the documentation and source code for these functions -for more information. - -** `set-gosmacs-bindings' emulates Gosling Emacs. - -This command changes many global bindings to resemble those of -Gosling Emacs. The previous bindings are saved and can be restored using -`set-gnu-bindings'. - -* Emulation of a display terminal. - -Within Emacs it is now possible to run programs (such as emacs or -supdup) which expect to do output to a visual display terminal. - -See the function `terminal-emulator' for more information. - -* New support for keypads and function keys. - -There is now a first attempt at terminal-independent support for -keypad and function keys. - -Emacs now defines a standard set of key-names for function and keypad -keys, and provides standard hooks for defining them. Most of the -standard key-names have default definitions built into Emacs; you can -override these in a terminal-independent manner. The default definitions -and the conventions for redefining them are in the file `lisp/keypad.el'. - -These keys on the terminal normally work by sending sequences of -characters starting with ESC. The exact sequences used vary from -terminal to terminal. Emacs interprets them in two stages: -in the first stage, terminal-dependent sequences are mapped into -the standard key-names; then second stage maps the standard key-names -into their definitions in a terminal-independent fashion. - -The terminal-specific file `term/$TERM.el' now is responsible only for -establishing the mapping from the terminal's escape sequences into -standard key-names. It no longer knows what Emacs commands are -assigned to the standard key-names. - -One other change in terminal-specific files: if the value of the TERM -variable contains a hyphen, only the part before the first hyphen is -used in forming the name of the terminal-specific file. Thus, for -terminal type `aaa-48', the file loaded is now `term/aaa.el' rather -than `term/aaa-48.el'. - -* New startup command line options. - -`-i FILE' or `-insert FILE' in the command line to Emacs tells Emacs to -insert the contents of FILE into the current buffer at that point in -command line processing. This is like using the command M-x insert-file. - -`-funcall', `-load', `-user' and `-no-init-file' are new synonyms for -`-f', `-l', `-u' and `-q'. - -`-nw' means don't use a window system. If you are using a terminal -emulator on the X window system and you want to run Emacs to work through -the terminal emulator instead of working directly with the window system, -use this switch. - -* Buffer-sorting commands. - -Various M-x commands whose names start with `sort-' sort parts of -the region: - -sort-lines divides the region into lines and sorts them alphabetically. -sort-pages divides into pages and sorts them alphabetically. -sort-paragraphs divides into paragraphs and sorts them alphabetically. -sort-fields divides into lines and sorts them alphabetically - according to one field in the line. - The numeric argument specifies which field (counting - from field 1 at the beginning of the line). Fields in a line - are separated by whitespace. -sort-numeric-fields - is similar but converts the specified fields to numbers - and sorts them numerically. -sort-columns divides into lines and sorts them according to the contents - of a specified range of columns. - -Refer to the self-documentation of these commands for full usage information. - -* Changes in various commands. - -** `occur' output now serves as a menu. `occur-menu' command deleted. - -`M-x occur' now allows you to move quickly to any of the occurrences -listed. Select the `*Occur*' buffer that contains the output of `occur', -move point to the occurrence you want, and type C-c C-c. -This will move point to the same occurrence in the buffer that the -occurrences were found in. - -The command `occur-menu' is thus obsolete, and has been deleted. - -One way to get a list of matching lines without line numbers is to -copy the text to another buffer and use the command `keep-lines'. - -** Incremental search changes. - -Ordinary and regexp incremental searches now have distinct default -search strings. Thus, regexp searches recall only previous regexp -searches. - -If you exit an incremental search when the search string is empty, -the old default search string is kept. The default does not become -empty. - -Reversing the direction of an incremental search with C-s or C-r -when the search string is empty now does not get the default search -string. It leaves the search string empty. A second C-s or C-r -will get the default search string. As a result, you can do a reverse -incremental regexp search with C-M-s C-r. - -If you add a `*', `?' or `\|' to an incremental search regexp, -point will back up if that is appropriate. For example, if -you have searched for `ab' and add a `*', point moves to the -first match for `ab*', which may be before the match for `ab' -that was previously found. - -If an incremental search is failing and you ask to repeat it, -it will start again from the beginning of the buffer (or the end, -if it is a backward search). - -The search-controlling parameters `isearch-slow-speed' and -`isearch-slow-window-lines' have now been renamed to start with -`search' instead of `isearch'. Now all the parameters' names start -with `search'. - -If `search-slow-window-lines' is negative, the slow search window -is put at the top of the screen, and the absolute value or the -negative number specifies the height of it. - -** Undo changes - -The undo command now will mark the buffer as unmodified only when it is -identical to the contents of the visited file. - -** C-M-v in minibuffer. - -If while in the minibuffer you request help in a way that uses a -window to display something, then until you exit the minibuffer C-M-v -in the minibuffer window scrolls the window of help. - -For example, if you request a list of possible completions, C-M-v can -be used reliably to scroll the completion list. - -** M-TAB command. - -Meta-TAB performs completion on the Emacs Lisp symbol names. The sexp -in the buffer before point is compared against all existing nontrivial -Lisp symbols and completed as far as is uniquely determined by them. -Nontrivial symbols are those with either function definitions, values -or properties. - -If there are multiple possibilities for the very next character, a -list of possible completions is displayed. - -** Dynamic abbreviation package. - -The new command Meta-/ expands an abbreviation in the buffer before point -by searching the buffer for words that start with the abbreviation. - -** Changes in saving kbd macros. - -The commands `write-kbd-macro' and `append-kbd-macro' have been -deleted. The way to save a keyboard macro is to use the new command -`insert-kbd-macro', which inserts Lisp code to define the macro as -it is currently defined into the buffer before point. Visit a Lisp -file such as your Emacs init file `~/.emacs', insert the macro -definition (perhaps deleting an old definition for the same macro) -and then save the file. - -** C-x ' command. - -The new command C-x ' (expand-abbrev) expands the word before point as -an abbrev, even if abbrev-mode is not turned on. - -** Sending to inferior Lisp. - -The command C-M-x in Lisp mode, which sends the current defun to -an inferior Lisp process, now works by writing the text into a temporary -file and actually sending only a `load'-form to load the file. -As a result, it avoids the Unix bugs that used to strike when the -text was above a certain length. - -With a prefix argument, this command now makes the inferior Lisp buffer -appear on the screen and scrolls it so that the bottom is showing. - -Two variables `inferior-lisp-load-command' and `inferior-lisp-prompt', -exist to customize these feature for different Lisp implementations. - -** C-x n p now disabled. - -The command C-x n p, a nonrecomended command which narrows to the current -page, is now initially disabled like C-x n n. - -* Dealing with files. - -** C-x C-v generalized - -This command is now allowed even if the current buffer is not visiting -a file. As usual, it kills the current buffer and replaces it with a -newly found file. - -** M-x recover-file improved; auto save file names changed. - -M-x recover-file now checks whether the last auto-save file is more -recent than the real visited file before offering to read in the -auto-save file. If the auto-save file is newer, a directory listing -containing the two files is displayed while you are asked whether you -want the auto save file. - -Visiting a file also makes this check. If the auto-save file is more recent, -a message is printed suggesting that you consider using M-x recover file. - -Auto save file names now by default have a `#' at the end as well -as at the beginning. This is so that `*.c' in a shell command -will never match auto save files. - -On VMS, auto save file names are made by appending `_$' at the front -and `$' at the end. - -When you change the visited file name of a buffer, the auto save file -is now renamed to belong to the new visited file name. - -You can customize the way auto save file names are made by redefining -the two functions `make-auto-save-file-name' and `auto-save-file-name-p', -both of which are defined in `files.el'. - -** Modifying a buffer whose file is changed on disk is detected instantly. - -On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is -implemented, Emacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer -whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or saved. -If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change the buffer. - -** Exiting Emacs offers to save `*mail*'. - -Emacs can now know about buffers that it should offer to save on exit -even though they are not visiting files. This is done for any buffer -which has a non-nil local value of `buffer-offer-save'. By default, -Mail mode provides such a local value. - -** Backup file changes. - -If a backup file cannot be written in the directory of the visited file -due to fascist file protection, a backup file is now written in your home -directory as `~/%backup%~'. Only one such file is made, ever, so only -the most recently made such backup is available. - -When backup files are made by copying, the last-modification time of the -original file is now preserved in the backup copy. - -** Visiting remote files. - -On an internet host, you can now visit and save files on any other -internet host directly from Emacs with the commands M-x ftp-find-file -and M-x ftp-write-file. Specify an argument of the form HOST:FILENAME. -Since standard internet FTP is used, the other host may be any kind -of machine and is not required to have any special facilities. - -The first time any one remote host is accessed, you will be asked to -give the user name and password for use on that host. FTP is reinvoked -each time you ask to use it, but previously specified user names and -passwords are remembered automatically. - -** Dired `g' command. - -`g' in Dired mode is equivalent to M-x revert-buffer; it causes the -current contents of the same directory to be read in. - -* Changes in major modes. - -** C mode indentation change. - -The binding of Linefeed is no longer changed by C mode. It once again -has its normal meaning, which is to insert a newline and then indent -afterward. - -The old definition did one additional thing: it reindented the line -before the new newline. This has been removed because it made the -command twice as slow. The only time it was really useful was after the -insertion of an `else', since the fact of starting with `else' may change -the way that line is indented. Now you will have to type TAB again -yourself to reindent the `else' properly. - -If the variable `c-tab-always-indent' is set to `nil', the TAB command -in C mode, with no argument, will just insert a tab character if there -is non-whitespace preceding point on the current line. Giving it a -prefix argument will force reindentation of the line (as well as -of the compound statement that begins after point, if any). - -** Fortran mode now exists. - -This mode provides commands for motion and indentation of Fortran code, -plus built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. For details, see the manual -or the on-line documentation of the command `fortran-mode'. - -** Scribe mode now exists. - -This mode does something useful for editing files of Scribe input. -It is used automatically for files with names ending in ".mss". - -** Modula2 and Prolog modes now exist. - -These modes are for editing programs in the languages of the same names. -They can be selected with M-x modula-2-mode and M-x prolog-mode. - -** Telnet mode changes. - -The telnet mode special commands have now been assigned to C-c keys. -Most of them are the same as in Shell mode. - -** Picture mode changes. - -The special picture-mode commands to specify the direction of cursor -motion after insertion have been moved to C-c keys. The commands to -specify diagonal motion were already C-c keys; they are unchanged. -The keys to specify horizontal or vertical motion are now -C-c < (left), C-c > (right), C-c ^ (up) and C-c . (down). - -** Nroff mode comments. - -Comments are now supported in Nroff mode. The standard comment commands -such as M-; and C-x ; know how to insert, align and delete comments -that start with backslash-doublequote. - -** LaTeX mode. - -LaTeX mode now exists. Use M-x latex-mode to select this mode, and -M-x plain-tex-mode to select the previously existing mode for Plain -TeX. M-x tex-mode attempts to examine the contents of the buffer and -choose between latex-mode and plain-tex-mode accordingly; if the -buffer is empty or it cannot tell, the variable `TeX-default-mode' -controls the choice. Its value should be the symbol for the mode to -be used. - -The facilities for running TeX on all or part of the buffer -work with LaTeX as well. - -Some new commands available in both modes: - -C-c C-l recenter the window showing the TeX output buffer - so most recent line of output can be seen. -C-c C-k kill the TeX subprocess. -C-c C-q show the printer queue. -C-c C-f close a block (appropriate for LaTeX only). - If the current line contains a \begin{...}, - this inserts an \end{...} on the following line - and puts point on a blank line between them. - -** Outline mode changes. - -Invisible lines in outline mode are now indicated by `...' at the -end of the previous visible line. - -The special outline heading motion commands are now all on C-c keys. -A few new ones have been added. Here is a full list: - -C-c C-n Move to next visible heading (formerly M-}) -C-c C-p Move to previous visible heading (formerly M-{) -C-c C-f Move to next visible heading at the same level. - Thus, if point is on a level-2 heading line, - this command moves to the next visible level-2 heading. -C-c C-b Move to previous visible heading at the same level. -C-c C-u Move up to previous visible heading at a higher level. - -The variable `outline-regexp' now controls recognition of heading lines. -Any line whose beginning matches this regexp is a heading line. -The depth in outline structure is determined by the length of -the string that matches. - -A line starting with a ^L (formfeed) is now by default considered -a header line. - -* Mail reading and sending. - -** MH-E changes. - -MH-E has been extensively modified and improved since the v17 release. -It contains many new features, including commands to: extracted failed -messages, kill a draft message, undo changes to a mail folder, monitor -delivery of a letter, print multiple messages, page digests backwards, -insert signatures, and burst digests. Also, many commands have been -made to able to deal with named sequences of messages, instead of -single messages. MH-E also has had numerous bugs fixed and commands -made to run faster. Furthermore, its keybindings have been changed to -be compatible with Rmail and the rest of GNU Emacs. - -** Mail mode changes. - -The C-c commands of mail mode have been rearranged: - -C-c s, C-c c, C-c t and C-c b (move point to various header fields) -have been reassigned as C-c C-f C-s, C-c C-f C-c, C-c C-f C-t and C-c -C-f C-b. C-c C-f is for "field". - -C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q. - -Thus, C-c LETTER is always unassigned. - -** Rmail C-r command changed to w. - -The Rmail command to edit the current message is now `w'. This change -has been made because people frequently type C-r while in Rmail hoping -to do a reverse incremental search. That now works. - -* Rnews changes. - -** Caesar rotation added. - -The function news-caesar-buffer-body performs the rot13 code on the -body of a news message. You can also specify the number to rotate by, -as a prefix argument. The function is bound to C-c C-r in both -News mode and News Reply mode. - -** rmail-output command added. - -The C-o command has been bound to rmail-output in news-mode. -This allows one to append an article to a file which is in either Unix -mail or RMAIL format. - -** news-reply-mode changes. - -The C-c commands of news reply mode have been rearranged and changed, -so that C-c LETTER is always unassigned: - -C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q. - -C-c c, C-c t, and C-c b (move to various mail header fields) have been -deleted (they make no sense for posting and replying to USENET). - -C-c s (move to Subject: header field) has been reassigned as C-c C-f -C-s. C-c C-f is for "field". Several additional move to news header -field commands have been added. - -The local news-reply-mode bindings now look like this: - -C-c C-s news-inews (post the message) C-c C-c news-inews -C-c C-f move to a header field (and create it if there isn't): - C-c C-f C-n move to Newsgroups: C-c C-f C-s move to Subj: - C-c C-f C-f move to Followup-To: C-c C-f C-k move to Keywords: - C-c C-f C-d move to Distribution: C-c C-f C-a move to Summary: -C-c C-y news-reply-yank-original (insert current message, in NEWS). -C-c C-q mail-fill-yanked-message (fill what was yanked). -C-c C-r caesar rotate all letters by 13 places in the article's body (rot13). - -* Changes in tags handling. - -** M-. (`find-tag') and similar commands now look first for an exact -match in the tags table, and try substring matches only afterward. - -** The new command `find-tag-regexp' visits successively the tags that -match a specified regular expression. - -** You can now use more than one tags table. Using `visit-tags-table' -to load a new tags table does not discard the other tables previously -loaded. The other tags commands use all the tags tables that are loaded; -the first tags table used is the one that mentions the current visited file. - -** Tags tables can now be told to "include" other tags tables. This means -the tags table gives the file names of other tags tables. Tags command -then search included tags tables after the including table (but before any -other tags tables you have loaded). Included tags tables can make it much -easier and more efficient to maintain a tags table for a large package with -many subdirectories--there is one tags table for each subdirectory, and a -master tags table that includes each subdirectory table. You use `-i' -options to `etags' when creating the tags table to give the file names of -the included tables. - -** You can now use the tags table for completion of names during -ordinary editing. The command M-TAB (except in Emacs Lisp mode) -completes the identifier in the buffer before point, using the set of -all tags as the list of possible completions. - -** `tags-query-replace' and `tags-search' changes. - -These functions no longer permanently create buffers for files that -are searched but that do not contain any matches for the search -pattern. - -* Existing Emacs usable as a server. - -Programs such as mailers that invoke "the editor" as an inferior -to edit some text can now be told to use an existing Emacs process -instead of creating a new editor. - -To do this, you must have an Emacs process running and capable of -doing terminal I/O at the time you want to invoke it. This means that -either you are using a window system and give Emacs a separate window -or you run the other programs as inferiors of Emacs (such as, using -M-x shell). - -First prepare the existing Emacs process by loading the `server' -library and executing M-x server-start. (Your .emacs can do this -automatically.) - -Now tell the other programs to use, as "the editor", the Emacs client -program (etc/emacsclient, located in the same directory as this file). -This can be done by setting the environment variable EDITOR. - -When another program invokes the emacsclient as "the editor", the -client actually transfers the file names to be edited to the existing -Emacs, which automatically visits the files. - -When you are done editing a buffer for a client, do C-x # (server-edit). -This marks that buffer as done, and selects the next buffer that the client -asked for. When all the buffers requested by a client are marked in this -way, Emacs tells the client program to exit, so that the program that -invoked "the editor" will resume execution. - -You can only have one server Emacs at a time, but multiple client programs -can put in requests at the same time. - -The client/server work only on Berkeley Unix, since they use the Berkeley -sockets mechanism for their communication. - -Changes in Lisp programming in Emacs version 18. - -* Init file changes. - -** Suffixes no longer accepted on `.emacs'. - -Emacs will no longer load a file named `.emacs.el' or `emacs.elc' -in place of `.emacs'. This is so that it will take less time to -find `.emacs'. If you want to compile your init file, give it another -name and make `.emacs' a link to the `.elc' file, or make it contain -a call to `load' to load the `.elc' file. - -** `default-profile' renamed to `default', and loaded after `.emacs'. - -It used to be the case that the file `default-profile' was loaded if -and only if `.emacs' was not found. - -Now the name `default-profile' is not used at all. Instead, a library -named `default' is loaded after the `.emacs' file. `default' is loaded -whether the `.emacs' file exists or not. However, loading of `default' -can be prevented if the `.emacs' file sets `inhibit-default-init' to non-nil. - -In fact, you would call the default file `default.el' and probably would -byte-compile it to speed execution. - -Note that for most purposes you are better off using a `site-init' library -since that will be loaded before the runnable Emacs is dumped. By using -a `site-init' library, you avoid taking up time each time Emacs is started. - -** inhibit-command-line has been eliminated. - -This variable used to exist for .emacs files to set. It has been -eliminated because you can get the same effect by setting -command-line-args to nil and setting inhibit-startup-message to t. - -* `apply' is more general. - -`apply' now accepts any number of arguments. The first one is a function; -the rest are individual arguments to pass to that function, except for the -last, which is a list of arguments to pass. - -Previously, `apply' required exactly two arguments. Its old behavior -follows as a special case of the new definition. - -* New code-letter for `interactive'. - -(interactive "NFoo: ") is like (interactive "nFoo: ") in reading -a number using the minibuffer to serve as the argument; however, -if a prefix argument was specified, it uses the prefix argument -value as the argument, and does not use the minibuffer at all. - -This is used by the `goto-line' and `goto-char' commands. - -* Semantics of variables. - -** Built-in per-buffer variables improved. - -Several built-in variables which in the past had a different value in -each buffer now behave exactly as if `make-variable-buffer-local' had -been done to them. - -These variables are `tab-width', `ctl-arrow', `truncate-lines', -`fill-column', `left-margin', `mode-line-format', `abbrev-mode', -`overwrite-mode', `case-fold-search', `auto-fill-hook', -`selective-display', `selective-display-ellipses'. - -To be precise, each variable has a default value which shows through -in most buffers and can be accessed with `default-value' and set with -`set-default'. Setting the variable with `setq' makes the variable -local to the current buffer. Changing the default value has retroactive -effect on all buffers in which the variable is not local. - -The variables `default-case-fold-search', etc., are now obsolete. -They now refer to the default value of the variable, which is not -quite the same behavior as before, but it should enable old init files -to continue to work. - -** New per-buffer variables. - -The variables `fill-prefix', `comment-column' and `indent-tabs-mode' -are now per-buffer. They work just like `fill-column', etc. - -** New function `setq-default'. - -`setq-default' sets the default value of a variable, and uses the -same syntax that `setq' accepts: the variable name is not evaluated -and need not be quoted. - -`(setq-default case-fold-search nil)' would make searches case-sensitive -in all buffers that do not have local values for `case-fold-search'. - -You can set multiple variables sequentially, each with its own value, -in `setq-default' just as in `setq'. - -** Functions `global-set' and `global-value' deleted. - -These functions were never used except by mistake by users expecting -the functionality of `set-default' and `default-value'. - -* Changes in defaulting of major modes. - -When `default-major-mode' is `nil', new buffers are supposed to -get their major mode from the buffer that is current. However, -certain major modes (such as Dired mode, Rmail mode, Rmail Summary mode, -and others) are not reasonable to use in this way. - -Now such modes' names have been given non-`nil' `mode-class' properties. -If the current buffer's mode has such a property, Fundamental mode is -used as the default for newly created buffers. - -* `where-is-internal' requires additional arguments. - -This function now accepts three arguments, two of them required: -DEFINITION, the definition to search for; LOCAL-KEYMAP, the keymap -to use as the local map when doing the searching, and FIRST-ONLY, -which is nonzero to return only the first key found. - -This function returns a list of keys (strings) whose definitions -(in the LOCAL-KEYMAP or the current global map) are DEFINITION. - -If FIRST-ONLY is non-nil, it returns a single key (string). - -This function has changed incompatibly in that now two arguments -are required when previously only one argument was allowed. To get -the old behavior of this function, write `(current-local-map)' as -the expression for the second argument. - -The incompatibility is sad, but `nil' is a legitimate value for the -second argument (it means there is no local keymap), so it cannot also -serve as a default meaning to use the current local keymap. - -* Abbrevs with hooks. - -When an abbrev defined with a hook is expanded, it now performs the -usual replacement of the abbrev with the expansion before running the -hook. Previously the abbrev itself was deleted but the expansion was -not inserted. - -* Function `scan-buffer' deleted. - -Use `search-forward' or `search-backward' in place of `scan-buffer'. -You will have to rearrange the arguments. - -* X window interface improvements. - -** Detect release of mouse buttons. - -Button-up events can now be detected. See the file `lisp/x-mouse.el' -for details. - -** New pop-up menu facility. - -The new function `x-popup-menu' pops up a menu (in a X window) -and returns an indication of which selection the user made. -For more information, see its self-documentation. - -* M-x disassemble. - -This command prints the disassembly of a byte-compiled Emacs Lisp function. - -Would anyone like to interface this to the debugger? - -* `insert-buffer-substring' can insert part of the current buffer. - -The old restriction that the text being inserted had to come from -a different buffer is now lifted. - -When inserting text from the current buffer, the text to be inserted -is determined from the specified bounds before any copying takes place. - -* New function `substitute-key-definition'. - -This is a new way to replace one command with another command as the -binding of whatever keys may happen to refer to it. - -(substitute-key-definition OLDDEF NEWDEF KEYMAP) looks through KEYMAP -for keys defined to run OLDDEF, and rebinds those keys to run NEWDEF -instead. - -* New function `insert-char'. - -Insert a specified character, a specified number of times. - -* `mark-marker' changed. - -When there is no mark, this now returns a marker that points -nowhere, rather than `nil'. - -* `ding' accepts argument. - -When given an argument, the function `ding' does not terminate -execution of a keyboard macro. Normally, `ding' does terminate -all macros that are currently executing. - -* New function `minibuffer-depth'. - -This function returns the current depth in minibuffer activations. -The value is zero when the minibuffer is not in use. -Values greater than one are possible if the user has entered the -minibuffer recursively. - -* New function `documentation-property'. - -(documentation-property SYMBOL PROPNAME) is like (get SYMBOL PROPNAME), -except that if the property value is a number `documentation-property' -will take that number (or its absolute value) as a character position -in the DOC file and return the string found there. - -(documentation-property VAR 'variable-documentation) is the proper -way for a Lisp program to get the documentation of variable VAR. - -* New documentation-string expansion feature. - -If a documentation string (for a variable or function) contains text -of the form `\<FOO>', it means that all command names specified in -`\[COMMAND]' construct from that point on should be turned into keys -using the value of the variable FOO as the local keymap. Thus, for example, - - `\<emacs-lisp-mode-map>\[eval-defun] evaluates the defun containing point.' - -will expand into - - "ESC C-x evaluates the defun containing point." - -regardless of the current major mode, because ESC C-x is defined to -run `eval-defun' in the keymap `emacs-lisp-mode-map'. The effect is -to show the key for `eval-defun' in Emacs Lisp mode regardless of the -current major mode. - -The `\<...