Mercurial > emacs

--- a/man/programs.texi	Mon Dec 19 17:15:58 2005 +0000
+++ b/man/programs.texi	Mon Dec 19 22:21:41 2005 +0000
@@ -128,17 +128,19 @@
 @node Defuns
 @section Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns

-  In Emacs, a major definition at the top level in the buffer is
-called a @dfn{defun}.  The name comes from Lisp, but in Emacs we use
-it for all languages.
+  In Emacs, a major definition at the top level in the buffer,
+something like a function, is called a @dfn{defun}.  The name comes
+from Lisp, but in Emacs we use it for all languages.

-  In most programming language modes, Emacs assumes that a defun is
+  In many programming language modes, Emacs assumes that a defun is
 any pair of parentheses (or braces, if the language uses braces this
 way) that starts at the left margin.  For example, in C, the body of a
-function definition is normally a defun, because the open-brace that
-begins it is normally at the left margin.  A variable's initializer
-can also count as a defun, if the open-brace that begins the
-initializer is at the left margin.
+function definition is a defun, usually recognized as an open-brace
+that begins at the left margin@footnote{Alternatively, you can set up
+C Mode to recognize a defun at an opening brace at the outermost
+level.  @xref{Movement Commands,,, ccmode, the CC Mode Manual}.}.  A
+variable's initializer can also count as a defun, if the open-brace
+that begins the initializer is at the left margin.

   However, some language modes provide their own code for recognizing
 defuns in a way that suits the language syntax and conventions better.
@@ -156,14 +158,22 @@

 @cindex open-parenthesis in leftmost column
 @cindex ( in leftmost column
-  In most major modes, Emacs assumes that any opening delimiter found
-at the left margin is the start of a top-level definition, or defun.
-Therefore, @strong{never put an opening delimiter at the left margin
-unless it should have that significance.}  For instance, never put an
+  Emacs assumes by default that any opening delimiter found at the
+left margin is the start of a top-level definition, or defun.  You can
+override this default by setting this user option:
+
+@defvar open-paren-in-column-0-is-defun-start
+If this user option is set to @code{t} (the default), opening
+parentheses or braces at column zero always start defuns.  When it's
+@code{nil}, defuns are found by searching for parens or braces at the
+outermost level.
+@end defvar
+
+In buffers where @code{open-paren-in-column-0-is-defun-start} is
+@code{t}, @strong{don't put an opening delimiter at the left margin
+unless it is a defun start}.  For instance, never put an
 open-parenthesis at the left margin in a Lisp file unless it is the
-start of a top-level list.  Never put an open-brace or other opening
-delimiter at the beginning of a line of C code unless it is at top
-level.
+start of a top-level list.

   If you don't follow this convention, not only will you have trouble
 when you explicitly use the commands for motion by defuns; other
@@ -173,10 +183,10 @@

   The most likely problem case is when you want an opening delimiter
 at the start of a line inside a string.  To avoid trouble, put an
-escape character (@samp{\}, in C and Emacs Lisp, @samp{/} in some
-other Lisp dialects) before the opening delimiter.  This will not
-affect the contents of the string, but will prevent that opening
-delimiter from starting a defun.  Here's an example:
+escape character (@samp{\}, in Emacs Lisp, @samp{/} in some other Lisp
+dialects) before the opening delimiter.  This will not affect the
+contents of the string, but will prevent that opening delimiter from
+starting a defun.  Here's an example:

 @example
   (insert "Foo:
@@ -188,6 +198,11 @@
 highlights confusing opening delimiters (those that ought to be
 quoted) in bold red.

+  Some major modes, including C and related modes, set
+@code{open-paren-in-column-0-is-defun-start} buffer-locally to
+@code{nil}, thus freeing you from all these restrictions.  This makes
+some commands run more slowly, though.
+
   In the earliest days, the original Emacs found defuns by moving
 upward a level of parentheses or braces until there were no more
 levels to go up.  This always required scanning all the way back to
@@ -195,8 +210,9 @@
 the operation, we changed Emacs to assume that any opening delimiter
 at the left margin is the start of a defun.  This heuristic is nearly
 always right, and avoids the need to scan back to the beginning of the
-buffer.  However, it mandates following the convention described
-above.
+buffer.  However, now that modern computers are so powerful, this
+scanning is rarely slow enough to annoy, so we've given you a way to
+disable the heuristic.

