Mercurial > emacs

--- a/man/indent.texi	Thu Sep 06 04:37:28 2007 +0000
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
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-@c This is part of the Emacs manual.
-@c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2002,
-@c   2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-@c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions.
-@node Indentation, Text, Major Modes, Top
-@chapter Indentation
-@cindex indentation
-@cindex columns (indentation)
-
-  This chapter describes the Emacs commands that add, remove, or
-adjust indentation.
-
-@table @kbd
-@item @key{TAB}
-Indent the current line ``appropriately'' in a mode-dependent fashion.
-@item @kbd{C-j}
-Perform @key{RET} followed by @key{TAB} (@code{newline-and-indent}).
-@item M-^
-Merge the previous and the current line (@code{delete-indentation}).
-This would cancel the effect of a preceding @kbd{C-j}.
-@item C-M-o
-Split the current line at point; text on the line after point becomes a
-new line indented to the same column where point is located
-(@code{split-line}).
-@item M-m
-Move (forward or back) to the first nonblank character on the current
-line (@code{back-to-indentation}).
-@item C-M-\
-Indent lines in the region to the same column (@code{indent-region}).
-@item C-x @key{TAB}
-Shift lines in the region rigidly right or left (@code{indent-rigidly}).
-@item M-i
-Indent from point to the next prespecified tab stop column
-(@code{tab-to-tab-stop}).
-@item M-x indent-relative
-Indent from point to under an indentation point in the previous line.
-@end table
-
-  Emacs supports four general categories of operations that could all
-be called `indentation':
-
-@enumerate
-@item
-Insert a tab character.  You can type @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} to do this.
-
-A tab character is displayed as a stretch of whitespace which extends
-to the next display tab stop position, and the default width of a tab
-stop is eight.  @xref{Text Display}, for more details.
-
-@item
-Insert whitespace up to the next tab stop.  You can set tab stops at
-your choice of column positions, then type @kbd{M-i} to advance to the
-next tab stop.  The default tab stop settings have a tab stop every
-eight columns, which means by default @kbd{M-i} inserts a tab
-character.  To set the tab stops, use @kbd{M-x edit-tab-stops}.
-
-@item
-Align a line with the previous line.  More precisely, the command
-@kbd{M-x indent-relative} indents the current line under the beginning
-of some word in the previous line.  In Fundamental mode and in Text
-mode, @key{TAB} runs the command @code{indent-relative}.
-
-@item
-The most sophisticated method is @dfn{syntax-driven indentation}.
-Most programming languages have an indentation convention.  For Lisp
-code, lines are indented according to their nesting in parentheses.  C
-code uses the same general idea, but many details are different.
-
-@kindex TAB
-Type @key{TAB} to do syntax-driven indentation, in a mode that
-supports it.  It realigns the current line according with the syntax
-of the preceding lines.  No matter where in the line you are when you
-type @key{TAB}, it aligns the line as a whole.
-@end enumerate
-
-  Normally, most of the above methods insert an optimal mix of tabs and
-spaces to align to the desired column.  @xref{Just Spaces}, for how to
-disable use of tabs.  However, @kbd{C-q @key{TAB}} always inserts a
-tab, even when tabs are disabled for the indentation commands.
-
-@menu
-* Indentation Commands::  Various commands and techniques for indentation.
-* Tab Stops::             You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then
-                            indent to the next tab stop when you want to.
-* Just Spaces::           You can request indentation using just spaces.
-@end menu
-
-@node Indentation Commands, Tab Stops, Indentation, Indentation
-@section Indentation Commands and Techniques
-
-@kindex M-m
-@findex back-to-indentation
-  To move over the indentation on a line, do @kbd{M-m}
-(@code{back-to-indentation}).  This command, given anywhere on a line,
-positions point at the first nonblank character on the line, if any,
-or else at the end of the line.
-
-  To insert an indented line before the current line, do @kbd{C-a C-o
-@key{TAB}}.  To make an indented line after the current line, use
-@kbd{C-e C-j}.
-
-  If you just want to insert a tab character in the buffer, you can type
-@kbd{C-q @key{TAB}}.
-
-@kindex C-M-o
-@findex split-line
-  @kbd{C-M-o} (@code{split-line}) moves the text from point to the end of
-the line vertically down, so that the current line becomes two lines.
-@kbd{C-M-o} first moves point forward over any spaces and tabs.  Then it
-inserts after point a newline and enough indentation to reach the same
-column point is on.  Point remains before the inserted newline; in this
-regard, @kbd{C-M-o} resembles @kbd{C-o}.
-
-@kindex M-^
-@findex delete-indentation
-  To join two lines cleanly, use the @kbd{M-^}
-(@code{delete-indentation}) command.  It deletes the indentation at
-the front of the current line, and the line boundary as well,
-replacing them with a single space.  As a special case (useful for
-Lisp code) the single space is omitted if the characters to be joined
-are consecutive open parentheses or closing parentheses, or if the
-junction follows another newline.  To delete just the indentation of a
-line, go to the beginning of the line and use @kbd{M-\}
-(@code{delete-horizontal-space}), which deletes all spaces and tabs
-around the cursor.