>' construct applies to all `\[...]' constructs that follow it, -up to the end of the documentation string or the next `\<...>'. - -Without `\<...>', the keys for commands specified in `\[...]' are found -in the current buffer's local map. - -The current global keymap is always searched second, whether `\<...>' -has been used or not. - -* Multiple hooks allowed in certain contexts. - -The old hook variables `find-file-hook', `find-file-not-found-hook' and -`write-file-hook' have been replaced. - -The replacements are `find-file-hooks', `find-file-not-found-hooks' -and `write-file-hooks'. Each holds a list of functions to be called; -by default, `nil', for no functions. The functions are called in -order of appearance in the list. - -In the case of `find-file-hooks', all the functions are executed. - -In the case of `find-file-not-found-hooks', if any of the functions -returns non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called. - -In the case of `write-file-hooks', if any of the functions returns -non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called, and the file is -considered to have been written already; so actual writing in the -usual way is not done. If `write-file-hooks' is local to a buffer, -it is set to its global value if `set-visited-file-name' is called -(and thus by C-x C-w as well). - -`find-file-not-found-hooks' and `write-file-hooks' can be used -together to implement editing of files that are not stored as Unix -files: stored in archives, or inside version control systems, or on -other machines running other operating systems and accessible via ftp. - -* New hooks for suspending Emacs. - -Suspending Emacs runs the hook `suspend-hook' before suspending -and the hook `suspend-resume-hook' if the suspended Emacs is resumed. -Running a hook is done by applying the variable's value to no arguments -if the variable has a non-`nil' value. If `suspend-hook' returns -non-`nil', then suspending is inhibited and so is running the -`suspend-resume-hook'. The non-`nil' value means that the `suspend-hook' -has done whatever suspending is required. - -* Disabling commands can print a special message. - -A command is disabled by giving it a non-`nil' `disabled' property. -Now, if this property is a string, it is included in the message -printed when the user tries to run the command. - -* Emacs can open TCP connections. - -The function `open-network-stream' opens a TCP connection to -a specified host and service. Its value is a Lisp object that represents -the connection. The object is a kind of "subprocess", and I/O are -done like I/O to subprocesses. - -* Display-related changes. - -** New mode-line control features. - -The display of the mode line used to be controlled by a format-string -that was the value of the variable `mode-line-format'. - -This variable still exists, but it now allows more general values, -not just strings. Lists, cons cells and symbols are also meaningful. - -The mode line contents are created by outputting various mode elements -one after the other. Here are the kinds of objects that can be -used as mode elements, and what they do in the display: - - string the contents of the string are output to the mode line, - and %-constructs are replaced by other text. - - t or nil ignored; no output results. - - symbol the symbol's value is used. If the value is a string, - the string is output verbatim to the mode line - (so %-constructs are not interpreted). Otherwise, - the symbol's value is processed as a mode element. - - list (whose first element is a string or list or cons cell) - the elements of the list are treated as as mode elements, - so that the output they generate is concatenated, - - list (whose car is a symbol) - if the symbol's value is non-nil, the second element of the - list is treated as a mode element. Otherwise, the third - element (if any) of the list is treated as a mode element. - - cons (whose car is a positive integer) - the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but - the text it produces is padded, if necessary, to have - at least the width specified by the integer. - - cons (whose car is a negative integer) - the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but - the text it produces is truncated, if necessary, to have - at most the width specified by the integer. - -There is always one mode element to start with, that being the value of -`mode-line-format', but if this value is a list then it leads to several -more mode elements, which can lead to more, and so on. - -There is one new %-construct for mode elements that are strings: -`%n' displays ` Narrow' for a buffer that is narrowed. - -The default value of `mode-line-format' refers to several other variables. -These variables are `mode-name', `mode-line-buffer-identification', -`mode-line-process', `mode-line-modified', `global-mode-string' and -`minor-mode-alist'. The first four are local in every buffer in which they -are changed from the default. - -mode-name Name of buffer's major mode. Local in every buffer. - -mode-line-buffer-identification - Normally the list ("Emacs: %17b"), it is responsible - for displaying text to indicate what buffer is being shown - and what kind of editing it is doing. `Emacs' means - that a file of characters is being edited. Major modes - such as Info and Dired which edit or view other kinds - of data often change this value. This variables becomes - local to the current buffer if it is setq'd. - -mode-line-process - Normally nil, this variable is responsible for displaying - information about the process running in the current buffer. - M-x shell-mode and M-x compile alter this variable. - -mode-line-modified - This variable is responsible for displaying the indication - of whether the current buffer is modified or read-only. - By default its value is `("--%*%*-")'. - -minor-mode-alist - This variable is responsible for displaying text for those - minor modes that are currently enabled. Its value - is a list of elements of the form (VARIABLE STRING), - where STRING is to be displayed if VARIABLE's value - (in the buffer whose mode line is being displayed) - is non-nil. This variable is not made local to particular - buffers, but loading some libraries may add elements to it. - -global-mode-string - This variable is used to display the time, if you ask - for that. - -The idea of these variables is to eliminate the need for major modes -to alter mode-line-format itself. - -** `window-point' valid for selected window. - -The value returned by `window-point' used to be incorrect when its -argument was the selected window. Now the value is correct. - -** Window configurations may be saved as Lisp objects. - -The function `current-window-configuration' returns a special type of -Lisp object that represents the current layout of windows: the -sizes and positions of windows, which buffers appear in them, and -which parts of the buffers appear on the screen. - -The function `set-window-configuration' takes one argument, which must -be a window configuration object, and restores that configuration. - -** New hook `temp-output-buffer-show-hook'. - -This hook allows you to control how help buffers are displayed. -Whenever `with-output-to-temp-buffer' has executed its body and wants -to display the temp buffer, if this variable is bound and non-`nil' -then its value is called with one argument, the temp buffer. -The hook function is solely responsible for displaying the buffer. -The standard manner of display--making the buffer appear in a window--is -used only if there is no hook function. - -** New function `minibuffer-window'. - -This function returns the window used (sometimes) for displaying -the minibuffer. It can be used even when the minibuffer is not active. - -** New feature to `next-window'. - -If the optional second argument is neither `nil' nor `t', the minibuffer -window is omitted from consideration even when active; if the starting -window was the last non-minibuffer window, the value will be the first -non-minibuffer window. - -** New variable `minibuffer-scroll-window'. - -When this variable is non-`nil', the command `scroll-other-window' -uses it as the window to be scrolled. Displays of completion-lists -set this variable to the window containing the display. - -** New argument to `sit-for'. - -A non-nil second argument to `sit-for' means do not redisplay; -just wait for the specified time or until input is available. - -** Deleted function `set-minor-mode'; minor modes must be changed. - -The function `set-minor-mode' has been eliminated. The display -of minor mode names in the mode line is now controlled by the -variable `minor-mode-alist'. To specify display of a new minor -mode, it is sufficient to add an element to this list. Once that -is done, you can turn the mode on and off just by setting a variable, -and the display will show its status automatically. - -** New variable `cursor-in-echo-area'. - -If this variable is non-nil, the screen cursor appears on the -last line of the screen, at the end of the text displayed there. - -Binding this variable to t is useful at times when reading single -characters of input with `read-char'. - -** New per-buffer variable `selective-display-ellipses'. - -If this variable is non-nil, an ellipsis (`...') appears on the screen -at the end of each text line that is followed by invisible text. - -If this variable is nil, no ellipses appear. Then there is no sign -on the screen that invisible text is present. - -Text is made invisible under the control of the variable -`selective-display'; this is how Outline mode and C-x $ work. - -** New variable `no-redraw-on-reenter'. - -If you set this variable non-nil, Emacs will not clear the screen when -you resume it after suspending it. This is for the sake of terminals -with multiple screens of memory, where the termcap entry has been set -up to switch between screens when Emacs is suspended and resumed. - -** New argument to `set-screen-height' or `set-screen-width'. - -These functions now take an optional second argument which says -what significance the newly specified height or width has. - -If the argument is nil, or absent, it means that Emacs should -believe that the terminal height or width really is as just specified. - -If the argument is t, it means Emacs should not believe that the -terminal really is this high or wide, but it should use the -specific height or width as the number of lines or columns to display. -Thus, you could display only 24 lines on a screen known to have 48 lines. - -What practical difference is there between using only 24 lines for display -and really believing that the terminal has 24 lines? - -1. The "real" height of the terminal says what the terminal command -to move the cursor to the last line will do. - -2. The "real" height of the terminal determines how much padding is -needed. - -* File-related changes. - -** New parameter `backup-by-copying-when-mismatch'. - -If this variable is non-`nil', then when Emacs is about to save a -file, it will create the backup file by copying if that would avoid -changing the file's uid or gid. - -The default value of this variable is `nil', because usually it is -useful to have the uid of a file change according to who edited it -last. I recommend thet this variable be left normally `nil' and -changed with a local variables list in those particular files where -the uid needs to be preserved. - -** New parameter `file-precious-flag'. - -If this variable is non-`nil', saving the buffer tries to avoid -leaving an incomplete file due to disk full or other I/O errors. -It renames the old file before saving. If saving is successful, -the renamed file is deleted; if saving gets an error, the renamed -file is renamed back to the name you visited. - -Backups are always made by copying for such files. - -** New variable `buffer-offer-save'. - -If the value of this variable is non-`nil' in a buffer then exiting -Emacs will offer to save the buffer (if it is modified and nonempty) -even if the buffer is not visiting a file. This variable is -automatically made local to the current buffer whenever it is set. - -** `rename-file', `copy-file', `add-name-to-file' and `make-symbolic-link'. - -The third argument to these functions used to be `t' or `nil'; `t' -meaning go ahead even if the specified new file name already has a file, -and `nil' meaning to get an error. - -Now if the third argument is a number it means to ask the user for -confirmation in this case. - -** New optional argument to `copy-file'. - -If `copy-file' receives a non-nil fourth argument, it attempts -to give the new copy the same time-of-last-modification that the -original file has. - -** New function `file-newer-than-file-p'. - -(file-newer-than-file-p FILE1 FILE2) returns non-nil if FILE1 has been -modified more recently than FILE2. If FILE1 does not exist, the value -is always nil; otherwise, if FILE2 does not exist, the value is t. -This is meant for use when FILE2 depends on FILE1, to see if changes -in FILE1 make it necessary to recompute FILE2 from it. - -** Changed function `file-exists-p'. - -This function is no longer the same as `file-readable-p'. -`file-exists-p' can now return t for a file that exists but which -the fascists won't allow you to read. - -** New function `file-locked-p'. - -This function receives a file name as argument and returns `nil' -if the file is not locked, `t' if locked by this Emacs, or a -string giving the name of the user who has locked it. - -** New function `file-name-sans-versions'. - -(file-name-sans-versions NAME) returns a substring of NAME, with any -version numbers or other backup suffixes deleted from the end. - -** New functions for directory names. - -Although a directory is really a kind of file, specifying a directory -uses a somewhat different syntax from specifying a file. -In Emacs, a directory name is used as part of a file name. - -On Unix, the difference is small: a directory name ends in a slash, -while a file name does not: thus, `/usr/rms/' to name a directory, -while `/usr/rms' names the file which holds that directory. - -On VMS, the difference is considerable: `du:[rms.foo]' specifies a -directory, but the name of the file that holds that directory is -`du:[rms]foo.dir'. - -There are two new functions for converting between directory names -and file names. `directory-file-name' takes a directory name and -returns the name of the file in which that directory's data is stored. -`file-name-as-directory' takes the name of a file and returns -the corresponding directory name. These always understand Unix file name -syntax; on VMS, they understand VMS syntax as well. - -For example, (file-name-as-directory "/usr/rms") returns "/usr/rms/" -and (directory-file-name "/usr/rms/") returns "/usr/rms". -On VMS, (file-name-as-directory "du:[rms]foo.dir") returns "du:[rms.foo]" -and (directory-file-name "du:[rms.foo]") returns "du:[rms]foo.dir". - -** Value of `file-attributes' changed. - -The function file-attributes returns a list containing many kinds of -information about a file. Now the list has eleven elements. - -The tenth element is `t' if deleting the file and creating another -file of the same name would result in a change in the file's group; -`nil' if there would be no change. You can also think of this as -comparing the file's group with the default group for files created in -the same directory by you. - -The eleventh element is the inode number of the file. - -** VMS-only function `file-name-all-versions'. - -This function returns a list of all the completions, including version -number, of a specified version-number-less file name. This is like -`file-name-all-completions', except that the latter returns values -that do not include version numbers. - -** VMS-only variable `vms-stmlf-recfm'. - -On a VMS system, if this variable is non-nil, Emacs will give newly -created files the record format `stmlf'. This is necessary for files -that must contain lines of arbitrary length, such as compiled Emacs -Lisp. - -When writing a new version of an existing file, Emacs always keeps -the same record format as the previous version; so this variable has -no effect. - -This variable has no effect on Unix systems. - -** `insert-file-contents' on an empty file. - -This no longer sets the buffer's "modified" flag. - -** New function (VMS only) `define-logical-name': - -(define-logical-name LOGICAL TRANSLATION) defines a VMS logical name -LOGICAL whose translation is TRANSLATION. The new name applies to -the current process only. - -** Deleted variable `ask-about-buffer-names'. - -If you want buffer names for files to be generated in a special way, -you must redefine `create-file-buffer'. - -* Subprocess-related changes. - -** New function `process-list'. - -This function takes no arguments and returns a list of all -of Emacs's asynchronous subprocesses. - -** New function `process-exit-status'. - -This function, given a process, process name or buffer as argument, -returns the exit status code or signal number of the process. -If the process has not yet exited or died, this function returns 0. - -** Process output ignores `buffer-read-only'. - -Output from a process will go into the process's buffer even if the -buffer is read only. - -** Switching buffers in filter functions and sentinels. - -Emacs no longer saves and restore the current buffer around calling -the filter and sentinel functions, so these functions can now -permanently alter the selected buffer in a straightforward manner. - -** Specifying environment variables for subprocesses. - -When a subprocess is started with `start-process' or `call-process', -the value of the variable `process-environment' is taken to -specify the environment variables to give the subprocess. The -value should be a list of strings, each of the form "VAR=VALUE". - -`process-environment' is initialized when Emacs starts up -based on Emacs's environment. - -** New variable `process-connection-type'. - -If this variable is `nil', when a subprocess is created, Emacs uses -a pipe rather than a pty to communicate with it. Normally this -variable is `t', telling Emacs to use a pty if ptys are supported -and one is available. - -** New function `waiting-for-user-input-p'. - -This function, given a subprocess as argument, returns `t' if that -subprocess appears to be waiting for input sent from Emacs, -or `nil' otherwise. - -** New hook `shell-set-directory-error-hook'. - -The value of this variable is called, with no arguments, whenever -Shell mode gets an error trying to keep track of directory-setting -commands (such as `cd' and `pushd') used in the shell buffer. - -* New functions `user-uid' and `user-real-uid'. - -These functions take no arguments and return, respectively, -the effective uid and the real uid of the Emacs process. -The value in each case is an integer. - -* New variable `print-escape-newlines' controls string printing. - -If this variable is non-`nil', then when a Lisp string is printed -by the Lisp printing function `prin1' or `print', newline characters -are printed as `\n' rather than as a literal newline. - -* New function `sysnetunam' on HPUX. - -This function takes two arguments, a network address PATH and a -login string LOGIN, and executes the system call `netunam'. -It returns `t' if the call succeeds, otherwise `nil'. - -News regarding installation: - -* Many `s-...' file names changed. - -Many `s-...' files have been renamed. All periods in such names, -except the ones just before the final `h', have been changed to -hyphens. Thus, `s-bsd4.2.h' has been renamed to `s-bsd4-2.h'. - -This is so a Unix distribution can be moved mechanically to VMS. - -* `DOCSTR...' file now called `DOC-...'. - -The file of on-line documentation strings, that used to be -`DOCSTR.mm.nn.oo' in this directory, is now called `DOC-mm.nn.oo'. -This is so that it can port to VMS using the standard conventions -for translating filenames for VMS. - -This file also now contains the doc strings for variables as -well as functions. - -* Emacs no longer uses floating point arithmetic. - -This may make it easier to port to some machines. - -* Macros `XPNTR' and `XSETPNTR'; flag `DATA_SEG_BITS'. - -These macros exclusively are used to unpack a pointer from a Lisp_Object -and to insert a pointer into a Lisp_Object. Redefining them may help -port Emacs to machines in which all pointers to data objects have -certain high bits set. - -If `DATA_SEG_BITS' is defined, it should be a number which contains -the high bits to be inclusive or'ed with pointers that are unpacked. - -* New flag `HAVE_X_MENU'. - -Define this flag in `config.h' in addition to `HAVE_X_WINDOWS' -to enable use of the Emacs interface to X Menus. On some operating -systems, the rest of the X interface works properly but X Menus -do not work; hence this separate flag. See the file `src/xmenu.c' -for more information. - -* Macros `ARRAY_MARK_FLAG' and `DONT_COPY_FLAG'. - -* `HAVE_ALLOCA' prevents assembly of `alloca.s'. - -* `SYSTEM_MALLOC' prevents use of GNU `malloc.c'. - -SYSTEM_MALLOC, if defined, means use the system's own `malloc' routines -rather than those that come with Emacs. - -Use this only if absolutely necessary, because if it is used you do -not get warnings when space is getting low. - -* New flags to control unexec. - -See the file `unexec.c' for a long comment on the compilation -switches that suffice to make it work on many machines. - -* `PNTR_COMPARISON_TYPE' - -Pointers that need to be compared for ordering are converted to this type -first. Normally this is `unsigned int'. - -* `HAVE_VFORK', `HAVE_DUP2' and `HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY'. - -These flags just say whether certain system calls are available. - -* New macros control compiler switches, linker switches and libraries. - -The m- and s- files can now control in a modular fashion the precise -arguments passed to `cc' and `ld'. - -LIBS_STANDARD defines the standard C libraries. Default is `-lc'. -LIBS_DEBUG defines the extra libraries to use when debugging. Default `-lg'. -LIBS_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra libraries. -LIBS_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra libraries. -LIBS_TERMCAP defines the libraries for Termcap or Terminfo. - It is defined by default in a complicated fashion but the m- or s- file - can override it. - -LD_SWITCH_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra `ld' switches. - The default is `-X' on BSD systems except those few that use COFF object files. -LD_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `ld' switches. - -C_DEBUG_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' when debugging. Default `-g'. -C_OPTIMIZE_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' to optimize. Default `-O'. -C_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `cc' switches. - -For older news, see the file OONEWS. - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -Copyright information: - -Copyright (C) 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies - of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the - copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved, - thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn. - - Permission is granted to distribute modified versions - of this document, or of portions of it, - under the above conditions, provided also that they - carry prominent notices stating who last changed them. - -Local variables: -mode: text -end:
--- a/etc/OOONEWS Thu Aug 17 15:37:07 2000 +0000 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,1609 +0,0 @@ -GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes. 17-Aug-1988 -Copyright (C) 1988 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -See the end for copying conditions. - -For older news, see the file OOOONEWS. - -Changes in version 18.52. - -* X windows version 10 is supported under system V. - -* Pop-up menus are now supported with the same Lisp interface in -both version 10 and 11 of X windows. - -* C-x 4 a is a new command to edit a change-log entry in another window. - -* The emacs client program now allows an option +NNN to specify the -line number to go to in the file whose name follows. Thus, - emacsclient foo.c +45 bar.c -will find the files `foo.c' and `bar.c', going to line 45 in `bar.c'. - -* Dired allows empty directories to be deleted like files. - -* When the terminal type is used to find a terminal-specific file to -run, Emacs now tries the entire terminal type first. If that doesn't -yield a file that exists, the last hyphen and what follows it is -stripped. If that doesn't yield a file that exists, the previous -hyphen is stripped, and so on until all hyphens are gone. For -example, if the terminal type is `aaa-48-foo', Emacs will try first -`term/aaa-48-foo.el', then `term/aaa-48.el' and finally `term/aaa.el'. - -Underscores now receive the same treatment as hyphens. - -* Texinfo features: @defun, etc. texinfo-show-structure. -New template commands. texinfo-format-region. - -* The special "local variable" `eval' is now ignored if you are running -as root. - -* New command `c-macro-expand' shows the result of C macro expansion -in the region. It works using the C preprocessor, so its results -are completely accurate. - -* Errors in trying to auto save now flash error messages for a few seconds. - -* Killing a buffer now sends SIGHUP to the buffer's process. - -* New hooks. - -** `spell-region' now allows you to filter the text before spelling-checking. -If the value of `spell-filter' is non-nil, it is called, with no arguments, -looking at a temporary buffer containing a copy of the text to be checked. -It can alter the text freely before the spell program sees it. - -** The variable `lpr-command' now specifies the command to be used when -you use the commands to print text (such as M-x print-buffer). - -** Posting netnews now calls the value of `news-inews-hook' (if not nil) -as a function of no arguments before the actual posting. - -** Rmail now calls the value of `rmail-show-message-hook' (if not nil) -as a function of no arguments, each time a new message is selected. - -** `kill-emacs' calls the value of `kill-emacs-hook' as a function of no args. - -* New libraries. -See the source code of each library for more information. - -** icon.el: a major mode for editing programs written in Icon. - -** life.el: a simulator for the cellular automaton "life". Load the -library and run M-x life. - -** doctex.el: a library for converting the Emacs `etc/DOC' file of -documentation strings into TeX input. - -** saveconf.el: a library which records the arrangement of windows and -buffers when you exit Emacs, and automatically recreates the same -setup the next time you start Emacs. - -** uncompress.el: a library that automatically uncompresses files -when you visit them. - -** c-fill.el: a mode for editing filled comments in C. - -** kermit.el: an extended version of shell-mode designed for running kermit. - -** spook.el: a library for adding some "distract the NSA" keywords to every -message you send. - -** hideif.el: a library for hiding parts of a C program based on preprocessor -conditionals. - -** autoinsert.el: a library to put in some initial text when you visit -a nonexistent file. The text used depends on the major mode, and -comes from a directory of files created by you. - -* New programming features. - -** The variable `window-system-version' now contains the version number -of the window system you are using (if appropriate). When using X windows, -its value is either 10 or 11. - -** (interactive "N") uses the prefix argument if any; otherwise, it reads -a number using the minibuffer. - -** VMS: there are two new functions `vms-system-info' and `shrink-to-icon'. -The former allows you to get many kinds of system status information. -See its self-documentation for full details. -The second is used with the window system: it iconifies the Emacs window. - -** VMS: the new function `define-logical-name' allows you to create -job-wide logical names. The old function `define-dcl-symbol' has been -removed. - -Changes in version 18.50. - -* X windows version 11 is supported. - -Define X11 in config.h if you want X version 11 instead of version 10. - -* The command M-x gdb runs the GDB debugger as an inferior. -It asks for the filename of the executable you want to debug. - -GDB runs as an inferior with I/O through an Emacs buffer. All the -facilities of Shell mode are available. In addition, each time your -program stops, and each time you select a new stack frame, the source -code is displayed in another window with an arrow added to the line -where the program is executing. - -Special GDB-mode commands include M-s, M-n, M-i, M-u, M-d, and C-c C-f -which send the GDB commands `step', `next', `stepi', `up', `down' -and `finish'. - -In any source file, the commands C-x SPC tells GDB to set a breakpoint -on the current line. - -* M-x calendar displays a three-month calendar. - -* C-u 0 C-x C-s never makes a backup file. - -This is a way you can explicitly request not to make a backup. - -* `term-setup-hook' is for users only. - -Emacs never uses this variable for internal purposes, so you can freely -set it in your `.emacs' file to make Emacs do something special after -loading any terminal-specific setup file from `lisp/term'. - -* `copy-keymap' now copies recursive submaps. - -* New overlay-arrow feature. - -If you set the variable `overlay-arrow-string' to a string -and `overlay-arrow-position' to a marker, that string is displayed on -the screen at the position of that marker, hiding whatever text would -have appeared there. If that position isn't on the screen, or if -the buffer the marker points into isn't displayed, there is no effect. - -* -batch mode can read from the terminal. - -It now works to use `read-char' to do terminal input in a noninteractive -Emacs run. End of file causes Emacs to exit. - -* Variables `data-bytes-used' and `data-bytes-free' removed. - -These variables cannot really work because the 24-bit range of an -integer in (most ports of) GNU Emacs is not large enough to hold their -values on many systems. - -Changes in version 18.45, since version 18.41. - -* C indentation parameter `c-continued-brace-offset'. - -This parameter's value is added to the indentation of any -line that is in a continuation context and starts with an open-brace. -For example, it applies to the open brace shown here: - - if (x) - { - -The default value is zero. - -* Dabbrev expansion (Meta-/) preserves case. - -When you use Meta-/ to search the buffer for an expansion of an -abbreviation, if the expansion found is all lower case except perhaps -for its first letter, then the case pattern of the abbreviation -is carried over to the expansion that replaces it. - -* TeX-mode syntax. - -\ is no longer given "escape character" syntax in TeX mode. It now -has the syntax of an ordinary punctuation character. As a result, -\[...\] and such like are considered to balance each other. - -* Mail-mode automatic Reply-to field. - -If the variable `mail-default-reply-to' is non-`nil', then each time -you start to compose a message, a Reply-to field is inserted with -its contents taken from the value of `mail-default-reply-to'. - -* Where is your .emacs file? - -If you run Emacs under `su', so your real and effective uids are -different, Emacs uses the home directory associated with the real uid -(the name you actually logged in under) to find the .emacs file. - -Otherwise, Emacs uses the environment variable HOME to find the .emacs -file. - -The .emacs file is not loaded at all if -batch is specified. - -* Prolog mode is the default for ".pl" files. - -* File names are not case-sensitive on VMS. - -On VMS systems, all file names that you specify are converted to upper -case. You can use either upper or lower case indiscriminately. - -* VMS-only function 'define-dcl-symbol'. - -This is a new name for the function formerly called -`define-logical-name'. - -Editing Changes in Emacs 18 - -* Additional systems and machines are supported. - -GNU Emacs now runs on Vax VMS. However, many facilities that are normally -implemented by running subprocesses do not work yet. This includes listing -a directory and sending mail. There are features for running subprocesses -but they are incompatible with those on Unix. I hope that some of -the VMS users can reimplement these features for VMS (compatibly for -the user, if possible). - -VMS wizards are also asked to work on making the subprocess facilities -more upward compatible with those on Unix, and also to rewrite their -internals to use the same Lisp objects that are used on Unix to -represent processes. - -In addition, the TI Nu machine running Unix system V, the AT&T 3b, and -the Wicat, Masscomp, Integrated Solutions, Alliant, Amdahl uts, Mips, -Altos 3068 and Gould Unix systems are now supported. The IBM PC-RT is -supported under 4.2, but not yet under system V. The GEC 93 is close -to working. The port for the Elxsi is partly merged. See the file -MACHINES for full status information and machine-specific installation -advice. - -* Searching is faster. - -Forward search for a text string, or for a regexp that is equivalent -to a text string, is now several times faster. Motion by lines and -counting lines is also faster. - -* Memory usage improvements. - -It is no longer possible to run out of memory during garbage -collection. As a result, running out of memory is never fatal. This -is due to a new garbage collection algorithm which compactifies -strings in place rather than copying them. Another consequence of the -change is a reduction in total memory usage and a slight increase in -garbage collection speed. - -* Display changes. - -** Editing above top of screen. - -When you delete or kill or alter text that reaches to the top of the -screen or above it, so that display would start in the middle of a -line, Emacs will usually attempt to scroll the text so that display -starts at the beginning of a line again. - -** Yanking in the minibuffer. - -The message "Mark Set" is no longer printed when the minibuffer is -active. This is convenient with many commands, including C-y, that -normally print such a message. - -** Cursor appears in last line during y-or-n questions. - -Questions that want a `y' or `n' answer now move the cursor -to the last line, following the question. - -* Library loading changes. - -`load' now considers all possible suffixes (`.elc', `.el' and none) -for each directory in `load-path' before going on to the next directory. -It now accepts an optional fourth argument which, if non-nil, says to -use no suffixes; then the file name must be given in full. The search -of the directories in `load-path' goes on as usual in this case, but -it too can be prevented by passing an absolute file name. - -The value of `load-path' no longer by default includes nil (meaning to -look in the current default directory). The idea is that `load' should -be used to search the path only for libraries to be found in the standard -places. If you want to override system libraries with your own, place -your own libraries in one special directory and add that directory to the -front of `load-path'. - -The function `load' is no longer a command; that is to say, `M-x load' -is no longer allowed. Instead, there are two commands for loading files. -`M-x load-library' is equivalent to the old meaning of `M-x load'. -`M-x load-file' reads a file name with completion and defaulting -and then loads exactly that file, with no searching and no suffixes. - -* Emulation of other editors. - -** `edt-emulation-on' starts emulating DEC's EDT editor. - -Do `edt-emulation-off' to return Emacs to normal. - -** `vi-mode' and `vip-mode' starts emulating vi. - -These are two different vi emulations provided by GNU Emacs users. -We are interested in feedback as to which emulation is preferable. - -See the documentation and source code for these functions -for more information. - -** `set-gosmacs-bindings' emulates Gosling Emacs. - -This command changes many global bindings to resemble those of -Gosling Emacs. The previous bindings are saved and can be restored using -`set-gnu-bindings'. - -* Emulation of a display terminal. - -Within Emacs it is now possible to run programs (such as emacs or -supdup) which expect to do output to a visual display terminal. - -See the function `terminal-emulator' for more information. - -* New support for keypads and function keys. - -There is now a first attempt at terminal-independent support for -keypad and function keys. - -Emacs now defines a standard set of key-names for function and keypad -keys, and provides standard hooks for defining them. Most of the -standard key-names have default definitions built into Emacs; you can -override these in a terminal-independent manner. The default definitions -and the conventions for redefining them are in the file `lisp/keypad.el'. - -These keys on the terminal normally work by sending sequences of -characters starting with ESC. The exact sequences used vary from -terminal to terminal. Emacs interprets them in two stages: -in the first stage, terminal-dependent sequences are mapped into -the standard key-names; then second stage maps the standard key-names -into their definitions in a terminal-independent fashion. - -The terminal-specific file `term/$TERM.el' now is responsible only for -establishing the mapping from the terminal's escape sequences into -standard key-names. It no longer knows what Emacs commands are -assigned to the standard key-names. - -One other change in terminal-specific files: if the value of the TERM -variable contains a hyphen, only the part before the first hyphen is -used in forming the name of the terminal-specific file. Thus, for -terminal type `aaa-48', the file loaded is now `term/aaa.el' rather -than `term/aaa-48.el'. - -* New startup command line options. - -`-i FILE' or `-insert FILE' in the command line to Emacs tells Emacs to -insert the contents of FILE into the current buffer at that point in -command line processing. This is like using the command M-x insert-file. - -`-funcall', `-load', `-user' and `-no-init-file' are new synonyms for -`-f', `-l', `-u' and `-q'. - -`-nw' means don't use a window system. If you are using a terminal -emulator on the X window system and you want to run Emacs to work through -the terminal emulator instead of working directly with the window system, -use this switch. - -* Buffer-sorting commands. - -Various M-x commands whose names start with `sort-' sort parts of -the region: - -sort-lines divides the region into lines and sorts them alphabetically. -sort-pages divides into pages and sorts them alphabetically. -sort-paragraphs divides into paragraphs and sorts them alphabetically. -sort-fields divides into lines and sorts them alphabetically - according to one field in the line. - The numeric argument specifies which field (counting - from field 1 at the beginning of the line). Fields in a line - are separated by whitespace. -sort-numeric-fields - is similar but converts the specified fields to numbers - and sorts them numerically. -sort-columns divides into lines and sorts them according to the contents - of a specified range of columns. - -Refer to the self-documentation of these commands for full usage information. - -* Changes in various commands. - -** `tags-query-replace' and `tags-search' change. - -These functions now display the name of the file being searched at the moment. - -** `occur' output now serves as a menu. `occur-menu' command deleted. - -`M-x occur' now allows you to move quickly to any of the occurrences -listed. Select the `*Occur*' buffer that contains the output of `occur', -move point to the occurrence you want, and type C-c C-c. -This will move point to the same occurrence in the buffer that the -occurrences were found in. - -The command `occur-menu' is thus obsolete, and has been deleted. - -One way to get a list of matching lines without line numbers is to -copy the text to another buffer and use the command `keep-lines'. - -** Incremental search changes. - -Ordinary and regexp incremental searches now have distinct default -search strings. Thus, regexp searches recall only previous regexp -searches. - -If you exit an incremental search when the search string is empty, -the old default search string is kept. The default does not become -empty. - -Reversing the direction of an incremental search with C-s or C-r -when the search string is empty now does not get the default search -string. It leaves the search string empty. A second C-s or C-r -will get the default search string. As a result, you can do a reverse -incremental regexp search with C-M-s C-r. - -If you add a `*', `?' or `\|' to an incremental search regexp, -point will back up if that is appropriate. For example, if -you have searched for `ab' and add a `*', point moves to the -first match for `ab*', which may be before the match for `ab' -that was previously found. - -If an incremental search is failing and you ask to repeat it, -it will start again from the beginning of the buffer (or the end, -if it is a backward search). - -The search-controlling parameters `isearch-slow-speed' and -`isearch-slow-window-lines' have now been renamed to start with -`search' instead of `isearch'. Now all the parameters' names start -with `search'. - -If `search-slow-window-lines' is negative, the slow search window -is put at the top of the screen, and the absolute value or the -negative number specifies the height of it. - -** Undo changes - -The undo command now will mark the buffer as unmodified only when it is -identical to the contents of the visited file. - -** C-M-v in minibuffer. - -If while in the minibuffer you request help in a way that uses a -window to display something, then until you exit the minibuffer C-M-v -in the minibuffer window scrolls the window of help. - -For example, if you request a list of possible completions, C-M-v can -be used reliably to scroll the completion list. - -** M-TAB command. - -Meta-TAB performs completion on the Emacs Lisp symbol names. The sexp -in the buffer before point is compared against all existing nontrivial -Lisp symbols and completed as far as is uniquely determined by them. -Nontrivial symbols are those with either function definitions, values -or properties. - -If there are multiple possibilities for the very next character, a -list of possible completions is displayed. - -** Dynamic abbreviation package. - -The new command Meta-/ expands an abbreviation in the buffer before point -by searching the buffer for words that start with the abbreviation. - -** Changes in saving kbd macros. - -The commands `write-kbd-macro' and `append-kbd-macro' have been -deleted. The way to save a keyboard macro is to use the new command -`insert-kbd-macro', which inserts Lisp code to define the macro as -it is currently defined into the buffer before point. Visit a Lisp -file such as your Emacs init file `~/.emacs', insert the macro -definition (perhaps deleting an old definition for the same macro) -and then save the file. - -** C-x ' command. - -The new command C-x ' (expand-abbrev) expands the word before point as -an abbrev, even if abbrev-mode is not turned on. - -** Sending to inferior Lisp. - -The command C-M-x in Lisp mode, which sends the current defun to -an inferior Lisp process, now works by writing the text into a temporary -file and actually sending only a `load'-form to load the file. -As a result, it avoids the Unix bugs that used to strike when the -text was above a certain length. - -With a prefix argument, this command now makes the inferior Lisp buffer -appear on the screen and scrolls it so that the bottom is showing. - -Two variables `inferior-lisp-load-command' and `inferior-lisp-prompt', -exist to customize these feature for different Lisp implementations. - -** C-x p now disabled. - -The command C-x p, a nonrecomended command which narrows to the current -page, is now initially disabled like C-x n. - -* Dealing with files. - -** C-x C-v generalized - -This command is now allowed even if the current buffer is not visiting -a file. As usual, it kills the current buffer and replaces it with a -newly found file. - -** M-x recover-file improved; auto save file names changed. - -M-x recover-file now checks whether the last auto-save file is more -recent than the real visited file before offering to read in the -auto-save file. If the auto-save file is newer, a directory listing -containing the two files is displayed while you are asked whether you -want the auto save file. - -Visiting a file also makes this check. If the auto-save file is more recent, -a message is printed suggesting that you consider using M-x recover file. - -Auto save file names now by default have a `#' at the end as well -as at the beginning. This is so that `*.c' in a shell command -will never match auto save files. - -On VMS, auto save file names are made by appending `_$' at the front -and `$' at the end. - -When you change the visited file name of a buffer, the auto save file -is now renamed to belong to the new visited file name. - -You can customize the way auto save file names are made by redefining -the two functions `make-auto-save-file-name' and `auto-save-file-name-p', -both of which are defined in `files.el'. - -** Modifying a buffer whose file is changed on disk is detected instantly. - -On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is -implemented, Emacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer -whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or saved. -If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change the buffer. - -** Exiting Emacs offers to save `*mail*'. - -Emacs can now know about buffers that it should offer to save on exit -even though they are not visiting files. This is done for any buffer -which has a non-nil local value of `buffer-offer-save'. By default, -Mail mode provides such a local value. - -** Backup file changes. - -If a backup file cannot be written in the directory of the visited file -due to fascist file protection, a backup file is now written in your home -directory as `~/%backup%~'. Only one such file is made, ever, so only -the most recently made such backup is available. - -When backup files are made by copying, the last-modification time of the -original file is now preserved in the backup copy. - -** Visiting remote files. - -On an internet host, you can now visit and save files on any other -internet host directly from Emacs with the commands M-x ftp-find-file -and M-x ftp-write-file. Specify an argument of the form HOST:FILENAME. -Since standard internet FTP is used, the other host may be any kind -of machine and is not required to have any special facilities. - -The first time any one remote host is accessed, you will be asked to -give the user name and password for use on that host. FTP is reinvoked -each time you ask to use it, but previously specified user names and -passwords are remembered automatically. - -** Dired `g' command. - -`g' in Dired mode is equivalent to M-x revert-buffer; it causes the -current contents of the same directory to be read in. - -* Changes in major modes. - -** C mode indentation change. - -The binding of Linefeed is no longer changed by C mode. It once again -has its normal meaning, which is to insert a newline and then indent -afterward. - -The old definition did one additional thing: it reindented the line -before the new newline. This has been removed because it made the -command twice as slow. The only time it was really useful was after the -insertion of an `else', since the fact of starting with `else' may change -the way that line is indented. Now you will have to type TAB again -yourself to reindent the `else' properly. - -If the variable `c-tab-always-indent' is set to `nil', the TAB command -in C mode, with no argument, will just insert a tab character if there -is non-whitespace preceding point on the current line. Giving it a -prefix argument will force reindentation of the line (as well as -of the compound statement that begins after point, if any). - -** Fortran mode now exists. - -This mode provides commands for motion and indentation of Fortran code, -plus built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. For details, see the manual -or the on-line documentation of the command `fortran-mode'. - -** Scribe mode now exists. - -This mode does something useful for editing files of Scribe input. -It is used automatically for files with names ending in ".mss". - -** Modula2 and Prolog modes now exist. - -These modes are for editing programs in the languages of the same names. -They can be selected with M-x modula-2-mode and M-x prolog-mode. - -** Telnet mode changes. - -The telnet mode special commands have now been assigned to C-c keys. -Most of them are the same as in Shell mode. - -** Picture mode changes. - -The special picture-mode commands to specify the direction of cursor -motion after insertion have been moved to C-c keys. The commands to -specify diagonal motion were already C-c keys; they are unchanged. -The keys to specify horizontal or vertical motion are now -C-c < (left), C-c > (right), C-c ^ (up) and C-c . (down). - -** Nroff mode comments. - -Comments are now supported in Nroff mode. The standard comment commands -such as M-; and C-x ; know how to insert, align and delete comments -that start with backslash-doublequote. - -** LaTeX mode. - -LaTeX mode now exists. Use M-x latex-mode to select this mode, and -M-x plain-tex-mode to select the previously existing mode for Plain -TeX. M-x tex-mode attempts to examine the contents of the buffer and -choose between latex-mode and plain-tex-mode accordingly; if the -buffer is empty or it cannot tell, the variable `TeX-default-mode' -controls the choice. Its value should be the symbol for the mode to -be used. - -The facilities for running TeX on all or part of the buffer -work with LaTeX as well. - -Some new commands available in both modes: - -C-c C-l recenter the window showing the TeX output buffer - so most recent line of output can be seen. -C-c C-k kill the TeX subprocess. -C-c C-q show the printer queue. -C-c C-f close a block (appropriate for LaTeX only). - If the current line contains a \begin{...}, - this inserts an \end{...