Mercurial > emacs
changeset 33149:a473fce1ed3a
*** empty log message ***
| author | Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org> |
|---|---|
| date | Thu, 02 Nov 2000 13:36:58 +0000 |
| parents | 878efb3319a4 |
| children | 7e53fab4d2a3 |
| files | etc/NEWS.1 etc/NEWS.2 etc/NEWS.3 etc/NEWS.4 etc/ONEWS etc/ONEWS.1 etc/ONEWS.2 etc/ONEWS.3 etc/ONEWS.4 lisp/ChangeLog |
| diffstat | 10 files changed, 5816 insertions(+), 5816 deletions(-) [+] |
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--- a/etc/NEWS.1 Thu Nov 02 13:36:26 2000 +0000 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,1165 +0,0 @@ -Old GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes thru version 15. -Copyright (C) 1985 Richard M. Stallman. -See the end for copying conditions. - -Changes in Emacs 15 - -* Emacs now runs on Sun and Megatest 68000 systems; - also on at least one 16000 system running 4.2. - -* Emacs now alters the output-start and output-stop characters - to prevent C-s and C-q from being considered as flow control - by cretinous rlogin software in 4.2. - -* It is now possible convert Mocklisp code (for Gosling Emacs) to Lisp code - that can run in GNU Emacs. M-x convert-mocklisp-buffer - converts the contents of the current buffer from Mocklisp to - GNU Emacs Lisp. You should then save the converted buffer with C-x C-w - under a name ending in ".el" - - There are probably some Mocklisp constructs that are not handled. - If you encounter one, feel free to report the failure as a bug. - The construct will be handled in a future Emacs release, if that is not - not too hard to do. - - Note that lisp code converted from Mocklisp code will not necessarily - run as fast as code specifically written for GNU Emacs, nor will it use - the many features of GNU Emacs which are not present in Gosling's emacs. - (In particular, the byte-compiler (m-x byte-compile-file) knows little - about compilation of code directly converted from mocklisp.) - It is envisaged that old mocklisp code will be incrementally converted - to GNU lisp code, with M-x convert-mocklisp-buffer being the first - step in this process. - -* Control-x n (narrow-to-region) is now by default a disabled command. - - This means that, if you issue this command, it will ask whether - you really mean it. You have the opportunity to enable the - command permanently at that time, so you will not be asked again. - This will place the form "(put 'narrow-to-region 'disabled nil)" in your - .emacs file. - -* Tags now prompts for the tag table file name to use. - - All the tags commands ask for the tag table file name - if you have not yet specified one. - - Also, the command M-x visit-tag-table can now be used to - specify the tag table file name initially, or to switch - to a new tag table. - -* If truncate-partial-width-windows is non-nil (as it intially is), - all windows less than the full screen width (that is, - made by side-by-side splitting) truncate lines rather than continuing - them. - -* Emacs now checks for Lisp stack overflow to avoid fatal errors. - The depth in eval, apply and funcall may not exceed max-lisp-eval-depth. - The depth in variable bindings and unwind-protects may not exceed - max-specpdl-size. If either limit is exceeded, an error occurs. - You can set the limits to larger values if you wish, but if you make them - too large, you are vulnerable to a fatal error if you invoke - Lisp code that does infinite recursion. - -* New hooks find-file-hook and write-file-hook. - Both of these variables if non-nil should be functions of no arguments. - At the time they are called (current-buffer) will be the buffer being - read or written respectively. - - find-file-hook is called whenever a file is read into its own buffer, - such as by calling find-file, revert-buffer, etc. It is not called by - functions such as insert-file which do not read the file into a buffer of - its own. - find-file-hook is called after the file has been read in and its - local variables (if any) have been processed. - - write-file-hook is called just before writing out a file from a buffer. - -* The initial value of shell-prompt-pattern is now "^[^#$%>]*[#$%>] *" - -* If the .emacs file sets inhibit-startup-message to non-nil, - the messages normally printed by Emacs at startup time - are inhibited. - -* Facility for run-time conditionalization on the basis of emacs features. - - The new variable features is a list of symbols which represent "features" - of the executing emacs, for use in run-time conditionalization. - - The function featurep of one argument may be used to test for the - presence of a feature. It is just the same as - (not (null (memq FEATURE features))) where FEATURE is its argument. - For example, (if (featurep 'magic-window-hack) - (transmogrify-window 'vertical) - (split-window-vertically)) - - The function provide of one argument "announces" that FEATURE is present. - It is much the same as (if (not (featurep FEATURE)) - (setq features (cons FEATURE features))) - - The function require with arguments FEATURE and FILE-NAME loads FILE-NAME - (which should contain the form (provide FEATURE)) unless FEATURE is present. - It is much the same as (if (not (featurep FEATURE)) - (progn (load FILE-NAME) - (if (not featurep FEATURE) (error ...)))) - FILE-NAME is optional and defaults to FEATURE. - -* New function load-average. - - This returns a list of three integers, which are - the current 1 minute, 5 minute and 15 minute load averages, - each multiplied by a hundred (since normally they are floating - point numbers). - -* Per-terminal libraries loaded automatically. - - Emacs when starting up on terminal type T automatically loads - a library named term-T. T is the value of the TERM environment variable. - Thus, on terminal type vt100, Emacs would do (load "term-vt100" t t). - Such libraries are good places to set the character translation table. - - It is a bad idea to redefine lots of commands in a per-terminal library, - since this affects all users. Instead, define a command to do the - redefinitions and let the user's init file, which is loaded later, - call that command or not, as the user prefers. - -* Programmer's note: detecting killed buffers. - - Buffers are eliminated by explicitly killing them, using - the function kill-buffer. This does not eliminate or affect - the pointers to the buffer which may exist in list structure. - If you have a pointer to a buffer and wish to tell whether - the buffer has been killed, use the function buffer-name. - It returns nil on a killed buffer, and a string on a live buffer. - -* New ways to access the last command input character. - - The function last-key-struck, which used to return the last - input character that was read by command input, is eliminated. - Instead, you can find this information as the value of the - variable last-command-char. (This variable used to be called - last-key). - - Another new variable, last-input-char, holds the last character - read from the command input stream regardless of what it was - read for. last-input-char and last-command-char are different - only inside a command that has called read-char to read input. - -* The new switch -kill causes Emacs to exit after processing the - preceding command line arguments. Thus, - emacs -l lib data -e do-it -kill - means to load lib, find file data, call do-it on no arguments, - and then exit. - -* The config.h file has been modularized. - - Options that depend on the machine you are running on are defined - in a file whose name starts with "m-", such as m-vax.h. - Options that depend on the operating system software version you are - running on are defined in a file whose name starts with "s-", - such as s-bsd4.2.h. - - config.h includes one m- file and one s- file. It also defines a - few other options whose values do not follow from the machine type - and system type being used. Installers normally will have to - select the correct m- and s- files but will never have to change their - contents. - -* Termcap AL and DL strings are understood. - - If the termcap entry defines AL and DL strings, for insertion - and deletion of multiple lines in one blow, Emacs now uses them. - This matters most on certain bit map display terminals for which - scrolling is comparatively slow. - -* Bias against scrolling screen far on fast terminals. - - Emacs now prefers to redraw a few lines rather than - shift them a long distance on the screen, when the terminal is fast. - -* New major mode, mim-mode. - - This major mode is for editing MDL code. Perhaps a MDL - user can explain why it is not called mdl-mode. - You must load the library mim-mode explicitly to use this. - -* GNU documentation formatter `texinfo'. - - The `texinfo' library defines a format for documentation - files which can be passed through Tex to make a printed manual - or passed through texinfo to make an Info file. Texinfo is - documented fully by its own Info file; compare this file - with its source, texinfo.texinfo, for additional guidance. - - All documentation files for GNU utilities should be written - in texinfo input format. - - Tex processing of texinfo files requires the Botex macro package. - This is not ready for distribution yet, but will appear at - a later time. - -* New function read-from-string (emacs 15.29) - - read-from-string takes three arguments: a string to read from, - and optionally start and end indices which delimit a substring - from which to read. (They default to 0 and the length of the string, - respectively.) - - This function returns a cons cell whose car is the object produced - by reading from the string and whose cdr is a number giving the - index in the string of the first character not read. That index may - be passed as the second argument to a later call to read-from-string - to read the next form represented by the string. - - In addition, the function read now accepts a string as its argument. - In this case, it calls read-from-string on the whole string, and - returns the car of the result. (ie the actual object read.) - -Changes in Emacs 14 - -* Completion now prints various messages such as [Sole Completion] - or [Next Character Not Unique] to describe the results obtained. - These messages appear after the text in the minibuffer, and remain - on the screen until a few seconds go by or you type a key. - -* The buffer-read-only flag is implemented. - Setting or binding this per-buffer variable to a non-nil value - makes illegal any operation which would modify the textual content of - the buffer. (Such operations signal a buffer-read-only error) - The read-only state of a buffer may be altered using toggle-read-only - (C-x C-q) - The buffers used by Rmail, Dired, Rnews, and Info are now read-only - by default to prevent accidental damage to the information in those - buffers. - -* Functions car-safe and cdr-safe. - These functions are like car and cdr when the argument is a cons. - Given an argument not a cons, car-safe always returns nil, with - no error; the same for cdr-safe. - -* The new function user-real-login-name returns the name corresponding - to the real uid of the Emacs process. This is usually the same - as what user-login-name returns; however, when Emacs is invoked - from su, user-real-login-name returns "root" but user-login-name - returns the name of the user who invoked su. - -Changes in Emacs 13 - -* There is a new version numbering scheme. - - What used to be the first version number, which was 1, - has been discarded since it does not seem that I need three - levels of version number. - - However, a new third version number has been added to represent - changes by user sites. This number will always be zero in - Emacs when I distribute it; it will be incremented each time - Emacs is built at another site. - -* There is now a reader syntax for Meta characters: - \M-CHAR means CHAR or'ed with the Meta bit. For example: - - ?\M-x is (+ ?x 128) - ?\M-\n is (+ ?\n 128) - ?\M-\^f is (+ ?\^f 128) - - This syntax can be used in strings too. Note, however, that - Meta characters are not meaningful in key sequences being passed - to define-key or lookup-key; you must use ESC characters (\e) - in them instead. - - ?\C- can be used likewise for control characters. (13.9) - -* Installation change - The string "../lisp" now adds to the front of the load-path - used for searching for Lisp files during Emacs initialization. - It used to replace the path specified in paths.h entirely. - Now the directory ../lisp is searched first and the directoris - specified in paths.h are searched afterward. - -Changes in Emacs 1.12 - -* There is a new installation procedure. - See the file INSTALL that comes in the top level - directory in the tar file or tape. - -* The Meta key is now supported on terminals that have it. - This is a shift key which causes the high bit to be turned on - in all input characters typed while it is held down. - - read-char now returns a value in the range 128-255 if - a Meta character is typed. When interpreted as command - input, a Meta character is equivalent to a two character - sequence, the meta prefix character followed by the un-metized - character (Meta-G unmetized is G). - - The meta prefix character - is specified by the value of the variable meta-prefix-char. - If this character (normally Escape) has been redefined locally - with a non-prefix definition (such as happens in completing - minibuffers) then the local redefinition is suppressed when - the character is not the last one in a key sequence. - So the local redefinition is effective if you type the character - explicitly, but not effective if the character comes from - the use of the Meta key. - -* `-' is no longer a completion command in the minibuffer. - It is an ordinary self-inserting character. - -* The list load-path of directories load to search for Lisp files - is now controlled by the EMACSLOADPATH environment variable -[[ Note this was originally EMACS-LOAD-PATH and has been changed - again; sh does not deal properly with hyphens in env variable names]] - rather than the EPATH environment variable. This is to avoid - conflicts with other Emacses. - - While Emacs is being built initially, the load-path - is now just ("../lisp"), ignoring paths.h. It does not - ignore EMACSLOADPATH, however; you should avoid having - this variable set while building Emacs. - -* You can now specify a translation table for keyboard - input characters, as a way of exchanging or substituting - keys on the keyboard. - - If the value of keyboard-translate-table is a string, - every character received from the keyboard is used as an - index in that string, and the character at that index in - the string is used as input instead of what was actually - typed. If the actual input character is >= the length of - the string, it is used unchanged. - - One way this feature can be used is to fix bad keyboard - designes. For example, on some terminals, Delete is - Shift-Underscore. Since Delete is a more useful character - than Underscore, it is an improvement to make the unshifted - character Delete and the shifted one Underscore. This can - be done with - - ;; First make a translate table that does the identity translation. - (setq keyboard-translate-table (make-string 128 0)) - (let ((i 0)) - (while (< i 128) - (aset keyboard-translate-table i i) - (setq i (1+ i)))) - - ;; Now alter translations of some characters. - (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\_ ?\^?) - (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\^? ?\_) - - If your terminal has a Meta key and can therefore send - codes up to 255, Meta characters are translated through - elements 128 through 255 of the translate table, and therefore - are translated independently of the corresponding non-Meta - characters. You must therefore establish translations - independently for the Meta characters if you want them too: - - ;; First make a translate table that does the identity translation. - (setq keyboard-translate-table (make-string 256 0)) - (let ((i 0)) - (while (< i 256) - (aset keyboard-translate-table i i) - (setq i (1+ i)))) - - ;; Now alter translations of some characters. - (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\_ ?\^?) - (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\^? ?\_) - - ;; Now alter translations of some Meta characters. - (aset keyboard-translate-table (+ 128 ?\_) (+ 128 ?\^?)) - (aset keyboard-translate-table (+ 128 ?\^?) (+ 128 ?\_)) - -* (process-kill-without-query PROCESS) - -This marks the process so that, when you kill Emacs, -you will not on its account be queried about active subprocesses. - -Changes in Emacs 1.11 - -* The commands C-c and C-z have been interchanged, - for greater compatibility with normal Unix usage. - C-z now runs suspend-emacs and C-c runs exit-recursive-edit. - -* The value returned by file-name-directory now ends - with a slash. (file-name-directory "foo/bar") => "foo/". - This avoids confusing results when dealing with files - in the root directory. - - The value of the per-buffer variable default-directory - is also supposed to have a final slash now. - -* There are now variables to control the switches passed to - `ls' by the C-x C-d command (list-directory). - list-directory-brief-switches is a string, initially "-CF", - used for brief listings, and list-directory-verbose-switches - is a string, initially "-l", used for verbose ones. - -* For Ann Arbor Ambassador terminals, the termcap "ti" string - is now used to initialize the screen geometry on entry to Emacs, - and the "te" string is used to set it back on exit. - If the termcap entry does not define the "ti" or "te" string, - Emacs does what it used to do. - -Changes in Emacs 1.10 - -* GNU Emacs has been made almost 1/3 smaller. - It now dumps out as only 530kbytes on Vax 4.2bsd. - -* The term "checkpoint" has been replaced by "auto save" - throughout the function names, variable names and documentation - of GNU Emacs. - -* The function load now tries appending ".elc" and ".el" - to the specified filename BEFORE it tries the filename - without change. - -* rmail now makes the mode line display the total number - of messages and the current message number. - The "f" command now means forward a message to another user. - The command to search through all messages for a string is now "F". - The "u" command now means to move back to the previous - message and undelete it. To undelete the selected message, use Meta-u. - -* The hyphen character is now equivalent to a Space while - in completing minibuffers. Both mean to complete an additional word. - -* The Lisp function error now takes args like format - which are used to construct the error message. - -* Redisplay will refuse to start its display at the end of the buffer. - It will pick a new place to display from, rather than use that. - -* The value returned by garbage-collect has been changed. - Its first element is no longer a number but a cons, - whose car is the number of cons cells now in use, - and whose cdr is the number of cons cells that have been - made but are now free. - The second element is similar but describes symbols rather than cons cells. - The third element is similar but describes markers. - -* The variable buffer-name has been eliminated. - The function buffer-name still exists. This is to prevent - user programs from changing buffer names without going - through the rename-buffer function. - -Changes in Emacs 1.9 - -* When a fill prefix is in effect, paragraphs are started - or separated by lines that do not start with the fill prefix. - Also, a line which consists of the fill prefix followed by - white space separates paragraphs. - -* C-x C-v runs the new function find-alternate-file. - It finds the specified file, switches to that buffer, - and kills the previous current buffer. (It requires - confirmation if that buffer had changes.) This is - most useful after you find the wrong file due to a typo. - -* Exiting the minibuffer moves the cursor to column 0, - to show you that it has really been exited. - -* Meta-g (fill-region) now fills each paragraph in the - region individually. To fill the region as if it were - a single paragraph (for when the paragraph-delimiting mechanism - does the wrong thing), use fill-region-as-paragraph. - -* Tab in text mode now runs the function tab-to-tab-stop. - A new mode called indented-text-mode is like text-mode - except that in it Tab runs the function indent-relative, - which indents the line under the previous line. - If auto fill is enabled while in indented-text-mode, - the new lines that it makes are indented. - -* Functions kill-rectangle and yank-rectangle. - kill-rectangle deletes the rectangle specified by dot and mark - (or by two arguments) and saves it in the variable killed-rectangle. - yank-rectangle inserts the rectangle in that variable. - - Tab characters in a rectangle being saved are replaced - by spaces in such a way that their appearance will - not be changed if the rectangle is later reinserted - at a different column position. - -* `+' in a regular expression now means - to repeat the previous expression one or more times. - `?' means to repeat it zero or one time. - They are in all regards like `*' except for the - number of repetitions they match. - - \< in a regular expression now matches the null string - when it is at the beginning of a word; \> matches - the null string at the end of a word. - -* C-x p narrows the buffer so that only the current page - is visible. - -* C-x ) with argument repeats the kbd macro just - defined that many times, counting the definition - as one repetition. - -* C-x ( with argument begins defining a kbd macro - starting with the last one defined. It executes that - previous kbd macro initially, just as if you began - by typing it over again. - -* C-x q command queries the user during kbd macro execution. - With prefix argument, enters recursive edit, - reading keyboard commands even within a kbd macro. - You can give different commands each time the macro executes. - Without prefix argument, reads a character. Your options are: - Space -- execute the rest of the macro. - Delete -- skip the rest of the macro; start next repetition. - C-d -- skip rest of the macro and don't repeat it any more. - C-r -- enter a recursive edit, then on exit ask again for a character - C-l -- redisplay screen and ask again." - -* write-kbd-macro and append-kbd-macro are used to save - a kbd macro definition in a file (as Lisp code to - redefine the macro when the file is loaded). - These commands differ in that write-kbd-macro - discards the previous contents of the file. - If given a prefix argument, both commands - record the keys which invoke the macro as well as the - macro's definition. - -* The variable global-minor-modes is used to display - strings in the mode line of all buffers. It should be - a list of elements thaht are conses whose cdrs are strings - to be displayed. This complements the variable - minor-modes, which has the same effect but has a separate - value in each buffer. - -* C-x = describes horizontal scrolling in effect, if any. - -* Return now auto-fills the line it is ending, in auto fill mode. - Space with zero as argument auto-fills the line before it - just like Space without an argument. - -Changes in Emacs 1.8 - -This release mostly fixes bugs. There are a few new features: - -* apropos now sorts the symbols before displaying them. - Also, it returns a list of the symbols found. - - apropos now accepts a second arg PRED which should be a function - of one argument; if PRED is non-nil, each symbol is tested - with PRED and only symbols for which PRED returns non-nil - appear in the output or the returned list. - - If the third argument to apropos is non-nil, apropos does not - display anything; it merely returns the list of symbols found. - - C-h a now runs the new function command-apropos rather than - apropos, and shows only symbols with definitions as commands. - -* M-x shell sends the command - if (-f ~/.emacs_NAME)source ~/.emacs_NAME - invisibly to the shell when it starts. Here NAME - is replaced by the name of shell used, - as it came from your ESHELL or SHELL environment variable - but with directory name, if any, removed. - -* M-, now runs the command tags-loop-continue, which is used - to resume a terminated tags-search or tags-query-replace. - -Changes in Emacs 1.7 - -It's Beat CCA Week. - -* The initial buffer is now called "*scratch*" instead of "scratch", - so that all buffer names used automatically by Emacs now have *'s. - -* Undo information is now stored separately for each buffer. - The Undo command (C-x u) always applies to the current - buffer only. - - C-_ is now a synonym for C-x u. - - (buffer-flush-undo BUFFER) causes undo information not to - be kept for BUFFER, and frees the space that would have - been used to hold it. In any case, no undo information is - kept for buffers whose names start with spaces. (These - buffers also do not appear in the C-x C-b display.) - -* Rectangle operations are now implemented. - C-x r stores the rectangle described by dot and mark - into a register; it reads the register name from the keyboard. - C-x g, the command to insert the contents of a register, - can be used to reinsert the rectangle elsewhere. - - Other rectangle commands include - open-rectangle: - insert a blank rectangle in the position and size - described by dot and mark, at its corners; - the existing text is pushed to the right. - clear-rectangle: - replace the rectangle described by dot ane mark - with blanks. The previous text is deleted. - delete-rectangle: - delete the text of the specified rectangle, - moving the text beyond it on each line leftward. - -* Side-by-side windows are allowed. Use C-x 5 to split the - current window into two windows side by side. - C-x } makes the selected window ARG columns wider at the - expense of the windows at its sides. C-x { makes the selected - window ARG columns narrower. An argument to C-x 5 specifies - how many columns to give to the leftmost of the two windows made. - - C-x 2 now accepts a numeric argument to specify the number of - lines to give to the uppermost of the two windows it makes. - -* Horizontal scrolling of the lines in a window is now implemented. - C-x < (scroll-left) scrolls all displayed lines left, - with the numeric argument (default 1) saying how far to scroll. - When the window is scrolled left, some amount of the beginning - of each nonempty line is replaced by an "$". - C-x > scrolls right. If a window has no text hidden at the left - margin, it cannot be scrolled any farther right than that. - When nonzero leftwards scrolling is in effect in a window. - lines are automatically truncated at the window's right margin - regardless of the value of the variable truncate-lines in the - buffer being displayed. - -* C-x C-d now uses the default output format of `ls', - which gives just file names in multiple columns. - C-u C-x C-d passes the -l switch to `ls'. - -* C-t at the end of a line now exchanges the two preceding characters. - - All the transpose commands now interpret zero as an argument - to mean to transpose the textual unit after or around dot - with the one after or around the mark. - -* M-! executes a shell command in an inferior shell - and displays the output from it. With a prefix argument, - it inserts the output in the current buffer after dot - and sets the mark after the output. The shell command - gets /dev/null as its standard input. - - M-| is like M-! but passes the contents of the region - as input to the shell command. A prefix argument makes - the output from the command replace the contents of the region. - -* The mode line will now say "Def" after the major mode - while a keyboard macro is being defined. - -* The variable fill-prefix is now used by Meta-q. - Meta-q removes the fill prefix from lines that start with it - before filling, and inserts the fill prefix on each line - after filling. - - The command C-x . sets the fill prefix equal to the text - on the current line before dot. - -* The new command Meta-j (indent-new-comment-line), - is like Linefeed (indent-new-line) except when dot is inside a comment; - in that case, Meta-j inserts a comment starter on the new line, - indented under the comment starter above. It also inserts - a comment terminator at the end of the line above, - if the language being edited calls for one. - -* Rmail should work correctly now, and has some C-h m documentation. - -Changes in Emacs 1.6 - -* save-buffers-kill-emacs is now on C-x C-c - while C-x C-z does suspend-emacs. This is to make - C-x C-c like the normal Unix meaning of C-c - and C-x C-z linke the normal Unix meaning of C-z. - -* M-ESC (eval-expression) is now a disabled command by default. - This prevents users who type ESC ESC accidentally from - getting confusing results. Put - (put 'eval-expression 'disabled nil) - in your ~/.emacs file to enable the command. - -* Self-inserting text is grouped into bunches for undoing. - Each C-x u command undoes up to 20 consecutive self-inserting - characters. - -* Help f now uses as a default the function being called - in the innermost Lisp expression that dot is in. - This makes it more convenient to use while writing - Lisp code to run in Emacs. - (If the text around dot does not appear to be a call - to a Lisp function, there is no default.) - - Likewise, Help v uses the symbol around or before dot - as a default, if that is a variable name. - -* Commands that read filenames now insert the default - directory in the minibuffer, to become part of your input. - This allows you to see what the default is. - You may type a filename which goes at the end of the - default directory, or you may edit the default directory - as you like to create the input you want to give. - You may also type an absolute pathname (starting with /) - or refer to a home directory (input starting with ~) - after the default; the presence of // or /~ causes - everything up through the slash that precedes your - type-in to be ignored. - - Returning the default directory without change, - including the terminating slash, requests the use - of the default file name (usually the visited file's name). - - Set the variable insert-default-directory to nil - to turn off this feature. - -* M-x shell now uses the environment variable ESHELL, - if it exists, as the file name of the shell to run. - If there is no ESHELL variable, the SHELL variable is used. - This is because some shells do not work properly as inferiors - of Emacs (or anything like Emacs). - -* A new variable minor-modes now exists, with a separate value - in