 @node Moving by Defuns
 @subsection Moving by Defuns
@@ -399,13 +415,14 @@
 result of @key{TAB} because you find it unaesthetic for a particular
 line.

-  Remember that an open-parenthesis, open-brace or other opening delimiter
-at the left margin is assumed by Emacs (including the indentation routines)
-to be the start of a function.  Therefore, you must never have an opening
-delimiter in column zero that is not the beginning of a function, not even
-inside a string.  This restriction is vital for making the indentation
-commands fast; you must simply accept it.  @xref{Left Margin Paren},
-for more information on this.
+  By default, an open-parenthesis, open-brace or other opening
+delimiter at the left margin is assumed by Emacs (including the
+indentation routines) to be the start of a function.  This speeds up
+indentation commands.  If you will be editing text which contains
+opening delimiters in column zero that aren't the beginning of a
+functions, even inside strings or comments, you must set
+@code{open-paren-in-column-0-is-defun-start}.  @xref{Left Margin
+Paren}, for more information on this.

   Normally, lines are indented with tabs and spaces.  If you want Emacs
 to use spaces only, see @ref{Just Spaces}.
@@ -560,16 +577,16 @@
 Select a predefined style @var{style} (@code{c-set-style}).
 @end table

-  A @dfn{style} is a named collection of customizations that can
-be used in C mode and the related modes.  Emacs comes with several
+  A @dfn{style} is a named collection of customizations that can be
+used in C mode and the related modes.  @ref{Styles,,, ccmode, The CC
+Mode Manual}, for a complete description.  Emacs comes with several
 predefined styles, including @code{gnu}, @code{k&r}, @code{bsd},
 @code{stroustrup}, @code{linux}, @code{python}, @code{java},
-@code{whitesmith}, @code{ellemtel}, @code{cc-mode}, and @code{user}.
-Some of these styles are primarily intended for one language, but any
-of them can be used with any of the languages supported by these
-modes.  To find out what a style looks like, select it and reindent
-some code, e.g., by typing @key{C-M-q} at the start of a function
-definition.
+@code{whitesmith}, @code{ellemtel}, and @code{awk}.  Some of these
+styles are primarily intended for one language, but any of them can be
+used with any of the languages supported by these modes.  To find out
+what a style looks like, select it and reindent some code, e.g., by
+typing @key{C-M-q} at the start of a function definition.

 @kindex C-c . @r{(C mode)}
 @findex c-set-style
@@ -577,8 +594,8 @@
 .}.  Specify a style name as an argument (case is not significant).
 This command affects the current buffer only, and it affects only
 future invocations of the indentation commands; it does not reindent
-the code in the buffer.  To reindent the whole buffer in the new
-style, you can type @kbd{C-x h C-M-\}.
+the code already in the buffer.  To reindent the whole buffer in the
+new style, you can type @kbd{C-x h C-M-\}.

 @vindex c-default-style
   You can also set the variable @code{c-default-style} to specify the
@@ -589,23 +606,24 @@

 @example
 (setq c-default-style
-      '((java-mode . "java") (other . "gnu")))
+      '((java-mode . "java") (awk-mode . "awk") (other . "gnu")))
 @end example

 @noindent
-specifies an explicit choice for Java mode, and the default @samp{gnu}
-style for the other C-like modes.  (These settings are actually the
-defaults.)  This variable takes effect when you select one of the
-C-like major modes; thus, if you specify a new default style for Java
-mode, you can make it take effect in an existing Java mode buffer by
-typing @kbd{M-x java-mode} there.
+specifies explicit choices for Java and AWK modes, and the default
+@samp{gnu} style for the other C-like modes.  (These settings are
+actually the defaults.)  This variable takes effect when you select
+one of the C-like major modes; thus, if you specify a new default
+style for Java mode, you can make it take effect in an existing Java
+mode buffer by typing @kbd{M-x java-mode} there.