} on the following line - and puts point on a blank line between them. - -** Outline mode changes. - -Invisible lines in outline mode are now indicated by `...' at the -end of the previous visible line. - -The special outline heading motion commands are now all on C-c keys. -A few new ones have been added. Here is a full list: - -C-c C-n Move to next visible heading (formerly M-}) -C-c C-p Move to previous visible heading (formerly M-{) -C-c C-f Move to next visible heading at the same level. - Thus, if point is on a level-2 heading line, - this command moves to the next visible level-2 heading. -C-c C-b Move to previous visible heading at the same level. -C-c C-u Move up to previous visible heading at a higher level. - -The variable `outline-regexp' now controls recognition of heading lines. -Any line whose beginning matches this regexp is a heading line. -The depth in outline structure is determined by the length of -the string that matches. - -A line starting with a ^L (formfeed) is now by default considered -a header line. - -* Mail reading and sending. - -** MH-E changes. - -MH-E has been extensively modified and improved since the v17 release. -It contains many new features, including commands to: extracted failed -messages, kill a draft message, undo changes to a mail folder, monitor -delivery of a letter, print multiple messages, page digests backwards, -insert signatures, and burst digests. Also, many commands have been -made to able to deal with named sequences of messages, instead of -single messages. MH-E also has had numerous bugs fixed and commands -made to run faster. Furthermore, its keybindings have been changed to -be compatible with Rmail and the rest of GNU Emacs. - -** Mail mode changes. - -The C-c commands of mail mode have been rearranged: - -C-c s, C-c c, C-c t and C-c b (move point to various header fields) -have been reassigned as C-c C-f C-s, C-c C-f C-c, C-c C-f C-t and C-c -C-f C-b. C-c C-f is for "field". - -C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q. - -Thus, C-c LETTER is always unassigned. - -** Rmail C-r command changed to w. - -The Rmail command to edit the current message is now `w'. This change -has been made because people frequently type C-r while in Rmail hoping -to do a reverse incremental search. That now works. - -* Rnews changes. - -** Caesar rotation added. - -The function news-caesar-buffer-body performs encryption and -decryption of the body of a news message. It defaults to the USENET -standard of 13, and accepts any numeric arg between 1 to 25 and -25 to -1. -The function is bound to C-c C-r in both news-mode and news-reply-mode. - -** rmail-output command added. - -The C-o command has been bound to rmail-output in news-mode. -This allows one to append an article to a file which is in either Unix -mail or RMAIL format. - -** news-reply-mode changes. - -The C-c commands of news reply mode have been rearranged and changed, -so that C-c LETTER is always unassigned: - -C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q. - -C-c c, C-c t, and C-c b (move to various mail header fields) have been -deleted (they make no sense for posting and replying to USENET). - -C-c s (move to Subject: header field) has been reassigned as C-c C-f -C-s. C-c C-f is for "field". Several additional move to news header -field commands have been added. - -The local news-reply-mode bindings now look like this: - -C-c C-s news-inews (post the message) C-c C-c news-inews -C-c C-f move to a header field (and create it if there isn't): - C-c C-f C-n move to Newsgroups: C-c C-f C-s move to Subj: - C-c C-f C-f move to Followup-To: C-c C-f C-k move to Keywords: - C-c C-f C-d move to Distribution: C-c C-f C-a move to Summary: -C-c C-y news-reply-yank-original (insert current message, in NEWS). -C-c C-q mail-fill-yanked-message (fill what was yanked). -C-c C-r caesar rotate all letters by 13 places in the article's body (rot13). - -* Existing Emacs usable as a server. - -Programs such as mailers that invoke "the editor" as an inferior -to edit some text can now be told to use an existing Emacs process -instead of creating a new editor. - -To do this, you must have an Emacs process running and capable of -doing terminal I/O at the time you want to invoke it. This means that -either you are using a window system and give Emacs a separate window -or you run the other programs as inferiors of Emacs (such as, using -M-x shell). - -First prepare the existing Emacs process by loading the `server' -library and executing M-x server-start. (Your .emacs can do this -automatically.) - -Now tell the other programs to use, as "the editor", the Emacs client -program (etc/emacsclient, located in the same directory as this file). -This can be done by setting the environment variable EDITOR. - -When another program invokes the emacsclient as "the editor", the -client actually transfers the file names to be edited to the existing -Emacs, which automatically visits the files. - -When you are done editing a buffer for a client, do C-x # (server-edit). -This marks that buffer as done, and selects the next buffer that the client -asked for. When all the buffers requested by a client are marked in this -way, Emacs tells the client program to exit, so that the program that -invoked "the editor" will resume execution. - -You can only have one server Emacs at a time, but multiple client programs -can put in requests at the same time. - -The client/server work only on Berkeley Unix, since they use the Berkeley -sockets mechanism for their communication. - -Changes in Lisp programming in Emacs version 18. - -* Init file changes. - -** Suffixes no longer accepted on `.emacs'. - -Emacs will no longer load a file named `.emacs.el' or `emacs.elc' -in place of `.emacs'. This is so that it will take less time to -find `.emacs'. If you want to compile your init file, give it another -name and make `.emacs' a link to the `.elc' file, or make it contain -a call to `load' to load the `.elc' file. - -** `default-profile' renamed to `default', and loaded after `.emacs'. - -It used to be the case that the file `default-profile' was loaded if -and only if `.emacs' was not found. - -Now the name `default-profile' is not used at all. Instead, a library -named `default' is loaded after the `.emacs' file. `default' is loaded -whether the `.emacs' file exists or not. However, loading of `default' -can be prevented if the `.emacs' file sets `inhibit-default-init' to non-nil. - -In fact, you would call the default file `default.el' and probably would -byte-compile it to speed execution. - -Note that for most purposes you are better off using a `site-init' library -since that will be loaded before the runnable Emacs is dumped. By using -a `site-init' library, you avoid taking up time each time Emacs is started. - -** inhibit-command-line has been eliminated. - -This variable used to exist for .emacs files to set. It has been -eliminated because you can get the same effect by setting -command-line-args to nil and setting inhibit-startup-message to t. - -* `apply' is more general. - -`apply' now accepts any number of arguments. The first one is a function; -the rest are individual arguments to pass to that function, except for the -last, which is a list of arguments to pass. - -Previously, `apply' required exactly two arguments. Its old behavior -follows as a special case of the new definition. - -* New code-letter for `interactive'. - -(interactive "NFoo: ") is like (interactive "nFoo: ") in reading -a number using the minibuffer to serve as the argument; however, -if a prefix argument was specified, it uses the prefix argument -value as the argument, and does not use the minibuffer at all. - -This is used by the `goto-line' and `goto-char' commands. - -* Semantics of variables. - -** Built-in per-buffer variables improved. - -Several built-in variables which in the past had a different value in -each buffer now behave exactly as if `make-variable-buffer-local' had -been done to them. - -These variables are `tab-width', `ctl-arrow', `truncate-lines', -`fill-column', `left-margin', `mode-line-format', `abbrev-mode', -`overwrite-mode', `case-fold-search', `auto-fill-hook', -`selective-display', `selective-display-ellipses'. - -To be precise, each variable has a default value which shows through -in most buffers and can be accessed with `default-value' and set with -`set-default'. Setting the variable with `setq' makes the variable -local to the current buffer. Changing the default value has retroactive -effect on all buffers in which the variable is not local. - -The variables `default-case-fold-search', etc., are now obsolete. -They now refer to the default value of the variable, which is not -quite the same behavior as before, but it should enable old init files -to continue to work. - -** New per-buffer variables. - -The variables `fill-prefix', `comment-column' and `indent-tabs-mode' -are now per-buffer. They work just like `fill-column', etc. - -** New function `setq-default'. - -`setq-default' sets the default value of a variable, and uses the -same syntax that `setq' accepts: the variable name is not evaluated -and need not be quoted. - -`(setq-default case-fold-search nil)' would make searches case-sensitive -in all buffers that do not have local values for `case-fold-search'. - -** Functions `global-set' and `global-value' deleted. - -These functions were never used except by mistake by users expecting -the functionality of `set-default' and `default-value'. - -* Changes in defaulting of major modes. - -When `default-major-mode' is `nil', new buffers are supposed to -get their major mode from the buffer that is current. However, -certain major modes (such as Dired mode, Rmail mode, Rmail Summary mode, -and others) are not reasonable to use in this way. - -Now such modes' names have been given non-`nil' `mode-class' properties. -If the current buffer's mode has such a property, Fundamental mode is -used as the default for newly created buffers. - -* `where-is-internal' requires additional arguments. - -This function now accepts three arguments, two of them required: -DEFINITION, the definition to search for; LOCAL-KEYMAP, the keymap -to use as the local map when doing the searching, and FIRST-ONLY, -which is nonzero to return only the first key found. - -This function returns a list of keys (strings) whose definitions -(in the LOCAL-KEYMAP or the current global map) are DEFINITION. - -If FIRST-ONLY is non-nil, it returns a single key (string). - -This function has changed incompatibly in that now two arguments -are required when previously only one argument was allowed. To get -the old behavior of this function, write `(current-local-map)' as -the expression for the second argument. - -The incompatibility is sad, but `nil' is a legitimate value for the -second argument (it means there is no local keymap), so it cannot also -serve as a default meaning to use the current local keymap. - -* Abbrevs with hooks. - -When an abbrev defined with a hook is expanded, it now performs the -usual replacement of the abbrev with the expansion before running the -hook. Previously the abbrev itself was deleted but the expansion was -not inserted. - -* Function `scan-buffer' deleted. - -Use `search-forward' or `search-backward' in place of `scan-buffer'. -You will have to rearrange the arguments. - -* X window interface improvements. - -** Detect release of mouse buttons. - -Button-up events can now be detected. See the file `lisp/x-mouse.el' -for details. - -** New pop-up menu facility. - -The new function `x-popup-menu' pops up a menu (in a X window) -and returns an indication of which selection the user made. -For more information, see its self-documentation. - -* M-x disassemble. - -This command prints the disassembly of a byte-compiled Emacs Lisp function. - -Would anyone like to interface this to the debugger? - -* `insert-buffer-substring' can insert part of the current buffer. - -The old restriction that the text being inserted had to come from -a different buffer is now lifted. - -When inserting text from the current buffer, the text to be inserted -is determined from the specified bounds before any copying takes place. - -* New function `substitute-key-definition'. - -This is a new way to replace one command with another command as the -binding of whatever keys may happen to refer to it. - -(substitute-key-definition OLDDEF NEWDEF KEYMAP) looks through KEYMAP -for keys defined to run OLDDEF, and rebinds those keys to run NEWDEF -instead. - -* New function `insert-char'. - -Insert a specified character, a specified number of times. - -* `mark-marker' changed. - -When there is no mark, this now returns a marker that points -nowhere, rather than `nil'. - -* `ding' accepts argument. - -When given an argument, the function `ding' does not terminate -execution of a keyboard macro. Normally, `ding' does terminate -all macros that are currently executing. - -* New function `minibuffer-depth'. - -This function returns the current depth in minibuffer activations. -The value is zero when the minibuffer is not in use. -Values greater than one are possible if the user has entered the -minibuffer recursively. - -* New function `documentation-property'. - -(documentation-property SYMBOL PROPNAME) is like (get SYMBOL PROPNAME), -except that if the property value is a number `documentation-property' -will take that number (or its absolute value) as a character position -in the DOC file and return the string found there. - -(documentation-property VAR 'variable-documentation) is the proper -way for a Lisp program to get the documentation of variable VAR. - -* New documentation-string expansion feature. - -If a documentation string (for a variable or function) contains text -of the form `\<FOO>', it means that all command names specified in -`\[COMMAND]' construct from that point on should be turned into keys -using the value of the variable FOO as the local keymap. Thus, for example, - - `\<emacs-lisp-mode-map>\[eval-defun] evaluates the defun containing point.' - -will expand into - - "ESC C-x evaluates the defun containing point." - -regardless of the current major mode, because ESC C-x is defined to -run `eval-defun' in the keymap `emacs-lisp-mode-map'. The effect is -to show the key for `eval-defun' in Emacs Lisp mode regardless of the -current major mode. - -The `\<...>' construct applies to all `\[...]' constructs that follow it, -up to the end of the documentation string or the next `\<...>'. - -Without `\<...>', the keys for commands specified in `\[...]' are found -in the current buffer's local map. - -The current global keymap is always searched second, whether `\<...>' -has been used or not. - -* Multiple hooks allowed in certain contexts. - -The old hook variables `find-file-hook', `find-file-not-found-hook' and -`write-file-hook' have been replaced. - -The replacements are `find-file-hooks', `find-file-not-found-hooks' -and `write-file-hooks'. Each holds a list of functions to be called; -by default, `nil', for no functions. The functions are called in -order of appearance in the list. - -In the case of `find-file-hooks', all the functions are executed. - -In the case of `find-file-not-found-hooks', if any of the functions -returns non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called. - -In the case of `write-file-hooks', if any of the functions returns -non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called, and the file is -considered to have been written already; so actual writing in the -usual way is not done. If `write-file-hooks' is local to a buffer, -it is set to its global value if `set-visited-file-name' is called -(and thus by C-x C-w as well). - -`find-file-not-found-hooks' and `write-file-hooks' can be used -together to implement editing of files that are not stored as Unix -files: stored in archives, or inside version control systems, or on -other machines running other operating systems and accessible via ftp. - -* New hooks for suspending Emacs. - -Suspending Emacs runs the hook `suspend-hook' before suspending -and the hook `suspend-resume-hook' if the suspended Emacs is resumed. -Running a hook is done by applying the variable's value to no arguments -if the variable has a non-`nil' value. If `suspend-hook' returns -non-`nil', then suspending is inhibited and so is running the -`suspend-resume-hook'. The non-`nil' value means that the `suspend-hook' -has done whatever suspending is required. - -* Disabling commands can print a special message. - -A command is disabled by giving it a non-`nil' `disabled' property. -Now, if this property is a string, it is included in the message -printed when the user tries to run the command. - -* Emacs can open TCP connections. - -The function `open-network-stream' opens a TCP connection to -a specified host and service. Its value is a Lisp object that represents -the connection. The object is a kind of "subprocess", and I/O are -done like I/O to subprocesses. - -* Display-related changes. - -** New mode-line control features. - -The display of the mode line used to be controlled by a format-string -that was the value of the variable `mode-line-format'. - -This variable still exists, but it now allows more general values, -not just strings. Lists, cons cells and symbols are also meaningful. - -The mode line contents are created by outputting various mode elements -one after the other. Here are the kinds of objects that can be -used as mode elements, and what they do in the display: - - string the contents of the string are output to the mode line, - and %-constructs are replaced by other text. - - t or nil ignored; no output results. - - symbol the symbol's value is used. If the value is a string, - the string is output verbatim to the mode line - (so %-constructs are not interpreted). Otherwise, - the symbol's value is processed as a mode element. - - list (whose first element is a string or list or cons cell) - the elements of the list are treated as as mode elements, - so that the output they generate is concatenated, - - list (whose car is a symbol) - if the symbol's value is non-nil, the second element of the - list is treated as a mode element. Otherwise, the third - element (if any) of the list is treated as a mode element. - - cons (whose car is a positive integer) - the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but - the text it produces is padded, if necessary, to have - at least the width specified by the integer. - - cons (whose car is a negative integer) - the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but - the text it produces is truncated, if necessary, to have - at most the width specified by the integer. - -There is always one mode element to start with, that being the value of -`mode-line-format', but if this value is a list then it leads to several -more mode elements, which can lead to more, and so on. - -There is one new %-construct for mode elements that are strings: -`%n' displays ` Narrow' for a buffer that is narrowed. - -The default value of `mode-line-format' refers to several other variables. -These variables are `mode-name', `mode-line-buffer-identification', -`mode-line-process', `mode-line-modified', `global-mode-string' and -`minor-mode-alist'. The first four are local in every buffer in which they -are changed from the default. - -mode-name Name of buffer's major mode. Local in every buffer. - -mode-line-buffer-identification - Normally the list ("Emacs: %17b"), it is responsible - for displaying text to indicate what buffer is being shown - and what kind of editing it is doing. `Emacs' means - that a file of characters is being edited. Major modes - such as Info and Dired which edit or view other kinds - of data often change this value. This variables becomes - local to the current buffer if it is setq'd. - -mode-line-process - Normally nil, this variable is responsible for displaying - information about the process running in the current buffer. - M-x shell-mode and M-x compile alter this variable. - -mode-line-modified - This variable is responsible for displaying the indication - of whether the current buffer is modified or read-only. - By default its value is `("--%*%*-")'. - -minor-mode-alist - This variable is responsible for displaying text for those - minor modes that are currently enabled. Its value - is a list of elements of the form (VARIABLE STRING), - where STRING is to be displayed if VARIABLE's value - (in the buffer whose mode line is being displayed) - is non-nil. This variable is not made local to particular - buffers, but loading some libraries may add elements to it. - -global-mode-string - This variable is used to display the time, if you ask - for that. - -The idea of these variables is to eliminate the need for major modes -to alter mode-line-format itself. - -** `window-point' valid for selected window. - -The value returned by `window-point' used to be incorrect when its -argument was the selected window. Now the value is correct. - -** Window configurations may be saved as Lisp objects. - -The function `current-window-configuration' returns a special type of -Lisp object that represents the current layout of windows: the -sizes and positions of windows, which buffers appear in them, and -which parts of the buffers appear on the screen. - -The function `set-window-configuration' takes one argument, which must -be a window configuration object, and restores that configuration. - -** New hook `temp-output-buffer-show-hook'. - -This hook allows you to control how help buffers are displayed. -Whenever `with-output-to-temp-buffer' has executed its body and wants -to display the temp buffer, if this variable is bound and non-`nil' -then its value is called with one argument, the temp buffer. -The hook function is solely responsible for displaying the buffer. -The standard manner of display--making the buffer appear in a window--is -used only if there is no hook function. - -** New function `minibuffer-window'. - -This function returns the window used (sometimes) for displaying -the minibuffer. It can be used even when the minibuffer is not active. - -** New feature to `next-window'. - -If the optional second argument is neither `nil' nor `t', the minibuffer -window is omitted from consideration even when active; if the starting -window was the last non-minibuffer window, the value will be the first -non-minibuffer window. - -** New variable `minibuffer-scroll-window'. - -When this variable is non-`nil', the command `scroll-other-window' -uses it as the window to be scrolled. Displays of completion-lists -set this variable to the window containing the display. - -** New argument to `sit-for'. - -A non-nil second argument to `sit-for' means do not redisplay; -just wait for the specified time or until input is available. - -** Deleted function `set-minor-mode'; minor modes must be changed. - -The function `set-minor-mode' has been eliminated. The display -of minor mode names in the mode line is now controlled by the -variable `minor-mode-alist'. To specify display of a new minor -mode, it is sufficient to add an element to this list. Once that -is done, you can turn the mode on and off just by setting a variable, -and the display will show its status automatically. - -** New variable `cursor-in-echo-area'. - -If this variable is non-nil, the screen cursor appears on the -last line of the screen, at the end of the text displayed there. - -Binding this variable to t is useful at times when reading single -characters of input with `read-char'. - -** New per-buffer variable `selective-display-ellipses'. - -If this variable is non-nil, an ellipsis (`...') appears on the screen -at the end of each text line that is followed by invisible text. - -If this variable is nil, no ellipses appear. Then there is no sign -on the screen that invisible text is present. - -Text is made invisible under the control of the variable -`selective-display'; this is how Outline mode and C-x $ work. - -** New variable `no-redraw-on-reenter'. - -If you set this variable non-nil, Emacs will not clear the screen when -you resume it after suspending it. This is for the sake of terminals -with multiple screens of memory, where the termcap entry has been set -up to switch between screens when Emacs is suspended and resumed. - -** New argument to `set-screen-height' or `set-screen-width'. - -These functions now take an optional second argument which says -what significance the newly specified height or width has. - -If the argument is nil, or absent, it means that Emacs should -believe that the terminal height or width really is as just specified. - -If the argument is t, it means Emacs should not believe that the -terminal really is this high or wide, but it should use the -specific height or width as the number of lines or columns to display. -Thus, you could display only 24 lines on a screen known to have 48 lines. - -What practical difference is there between using only 24 lines for display -and really believing that the terminal has 24 lines? - -1. The ``real'' height of the terminal says what the terminal command -to move the cursor to the last line will do. - -2. The ``real'' height of the terminal determines how much padding is -needed. - -* File-related changes. - -** New parameter `backup-by-copying-when-mismatch'. - -If this variable is non-`nil', then when Emacs is about to save a -file, it will create the backup file by copying if that would avoid -changing the file's uid or gid. - -The default value of this variable is `nil', because usually it is -useful to have the uid of a file change according to who edited it -last. I recommend thet this variable be left normally `nil' and -changed with a local variables list in those particular files where -the uid needs to be preserved. - -** New parameter `file-precious-flag'. - -If this variable is non-`nil', saving the buffer tries to avoid -leaving an incomplete file due to disk full or other I/O errors. -It renames the old file before saving. If saving is successful, -the renamed file is deleted; if saving gets an error, the renamed -file is renamed back to the name you visited. - -Backups are always made by copying for such files. - -** New variable `buffer-offer-save'. - -If the value of this variable is non-`nil' in a buffer then exiting -Emacs will offer to save the buffer (if it is modified and nonempty) -even if the buffer is not visiting a file. This variable is -automatically made local to the current buffer whenever it is set. - -** `rename-file', `copy-file', `add-name-to-file' and `make-symbolic-link'. - -The third argument to these functions used to be `t' or `nil'; `t' -meaning go ahead even if the specified new file name already has a file, -and `nil' meaning to get an error. - -Now if the third argument is a number it means to ask the user for -confirmation in this case. - -** New optional argument to `copy-file'. - -If `copy-file' receives a non-nil fourth argument, it attempts -to give the new copy the same time-of-last-modification that the -original file has. - -** New function `file-newer-than-file-p'. - -(file-newer-than-file-p FILE1 FILE2) returns non-nil if FILE1 has been -modified more recently than FILE2. If FILE1 does not exist, the value -is always nil; otherwise, if FILE2 does not exist, the value is t. -This is meant for use when FILE2 depends on FILE1, to see if changes -in FILE1 make it necessary to recompute FILE2 from it. - -** Changed function `file-exists-p'. - -This function is no longer the same as `file-readable-p'. -`file-exists-p' can now return t for a file that exists but which -the fascists won't allow you to read. - -** New function `file-locked-p'. - -This function receives a file name as argument and returns `nil' -if the file is not locked, `t' if locked by this Emacs, or a -string giving the name of the user who has locked it. - -** New function `file-name-sans-versions'. - -(file-name-sans-versions NAME) returns a substring of NAME, with any -version numbers or other backup suffixes deleted from the end. - -** New functions for directory names. - -Although a directory is really a kind of file, specifying a directory -uses a somewhat different syntax from specifying a file. -In Emacs, a directory name is used as part of a file name. - -On Unix, the difference is small: a directory name ends in a slash, -while a file name does not: thus, `/usr/rms/' to name a directory, -while `/usr/rms' names the file which holds that directory. - -On VMS, the difference is considerable: `du:[rms.foo]' specifies a -directory, but the name of the file that holds that directory is -`du:[rms]foo.dir'. - -There are two new functions for converting between directory names -and file names. `directory-file-name' takes a directory name and -returns the name of the file in which that directory's data is stored. -`file-name-as-directory' takes the name of a file and returns -the corresponding directory name. These always understand Unix file name -syntax; on VMS, they understand VMS syntax as well. - -For example, (file-name-as-directory "/usr/rms") returns "/usr/rms/" -and (directory-file-name "/usr/rms/") returns "/usr/rms". -On VMS, (file-name-as-directory "du:[rms]foo.dir") returns "du:[rms.foo]" -and (directory-file-name "du:[rms.foo]") returns "du:[rms]foo.dir". - -** Value of `file-attributes' changed. - -The function