each buffer. Its value should be an alist of elements - (MODE-FUNCTION-SYMBOL . PRETTY-NAME-STRING), one for each - minor mode that is turned on in the buffer. The pretty - name strings are displayed in the mode line after the name of the - major mode (with spaces between them). The mode function - symbols should be symbols whose function definitions will - turn on the minor mode if given 1 as an argument; they are present - so that Help m can find their documentation strings. - -* The format of tag table files has been changed. - The new format enables Emacs to find tags much faster. - - A new program, etags, exists to make the kind of - tag table that Emacs wants. etags is invoked just - like ctags; in fact, if you give it any switches, - it does exactly what ctags would do. Give it the - empty switch ("-") to make it act like ctags with no switches. - - etags names the tag table file "TAGS" rather than "tags", - so that these tag tables and the standard Unix ones - can coexist. - - The tags library can no longer use standard ctags-style - tag tables files. - -* The file of Lisp code Emacs reads on startup is now - called ~/.emacs rather than ~/.emacs_pro. - -* copy-file now gives the copied file the same mode bits - as the original file. - -* Output from a process inserted into the process's buffer - no longer sets the buffer's mark. Instead it sets a - marker associated with the process to point to the end - of the inserted text. You can access this marker with - (process-mark PROCESS) - and then either examine its position with marker-position - or set its position with set-marker. - -* completing-read takes a new optional fifth argument which, - if non-nil, should be a string of text to insert into - the minibuffer before reading user commands. - -* The Lisp function elt now exists: - (elt ARRAY N) is like (aref ARRAY N), - (elt LIST N) is like (nth N LIST). - -* rplaca is now a synonym for setcar, and rplacd for setcdr. - eql is now a synonym for eq; it turns out that the Common Lisp - distinction between eq and eql is insignificant in Emacs. - numberp is a new synonym for integerp. - -* auto-save has been renamed to auto-save-mode. - -* Auto save file names for buffers are now created by the - function make-auto-save-file-name. This is so you can - redefine that function to change the way auto save file names - are chosen. - -* expand-file-name no longer discards a final slash. - (expand-file-name "foo" "/lose") => "/lose/foo" - (expand-file-name "foo/" "/lose") => "/lose/foo/" - - Also, expand-file-name no longer substitutes $ constructs. - A new function substitute-in-file-name does this. Reading - a file name with read-file-name or the `f' or`F' option - of interactive calling uses substitute-in-file-name - on the file name that was read and returns the result. - - All I/O primitives including insert-file-contents and - delete-file call expand-file-name on the file name supplied. - This change makes them considerably faster in the usual case. - -* Interactive calling spec strings allow the new code letter 'D' - which means to read a directory name. It is like 'f' except - that the default if the user makes no change in the minibuffer - is to return the current default directory rather than the - current visited file name. - -Changes in Emacs 1.5 - -* suspend-emacs now accepts an optional argument - which is a string to be stuffed as terminal input - to be read by Emacs's superior shell after Emacs exits. - - A library called ledit exists which uses this feature - to transmit text to a Lisp job running as a sibling of - Emacs. - -* If find-file is given the name of a directory, - it automatically invokes dired on that directory - rather than reading in the binary data that make up - the actual contents of the directory according to Unix. - -* Saving an Emacs buffer now preserves the file modes - of any previously existing file with the same name. - This works using new Lisp functions file-modes and - set-file-modes, which can be used to read or set the mode - bits of any file. - -* The Lisp function cond now exists, with its traditional meaning. - -* defvar and defconst now permit the documentation string - to be omitted. defvar also permits the initial value - to be omitted; then it acts only as a comment. - -Changes in Emacs 1.4 - -* Auto-filling now normally indents the new line it creates - by calling indent-according-to-mode. This function, meanwhile, - has in Fundamental and Text modes the effect of making the line - have an indentation of the value of left-margin, a per-buffer variable. - - Tab no longer precisely does indent-according-to-mode; - it does that in all modes that supply their own indentation routine, - but in Fundamental, Text and allied modes it inserts a tab character. - -* The command M-x grep now invokes grep (on arguments - supplied by the user) and reads the output from grep - asynchronously into a buffer. The command C-x ` can - be used to move to the lines that grep has found. - This is an adaptation of the mechanism used for - running compilations and finding the loci of error messages. - - You can now use C-x ` even while grep or compilation - is proceeding; as more matches or error messages arrive, - C-x ` will parse them and be able to find them. - -* M-x mail now provides a command to send the message - and "exit"--that is, return to the previously selected - buffer. It is C-z C-z. - -* Tab in C mode now tries harder to adapt to all indentation styles. - If the line being indented is a statement that is not the first - one in the containing compound-statement, it is aligned under - the beginning of the first statement. - -* The functions screen-width and screen-height return the - total width and height of the screen as it is now being used. - set-screen-width and set-screen-height tell Emacs how big - to assume the screen is; they each take one argument, - an integer. - -* The Lisp function 'function' now exists. function is the - same as quote, except that it serves as a signal to the - Lisp compiler that the argument should be compiled as - a function. Example: - (mapcar (function (lambda (x) (+ x 5))) list) - -* The function set-key has been renamed to global-set-key. - undefine-key and local-undefine-key has been renamed to - global-unset-key and local-unset-key. - -* Emacs now collects input from asynchronous subprocesses - while waiting in the functions sleep-for and sit-for. - -* Shell mode's Newline command attempts to distinguish subshell - prompts from user input when issued in the middle of the buffer. - It no longer reexecutes from dot to the end of the line; - it reeexecutes the entire line minus any prompt. - The prompt is recognized by searching for the value of - shell-prompt-pattern, starting from the beginning of the line. - Anything thus skipped is not reexecuted. - -Changes in Emacs 1.3 - -* An undo facility exists now. Type C-x u to undo a batch of - changes (usually one command's changes, but some commands - such as query-replace divide their changes into multiple - batches. You can repeat C-x u to undo further. As long - as no commands other than C-x u intervene, each one undoes - another batch. A numeric argument to C-x u acts as a repeat - count. - - If you keep on undoing, eventually you may be told that - you have used up all the recorded undo information. - Some actions, such as reading in files, discard all - undo information. - - The undo information is not currently stored separately - for each buffer, so it is mainly good if you do something - totally spastic. [This has since been fixed.] - -* A learn-by-doing tutorial introduction to Emacs now exists. - Type C-h t to enter it. - -* An Info documentation browser exists. Do M-x info to enter it. - It contains a tutorial introduction so that no more documentation - is needed here. As of now, the only documentation in it - is that of Info itself. - -* Help k and Help c are now different. Help c prints just the - name of the function which the specified key invokes. Help k - prints the documentation of the function as well. - -* A document of the differences between GNU Emacs and Twenex Emacs - now exists. It is called DIFF, in the same directory as this file. - -* C mode can now indent comments better, including multi-line ones. - Meta-Control-q now reindents comment lines within the expression - being aligned. - -* Insertion of a close-parenthesis now shows the matching open-parenthesis - even if it is off screen, by printing the text following it on its line - in the minibuffer. - -* A file can now contain a list of local variable values - to be in effect when the file is edited. See the file DIFF - in the same directory as this file for full details. - -* A function nth is defined. It means the same thing as in Common Lisp. - -* The function install-command has been renamed to set-key. - It now takes the key sequence as the first argument - and the definition for it as the second argument. - Likewise, local-install-command has been renamed to local-set-key. - -Changes in Emacs 1.2 - -* A Lisp single-stepping and debugging facility exists. - To cause the debugger to be entered when an error - occurs, set the variable debug-on-error non-nil. - - To cause the debugger to be entered whenever function foo - is called, do (debug-on-entry 'foo). To cancel this, - do (cancel-debug-on-entry 'foo). debug-on-entry does - not work for primitives (written in C), only functions - written in Lisp. Most standard Emacs commands are in Lisp. - - When the debugger is entered, the selected window shows - a buffer called " *Backtrace" which displays a series - of stack frames, most recently entered first. For each - frame, the function name called is shown, usually followed - by the argument values unless arguments are still being - calculated. At the beginning of the buffer is a description - of why the debugger was entered: function entry, function exit, - error, or simply that the user called the function `debug'. - - To exit the debugger and return to top level, type `q'. - - In the debugger, you can evaluate Lisp expressions by - typing `e'. This is equivalent to `M-ESC'. - - When the debugger is entered due to an error, that is - all you can do. When it is entered due to function entry - (such as, requested by debug-on-entry), you have two - options: - Continue execution and reenter debugger after the - completion of the function being entered. Type `c'. - Continue execution but enter the debugger before - the next subexpression. Type `d'. - - You will see that some stack frames are marked with *. - This means the debugger will be entered when those - frames exit. You will see the value being returned - in the first line of the backtrace buffer. Your options: - Continue execution, and return that value. Type `c'. - Continue execution, and return a specified value. Type `r'. - - You can mark a frame to enter the debugger on exit - with the `b' command, or clear such a mark with `u'. - -* Lisp macros now exist. - For example, you can write - (defmacro cadr (arg) (list 'car (list 'cdr arg))) - and then the expression - (cadr foo) - will expand into - (car (cdr foo)) - -Changes in Emacs 1.1 - -* The initial buffer is now called "scratch" and is in a - new major mode, Lisp Interaction mode. This mode is - intended for typing Lisp expressions, evaluating them, - and having the values printed into the buffer. - - Type Linefeed after a Lisp expression, to evaluate the - expression and have its value printed into the buffer, - advancing dot. - - The other commands of Lisp mode are available. - -* The C-x C-e command for evaluating the Lisp expression - before dot has been changed to print the value in the - minibuffer line rather than insert it in the buffer. - A numeric argument causes the printed value to appear - in the buffer instead. - -* In Lisp mode, the command M-C-x evaluates the defun - containing or following dot. The value is printed in - the minibuffer. - -* The value of a Lisp expression evaluated using M-ESC - is now printed in the minibuffer. - -* M-q now runs fill-paragraph, independent of major mode. - -* C-h m now prints documentation on the current buffer's - major mode. What it prints is the documentation of the - major mode name as a function. All major modes have been - equipped with documentation that describes all commands - peculiar to the major mode, for this purpose. - -* You can display a Unix manual entry with - the M-x manual-entry command. - -* You can run a shell, displaying its output in a buffer, - with the M-x shell command. The Return key sends input - to the subshell. Output is printed inserted automatically - in the buffer. Commands C-c, C-d, C-u, C-w and C-z are redefined - for controlling the subshell and its subjobs. - "cd", "pushd" and "popd" commands are recognized as you - enter them, so that the default directory of the Emacs buffer - always remains the same as that of the subshell. - -* C-x $ (that's a real dollar sign) controls line-hiding based - on indentation. With a numeric arg N > 0, it causes all lines - indented by N or more columns to become invisible. - They are, effectively, tacked onto the preceding line, where - they are represented by " ..." on the screen. - (The end of the preceding visible line corresponds to a - screen cursor position before the "...". Anywhere in the - invisible lines that follow appears on the screen as a cursor - position after the "...".) - Currently, all editing commands treat invisible lines just - like visible ones, except for C-n and C-p, which have special - code to count visible lines only. - C-x $ with no argument turns off this mode, which in any case - is remembered separately for each buffer. - -* Outline mode is another form of selective display. - It is a major mode invoked with M-x outline-mode. - It is intended for editing files that are structured as - outlines, with heading lines (lines that begin with one - or more asterisks) and text lines (all other lines). - The number of asterisks in a heading line are its level; - the subheadings of a heading line are all following heading - lines at higher levels, until but not including the next - heading line at the same or a lower level, regardless - of intervening text lines. - - In outline mode, you have commands to hide (remove from display) - or show the text or subheadings under each heading line - independently. Hidden text or subheadings are invisibly - attached to the end of the preceding heading line, so that - if you kill the hading line and yank it back elsewhere - all the invisible lines accompany it. - - All editing commands treat hidden outline-mode lines - as part of the preceding visible line. - -* C-x C-z runs save-buffers-kill-emacs - offers to save each file buffer, then exits. - -* C-c's function is now called suspend-emacs. - -* The command C-x m runs mail, which switches to a buffer *mail* - and lets you compose a message to send. C-x 4 m runs mail in - another window. Type C-z C-s in the mail buffer to send the - message according to what you have entered in the buffer. - - You must separate the headers from the message text with - an empty line. - -* You can now dired partial directories (specified with names - containing *'s, etc, all processed by the shell). Also, you - can dired more than one directory; dired names the buffer - according to the filespec or directory name. Reinvoking - dired on a directory already direded just switches back to - the same directory used last time; do M-x revert if you want - to read in the current contents of the directory. - - C-x d runs dired, and C-x 4 d runs dired in another window. - - C-x C-d (list-directory) also allows partial directories now. - -Lisp programming changes - -* t as an output stream now means "print to the minibuffer". - If there is already text in the minibuffer printed via t - as an output stream, the new text is appended to the old - (or is truncated and lost at the margin). If the minibuffer - contains text put there for some other reason, it is cleared - first. - - t is now the top-level value of standard-output. - - t as an input stream now means "read via the minibuffer". - The minibuffer is used to read a line of input, with editing, - and this line is then parsed. Any excess not used by `read' - is ignored; each `read' from t reads fresh input. - t is now the top-level value of standard-input. - -* A marker may be used as an input stream or an output stream. - The effect is to grab input from where the marker points, - advancing it over the characters read, or to insert output - at the marker and advance it. - -* Output from an asynchronous subprocess is now inserted at - the end of the associated buffer, not at the buffer's dot, - and the buffer's mark is set to the end of the inserted output - each time output is inserted. - -* (pos-visible-in-window-p POS WINDOW) - returns t if position POS in WINDOW's buffer is in the range - that is being displayed in WINDOW; nil if it is scrolled - vertically out of visibility. - - If display in WINDOW is not currently up to date, this function - calculates carefully whether POS would appear if display were - done immediately based on the current (window-start WINDOW). - - POS defaults to (dot), and WINDOW to (selected-window). - -* Variable buffer-alist replaced by function (buffer-list). - The actual alist of buffers used internally by Emacs is now - no longer accessible, to prevent the user from crashing Emacs - by modifying it. The function buffer-list returns a list - of all existing buffers. Modifying this list cannot hurt anything - as a new list is constructed by each call to buffer-list. - -* load now takes an optional third argument NOMSG which, if non-nil, - prevents load from printing a message when it starts and when - it is done. - -* byte-recompile-directory is a new function which finds all - the .elc files in a directory, and regenerates each one which - is older than the corresponding .el (Lisp source) file. - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -Copyright information: - -Copyright (C) 1985 Richard M. Stallman - - Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies - of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the - copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved, - thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn. - - Permission is granted to distribute modified versions - of this document, or of portions of it, - under the above conditions, provided also that they - carry prominent notices stating who last changed them. - -Local variables: -mode: text -end:
--- a/etc/NEWS.2 Thu Nov 02 13:36:26 2000 +0000 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,1348 +0,0 @@ -GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes. 26-Mar-1986 -Copyright (C) 1986 Richard M. Stallman. -See the end for copying conditions. - -For older news, see the file NEWS.1. - -Changes in Emacs 17 - -* Frustrated? - -Try M-x doctor. - -* Bored? - -Try M-x hanoi. - -* Brain-damaged? - -Try M-x yow. - -* Sun3, Tahoe, Apollo, HP9000s300, Celerity, NCR Tower 32, - Sequent, Stride, Encore, Plexus and AT&T 7300 machines supported. - -The Tahoe, Sun3, Sequent and Celerity use 4.2. In regard to the -Apollo, see the file APOLLO in this directory. NCR Tower32, -HP9000s300, Stride and Nu run forms of System V. System V rel 2 also -works on Vaxes now. See etc/MACHINES. - -* System V Unix supported, including subprocesses. - -It should be possible now to bring up Emacs on a machine running -mere unameliorated system V Unix with no major work; just possible bug -fixes. But you can expect to find a handful of those on any machine -that Emacs has not been run on before. - -* Berkeley 4.1 Unix supported. - -See etc/MACHINES. - -* Portable `alloca' provided. - -Emacs can now run on machines that do not and cannot support the library -subroutine `alloca' in the canonical fashion, using an `alloca' emulation -written in C. - -* On-line manual. - -Info now contains an Emacs manual, with essentially the same text -as in the printed manual. - -The manual can now be printed with a standard TeX. - -Nicely typeset and printed copies of the manual are available -from the Free Software Foundation. - -* Backup file version numbers. - -Emacs now supports version numbers in backup files. - -The first time you save a particular file in one editing session, -the old file is copied or renamed to serve as a backup file. -In the past, the name for the backup file was made by appending `~' -to the end of the original file name. - -Now the backup file name can instead be made by appending ".~NN~" to -the original file name, where NN stands for a numeric version. Each -time this is done, the new version number is one higher than the -highest previously used. - -Thus, the active, current file does not have a version number. -Only the backups have them. - -This feature is controlled by the variable `version-control'. If it -is `nil', as normally, then numbered backups are made only for files -that already have numbered backups. Backup names with just `~' are -used for files that have no numbered backups. - -If `version-control' is `never', then the backup file's name is -made with just `~' in any case. - -If `version-control' is not `nil' or `never', numbered backups are -made unconditionally. - -To prevent unlimited consumption of disk space, Emacs can delete -old backup versions automatically. Generally Emacs keeps the first -few backups and the latest few backups, deleting any in between. -This happens every time a new backup is made. The two variables that -control the deletion are `kept-old-versions' and `kept-new-versions'. -Their values are, respectively, the number of oldest backups to keep -and the number of newest ones to keep, each time a new backup is made. -The value of `kept-new-versions' includes the backup just created. -By default, both values are 2. - -If `trim-versions-without-asking' is non-`nil', the excess middle versions -are deleted without a murmur. If it is `nil', the default, then you -are asked whether the excess middle versions should really be deleted. - -Dired has a new command `.' which marks for deletion all but the latest -and oldest few of every numeric series of backups. `kept-old-versions' -controls the number of oldest versions to keep, and `dired-kept-versions' -controls the number of latest versions to keep. A numeric argument to -the `.' command, if positive, specifies the number of latest versions -to keep, overriding `dired-kept-versions'. A negative argument specifies -the number of oldest versions to keep, using minus the argument to override -`kept-old-versions'. - -* Immediate conflict detection. - -Emacs now locks the files it is modifying, so that if -you start to modify within Emacs a file that is being -modified in another Emacs, you get an immediate warning. - -The warning gives you three choices: -1. Give up, and do not make any changes. -2. Make changes anyway at your own risk. -3. Make changes anyway, and record yourself as - the person locking the file (instead of whoever - was previously recorded.) - -Just visiting a file does not lock it. It is locked -when you try to change the buffer that is visiting the file. -Saving the file unlocks it until you make another change. - -Locking is done by writing a lock file in a special designated -directory. If such a directory is not provided and told to -Emacs as part of configuring it for your machine, the lock feature -is turned off. - -* M-x recover-file. - -This command is used to get a file back from an auto-save -(after a system crash, for example). It takes a file name -as argument and visits that file, but gets the data from the -file's last auto save rather than from the file itself. - -* M-x normal-mode. - -This command resets the current buffer's major mode and local -variables to be as specified by the visit filename, the -*- line -and/or the Local Variables: block at the end of the buffer. -It is the same thing normally done when a file is first visited. - -* Echo area messages disappear shortly if minibuffer is in use. - -Any message in the echo area disappears after 2 seconds -if the minibuffer is active. This allows the minibuffer -to become visible again. - -* C-z on System V runs a subshell. - -On systems which do not allow programs to be suspended, the C-z command -forks a subshell that talks directly to the terminal, and then waits -for the subshell to exit. This gets almost the effect of suspending -in that you can run other programs and then return to Emacs. However, -you cannot log out from the subshell. - -* C-c is always a prefix character. - -Also, subcommands of C-c which are letters are always -reserved for the user. No standard Emacs major mode -defines any of them. - -* Picture mode C-c commands changed. - -The old C-c k command is now C-c C-w. -The old C-c y command is now C-c C-x. - -* Shell mode commands changed. - -All the special commands of Shell mode are now moved onto -the C-c prefix. Most are not changed aside from that. -Thus, the old Shell mode C-c command (kill current job) -is now C-c C-c; the old C-z (suspend current job) is now C-c C-z, -etc. - -The old C-x commands are now C-c commands. C-x C-k (kill output) -is now C-c C-o, and C-x C-v (show output) is now C-c C-r. - -The old M-= (copy previous input) command is now C-c C-y. - -* Shell mode recognizes aliases for `pushd', `popd' and `cd'. - -Shell mode now uses the variable `shell-pushd-regexp' as a -regular expression to recognize any command name that is -equivalent to a `pushd' command. By default it is set up -to recognize just `pushd' itself. If you use aliases for -`pushd', change the regexp to recognize them as well. - -There are also `shell-popd-regexp' to recognize commands -with the effect of a `popd', and `shell-cd-regexp' to recognize -commands with the effect of a `cd'. - -* "Exit" command in certain modes now C-c C-c. - -These include electric buffer menu mode, electric command history -mode, Info node edit mode, and Rmail edit mode. In all these -modes, the command to exit used to be just C-c. - -* Outline mode changes. - -Lines that are not heading lines are now called "body" lines. -The command `hide-text' is renamed to `hide-body'. -The key M-H is renamed to C-c C-h. -The key M-S is renamed to C-c C-s. -The key M-s is renamed to C-c C-i. - -Changes of line visibility are no longer undoable. As a result, -they no longer use up undo memory and no longer interfere with -undoing earlier commands. - -* Rmail changes. - -The s and q commands now both expunge deleted messages before saving; -use C-x C-s to save without expunging. - -The u command now undeletes the current message if it is deleted; -otherwise, it backs up as far as necessary to reach a deleted message, -and undeletes that one. The u command in the summary behaves likewise, -but considers only messages listed in the summary. The M-u command -has been eliminated. - -The o and C-o keys' meanings are interchanged. -o now outputs to an Rmail file, and C-o to a Unix mail file. - -The F command (rmail-find) is renamed to M-s (rmail-search). -Various new commands and features exist; see the Emacs manual. - -* Local bindings described first in describe-bindings. - -* [...], {...