-
-  If you have a fill prefix, @kbd{M-^} deletes the fill prefix if it
-appears after the newline that is deleted.  @xref{Fill Prefix}.
-
-@kindex C-M-\
-@kindex C-x TAB
-@findex indent-region
-@findex indent-rigidly
-  There are also commands for changing the indentation of several lines
-at once.  They apply to all the lines that begin in the region.
-@kbd{C-M-\} (@code{indent-region}) indents each line in the ``usual''
-way, as if you had typed @key{TAB} at the beginning of the line.  A
-numeric argument specifies the column to indent to, and each line is
-shifted left or right so that its first nonblank character appears in
-that column.  @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}} (@code{indent-rigidly}) moves all of
-the lines in the region right by its argument (left, for negative
-arguments).  The whole group of lines moves rigidly sideways, which is
-how the command gets its name.
-
-@cindex remove indentation
-  To remove all indentation from all of the lines in the region,
-invoke @kbd{C-x @key{TAB}} with a large negative argument, such as
--1000.
-
-@findex indent-relative
-  @kbd{M-x indent-relative} indents at point based on the previous line
-(actually, the last nonempty line).  It inserts whitespace at point, moving
-point, until it is underneath the next indentation point in the previous line.
-An indentation point is the end of a sequence of whitespace or the end of
-the line.  If point is farther right than any indentation point in the
-previous line, @code{indent-relative} runs @code{tab-to-tab-stop}
-@ifnottex
-(@pxref{Tab Stops}),
-@end ifnottex
-@iftex
-(see next section),
-@end iftex
-unless it is called with a numeric argument, in which case it does
-nothing.
-
-  @xref{Format Indentation}, for another way of specifying the
-indentation for part of your text.
-
-@node Tab Stops, Just Spaces, Indentation Commands, Indentation
-@section Tab Stops
-
-@cindex tab stops
-@cindex using tab stops in making tables
-@cindex tables, indentation for
-@kindex M-i
-@findex tab-to-tab-stop
-  For typing in tables, you can use @kbd{M-i} (@code{tab-to-tab-stop}).
-This command inserts indentation before point, enough to reach the
-next tab stop column.
-
-@findex edit-tab-stops
-@findex edit-tab-stops-note-changes
-@kindex C-c C-c @r{(Edit Tab Stops)}
-@vindex tab-stop-list
-  You can specify the tab stops used by @kbd{M-i}.  They are stored in a
-variable called @code{tab-stop-list}, as a list of column-numbers in
-increasing order.
-
-  The convenient way to set the tab stops is with @kbd{M-x
-edit-tab-stops}, which creates and selects a buffer containing a
-description of the tab stop settings.  You can edit this buffer to
-specify different tab stops, and then type @kbd{C-c C-c} to make those
-new tab stops take effect.  The buffer uses Overwrite mode
-(@pxref{Minor Modes}).  @code{edit-tab-stops} records which buffer was
-current when you invoked it, and stores the tab stops back in that
-buffer; normally all buffers share the same tab stops and changing
-them in one buffer affects all, but if you happen to make
-@code{tab-stop-list} local in one buffer then @code{edit-tab-stops} in
-that buffer will edit the local settings.
-
-  Here is what the text representing the tab stops looks like for ordinary
-tab stops every eight columns.
-
-@example
-        :       :       :       :       :       :
-0         1         2         3         4
-0123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678
-To install changes, type C-c C-c
-@end example
-
-  The first line contains a colon at each tab stop.  The remaining lines
-are present just to help you see where the colons are and know what to do.
-
-  Note that the tab stops that control @code{tab-to-tab-stop} have nothing
-to do with displaying tab characters in the buffer.  @xref{Text Display},
-for more information on that.
-
-@node Just Spaces,, Tab Stops, Indentation
-@section Tabs vs. Spaces
-
-@vindex indent-tabs-mode
-  Emacs normally uses both tabs and spaces to indent lines.  If you
-prefer, all indentation can be made from spaces only.  To request
-this, set @code{indent-tabs-mode} to @code{nil}.  This is a per-buffer
-variable, so altering the variable affects only the current buffer,
-but there is a default value which you can change as well.
-@xref{Locals}.
-
-  A tab is not always displayed in the same way.  By default, tabs are
-eight columns wide, but some people like to customize their tools to
-use a different tab width.  So by using spaces only, you can make sure
-that your file looks the same regardless of the tab width setting.
-
-@findex tabify
-@findex untabify
-  There are also commands to convert tabs to spaces or vice versa, always
-preserving the columns of all nonblank text.  @kbd{M-x tabify} scans the
-region for sequences of spaces, and converts sequences of at least two
-spaces to tabs if that can be done without changing indentation.  @kbd{M-x
-untabify} changes all tabs in the region to appropriate numbers of spaces.
-
-@ignore
-   arch-tag: acc07de7-ae11-4ee8-a159-cb59c473f0fb
-@end ignore