file-attributes returns a list containing many kinds of -information about a file. Now the list has eleven elements. - -The tenth element is `t' if deleting the file and creating another -file of the same name would result in a change in the file's group; -`nil' if there would be no change. You can also think of this as -comparing the file's group with the default group for files created in -the same directory by you. - -The eleventh element is the inode number of the file. - -** VMS-only function `file-name-all-versions'. - -This function returns a list of all the completions, including version -number, of a specified version-number-less file name. This is like -`file-name-all-completions', except that the latter returns values -that do not include version numbers. - -** VMS-only variable `vms-stmlf-recfm'. - -On a VMS system, if this variable is non-nil, Emacs will give newly -created files the record format `stmlf'. This is necessary for files -that must contain lines of arbitrary length, such as compiled Emacs -Lisp. - -When writing a new version of an existing file, Emacs always keeps -the same record format as the previous version; so this variable has -no effect. - -This variable has no effect on Unix systems. - -** `insert-file-contents' on an empty file. - -This no longer sets the buffer's "modified" flag. - -** New function (VMS only) `define-logical-name': - -(define-logical-name LOGICAL TRANSLATION) defines a VMS logical name -LOGICAL whose translation is TRANSLATION. The new name applies to -the current process only. - -** Deleted variable `ask-about-buffer-names'. - -If you want buffer names for files to be generated in a special way, -you must redefine `create-file-buffer'. - -* Subprocess-related changes. - -** New function `process-list'. - -This function takes no arguments and returns a list of all -of Emacs's asynchronous subprocesses. - -** New function `process-exit-status'. - -This function, given a process, process name or buffer as argument, -returns the exit status code or signal number of the process. -If the process has not yet exited or died, this function returns 0. - -** Process output ignores `buffer-read-only'. - -Output from a process will go into the process's buffer even if the -buffer is read only. - -** Switching buffers in filter functions and sentinels. - -Emacs no longer saves and restore the current buffer around calling -the filter and sentinel functions, so these functions can now -permanently alter the selected buffer in a straightforward manner. - -** Specifying environment variables for subprocesses. - -When a subprocess is started with `start-process' or `call-process', -the value of the variable `process-environment' is taken to -specify the environment variables to give the subprocess. The -value should be a list of strings, each of the form "VAR=VALUE". - -`process-environment' is initialized when Emacs starts up -based on Emacs's environment. - -** New variable `process-connection-type'. - -If this variable is `nil', when a subprocess is created, Emacs uses -a pipe rather than a pty to communicate with it. Normally this -variable is `t', telling Emacs to use a pty if ptys are supported -and one is available. - -** New function `waiting-for-user-input-p'. - -This function, given a subprocess as argument, returns `t' if that -subprocess appears to be waiting for input sent from Emacs, -or `nil' otherwise. - -** New hook `shell-set-directory-error-hook'. - -The value of this variable is called, with no arguments, whenever -Shell mode gets an error trying to keep track of directory-setting -commands (such as `cd' and `pushd') used in the shell buffer. - -* New functions `user-uid' and `user-real-uid'. - -These functions take no arguments and return, respectively, -the effective uid and the real uid of the Emacs process. -The value in each case is an integer. - -* New variable `print-escape-newlines' controls string printing. - -If this variable is non-`nil', then when a Lisp string is printed -by the Lisp printing function `prin1' or `print', newline characters -are printed as `\n' rather than as a literal newline. - -* New function `sysnetunam' on HPUX. - -This function takes two arguments, a network address PATH and a -login string LOGIN, and executes the system call `netunam'. -It returns `t' if the call succeeds, otherwise `nil'. - -News regarding installation: - -* Many `s-...' file names changed. - -Many `s-...' files have been renamed. All periods in such names, -except the ones just before the final `h', have been changed to -hyphens. Thus, `s-bsd4.2.h' has been renamed to `s-bsd4-2.h'. - -This is so a Unix distribution can be moved mechanically to VMS. - -* `DOCSTR...' file now called `DOC-...'. - -The file of on-line documentation strings, that used to be -`DOCSTR.mm.nn.oo' in this directory, is now called `DOC-mm.nn.oo'. -This is so that it can port to VMS using the standard conventions -for translating filenames for VMS. - -This file also now contains the doc strings for variables as -well as functions. - -* Emacs no longer uses floating point arithmetic. - -This may make it easier to port to some machines. - -* Macros `XPNTR' and `XSETPNTR'; flag `DATA_SEG_BITS'. - -These macros exclusively are used to unpack a pointer from a Lisp_Object -and to insert a pointer into a Lisp_Object. Redefining them may help -port Emacs to machines in which all pointers to data objects have -certain high bits set. - -If `DATA_SEG_BITS' is defined, it should be a number which contains -the high bits to be inclusive or'ed with pointers that are unpacked. - -* New flag `HAVE_X_MENU'. - -Define this flag in `config.h' in addition to `HAVE_X_WINDOWS' -to enable use of the Emacs interface to X Menus. On some operating -systems, the rest of the X interface works properly but X Menus -do not work; hence this separate flag. See the file `src/xmenu.c' -for more information. - -* Macros `ARRAY_MARK_FLAG' and `DONT_COPY_FLAG'. - -* `HAVE_ALLOCA' prevents assembly of `alloca.s'. - -* `SYSTEM_MALLOC' prevents use of GNU `malloc.c'. - -SYSTEM_MALLOC, if defined, means use the system's own `malloc' routines -rather than those that come with Emacs. - -Use this only if absolutely necessary, because if it is used you do -not get warnings when space is getting low. - -* New flags to control unexec. - -See the file `unexec.c' for a long comment on the compilation -switches that suffice to make it work on many machines. - -* `PNTR_COMPARISON_TYPE' - -Pointers that need to be compared for ordering are converted to this type -first. Normally this is `unsigned int'. - -* `HAVE_VFORK', `HAVE_DUP2' and `HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY'. - -These flags just say whether certain system calls are available. - -* New macros control compiler switches, linker switches and libraries. - -The m- and s- files can now control in a modular fashion the precise -arguments passed to `cc' and `ld'. - -LIBS_STANDARD defines the standard C libraries. Default is `-lc'. -LIBS_DEBUG defines the extra libraries to use when debugging. Default `-lg'. -LIBS_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra libraries. -LIBS_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra libraries. -LIBS_TERMCAP defines the libraries for Termcap or Terminfo. - It is defined by default in a complicated fashion but the m- or s- file - can override it. - -LD_SWITCH_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra `ld' switches. - The default is `-X' on BSD systems except those few that use COFF object files. -LD_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `ld' switches. - -C_DEBUG_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' when debugging. Default `-g'. -C_OPTIMIZE_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' to optimize. Default `-O'. -C_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `cc' switches. - -For older news, see the file OOONEWS. - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -Copyright information: - -Copyright (C) 1988 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies - of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the - copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved, - thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn. - - Permission is granted to distribute modified versions - of this document, or of portions of it, - under the above conditions, provided also that they - carry prominent notices stating who last changed them. - -Local variables: -mode: text -end:
--- a/etc/OOOONEWS Thu Aug 17 15:37:07 2000 +0000 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,1348 +0,0 @@ -GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes. 26-Mar-1986 -Copyright (C) 1986 Richard M. Stallman. -See the end for copying conditions. - -For older news, see the file OOOOONEWS. - -Changes in Emacs 17 - -* Frustrated? - -Try M-x doctor. - -* Bored? - -Try M-x hanoi. - -* Brain-damaged? - -Try M-x yow. - -* Sun3, Tahoe, Apollo, HP9000s300, Celerity, NCR Tower 32, - Sequent, Stride, Encore, Plexus and AT&T 7300 machines supported. - -The Tahoe, Sun3, Sequent and Celerity use 4.2. In regard to the -Apollo, see the file APOLLO in this directory. NCR Tower32, -HP9000s300, Stride and Nu run forms of System V. System V rel 2 also -works on Vaxes now. See etc/MACHINES. - -* System V Unix supported, including subprocesses. - -It should be possible now to bring up Emacs on a machine running -mere unameliorated system V Unix with no major work; just possible bug -fixes. But you can expect to find a handful of those on any machine -that Emacs has not been run on before. - -* Berkeley 4.1 Unix supported. - -See etc/MACHINES. - -* Portable `alloca' provided. - -Emacs can now run on machines that do not and cannot support the library -subroutine `alloca' in the canonical fashion, using an `alloca' emulation -written in C. - -* On-line manual. - -Info now contains an Emacs manual, with essentially the same text -as in the printed manual. - -The manual can now be printed with a standard TeX. - -Nicely typeset and printed copies of the manual are available -from the Free Software Foundation. - -* Backup file version numbers. - -Emacs now supports version numbers in backup files. - -The first time you save a particular file in one editing session, -the old file is copied or renamed to serve as a backup file. -In the past, the name for the backup file was made by appending `~' -to the end of the original file name. - -Now the backup file name can instead be made by appending ".~NN~" to -the original file name, where NN stands for a numeric version. Each -time this is done, the new version number is one higher than the -highest previously used. - -Thus, the active, current file does not have a version number. -Only the backups have them. - -This feature is controlled by the variable `version-control'. If it -is `nil', as normally, then numbered backups are made only for files -that already have numbered backups. Backup names with just `~' are -used for files that have no numbered backups. - -If `version-control' is `never', then the backup file's name is -made with just `~' in any case. - -If `version-control' is not `nil' or `never', numbered backups are -made unconditionally. - -To prevent unlimited consumption of disk space, Emacs can delete -old backup versions automatically. Generally Emacs keeps the first -few backups and the latest few backups, deleting any in between. -This happens every time a new backup is made. The two variables that -control the deletion are `kept-old-versions' and `kept-new-versions'. -Their values are, respectively, the number of oldest backups to keep -and the number of newest ones to keep, each time a new backup is made. -The value of `kept-new-versions' includes the backup just created. -By default, both values are 2. - -If `trim-versions-without-asking' is non-`nil', the excess middle versions -are deleted without a murmur. If it is `nil', the default, then you -are asked whether the excess middle versions should really be deleted. - -Dired has a new command `.' which marks for deletion all but the latest -and oldest few of every numeric series of backups. `kept-old-versions' -controls the number of oldest versions to keep, and `dired-kept-versions' -controls the number of latest versions to keep. A numeric argument to -the `.' command, if positive, specifies the number of latest versions -to keep, overriding `dired-kept-versions'. A negative argument specifies -the number of oldest versions to keep, using minus the argument to override -`kept-old-versions'. - -* Immediate conflict detection. - -Emacs now locks the files it is modifying, so that if -you start to modify within Emacs a file that is being -modified in another Emacs, you get an immediate warning. - -The warning gives you three choices: -1. Give up, and do not make any changes. -2. Make changes anyway at your own risk. -3. Make changes anyway, and record yourself as - the person locking the file (instead of whoever - was previously recorded.) - -Just visiting a file does not lock it. It is locked -when you try to change the buffer that is visiting the file. -Saving the file unlocks it until you make another change. - -Locking is done by writing a lock file in a special designated -directory. If such a directory is not provided and told to -Emacs as part of configuring it for your machine, the lock feature -is turned off. - -* M-x recover-file. - -This command is used to get a file back from an auto-save -(after a system crash, for example). It takes a file name -as argument and visits that file, but gets the data from the -file's last auto save rather than from the file itself. - -* M-x normal-mode. - -This command resets the current buffer's major mode and local -variables to be as specified by the visit filename, the -*- line -and/or the Local Variables: block at the end of the buffer. -It is the same thing normally done when a file is first visited. - -* Echo area messages disappear shortly if minibuffer is in use. - -Any message in the echo area disappears after 2 seconds -if the minibuffer is active. This allows the minibuffer -to become visible again. - -* C-z on System V runs a subshell. - -On systems which do not allow programs to be suspended, the C-z command -forks a subshell that talks directly to the terminal, and then waits -for the subshell to exit. This gets almost the effect of suspending -in that you can run other programs and then return to Emacs. However, -you cannot log out from the subshell. - -* C-c is always a prefix character. - -Also, subcommands of C-c which are letters are always -reserved for the user. No standard Emacs major mode -defines any of them. - -* Picture mode C-c commands changed. - -The old C-c k command is now C-c C-w. -The old C-c y command is now C-c C-x. - -* Shell mode commands changed. - -All the special commands of Shell mode are now moved onto -the C-c prefix. Most are not changed aside from that. -Thus, the old Shell mode C-c command (kill current job) -is now C-c C-c; the old C-z (suspend current job) is now C-c C-z, -etc. - -The old C-x commands are now C-c commands. C-x C-k (kill output) -is now C-c C-o, and C-x C-v (show output) is now C-c C-r. - -The old M-= (copy previous input) command is now C-c C-y. - -* Shell mode recognizes aliases for `pushd', `popd' and `cd'. - -Shell mode now uses the variable `shell-pushd-regexp' as a -regular expression to recognize any command name that is -equivalent to a `pushd' command. By default it is set up -to recognize just `pushd' itself. If you use aliases for -`pushd', change the regexp to recognize them as well. - -There are also `shell-popd-regexp' to recognize commands -with the effect of a `popd', and `shell-cd-regexp' to recognize -commands with the effect of a `cd'. - -* "Exit" command in certain modes now C-c C-c. - -These include electric buffer menu mode, electric command history -mode, Info node edit mode, and Rmail edit mode. In all these -modes, the command to exit used to be just C-c. - -* Outline mode changes. - -Lines that are not heading lines are now called "body" lines. -The command `hide-text' is renamed to `hide-body'. -The key M-H is renamed to C-c C-h. -The key M-S is renamed to C-c C-s. -The key M-s is renamed to C-c C-i. - -Changes of line visibility are no longer undoable. As a result, -they no longer use up undo memory and no longer interfere with -undoing earlier commands. - -* Rmail changes. - -The s and q commands now both expunge deleted messages before saving; -use C-x C-s to save without expunging. - -The u command now undeletes the current message if it is deleted; -otherwise, it backs up as far as necessary to reach a deleted message, -and undeletes that one. The u command in the summary behaves likewise, -but considers only messages listed in the summary. The M-u command -has been eliminated. - -The o and C-o keys' meanings are interchanged. -o now outputs to an Rmail file, and C-o to a Unix mail file. - -The F command (rmail-find) is renamed to M-s (rmail-search). -Various new commands and features exist; see the Emacs manual. - -* Local bindings described first in describe-bindings. - -* [...], {...} now balance in Fundamental mode. - -* Nroff mode and TeX mode. - -The are two new major modes for editing nroff input and TeX input. -See the Emacs manual for full information. - -* New C indentation style variable `c-brace-imaginary-offset'. - -The value of `c-brace-imaginary-offset', normally zero, controls the -indentation of a statement inside a brace-group where the open-brace -is not the first thing on a line. The value says where the open-brace -is imagined to be, relative to the first nonblank character on the line. - -* Dired improvements. - -Dired now normally keeps the cursor at the beginning of the file name, -not at the beginning of the line. The most used motion commands are -redefined in Dired to position the cursor this way. - -`n' and `p' are now equivalent in dired to `C-n' and `C-p'. - -If any files to be deleted cannot be deleted, their names are -printed in an error message. - -If the `v' command is invoked on a file which is a directory, -dired is run on that directory. - -* `visit-tag-table' renamed `visit-tags-table'. - -This is so apropos of `tags' finds everything you need to -know about in connection with Tags. - -* `mh-e' library uses C-c as prefix. - -All the special commands of `mh-rmail' now are placed on a -C-c prefix rather than on the C-x prefix. This is for -consistency with other special modes with their own commands. - -* M-$ or `spell-word' checks word before point. - -It used to check the word after point. - -* Quitting during autoloading no longer causes trouble. - -Now, when a file is autoloaded, all function redefinitions -and `provide' calls are recorded and are undone if you quit -before the file is finished loading. - -As a result, it no longer happens that some of the entry points -which are normally autoloading have been defined already, but the -entire file is not really present to support them. - -* `else' can now be indented correctly in C mode. - -TAB in C mode now knows which `if' statement an `else' matches -up with, and can indent the `else' correctly under the `if', -even if the `if' contained such things as another `if' statement, -or a `while' or `for' statement, with no braces around it. - -* `batch-byte-compile' - -Runs byte-compile-file on the files specified on the command line. -All the rest of the command line arguments are taken as files to -compile (or, if directories, to do byte-recompile-directory on). -Must be used only with -batch, and kills emacs on completion. -Each file will be processed even if an error occurred previously. -For example, invoke `emacs -batch -f batch-byte-compile *.el'. - -* `-batch' changes. - -`-batch' now implies `-q': no init file is loaded by Emacs when -`-batch' is used. Also, no `term/TERMTYPE.el' file is loaded. Auto -saving is not done except in buffers in which it is explicitly -requested. Also, many echo-area printouts describing what is going on -are inhibited in batch mode, so that the only output you get is the -output you program specifically. - -One echo-area message that is not suppressed is the one that says -that a file is being loaded. That is because you can prevent this -message by passing `t' as the third argument to `load'. - -* Display of search string in incremental search. - -Now, when you type C-s or C-r to reuse the previous search -string, that search string is displayed immediately in the echo area. - -Three dots are displayed after the search string while search -is actually going on. - -* View commands. - -The commands C-x ], C-x [, C-x /, C-x j and C-x o are now -available inside `view-buffer' and `view-file', with their -normal meanings. - -* Full-width windows preferred. - -The ``other-window'' commands prefer other full width windows, -and will split only full width windows. - -* M-x rename-file can copy if necessary. - -When used between different file systems, since actual renaming does -not work, the old file will be copied and deleted. - -* Within C-x ESC, you can pick the command to repeat. - -While editing a previous command to be repeated, inside C-x ESC, -you can now use the commands M-p and M-n to pick an earlier or -later command to repeat. M-n picks the next earlier command -and M-p picks the next later one. The new command appears in -the minibuffer, and you can go ahead and edit it, and repeat it -when you exit the minibuffer. - -Using M-n or M-p within C-x ESC is like having used a different -numeric argument when you ran C-x ESC in the first place. - -The command you finally execute using C-x ESC is added to the -front of the command history, unless it is identical with the -first thing in the command history. - -* Use C-c C-c to exit from editing within Info. - -It used to be C-z for this. Somehow this use of C-z was -left out when all the others were moved. The intention is that -C-z should always suspend Emacs. - -* Default arg to C-x < and C-x > now window width minus 2. - -These commands, which scroll the current window horizontally -by a specified number of columns, now scroll a considerable -distance rather than a single column if used with no argument. - -* Auto Save Files Deleted. - -The default value of `delete-auto-save-files' is now `t', so that -when you save a file for real, its auto save file is deleted. - -* Rnews changes. - -The N, P and J keys in Rnews are renamed to M-n, M-p and M-j. -These keys move among newsgroups. - -The n and p keys for moving sequentially between news articles now -accept repeat count arguments, and the + and - keys, made redundant by -this change, are eliminated. - -The s command for outputting the current article to a file -is renamed as o, to be compatible with Rmail. - -* Sendmail changes. - -If you have a ~/.mailrc file, Emacs searches it for mailing address -aliases, and these aliases are expanded when you send mail in Emacs. - -Fcc fields can now be used in the headers in the *mail* buffer -to specify files in which copies of the message should be put. -The message is written into those files in Unix mail file format. -The message as sent does not contain any Fcc fields in its header. -You can use any number of Fcc fields, but only one file name in each one. -The variable `mail-archive-file-name', if non-`nil', can be a string -which is a file name; an Fcc to that file will be inserted in every -message when you begin to compose it. - -A new command C-c q now exists in Mail mode. It fills the -paragraphs of an old message that had been inserted with C-c y. - -When the *mail* buffer is put in Mail mode, text-mode-hook -is now run in addition to mail-mode-hook. text-mode-hook -is run first. - -The new variable `mail-header-separator' now specifies the string -to use on the line that goes between the headers and the message text. -By default it is still "--text follows this line--". - -* Command history truncated automatically. - -Just before each garbage collection, all but the last 30 elements -of the command history are discarded. - -Incompatible Lisp Programming Changes in Emacs 17 - -* `"e' no longer supported. - -This feature, which allowed Lisp functions to take arguments -that were not evaluated, has been eliminated, because it is -inescapably hard to make the compiler work properly with such -functions. - -You should use macros instead. A simple way to change any -code that uses `"e' is to replace - - (defun foo ("e x y z) ... - -with - - (defmacro foo (x y z) - (list 'foo-1 (list 'quote x) (list 'quote y) (list 'quote z))) - - (defun foo-1 (x y z) ... - -* Functions `region-to-string' and `region-around-match' removed. - -These functions were made for compatibility with Gosling Emacs, but it -turns out to be undesirable to use them in GNU Emacs because they use -the mark. They have been eliminated from Emacs proper, but are -present in mlsupport.el for the sake of converted mocklisp programs. - -If you were using `region-to-string', you should instead use -`buffer-substring'; then you can pass the bounds as arguments and -can avoid setting the mark. - -If you were using `region-around-match', you can use instead -the two functions `match-beginning' and `match-end'. These give -you one bound at a time, as a numeric value, without changing -point or the mark. - -* Function `function-type' removed. - -This just appeared not to be very useful. It can easily be written in -Lisp if you happen to want it. Just use `symbol-function' to get the -function definition of a symbol, and look at its data type or its car -if it is a list. - -* Variable `buffer-number' removed. - -You can still use the function `buffer-number' to find out -a buffer's unique number (assigned in order of creation). - -* Variable `executing-macro' renamed `executing-kbd-macro'. - -This variable is the currently executing keyboard macro, as -a string, or `nil' when no keyboard macro is being executed. - -* Loading term/$TERM. - -The library term/$TERM (where $TERM get replaced by your terminal -type), which is done by Emacs automatically when it starts up, now -happens after the user's .emacs file is loaded. - -In previous versions of Emacs, these files had names of the form -term-$TERM; thus, for example, term-vt100.el, but now they live -in a special subdirectory named term, and have names like -term/vt100.el. - -* `command-history' format changed. - -The elements of this list are now Lisp expressions which can -be evaluated directly to repeat a command. - -* Unused editing commands removed. - -The functions `forward-to-word', `backward-to-word', -`upcase-char', `mark-beginning-of-buffer' and `mark-end-of-buffer' -have been removed. Their definitions can be found in file -lisp/unused.el if you need them. - -Upward Compatible Lisp Programming Changes in Emacs 17 - -* You can now continue after errors and quits. - -When the debugger is entered because of a C-g, due to -a non-`nil' value of `debug-on-quit', the `c' command in the debugger -resumes execution of the code that was running when the quit happened. -Use the `q' command to go ahead and quit. - -The same applies to some kinds of errors, but not all. Errors -signaled with the Lisp function `signal' can be continued; the `c' -command causes `signal' to return. The `r' command causes `signal' to -return the value you specify. The `c' command is equivalent to `r' -with the value `nil'. - -For a `wrong-type-argument' error, the value returned with the `r' -command