} now balance in Fundamental mode. - -* Nroff mode and TeX mode. - -The are two new major modes for editing nroff input and TeX input. -See the Emacs manual for full information. - -* New C indentation style variable `c-brace-imaginary-offset'. - -The value of `c-brace-imaginary-offset', normally zero, controls the -indentation of a statement inside a brace-group where the open-brace -is not the first thing on a line. The value says where the open-brace -is imagined to be, relative to the first nonblank character on the line. - -* Dired improvements. - -Dired now normally keeps the cursor at the beginning of the file name, -not at the beginning of the line. The most used motion commands are -redefined in Dired to position the cursor this way. - -`n' and `p' are now equivalent in dired to `C-n' and `C-p'. - -If any files to be deleted cannot be deleted, their names are -printed in an error message. - -If the `v' command is invoked on a file which is a directory, -dired is run on that directory. - -* `visit-tag-table' renamed `visit-tags-table'. - -This is so apropos of `tags' finds everything you need to -know about in connection with Tags. - -* `mh-e' library uses C-c as prefix. - -All the special commands of `mh-rmail' now are placed on a -C-c prefix rather than on the C-x prefix. This is for -consistency with other special modes with their own commands. - -* M-$ or `spell-word' checks word before point. - -It used to check the word after point. - -* Quitting during autoloading no longer causes trouble. - -Now, when a file is autoloaded, all function redefinitions -and `provide' calls are recorded and are undone if you quit -before the file is finished loading. - -As a result, it no longer happens that some of the entry points -which are normally autoloading have been defined already, but the -entire file is not really present to support them. - -* `else' can now be indented correctly in C mode. - -TAB in C mode now knows which `if' statement an `else' matches -up with, and can indent the `else' correctly under the `if', -even if the `if' contained such things as another `if' statement, -or a `while' or `for' statement, with no braces around it. - -* `batch-byte-compile' - -Runs byte-compile-file on the files specified on the command line. -All the rest of the command line arguments are taken as files to -compile (or, if directories, to do byte-recompile-directory on). -Must be used only with -batch, and kills emacs on completion. -Each file will be processed even if an error occurred previously. -For example, invoke `emacs -batch -f batch-byte-compile *.el'. - -* `-batch' changes. - -`-batch' now implies `-q': no init file is loaded by Emacs when -`-batch' is used. Also, no `term/TERMTYPE.el' file is loaded. Auto -saving is not done except in buffers in which it is explicitly -requested. Also, many echo-area printouts describing what is going on -are inhibited in batch mode, so that the only output you get is the -output you program specifically. - -One echo-area message that is not suppressed is the one that says -that a file is being loaded. That is because you can prevent this -message by passing `t' as the third argument to `load'. - -* Display of search string in incremental search. - -Now, when you type C-s or C-r to reuse the previous search -string, that search string is displayed immediately in the echo area. - -Three dots are displayed after the search string while search -is actually going on. - -* View commands. - -The commands C-x ], C-x [, C-x /, C-x j and C-x o are now -available inside `view-buffer' and `view-file', with their -normal meanings. - -* Full-width windows preferred. - -The ``other-window'' commands prefer other full width windows, -and will split only full width windows. - -* M-x rename-file can copy if necessary. - -When used between different file systems, since actual renaming does -not work, the old file will be copied and deleted. - -* Within C-x ESC, you can pick the command to repeat. - -While editing a previous command to be repeated, inside C-x ESC, -you can now use the commands M-p and M-n to pick an earlier or -later command to repeat. M-n picks the next earlier command -and M-p picks the next later one. The new command appears in -the minibuffer, and you can go ahead and edit it, and repeat it -when you exit the minibuffer. - -Using M-n or M-p within C-x ESC is like having used a different -numeric argument when you ran C-x ESC in the first place. - -The command you finally execute using C-x ESC is added to the -front of the command history, unless it is identical with the -first thing in the command history. - -* Use C-c C-c to exit from editing within Info. - -It used to be C-z for this. Somehow this use of C-z was -left out when all the others were moved. The intention is that -C-z should always suspend Emacs. - -* Default arg to C-x < and C-x > now window width minus 2. - -These commands, which scroll the current window horizontally -by a specified number of columns, now scroll a considerable -distance rather than a single column if used with no argument. - -* Auto Save Files Deleted. - -The default value of `delete-auto-save-files' is now `t', so that -when you save a file for real, its auto save file is deleted. - -* Rnews changes. - -The N, P and J keys in Rnews are renamed to M-n, M-p and M-j. -These keys move among newsgroups. - -The n and p keys for moving sequentially between news articles now -accept repeat count arguments, and the + and - keys, made redundant by -this change, are eliminated. - -The s command for outputting the current article to a file -is renamed as o, to be compatible with Rmail. - -* Sendmail changes. - -If you have a ~/.mailrc file, Emacs searches it for mailing address -aliases, and these aliases are expanded when you send mail in Emacs. - -Fcc fields can now be used in the headers in the *mail* buffer -to specify files in which copies of the message should be put. -The message is written into those files in Unix mail file format. -The message as sent does not contain any Fcc fields in its header. -You can use any number of Fcc fields, but only one file name in each one. -The variable `mail-archive-file-name', if non-`nil', can be a string -which is a file name; an Fcc to that file will be inserted in every -message when you begin to compose it. - -A new command C-c q now exists in Mail mode. It fills the -paragraphs of an old message that had been inserted with C-c y. - -When the *mail* buffer is put in Mail mode, text-mode-hook -is now run in addition to mail-mode-hook. text-mode-hook -is run first. - -The new variable `mail-header-separator' now specifies the string -to use on the line that goes between the headers and the message text. -By default it is still "--text follows this line--". - -* Command history truncated automatically. - -Just before each garbage collection, all but the last 30 elements -of the command history are discarded. - -Incompatible Lisp Programming Changes in Emacs 17 - -* `"e' no longer supported. - -This feature, which allowed Lisp functions to take arguments -that were not evaluated, has been eliminated, because it is -inescapably hard to make the compiler work properly with such -functions. - -You should use macros instead. A simple way to change any -code that uses `"e' is to replace - - (defun foo ("e x y z) ... - -with - - (defmacro foo (x y z) - (list 'foo-1 (list 'quote x) (list 'quote y) (list 'quote z))) - - (defun foo-1 (x y z) ... - -* Functions `region-to-string' and `region-around-match' removed. - -These functions were made for compatibility with Gosling Emacs, but it -turns out to be undesirable to use them in GNU Emacs because they use -the mark. They have been eliminated from Emacs proper, but are -present in mlsupport.el for the sake of converted mocklisp programs. - -If you were using `region-to-string', you should instead use -`buffer-substring'; then you can pass the bounds as arguments and -can avoid setting the mark. - -If you were using `region-around-match', you can use instead -the two functions `match-beginning' and `match-end'. These give -you one bound at a time, as a numeric value, without changing -point or the mark. - -* Function `function-type' removed. - -This just appeared not to be very useful. It can easily be written in -Lisp if you happen to want it. Just use `symbol-function' to get the -function definition of a symbol, and look at its data type or its car -if it is a list. - -* Variable `buffer-number' removed. - -You can still use the function `buffer-number' to find out -a buffer's unique number (assigned in order of creation). - -* Variable `executing-macro' renamed `executing-kbd-macro'. - -This variable is the currently executing keyboard macro, as -a string, or `nil' when no keyboard macro is being executed. - -* Loading term/$TERM. - -The library term/$TERM (where $TERM get replaced by your terminal -type), which is done by Emacs automatically when it starts up, now -happens after the user's .emacs file is loaded. - -In previous versions of Emacs, these files had names of the form -term-$TERM; thus, for example, term-vt100.el, but now they live -in a special subdirectory named term, and have names like -term/vt100.el. - -* `command-history' format changed. - -The elements of this list are now Lisp expressions which can -be evaluated directly to repeat a command. - -* Unused editing commands removed. - -The functions `forward-to-word', `backward-to-word', -`upcase-char', `mark-beginning-of-buffer' and `mark-end-of-buffer' -have been removed. Their definitions can be found in file -lisp/unused.el if you need them. - -Upward Compatible Lisp Programming Changes in Emacs 17 - -* You can now continue after errors and quits. - -When the debugger is entered because of a C-g, due to -a non-`nil' value of `debug-on-quit', the `c' command in the debugger -resumes execution of the code that was running when the quit happened. -Use the `q' command to go ahead and quit. - -The same applies to some kinds of errors, but not all. Errors -signaled with the Lisp function `signal' can be continued; the `c' -command causes `signal' to return. The `r' command causes `signal' to -return the value you specify. The `c' command is equivalent to `r' -with the value `nil'. - -For a `wrong-type-argument' error, the value returned with the `r' -command is used in place of the invalid argument. If this new value -is not valid, another error occurs. - -Errors signaled with the function `error' cannot be continued. -If you try to continue, the error just happens again. - -* `dot' renamed `point'. - -The word `dot' has been replaced with `point' in all -function and variable names, including: - - point, point-min, point-max, - point-marker, point-min-marker, point-max-marker, - window-point, set-window-point, - point-to-register, register-to-point, - exchange-point-and-mark. - -The old names are still supported, for now. - -* `string-match' records position of end of match. - -After a successful call to `string-match', `(match-end 0)' will -return the index in the string of the first character after the match. -Also, `match-begin' and `match-end' with nonzero arguments can be -used to find the indices of beginnings and ends of substrings matched -by subpatterns surrounded by parentheses. - -* New function `insert-before-markers'. - -This function is just like `insert' except in the handling of any -relocatable markers that are located at the point of insertion. -With `insert', such markers end up pointing before the inserted text. -With `insert-before-markers', they end up pointing after the inserted -text. - -* New function `copy-alist'. - -This function takes one argument, a list, and makes a disjoint copy -of the alist structure. The list itself is copied, and each element -that is a cons cell is copied, but the cars and cdrs of elements -remain shared with the original argument. - -This is what it takes to get two alists disjoint enough that changes -in one do not change the result of `assq' on the other. - -* New function `copy-keymap'. - -This function takes a keymap as argument and returns a new keymap -containing initially the same bindings. Rebindings in either one of -them will not alter the bindings in the other. - -* New function `copy-syntax-table'. - -This function takes a syntax table as argument and returns a new -syntax table containing initially the same syntax settings. Changes -in either one of them will not alter the other. - -* Randomizing the random numbers. - -`(random t)' causes the random number generator's seed to be set -based on the current time and Emacs's process id. - -* Third argument to `modify-syntax-entry'. - -The optional third argument to `modify-syntax-entry', if specified -should be a syntax table. The modification is made in that syntax table -rather than in the current syntax table. - -* New function `run-hooks'. - -This function takes any number of symbols as arguments. -It processes the symbols in order. For each symbol which -has a value (as a variable) that is non-nil, the value is -called as a function, with no arguments. - -This is useful in major mode commands. - -* Second arg to `switch-to-buffer'. - -If this function is given a non-`nil' second argument, then the -selection being done is not recorded on the selection history. -The buffer's position in the history remains unchanged. This -feature is used by the view commands, so that the selection history -after exiting from viewing is the same as it was before. - -* Second arg to `display-buffer' and `pop-to-buffer'. - -These two functions both accept an optional second argument which -defaults to `nil'. If the argument is not `nil', it means that -another window (not the selected one) must be found or created to -display the specified buffer in, even if it is already shown in -the selected window. - -This feature is used by `switch-to-buffer-other-window'. - -* New variable `completion-ignore-case'. - -If this variable is non-`nil', completion allows strings -in different cases to be considered matching. The global value -is `nil' - -This variable exists for the sake of commands that are completing -an argument in which case is not significant. It is possible -to change the value globally, but you might not like the consequences -in the many situations (buffer names, command names, file names) -where case makes a difference. - -* Major modes related to Text mode call text-mode-hook, then their own hooks. - -For example, turning on Outline mode first calls the value of -`text-mode-hook' as a function, if it exists and is non-`nil', -and then does likewise for the variable `outline-mode-hook'. - -* Defining new command line switches. - -You can define a new command line switch in your .emacs file -by putting elements on the value of `command-switch-alist'. -Each element of this list should look like - (SWITCHSTRING . FUNCTION) -where SWITCHSTRING is a string containing the switch to be -defined, such as "-foo", and FUNCTION is a function to be called -if such an argument is found in the command line. FUNCTION -receives the command line argument, a string, as its argument. - -To implement a switch that uses up one or more following arguments, -use the fact that the remaining command line arguments are kept -as a list in the variable `command-line-args'. FUNCTION can -examine this variable, and do - (setq command-line-args (cdr command-line-args) -to "use up" an argument. - -* New variable `load-in-progress'. - -This variable is non-`nil' when a file of Lisp code is being read -and executed by `load'. - -* New variable `print-length'. - -The value of this variable is normally `nil'. It may instead be -a number; in that case, when a list is printed by `prin1' or -`princ' only that many initial elements are printed; the rest are -replaced by `...'. - -* New variable `find-file-not-found-hook'. - -If `find-file' or any of its variants is used on a nonexistent file, -the value of `find-file-not-found-hook' is called (if it is not `nil') -with no arguments, after creating an empty buffer. The file's name -can be found as the value of `buffer-file-name'. - -* Processes without buffers. - -In the function `start-process', you can now specify `nil' as -the process's buffer. You can also set a process's buffer to `nil' -using `set-process-buffer'. - -The reason you might want to do this is to prevent the process -from being killed because any particular buffer is killed. -When a process has a buffer, killing that buffer kills the -process too. - -When a process has no buffer, its output is lost unless it has a -filter, and no indication of its being stopped or killed is given -unless it has a sentinel. - -* New function `user-variable-p'. `v' arg prompting changed. - -This function takes a symbol as argument and returns `t' if -the symbol is defined as a user option variable. This means -that it has a `variable-documentation' property whose value is -a string starting with `*'. - -Code `v' in an interactive arg reading string now accepts -user variables only, and completion is limited to the space of -user variables. - -The function `read-variable' also now accepts and completes -over user variables only. - -* CBREAK mode input is the default in Unix 4.3 bsd. - -In Berkeley 4.3 Unix, there are sufficient features for Emacs to -work fully correctly using CBREAK mode and not using SIGIO. -Therefore, this mode is the default when running under 4.3. -This mode corresponds to `nil' as the first argument to -`set-input-mode'. You can still select either mode by calling -that function. - -* Information on memory usage. - -The new variable `data-bytes-used' contains the number -of bytes of impure space allocated in Emacs. -`data-bytes-free' contains the number of additional bytes -Emacs could allocate. Note that space formerly allocated -and freed again still counts as `used', since it is still -in Emacs's address space. - -* No limit on size of output from `format'. - -The string output from `format' used to be truncated to -100 characters in length. Now it can have any length. - -* New errors `void-variable' and `void-function' replace `void-symbol'. - -This change makes it possible to have error messages that -clearly distinguish undefined variables from undefined functions. -It also allows `condition-case' to handle one case without the other. - -* `replace-match' handling of `\'. - -In `replace-match', when the replacement is not literal, -`\' in the replacement string is always treated as an -escape marker. The only two special `\' constructs -are `\&' and `\DIGIT', so `\' followed by anything other than -`&' or a digit has no effect. `\\' is necessary to include -a `\' in the replacement text. - -This level of escaping is comparable with what goes on in -a regular expression. It is over and above the level of `\' -escaping that goes on when strings are read in Lisp syntax. - -* New error `invalid-regexp'. - -A regexp search signals this type of error if the argument does -not meet the rules for regexp syntax. - -* `kill-emacs' with argument. - -If the argument is a number, it is returned as the exit status code -of the Emacs process. If the argument is a string, its contents -are stuffed as pending terminal input, to be read by another program -after Emacs is dead. - -* New fifth argument to `subst-char-in-region'. - -This argument is optional and defaults to `nil'. If it is not `nil', -then the substitutions made by this function are not recorded -in the Undo mechanism. - -This feature should be used with great care. It is now used -by Outline mode to make lines visible or invisible. - -* ` *Backtrace*' buffer renamed to `*Backtrace*'. - -As a result, you can now reselect this buffer easily if you switch to -another while in the debugger. - -Exiting from the debugger kills the `*Backtrace*' buffer, so you will -not try to give commands in it when no longer really in the debugger. - -* New function `switch-to-buffer-other-window'. - -This is the new primitive to select a specified buffer (the -argument) in another window. It is not quite the same as -`pop-to-buffer', because it is guaranteed to create another -window (assuming there is room on the screen) so that it can -leave the current window's old buffer displayed as well. - -All functions to select a buffer in another window should -do so by calling this new function. - -* New variable `minibuffer-help-form'. - -At entry to the minibuffer, the variable `help-form' is bound -to the value of `minibuffer-help-form'. - -`help-form' is expected at all times to contain either `nil' -or an expression to be executed when C-h is typed (overriding -teh definition of C-h as a command). `minibuffer-help-form' -can be used to provide a different default way of handling -C-h while in the minibuffer. - -* New \{...} documentation construct. - -It is now possible to set up the documentation string for -a major mode in such a way that it always describes the contents -of the major mode's keymap, as it has been customized. -To do this, include in the documentation string the characters `\{' -followed by the name of the variable containing the keymap, -terminated with `}'. (The `\' at the beginning probably needs to -be quoted with a second `\', to include it in the doc string.) -This construct is normally used on a line by itself, with no blank -lines before or after. - -For example, the documentation string for the function `c-mode' contains - ... - Paragraphs are separated by blank lines only. - Delete converts tabs to spaces as it moves back. - \\{c-mode-map} - Variables controlling indentation style: - ... - -* New character syntax class "punctuation". - -Punctuation characters behave like whitespace in word and -list parsing, but can be distinguished in regexps and in the -function `char-syntax'. Punctuation syntax is represented by -a period in `modify-syntax-entry'. - -* `auto-mode-alist' no longer needs entries for backup-file names, - -Backup suffixes of all kinds are now stripped from a file's name -before searching `auto-mode-alist'. - -Changes in Emacs 16 - -* No special code for Ambassadors, VT-100's and Concept-100's. - -Emacs now controls these terminals based on the termcap entry, like -all other terminals. Formerly it did not refer to the termcap entries -for those terminal types, and often the termcap entries for those -terminals are wrong or inadequate. If you experience worse behavior -on these terminals than in version 15, you can probably correct it by -fixing up the termcap entry. See ./TERMS for more info. - -See ./TERMS in any case if you find that some terminal does not work -right with Emacs now. - -* Minibuffer default completion character is TAB (and not ESC). - -So that ESC can be used in minibuffer for more useful prefix commands. - -* C-z suspends Emacs in all modes. - -Formerly, C-z was redefined for other purposes by certain modes, -such as Buffer Menu mode. Now other keys are used for those purposes, -to keep the meaning of C-z uniform. - -* C-x ESC (repeat-complex-command) allows editing the command it repeats. - -Instead of asking for confirmation to re-execute a command from the -command history, the command is placed, in its Lisp form, into the -minibuffer for editing. You can confirm by typing RETURN, change some -arguments and then confirm, or abort with C-g. - -* Incremental search does less redisplay on slow terminals. - -If the terminal baud rate is <= the value of `isearch-slow-speed', -incremental searching outside the text on the screen creates -a single-line window and uses that to display the line on which -a match has been found. Exiting or quitting the search restores -the previous window configuration and redisplays the window you -were searching in. - -The initial value of `isearch-slow-speed' is 1200. - -This feature is courtesy of crl@purdue. - -* Recursive minibuffers not allowed. - -If the minibuffer window is selected, most commands that would -use the minibuffer gets an error instead. (Specific commands -may override this feature and therefore still be allowed.) - -Strictly speaking, recursive entry to the minibuffer is still -possible, because you can switch to another window after -entering the minibuffer, and then minibuffer-using commands -are allowed. This is still allowed by a deliberate decision: -if you know enough to switch windows while in the minibuffer, -you can probably understand recursive minibuffers. - -This may be overridden by binding the variable -`enable-recursive-minibuffers' to t. - -* New major mode Emacs-Lisp mode, for editing Lisp code to run in Emacs. - -The mode in which emacs lisp files is edited is now called emacs-lisp-mode -and is distinct from lisp-mode. The latter is intended for use with -lisps external to emacs. - -The hook which is funcalled (if non-nil) on entry to elisp-mode is now -called emacs-lisp-mode-hook. A consequence of this changes is that -.emacs init files which set the value of lisp-mode-hook may need to be -changed to use the new names. - -* Correct matching of parentheses is checked on insertion. - -When you insert a close-paren, the matching open-paren -is checked for validity. The close paren must be the kind -of close-paren that the open-paren says it should match. -Otherwise, a warning message is printed. close-paren immediately -preceded by quoting backslash syntax character is not matched. - -This feature was originally written by shane@mit-ajax. - -* M-x list-command-history -* M-x command-history-mode -* M-x electric-command-history - -`list-command-history' displays forms from the command history subject -to user controlled filtering and limit on number of forms. It leaves -the buffer in `command-history-mode'. M-x command-history-mode -recomputes the command history each time it is invoked via -`list-command-history'. It is like Emacs-Lisp mode except that characters -don't insert themselves and provision is made for re-evaluating an -expression from the list. `electric-command-history' pops up a type -out window with the command history displayed. If the very next -character is Space, the window goes away and the previous window -configuration is restored. Otherwise you can move around in the -history and select an expression for evaluation *inside* the buffer -which invoked `electric-command-history'. The original window -configuration is restored on exit unless the command selected changes -it. - -* M-x edit-picture - -Enters a temporary major mode (the previous major mode is remembered -and can is restored on exit) designed for editing pictures and tables. -Printing characters replace rather than insert themselves with motion -afterwards that is user controlled (you can specify any of the 8 -compass directions). Special commands for movement are provided. -Special commands for hacking tabs and tab stops are provided. Special -commands for killing rectangles and overlaying them are provided. See -the documentation of function edit-picture for more details. - -Calls value of `edit-picture-hook' on entry if non-nil. - -* Stupid C-s/C-q `flow control' supported. - -Do (set-input-mode nil t) to tell Emacs to use CBREAK mode and interpret -C-s and C-q as flow control commands. (set-input-mode t nil) switches -back to interrupt-driven input. (set-input-mode nil nil) uses CBREAK -mode but no `flow control'; this may make it easier to run Emacs under -certain debuggers that have trouble dealing with inferiors that use SIGIO. - -CBREAK mode has certain inherent disadvantages, which are why it is -not the default: - - Meta-keys are ignored; CBREAK mode discards the 8th bit of - input characters. - - Control-G as keyboard input discards buffered output, - and therefore can cause incorrect screen updating. - -The use of `flow control' has its own additional disadvantage: the -characters C-s and C-q are not available as editing commands. You can -partially compensate for this by setting up a keyboard-translate-table -(see file ONEWS) that maps two other characters (such as C-^ and C-\) into -C-s and C-q. Of course, C-^ and C-\ are commonly used as escape -characters in remote-terminal programs. You really can't win except -by getting rid of this sort of `flow control.' - -The configuration switch CBREAK_INPUT is now eliminated. -INTERRUPT_INPUT exists only to specify the default mode of operation; -#define it to make interrupt-driven input the default. - -* Completion of directory names provides a slash. - -If file name completion yields the name of a directory, -a slash is appended to it. - -* Undo can clear modified-flag. - -If you undo changes in a buffer back to a state in which the -buffer was not considered "modified", then it is labelled as -once again "unmodified". - -* M-x run-lisp. - -This command creates an inferior Lisp process whose input and output -appear in the Emacs buffer named `*lisp*'. That buffer uses a major mode -called inferior-lisp-mode, which has many of the commands of lisp-mode -and those of shell-mode. Calls the value of shell-mode-hook and -lisp-mode-hook, in that order, if non-nil. - -Meanwhile, in lisp-mode, the command C-M-x is defined to -send the current defun as input to the `*lisp*' subprocess. - -* Mode line says `Narrow' when buffer is clipped. - -If a buffer has a clipping restriction (made by `narrow-to-region') -then its mode line contains the word `Narrow' after the major and -minor modes. - -* Mode line says `Abbrev' when abbrev mode is on. - -* add-change-log-entry takes prefix argument - -Giving a prefix argument makes it prompt for login name, full name, -and site name, with defaults. Otherwise the defaults are used -with no confirmation. - -* M-x view-buffer and M-x view-file - -view-buffer selects the named buffer, view-file finds the named file; the -resulting buffer is placed into view-mode (a recursive edit). The normal -emacs commands are not available. Instead a set of special commands is -provided which faclitate moving around in the buffer, searching and -scrolling by screenfuls. Exiting view-mode returns to the buffer in which -the view-file or view-buffer command was given. -Type ? or h when viewing for a complete list of view commands. -Each calls value of `view-hook' if non-nil on entry. - -written by shane@mit-ajax. - -* New key commands in dired. - -`v' views (like more) the file on the current line. -`#' marks auto-save files for deletion. -`~' marks backup files for deletion. -`r' renames a file and updates the directory listing if the -file is renamed to same directory. -`c' copies a file and updates the directory listing if the file is -copied to the same directory. - -* New function `electric-buffer-list'. - -This pops up a buffer describing the set of emacs buffers. -Immediately typing space makes the buffer list go away and returns -to the buffer and window which were previously selected. - -Otherwise one may use the c-p and c-n commands to move around in the -buffer-list buffer and type Space or C-z to select the buffer on the -cursor's line. There are a number of other commands which are the same -as those of buffer-menu-mode. - -This is a useful thing to bind to c-x c-b in your `.emacs' file if the -rather non-standard `electric' behaviour of the buffer list suits your taste. -Type C-h after invoking electric-buffer-list for more information. - -Calls value of `electric-buffer-menu-mode-hook' if non-nil on entry. -Calls value of `after-electric-buffer-menu' on exit (select) if non-nil. - -Changes in version 16 for mail reading and sending - -* sendmail prefix character is C-c (and not C-z). New command C-c w. - -For instance C-c C-c (or C-c C-s) sends mail now rather than C-z C-z. -C-c w inserts your `signature' (contents of ~/.signature) at the end -of mail. - -* New feature in C-c y command in sending mail. - -C-c y is the command to insert the message being replied to. -Normally it deletes most header fields and indents everything -by three spaces. - -Now, C-c y does not delete header fields or indent. -C-c y with any other numeric argument does delete most header -fields, but indents by the amount specified in the argument. - -* C-r command in Rmail edits current message. - -It does this by switching to a different major mode -which is nearly the same as Text mode. The only difference -between it and text mode are the two command C-c and C-]. -C-c is defined to switch back to Rmail mode, and C-] -is defined to restore the original contents of the message -and then switch back to Rmail mode. - -C-c and C-] are the only ways "back into Rmail", but you -can switch to other buffers and edit them as usual. -C-r in Rmail changes only the handling of the Rmail buffer. - -* Rmail command `t' toggles header display. - -Normally Rmail reformats messages to hide most header fields. -`t' switches to display of all the header fields of the -current message, as long as it remains current. -Another `t' switches back to the usual display. - -* Rmail command '>' goes to the last message. - -* Rmail commands `a' and `k' set message attributes. -`a' adds an attribute and `k' removes one. You specify -the attrbute by name. You can specify either a built-in -flag such as "deleted" or "filed", or a user-defined keyword -(anything not recognized as built-in). - -* Rmail commands `l' and `L' summarize by attributes. - -These commands create a summary with one line per message, -like `h', but they list only some of the messages. You -specify which attribute (for `l') or attributes (for `L') -the messages should have. - -* Rmail can parse mmdf mail files. - -* Interface to MH mail system. - -mh-e is a front end for GNU emacs and the MH mail system. It -provides a friendly and convient interface to the MH commands. - -To read mail, invoke mh-rmail. This will inc new mail and display the -scan listing on the screen. To see a summary of the mh-e commands, -type ?. Help is available through the usual facilities. - -To send mail, invoke mh-smail. - -mh-e requires a copy of MH.5 that has been compiled with the MHE -compiler switch. - -From larus@berkeley. - -New hooks and parameters in version 16 - -* New variable `blink-matching-paren-distance'. - -This is the maximum number of characters to search for -an open-paren to match an inserted close-paren. -The matching open-paren is shown and checked if it is found -within this distance. - -`nil' means search all the way to the beginning of the buffer. -In this case, a warning message is printed if no matching -open-paren is found. - -This feature was originally written by shane@mit-ajax. - -* New variable `find-file-run-dired' - -If nil, find-file will report an error if an attempt to visit a -directory is detected; otherwise, it runs dired on that directory. -The default is t. - -* Variable `dired-listing-switches' holds switches given to `ls' by dired. - -The value should be a string containing `-' followed by letters. -The letter `l' had better be included and letter 'F' had better be excluded! -The default is "-al". - -This feature was originally written by shane@mit-ajax. - -* New variable `display-time-day-and-date'. - -If this variable is set non-`nil', the function M-x display-time -displays the day and date, as well as the time. - -* New parameter `c-continued-statement-indent'. - -This controls the extra indentation given to a line -that continues a C statement started on the previous line. -By default it is 2, which is why you would see - - if (foo) - bar (); - - -* Changed meaning of `c-indent-level'. - -The value of `c-brace-offset' used to be -subtracted from the value of `c-indent-level' whenever -that value was used. Now it is not. - -As a result, `c-indent-level' is now the offset of -statements within a block, relative to the line containing -the open-brace that starts the block. - -* turn-on-auto-fill is useful value for text-mode-hook. - -(setq text-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill) -is all you have to do to make sure Auto Fill mode is turned -on whenever you enter Text mode. - -* Parameter explicit-shell-file-name for M-x shell. - -This variable, if non-nil, specifies the file name to use -for the shell to run if you do M-x shell. - -Changes in version 16 affecting Lisp programming: - -* Documentation strings adapt to customization. - -Often the documentation string for a command wants to mention -another command. Simply stating the other command as a -character sequence has a disadvantage: if the user customizes -Emacs by moving that function to a different command, the -cross reference in the documentation becomes wrong. - -A new feature allows you to write the documentation string -using a function name, and the command to run that function -is looked up when the documentation is printed. - -If a documentation string contains `\[' (two characters) then -the following text, up to the next `]', is taken as a function name. -Instead of printing that function name, the command that runs it is printed. -(M-x is used to construct a command if no shorter one exists.) - -For example, instead of putting `C-n' in a documentation string -to refer to the C-n command, put in `\[next-line]'. (In practice -you will need to quote the backslash with another backslash, -due to the syntax for strings in Lisp and C.) - -To include the literal characters `\[' in a documentation string, -precede them with `\='. To include the characters `\=', precede -them with `\='. For example, "\\=\\= is the way to quote \\=\\[" -will come out as `\= is the way to quote \['. - -The new function `substitute-command-keys' takes a string possibly -contaning \[...] constructs and replaces those constructs with -the key sequences they currently stand for. - -* Primitives `find-line-comment' and `find-line-comment-body' flushed. - -Search for the value of `comment-start-skip' if you want to find -whether and where a line has a comment. - -* New function `auto-save-file-name-p' - -Should return non-`nil' iff given a string which is the name of an -auto-save file (sans directory name). If you redefine -`make-auto-save-file-name', you should redefine this accordingly. By -default, this function returns `t' for filenames beginning with -character `#'. - -* The value of `exec-directory' now ends in a slash. - -This is to be compatible with most directory names in GNU Emacs. - -* Dribble files and termscript files. - -(open-dribble-file FILE) opens a dribble file named FILE. When a -dribble file is open, every character Emacs reads from the terminal is -written to the dribble file. - -(open-termscript FILE) opens a termscript file named FILE. When a -termscript file is open, all characters sent to the terminal by Emacs -are also written in the termscript file. - -The two of these together are very useful for debugging Emacs problems -in redisplay. - -* Upper case command characters by default are same as lower case. - -If a character in a command is an upper case letter, and is not defined, -Emacs uses the definition of the corresponding lower case letter. -For example, if C-x U is not directly undefined, it is treated as -a synonym for C-x u (undo). - -* Undefined function errors versus undefined variable errors. - -Void-symbol errors now say "boundp" if the symbol's value was void -or "fboundp" if the function definition was void. - -* New function `bury-buffer'. - -The new function `bury-buffer' takes one argument, a buffer object, -and puts that buffer at the end of the internal list of buffers. -So it is the least preferred candidate for use as the default value -of C-x b, or for other-buffer to return. - -* Already-displayed buffers have low priority for display. - -When a buffer is chosen automatically for display, or to be the -default in C-x b, buffers already displayed in windows have lower -priority than buffers not currently visible. - -* `set-window-start' accepts a third argument NOFORCE. - -This argument, if non-nil, prevents the window's force_start flag -from being set. Setting the force_start flag causes the next -redisplay to insist on starting display at the specified starting -point, even if dot must be moved to get it onto the screen. - -* New function `send-string-to-terminal'. - -This function takes one argument, a string, and outputs its contents -to the terminal exactly as specified: control characters, escape -sequences, and all. - -* Keypad put in command mode. - -The terminal's keypad is now put into command mode, as opposed to -numeric mode, while Emacs is running. This is done by means of the -termcap `ks' and `ke' strings. - -* New function `generate-new-buffer' - -This function takes a string as an argument NAME and looks for a -creates and returns a buffer called NAME if one did not already exist. -Otherwise, it successively tries appending suffixes of the form "<1>", -"<2>" etc to NAME until it creates a string which does not name an -existing buffer. A new buffer with that name is the created and returned. - -* New function `prin1-to-string' -This function takes one argument, a lisp object, and returns a string -containing that object's printed representation, such as `prin1' -would output. - -* New function `read-from-minibuffer' -Lets you supply a prompt, initial-contents, a keymap, and specify -whether the result should be interpreted as a string or a lisp object. - -Old functions `read-minibuffer', `eval-minibuffer', `read-string' all -take second optional string argument which is initial contents of -minibuffer. - -* minibuffer variable names changed (names of keymaps) - -minibuf-local-map -> minibuffer-local-map -minibuf-local-ns-map -> minibuffer-local-ns-map -minibuf-local-completion-map -> minibuffer-local-completion-map -minibuf-local-must-match-map -> minibuffer-local-must-match-map - -Changes in version 16 affecting configuring and building Emacs - -* Configuration switch VT100_INVERSE eliminated. - -You can control the use of inverse video on any terminal by setting -the variable `inverse-video', or by changing the termcap entry. If -you like, set `inverse-video' in your `.emacs' file based on -examination of (getenv "TERM"). - -* New switch `-batch' makes Emacs run noninteractively. - -If the switch `-batch' is used, Emacs treats its standard output -and input like ordinary files (even if they are a terminal). -It does not display buffers or windows; the only output to standard output -is what would appear as messages in the echo area, and each -message is followed by a newline. - -The terminal modes are not changed, so that C-z and C-c retain -their normal Unix meanings. Emacs does still read commands from -the terminal, but the idea of `-batch' is that you use it with -other command line arguments that tell Emacs a complete task to perform, -including killing itself. `-kill' used as the last argument is a good -way to accomplish this. - -The Lisp variable `noninteractive' is now defined, to be `nil' -except when `-batch' has been specified. - -* Emacs can be built with output redirected to a file. - -This is because -batch (see above) is now used in building Emacs. - -For older news, see the file NEWS.1. - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -Copyright information: - -Copyright (C) 1985 Richard M. Stallman - - Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies - of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the - copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved, - thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn. - - Permission is granted to distribute modified versions - of this document, or of portions of it, - under the above conditions, provided also that they - carry prominent notices stating who last changed them. - -Local variables: -mode: text -end:
--- a/etc/NEWS.3 Thu Nov 02 13:36:26 2000 +0000 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,1609 +0,0 @@ -GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes. 17-Aug-1988 -Copyright (C) 1988 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -See the end for copying conditions. - -For older news, see the file NEWS.2. - -Changes in version 18.52. - -* X windows version 10 is supported under system V. - -* Pop-up menus are now supported with the same Lisp interface in -both version 10 and 11 of X windows. - -* C-x 4 a is a new command to edit a change-log entry in another window. - -* The emacs client program now allows an option +NNN to specify the -line number to go to in the file whose name follows. Thus, - emacsclient foo.c +45 bar.c -will find the files `foo.c' and `bar.c', going to line 45 in `bar.c'. - -* Dired allows empty directories to be deleted like files. - -* When the terminal type is used to find a terminal-specific file to -run, Emacs now tries the entire terminal type first. If that doesn't -yield a file that exists, the last hyphen and what follows it is -stripped. If that doesn't yield a file that exists, the previous -hyphen is stripped, and so on until all hyphens are gone. For -example, if the terminal type is `aaa-48-foo', Emacs will try first -`term/aaa-48-foo.el', then `term/aaa-48.el' and finally `term/aaa.el'. - -Underscores now receive the same treatment as hyphens. - -* Texinfo features: @defun, etc. texinfo-show-structure. -New template commands. texinfo-format-region. - -* The special "local variable" `eval' is now ignored if you are running -as root. - -* New command `c-macro-expand' shows the result of C macro expansion -in the region. It works using the C preprocessor, so its results -are completely accurate. - -* Errors in trying to auto save now flash error messages for a few seconds. - -* Killing a buffer now sends SIGHUP to the buffer's process. - -* New hooks. - -** `spell-region' now allows you to filter the text before spelling-checking. -If the value of `spell-filter' is non-nil, it is called, with no arguments, -looking at a temporary buffer containing a copy of the text to be checked. -It can alter the text freely before the spell program sees it. - -** The variable `lpr-command' now specifies the command to be used when -you use the commands to print text (such as M-x print-buffer). - -** Posting netnews now calls the value of `news-inews-hook' (if not nil) -as a function of no arguments before the actual posting. - -** Rmail now calls the value of `rmail-show-message-hook' (if not nil) -as a function of no arguments, each time a new message is selected. - -** `kill-emacs' calls the value of `kill-emacs-hook' as a function of no args. - -* New libraries. -See the source code of each library for more information. - -** icon.el: a major mode for editing programs written in Icon. - -** life.el: a simulator for the cellular automaton "life". Load the -library and run M-x life. - -** doctex.el: a library for converting the Emacs `etc/DOC' file of -documentation strings into TeX input. - -** saveconf.el: a library which records the arrangement of windows and -buffers when you exit Emacs, and automatically recreates the same -setup the next time you start Emacs. - -** uncompress.el: a library that automatically uncompresses files -when you visit them. - -** c-fill.el: a mode for editing filled comments in C. - -** kermit.el: an extended version of shell-mode designed for running kermit. - -** spook.el: a library for adding some "distract the NSA" keywords to every -message you send. - -** hideif.el: a library for hiding parts of a C program based on preprocessor -conditionals. - -** autoinsert.el: a library to put in some initial text when you visit -a nonexistent file. The text used depends on the major mode, and -comes from a directory of files created by you. - -* New programming features. - -** The variable `window-system-version' now contains the version number -of the window system you are using (if appropriate). When using X windows, -its value is either 10 or 11. - -** (interactive "N") uses the prefix argument if any; otherwise, it reads -a number using the minibuffer. - -** VMS: there are two new functions `vms-system-info' and `shrink-to-icon'. -The former allows you to get many kinds of system status information. -See its self-documentation for full details. -The second is used with the window system: it iconifies the Emacs window. - -** VMS: the new function `define-logical-name' allows you to create -job-wide logical names. The old function `define-dcl-symbol' has been -removed. - -Changes in version 18.50. - -* X windows version 11 is supported. - -Define X11 in config.h if you want X version 11 instead of version 10. - -* The command M-x gdb runs the GDB debugger as an inferior. -It asks for the filename of the executable you want to debug. - -GDB runs as an inferior with I/O through an Emacs buffer. All the -facilities of Shell mode are available. In addition, each time your -program stops, and each time you select a new stack frame, the source -code is displayed in another window with an arrow added to the line -where the program is executing. - -Special GDB-mode commands include M-s, M-n, M-i, M-u, M-d, and C-c C-f -which send the GDB commands `step', `next', `stepi', `up', `down' -and `finish'. - -In any source file, the commands C-x SPC tells GDB to set a breakpoint -on the current line. - -* M-x calendar displays a three-month calendar. - -* C-u 0 C-x C-s never makes a backup file. - -This is a way you can explicitly request not to make a backup. - -* `term-setup-hook' is for users only. - -Emacs never uses this variable for internal purposes, so you can freely -set it in your `.emacs' file to make Emacs do something special after -loading any terminal-specific setup file from `lisp/term'. - -* `copy-keymap' now copies recursive submaps. - -* New overlay-arrow feature. - -If you set the variable `overlay-arrow-string' to a string -and `overlay-arrow-position' to a marker, that string is displayed on -the screen at the position of that marker, hiding whatever text would -have appeared there. If that position isn't on the screen, or if -the buffer the marker points into isn't displayed, there is no effect. - -* -batch mode can read from the terminal. - -It now works to use `read-char' to do terminal input in a noninteractive -Emacs run. End of file causes Emacs to exit. - -* Variables `data-bytes-used' and `data-bytes-free' removed. - -These variables cannot really work because the 24-bit range of an -integer in (most ports of) GNU Emacs is not large enough to hold their -values on many systems. - -Changes in version 18.45, since version 18.41. - -* C indentation parameter `c-continued-brace-offset'. - -This parameter's value is added to the indentation of any -line that is in a continuation context and starts with an open-brace. -For example, it applies to the open brace shown here: - - if (x) - { - -The default value is zero. - -* Dabbrev expansion (Meta-/) preserves case. - -When you use Meta-/ to search the buffer for an expansion of an -abbreviation, if the expansion found is all lower case except perhaps -for its first letter, then the case pattern of the abbreviation -is carried over to the expansion that replaces it. - -* TeX-mode syntax. - -\ is no longer given "escape character" syntax in TeX mode. It now -has the syntax of an ordinary punctuation character. As a result, -\[...\] and such like are considered to balance each other. - -* Mail-mode automatic Reply-to field. - -If the variable `mail-default-reply-to' is non-`nil', then each time -you start to compose a message, a Reply-to field is inserted with -its contents taken from the value of `mail-default-reply-to'. - -* Where is your .emacs file? - -If you run Emacs under `su', so your real and effective uids are -different, Emacs uses the home directory associated with the real uid -(the name you actually logged in under) to find the .emacs file. - -Otherwise, Emacs uses the environment variable HOME to find the .emacs -file. - -The .emacs file is not loaded at all if -batch is specified. - -* Prolog mode is the default for ".pl" files. - -* File names are not case-sensitive on VMS. - -On VMS systems, all file names that you specify are converted to upper -case. You can use either upper or lower case indiscriminately. - -* VMS-only function 'define-dcl-symbol'. - -This is a new name for the function formerly called -`define-logical-name'. - -Editing Changes in Emacs 18 - -* Additional systems and machines are supported. - -GNU Emacs now runs on Vax VMS. However, many facilities that are normally -implemented by running subprocesses do not work yet. This includes listing -a directory and sending mail. There are features for running subprocesses -but they are incompatible with those on Unix. I hope that some of -the VMS users can reimplement these features for VMS (compatibly for -the user, if possible). - -VMS wizards are also asked to work on making the subprocess facilities -more upward compatible with those on Unix, and also to rewrite their -internals to use the same Lisp objects that are used on Unix to -represent processes. - -In addition, the TI Nu machine running Unix system V, the AT&T 3b, and -the Wicat, Masscomp, Integrated Solutions, Alliant, Amdahl uts, Mips, -Altos 3068 and Gould Unix systems are now supported. The IBM PC-RT is -supported under 4.2, but not yet under system V. The GEC 93 is close -to working. The port for the Elxsi is partly merged. See the file -MACHINES for full status information and machine-specific installation -advice. - -* Searching is faster. - -Forward search for a text string, or for a regexp that is equivalent -to a text string, is now several times faster. Motion by lines and -counting lines is also faster. - -* Memory usage improvements. - -It is no longer possible to run out of memory during garbage -collection. As a result, running out of memory is never fatal. This -is due to a new garbage collection algorithm which compactifies -strings in place rather than copying them. Another consequence of the -change is a reduction in total memory usage and a slight increase in -garbage collection speed. - -* Display changes. - -** Editing above top of screen. - -When you delete or kill or alter text that reaches to the top of the -screen or above it, so that display would start in the middle of a -line, Emacs will usually attempt to scroll the text so that display -starts at the beginning of a line again. - -** Yanking in the minibuffer. - -The message "Mark Set" is no longer printed when the minibuffer is -active. This is convenient with many commands, including C-y, that -normally print such a message. - -** Cursor appears in last line during y-or-n questions. - -Questions that want a `y' or `n' answer now move the cursor -to the last line, following the question. - -* Library loading changes. - -`load' now considers all possible suffixes (`.elc', `.el' and none) -for each directory in `load-path' before going on to the next directory. -It now accepts an optional fourth argument which, if non-nil, says to -use no suffixes; then the file name must be given in full. The search -of the directories in `load-path' goes on as usual in this case, but -it too can be prevented by passing an absolute file name. - -The value of `load-path' no longer by default includes nil (meaning to -look in the current default directory). The idea is that `load' should -be used to search the path only for libraries to be found in the standard -places. If you want to override system libraries with your own, place -your own libraries in one special directory and add that directory to the -front of `load-path'. - -The function `load' is no longer a command; that is to say, `M-x load' -is no longer allowed. Instead, there are two commands for loading files. -`M-x load-library' is equivalent to the old meaning of `M-x load'. -`M-x load-file' reads a file name with completion and defaulting -and then loads exactly that file, with no searching and no suffixes. - -* Emulation of other editors. - -** `edt-emulation-on' starts emulating DEC's EDT editor. - -Do `edt-emulation-off' to return Emacs to normal. - -** `vi-mode' and `vip-mode' starts emulating vi. - -These are two different vi emulations provided by GNU Emacs users. -We are interested in feedback as to which emulation is preferable. - -See the documentation and source code for these functions -for more information. - -** `set-gosmacs-bindings' emulates Gosling Emacs. - -This command changes many global bindings to resemble those of -Gosling Emacs. The previous bindings are saved and can be restored using -`set-gnu-bindings'. - -* Emulation of a display terminal. - -Within Emacs it is now possible to run programs (such as emacs or -supdup) which expect to do output to a visual display terminal. - -See the function `terminal-emulator' for more information. - -* New support for keypads and function keys. - -There is now a first attempt at terminal-independent support for -keypad and function keys. - -Emacs now defines a standard set of key-names for function and keypad -keys, and provides standard hooks for defining them. Most of the -standard key-names have default definitions built into Emacs; you can -override these in a terminal-independent manner. The default definitions -and the conventions for redefining them are in the file `lisp/keypad.el'. - -These keys on the terminal normally work by sending sequences of -characters starting with ESC. The exact sequences used vary from -terminal to terminal. Emacs interprets them in two stages: -in the first stage, terminal-dependent sequences are mapped into -the standard key-names; then second stage maps the standard key-names -into their definitions in a terminal-independent fashion. - -The terminal-specific file `term/$TERM.el' now is responsible only for -establishing the mapping from the terminal's escape sequences into -standard key-names. It no longer knows what Emacs commands are -assigned to the standard key-names. - -One other change in terminal-specific files: if the value of the TERM -variable contains a hyphen, only the part before the first hyphen is -used in forming the name of the terminal-specific file. Thus, for -terminal type `aaa-48', the file loaded is now `term/aaa.el' rather -than `term/aaa-48.el'. - -* New startup command line options. - -`-i FILE' or `-insert FILE' in the command line to Emacs tells Emacs to -insert the contents of FILE into the current buffer at that point in -command line processing. This is like using the command M-x insert-file. - -`-funcall', `-load', `-user' and `-no-init-file' are new synonyms for -`-f', `-l', `-u' and `-q'. - -`-nw' means don't use a window system. If you are using a terminal -emulator on the X window system and you want to run Emacs to work through -the terminal emulator instead of working directly with the window system, -use this switch. - -* Buffer-sorting commands. - -Various M-x commands whose names start with `sort-' sort parts of -the region: - -sort-lines divides the region into lines and sorts them alphabetically. -sort-pages divides into pages and sorts them alphabetically. -sort-paragraphs divides into paragraphs and sorts them alphabetically. -sort-fields divides into lines and sorts them alphabetically - according to one field in the line. - The numeric argument specifies which field (counting - from field 1 at the beginning of the line). Fields in a line - are separated by whitespace. -sort-numeric-fields - is similar but converts the specified fields to numbers - and sorts them numerically. -sort-columns divides into lines and sorts them according to the contents - of a specified range of columns. - -Refer to the self-documentation of these commands for full usage information. - -* Changes in various commands. - -** `tags-query-replace' and `tags-search' change. - -These functions now display the name of the file being searched at the moment. - -** `occur' output now serves as a menu. `occur-menu' command deleted. - -`M-x occur' now allows you to move quickly to any of the occurrences -listed. Select the `*Occur*' buffer that contains the output of `occur', -move point to the occurrence you want, and type C-c C-c. -This will move point to the same occurrence in the buffer that the -occurrences were found in. - -The command `occur-menu' is thus obsolete, and has been deleted. - -One way to get a list of matching lines without line numbers is to -copy the text to another buffer and use the command `keep-lines'. - -** Incremental search changes. - -Ordinary and regexp incremental searches now have distinct default -search strings. Thus, regexp searches recall only previous regexp -searches. - -If you exit an incremental search when the search string is empty, -the old default search string is kept. The default does not become -empty. - -Reversing the direction of an incremental search with C-s or C-r -when the search string is empty now does not get the default search -string. It leaves the search string empty. A second C-s or C-r -will get the default search string. As a result, you can do a reverse -incremental regexp search with C-M-s C-r. - -If you add a `*', `?' or `\|' to an incremental search regexp, -point will back up if that is appropriate. For example, if -you have searched for `ab' and add a `*', point moves to the -first match for `ab*', which may be before the match for `ab' -that was previously found. - -If an incremental search is failing and you ask to repeat it, -it will start again from the beginning of the buffer (or the end, -if it is a backward search). - -The search-controlling parameters `isearch-slow-speed' and -`isearch-slow-window-lines' have now been renamed to start with -`search' instead of `isearch'. Now all the parameters' names start -with `search'. - -If `search-slow-window-lines' is negative, the slow search window -is put at the top of the screen, and the absolute value or the -negative number specifies the height of it. - -** Undo changes - -The undo command now will mark the buffer as unmodified only when it is -identical to the contents of the visited file. - -** C-M-v in minibuffer. - -If while in the minibuffer you request help in a way that uses a -window to display something, then until you exit the minibuffer C-M-v -in the minibuffer window scrolls the window of help. - -For example, if you request a list of possible completions, C-M-v can -be used reliably to scroll the completion list. - -** M-TAB command. - -Meta-TAB performs completion on the Emacs Lisp symbol names. The sexp -in the buffer before point is compared against all existing nontrivial -Lisp symbols and completed as far as is uniquely determined by them. -Nontrivial symbols are those with either function definitions, values -or properties. - -If there are multiple possibilities for the very next character, a -list of possible completions is displayed. - -** Dynamic abbreviation package. - -The new command Meta-/ expands an abbreviation in the buffer before point -by searching the buffer for words that start with the abbreviation. - -** Changes in saving kbd macros. - -The commands `write-kbd-macro' and `append-kbd-macro' have been -deleted. The way to save a keyboard macro is to use the new command -`insert-kbd-macro', which inserts Lisp code to define the macro as -it is currently defined into the buffer before point. Visit a Lisp -file such as your Emacs init file `~/.emacs', insert the macro -definition (perhaps deleting an old definition for the same macro) -and then save the file. - -** C-x ' command. - -The new command C-x ' (expand-abbrev) expands the word before point as -an abbrev, even if abbrev-mode is not turned on. - -** Sending to inferior Lisp. - -The command C-M-x in Lisp mode, which sends the current defun to -an inferior Lisp process, now works by writing the text into a temporary -file and actually sending only a `load'-form to load the file. -As a result, it avoids the Unix bugs that used to strike when the -text was above a certain length. - -With a prefix argument, this command now makes the inferior Lisp buffer -appear on the screen and scrolls it so that the bottom is showing. - -Two variables `inferior-lisp-load-command' and `inferior-lisp-prompt', -exist to customize these feature for different Lisp implementations. - -** C-x p now disabled. - -The command C-x p, a nonrecomended command which narrows to the current -page, is now initially disabled like C-x n. - -* Dealing with files. - -** C-x C-v generalized - -This command is now allowed even if the current buffer is not visiting -a file. As usual, it kills the current buffer and replaces it with a -newly found file. - -** M-x recover-file improved; auto save file names changed. - -M-x recover-file now checks whether the last auto-save file is more -recent than the real visited file before offering to read in the -auto-save file. If the auto-save file is newer, a directory listing -containing the two files is displayed while you are asked whether you -want the auto save file. - -Visiting