   The @code{gnu} style specifies the formatting recommended by the GNU
 Project for C; it is the default, so as to encourage use of our
 recommended style.

-  @xref{Customizing Indentation,,, ccmode, the CC Mode Manual}, for
-more information on customizing indentation for C and related modes,
+  @xref{Indentation Engine Basics,,, ccmode, the CC Mode Manual}, and
+@ref{Customizing Indentation,,, ccmode, the CC Mode Manual}, for more
+information on customizing indentation for C and related modes,
 including how to override parts of an existing style and how to define
 your own styles.

@@ -708,11 +726,12 @@
   A somewhat random-sounding command which is nevertheless handy is
 @kbd{C-M-t} (@code{transpose-sexps}), which drags the previous
 balanced expression across the next one.  An argument serves as a
-repeat count, and a negative argument drags the previous balanced
-expression backwards across those before it (thus canceling out the
-effect of @kbd{C-M-t} with a positive argument).  An argument of zero,
-rather than doing nothing, transposes the balanced expressions ending
-at or after point and the mark.
+repeat count, moving the previous expression over that many following
+ones.  A negative argument drags the previous balanced expression
+backwards across those before it (thus canceling out the effect of
+@kbd{C-M-t} with a positive argument).  An argument of zero, rather
+than doing nothing, transposes the balanced expressions ending at or
+after point and the mark.

 @kindex C-M-@@
 @kindex C-M-@key{SPC}
@@ -722,9 +741,9 @@
 that @kbd{C-M-f} would move to.  @kbd{C-M-@@} takes arguments like
 @kbd{C-M-f}.  In particular, a negative argument is useful for putting
 the mark at the beginning of the previous balanced expression.  The
-alias @kbd{C-M-@key{SPC}} is equivalent to @kbd{C-M-@@}.  If you use
-this command repeatedly, or in Transient Mark mode whenever the mark
-is active, it extends the region by one sexp each time.
+alias @kbd{C-M-@key{SPC}} is equivalent to @kbd{C-M-@@}.  When you
+repeat this command, or use it in Transient Mark mode when the mark is
+active, it extends the region by one sexp each time.

   In languages that use infix operators, such as C, it is not possible
 to recognize all balanced expressions as such because there can be
@@ -875,7 +894,7 @@
 @item @kbd{C-M-j}
 @itemx @kbd{M-j}
 Like @key{RET} followed by inserting and aligning a comment
-(@code{comment-indent-new-line}).
+(@code{comment-indent-new-line}).  @xref{Multi-Line Comments}.
 @item @kbd{M-x comment-region}
 @itemx @kbd{C-c C-c} (in C-like modes)
 Add or remove comment delimiters on all the lines in the region.
@@ -948,8 +967,13 @@
   (1+ x))           ; This line adds one.
 @end example

-  In C code, a comment preceded on its line by nothing but whitespace
-is indented like a line of code.
+  For C-like buffers, you can configure the exact effect of @kbd{M-;}
+more flexibly than for most buffers by setting the user options
+@code{c-indent-comment-alist} and
+@code{c-indent-comments-syntactically-p}.  For example, on a line
+ending in a closing brace, @kbd{M-;} puts the comment one space after
+the brace rather than at @code{comment-column}.  For full details see
+@ref{Comment Commands,,, ccmode, The CC Mode Manual}.

 @node Multi-Line Comments
 @subsection Multiple Lines of Comments
@@ -958,23 +982,27 @@
 @kindex M-j
 @cindex blank lines in programs
 @findex comment-indent-new-line
+
   If you are typing a comment and wish to continue it on another line,
 you can use the command @kbd{C-M-j} or @kbd{M-j}
 (@code{comment-indent-new-line}).  This terminates the comment you are
 typing, creates a new blank line afterward, and begins a new comment
-indented under the old one.  When Auto Fill mode is on, going past the
-fill column while typing a comment causes the comment to be continued
-in just this fashion.  If point is not at the end of the line when you
-type the command, the text on the rest of the line becomes part of the
-new comment line.
+indented under the old one.  Or, if the language syntax permits
+comments to extend beyond ends of lines, it may instead continue the
+existing comment on the new blank line---this is controlled by the
+setting of @code{comment-multi-line} (@pxref{Options for Comments}).
+If point is not at the end of the line when you type the command, the
+text on the rest of the line becomes part of the new comment line.
+When Auto Fill mode is on, going past the fill column while typing a
+comment causes the comment to be continued in just this fashion.