is used in place of the invalid argument. If this new value -is not valid, another error occurs. - -Errors signaled with the function `error' cannot be continued. -If you try to continue, the error just happens again. - -* `dot' renamed `point'. - -The word `dot' has been replaced with `point' in all -function and variable names, including: - - point, point-min, point-max, - point-marker, point-min-marker, point-max-marker, - window-point, set-window-point, - point-to-register, register-to-point, - exchange-point-and-mark. - -The old names are still supported, for now. - -* `string-match' records position of end of match. - -After a successful call to `string-match', `(match-end 0)' will -return the index in the string of the first character after the match. -Also, `match-begin' and `match-end' with nonzero arguments can be -used to find the indices of beginnings and ends of substrings matched -by subpatterns surrounded by parentheses. - -* New function `insert-before-markers'. - -This function is just like `insert' except in the handling of any -relocatable markers that are located at the point of insertion. -With `insert', such markers end up pointing before the inserted text. -With `insert-before-markers', they end up pointing after the inserted -text. - -* New function `copy-alist'. - -This function takes one argument, a list, and makes a disjoint copy -of the alist structure. The list itself is copied, and each element -that is a cons cell is copied, but the cars and cdrs of elements -remain shared with the original argument. - -This is what it takes to get two alists disjoint enough that changes -in one do not change the result of `assq' on the other. - -* New function `copy-keymap'. - -This function takes a keymap as argument and returns a new keymap -containing initially the same bindings. Rebindings in either one of -them will not alter the bindings in the other. - -* New function `copy-syntax-table'. - -This function takes a syntax table as argument and returns a new -syntax table containing initially the same syntax settings. Changes -in either one of them will not alter the other. - -* Randomizing the random numbers. - -`(random t)' causes the random number generator's seed to be set -based on the current time and Emacs's process id. - -* Third argument to `modify-syntax-entry'. - -The optional third argument to `modify-syntax-entry', if specified -should be a syntax table. The modification is made in that syntax table -rather than in the current syntax table. - -* New function `run-hooks'. - -This function takes any number of symbols as arguments. -It processes the symbols in order. For each symbol which -has a value (as a variable) that is non-nil, the value is -called as a function, with no arguments. - -This is useful in major mode commands. - -* Second arg to `switch-to-buffer'. - -If this function is given a non-`nil' second argument, then the -selection being done is not recorded on the selection history. -The buffer's position in the history remains unchanged. This -feature is used by the view commands, so that the selection history -after exiting from viewing is the same as it was before. - -* Second arg to `display-buffer' and `pop-to-buffer'. - -These two functions both accept an optional second argument which -defaults to `nil'. If the argument is not `nil', it means that -another window (not the selected one) must be found or created to -display the specified buffer in, even if it is already shown in -the selected window. - -This feature is used by `switch-to-buffer-other-window'. - -* New variable `completion-ignore-case'. - -If this variable is non-`nil', completion allows strings -in different cases to be considered matching. The global value -is `nil' - -This variable exists for the sake of commands that are completing -an argument in which case is not significant. It is possible -to change the value globally, but you might not like the consequences -in the many situations (buffer names, command names, file names) -where case makes a difference. - -* Major modes related to Text mode call text-mode-hook, then their own hooks. - -For example, turning on Outline mode first calls the value of -`text-mode-hook' as a function, if it exists and is non-`nil', -and then does likewise for the variable `outline-mode-hook'. - -* Defining new command line switches. - -You can define a new command line switch in your .emacs file -by putting elements on the value of `command-switch-alist'. -Each element of this list should look like - (SWITCHSTRING . FUNCTION) -where SWITCHSTRING is a string containing the switch to be -defined, such as "-foo", and FUNCTION is a function to be called -if such an argument is found in the command line. FUNCTION -receives the command line argument, a string, as its argument. - -To implement a switch that uses up one or more following arguments, -use the fact that the remaining command line arguments are kept -as a list in the variable `command-line-args'. FUNCTION can -examine this variable, and do - (setq command-line-args (cdr command-line-args) -to "use up" an argument. - -* New variable `load-in-progress'. - -This variable is non-`nil' when a file of Lisp code is being read -and executed by `load'. - -* New variable `print-length'. - -The value of this variable is normally `nil'. It may instead be -a number; in that case, when a list is printed by `prin1' or -`princ' only that many initial elements are printed; the rest are -replaced by `...'. - -* New variable `find-file-not-found-hook'. - -If `find-file' or any of its variants is used on a nonexistent file, -the value of `find-file-not-found-hook' is called (if it is not `nil') -with no arguments, after creating an empty buffer. The file's name -can be found as the value of `buffer-file-name'. - -* Processes without buffers. - -In the function `start-process', you can now specify `nil' as -the process's buffer. You can also set a process's buffer to `nil' -using `set-process-buffer'. - -The reason you might want to do this is to prevent the process -from being killed because any particular buffer is killed. -When a process has a buffer, killing that buffer kills the -process too. - -When a process has no buffer, its output is lost unless it has a -filter, and no indication of its being stopped or killed is given -unless it has a sentinel. - -* New function `user-variable-p'. `v' arg prompting changed. - -This function takes a symbol as argument and returns `t' if -the symbol is defined as a user option variable. This means -that it has a `variable-documentation' property whose value is -a string starting with `*'. - -Code `v' in an interactive arg reading string now accepts -user variables only, and completion is limited to the space of -user variables. - -The function `read-variable' also now accepts and completes -over user variables only. - -* CBREAK mode input is the default in Unix 4.3 bsd. - -In Berkeley 4.3 Unix, there are sufficient features for Emacs to -work fully correctly using CBREAK mode and not using SIGIO. -Therefore, this mode is the default when running under 4.3. -This mode corresponds to `nil' as the first argument to -`set-input-mode'. You can still select either mode by calling -that function. - -* Information on memory usage. - -The new variable `data-bytes-used' contains the number -of bytes of impure space allocated in Emacs. -`data-bytes-free' contains the number of additional bytes -Emacs could allocate. Note that space formerly allocated -and freed again still counts as `used', since it is still -in Emacs's address space. - -* No limit on size of output from `format'. - -The string output from `format' used to be truncated to -100 characters in length. Now it can have any length. - -* New errors `void-variable' and `void-function' replace `void-symbol'. - -This change makes it possible to have error messages that -clearly distinguish undefined variables from undefined functions. -It also allows `condition-case' to handle one case without the other. - -* `replace-match' handling of `\'. - -In `replace-match', when the replacement is not literal, -`\' in the replacement string is always treated as an -escape marker. The only two special `\' constructs -are `\&' and `\DIGIT', so `\' followed by anything other than -`&' or a digit has no effect. `\\' is necessary to include -a `\' in the replacement text. - -This level of escaping is comparable with what goes on in -a regular expression. It is over and above the level of `\' -escaping that goes on when strings are read in Lisp syntax. - -* New error `invalid-regexp'. - -A regexp search signals this type of error if the argument does -not meet the rules for regexp syntax. - -* `kill-emacs' with argument. - -If the argument is a number, it is returned as the exit status code -of the Emacs process. If the argument is a string, its contents -are stuffed as pending terminal input, to be read by another program -after Emacs is dead. - -* New fifth argument to `subst-char-in-region'. - -This argument is optional and defaults to `nil'. If it is not `nil', -then the substitutions made by this function are not recorded -in the Undo mechanism. - -This feature should be used with great care. It is now used -by Outline mode to make lines visible or invisible. - -* ` *Backtrace*' buffer renamed to `*Backtrace*'. - -As a result, you can now reselect this buffer easily if you switch to -another while in the debugger. - -Exiting from the debugger kills the `*Backtrace*' buffer, so you will -not try to give commands in it when no longer really in the debugger. - -* New function `switch-to-buffer-other-window'. - -This is the new primitive to select a specified buffer (the -argument) in another window. It is not quite the same as -`pop-to-buffer', because it is guaranteed to create another -window (assuming there is room on the screen) so that it can -leave the current window's old buffer displayed as well. - -All functions to select a buffer in another window should -do so by calling this new function. - -* New variable `minibuffer-help-form'. - -At entry to the minibuffer, the variable `help-form' is bound -to the value of `minibuffer-help-form'. - -`help-form' is expected at all times to contain either `nil' -or an expression to be executed when C-h is typed (overriding -teh definition of C-h as a command). `minibuffer-help-form' -can be used to provide a different default way of handling -C-h while in the minibuffer. - -* New \{...} documentation construct. - -It is now possible to set up the documentation string for -a major mode in such a way that it always describes the contents -of the major mode's keymap, as it has been customized. -To do this, include in the documentation string the characters `\{' -followed by the name of the variable containing the keymap, -terminated with `}'. (The `\' at the beginning probably needs to -be quoted with a second `\', to include it in the doc string.) -This construct is normally used on a line by itself, with no blank -lines before or after. - -For example, the documentation string for the function `c-mode' contains - ... - Paragraphs are separated by blank lines only. - Delete converts tabs to spaces as it moves back. - \\{c-mode-map} - Variables controlling indentation style: - ... - -* New character syntax class "punctuation". - -Punctuation characters behave like whitespace in word and -list parsing, but can be distinguished in regexps and in the -function `char-syntax'. Punctuation syntax is represented by -a period in `modify-syntax-entry'. - -* `auto-mode-alist' no longer needs entries for backup-file names, - -Backup suffixes of all kinds are now stripped from a file's name -before searching `auto-mode-alist'. - -Changes in Emacs 16 - -* No special code for Ambassadors, VT-100's and Concept-100's. - -Emacs now controls these terminals based on the termcap entry, like -all other terminals. Formerly it did not refer to the termcap entries -for those terminal types, and often the termcap entries for those -terminals are wrong or inadequate. If you experience worse behavior -on these terminals than in version 15, you can probably correct it by -fixing up the termcap entry. See ./TERMS for more info. - -See ./TERMS in any case if you find that some terminal does not work -right with Emacs now. - -* Minibuffer default completion character is TAB (and not ESC). - -So that ESC can be used in minibuffer for more useful prefix commands. - -* C-z suspends Emacs in all modes. - -Formerly, C-z was redefined for other purposes by certain modes, -such as Buffer Menu mode. Now other keys are used for those purposes, -to keep the meaning of C-z uniform. - -* C-x ESC (repeat-complex-command) allows editing the command it repeats. - -Instead of asking for confirmation to re-execute a command from the -command history, the command is placed, in its Lisp form, into the -minibuffer for editing. You can confirm by typing RETURN, change some -arguments and then confirm, or abort with C-g. - -* Incremental search does less redisplay on slow terminals. - -If the terminal baud rate is <= the value of `isearch-slow-speed', -incremental searching outside the text on the screen creates -a single-line window and uses that to display the line on which -a match has been found. Exiting or quitting the search restores -the previous window configuration and redisplays the window you -were searching in. - -The initial value of `isearch-slow-speed' is 1200. - -This feature is courtesy of crl@purdue. - -* Recursive minibuffers not allowed. - -If the minibuffer window is selected, most commands that would -use the minibuffer gets an error instead. (Specific commands -may override this feature and therefore still be allowed.) - -Strictly speaking, recursive entry to the minibuffer is still -possible, because you can switch to another window after -entering the minibuffer, and then minibuffer-using commands -are allowed. This is still allowed by a deliberate decision: -if you know enough to switch windows while in the minibuffer, -you can probably understand recursive minibuffers. - -This may be overridden by binding the variable -`enable-recursive-minibuffers' to t. - -* New major mode Emacs-Lisp mode, for editing Lisp code to run in Emacs. - -The mode in which emacs lisp files is edited is now called emacs-lisp-mode -and is distinct from lisp-mode. The latter is intended for use with -lisps external to emacs. - -The hook which is funcalled (if non-nil) on entry to elisp-mode is now -called emacs-lisp-mode-hook. A consequence of this changes is that -.emacs init files which set the value of lisp-mode-hook may need to be -changed to use the new names. - -* Correct matching of parentheses is checked on insertion. - -When you insert a close-paren, the matching open-paren -is checked for validity. The close paren must be the kind -of close-paren that the open-paren says it should match. -Otherwise, a warning message is printed. close-paren immediately -preceded by quoting backslash syntax character is not matched. - -This feature was originally written by shane@mit-ajax. - -* M-x list-command-history -* M-x command-history-mode -* M-x electric-command-history - -`list-command-history' displays forms from the command history subject -to user controlled filtering and limit on number of forms. It leaves -the buffer in `command-history-mode'. M-x command-history-mode -recomputes the command history each time it is invoked via -`list-command-history'. It is like Emacs-Lisp mode except that characters -don't insert themselves and provision is made for re-evaluating an -expression from the list. `electric-command-history' pops up a type -out window with the command history displayed. If the very next -character is Space, the window goes away and the previous window -configuration is restored. Otherwise you can move around in the -history and select an expression for evaluation *inside* the buffer -which invoked `electric-command-history'. The original window -configuration is restored on exit unless the command selected changes -it. - -* M-x edit-picture - -Enters a temporary major mode (the previous major mode is remembered -and can is restored on exit) designed for editing pictures and tables. -Printing characters replace rather than insert themselves with motion -afterwards that is user controlled (you can specify any of the 8 -compass directions). Special commands for movement are provided. -Special commands for hacking tabs and tab stops are provided. Special -commands for killing rectangles and overlaying them are provided. See -the documentation of function edit-picture for more details. - -Calls value of `edit-picture-hook' on entry if non-nil. - -* Stupid C-s/C-q `flow control' supported. - -Do (set-input-mode nil t) to tell Emacs to use CBREAK mode and interpret -C-s and C-q as flow control commands. (set-input-mode t nil) switches -back to interrupt-driven input. (set-input-mode nil nil) uses CBREAK -mode but no `flow control'; this may make it easier to run Emacs under -certain debuggers that have trouble dealing with inferiors that use SIGIO. - -CBREAK mode has certain inherent disadvantages, which are why it is -not the default: - - Meta-keys are ignored; CBREAK mode discards the 8th bit of - input characters. - - Control-G as keyboard input discards buffered output, - and therefore can cause incorrect screen updating. - -The use of `flow control' has its own additional disadvantage: the -characters C-s and C-q are not available as editing commands. You can -partially compensate for this by setting up a keyboard-translate-table -(see file ONEWS) that maps two other characters (such as C-^ and C-\) into -C-s and C-q. Of course, C-^ and C-\ are commonly used as escape -characters in remote-terminal programs. You really can't win except -by getting rid of this sort of `flow control.' - -The configuration switch CBREAK_INPUT is now eliminated. -INTERRUPT_INPUT exists only to specify the default mode of operation; -#define it to make interrupt-driven input the default. - -* Completion of directory names provides a slash. - -If file name completion yields the name of a directory, -a slash is appended to it. - -* Undo can clear modified-flag. - -If you undo changes in a buffer back to a state in which the -buffer was not considered "modified", then it is labelled as -once again "unmodified". - -* M-x run-lisp. - -This command creates an inferior Lisp process whose input and output -appear in the Emacs buffer named `*lisp*'. That buffer uses a major mode -called inferior-lisp-mode, which has many of the commands of lisp-mode -and those of shell-mode. Calls the value of shell-mode-hook and -lisp-mode-hook, in that order, if non-nil. - -Meanwhile, in lisp-mode, the command C-M-x is defined to -send the current defun as input to the `*lisp*' subprocess. - -* Mode line says `Narrow' when buffer is clipped. - -If a buffer has a clipping restriction (made by `narrow-to-region') -then its mode line contains the word `Narrow' after the major and -minor modes. - -* Mode line says `Abbrev' when abbrev mode is on. - -* add-change-log-entry takes prefix argument - -Giving a prefix argument makes it prompt for login name, full name, -and site name, with defaults. Otherwise the defaults are used -with no confirmation. - -* M-x view-buffer and M-x view-file - -view-buffer selects the named buffer, view-file finds the named file; the -resulting buffer is placed into view-mode (a recursive edit). The normal -emacs commands are not available. Instead a set of special commands is -provided which faclitate moving around in the buffer, searching and -scrolling by screenfuls. Exiting view-mode returns to the buffer in which -the view-file or view-buffer command was given. -Type ? or h when viewing for a complete list of view commands. -Each calls value of `view-hook' if non-nil on entry. - -written by shane@mit-ajax. - -* New key commands in dired. - -`v' views (like more) the file on the current line. -`#' marks auto-save files for deletion. -`~' marks backup files for deletion. -`r' renames a file and updates the directory listing if the -file is renamed to same directory. -`c' copies a file and updates the directory listing if the file is -copied to the same directory. - -* New function `electric-buffer-list'. - -This pops up a buffer describing the set of emacs buffers. -Immediately typing space makes the buffer list go away and returns -to the buffer and window which were previously selected. - -Otherwise one may use the c-p and c-n commands to move around in the -buffer-list buffer and type Space or C-z to select the buffer on the -cursor's line. There are a number of other commands which are the same -as those of buffer-menu-mode. - -This is a useful thing to bind to c-x c-b in your `.emacs' file if the -rather non-standard `electric' behaviour of the buffer list suits your taste. -Type C-h after invoking electric-buffer-list for more information. - -Calls value of `electric-buffer-menu-mode-hook' if non-nil on entry. -Calls value of `after-electric-buffer-menu' on exit (select) if non-nil. - -Changes in version 16 for mail reading and sending - -* sendmail prefix character is C-c (and not C-z). New command C-c w. - -For instance C-c C-c (or C-c C-s) sends mail now rather than C-z C-z. -C-c w inserts your `signature' (contents of ~/.signature) at the end -of mail. - -* New feature in C-c y command in sending mail. - -C-c y is the command to insert the message being replied to. -Normally it deletes most header fields and indents everything -by three spaces. - -Now, C-c y does not delete header fields or indent. -C-c y with any other numeric argument does delete most header -fields, but indents by the amount specified in the argument. - -* C-r command in Rmail edits current message. - -It does this by switching to a different major mode -which is nearly the same as Text mode. The only difference -between it and text mode are the two command C-c and C-]. -C-c is defined to switch back to Rmail mode, and C-] -is defined to restore the original contents of the message -and then switch back to Rmail mode. - -C-c and C-] are the only ways "back into Rmail", but you -can switch to other buffers and edit them as usual. -C-r in Rmail changes only the handling of the Rmail buffer. - -* Rmail command `t' toggles header display. - -Normally Rmail reformats messages to hide most header fields. -`t' switches to display of all the header fields of the -current message, as long as it remains current. -Another `t' switches back to the usual display. - -* Rmail command '>' goes to the last message. - -* Rmail commands `a' and `k' set message attributes. -`a' adds an attribute and `k' removes one. You specify -the attrbute by name. You can specify either a built-in -flag such as "deleted" or "filed", or a user-defined keyword -(anything not recognized as built-in). - -* Rmail commands `l' and `L' summarize by attributes. - -These commands create a summary with one line per message, -like `h', but they list only some of the messages. You -specify which attribute (for `l') or attributes (for `L') -the messages should have. - -* Rmail can parse mmdf mail files. - -* Interface to MH mail system. - -mh-e is a front end for GNU emacs and the MH mail system. It -provides a friendly and convient interface to the MH commands. - -To read mail, invoke mh-rmail. This will inc new mail and display the -scan listing on the screen. To see a summary of the mh-e commands, -type ?. Help is available through the usual facilities. - -To send mail, invoke mh-smail. - -mh-e requires a copy of MH.5 that has been compiled with the MHE -compiler switch. - -From larus@berkeley. - -New hooks and parameters in version 16 - -* New variable `blink-matching-paren-distance'. - -This is the maximum number of characters to search for -an open-paren to match an inserted close-paren. -The matching open-paren is shown and checked if it is found -within this distance. - -`nil' means search all the way to the beginning of the buffer. -In this case, a warning message is printed if no matching -open-paren is found. - -This feature was originally written by shane@mit-ajax. - -* New variable `find-file-run-dired' - -If nil, find-file will report an error if an attempt to visit a -directory is detected; otherwise, it runs dired on that directory. -The default is t. - -* Variable `dired-listing-switches' holds switches given to `ls' by dired. - -The value should be a string containing `-' followed by letters. -The letter `l' had better be included and letter 'F' had better be excluded! -The default is "-al". - -This feature was originally written by shane@mit-ajax. - -* New variable `display-time-day-and-date'. - -If this variable is set non-`nil', the function M-x display-time -displays the day and date, as well as the time. - -* New parameter `c-continued-statement-indent'. - -This controls the extra indentation given to a line -that continues a C statement started on the previous line. -By default it is 2, which is why you would see - - if (foo) - bar (); - - -* Changed meaning of `c-indent-level'. - -The value of `c-brace-offset' used to be -subtracted from the value of `c-indent-level' whenever -that value was used. Now it is not. - -As a result, `c-indent-level' is now the offset of -statements within a block, relative to the line containing -the open-brace that starts the block. - -* turn-on-auto-fill is useful value for text-mode-hook. - -(setq text-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill) -is all you have to do to make sure Auto Fill mode is turned -on whenever you enter Text mode. - -* Parameter explicit-shell-file-name for M-x shell. - -This variable, if non-nil, specifies the file name to use -for the shell to run if you do M-x shell. - -Changes in version 16 affecting Lisp programming: - -* Documentation strings adapt to customization. - -Often the documentation string for a command wants to mention -another command. Simply stating the other command as a -character sequence has a disadvantage: if the user customizes -Emacs by moving that function to a different command, the -cross reference in the documentation becomes wrong. - -A new feature allows you to write the documentation string -using a function name, and the command to run that function -is looked up when the documentation is printed. - -If a documentation string contains `\[' (two characters) then -the following text, up to the next `]', is taken as a function name. -Instead of printing that function name, the command that runs it is printed. -(M-x is used to construct a command if no shorter one exists.) - -For example, instead of putting `C-n' in a documentation string -to refer to the C-n command, put in `\[next-line]'. (In practice -you will need to quote the backslash with another backslash, -due to the syntax for strings in Lisp and C.) - -To include the literal characters `\[' in a documentation string, -precede them with `\='. To include the characters `\=', precede -them with `\='. For example, "\\=\\= is the way to quote \\=\\[" -will come out as `\= is the way to quote \['. - -The new function `substitute-command-keys' takes a string possibly -contaning \[...] constructs and replaces those constructs with -the key sequences they currently stand for. - -* Primitives `find-line-comment' and `find-line-comment-body' flushed. - -Search for the value of `comment-start-skip' if you want to find -whether and where a line has a comment. - -* New function `auto-save-file-name-p' - -Should