a file also makes this check. If the auto-save file is more recent, -a message is printed suggesting that you consider using M-x recover file. - -Auto save file names now by default have a `#' at the end as well -as at the beginning. This is so that `*.c' in a shell command -will never match auto save files. - -On VMS, auto save file names are made by appending `_$' at the front -and `$' at the end. - -When you change the visited file name of a buffer, the auto save file -is now renamed to belong to the new visited file name. - -You can customize the way auto save file names are made by redefining -the two functions `make-auto-save-file-name' and `auto-save-file-name-p', -both of which are defined in `files.el'. - -** Modifying a buffer whose file is changed on disk is detected instantly. - -On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is -implemented, Emacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer -whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or saved. -If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change the buffer. - -** Exiting Emacs offers to save `*mail*'. - -Emacs can now know about buffers that it should offer to save on exit -even though they are not visiting files. This is done for any buffer -which has a non-nil local value of `buffer-offer-save'. By default, -Mail mode provides such a local value. - -** Backup file changes. - -If a backup file cannot be written in the directory of the visited file -due to fascist file protection, a backup file is now written in your home -directory as `~/%backup%~'. Only one such file is made, ever, so only -the most recently made such backup is available. - -When backup files are made by copying, the last-modification time of the -original file is now preserved in the backup copy. - -** Visiting remote files. - -On an internet host, you can now visit and save files on any other -internet host directly from Emacs with the commands M-x ftp-find-file -and M-x ftp-write-file. Specify an argument of the form HOST:FILENAME. -Since standard internet FTP is used, the other host may be any kind -of machine and is not required to have any special facilities. - -The first time any one remote host is accessed, you will be asked to -give the user name and password for use on that host. FTP is reinvoked -each time you ask to use it, but previously specified user names and -passwords are remembered automatically. - -** Dired `g' command. - -`g' in Dired mode is equivalent to M-x revert-buffer; it causes the -current contents of the same directory to be read in. - -* Changes in major modes. - -** C mode indentation change. - -The binding of Linefeed is no longer changed by C mode. It once again -has its normal meaning, which is to insert a newline and then indent -afterward. - -The old definition did one additional thing: it reindented the line -before the new newline. This has been removed because it made the -command twice as slow. The only time it was really useful was after the -insertion of an `else', since the fact of starting with `else' may change -the way that line is indented. Now you will have to type TAB again -yourself to reindent the `else' properly. - -If the variable `c-tab-always-indent' is set to `nil', the TAB command -in C mode, with no argument, will just insert a tab character if there -is non-whitespace preceding point on the current line. Giving it a -prefix argument will force reindentation of the line (as well as -of the compound statement that begins after point, if any). - -** Fortran mode now exists. - -This mode provides commands for motion and indentation of Fortran code, -plus built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. For details, see the manual -or the on-line documentation of the command `fortran-mode'. - -** Scribe mode now exists. - -This mode does something useful for editing files of Scribe input. -It is used automatically for files with names ending in ".mss". - -** Modula2 and Prolog modes now exist. - -These modes are for editing programs in the languages of the same names. -They can be selected with M-x modula-2-mode and M-x prolog-mode. - -** Telnet mode changes. - -The telnet mode special commands have now been assigned to C-c keys. -Most of them are the same as in Shell mode. - -** Picture mode changes. - -The special picture-mode commands to specify the direction of cursor -motion after insertion have been moved to C-c keys. The commands to -specify diagonal motion were already C-c keys; they are unchanged. -The keys to specify horizontal or vertical motion are now -C-c < (left), C-c > (right), C-c ^ (up) and C-c . (down). - -** Nroff mode comments. - -Comments are now supported in Nroff mode. The standard comment commands -such as M-; and C-x ; know how to insert, align and delete comments -that start with backslash-doublequote. - -** LaTeX mode. - -LaTeX mode now exists. Use M-x latex-mode to select this mode, and -M-x plain-tex-mode to select the previously existing mode for Plain -TeX. M-x tex-mode attempts to examine the contents of the buffer and -choose between latex-mode and plain-tex-mode accordingly; if the -buffer is empty or it cannot tell, the variable `TeX-default-mode' -controls the choice. Its value should be the symbol for the mode to -be used. - -The facilities for running TeX on all or part of the buffer -work with LaTeX as well. - -Some new commands available in both modes: - -C-c C-l recenter the window showing the TeX output buffer - so most recent line of output can be seen. -C-c C-k kill the TeX subprocess. -C-c C-q show the printer queue. -C-c C-f close a block (appropriate for LaTeX only). - If the current line contains a \begin{...}, - this inserts an \end{...} on the following line - and puts point on a blank line between them. - -** Outline mode changes. - -Invisible lines in outline mode are now indicated by `...' at the -end of the previous visible line. - -The special outline heading motion commands are now all on C-c keys. -A few new ones have been added. Here is a full list: - -C-c C-n Move to next visible heading (formerly M-}) -C-c C-p Move to previous visible heading (formerly M-{) -C-c C-f Move to next visible heading at the same level. - Thus, if point is on a level-2 heading line, - this command moves to the next visible level-2 heading. -C-c C-b Move to previous visible heading at the same level. -C-c C-u Move up to previous visible heading at a higher level. - -The variable `outline-regexp' now controls recognition of heading lines. -Any line whose beginning matches this regexp is a heading line. -The depth in outline structure is determined by the length of -the string that matches. - -A line starting with a ^L (formfeed) is now by default considered -a header line. - -* Mail reading and sending. - -** MH-E changes. - -MH-E has been extensively modified and improved since the v17 release. -It contains many new features, including commands to: extracted failed -messages, kill a draft message, undo changes to a mail folder, monitor -delivery of a letter, print multiple messages, page digests backwards, -insert signatures, and burst digests. Also, many commands have been -made to able to deal with named sequences of messages, instead of -single messages. MH-E also has had numerous bugs fixed and commands -made to run faster. Furthermore, its keybindings have been changed to -be compatible with Rmail and the rest of GNU Emacs. - -** Mail mode changes. - -The C-c commands of mail mode have been rearranged: - -C-c s, C-c c, C-c t and C-c b (move point to various header fields) -have been reassigned as C-c C-f C-s, C-c C-f C-c, C-c C-f C-t and C-c -C-f C-b. C-c C-f is for "field". - -C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q. - -Thus, C-c LETTER is always unassigned. - -** Rmail C-r command changed to w. - -The Rmail command to edit the current message is now `w'. This change -has been made because people frequently type C-r while in Rmail hoping -to do a reverse incremental search. That now works. - -* Rnews changes. - -** Caesar rotation added. - -The function news-caesar-buffer-body performs encryption and -decryption of the body of a news message. It defaults to the USENET -standard of 13, and accepts any numeric arg between 1 to 25 and -25 to -1. -The function is bound to C-c C-r in both news-mode and news-reply-mode. - -** rmail-output command added. - -The C-o command has been bound to rmail-output in news-mode. -This allows one to append an article to a file which is in either Unix -mail or RMAIL format. - -** news-reply-mode changes. - -The C-c commands of news reply mode have been rearranged and changed, -so that C-c LETTER is always unassigned: - -C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q. - -C-c c, C-c t, and C-c b (move to various mail header fields) have been -deleted (they make no sense for posting and replying to USENET). - -C-c s (move to Subject: header field) has been reassigned as C-c C-f -C-s. C-c C-f is for "field". Several additional move to news header -field commands have been added. - -The local news-reply-mode bindings now look like this: - -C-c C-s news-inews (post the message) C-c C-c news-inews -C-c C-f move to a header field (and create it if there isn't): - C-c C-f C-n move to Newsgroups: C-c C-f C-s move to Subj: - C-c C-f C-f move to Followup-To: C-c C-f C-k move to Keywords: - C-c C-f C-d move to Distribution: C-c C-f C-a move to Summary: -C-c C-y news-reply-yank-original (insert current message, in NEWS). -C-c C-q mail-fill-yanked-message (fill what was yanked). -C-c C-r caesar rotate all letters by 13 places in the article's body (rot13). - -* Existing Emacs usable as a server. - -Programs such as mailers that invoke "the editor" as an inferior -to edit some text can now be told to use an existing Emacs process -instead of creating a new editor. - -To do this, you must have an Emacs process running and capable of -doing terminal I/O at the time you want to invoke it. This means that -either you are using a window system and give Emacs a separate window -or you run the other programs as inferiors of Emacs (such as, using -M-x shell). - -First prepare the existing Emacs process by loading the `server' -library and executing M-x server-start. (Your .emacs can do this -automatically.) - -Now tell the other programs to use, as "the editor", the Emacs client -program (etc/emacsclient, located in the same directory as this file). -This can be done by setting the environment variable EDITOR. - -When another program invokes the emacsclient as "the editor", the -client actually transfers the file names to be edited to the existing -Emacs, which automatically visits the files. - -When you are done editing a buffer for a client, do C-x # (server-edit). -This marks that buffer as done, and selects the next buffer that the client -asked for. When all the buffers requested by a client are marked in this -way, Emacs tells the client program to exit, so that the program that -invoked "the editor" will resume execution. - -You can only have one server Emacs at a time, but multiple client programs -can put in requests at the same time. - -The client/server work only on Berkeley Unix, since they use the Berkeley -sockets mechanism for their communication. - -Changes in Lisp programming in Emacs version 18. - -* Init file changes. - -** Suffixes no longer accepted on `.emacs'. - -Emacs will no longer load a file named `.emacs.el' or `emacs.elc' -in place of `.emacs'. This is so that it will take less time to -find `.emacs'. If you want to compile your init file, give it another -name and make `.emacs' a link to the `.elc' file, or make it contain -a call to `load' to load the `.elc' file. - -** `default-profile' renamed to `default', and loaded after `.emacs'. - -It used to be the case that the file `default-profile' was loaded if -and only if `.emacs' was not found. - -Now the name `default-profile' is not used at all. Instead, a library -named `default' is loaded after the `.emacs' file. `default' is loaded -whether the `.emacs' file exists or not. However, loading of `default' -can be prevented if the `.emacs' file sets `inhibit-default-init' to non-nil. - -In fact, you would call the default file `default.el' and probably would -byte-compile it to speed execution. - -Note that for most purposes you are better off using a `site-init' library -since that will be loaded before the runnable Emacs is dumped. By using -a `site-init' library, you avoid taking up time each time Emacs is started. - -** inhibit-command-line has been eliminated. - -This variable used to exist for .emacs files to set. It has been -eliminated because you can get the same effect by setting -command-line-args to nil and setting inhibit-startup-message to t. - -* `apply' is more general. - -`apply' now accepts any number of arguments. The first one is a function; -the rest are individual arguments to pass to that function, except for the -last, which is a list of arguments to pass. - -Previously, `apply' required exactly two arguments. Its old behavior -follows as a special case of the new definition. - -* New code-letter for `interactive'. - -(interactive "NFoo: ") is like (interactive "nFoo: ") in reading -a number using the minibuffer to serve as the argument; however, -if a prefix argument was specified, it uses the prefix argument -value as the argument, and does not use the minibuffer at all. - -This is used by the `goto-line' and `goto-char' commands. - -* Semantics of variables. - -** Built-in per-buffer variables improved. - -Several built-in variables which in the past had a different value in -each buffer now behave exactly as if `make-variable-buffer-local' had -been done to them. - -These variables are `tab-width', `ctl-arrow', `truncate-lines', -`fill-column', `left-margin', `mode-line-format', `abbrev-mode', -`overwrite-mode', `case-fold-search', `auto-fill-hook', -`selective-display', `selective-display-ellipses'. - -To be precise, each variable has a default value which shows through -in most buffers and can be accessed with `default-value' and set with -`set-default'. Setting the variable with `setq' makes the variable -local to the current buffer. Changing the default value has retroactive -effect on all buffers in which the variable is not local. - -The variables `default-case-fold-search', etc., are now obsolete. -They now refer to the default value of the variable, which is not -quite the same behavior as before, but it should enable old init files -to continue to work. - -** New per-buffer variables. - -The variables `fill-prefix', `comment-column' and `indent-tabs-mode' -are now per-buffer. They work just like `fill-column', etc. - -** New function `setq-default'. - -`setq-default' sets the default value of a variable, and uses the -same syntax that `setq' accepts: the variable name is not evaluated -and need not be quoted. - -`(setq-default case-fold-search nil)' would make searches case-sensitive -in all buffers that do not have local values for `case-fold-search'. - -** Functions `global-set' and `global-value' deleted. - -These functions were never used except by mistake by users expecting -the functionality of `set-default' and `default-value'. - -* Changes in defaulting of major modes. - -When `default-major-mode' is `nil', new buffers are supposed to -get their major mode from the buffer that is current. However, -certain major modes (such as Dired mode, Rmail mode, Rmail Summary mode, -and others) are not reasonable to use in this way. - -Now such modes' names have been given non-`nil' `mode-class' properties. -If the current buffer's mode has such a property, Fundamental mode is -used as the default for newly created buffers. - -* `where-is-internal' requires additional arguments. - -This function now accepts three arguments, two of them required: -DEFINITION, the definition to search for; LOCAL-KEYMAP, the keymap -to use as the local map when doing the searching, and FIRST-ONLY, -which is nonzero to return only the first key found. - -This function returns a list of keys (strings) whose definitions -(in the LOCAL-KEYMAP or the current global map) are DEFINITION. - -If FIRST-ONLY is non-nil, it returns a single key (string). - -This function has changed incompatibly in that now two arguments -are required when previously only one argument was allowed. To get -the old behavior of this function, write `(current-local-map)' as -the expression for the second argument. - -The incompatibility is sad, but `nil' is a legitimate value for the -second argument (it means there is no local keymap), so it cannot also -serve as a default meaning to use the current local keymap. - -* Abbrevs with hooks. - -When an abbrev defined with a hook is expanded, it now performs the -usual replacement of the abbrev with the expansion before running the -hook. Previously the abbrev itself was deleted but the expansion was -not inserted. - -* Function `scan-buffer' deleted. - -Use `search-forward' or `search-backward' in place of `scan-buffer'. -You will have to rearrange the arguments. - -* X window interface improvements. - -** Detect release of mouse buttons. - -Button-up events can now be detected. See the file `lisp/x-mouse.el' -for details. - -** New pop-up menu facility. - -The new function `x-popup-menu' pops up a menu (in a X window) -and returns an indication of which selection the user made. -For more information, see its self-documentation. - -* M-x disassemble. - -This command prints the disassembly of a byte-compiled Emacs Lisp function. - -Would anyone like to interface this to the debugger? - -* `insert-buffer-substring' can insert part of the current buffer. - -The old restriction that the text being inserted had to come from -a different buffer is now lifted. - -When inserting text from the current buffer, the text to be inserted -is determined from the specified bounds before any copying takes place. - -* New function `substitute-key-definition'. - -This is a new way to replace one command with another command as the -binding of whatever keys may happen to refer to it. - -(substitute-key-definition OLDDEF NEWDEF KEYMAP) looks through KEYMAP -for keys defined to run OLDDEF, and rebinds those keys to run NEWDEF -instead. - -* New function `insert-char'. - -Insert a specified character, a specified number of times. - -* `mark-marker' changed. - -When there is no mark, this now returns a marker that points -nowhere, rather than `nil'. - -* `ding' accepts argument. - -When given an argument, the function `ding' does not terminate -execution of a keyboard macro. Normally, `ding' does terminate -all macros that are currently executing. - -* New function `minibuffer-depth'. - -This function returns the current depth in minibuffer activations. -The value is zero when the minibuffer is not in use. -Values greater than one are possible if the user has entered the -minibuffer recursively. - -* New function `documentation-property'. - -(documentation-property SYMBOL PROPNAME) is like (get SYMBOL PROPNAME), -except that if the property value is a number `documentation-property' -will take that number (or its absolute value) as a character position -in the DOC file and return the string found there. - -(documentation-property VAR 'variable-documentation) is the proper -way for a Lisp program to get the documentation of variable VAR. - -* New documentation-string expansion feature. - -If a documentation string (for a variable or function) contains text -of the form `\<FOO>', it means that all command names specified in -`\[COMMAND]' construct from that point on should be turned into keys -using the value of the variable FOO as the local keymap. Thus, for example, - - `\<emacs-lisp-mode-map>\[eval-defun] evaluates the defun containing point.' - -will expand into - - "ESC C-x evaluates the defun containing point." - -regardless of the current major mode, because ESC C-x is defined to -run `eval-defun' in the keymap `emacs-lisp-mode-map'. The effect is -to show the key for `eval-defun' in Emacs Lisp mode regardless of the -current major mode. - -The `\<...>' construct applies to all `\[...]' constructs that follow it, -up to the end of the documentation string or the next `\<...>'. - -Without `\<...>', the keys for commands specified in `\[...]' are found -in the current buffer's local map. - -The current global keymap is always searched second, whether `\<...>' -has been used or not. - -* Multiple hooks allowed in certain contexts. - -The old hook variables `find-file-hook', `find-file-not-found-hook' and -`write-file-hook' have been replaced. - -The replacements are `find-file-hooks', `find-file-not-found-hooks' -and `write-file-hooks'. Each holds a list of functions to be called; -by default, `nil', for no functions. The functions are called in -order of appearance in the list. - -In the case of `find-file-hooks', all the functions are executed. - -In the case of `find-file-not-found-hooks', if any of the functions -returns non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called. - -In the case of `write-file-hooks', if any of the functions returns -non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called, and the file is -considered to have been written already; so actual writing in the -usual way is not done. If `write-file-hooks' is local to a buffer, -it is set to its global value if `set-visited-file-name' is called -(and thus by C-x C-w as well). - -`find-file-not-found-hooks' and `write-file-hooks' can be used -together to implement editing of files that are not stored as Unix -files: stored in archives, or inside version control systems, or on -other machines running other operating systems and accessible via ftp. - -* New hooks for suspending Emacs. - -Suspending Emacs runs the hook `suspend-hook' before suspending -and the hook `suspend-resume-hook' if the suspended Emacs is resumed. -Running a hook is done by applying the variable's value to no arguments -if the variable has a non-`nil' value. If `suspend-hook' returns -non-`nil', then suspending is inhibited and so is running the -`suspend-resume-hook'. The non-`nil' value means that the `suspend-hook' -has done whatever suspending is required. - -* Disabling commands can print a special message. - -A command is disabled by giving it a non-`nil' `disabled' property. -Now, if this property is a string, it is included in the message -printed when the user tries to run the command. - -* Emacs can open TCP connections. - -The function `open-network-stream' opens a TCP connection to -a specified host and service. Its value is a Lisp object that represents -the connection. The object is a kind of "subprocess", and I/O are -done like I/O to subprocesses. - -* Display-related changes. - -** New mode-line control features. - -The display of the mode line used to be controlled by a format-string -that was the value of the variable `mode-line-format'. - -This variable still exists, but it now allows more general values, -not just strings. Lists, cons cells and symbols are also meaningful. - -The mode line contents are created by outputting various mode elements -one after the other. Here are the kinds of objects that can be -used as mode elements, and what they do in the display: - - string the contents of the string are output to the mode line, - and %-constructs are replaced by other text. - - t or nil ignored; no output results. - - symbol the symbol's value is used. If the value is a string, - the string is output verbatim to the mode line - (so %-constructs are not interpreted). Otherwise, - the symbol's value is processed as a mode element. - - list (whose first element is a string or list or cons cell) - the elements of the list are treated as as mode elements, - so that the output they generate is concatenated, - - list (whose car is a symbol) - if the symbol's value is non-nil, the second element of the - list is treated as a mode element. Otherwise, the third - element (if any) of the list is treated as a mode element. - - cons (whose car is a positive integer) - the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but - the text it produces is padded, if necessary, to have - at least the width specified by the integer. - - cons (whose car is a negative integer) - the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but - the text it produces is truncated, if necessary, to have - at most the width specified by the integer. - -There is always one mode element to start with, that being the value of -`mode-line-format', but if this value is a list then it leads to several -more mode elements, which can lead to more, and so on. - -There is one new %-construct for mode elements that are strings: -`%n' displays ` Narrow' for a buffer that is narrowed. - -The default value of `mode-line-format' refers to several other variables. -These variables are `mode-name', `mode-line-buffer-identification', -`mode-line-process', `mode-line-modified', `global-mode-string' and -`minor-mode-alist'. The first four are local in every buffer in which they -are changed from the default. - -mode-name Name of buffer's major mode. Local in every buffer. - -mode-line-buffer-identification - Normally the list ("Emacs: %17b"), it is responsible - for displaying text to indicate what buffer is being shown - and what kind of editing it is doing. `Emacs' means - that a file of characters is being edited. Major modes - such as Info and Dired which edit or view other kinds - of data often change this value. This variables becomes - local to the current buffer if it is setq'd. - -mode-line-process - Normally nil, this variable is responsible for displaying - information about the process running in the current buffer. - M-x shell-mode and M-x compile alter this variable. - -mode-line-modified - This variable is responsible for displaying the indication - of whether the current buffer is modified or read-only. - By default its value is `("--%*%*-")'. - -minor-mode-alist - This variable is responsible for displaying text for those - minor modes that are currently enabled. Its value - is a list of elements of the form (VARIABLE STRING), - where STRING is to be displayed if VARIABLE's value - (in the buffer whose mode line is being displayed) - is non-nil. This variable is not made local to particular - buffers, but loading some libraries may add elements to it. - -global-mode-string - This variable is used to display the time, if you ask - for that. - -The idea of these variables is to eliminate the need for major modes -to alter mode-line-format itself. - -** `window-point' valid for selected window. - -The value returned by `window-point' used to be incorrect when its -argument was the selected window. Now the value is correct. - -** Window configurations may be saved as Lisp objects. - -The function `current-window-configuration' returns a special type of -Lisp object that represents the current layout of windows: the -sizes and positions of windows, which buffers appear in them, and -which parts of the buffers appear on the screen. - -The function `set-window-configuration' takes one argument, which must -be a window configuration object, and restores that configuration. - -** New hook `temp-output-buffer-show-hook'. - -This hook allows you to control how help buffers are displayed. -Whenever `with-output-to-temp-buffer' has executed its body and wants -to display the temp buffer, if this variable is bound and non-`nil' -then its value is called with one argument, the temp buffer. -The hook function is solely responsible for displaying the buffer. -The standard manner of display--making the buffer appear in a window--is -used only if there is no hook function. - -** New function `minibuffer-window'. - -This function returns the window used (sometimes) for displaying -the minibuffer. It can be used even when the minibuffer is not active. - -** New feature to `next-window'. - -If the optional second argument is neither `nil' nor `t', the minibuffer -window is omitted from consideration even when active; if the starting -window was the last non-minibuffer window, the value will be the first -non-minibuffer window. - -** New variable `minibuffer-scroll-window'. - -When this variable is non-`nil', the command `scroll-other-window' -uses it as the window to be scrolled. Displays of completion-lists -set this variable to the window containing the display. - -** New argument to `sit-for'. - -A non-nil second argument to `sit-for' means do not redisplay; -just wait for the specified time or until input is available. - -** Deleted function `set-minor-mode'; minor modes must be changed. - -The function `set-minor-mode' has been eliminated. The display -of minor mode names in the mode line is now controlled by the -variable `minor-mode-alist'. To specify display of a new minor -mode, it is sufficient to add an element to this list. Once that -is done, you can turn the mode on and off just by setting a variable, -and the display will show its status automatically. - -** New variable `cursor-in-echo-area'. - -If this variable is non-nil, the screen cursor appears on the -last line of the screen, at the end of the text displayed there. - -Binding this variable to t is useful at times when reading single -characters of input with `read-char'. - -** New per-buffer variable `selective-display-ellipses'. - -If this variable is non-nil, an ellipsis (`...') appears on the screen -at the end of each text line that is followed by invisible text. - -If this variable is nil, no ellipses appear. Then there is no sign -on the screen that invisible text is present. - -Text is made invisible under the control of the variable -`selective-display'; this is how Outline mode and C-x $ work. - -** New variable `no-redraw-on-reenter'. - -If you set this variable non-nil, Emacs will not clear the screen when -you resume it after suspending it. This is for the sake of terminals -with multiple screens of memory, where the termcap entry has been set -up to switch between screens when Emacs is suspended and resumed. - -** New argument to `set-screen-height' or `set-screen-width'. - -These functions now take an optional second argument which says -what significance the newly specified height or width has. - -If the argument is nil, or absent, it means that Emacs should -believe that the terminal height or width really is as just specified. - -If the argument is t, it means Emacs should not believe that the -terminal really is this high or wide, but it should use the -specific height or width as the number of lines or columns to display. -Thus, you could display only 24 lines on a screen known to have 48 lines. - -What practical difference is there between using only 