 @kindex C-c C-c (C mode)
 @findex comment-region
   To turn existing lines into comment lines, use the @kbd{M-x
-comment-region} command.  It adds comment delimiters to the lines that start
-in the region, thus commenting them out.  With a negative argument, it
-does the opposite---it deletes comment delimiters from the lines in the
-region.
+comment-region} command (or type @kbd{C-c C-c} in C-like buffers).  It
+adds comment delimiters to the lines that start in the region, thus
+commenting them out.  With a negative argument, it does the
+opposite---it deletes comment delimiters from the lines in the region.

   With a positive argument, @code{comment-region} duplicates the last
 character of the comment start sequence it adds; the argument specifies
@@ -985,6 +1013,11 @@
 indentation, you should use an argument of two or three, if between defuns;
 if within a defun, it must be three.

+  You can configure C Mode such that when you type a @samp{/} at the
+start of a line in a multi-line block comment, this closes the
+comment.  Enable the @code{comment-close-slash} clean-up for this.
+@xref{Clean-ups,,, ccmode, The CC Mode Manual}.
+
 @node Options for Comments
 @subsection Options Controlling Comments

@@ -1038,13 +1071,13 @@
 @vindex comment-multi-line
   The variable @code{comment-multi-line} controls how @kbd{C-M-j}
 (@code{indent-new-comment-line}) behaves when used inside a comment.
-Specifically, when @code{comment-multi-line} is @code{nil} (the
-default value), the command inserts a comment terminator, begins a new
-line, and finally inserts a comment starter.  Otherwise it does not
-insert the terminator and starter, so it effectively continues the
-current comment across multiple lines.  In languages that allow
-multi-line comments, the choice of value for this variable is a matter
-of taste.
+Specifically, when @code{comment-multi-line} is @code{nil}, the
+command inserts a comment terminator, begins a new line, and finally
+inserts a comment starter.  Otherwise it does not insert the
+terminator and starter, so it effectively continues the current
+comment across multiple lines.  In languages that allow multi-line
+comments, the choice of value for this variable is a matter of taste.
+The default for this variable depends on the major mode.

 @vindex comment-indent-function
   The variable @code{comment-indent-function} should contain a function
@@ -1510,11 +1543,13 @@

 @item M-x c-backward-into-nomenclature
 @findex c-backward-into-nomenclature
-Move point backward to beginning of a C++ nomenclature section or word.
-With prefix argument @var{n}, move @var{n} times.  If @var{n} is
-negative, move forward.  C++ nomenclature means a symbol name in the
-style of NamingSymbolsWithMixedCaseAndNoUnderlines; each capital letter
-begins a section or word.
+Move point backward to beginning of a C++ nomenclature section or
+word.  With prefix argument @var{n}, move @var{n} times.  If @var{n}
+is negative, move forward.  C++ nomenclature means a symbol name in
+the style of NamingSymbolsWithMixedCaseAndNoUnderlines; each capital
+letter begins a section or word.  Rather than this command, you might
+well prefer the newer ``Subword Mode'', which does the same thing
+better.  @xref{Other C Commands}.