return non-`nil' iff given a string which is the name of an -auto-save file (sans directory name). If you redefine -`make-auto-save-file-name', you should redefine this accordingly. By -default, this function returns `t' for filenames beginning with -character `#'. - -* The value of `exec-directory' now ends in a slash. - -This is to be compatible with most directory names in GNU Emacs. - -* Dribble files and termscript files. - -(open-dribble-file FILE) opens a dribble file named FILE. When a -dribble file is open, every character Emacs reads from the terminal is -written to the dribble file. - -(open-termscript FILE) opens a termscript file named FILE. When a -termscript file is open, all characters sent to the terminal by Emacs -are also written in the termscript file. - -The two of these together are very useful for debugging Emacs problems -in redisplay. - -* Upper case command characters by default are same as lower case. - -If a character in a command is an upper case letter, and is not defined, -Emacs uses the definition of the corresponding lower case letter. -For example, if C-x U is not directly undefined, it is treated as -a synonym for C-x u (undo). - -* Undefined function errors versus undefined variable errors. - -Void-symbol errors now say "boundp" if the symbol's value was void -or "fboundp" if the function definition was void. - -* New function `bury-buffer'. - -The new function `bury-buffer' takes one argument, a buffer object, -and puts that buffer at the end of the internal list of buffers. -So it is the least preferred candidate for use as the default value -of C-x b, or for other-buffer to return. - -* Already-displayed buffers have low priority for display. - -When a buffer is chosen automatically for display, or to be the -default in C-x b, buffers already displayed in windows have lower -priority than buffers not currently visible. - -* `set-window-start' accepts a third argument NOFORCE. - -This argument, if non-nil, prevents the window's force_start flag -from being set. Setting the force_start flag causes the next -redisplay to insist on starting display at the specified starting -point, even if dot must be moved to get it onto the screen. - -* New function `send-string-to-terminal'. - -This function takes one argument, a string, and outputs its contents -to the terminal exactly as specified: control characters, escape -sequences, and all. - -* Keypad put in command mode. - -The terminal's keypad is now put into command mode, as opposed to -numeric mode, while Emacs is running. This is done by means of the -termcap `ks' and `ke' strings. - -* New function `generate-new-buffer' - -This function takes a string as an argument NAME and looks for a -creates and returns a buffer called NAME if one did not already exist. -Otherwise, it successively tries appending suffixes of the form "<1>", -"<2>" etc to NAME until it creates a string which does not name an -existing buffer. A new buffer with that name is the created and returned. - -* New function `prin1-to-string' -This function takes one argument, a lisp object, and returns a string -containing that object's printed representation, such as `prin1' -would output. - -* New function `read-from-minibuffer' -Lets you supply a prompt, initial-contents, a keymap, and specify -whether the result should be interpreted as a string or a lisp object. - -Old functions `read-minibuffer', `eval-minibuffer', `read-string' all -take second optional string argument which is initial contents of -minibuffer. - -* minibuffer variable names changed (names of keymaps) - -minibuf-local-map -> minibuffer-local-map -minibuf-local-ns-map -> minibuffer-local-ns-map -minibuf-local-completion-map -> minibuffer-local-completion-map -minibuf-local-must-match-map -> minibuffer-local-must-match-map - -Changes in version 16 affecting configuring and building Emacs - -* Configuration switch VT100_INVERSE eliminated. - -You can control the use of inverse video on any terminal by setting -the variable `inverse-video', or by changing the termcap entry. If -you like, set `inverse-video' in your `.emacs' file based on -examination of (getenv "TERM"). - -* New switch `-batch' makes Emacs run noninteractively. - -If the switch `-batch' is used, Emacs treats its standard output -and input like ordinary files (even if they are a terminal). -It does not display buffers or windows; the only output to standard output -is what would appear as messages in the echo area, and each -message is followed by a newline. - -The terminal modes are not changed, so that C-z and C-c retain -their normal Unix meanings. Emacs does still read commands from -the terminal, but the idea of `-batch' is that you use it with -other command line arguments that tell Emacs a complete task to perform, -including killing itself. `-kill' used as the last argument is a good -way to accomplish this. - -The Lisp variable `noninteractive' is now defined, to be `nil' -except when `-batch' has been specified. - -* Emacs can be built with output redirected to a file. - -This is because -batch (see above) is now used in building Emacs. - -For older news, see the file OOOONEWS. - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -Copyright information: - -Copyright (C) 1985 Richard M. Stallman - - Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies - of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the - copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved, - thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn. - - Permission is granted to distribute modified versions - of this document, or of portions of it, - under the above conditions, provided also that they - carry prominent notices stating who last changed them. - -Local variables: -mode: text -end:
--- a/etc/OOOOONEWS Thu Aug 17 15:37:07 2000 +0000 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,1165 +0,0 @@ -Old GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes thru version 15. -Copyright (C) 1985 Richard M. Stallman. -See the end for copying conditions. - -Changes in Emacs 15 - -* Emacs now runs on Sun and Megatest 68000 systems; - also on at least one 16000 system running 4.2. - -* Emacs now alters the output-start and output-stop characters - to prevent C-s and C-q from being considered as flow control - by cretinous rlogin software in 4.2. - -* It is now possible convert Mocklisp code (for Gosling Emacs) to Lisp code - that can run in GNU Emacs. M-x convert-mocklisp-buffer - converts the contents of the current buffer from Mocklisp to - GNU Emacs Lisp. You should then save the converted buffer with C-x C-w - under a name ending in ".el" - - There are probably some Mocklisp constructs that are not handled. - If you encounter one, feel free to report the failure as a bug. - The construct will be handled in a future Emacs release, if that is not - not too hard to do. - - Note that lisp code converted from Mocklisp code will not necessarily - run as fast as code specifically written for GNU Emacs, nor will it use - the many features of GNU Emacs which are not present in Gosling's emacs. - (In particular, the byte-compiler (m-x byte-compile-file) knows little - about compilation of code directly converted from mocklisp.) - It is envisaged that old mocklisp code will be incrementally converted - to GNU lisp code, with M-x convert-mocklisp-buffer being the first - step in this process. - -* Control-x n (narrow-to-region) is now by default a disabled command. - - This means that, if you issue this command, it will ask whether - you really mean it. You have the opportunity to enable the - command permanently at that time, so you will not be asked again. - This will place the form "(put 'narrow-to-region 'disabled nil)" in your - .emacs file. - -* Tags now prompts for the tag table file name to use. - - All the tags commands ask for the tag table file name - if you have not yet specified one. - - Also, the command M-x visit-tag-table can now be used to - specify the tag table file name initially, or to switch - to a new tag table. - -* If truncate-partial-width-windows is non-nil (as it intially is), - all windows less than the full screen width (that is, - made by side-by-side splitting) truncate lines rather than continuing - them. - -* Emacs now checks for Lisp stack overflow to avoid fatal errors. - The depth in eval, apply and funcall may not exceed max-lisp-eval-depth. - The depth in variable bindings and unwind-protects may not exceed - max-specpdl-size. If either limit is exceeded, an error occurs. - You can set the limits to larger values if you wish, but if you make them - too large, you are vulnerable to a fatal error if you invoke - Lisp code that does infinite recursion. - -* New hooks find-file-hook and write-file-hook. - Both of these variables if non-nil should be functions of no arguments. - At the time they are called (current-buffer) will be the buffer being - read or written respectively. - - find-file-hook is called whenever a file is read into its own buffer, - such as by calling find-file, revert-buffer, etc. It is not called by - functions such as insert-file which do not read the file into a buffer of - its own. - find-file-hook is called after the file has been read in and its - local variables (if any) have been processed. - - write-file-hook is called just before writing out a file from a buffer. - -* The initial value of shell-prompt-pattern is now "^[^#$%>]*[#$%>] *" - -* If the .emacs file sets inhibit-startup-message to non-nil, - the messages normally printed by Emacs at startup time - are inhibited. - -* Facility for run-time conditionalization on the basis of emacs features. - - The new variable features is a list of symbols which represent "features" - of the executing emacs, for use in run-time conditionalization. - - The function featurep of one argument may be used to test for the - presence of a feature. It is just the same as - (not (null (memq FEATURE features))) where FEATURE is its argument. - For example, (if (featurep 'magic-window-hack) - (transmogrify-window 'vertical) - (split-window-vertically)) - - The function provide of one argument "announces" that FEATURE is present. - It is much the same as (if (not (featurep FEATURE)) - (setq features (cons FEATURE features))) - - The function require with arguments FEATURE and FILE-NAME loads FILE-NAME - (which should contain the form (provide FEATURE)) unless FEATURE is present. - It is much the same as (if (not (featurep FEATURE)) - (progn (load FILE-NAME) - (if (not featurep FEATURE) (error ...)))) - FILE-NAME is optional and defaults to FEATURE. - -* New function load-average. - - This returns a list of three integers, which are - the current 1 minute, 5 minute and 15 minute load averages, - each multiplied by a hundred (since normally they are floating - point numbers). - -* Per-terminal libraries loaded automatically. - - Emacs when starting up on terminal type T automatically loads - a library named term-T. T is the value of the TERM environment variable. - Thus, on terminal type vt100, Emacs would do (load "term-vt100" t t). - Such libraries are good places to set the character translation table. - - It is a bad idea to redefine lots of commands in a per-terminal library, - since this affects all users. Instead, define a command to do the - redefinitions and let the user's init file, which is loaded later, - call that command or not, as the user prefers. - -* Programmer's note: detecting killed buffers. - - Buffers are eliminated by explicitly killing them, using - the function kill-buffer. This does not eliminate or affect - the pointers to the buffer which may exist in list structure. - If you have a pointer to a buffer and wish to tell whether - the buffer has been killed, use the function buffer-name. - It returns nil on a killed buffer, and a string on a live buffer. - -* New ways to access the last command input character. - - The function last-key-struck, which used to return the last - input character that was read by command input, is eliminated. - Instead, you can find this information as the value of the - variable last-command-char. (This variable used to be called - last-key). - - Another new variable, last-input-char, holds the last character - read from the command input stream regardless of what it was - read for. last-input-char and last-command-char are different - only inside a command that has called read-char to read input. - -* The new switch -kill causes Emacs to exit after processing the - preceding command line arguments. Thus, - emacs -l lib data -e do-it -kill - means to load lib, find file data, call do-it on no arguments, - and then exit. - -* The config.h file has been modularized. - - Options that depend on the machine you are running on are defined - in a file whose name starts with "m-", such as m-vax.h. - Options that depend on the operating system software version you are - running on are defined in a file whose name starts with "s-", - such as s-bsd4.2.h. - - config.h includes one m- file and one s- file. It also defines a - few other options whose values do not follow from the machine type - and system type being used. Installers normally will have to - select the correct m- and s- files but will never have to change their - contents. - -* Termcap AL and DL strings are understood. - - If the termcap entry defines AL and DL strings, for insertion - and deletion of multiple lines in one blow, Emacs now uses them. - This matters most on certain bit map display terminals for which - scrolling is comparatively slow. - -* Bias against scrolling screen far on fast terminals. - - Emacs now prefers to redraw a few lines rather than - shift them a long distance on the screen, when the terminal is fast. - -* New major mode, mim-mode. - - This major mode is for editing MDL code. Perhaps a MDL - user can explain why it is not called mdl-mode. - You must load the library mim-mode explicitly to use this. - -* GNU documentation formatter `texinfo'. - - The `texinfo' library defines a format for documentation - files which can be passed through Tex to make a printed manual - or passed through texinfo to make an Info file. Texinfo is - documented fully by its own Info file; compare this file - with its source, texinfo.texinfo, for additional guidance. - - All documentation files for GNU utilities should be written - in texinfo input format. - - Tex processing of texinfo files requires the Botex macro package. - This is not ready for distribution yet, but will appear at - a later time. - -* New function read-from-string (emacs 15.29) - - read-from-string takes three arguments: a string to read from, - and optionally start and end indices which delimit a substring - from which to read. (They default to 0 and the length of the string, - respectively.) - - This function returns a cons cell whose car is the object produced - by reading from the string and whose cdr is a number giving the - index in the string of the first character not read. That index may - be passed as the second argument to a later call to read-from-string - to read the next form represented by the string. - - In addition, the function read now accepts a string as its argument. - In this case, it calls read-from-string on the whole string, and - returns the car of the result. (ie the actual object read.) - -Changes in Emacs 14 - -* Completion now prints various messages such as [Sole Completion] - or [Next Character Not Unique] to describe the results obtained. - These messages appear after the text in the minibuffer, and remain - on the screen until a few seconds go by or you type a key. - -* The buffer-read-only flag is implemented. - Setting or binding this per-buffer variable to a non-nil value - makes illegal any operation which would modify the textual content of - the buffer. (Such operations signal a buffer-read-only error) - The read-only state of a buffer may be altered using toggle-read-only - (C-x C-q) - The buffers used by Rmail, Dired, Rnews, and Info are now read-only - by default to prevent accidental damage to the information in those - buffers. - -* Functions car-safe and cdr-safe. - These functions are like car and cdr when the argument is a cons. - Given an argument not a cons, car-safe always returns nil, with - no error; the same for cdr-safe. - -* The new function user-real-login-name returns the name corresponding - to the real uid of the Emacs process. This is usually the same - as what user-login-name returns; however, when Emacs is invoked - from su, user-real-login-name returns "root" but user-login-name - returns the name of the user who invoked su. - -Changes in Emacs 13 - -* There is a new version numbering scheme. - - What used to be the first version number, which was 1, - has been discarded since it does not seem that I need three - levels of version number. - - However, a new third version number has been added to represent - changes by user sites. This number will always be zero in - Emacs when I distribute it; it will be incremented each time - Emacs is built at another site. - -* There is now a reader syntax for Meta characters: - \M-CHAR means CHAR or'ed with the Meta bit. For example: - - ?\M-x is (+ ?x 128) - ?\M-\n is (+ ?\n 128) - ?\M-\^f is (+ ?\^f 128) - - This syntax can be used in strings too. Note, however, that - Meta characters are not meaningful in key sequences being passed - to define-key or lookup-key; you must use ESC characters (\e) - in them instead. - - ?\C- can be used likewise for control characters. (13.9) - -* Installation change - The string "../lisp" now adds to the front of the load-path - used for searching for Lisp files during Emacs initialization. - It used to replace the path specified in paths.h entirely. - Now the directory ../lisp is searched first and the directoris - specified in paths.h are searched afterward. - -Changes in Emacs 1.12 - -* There is a new installation procedure. - See the file INSTALL that comes in the top level - directory in the tar file or tape. - -* The Meta key is now supported on terminals that have it. - This is a shift key which causes the high bit to be turned on - in all input characters typed while it is held down. - - read-char now returns a value in the range 128-255 if - a Meta character is typed. When interpreted as command - input, a Meta character is equivalent to a two character - sequence, the meta prefix character followed by the un-metized - character (Meta-G unmetized is G). - - The meta prefix character - is specified by the value of the variable meta-prefix-char. - If this character (normally Escape) has been redefined locally - with a non-prefix definition (such as happens in completing - minibuffers) then the local redefinition is suppressed when - the character is not the last one in a key sequence. - So the local redefinition is effective if you type the character - explicitly, but not effective if the character comes from - the use of the Meta key. - -* `-' is no longer a completion command in the minibuffer. - It is an ordinary self-inserting character. - -* The list load-path of directories load to search for Lisp files - is now controlled by the EMACSLOADPATH environment variable -[[ Note this was originally EMACS-LOAD-PATH and has been changed - again; sh does not deal properly with hyphens in env variable names]] - rather than the EPATH environment variable. This is to avoid - conflicts with other Emacses. - - While Emacs is being built initially, the load-path - is now just ("../lisp"), ignoring paths.h. It does not - ignore EMACSLOADPATH, however; you should avoid having - this variable set while building Emacs. - -* You can now specify a translation table for keyboard - input characters, as a way of exchanging or substituting - keys on the keyboard. - - If the value of keyboard-translate-table is a string, - every character received from the keyboard is used as an - index in that string, and the character at that index in - the string is used as input instead of what was actually - typed. If the actual input character is >= the length of - the string, it is used unchanged. - - One way this feature can be used is to fix bad keyboard - designes. For example, on some terminals, Delete is - Shift-Underscore. Since Delete is a more useful character - than Underscore, it is an improvement to make the unshifted - character Delete and the shifted one Underscore. This can - be done with - - ;; First make a translate table that does the identity translation. - (setq keyboard-translate-table (make-string 128 0)) - (let ((i 0)) - (while (< i 128) - (aset keyboard-translate-table i i) - (setq i (1+ i)))) - - ;; Now alter translations of some characters. - (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\_ ?\^?) - (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\^? ?\_) - - If your terminal has a Meta key and can therefore send - codes up to 255, Meta characters are translated through - elements 128 through 255 of the translate table, and therefore - are translated independently of the corresponding non-Meta - characters. You must therefore establish translations - independently for the Meta characters if you want them too: - - ;; First make a translate table that does the identity translation. - (setq keyboard-translate-table (make-string 256 0)) - (let ((i 0)) - (while (< i 256) - (aset keyboard-translate-table i i) - (setq i (1+ i)))) - - ;; Now alter translations of some characters. - (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\_ ?\^?) - (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\^? ?\_) - - ;; Now alter translations of some Meta characters. - (aset keyboard-translate-table (+ 128 ?\_) (+ 128 ?\^?)) - (aset keyboard-translate-table (+ 128 ?\^?) (+ 128 ?\_)) - -* (process-kill-without-query PROCESS) - -This marks the process so that, when you kill Emacs, -you will not on its account be queried about active subprocesses. - -Changes in Emacs 1.11 - -* The commands C-c and C-z have been interchanged, - for greater compatibility with normal Unix usage. - C-z now runs suspend-emacs and C-c runs exit-recursive-edit. - -* The value returned by file-name-directory now ends - with a slash. (file-name-directory "foo/bar") => "foo/". - This avoids confusing results when dealing with files - in the root directory. - - The value of the per-buffer variable default-directory - is also supposed to have a final slash now. - -* There are now variables to control the switches passed to - `ls' by the C-x C-d command (list-directory). - list-directory-brief-switches is a string, initially "-CF", - used for brief listings, and list-directory-verbose-switches - is a string, initially "-l", used for verbose ones. - -* For Ann Arbor Ambassador terminals, the termcap "ti" string - is now used to initialize the screen geometry on entry to Emacs, - and the "te" string is used to set it back on exit. - If the termcap entry does not define the "ti" or "te" string, - Emacs does what it used to do. - -Changes in Emacs 1.10 - -* GNU Emacs has been made almost 1/3 smaller. - It now dumps out as only 530kbytes on Vax 4.2bsd. - -* The term "checkpoint" has been replaced by "auto save" - throughout the function names, variable names and documentation - of GNU Emacs. - -* The function load now tries appending ".elc" and ".el" - to the specified filename BEFORE it tries the filename - without change. - -* rmail now makes the mode line display the total number - of messages and the current message number. - The "f" command now means forward a message to another user. - The command to search through all messages for a string is now "F". - The "u" command now means to move back to the previous - message and undelete it. To undelete the selected message, use Meta-u. - -* The hyphen character is now equivalent to a Space while - in completing minibuffers. Both mean to complete an additional word. - -* The Lisp function error now takes args like format - which are used to construct the error message. - -* Redisplay will refuse to start its display at the end of the buffer. - It will pick a new place to display from, rather than use that. - -* The value returned by garbage-collect has been changed. - Its first element is no longer a number but a cons, - whose car is the number of cons cells now in use, - and whose cdr is the number of cons cells that have been - made but are now free. - The second element is similar but describes symbols rather than cons cells. - The third element is similar but describes markers. - -* The variable buffer-name has been eliminated. - The function buffer-name still exists. This is to prevent - user programs from changing buffer names without going - through the rename-buffer function. - -Changes in Emacs 1.9 - -* When a fill prefix is in effect, paragraphs are started - or separated by lines that do not start with the fill prefix. - Also, a line which consists of the fill prefix followed by - white space separates paragraphs. - -* C-x C-v runs the new function find-alternate-file. - It finds the specified file, switches to that buffer, - and kills the previous current buffer. (It requires - confirmation if that buffer had changes.) This is - most useful after you find the wrong file due to a typo. - -* Exiting the minibuffer moves the cursor to column 0, - to show you that it has really been exited. - -* Meta-g (fill-region) now fills each paragraph in the - region individually. To fill the region as if it were - a single paragraph (for when the paragraph-delimiting mechanism - does the wrong thing), use fill-region-as-paragraph. - -* Tab in text mode now runs the function tab-to-tab-stop. - A new mode called indented-text-mode is like text-mode - except that in it Tab runs the function indent-relative, - which indents the line under the previous line. - If auto fill is enabled while in indented-text-mode, - the new lines that it makes are indented. - -* Functions kill-rectangle and yank-rectangle. - kill-rectangle deletes the rectangle specified by dot and mark - (or by two arguments) and saves it in the variable killed-rectangle. - yank-rectangle inserts the rectangle in that variable. - - Tab characters in a rectangle being saved are replaced - by spaces in such a way that their appearance will - not be changed if the rectangle is later reinserted - at a different column position. - -* `+' in a regular expression now means - to repeat the previous expression one or more times. - `?' means to repeat it zero or one time. - They are in all regards like `*' except for the - number of repetitions they match. - - \< in a regular expression now matches the null string - when it is at the beginning of a word; \> matches - the null string at the end of a word. - -* C-x p narrows the buffer so that only the current page - is visible. - -* C-x ) with argument repeats the kbd macro just - defined that many times, counting the definition - as one repetition. - -* C-x ( with argument begins defining a kbd macro - starting with the last one defined. It executes that - previous kbd macro initially, just as if you began - by typing it over again. - -* C-x q command queries the user during kbd macro execution. - With prefix argument, enters recursive edit, - reading keyboard commands even within a kbd macro. - You can give different commands each time the macro executes. - Without prefix argument, reads a character. Your options are: - Space -- execute the rest of the macro. - Delete -- skip the rest of the macro; start next repetition. - C-d -- skip rest of the macro and don't