24 lines for display -and really believing that the terminal has 24 lines? - -1. The ``real'' height of the terminal says what the terminal command -to move the cursor to the last line will do. - -2. The ``real'' height of the terminal determines how much padding is -needed. - -* File-related changes. - -** New parameter `backup-by-copying-when-mismatch'. - -If this variable is non-`nil', then when Emacs is about to save a -file, it will create the backup file by copying if that would avoid -changing the file's uid or gid. - -The default value of this variable is `nil', because usually it is -useful to have the uid of a file change according to who edited it -last. I recommend thet this variable be left normally `nil' and -changed with a local variables list in those particular files where -the uid needs to be preserved. - -** New parameter `file-precious-flag'. - -If this variable is non-`nil', saving the buffer tries to avoid -leaving an incomplete file due to disk full or other I/O errors. -It renames the old file before saving. If saving is successful, -the renamed file is deleted; if saving gets an error, the renamed -file is renamed back to the name you visited. - -Backups are always made by copying for such files. - -** New variable `buffer-offer-save'. - -If the value of this variable is non-`nil' in a buffer then exiting -Emacs will offer to save the buffer (if it is modified and nonempty) -even if the buffer is not visiting a file. This variable is -automatically made local to the current buffer whenever it is set. - -** `rename-file', `copy-file', `add-name-to-file' and `make-symbolic-link'. - -The third argument to these functions used to be `t' or `nil'; `t' -meaning go ahead even if the specified new file name already has a file, -and `nil' meaning to get an error. - -Now if the third argument is a number it means to ask the user for -confirmation in this case. - -** New optional argument to `copy-file'. - -If `copy-file' receives a non-nil fourth argument, it attempts -to give the new copy the same time-of-last-modification that the -original file has. - -** New function `file-newer-than-file-p'. - -(file-newer-than-file-p FILE1 FILE2) returns non-nil if FILE1 has been -modified more recently than FILE2. If FILE1 does not exist, the value -is always nil; otherwise, if FILE2 does not exist, the value is t. -This is meant for use when FILE2 depends on FILE1, to see if changes -in FILE1 make it necessary to recompute FILE2 from it. - -** Changed function `file-exists-p'. - -This function is no longer the same as `file-readable-p'. -`file-exists-p' can now return t for a file that exists but which -the fascists won't allow you to read. - -** New function `file-locked-p'. - -This function receives a file name as argument and returns `nil' -if the file is not locked, `t' if locked by this Emacs, or a -string giving the name of the user who has locked it. - -** New function `file-name-sans-versions'. - -(file-name-sans-versions NAME) returns a substring of NAME, with any -version numbers or other backup suffixes deleted from the end. - -** New functions for directory names. - -Although a directory is really a kind of file, specifying a directory -uses a somewhat different syntax from specifying a file. -In Emacs, a directory name is used as part of a file name. - -On Unix, the difference is small: a directory name ends in a slash, -while a file name does not: thus, `/usr/rms/' to name a directory, -while `/usr/rms' names the file which holds that directory. - -On VMS, the difference is considerable: `du:[rms.foo]' specifies a -directory, but the name of the file that holds that directory is -`du:[rms]foo.dir'. - -There are two new functions for converting between directory names -and file names. `directory-file-name' takes a directory name and -returns the name of the file in which that directory's data is stored. -`file-name-as-directory' takes the name of a file and returns -the corresponding directory name. These always understand Unix file name -syntax; on VMS, they understand VMS syntax as well. - -For example, (file-name-as-directory "/usr/rms") returns "/usr/rms/" -and (directory-file-name "/usr/rms/") returns "/usr/rms". -On VMS, (file-name-as-directory "du:[rms]foo.dir") returns "du:[rms.foo]" -and (directory-file-name "du:[rms.foo]") returns "du:[rms]foo.dir". - -** Value of `file-attributes' changed. - -The function file-attributes returns a list containing many kinds of -information about a file. Now the list has eleven elements. - -The tenth element is `t' if deleting the file and creating another -file of the same name would result in a change in the file's group; -`nil' if there would be no change. You can also think of this as -comparing the file's group with the default group for files created in -the same directory by you. - -The eleventh element is the inode number of the file. - -** VMS-only function `file-name-all-versions'. - -This function returns a list of all the completions, including version -number, of a specified version-number-less file name. This is like -`file-name-all-completions', except that the latter returns values -that do not include version numbers. - -** VMS-only variable `vms-stmlf-recfm'. - -On a VMS system, if this variable is non-nil, Emacs will give newly -created files the record format `stmlf'. This is necessary for files -that must contain lines of arbitrary length, such as compiled Emacs -Lisp. - -When writing a new version of an existing file, Emacs always keeps -the same record format as the previous version; so this variable has -no effect. - -This variable has no effect on Unix systems. - -** `insert-file-contents' on an empty file. - -This no longer sets the buffer's "modified" flag. - -** New function (VMS only) `define-logical-name': - -(define-logical-name LOGICAL TRANSLATION) defines a VMS logical name -LOGICAL whose translation is TRANSLATION. The new name applies to -the current process only. - -** Deleted variable `ask-about-buffer-names'. - -If you want buffer names for files to be generated in a special way, -you must redefine `create-file-buffer'. - -* Subprocess-related changes. - -** New function `process-list'. - -This function takes no arguments and returns a list of all -of Emacs's asynchronous subprocesses. - -** New function `process-exit-status'. - -This function, given a process, process name or buffer as argument, -returns the exit status code or signal number of the process. -If the process has not yet exited or died, this function returns 0. - -** Process output ignores `buffer-read-only'. - -Output from a process will go into the process's buffer even if the -buffer is read only. - -** Switching buffers in filter functions and sentinels. - -Emacs no longer saves and restore the current buffer around calling -the filter and sentinel functions, so these functions can now -permanently alter the selected buffer in a straightforward manner. - -** Specifying environment variables for subprocesses. - -When a subprocess is started with `start-process' or `call-process', -the value of the variable `process-environment' is taken to -specify the environment variables to give the subprocess. The -value should be a list of strings, each of the form "VAR=VALUE". - -`process-environment' is initialized when Emacs starts up -based on Emacs's environment. - -** New variable `process-connection-type'. - -If this variable is `nil', when a subprocess is created, Emacs uses -a pipe rather than a pty to communicate with it. Normally this -variable is `t', telling Emacs to use a pty if ptys are supported -and one is available. - -** New function `waiting-for-user-input-p'. - -This function, given a subprocess as argument, returns `t' if that -subprocess appears to be waiting for input sent from Emacs, -or `nil' otherwise. - -** New hook `shell-set-directory-error-hook'. - -The value of this variable is called, with no arguments, whenever -Shell mode gets an error trying to keep track of directory-setting -commands (such as `cd' and `pushd') used in the shell buffer. - -* New functions `user-uid' and `user-real-uid'. - -These functions take no arguments and return, respectively, -the effective uid and the real uid of the Emacs process. -The value in each case is an integer. - -* New variable `print-escape-newlines' controls string printing. - -If this variable is non-`nil', then when a Lisp string is printed -by the Lisp printing function `prin1' or `print', newline characters -are printed as `\n' rather than as a literal newline. - -* New function `sysnetunam' on HPUX. - -This function takes two arguments, a network address PATH and a -login string LOGIN, and executes the system call `netunam'. -It returns `t' if the call succeeds, otherwise `nil'. - -News regarding installation: - -* Many `s-...' file names changed. - -Many `s-...' files have been renamed. All periods in such names, -except the ones just before the final `h', have been changed to -hyphens. Thus, `s-bsd4.2.h' has been renamed to `s-bsd4-2.h'. - -This is so a Unix distribution can be moved mechanically to VMS. - -* `DOCSTR...' file now called `DOC-...'. - -The file of on-line documentation strings, that used to be -`DOCSTR.mm.nn.oo' in this directory, is now called `DOC-mm.nn.oo'. -This is so that it can port to VMS using the standard conventions -for translating filenames for VMS. - -This file also now contains the doc strings for variables as -well as functions. - -* Emacs no longer uses floating point arithmetic. - -This may make it easier to port to some machines. - -* Macros `XPNTR' and `XSETPNTR'; flag `DATA_SEG_BITS'. - -These macros exclusively are used to unpack a pointer from a Lisp_Object -and to insert a pointer into a Lisp_Object. Redefining them may help -port Emacs to machines in which all pointers to data objects have -certain high bits set. - -If `DATA_SEG_BITS' is defined, it should be a number which contains -the high bits to be inclusive or'ed with pointers that are unpacked. - -* New flag `HAVE_X_MENU'. - -Define this flag in `config.h' in addition to `HAVE_X_WINDOWS' -to enable use of the Emacs interface to X Menus. On some operating -systems, the rest of the X interface works properly but X Menus -do not work; hence this separate flag. See the file `src/xmenu.c' -for more information. - -* Macros `ARRAY_MARK_FLAG' and `DONT_COPY_FLAG'. - -* `HAVE_ALLOCA' prevents assembly of `alloca.s'. - -* `SYSTEM_MALLOC' prevents use of GNU `malloc.c'. - -SYSTEM_MALLOC, if defined, means use the system's own `malloc' routines -rather than those that come with Emacs. - -Use this only if absolutely necessary, because if it is used you do -not get warnings when space is getting low. - -* New flags to control unexec. - -See the file `unexec.c' for a long comment on the compilation -switches that suffice to make it work on many machines. - -* `PNTR_COMPARISON_TYPE' - -Pointers that need to be compared for ordering are converted to this type -first. Normally this is `unsigned int'. - -* `HAVE_VFORK', `HAVE_DUP2' and `HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY'. - -These flags just say whether certain system calls are available. - -* New macros control compiler switches, linker switches and libraries. - -The m- and s- files can now control in a modular fashion the precise -arguments passed to `cc' and `ld'. - -LIBS_STANDARD defines the standard C libraries. Default is `-lc'. -LIBS_DEBUG defines the extra libraries to use when debugging. Default `-lg'. -LIBS_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra libraries. -LIBS_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra libraries. -LIBS_TERMCAP defines the libraries for Termcap or Terminfo. - It is defined by default in a complicated fashion but the m- or s- file - can override it. - -LD_SWITCH_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra `ld' switches. - The default is `-X' on BSD systems except those few that use COFF object files. -LD_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `ld' switches. - -C_DEBUG_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' when debugging. Default `-g'. -C_OPTIMIZE_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' to optimize. Default `-O'. -C_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `cc' switches. - -For older news, see the file NEWS.2. - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -Copyright information: - -Copyright (C) 1988 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies - of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the - copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved, - thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn. - - Permission is granted to distribute modified versions - of this document, or of portions of it, - under the above conditions, provided also that they - carry prominent notices stating who last changed them. - -Local variables: -mode: text -end:
--- a/etc/NEWS.4 Thu Nov 02 13:36:26 2000 +0000 +++ /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 @@ -1,1691 +0,0 @@ -GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes. 1992. -Copyright (C) 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -See the end for copying conditions. - -For older news, see the file NEWS.3. - -Changes in version 18.58. - -* RMAIL reply now properly parses nested comments in addesses. - -* The "visual bell" feature when used with X windows -now flashes only 1/4 of the window's total area. This is because -flashing the whole window is too slow on some systems. - -* `call-process' and `call-process-region' now return an indication -of the exit status of the subprocess: either a numeric exit code -or a string describing the signal which caused termination. - -* It is possible for regular expression matching to overflow the stack -of failure points. In the past, such overflow was treated as simple -failure to match. Now it causes an error. - -* You can use C-u to end a numeric argument. Thus, type C-u 1 0 0 C-u 1 -to insert 100 1's. - -* Emacs now knows how to get resource values from the X server. - -* Job control commands in shell mode work properly on more systems -because they now work by "typing" signal characters such as C-c. - -* copy-keymap no longer recursively copies keymaps reached through -symbols' function definitions (i.e., those that have names). It does -copy nested keymaps that appear directly in the other copied keymaps. - -Changes in version 18.56. - -* C-g should now work to interrupt a running program -on all kinds of systems even when using X windows. - -* Quitting is inhibited while a filter or sentinel is running. -Those functions can run asynchronously while Emacs is waiting -for keyboard input, and if they allow quitting, they -make the behavior of C-g unpredictable. - -* Storing text into the X windows cut buffer -now clears out any selection. - -* The undo facility is completely rewritten, and now -uses Lisp data structures. It can record much more -information. You can use the variables undo-threshold -and undo-high-threshold to control how much. - -* There is no longer a maximum screen height or width. - -Changes in version 18.52. - -* X windows version 10 is supported under system V. - -* Pop-up menus are now supported with the same Lisp interface in -both version 10 and 11 of X windows. - -* C-x 4 a is a new command to edit a change-log entry in another window. - -* The emacs client program now allows an option +NNN to specify the -line number to go to in the file whose name follows. Thus, - emacsclient foo.c +45 bar.c -will find the files `foo.c' and `bar.c', going to line 45 in `bar.c'. - -* Dired allows empty directories to be deleted like files. - -* When the terminal type is used to find a terminal-specific file to -run, Emacs now tries the entire terminal type first. If that doesn't -yield a file that exists, the last hyphen and what follows it is -stripped. If that doesn't yield a file that exists, the previous -hyphen is stripped, and so on until all hyphens are gone. For -example, if the terminal type is `aaa-48-foo', Emacs will try first -`term/aaa-48-foo.el', then `term/aaa-48.el' and finally `term/aaa.el'. - -Underscores now receive the same treatment as hyphens. - -* Texinfo features: @defun, etc. texinfo-show-structure. -New template commands. texinfo-format-region. - -* The special "local variable" `eval' is now ignored if you are running -as root. - -* New command `c-macro-expand' shows the result of C macro expansion -in the region. It works using the C preprocessor, so its results -are completely accurate. - -* Errors in trying to auto save now flash error messages for a few seconds. - -* Killing a buffer now sends SIGHUP to the buffer's process. - -* New hooks. - -** `spell-region' now allows you to filter the text before spelling-checking. -If the value of `spell-filter' is non-nil, it is called, with no arguments, -looking at a temporary buffer containing a copy of the text to be checked. -It can alter the text freely before the spell program sees it. - -** The variable `lpr-command' now specifies the command to be used when -you use the commands to print text (such as M-x print-buffer). - -** Posting netnews now calls the value of `news-inews-hook' (if not nil) -as a function of no arguments before the actual posting. - -** Rmail now calls the value of `rmail-show-message-hook' (if not nil) -as a function of no arguments, each time a new message is selected. - -** `kill-emacs' calls the value of `kill-emacs-hook' as a function of no args -unless Emacs is running in batch mode. - -* New libraries. -See the source code of each library for more information. - -** icon.el: a major mode for editing programs written in Icon. - -** life.el: a simulator for the cellular automaton "life". Load the -library and run M-x life. - -** doctex.el: a library for converting the Emacs `etc/DOC' file of -documentation strings into TeX input. - -** saveconf.el: a library which records the arrangement of windows and -buffers when you exit Emacs, and automatically recreates the same -setup the next time you start Emacs. - -** uncompress.el: a library that automatically uncompresses files -when you visit them. - -** c-fill.el: a mode for editing filled comments in C. - -** kermit.el: an extended version of shell-mode designed for running kermit. - -** spook.el: a library for adding some "distract the NSA" keywords to every -message you send. - -** hideif.el: a library for hiding parts of a C program based on preprocessor -conditionals. - -** autoinsert.el: a library to put in some initial text when you visit -a nonexistent file. The text used depends on the major mode, and -comes from a directory of files created by you. - -* New programming features. - -** The variable `window-system-version' now contains the version number -of the window system you are using (if appropriate). When using X windows, -its value is either 10 or 11. - -** (interactive "N") uses the prefix argument if any; otherwise, it reads -a number using the minibuffer. - -** VMS: there are two new functions `vms-system-info' and `shrink-to-icon'. -The former allows you to get many kinds of system status information. -See its self-documentation for full details. -The second is used with the window system: it iconifies the Emacs window. - -** VMS: the new function `define-logical-name' allows you to create -job-wide logical names. The old function `define-dcl-symbol' has been -removed. - -Changes in version 18.50. - -* X windows version 11 is supported. - -Define X11 in config.h if you want X version 11 instead of version 10. - -* The command M-x gdb runs the GDB debugger as an inferior. -It asks for the filename of the executable you want to debug. - -GDB runs as an inferior with I/O through an Emacs buffer. All the -facilities of Shell mode are available. In addition, each time your -program stops, and each time you select a new stack frame, the source -code is displayed in another window with an arrow added to the line -where the program is executing. - -Special GDB-mode commands include M-s, M-n, M-i, M-u, M-d, and C-c C-f -which send the GDB commands `step', `next', `stepi', `up', `down' -and `finish'. - -In any source file, the commands C-x SPC tells GDB to set a breakpoint -on the current line. - -* M-x calendar displays a three-month calendar. - -* C-u 0 C-x C-s never makes a backup file. - -This is a way you can explicitly request not to make a backup. - -* `term-setup-hook' is for users only. - -Emacs never uses this variable for internal purposes, so you can freely -set it in your `.emacs' file to make Emacs do something special after -loading any terminal-specific setup file from `lisp/term'. - -* `copy-keymap' now copies recursive submaps. - -* New overlay-arrow feature. - -If you set the variable `overlay-arrow-string' to a string -and `overlay-arrow-position' to a marker, that string is displayed on -the screen at the position of that marker, hiding whatever text would -have appeared there. If that position isn't on the screen, or if -the buffer the marker points into isn't displayed, there is no effect. - -* -batch mode can read from the terminal. - -It now works to use `read-char' to do terminal input in a noninteractive -Emacs run. End of file causes Emacs to exit. - -* Variables `data-bytes-used' and `data-bytes-free' removed. - -These variables cannot really work because the 24-bit range of an -integer in (most ports of) GNU Emacs is not large enough to hold their -values on many systems. - -Changes in version 18.45, since version 18.41. - -* C indentation parameter `c-continued-brace-offset'. - -This parameter's value is added to the indentation of any -line that is in a continuation context and starts with an open-brace. -For example, it applies to the open brace shown here: - - if (x) - { - -The default value is zero. - -* Dabbrev expansion (Meta-/) preserves case. - -When you use Meta-/ to search the buffer for an expansion of an -abbreviation, if the expansion found is all lower case except perhaps -for its first letter, then the case pattern of the abbreviation -is carried over to the expansion that replaces it. - -* TeX-mode syntax. - -\ is no longer given "escape character" syntax in TeX mode. It now -has the syntax of an ordinary punctuation character. As a result, -\[...\] and such like are considered to balance each other. - -* Mail-mode automatic Reply-to field. - -If the variable `mail-default-reply-to' is non-`nil', then each time -you start to compose a message, a Reply-to field is inserted with -its contents taken from the value of `mail-default-reply-to'. - -* Where is your .emacs file? - -If you run Emacs under `su', so your real and effective uids are -different, Emacs uses the home directory associated with the real uid -(the name you actually logged in under) to find the .emacs file. - -Otherwise, Emacs uses the environment variable HOME to find the .emacs -file. - -The .emacs file is not loaded at all if -batch is specified. - -* Prolog mode is the default for ".pl" files. - -* File names are not case-sensitive on VMS. - -On VMS systems, all file names that you specify are converted to upper -case. You can use either upper or lower case indiscriminately. - -* VMS-only function 'define-dcl-symbol'. - -This is a new name for the function formerly called -`define-logical-name'. - -Editing Changes in Emacs 18 - -* Additional systems and machines are supported. - -GNU Emacs now runs on Vax VMS. However, many facilities that are normally -implemented by running subprocesses do not work yet. This includes listing -a directory and sending mail. There are features for running subprocesses -but they are incompatible with those on Unix. I hope that some of -the VMS users can reimplement these features for VMS (compatibly for -the user, if possible). - -VMS wizards are also asked to work on making the subprocess facilities -more upward compatible with those on Unix, and also to rewrite their -internals to use the same Lisp objects that are used on Unix to -represent processes. - -In addition, the TI Nu machine running Unix system V, the AT&T 3b, and -the Wicat, Masscomp, Integrated Solutions, Alliant, Amdahl uts, Mips, -Altos 3068 and Gould Unix systems are now supported. The IBM PC-RT is -supported under 4.2, but not yet under system V. The GEC 93 is close -to working. The port for the Elxsi is partly merged. See the file -MACHINES for full status information and machine-specific installation -advice. - -* Searching is faster. - -Forward search for a text string, or for a regexp that is equivalent -to a text string, is now several times faster. Motion by lines and -counting lines is also faster. - -* Memory usage improvements. - -It is no longer possible to run out of memory during garbage -collection. As a result, running out of memory is never fatal. This -is due to a new garbage collection algorithm which compactifies -strings in place rather than copying them. Another consequence of the -change is a reduction in total memory usage and a slight increase in -garbage collection speed. - -* Display changes. - -** Editing above top of screen. - -When you delete or kill or alter text that reaches to the top of the -screen or above it, so that display would start in the middle of a -line, Emacs will usually attempt to scroll the text so that display -starts at the beginning of a line again. - -** Yanking in the minibuffer. - -The message "Mark Set" is no longer printed when the minibuffer is -active. This is convenient with many commands, including C-y, that -normally print such a message. - -** Cursor appears in last line during y-or-n questions. - -Questions that want a `y' or `n' answer now move the cursor -to the last line, following the question. - -* Library loading changes. - -`load' now considers all possible suffixes (`.elc', `.el' and none) -for each directory in `load-path' before going on to the next directory. -It now accepts an optional fourth argument which, if non-nil, says to -use no suffixes; then the file name must be given in full. The search -of the directories in `load-path' goes on as usual in this case, but -it too can be prevented by passing an absolute file name. - -The value of `load-path' no longer by default includes nil (meaning to -look in the current default directory). The idea is that `load' should -be used to search the path only for libraries to be found in the standard -places. If you want to override system libraries with your own, place -your own libraries in one special directory and add that directory to the -front of `load-path'. - -The function `load' is no longer a command; that is to say, `M-x load' -is no longer allowed. Instead, there are two commands for loading files. -`M-x load-library' is equivalent to the old meaning of `M-x load'. -`M-x load-file' reads a file name with completion and defaulting -and then loads exactly that file, with no searching and no suffixes. - -* Emulation of other editors. - -** `edt-emulation-on' starts emulating DEC's EDT editor. - -Do `edt-emulation-off' to return Emacs to normal. - -** `vi-mode' and `vip-mode' starts emulating vi. - -These are two different vi emulations provided by GNU Emacs users. -We are interested in feedback as to which emulation is preferable. - -See the documentation and source code for these functions -for more information. - -** `set-gosmacs-bindings' emulates Gosling Emacs. - -This command changes many global bindings to resemble those of -Gosling Emacs. The previous bindings are saved and can be restored using -`set-gnu-bindings'. - -* Emulation of a display terminal. - -Within Emacs it is now possible to run programs (such as emacs or -supdup) which expect to do output to a visual display terminal. - -See the function `terminal-emulator' for more information. - -* New support for keypads and function keys. - -There is now a first attempt at terminal-independent support for -keypad and function keys. - -Emacs now defines a standard set of key-names for function and keypad -keys, and provides standard hooks for defining them. Most of the -standard key-names have default definitions built into Emacs; you can -override these in a terminal-independent manner. The default definitions -and the conventions for redefining them are in the file `lisp/keypad.el'. - -These keys on the terminal normally work by sending sequences of -characters starting with ESC. The exact sequences used vary from -terminal to terminal. Emacs interprets them in two stages: -in the first stage, terminal-dependent sequences are mapped into -the standard key-names; then second stage maps the standard key-names -into their definitions in a terminal-independent fashion. - -The terminal-specific file `term/$TERM.el' now is responsible only for -establishing the mapping from the terminal's escape sequences into -standard key-names. It no longer knows what Emacs commands are -assigned to the standard key-names. - -One other change in terminal-specific files: if the value of the TERM -variable contains a hyphen, only the part before the first hyphen is -used in forming the name of the terminal-specific file. Thus, for -terminal type `aaa-48', the file loaded is now `term/aaa.el' rather -than `term/aaa-48.el'. - -* New startup command line options. - -`-i FILE' or `-insert FILE' in the command line to Emacs tells Emacs to -insert the contents of FILE into the current buffer at that point in -command line processing. This is like using the command M-x insert-file. - -`-funcall', `-load', `-user' and `-no-init-file' are new synonyms for -`-f', `-l', `-u' and `-q'. - -`-nw' means don't use a window system. If you are using a terminal -emulator on the X window system and you want to run Emacs to work through -the terminal emulator instead of working directly with the window system, -use this switch. - -* Buffer-sorting commands. - -Various M-x commands whose names start with `sort-' sort parts of -the region: - -sort-lines divides the region into lines and sorts them alphabetically. -sort-pages divides into pages and sorts them alphabetically. -sort-paragraphs divides into paragraphs and sorts them alphabetically. -sort-fields divides into lines and sorts them alphabetically - according to one field in the line. - The numeric argument specifies which field (counting - from field 1 at the beginning of the line). Fields in a line - are separated by whitespace. -sort-numeric-fields - is similar but converts the specified fields to numbers - and sorts them numerically. -sort-columns divides into lines and sorts them according to the contents - of a specified range of columns. - -Refer to the self-documentation of these commands for full usage information. - -* Changes