 In the GNU project, we recommend using underscores to separate words
 within an identifier in C or C++, rather than using case distinctions.
@@ -1529,27 +1564,47 @@
 @subsection Electric C Characters

   In C mode and related modes, certain printing characters are
-``electric''---in addition to inserting themselves, they also reindent
-the current line, and optionally also insert newlines.  The
+@dfn{electric}---in addition to inserting themselves, they also
+reindent the current line, and optionally also insert newlines.  The
 ``electric'' characters are @kbd{@{}, @kbd{@}}, @kbd{:}, @kbd{#},
 @kbd{;}, @kbd{,}, @kbd{<}, @kbd{>}, @kbd{/}, @kbd{*}, @kbd{(}, and
-@kbd{)}.
+@kbd{)}.  @xref{Electric Keys,,, ccmode, The CC Mode Manual}.
+
+  You might find electric indentation inconvenient if you are editing
+chaotically indented code.  If you are new to CC Mode, you might find
+it disconcerting.  You can toggle electric action with the command
+@kbd{C-c C-l}; when it is enabled, @samp{/l} appears in the mode line
+after the mode name:

-  Electric characters insert newlines only when the @dfn{auto-newline}
-feature is enabled (indicated by @samp{/a} in the mode line after the
-mode name).  This feature is controlled by the variable
-@code{c-auto-newline}.  You can turn this feature on or off with the
-command @kbd{C-c C-a}:
+@table @kbd
+@item C-c C-l
+@kindex C-c C-l @r{(C mode)}
+@findex c-toggle-electric-state
+Toggle electric action (@code{c-toggle-electric-state}).  With a
+prefix argument, this command enables electric action if the argument
+is positive, disables it if it is negative.
+@end table
+
+  Electric characters insert newlines only when, in addition to the
+electric state, the @dfn{auto-newline} feature is enabled (indicated
+by @samp{/la} in the mode line after the mode name).  You can turn
+this feature on or off with the command @kbd{C-c C-a}:

 @table @kbd
 @item C-c C-a
 @kindex C-c C-a @r{(C mode)}
-@findex c-toggle-auto-state
-Toggle the auto-newline feature (@code{c-toggle-auto-state}).  With a
+@findex c-toggle-auto-newline
+Toggle the auto-newline feature (@code{c-toggle-auto-newline}).  With a
 prefix argument, this command turns the auto-newline feature on if the
 argument is positive, and off if it is negative.
 @end table

+  Usually the CC Mode style system (@pxref{Styles,,, ccmode, The CC
+Mode Manual}) configures the exact circumstances in which Emacs
+inserts auto-newlines, but you can configure this directly instead.
+Full details are at @ref{Custom Auto-newlines,,, ccmode, The CC Mode
+Manual}, but there is a short summary below.
+
   The colon character is electric because that is appropriate for a
 single colon.  But when you want to insert a double colon in C++, the
 electric behavior of colon is inconvenient.  You can insert a double
@@ -1608,13 +1663,14 @@
 @vindex c-cleanup-list
    Electric characters can also delete newlines automatically when the
 auto-newline feature is enabled.  This feature makes auto-newline more
-acceptable, by deleting the newlines in the most common cases where you
-do not want them.  Emacs can recognize several cases in which deleting a
-newline might be desirable; by setting the variable
-@code{c-cleanup-list}, you can specify @emph{which} of these cases that
-should happen.  The variable's value is a list of symbols, each
-describing one case for possible deletion of a newline.  Here are the
-meaningful symbols, and their meanings:
+acceptable, by deleting the newlines in the most common cases where
+you do not want them.  Emacs can recognize several cases in which
+deleting a newline might be desirable; by setting the variable
+@code{c-cleanup-list}, you can specify @emph{which} of these cases
+that should happen.  @xref{Clean-ups,,, ccmode, The CC Mode Manual}.
+The variable's value is a list of symbols, each describing one case
+for possible deletion of a newline.  Here is a summary of the
+meaningful symbols and their meanings:

 @table @code
 @item brace-catch-brace
@@ -1648,6 +1704,13 @@
 Clean up commas following braces in array and aggregate
 initializers.  Clean-up occurs when you type the comma.