repeat it any more. - C-r -- enter a recursive edit, then on exit ask again for a character - C-l -- redisplay screen and ask again." - -* write-kbd-macro and append-kbd-macro are used to save - a kbd macro definition in a file (as Lisp code to - redefine the macro when the file is loaded). - These commands differ in that write-kbd-macro - discards the previous contents of the file. - If given a prefix argument, both commands - record the keys which invoke the macro as well as the - macro's definition. - -* The variable global-minor-modes is used to display - strings in the mode line of all buffers. It should be - a list of elements thaht are conses whose cdrs are strings - to be displayed. This complements the variable - minor-modes, which has the same effect but has a separate - value in each buffer. - -* C-x = describes horizontal scrolling in effect, if any. - -* Return now auto-fills the line it is ending, in auto fill mode. - Space with zero as argument auto-fills the line before it - just like Space without an argument. - -Changes in Emacs 1.8 - -This release mostly fixes bugs. There are a few new features: - -* apropos now sorts the symbols before displaying them. - Also, it returns a list of the symbols found. - - apropos now accepts a second arg PRED which should be a function - of one argument; if PRED is non-nil, each symbol is tested - with PRED and only symbols for which PRED returns non-nil - appear in the output or the returned list. - - If the third argument to apropos is non-nil, apropos does not - display anything; it merely returns the list of symbols found. - - C-h a now runs the new function command-apropos rather than - apropos, and shows only symbols with definitions as commands. - -* M-x shell sends the command - if (-f ~/.emacs_NAME)source ~/.emacs_NAME - invisibly to the shell when it starts. Here NAME - is replaced by the name of shell used, - as it came from your ESHELL or SHELL environment variable - but with directory name, if any, removed. - -* M-, now runs the command tags-loop-continue, which is used - to resume a terminated tags-search or tags-query-replace. - -Changes in Emacs 1.7 - -It's Beat CCA Week. - -* The initial buffer is now called "*scratch*" instead of "scratch", - so that all buffer names used automatically by Emacs now have *'s. - -* Undo information is now stored separately for each buffer. - The Undo command (C-x u) always applies to the current - buffer only. - - C-_ is now a synonym for C-x u. - - (buffer-flush-undo BUFFER) causes undo information not to - be kept for BUFFER, and frees the space that would have - been used to hold it. In any case, no undo information is - kept for buffers whose names start with spaces. (These - buffers also do not appear in the C-x C-b display.) - -* Rectangle operations are now implemented. - C-x r stores the rectangle described by dot and mark - into a register; it reads the register name from the keyboard. - C-x g, the command to insert the contents of a register, - can be used to reinsert the rectangle elsewhere. - - Other rectangle commands include - open-rectangle: - insert a blank rectangle in the position and size - described by dot and mark, at its corners; - the existing text is pushed to the right. - clear-rectangle: - replace the rectangle described by dot ane mark - with blanks. The previous text is deleted. - delete-rectangle: - delete the text of the specified rectangle, - moving the text beyond it on each line leftward. - -* Side-by-side windows are allowed. Use C-x 5 to split the - current window into two windows side by side. - C-x } makes the selected window ARG columns wider at the - expense of the windows at its sides. C-x { makes the selected - window ARG columns narrower. An argument to C-x 5 specifies - how many columns to give to the leftmost of the two windows made. - - C-x 2 now accepts a numeric argument to specify the number of - lines to give to the uppermost of the two windows it makes. - -* Horizontal scrolling of the lines in a window is now implemented. - C-x < (scroll-left) scrolls all displayed lines left, - with the numeric argument (default 1) saying how far to scroll. - When the window is scrolled left, some amount of the beginning - of each nonempty line is replaced by an "$". - C-x > scrolls right. If a window has no text hidden at the left - margin, it cannot be scrolled any farther right than that. - When nonzero leftwards scrolling is in effect in a window. - lines are automatically truncated at the window's right margin - regardless of the value of the variable truncate-lines in the - buffer being displayed. - -* C-x C-d now uses the default output format of `ls', - which gives just file names in multiple columns. - C-u C-x C-d passes the -l switch to `ls'. - -* C-t at the end of a line now exchanges the two preceding characters. - - All the transpose commands now interpret zero as an argument - to mean to transpose the textual unit after or around dot - with the one after or around the mark. - -* M-! executes a shell command in an inferior shell - and displays the output from it. With a prefix argument, - it inserts the output in the current buffer after dot - and sets the mark after the output. The shell command - gets /dev/null as its standard input. - - M-| is like M-! but passes the contents of the region - as input to the shell command. A prefix argument makes - the output from the command replace the contents of the region. - -* The mode line will now say "Def" after the major mode - while a keyboard macro is being defined. - -* The variable fill-prefix is now used by Meta-q. - Meta-q removes the fill prefix from lines that start with it - before filling, and inserts the fill prefix on each line - after filling. - - The command C-x . sets the fill prefix equal to the text - on the current line before dot. - -* The new command Meta-j (indent-new-comment-line), - is like Linefeed (indent-new-line) except when dot is inside a comment; - in that case, Meta-j inserts a comment starter on the new line, - indented under the comment starter above. It also inserts - a comment terminator at the end of the line above, - if the language being edited calls for one. - -* Rmail should work correctly now, and has some C-h m documentation. - -Changes in Emacs 1.6 - -* save-buffers-kill-emacs is now on C-x C-c - while C-x C-z does suspend-emacs. This is to make - C-x C-c like the normal Unix meaning of C-c - and C-x C-z linke the normal Unix meaning of C-z. - -* M-ESC (eval-expression) is now a disabled command by default. - This prevents users who type ESC ESC accidentally from - getting confusing results. Put - (put 'eval-expression 'disabled nil) - in your ~/.emacs file to enable the command. - -* Self-inserting text is grouped into bunches for undoing. - Each C-x u command undoes up to 20 consecutive self-inserting - characters. - -* Help f now uses as a default the function being called - in the innermost Lisp expression that dot is in. - This makes it more convenient to use while writing - Lisp code to run in Emacs. - (If the text around dot does not appear to be a call - to a Lisp function, there is no default.) - - Likewise, Help v uses the symbol around or before dot - as a default, if that is a variable name. - -* Commands that read filenames now insert the default - directory in the minibuffer, to become part of your input. - This allows you to see what the default is. - You may type a filename which goes at the end of the - default directory, or you may edit the default directory - as you like to create the input you want to give. - You may also type an absolute pathname (starting with /) - or refer to a home directory (input starting with ~) - after the default; the presence of // or /~ causes - everything up through the slash that precedes your - type-in to be ignored. - - Returning the default directory without change, - including the terminating slash, requests the use - of the default file name (usually the visited file's name). - - Set the variable insert-default-directory to nil - to turn off this feature. - -* M-x shell now uses the environment variable ESHELL, - if it exists, as the file name of the shell to run. - If there is no ESHELL variable, the SHELL variable is used. - This is because some shells do not work properly as inferiors - of Emacs (or anything like Emacs). - -* A new variable minor-modes now exists, with a separate value - in each buffer. Its value should be an alist of elements - (MODE-FUNCTION-SYMBOL . PRETTY-NAME-STRING), one for each - minor mode that is turned on in the buffer. The pretty - name strings are displayed in the mode line after the name of the - major mode (with spaces between them). The mode function - symbols should be symbols whose function definitions will - turn on the minor mode if given 1 as an argument; they are present - so that Help m can find their documentation strings. - -* The format of tag table files has been changed. - The new format enables Emacs to find tags much faster. - - A new program, etags, exists to make the kind of - tag table that Emacs wants. etags is invoked just - like ctags; in fact, if you give it any switches, - it does exactly what ctags would do. Give it the - empty switch ("-") to make it act like ctags with no switches. - - etags names the tag table file "TAGS" rather than "tags", - so that these tag tables and the standard Unix ones - can coexist. - - The tags library can no longer use standard ctags-style - tag tables files. - -* The file of Lisp code Emacs reads on startup is now - called ~/.emacs rather than ~/.emacs_pro. - -* copy-file now gives the copied file the same mode bits - as the original file. - -* Output from a process inserted into the process's buffer - no longer sets the buffer's mark. Instead it sets a - marker associated with the process to point to the end - of the inserted text. You can access this marker with - (process-mark PROCESS) - and then either examine its position with marker-position - or set its position with set-marker. - -* completing-read takes a new optional fifth argument which, - if non-nil, should be a string of text to insert into - the minibuffer before reading user commands. - -* The Lisp function elt now exists: - (elt ARRAY N) is like (aref ARRAY N), - (elt LIST N) is like (nth N LIST). - -* rplaca is now a synonym for setcar, and rplacd for setcdr. - eql is now a synonym for eq; it turns out that the Common Lisp - distinction between eq and eql is insignificant in Emacs. - numberp is a new synonym for integerp. - -* auto-save has been renamed to auto-save-mode. - -* Auto save file names for buffers are now created by the - function make-auto-save-file-name. This is so you can - redefine that function to change the way auto save file names - are chosen. - -* expand-file-name no longer discards a final slash. - (expand-file-name "foo" "/lose") => "/lose/foo" - (expand-file-name "foo/" "/lose") => "/lose/foo/" - - Also, expand-file-name no longer substitutes $ constructs. - A new function substitute-in-file-name does this. Reading - a file name with read-file-name or the `f' or`F' option - of interactive calling uses substitute-in-file-name - on the file name that was read and returns the result. - - All I/O primitives including insert-file-contents and - delete-file call expand-file-name on the file name supplied. - This change makes them considerably faster in the usual case. - -* Interactive calling spec strings allow the new code letter 'D' - which means to read a directory name. It is like 'f' except - that the default if the user makes no change in the minibuffer - is to return the current default directory rather than the - current visited file name. - -Changes in Emacs 1.5 - -* suspend-emacs now accepts an optional argument - which is a string to be stuffed as terminal input - to be read by Emacs's superior shell after Emacs exits. - - A library called ledit exists which uses this feature - to transmit text to a Lisp job running as a sibling of - Emacs. - -* If find-file is given the name of a directory, - it automatically invokes dired on that directory - rather than reading in the binary data that make up - the actual contents of the directory according to Unix. - -* Saving an Emacs buffer now preserves the file modes - of any previously existing file with the same name. - This works using new Lisp functions file-modes and - set-file-modes, which can be used to read or set the mode - bits of any file. - -* The Lisp function cond now exists, with its traditional meaning. - -* defvar and defconst now permit the documentation string - to be omitted. defvar also permits the initial value - to be omitted; then it acts only as a comment. - -Changes in Emacs 1.4 - -* Auto-filling now normally indents the new line it creates - by calling indent-according-to-mode. This function, meanwhile, - has in Fundamental and Text modes the effect of making the line - have an indentation of the value of left-margin, a per-buffer variable. - - Tab no longer precisely does indent-according-to-mode; - it does that in all modes that supply their own indentation routine, - but in Fundamental, Text and allied modes it inserts a tab character. - -* The command M-x grep now invokes grep (on arguments - supplied by the user) and reads the output from grep - asynchronously into a buffer. The command C-x ` can - be used to move to the lines that grep has found. - This is an adaptation of the mechanism used for - running compilations and finding the loci of error messages. - - You can now use C-x ` even while grep or compilation - is proceeding; as more matches or error messages arrive, - C-x ` will parse them and be able to find them. - -* M-x mail now provides a command to send the message - and "exit"--that is, return to the previously selected - buffer. It is C-z C-z. - -* Tab in C mode now tries harder to adapt to all indentation styles. - If the line being indented is a statement that is not the first - one in the containing compound-statement, it is aligned under - the beginning of the first statement. - -* The functions screen-width and screen-height return the - total width and height of the screen as it is now being used. - set-screen-width and set-screen-height tell Emacs how big - to assume the screen is; they each take one argument, - an integer. - -* The Lisp function 'function' now exists. function is the - same as quote, except that it serves as a signal to the - Lisp compiler that the argument should be compiled as - a function. Example: - (mapcar (function (lambda (x) (+ x 5))) list) - -* The function set-key has been renamed to global-set-key. - undefine-key and local-undefine-key has been renamed to - global-unset-key and local-unset-key. - -* Emacs now collects input from asynchronous subprocesses - while waiting in the functions sleep-for and sit-for. - -* Shell mode's Newline command attempts to distinguish subshell - prompts from user input when issued in the middle of the buffer. - It no longer reexecutes from dot to the end of the line; - it reeexecutes the entire line minus any prompt. - The prompt is recognized by searching for the value of - shell-prompt-pattern, starting from the beginning of the line. - Anything thus skipped is not reexecuted. - -Changes in Emacs 1.3 - -* An undo facility exists now. Type C-x u to undo a batch of - changes (usually one command's changes, but some commands - such as query-replace divide their changes into multiple - batches. You can repeat C-x u to undo further. As long - as no commands other than C-x u intervene, each one undoes - another batch. A numeric argument to C-x u acts as a repeat - count. - - If you keep on undoing, eventually you may be told that - you have used up all the recorded undo information. - Some actions, such as reading in files, discard all - undo information. - - The undo information is not currently stored separately - for each buffer, so it is mainly good if you do something - totally spastic. [This has since been fixed.] - -* A learn-by-doing tutorial introduction to Emacs now exists. - Type C-h t to enter it. - -* An Info documentation browser exists. Do M-x info to enter it. - It contains a tutorial introduction so that no more documentation - is needed here. As of now, the only documentation in it - is that of Info itself. - -* Help k and Help c are now different. Help c prints just the - name of the function which the specified key invokes. Help k - prints the documentation of the function as well. - -* A document of the differences between GNU Emacs and Twenex Emacs - now exists. It is called DIFF, in the same directory as this file. - -* C mode can now indent comments better, including multi-line ones. - Meta-Control-q now reindents comment lines within the expression - being aligned. - -* Insertion of a close-parenthesis now shows the matching open-parenthesis - even if it is off screen, by printing the text following it on its line - in the minibuffer. - -* A file can now contain a list of local variable values - to be in effect when the file is edited. See the file DIFF - in the same directory as this file for full details. - -* A function nth is defined. It means the same thing as in Common Lisp. - -* The function install-command has been renamed to set-key. - It now takes the key sequence as the first argument - and the definition for it as the second argument. - Likewise, local-install-command has been renamed to local-set-key. - -Changes in Emacs 1.2 - -* A Lisp single-stepping and debugging facility exists. - To cause the debugger to be entered when an error - occurs, set the variable debug-on-error non-nil. - - To cause the debugger to be entered whenever function foo - is called, do (debug-on-entry 'foo). To cancel this, - do (cancel-debug-on-entry 'foo). debug-on-entry does - not work for primitives (written in C), only functions - written in Lisp. Most standard Emacs commands are in Lisp. - - When the debugger is entered, the selected window shows - a buffer called " *Backtrace" which displays a series - of stack frames, most recently entered first. For each - frame, the function name called is shown, usually followed - by the argument values unless arguments are still being - calculated. At the beginning of the buffer is a description - of why the debugger was entered: function entry, function exit, - error, or simply that the user called the function `debug'. - - To exit the debugger and return to top level, type `q'. - - In the debugger, you can evaluate Lisp expressions by - typing `e'. This is equivalent to `M-ESC'. - - When the debugger is entered due to an error, that is - all you can do. When it is entered due to function entry - (such as, requested by debug-on-entry), you have two - options: - Continue execution and reenter debugger after the - completion of the function being entered. Type `c'. - Continue execution but enter the debugger before - the next subexpression. Type `d'. - - You will see that some stack frames are marked with *. - This means the debugger will be entered when those - frames exit. You will see the value being returned - in the first line of the backtrace buffer. Your options: - Continue execution, and return that value. Type `c'. - Continue execution, and return a specified value. Type `r'. - - You can mark a frame to enter the debugger on exit - with the `b' command, or clear such a mark with `u'. - -* Lisp macros now exist. - For example, you can write - (defmacro cadr (arg) (list 'car (list 'cdr arg))) - and then the expression - (cadr foo) - will expand into - (car (cdr foo)) - -Changes in Emacs 1.1 - -* The initial buffer is now called "scratch" and is in a - new major mode, Lisp Interaction mode. This mode is - intended for typing Lisp expressions, evaluating them, - and having the values printed into the buffer. - - Type Linefeed after a Lisp expression, to evaluate the - expression and have its value printed into the buffer, - advancing dot. - - The other commands of Lisp mode are available. - -* The C-x C-e command for evaluating the Lisp expression - before dot has been changed to print the value in the - minibuffer line rather than insert it in the buffer. - A numeric argument causes the printed value to appear - in the buffer instead. - -* In Lisp mode, the command M-C-x evaluates the defun - containing or following dot. The value is printed in - the minibuffer. - -* The value of a Lisp expression evaluated using M-ESC - is now printed in the minibuffer. - -* M-q now runs fill-paragraph, independent of major mode. - -* C-h m now prints documentation on the current buffer's - major mode. What it prints is the documentation of the - major mode name as a function. All major modes have been - equipped with documentation that describes all commands - peculiar to the major mode, for this purpose. - -* You can display a Unix manual entry with - the M-x manual-entry command. - -* You can run a shell, displaying its output in a buffer, - with the M-x shell command. The Return key sends input - to the subshell. Output is printed inserted automatically - in the buffer. Commands C-c, C-d, C-u, C-w and C-z are redefined - for controlling the subshell and its subjobs. - "cd", "pushd" and "popd" commands are recognized as you - enter them, so that the default directory of the Emacs buffer - always remains the same as that of the subshell. - -* C-x $ (that's a real dollar sign) controls line-hiding based - on indentation. With a numeric arg N > 0, it causes all lines - indented by N or more columns to become invisible. - They are, effectively, tacked onto the preceding line, where - they are represented by " ..." on the screen. - (The end of the preceding visible line corresponds to a - screen cursor position before the "...". Anywhere in the - invisible lines that follow appears on the screen as a cursor - position after the "...".) - Currently, all editing commands treat invisible lines just - like visible ones, except for C-n and C-p, which have special - code to count visible lines only. - C-x $ with no argument turns off this mode, which in any case - is remembered separately for each buffer. - -* Outline mode is another form of selective display. - It is a major mode invoked with M-x outline-mode. - It is intended for editing files that are structured as - outlines, with heading lines (lines that begin with one - or more asterisks) and text lines (all other lines). - The number of asterisks in a heading line are its level; - the subheadings of a heading line are all following heading - lines at higher levels, until but not including the next - heading line at the same or a lower level, regardless - of intervening text lines. - - In outline mode, you have commands to hide (remove from display) - or show the text or subheadings under each heading line - independently. Hidden text or subheadings are invisibly - attached to the end of the preceding heading line, so that - if you kill the hading line and yank it back elsewhere - all the invisible lines accompany it. - - All editing commands treat hidden outline-mode lines - as part of the preceding visible line. - -* C-x C-z runs save-buffers-kill-emacs - offers to save each file buffer, then exits. - -* C-c's function is now called suspend-emacs. - -* The command C-x m runs mail, which switches to a buffer *mail* - and lets you compose a message to send. C-x 4 m runs mail in - another window. Type C-z C-s in the mail buffer to send the - message according to what you have entered in the buffer. - - You must separate the headers from the message text with - an empty line. - -* You can now dired partial directories (specified with names - containing *'s, etc, all processed by the shell). Also, you - can dired more than one directory; dired names the buffer - according to the filespec or directory name. Reinvoking - dired on a directory already direded just switches back to - the same directory used last time; do M-x revert if you want - to read in the current contents of the directory. - - C-x d runs dired, and C-x 4 d runs dired in another window. - - C-x C-d (list-directory) also allows partial directories now. - -Lisp programming changes - -* t as an output stream now means "print to the minibuffer". - If there is already text in the minibuffer printed via t - as an output stream, the new text is appended to the old - (or is truncated and lost at the margin). If the minibuffer - contains text put there for some other reason, it is cleared - first. - - t is now the top-level value of standard-output. - - t as an input stream now means "read via the minibuffer". - The minibuffer is used to read a line of input, with editing, - and this line is then parsed. Any excess not used by `read' - is ignored; each `read' from t reads fresh input. - t is now the top-level value of standard-input. - -* A marker may be used as an input stream or an output stream. - The effect is to grab input from where the marker points, - advancing it over the characters read, or to insert output - at the marker and advance it. - -* Output from an asynchronous subprocess is now inserted at - the end of the associated buffer, not at the buffer's dot, - and the buffer's mark is set to the end of the inserted output - each time output is inserted. - -* (pos-visible-in-window-p POS WINDOW) - returns t if position POS in WINDOW's buffer is in the range - that is being displayed in WINDOW; nil if it is scrolled - vertically out of visibility. - - If display in WINDOW is not currently up to date, this function - calculates carefully whether POS would appear if display were - done immediately based on the current (window-start WINDOW). - - POS defaults to (dot), and WINDOW to (selected-window). - -* Variable buffer-alist replaced by function (buffer-list). - The actual alist of buffers used internally by Emacs is now - no longer accessible, to prevent the user from crashing Emacs - by modifying it. The function buffer-list returns a list - of all existing buffers. Modifying this list cannot hurt anything - as a new list is constructed by each call to buffer-list. - -* load now takes an optional third argument NOMSG which, if non-nil, - prevents load from printing a message when it starts and when - it is done. - -* byte-recompile-directory is a new function which finds all - the .elc files in a directory, and regenerates each one which - is older than the corresponding .el (Lisp source) file. - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -Copyright information: - -Copyright (C) 1985 Richard M. Stallman - - Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies - of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the - copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved, - thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn. - - Permission is granted to distribute modified versions - of this document, or of portions of it, - under the above conditions, provided also that they - carry prominent notices stating who last changed them. - -Local variables: -mode: text -end:
--- a/lisp/ChangeLog Thu Aug 17 15:37:07 2000 +0000 +++ b/lisp/ChangeLog Thu Aug 17 15:38:59 2000 +0000 @@ -1,3 +1,11 @@ +2000-08-17 Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org> + + * help.el (view-emacs-news): Rewritten for new naming scheme + for old NEWS files. + + * startup.el (command-line): Pop to *Messages* in case an error + is signaled while loading user-init-file. + 2000-08-17 Andreas Schwab <schwab@suse.de> * files.el (insert-directory): Don't lose original file name,