in various commands. - -** `occur' output now serves as a menu. `occur-menu' command deleted. - -`M-x occur' now allows you to move quickly to any of the occurrences -listed. Select the `*Occur*' buffer that contains the output of `occur', -move point to the occurrence you want, and type C-c C-c. -This will move point to the same occurrence in the buffer that the -occurrences were found in. - -The command `occur-menu' is thus obsolete, and has been deleted. - -One way to get a list of matching lines without line numbers is to -copy the text to another buffer and use the command `keep-lines'. - -** Incremental search changes. - -Ordinary and regexp incremental searches now have distinct default -search strings. Thus, regexp searches recall only previous regexp -searches. - -If you exit an incremental search when the search string is empty, -the old default search string is kept. The default does not become -empty. - -Reversing the direction of an incremental search with C-s or C-r -when the search string is empty now does not get the default search -string. It leaves the search string empty. A second C-s or C-r -will get the default search string. As a result, you can do a reverse -incremental regexp search with C-M-s C-r. - -If you add a `*', `?' or `\|' to an incremental search regexp, -point will back up if that is appropriate. For example, if -you have searched for `ab' and add a `*', point moves to the -first match for `ab*', which may be before the match for `ab' -that was previously found. - -If an incremental search is failing and you ask to repeat it, -it will start again from the beginning of the buffer (or the end, -if it is a backward search). - -The search-controlling parameters `isearch-slow-speed' and -`isearch-slow-window-lines' have now been renamed to start with -`search' instead of `isearch'. Now all the parameters' names start -with `search'. - -If `search-slow-window-lines' is negative, the slow search window -is put at the top of the screen, and the absolute value or the -negative number specifies the height of it. - -** Undo changes - -The undo command now will mark the buffer as unmodified only when it is -identical to the contents of the visited file. - -** C-M-v in minibuffer. - -If while in the minibuffer you request help in a way that uses a -window to display something, then until you exit the minibuffer C-M-v -in the minibuffer window scrolls the window of help. - -For example, if you request a list of possible completions, C-M-v can -be used reliably to scroll the completion list. - -** M-TAB command. - -Meta-TAB performs completion on the Emacs Lisp symbol names. The sexp -in the buffer before point is compared against all existing nontrivial -Lisp symbols and completed as far as is uniquely determined by them. -Nontrivial symbols are those with either function definitions, values -or properties. - -If there are multiple possibilities for the very next character, a -list of possible completions is displayed. - -** Dynamic abbreviation package. - -The new command Meta-/ expands an abbreviation in the buffer before point -by searching the buffer for words that start with the abbreviation. - -** Changes in saving kbd macros. - -The commands `write-kbd-macro' and `append-kbd-macro' have been -deleted. The way to save a keyboard macro is to use the new command -`insert-kbd-macro', which inserts Lisp code to define the macro as -it is currently defined into the buffer before point. Visit a Lisp -file such as your Emacs init file `~/.emacs', insert the macro -definition (perhaps deleting an old definition for the same macro) -and then save the file. - -** C-x ' command. - -The new command C-x ' (expand-abbrev) expands the word before point as -an abbrev, even if abbrev-mode is not turned on. - -** Sending to inferior Lisp. - -The command C-M-x in Lisp mode, which sends the current defun to -an inferior Lisp process, now works by writing the text into a temporary -file and actually sending only a `load'-form to load the file. -As a result, it avoids the Unix bugs that used to strike when the -text was above a certain length. - -With a prefix argument, this command now makes the inferior Lisp buffer -appear on the screen and scrolls it so that the bottom is showing. - -Two variables `inferior-lisp-load-command' and `inferior-lisp-prompt', -exist to customize these feature for different Lisp implementations. - -** C-x n p now disabled. - -The command C-x n p, a nonrecomended command which narrows to the current -page, is now initially disabled like C-x n n. - -* Dealing with files. - -** C-x C-v generalized - -This command is now allowed even if the current buffer is not visiting -a file. As usual, it kills the current buffer and replaces it with a -newly found file. - -** M-x recover-file improved; auto save file names changed. - -M-x recover-file now checks whether the last auto-save file is more -recent than the real visited file before offering to read in the -auto-save file. If the auto-save file is newer, a directory listing -containing the two files is displayed while you are asked whether you -want the auto save file. - -Visiting a file also makes this check. If the auto-save file is more recent, -a message is printed suggesting that you consider using M-x recover file. - -Auto save file names now by default have a `#' at the end as well -as at the beginning. This is so that `*.c' in a shell command -will never match auto save files. - -On VMS, auto save file names are made by appending `_$' at the front -and `$' at the end. - -When you change the visited file name of a buffer, the auto save file -is now renamed to belong to the new visited file name. - -You can customize the way auto save file names are made by redefining -the two functions `make-auto-save-file-name' and `auto-save-file-name-p', -both of which are defined in `files.el'. - -** Modifying a buffer whose file is changed on disk is detected instantly. - -On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is -implemented, Emacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer -whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or saved. -If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change the buffer. - -** Exiting Emacs offers to save `*mail*'. - -Emacs can now know about buffers that it should offer to save on exit -even though they are not visiting files. This is done for any buffer -which has a non-nil local value of `buffer-offer-save'. By default, -Mail mode provides such a local value. - -** Backup file changes. - -If a backup file cannot be written in the directory of the visited file -due to fascist file protection, a backup file is now written in your home -directory as `~/%backup%~'. Only one such file is made, ever, so only -the most recently made such backup is available. - -When backup files are made by copying, the last-modification time of the -original file is now preserved in the backup copy. - -** Visiting remote files. - -On an internet host, you can now visit and save files on any other -internet host directly from Emacs with the commands M-x ftp-find-file -and M-x ftp-write-file. Specify an argument of the form HOST:FILENAME. -Since standard internet FTP is used, the other host may be any kind -of machine and is not required to have any special facilities. - -The first time any one remote host is accessed, you will be asked to -give the user name and password for use on that host. FTP is reinvoked -each time you ask to use it, but previously specified user names and -passwords are remembered automatically. - -** Dired `g' command. - -`g' in Dired mode is equivalent to M-x revert-buffer; it causes the -current contents of the same directory to be read in. - -* Changes in major modes. - -** C mode indentation change. - -The binding of Linefeed is no longer changed by C mode. It once again -has its normal meaning, which is to insert a newline and then indent -afterward. - -The old definition did one additional thing: it reindented the line -before the new newline. This has been removed because it made the -command twice as slow. The only time it was really useful was after the -insertion of an `else', since the fact of starting with `else' may change -the way that line is indented. Now you will have to type TAB again -yourself to reindent the `else' properly. - -If the variable `c-tab-always-indent' is set to `nil', the TAB command -in C mode, with no argument, will just insert a tab character if there -is non-whitespace preceding point on the current line. Giving it a -prefix argument will force reindentation of the line (as well as -of the compound statement that begins after point, if any). - -** Fortran mode now exists. - -This mode provides commands for motion and indentation of Fortran code, -plus built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. For details, see the manual -or the on-line documentation of the command `fortran-mode'. - -** Scribe mode now exists. - -This mode does something useful for editing files of Scribe input. -It is used automatically for files with names ending in ".mss". - -** Modula2 and Prolog modes now exist. - -These modes are for editing programs in the languages of the same names. -They can be selected with M-x modula-2-mode and M-x prolog-mode. - -** Telnet mode changes. - -The telnet mode special commands have now been assigned to C-c keys. -Most of them are the same as in Shell mode. - -** Picture mode changes. - -The special picture-mode commands to specify the direction of cursor -motion after insertion have been moved to C-c keys. The commands to -specify diagonal motion were already C-c keys; they are unchanged. -The keys to specify horizontal or vertical motion are now -C-c < (left), C-c > (right), C-c ^ (up) and C-c . (down). - -** Nroff mode comments. - -Comments are now supported in Nroff mode. The standard comment commands -such as M-; and C-x ; know how to insert, align and delete comments -that start with backslash-doublequote. - -** LaTeX mode. - -LaTeX mode now exists. Use M-x latex-mode to select this mode, and -M-x plain-tex-mode to select the previously existing mode for Plain -TeX. M-x tex-mode attempts to examine the contents of the buffer and -choose between latex-mode and plain-tex-mode accordingly; if the -buffer is empty or it cannot tell, the variable `TeX-default-mode' -controls the choice. Its value should be the symbol for the mode to -be used. - -The facilities for running TeX on all or part of the buffer -work with LaTeX as well. - -Some new commands available in both modes: - -C-c C-l recenter the window showing the TeX output buffer - so most recent line of output can be seen. -C-c C-k kill the TeX subprocess. -C-c C-q show the printer queue. -C-c C-f close a block (appropriate for LaTeX only). - If the current line contains a \begin{...}, - this inserts an \end{...} on the following line - and puts point on a blank line between them. - -** Outline mode changes. - -Invisible lines in outline mode are now indicated by `...' at the -end of the previous visible line. - -The special outline heading motion commands are now all on C-c keys. -A few new ones have been added. Here is a full list: - -C-c C-n Move to next visible heading (formerly M-}) -C-c C-p Move to previous visible heading (formerly M-{) -C-c C-f Move to next visible heading at the same level. - Thus, if point is on a level-2 heading line, - this command moves to the next visible level-2 heading. -C-c C-b Move to previous visible heading at the same level. -C-c C-u Move up to previous visible heading at a higher level. - -The variable `outline-regexp' now controls recognition of heading lines. -Any line whose beginning matches this regexp is a heading line. -The depth in outline structure is determined by the length of -the string that matches. - -A line starting with a ^L (formfeed) is now by default considered -a header line. - -* Mail reading and sending. - -** MH-E changes. - -MH-E has been extensively modified and improved since the v17 release. -It contains many new features, including commands to: extracted failed -messages, kill a draft message, undo changes to a mail folder, monitor -delivery of a letter, print multiple messages, page digests backwards, -insert signatures, and burst digests. Also, many commands have been -made to able to deal with named sequences of messages, instead of -single messages. MH-E also has had numerous bugs fixed and commands -made to run faster. Furthermore, its keybindings have been changed to -be compatible with Rmail and the rest of GNU Emacs. - -** Mail mode changes. - -The C-c commands of mail mode have been rearranged: - -C-c s, C-c c, C-c t and C-c b (move point to various header fields) -have been reassigned as C-c C-f C-s, C-c C-f C-c, C-c C-f C-t and C-c -C-f C-b. C-c C-f is for "field". - -C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q. - -Thus, C-c LETTER is always unassigned. - -** Rmail C-r command changed to w. - -The Rmail command to edit the current message is now `w'. This change -has been made because people frequently type C-r while in Rmail hoping -to do a reverse incremental search. That now works. - -* Rnews changes. - -** Caesar rotation added. - -The function news-caesar-buffer-body performs the rot13 code on the -body of a news message. You can also specify the number to rotate by, -as a prefix argument. The function is bound to C-c C-r in both -News mode and News Reply mode. - -** rmail-output command added. - -The C-o command has been bound to rmail-output in news-mode. -This allows one to append an article to a file which is in either Unix -mail or RMAIL format. - -** news-reply-mode changes. - -The C-c commands of news reply mode have been rearranged and changed, -so that C-c LETTER is always unassigned: - -C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q. - -C-c c, C-c t, and C-c b (move to various mail header fields) have been -deleted (they make no sense for posting and replying to USENET). - -C-c s (move to Subject: header field) has been reassigned as C-c C-f -C-s. C-c C-f is for "field". Several additional move to news header -field commands have been added. - -The local news-reply-mode bindings now look like this: - -C-c C-s news-inews (post the message) C-c C-c news-inews -C-c C-f move to a header field (and create it if there isn't): - C-c C-f C-n move to Newsgroups: C-c C-f C-s move to Subj: - C-c C-f C-f move to Followup-To: C-c C-f C-k move to Keywords: - C-c C-f C-d move to Distribution: C-c C-f C-a move to Summary: -C-c C-y news-reply-yank-original (insert current message, in NEWS). -C-c C-q mail-fill-yanked-message (fill what was yanked). -C-c C-r caesar rotate all letters by 13 places in the article's body (rot13). - -* Changes in tags handling. - -** M-. (`find-tag') and similar commands now look first for an exact -match in the tags table, and try substring matches only afterward. - -** The new command `find-tag-regexp' visits successively the tags that -match a specified regular expression. - -** You can now use more than one tags table. Using `visit-tags-table' -to load a new tags table does not discard the other tables previously -loaded. The other tags commands use all the tags tables that are loaded; -the first tags table used is the one that mentions the current visited file. - -** Tags tables can now be told to "include" other tags tables. This means -the tags table gives the file names of other tags tables. Tags command -then search included tags tables after the including table (but before any -other tags tables you have loaded). Included tags tables can make it much -easier and more efficient to maintain a tags table for a large package with -many subdirectories--there is one tags table for each subdirectory, and a -master tags table that includes each subdirectory table. You use `-i' -options to `etags' when creating the tags table to give the file names of -the included tables. - -** You can now use the tags table for completion of names during -ordinary editing. The command M-TAB (except in Emacs Lisp mode) -completes the identifier in the buffer before point, using the set of -all tags as the list of possible completions. - -** `tags-query-replace' and `tags-search' changes. - -These functions no longer permanently create buffers for files that -are searched but that do not contain any matches for the search -pattern. - -* Existing Emacs usable as a server. - -Programs such as mailers that invoke "the editor" as an inferior -to edit some text can now be told to use an existing Emacs process -instead of creating a new editor. - -To do this, you must have an Emacs process running and capable of -doing terminal I/O at the time you want to invoke it. This means that -either you are using a window system and give Emacs a separate window -or you run the other programs as inferiors of Emacs (such as, using -M-x shell). - -First prepare the existing Emacs process by loading the `server' -library and executing M-x server-start. (Your .emacs can do this -automatically.) - -Now tell the other programs to use, as "the editor", the Emacs client -program (etc/emacsclient, located in the same directory as this file). -This can be done by setting the environment variable EDITOR. - -When another program invokes the emacsclient as "the editor", the -client actually transfers the file names to be edited to the existing -Emacs, which automatically visits the files. - -When you are done editing a buffer for a client, do C-x # (server-edit). -This marks that buffer as done, and selects the next buffer that the client -asked for. When all the buffers requested by a client are marked in this -way, Emacs tells the client program to exit, so that the program that -invoked "the editor" will resume execution. - -You can only have one server Emacs at a time, but multiple client programs -can put in requests at the same time. - -The client/server work only on Berkeley Unix, since they use the Berkeley -sockets mechanism for their communication. - -Changes in Lisp programming in Emacs version 18. - -* Init file changes. - -** Suffixes no longer accepted on `.emacs'. - -Emacs will no longer load a file named `.emacs.el' or `emacs.elc' -in place of `.emacs'. This is so that it will take less time to -find `.emacs'. If you want to compile your init file, give it another -name and make `.emacs' a link to the `.elc' file, or make it contain -a call to `load' to load the `.elc' file. - -** `default-profile' renamed to `default', and loaded after `.emacs'. - -It used to be the case that the file `default-profile' was loaded if -and only if `.emacs' was not found. - -Now the name `default-profile' is not used at all. Instead, a library -named `default' is loaded after the `.emacs' file. `default' is loaded -whether the `.emacs' file exists or not. However, loading of `default' -can be prevented if the `.emacs' file sets `inhibit-default-init' to non-nil. - -In fact, you would call the default file `default.el' and probably would -byte-compile it to speed execution. - -Note that for most purposes you are better off using a `site-init' library -since that will be loaded before the runnable Emacs is dumped. By using -a `site-init' library, you avoid taking up time each time Emacs is started. - -** inhibit-command-line has been eliminated. - -This variable used to exist for .emacs files to set. It has been -eliminated because you can get the same effect by setting -command-line-args to nil and setting inhibit-startup-message to t. - -* `apply' is more general. - -`apply' now accepts any number of arguments. The first one is a function; -the rest are individual arguments to pass to that function, except for the -last, which is a list of arguments to pass. - -Previously, `apply' required exactly two arguments. Its old behavior -follows as a special case of the new definition. - -* New code-letter for `interactive'. - -(interactive "NFoo: ") is like (interactive "nFoo: ") in reading -a number using the minibuffer to serve as the argument; however, -if a prefix argument was specified, it uses the prefix argument -value as the argument, and does not use the minibuffer at all. - -This is used by the `goto-line' and `goto-char' commands. - -* Semantics of variables. - -** Built-in per-buffer variables improved. - -Several built-in variables which in the past had a different value in -each buffer now behave exactly as if `make-variable-buffer-local' had -been done to them. - -These variables are `tab-width', `ctl-arrow', `truncate-lines', -`fill-column', `left-margin', `mode-line-format', `abbrev-mode', -`overwrite-mode', `case-fold-search', `auto-fill-hook', -`selective-display', `selective-display-ellipses'. - -To be precise, each variable has a default value which shows through -in most buffers and can be accessed with `default-value' and set with -`set-default'. Setting the variable with `setq' makes the variable -local to the current buffer. Changing the default value has retroactive -effect on all buffers in which the variable is not local. - -The variables `default-case-fold-search', etc., are now obsolete. -They now refer to the default value of the variable, which is not -quite the same behavior as before, but it should enable old init files -to continue to work. - -** New per-buffer variables. - -The variables `fill-prefix', `comment-column' and `indent-tabs-mode' -are now per-buffer. They work just like `fill-column', etc. - -** New function `setq-default'. - -`setq-default' sets the default value of a variable, and uses the -same syntax that `setq' accepts: the variable name is not evaluated -and need not be quoted. - -`(setq-default case-fold-search nil)' would make searches case-sensitive -in all buffers that do not have local values for `case-fold-search'. - -You can set multiple variables sequentially, each with its own value, -in `setq-default' just as in `setq'. - -** Functions `global-set' and `global-value' deleted. - -These functions were never used except by mistake by users expecting -the functionality of `set-default' and `default-value'. - -* Changes in defaulting of major modes. - -When `default-major-mode' is `nil', new buffers are supposed to -get their major mode from the buffer that is current. However, -certain major modes (such as Dired mode, Rmail mode, Rmail Summary mode, -and others) are not reasonable to use in this way. - -Now such modes' names have been given non-`nil' `mode-class' properties. -If the current buffer's mode has such a property, Fundamental mode is -used as the default for newly created buffers. - -* `where-is-internal' requires additional arguments. - -This function now accepts three arguments, two of them required: -DEFINITION, the definition to search for; LOCAL-KEYMAP, the keymap -to use as the local map when doing the searching, and FIRST-ONLY, -which is nonzero to return only the first key found. - -This function returns a list of keys (strings) whose definitions -(in the LOCAL-KEYMAP or the current global map) are DEFINITION. - -If FIRST-ONLY is non-nil, it returns a single key (string). - -This function has changed incompatibly in that now two arguments -are required when previously only one argument was allowed. To get -the old behavior of this function, write `(current-local-map)' as -the expression for the second argument. - -The incompatibility is sad, but `nil' is a legitimate value for the -second argument (it means there is no local keymap), so it cannot also -serve as a default meaning to use the current local keymap. - -* Abbrevs with hooks. - -When an abbrev defined with a hook is expanded, it now performs the -usual replacement of the abbrev with the expansion before running the -hook. Previously the abbrev itself was deleted but the expansion was -not inserted. - -* Function `scan-buffer' deleted. - -Use `search-forward' or `search-backward' in place of `scan-buffer'. -You will have to rearrange the arguments. - -* X window interface improvements. - -** Detect release of mouse buttons. - -Button-up events can now be detected. See the file `lisp/x-mouse.el' -for details. - -** New pop-up menu facility. - -The new function `x-popup-menu' pops up a menu (in a X window) -and returns an indication of which selection the user made. -For more information, see its self-documentation. - -* M-x disassemble. - -This command prints the disassembly of a byte-compiled Emacs Lisp function. - -Would anyone like to interface this to the debugger? - -* `insert-buffer-substring' can insert part of the current buffer. - -The old restriction that the text being inserted had to come from -a different buffer is now lifted. - -When inserting text from the current buffer, the text to be inserted -is determined from the specified bounds before any copying takes place. - -* New function `substitute-key-definition'. - -This is a new way to replace one command with another command as the -binding of whatever keys may happen to refer to it. - -(substitute-key-definition OLDDEF NEWDEF KEYMAP) looks through KEYMAP -for keys defined to run OLDDEF, and rebinds those keys to run NEWDEF -instead. - -* New function `insert-char'. - -Insert a specified character, a specified number of times. - -* `mark-marker' changed. - -When there is no mark, this now returns a marker that points -nowhere, rather than `nil'. - -* `ding' accepts argument. - -When given an argument, the function `ding' does not terminate -execution of a keyboard macro. Normally, `ding' does terminate -all macros that are currently executing. - -* New function `minibuffer-depth'. - -This function returns the current depth in minibuffer activations. -The value is zero when the minibuffer is not in use. -Values greater than one are possible if the user has entered the -minibuffer recursively. - -* New function `documentation-property'. - -(documentation-property SYMBOL PROPNAME) is like (get SYMBOL PROPNAME), -except that if the property value is a number `documentation-property' -will take that number (or its absolute value) as a character position -in the DOC file and return the string found there. - -(documentation-property VAR 'variable-documentation) is the proper -way for a Lisp program to get the documentation of variable VAR. - -* New documentation-string expansion feature. - -If a documentation string (for a variable or function) contains text -of the form `\<FOO>', it means that all command names specified in -`\[COMMAND]' construct from that point on should be turned into keys -using the value of the variable FOO as the local keymap. Thus, for example, - - `\<emacs-lisp-mode-map>\[eval-defun] evaluates the defun containing point.' - -will expand into - - "ESC C-x evaluates the defun containing point." - -regardless of the current major mode, because ESC C-x is defined to -run `eval-defun' in the keymap `emacs-lisp-mode-map'. The effect is -to show the key for `eval-defun' in Emacs Lisp mode regardless of the -current major mode. - -The `\<...>' construct applies to all `\[...]' constructs that follow it, -up to the end of the documentation string or the next `\<...>'. - -Without `\<...>', the keys for commands specified in `\[...]' are found -in the current buffer's local map. - -The current global keymap is always searched second, whether `\<...