+@item one-line-defun
+Remove space and newlines from a defun if this would leave it short
+enough to fit on a single line.  This is useful for AWK pattern/action
+pairs.  ``Short enough'' means not longer than the value of the user
+option @code{c-max-one-liner-length}.  Clean-up occurs when you type
+the closing brace.
+
 @item scope-operator
 Clean up double colons which may designate a C++ scope operator, by
 placing the colons together.  Clean-up occurs when you type the second
@@ -1659,24 +1722,47 @@
 @subsection Hungry Delete Feature in C
 @cindex hungry deletion (C Mode)

-  When the @dfn{hungry-delete} feature is enabled (indicated by
-@samp{/h} or @samp{/ah} in the mode line after the mode name), a single
-@key{DEL} command deletes all preceding whitespace, not just one space.
-To turn this feature on or off, use @kbd{C-c C-d}:
+  If you want to delete an entire block of whitespace at point, you
+can use @dfn{hungry deletion}.  This deletes all the contiguous
+whitespace either before point or after point in a single operation.
+@dfn{Whitespace} here includes tabs and newlines, but not comments or
+preprocessor commands.

 @table @kbd
+@item C-c C-@key{BS}
+@itemx C-c @key{BS}
+@findex c-hungry-backspace
+@kindex C-c C-@key{BS} (C Mode)
+@kindex C-c @key{BS} (C Mode)
+@code{c-hungry-backspace}---Delete the entire block of whitespace
+preceding point.
+
 @item C-c C-d
-@kindex C-c C-d @r{(C mode)}
+@itemx C-c C-@key{DEL}
+@itemx C-c @key{DEL}
+@findex c-hungry-delete-forward
+@kindex C-c C-d (C Mode)
+@kindex C-c C-@key{DEL} (C Mode)
+@kindex C-c @key{DEL} (C Mode)
+@code{c-hungry-delete-forward}---Delete the entire block of whitespace
+following point.
+@end table
+
+  As an alternative to the above commands, you can enable @dfn{hungry
+delete mode}.  When this feature is enabled (indicated by @samp{/h} in
+the mode line after the mode name), a single @key{BS} command deletes
+all preceding whitespace, not just one space, and a single @kbd{C-c
+C-d} (but @emph{not} @key{delete}) deletes all following whitespace.
+
+@table @kbd
+@item M-x c-toggle-hungry-state
 @findex c-toggle-hungry-state
-Toggle the hungry-delete feature (@code{c-toggle-hungry-state}).  With a
-prefix argument, this command turns the hungry-delete feature on if the
-argument is positive, and off if it is negative.
-
-@item C-c C-t
-@kindex C-c C-t @r{(C mode)}
-@findex c-toggle-auto-hungry-state
-Toggle the auto-newline and hungry-delete features, both at once
-(@code{c-toggle-auto-hungry-state}).
+Toggle the hungry-delete feature
+(@code{c-toggle-hungry-state})@footnote{This command had the binding
+@kbd{C-c C-d} in earlier versions of Emacs.  @kbd{C-c C-d} is now
+bound to @code{c-hungry-delete-forward}.}.  With a prefix argument,
+this command turns the hungry-delete feature on if the argument is
+positive, and off if it is negative.
 @end table

 @vindex c-hungry-delete-key
@@ -1687,6 +1773,15 @@
 @subsection Other Commands for C Mode

 @table @kbd
+@item C-c C-w
+@itemx M-x c-subword-mode
+@findex c-subword-mode
+Enable (or disable) @dfn{subword mode} - Emacs's word commands then
+recognize upper case letters in @samp{StudlyCapsIdentifiers} as word
+boundaries.  This is indicated by the flag @samp{/w} on the mode line
+after the mode name (e.g. @samp{C/law}).  You can even use @kbd{M-x
+c-subword-mode} in non-CC Mode buffers.
+
 @item M-x c-context-line-break
 @findex c-context-line-break
 This command inserts a line break and indents the new line in a manner
@@ -1697,9 +1792,13 @@

 @code{c-context-line-break} isn't bound to a key by default, but it
 needs a binding to be useful.  The following code will bind it to
-@kbd{C-j}.
+@kbd{C-j}.  We use @code{c-initialization-hook} here to make sure
+the keymap is loaded before we try to change it.
+
 @example
-(define-key c-mode-base-map "\C-j" 'c-context-line-break)
+(defun my-bind-clb ()
+  (define-key c-mode-base-map "\C-j" 'c-context-line-break))
+(add-hook 'c-initialization-hook 'my-bind-clb)
 @end example

 @item C-M-h