>' -has been used or not. - -* Multiple hooks allowed in certain contexts. - -The old hook variables `find-file-hook', `find-file-not-found-hook' and -`write-file-hook' have been replaced. - -The replacements are `find-file-hooks', `find-file-not-found-hooks' -and `write-file-hooks'. Each holds a list of functions to be called; -by default, `nil', for no functions. The functions are called in -order of appearance in the list. - -In the case of `find-file-hooks', all the functions are executed. - -In the case of `find-file-not-found-hooks', if any of the functions -returns non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called. - -In the case of `write-file-hooks', if any of the functions returns -non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called, and the file is -considered to have been written already; so actual writing in the -usual way is not done. If `write-file-hooks' is local to a buffer, -it is set to its global value if `set-visited-file-name' is called -(and thus by C-x C-w as well). - -`find-file-not-found-hooks' and `write-file-hooks' can be used -together to implement editing of files that are not stored as Unix -files: stored in archives, or inside version control systems, or on -other machines running other operating systems and accessible via ftp. - -* New hooks for suspending Emacs. - -Suspending Emacs runs the hook `suspend-hook' before suspending -and the hook `suspend-resume-hook' if the suspended Emacs is resumed. -Running a hook is done by applying the variable's value to no arguments -if the variable has a non-`nil' value. If `suspend-hook' returns -non-`nil', then suspending is inhibited and so is running the -`suspend-resume-hook'. The non-`nil' value means that the `suspend-hook' -has done whatever suspending is required. - -* Disabling commands can print a special message. - -A command is disabled by giving it a non-`nil' `disabled' property. -Now, if this property is a string, it is included in the message -printed when the user tries to run the command. - -* Emacs can open TCP connections. - -The function `open-network-stream' opens a TCP connection to -a specified host and service. Its value is a Lisp object that represents -the connection. The object is a kind of "subprocess", and I/O are -done like I/O to subprocesses. - -* Display-related changes. - -** New mode-line control features. - -The display of the mode line used to be controlled by a format-string -that was the value of the variable `mode-line-format'. - -This variable still exists, but it now allows more general values, -not just strings. Lists, cons cells and symbols are also meaningful. - -The mode line contents are created by outputting various mode elements -one after the other. Here are the kinds of objects that can be -used as mode elements, and what they do in the display: - - string the contents of the string are output to the mode line, - and %-constructs are replaced by other text. - - t or nil ignored; no output results. - - symbol the symbol's value is used. If the value is a string, - the string is output verbatim to the mode line - (so %-constructs are not interpreted). Otherwise, - the symbol's value is processed as a mode element. - - list (whose first element is a string or list or cons cell) - the elements of the list are treated as as mode elements, - so that the output they generate is concatenated, - - list (whose car is a symbol) - if the symbol's value is non-nil, the second element of the - list is treated as a mode element. Otherwise, the third - element (if any) of the list is treated as a mode element. - - cons (whose car is a positive integer) - the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but - the text it produces is padded, if necessary, to have - at least the width specified by the integer. - - cons (whose car is a negative integer) - the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but - the text it produces is truncated, if necessary, to have - at most the width specified by the integer. - -There is always one mode element to start with, that being the value of -`mode-line-format', but if this value is a list then it leads to several -more mode elements, which can lead to more, and so on. - -There is one new %-construct for mode elements that are strings: -`%n' displays ` Narrow' for a buffer that is narrowed. - -The default value of `mode-line-format' refers to several other variables. -These variables are `mode-name', `mode-line-buffer-identification', -`mode-line-process', `mode-line-modified', `global-mode-string' and -`minor-mode-alist'. The first four are local in every buffer in which they -are changed from the default. - -mode-name Name of buffer's major mode. Local in every buffer. - -mode-line-buffer-identification - Normally the list ("Emacs: %17b"), it is responsible - for displaying text to indicate what buffer is being shown - and what kind of editing it is doing. `Emacs' means - that a file of characters is being edited. Major modes - such as Info and Dired which edit or view other kinds - of data often change this value. This variables becomes - local to the current buffer if it is setq'd. - -mode-line-process - Normally nil, this variable is responsible for displaying - information about the process running in the current buffer. - M-x shell-mode and M-x compile alter this variable. - -mode-line-modified - This variable is responsible for displaying the indication - of whether the current buffer is modified or read-only. - By default its value is `("--%*%*-")'. - -minor-mode-alist - This variable is responsible for displaying text for those - minor modes that are currently enabled. Its value - is a list of elements of the form (VARIABLE STRING), - where STRING is to be displayed if VARIABLE's value - (in the buffer whose mode line is being displayed) - is non-nil. This variable is not made local to particular - buffers, but loading some libraries may add elements to it. - -global-mode-string - This variable is used to display the time, if you ask - for that. - -The idea of these variables is to eliminate the need for major modes -to alter mode-line-format itself. - -** `window-point' valid for selected window. - -The value returned by `window-point' used to be incorrect when its -argument was the selected window. Now the value is correct. - -** Window configurations may be saved as Lisp objects. - -The function `current-window-configuration' returns a special type of -Lisp object that represents the current layout of windows: the -sizes and positions of windows, which buffers appear in them, and -which parts of the buffers appear on the screen. - -The function `set-window-configuration' takes one argument, which must -be a window configuration object, and restores that configuration. - -** New hook `temp-output-buffer-show-hook'. - -This hook allows you to control how help buffers are displayed. -Whenever `with-output-to-temp-buffer' has executed its body and wants -to display the temp buffer, if this variable is bound and non-`nil' -then its value is called with one argument, the temp buffer. -The hook function is solely responsible for displaying the buffer. -The standard manner of display--making the buffer appear in a window--is -used only if there is no hook function. - -** New function `minibuffer-window'. - -This function returns the window used (sometimes) for displaying -the minibuffer. It can be used even when the minibuffer is not active. - -** New feature to `next-window'. - -If the optional second argument is neither `nil' nor `t', the minibuffer -window is omitted from consideration even when active; if the starting -window was the last non-minibuffer window, the value will be the first -non-minibuffer window. - -** New variable `minibuffer-scroll-window'. - -When this variable is non-`nil', the command `scroll-other-window' -uses it as the window to be scrolled. Displays of completion-lists -set this variable to the window containing the display. - -** New argument to `sit-for'. - -A non-nil second argument to `sit-for' means do not redisplay; -just wait for the specified time or until input is available. - -** Deleted function `set-minor-mode'; minor modes must be changed. - -The function `set-minor-mode' has been eliminated. The display -of minor mode names in the mode line is now controlled by the -variable `minor-mode-alist'. To specify display of a new minor -mode, it is sufficient to add an element to this list. Once that -is done, you can turn the mode on and off just by setting a variable, -and the display will show its status automatically. - -** New variable `cursor-in-echo-area'. - -If this variable is non-nil, the screen cursor appears on the -last line of the screen, at the end of the text displayed there. - -Binding this variable to t is useful at times when reading single -characters of input with `read-char'. - -** New per-buffer variable `selective-display-ellipses'. - -If this variable is non-nil, an ellipsis (`...') appears on the screen -at the end of each text line that is followed by invisible text. - -If this variable is nil, no ellipses appear. Then there is no sign -on the screen that invisible text is present. - -Text is made invisible under the control of the variable -`selective-display'; this is how Outline mode and C-x $ work. - -** New variable `no-redraw-on-reenter'. - -If you set this variable non-nil, Emacs will not clear the screen when -you resume it after suspending it. This is for the sake of terminals -with multiple screens of memory, where the termcap entry has been set -up to switch between screens when Emacs is suspended and resumed. - -** New argument to `set-screen-height' or `set-screen-width'. - -These functions now take an optional second argument which says -what significance the newly specified height or width has. - -If the argument is nil, or absent, it means that Emacs should -believe that the terminal height or width really is as just specified. - -If the argument is t, it means Emacs should not believe that the -terminal really is this high or wide, but it should use the -specific height or width as the number of lines or columns to display. -Thus, you could display only 24 lines on a screen known to have 48 lines. - -What practical difference is there between using only 24 lines for display -and really believing that the terminal has 24 lines? - -1. The "real" height of the terminal says what the terminal command -to move the cursor to the last line will do. - -2. The "real" height of the terminal determines how much padding is -needed. - -* File-related changes. - -** New parameter `backup-by-copying-when-mismatch'. - -If this variable is non-`nil', then when Emacs is about to save a -file, it will create the backup file by copying if that would avoid -changing the file's uid or gid. - -The default value of this variable is `nil', because usually it is -useful to have the uid of a file change according to who edited it -last. I recommend thet this variable be left normally `nil' and -changed with a local variables list in those particular files where -the uid needs to be preserved. - -** New parameter `file-precious-flag'. - -If this variable is non-`nil', saving the buffer tries to avoid -leaving an incomplete file due to disk full or other I/O errors. -It renames the old file before saving. If saving is successful, -the renamed file is deleted; if saving gets an error, the renamed -file is renamed back to the name you visited. - -Backups are always made by copying for such files. - -** New variable `buffer-offer-save'. - -If the value of this variable is non-`nil' in a buffer then exiting -Emacs will offer to save the buffer (if it is modified and nonempty) -even if the buffer is not visiting a file. This variable is -automatically made local to the current buffer whenever it is set. - -** `rename-file', `copy-file', `add-name-to-file' and `make-symbolic-link'. - -The third argument to these functions used to be `t' or `nil'; `t' -meaning go ahead even if the specified new file name already has a file, -and `nil' meaning to get an error. - -Now if the third argument is a number it means to ask the user for -confirmation in this case. - -** New optional argument to `copy-file'. - -If `copy-file' receives a non-nil fourth argument, it attempts -to give the new copy the same time-of-last-modification that the -original file has. - -** New function `file-newer-than-file-p'. - -(file-newer-than-file-p FILE1 FILE2) returns non-nil if FILE1 has been -modified more recently than FILE2. If FILE1 does not exist, the value -is always nil; otherwise, if FILE2 does not exist, the value is t. -This is meant for use when FILE2 depends on FILE1, to see if changes -in FILE1 make it necessary to recompute FILE2 from it. - -** Changed function `file-exists-p'. - -This function is no longer the same as `file-readable-p'. -`file-exists-p' can now return t for a file that exists but which -the fascists won't allow you to read. - -** New function `file-locked-p'. - -This function receives a file name as argument and returns `nil' -if the file is not locked, `t' if locked by this Emacs, or a -string giving the name of the user who has locked it. - -** New function `file-name-sans-versions'. - -(file-name-sans-versions NAME) returns a substring of NAME, with any -version numbers or other backup suffixes deleted from the end. - -** New functions for directory names. - -Although a directory is really a kind of file, specifying a directory -uses a somewhat different syntax from specifying a file. -In Emacs, a directory name is used as part of a file name. - -On Unix, the difference is small: a directory name ends in a slash, -while a file name does not: thus, `/usr/rms/' to name a directory, -while `/usr/rms' names the file which holds that directory. - -On VMS, the difference is considerable: `du:[rms.foo]' specifies a -directory, but the name of the file that holds that directory is -`du:[rms]foo.dir'. - -There are two new functions for converting between directory names -and file names. `directory-file-name' takes a directory name and -returns the name of the file in which that directory's data is stored. -`file-name-as-directory' takes the name of a file and returns -the corresponding directory name. These always understand Unix file name -syntax; on VMS, they understand VMS syntax as well. - -For example, (file-name-as-directory "/usr/rms") returns "/usr/rms/" -and (directory-file-name "/usr/rms/") returns "/usr/rms". -On VMS, (file-name-as-directory "du:[rms]foo.dir") returns "du:[rms.foo]" -and (directory-file-name "du:[rms.foo]") returns "du:[rms]foo.dir". - -** Value of `file-attributes' changed. - -The function file-attributes returns a list containing many kinds of -information about a file. Now the list has eleven elements. - -The tenth element is `t' if deleting the file and creating another -file of the same name would result in a change in the file's group; -`nil' if there would be no change. You can also think of this as -comparing the file's group with the default group for files created in -the same directory by you. - -The eleventh element is the inode number of the file. - -** VMS-only function `file-name-all-versions'. - -This function returns a list of all the completions, including version -number, of a specified version-number-less file name. This is like -`file-name-all-completions', except that the latter returns values -that do not include version numbers. - -** VMS-only variable `vms-stmlf-recfm'. - -On a VMS system, if this variable is non-nil, Emacs will give newly -created files the record format `stmlf'. This is necessary for files -that must contain lines of arbitrary length, such as compiled Emacs -Lisp. - -When writing a new version of an existing file, Emacs always keeps -the same record format as the previous version; so this variable has -no effect. - -This variable has no effect on Unix systems. - -** `insert-file-contents' on an empty file. - -This no longer sets the buffer's "modified" flag. - -** New function (VMS only) `define-logical-name': - -(define-logical-name LOGICAL TRANSLATION) defines a VMS logical name -LOGICAL whose translation is TRANSLATION. The new name applies to -the current process only. - -** Deleted variable `ask-about-buffer-names'. - -If you want buffer names for files to be generated in a special way, -you must redefine `create-file-buffer'. - -* Subprocess-related changes. - -** New function `process-list'. - -This function takes no arguments and returns a list of all -of Emacs's asynchronous subprocesses. - -** New function `process-exit-status'. - -This function, given a process, process name or buffer as argument, -returns the exit status code or signal number of the process. -If the process has not yet exited or died, this function returns 0. - -** Process output ignores `buffer-read-only'. - -Output from a process will go into the process's buffer even if the -buffer is read only. - -** Switching buffers in filter functions and sentinels. - -Emacs no longer saves and restore the current buffer around calling -the filter and sentinel functions, so these functions can now -permanently alter the selected buffer in a straightforward manner. - -** Specifying environment variables for subprocesses. - -When a subprocess is started with `start-process' or `call-process', -the value of the variable `process-environment' is taken to -specify the environment variables to give the subprocess. The -value should be a list of strings, each of the form "VAR=VALUE". - -`process-environment' is initialized when Emacs starts up -based on Emacs's environment. - -** New variable `process-connection-type'. - -If this variable is `nil', when a subprocess is created, Emacs uses -a pipe rather than a pty to communicate with it. Normally this -variable is `t', telling Emacs to use a pty if ptys are supported -and one is available. - -** New function `waiting-for-user-input-p'. - -This function, given a subprocess as argument, returns `t' if that -subprocess appears to be waiting for input sent from Emacs, -or `nil' otherwise. - -** New hook `shell-set-directory-error-hook'. - -The value of this variable is called, with no arguments, whenever -Shell mode gets an error trying to keep track of directory-setting -commands (such as `cd' and `pushd') used in the shell buffer. - -* New functions `user-uid' and `user-real-uid'. - -These functions take no arguments and return, respectively, -the effective uid and the real uid of the Emacs process. -The value in each case is an integer. - -* New variable `print-escape-newlines' controls string printing. - -If this variable is non-`nil', then when a Lisp string is printed -by the Lisp printing function `prin1' or `print', newline characters -are printed as `\n' rather than as a literal newline. - -* New function `sysnetunam' on HPUX. - -This function takes two arguments, a network address PATH and a -login string LOGIN, and executes the system call `netunam'. -It returns `t' if the call succeeds, otherwise `nil'. - -News regarding installation: - -* Many `s-...' file names changed. - -Many `s-...' files have been renamed. All periods in such names, -except the ones just before the final `h', have been changed to -hyphens. Thus, `s-bsd4.2.h' has been renamed to `s-bsd4-2.h'. - -This is so a Unix distribution can be moved mechanically to VMS. - -* `DOCSTR...' file now called `DOC-...'. - -The file of on-line documentation strings, that used to be -`DOCSTR.mm.nn.oo' in this directory, is now called `DOC-mm.nn.oo'. -This is so that it can port to VMS using the standard conventions -for translating filenames for VMS. - -This file also now contains the doc strings for variables as -well as functions. - -* Emacs no longer uses floating point arithmetic. - -This may make it easier to port to some machines. - -* Macros `XPNTR' and `XSETPNTR'; flag `DATA_SEG_BITS'. - -These macros exclusively are used to unpack a pointer from a Lisp_Object -and to insert a pointer into a Lisp_Object. Redefining them may help -port Emacs to machines in which all pointers to data objects have -certain high bits set. - -If `DATA_SEG_BITS' is defined, it should be a number which contains -the high bits to be inclusive or'ed with pointers that are unpacked. - -* New flag `HAVE_X_MENU'. - -Define this flag in `config.h' in addition to `HAVE_X_WINDOWS' -to enable use of the Emacs interface to X Menus. On some operating -systems, the rest of the X interface works properly but X Menus -do not work; hence this separate flag. See the file `src/xmenu.c' -for more information. - -* Macros `ARRAY_MARK_FLAG' and `DONT_COPY_FLAG'. - -* `HAVE_ALLOCA' prevents assembly of `alloca.s'. - -* `SYSTEM_MALLOC' prevents use of GNU `malloc.c'. - -SYSTEM_MALLOC, if defined, means use the system's own `malloc' routines -rather than those that come with Emacs. - -Use this only if absolutely necessary, because if it is used you do -not get warnings when space is getting low. - -* New flags to control unexec. - -See the file `unexec.c' for a long comment on the compilation -switches that suffice to make it work on many machines. - -* `PNTR_COMPARISON_TYPE' - -Pointers that need to be compared for ordering are converted to this type -first. Normally this is `unsigned int'. - -* `HAVE_VFORK', `HAVE_DUP2' and `HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY'. - -These flags just say whether certain system calls are available. - -* New macros control compiler switches, linker switches and libraries. - -The m- and s- files can now control in a modular fashion the precise -arguments passed to `cc' and `ld'. - -LIBS_STANDARD defines the standard C libraries. Default is `-lc'. -LIBS_DEBUG defines the extra libraries to use when debugging. Default `-lg'. -LIBS_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra libraries. -LIBS_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra libraries. -LIBS_TERMCAP defines the libraries for Termcap or Terminfo. - It is defined by default in a complicated fashion but the m- or s- file - can override it. - -LD_SWITCH_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra `ld' switches. - The default is `-X' on BSD systems except those few that use COFF object files. -LD_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `ld' switches. - -C_DEBUG_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' when debugging. Default `-g'. -C_OPTIMIZE_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' to optimize. Default `-O'. -C_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `cc' switches. - -For older news, see the file NEWS.3. - ----------------------------------------------------------------------- -Copyright information: - -Copyright (C) 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc. - - Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies - of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the - copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved, - thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn. - - Permission is granted to distribute modified versions - of this document, or of portions of it, - under the above conditions, provided also that they - carry prominent notices stating who last changed them. - -Local variables: -mode: text -end:
--- a/etc/ONEWS Thu Nov 02 13:36:26 2000 +0000 +++ b/etc/ONEWS Thu Nov 02 13:36:58 2000 +0000 @@ -254,7 +254,7 @@ *** RCS customization. There is a new variable vc-consult-headers. If it is t (the default), -VC searches for RCS headers in working files (like `$Id: ONEWS,v 1.1 1999/10/03 11:59:45 fx Exp $') and +VC searches for RCS headers in working files (like `$Id: ONEWS,v 1.2 2000/08/17 15:19:41 gerd Exp $') and determines the state of the file from them, not from the master file. This is fast and more reliable when you use branches. (The variable was already present in Emacs 19.29, but didn't get mentioned in the @@ -5685,7 +5685,7 @@ architecture-specific or easy-to-recreate files are not included in the tar file. -* For older news, see the file NEWS.4. For Lisp changes in (the first +* For older news, see the file ONEWS.4. For Lisp changes in (the first * release of) Emacs 19, see the file LNEWS. ----------------------------------------------------------------------
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/etc/ONEWS.1 Thu Nov 02 13:36:58 2000 +0000 @@ -0,0 +1,1165 @@ +Old GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes thru version 15. +Copyright (C) 1985 Richard M. Stallman. +See the end for copying conditions. + +Changes in Emacs 15 + +* Emacs now runs on Sun and Megatest 68000 systems; + also on at least one 16000 system running 4.2. + +* Emacs now alters the output-start and output-stop characters + to prevent C-s and C-q from being considered as flow control + by cretinous rlogin software in 4.2. + +* It is now possible convert Mocklisp code (for Gosling Emacs) to Lisp code + that can run in GNU Emacs. M-x convert-mocklisp-buffer + converts the contents of the current buffer from Mocklisp to + GNU Emacs Lisp. You should then save the converted buffer with C-x C-w + under a name ending in ".el" + + There are probably some Mocklisp constructs that are not handled. + If you encounter one, feel free to report the failure as a bug. + The construct will be handled in a future Emacs release, if that is not + not too hard to do. + + Note that lisp code converted from Mocklisp code will not necessarily + run as fast as code specifically written for GNU Emacs, nor will it use + the many features of GNU Emacs which are not present in Gosling's emacs. + (In particular, the byte-compiler (m-x byte-compile-file) knows little + about compilation of code directly converted from mocklisp.) + It is envisaged that old mocklisp code will be incrementally converted + to GNU lisp code, with M-x convert-mocklisp-buffer being the first + step in this process. + +* Control-x n (narrow-to-region) is now by default a disabled command. + + This means that, if you issue this command, it will ask whether + you really mean it. You have the opportunity to enable the + command permanently at that time, so you will not be asked again. + This will place the form "(put 'narrow-to-region 'disabled nil)" in your + .emacs file. + +* Tags now prompts for the tag table file name to use. + + All the tags commands ask for the tag table file name + if you have not yet specified one. + + Also, the command M-x visit-tag-table can now be used to + specify the tag table file name initially, or to switch + to a new tag table. + +* If truncate-partial-width-windows is non-nil (as it intially is), + all windows less than the full screen width (that is, + made by side-by-side splitting) truncate lines rather than continuing + them. + +* Emacs now checks for Lisp stack overflow to avoid fatal errors. + The depth in eval, apply and funcall may not exceed max-lisp-eval-depth. + The depth in variable bindings and unwind-protects may not exceed + max-specpdl-size. If either limit is exceeded, an error occurs. + You can set the limits to larger values if you wish, but if you make them + too large, you are vulnerable to a fatal error if you invoke + Lisp code that does infinite recursion. + +* New hooks find-file-hook and write-file-hook. + Both of these variables if non-nil should be functions of no arguments. + At the time they are called (current-buffer) will be the buffer being + read or written respectively. + + find-file-hook is called whenever a file is read into its own buffer, + such as by calling find-file, revert-buffer, etc. It is not called by + functions such as insert-file which do not read the file into a buffer of + its own. + find-file-hook is called after the file has been read in and its + local variables (if any) have been processed. + + write-file-hook is called just before writing out a file from a buffer. + +* The initial value of shell-prompt-pattern is now "^[^#$%>]*[#$%>] *" + +* If the .emacs file sets inhibit-startup-message to non-nil, + the messages normally printed by Emacs at startup time + are inhibited. + +* Facility for run-time conditionalization on the basis of emacs features. + + The new variable features is a list of symbols which represent "features" + of the executing emacs, for use in run-time conditionalization. + + The function featurep of one argument may be used to test for the + presence of a feature. It is just the same as + (not (null (memq FEATURE features))) where FEATURE is its argument. + For example, (if (featurep 'magic-window-hack) + (transmogrify-window 'vertical) + (split-window-vertically)) + + The function provide of one argument "announces" that FEATURE is present. + It is much the same as (if (not (featurep FEATURE)) + (setq features (cons FEATURE features))) + + The function require with arguments FEATURE and FILE-NAME loads FILE-NAME + (which should contain the form (provide FEATURE)) unless FEATURE is present. + It is much the same as (if (not (featurep FEATURE)) + (progn (load FILE-NAME) + (if (not featurep FEATURE) (error ...)))) + FILE-NAME is optional and defaults to FEATURE. + +* New function load-average. + + This returns a list of three integers, which are + the current 1 minute, 5 minute and 15 minute load averages, + each multiplied by a hundred (since normally they are floating + point numbers). + +* Per-terminal libraries loaded automatically. + + Emacs when starting up on terminal type T automatically loads + a library named term-T. T is the value of the TERM environment variable. + Thus, on terminal type vt100, Emacs would do (load "term-vt100" t t). + Such libraries are good places to set the character translation table. + + It is a bad idea to redefine lots of commands in a per-terminal library, + since this affects all users. Instead, define a command to do the + redefinitions and let the user's init file, which is loaded later, + call that command or not, as the user prefers. + +* Programmer's note: detecting killed buffers. + + Buffers are eliminated by explicitly killing them, using + the function kill-buffer. This does not eliminate or affect + the pointers to the buffer which may exist in list structure. + If you have a pointer to a buffer and wish to tell whether + the buffer has been killed, use the function buffer-name. + It returns nil on a killed buffer, and a string on a live buffer. + +* New ways to access the last command input character. + + The function last-key-struck, which used to return the last + input character that was read by command input, is eliminated. + Instead, you can find this information as the value of the + variable last-command-char. (This variable used to be called + last-key). + + Another new variable, last-input-char, holds the last character + read from the command input stream regardless of what it was + read for. last-input-char and last-command-char are different + only inside a command that has called read-char to read input. + +* The new switch -kill causes Emacs to exit after processing the + preceding command line arguments. Thus, + emacs -l lib data -e do-it -kill + means to load lib, find file data, call do-it on no arguments, + and then exit. + +* The config.h file has been modularized. + + Options that depend on the machine you are running on are defined + in a file whose name starts with "m-", such as m-vax.h. + Options that depend on the operating system software version you are + running on are defined in a file whose name starts with "s-", + such as s-bsd4.2.h. + + config.h includes one m- file and one s- file. It also defines a + few other options whose values do not follow from the machine type + and system type being used. Installers normally will have to + select the correct m- and s- files but will never have to change their + contents. + +* Termcap AL and DL strings are understood. + + If the termcap entry defines AL and DL strings, for insertion + and deletion of multiple lines in one blow, Emacs now uses them. + This matters most on certain bit map display terminals for which + scrolling is comparatively slow. + +* Bias against scrolling screen far on fast terminals. + + Emacs now prefers to redraw a few lines rather than + shift them a long distance on the screen, when the terminal is fast. + +* New major mode, mim-mode. + + This major mode is for editing MDL code. Perhaps a MDL + user can explain why it is not called mdl-mode. + You must load the library mim-mode explicitly to use this. + +* GNU documentation formatter `texinfo'. + + The `texinfo' library defines a format for documentation + files which can be passed through Tex to make a printed manual + or passed through texinfo to make an Info file. Texinfo is + documented fully by its own Info file; compare this file + with its source, texinfo.texinfo, for additional guidance. + + All documentation files for GNU utilities should be written + in texinfo input format. + + Tex processing of texinfo files requires the Botex macro package. + This is not ready for distribution yet, but will appear at + a later time. + +* New function read-from-string (emacs 15.29) + + read-from-string takes three arguments: a string to read from, + and optionally start and end indices which delimit a substring + from which to read. (They default to 0 and the length of the string, + respectively.) + + This function returns a cons cell whose car is the object produced + by reading from the string and whose cdr is a number giving the + index in the string of the first character not read. That index may + be passed as the second argument to a later call to read-from-string + to read the next form represented by the string. + + In addition, the function read now accepts a string as its argument. + In this case, it calls read-from-string on the whole string, and + returns the car of the result. (ie the actual object read.) + +Changes in Emacs 14 + +* Completion now prints various messages such as [Sole Completion] + or [Next Character Not Unique] to describe the results obtained. + These messages appear after the text in the minibuffer, and remain + on the screen until a few seconds go by or you type a key. + +* The buffer-read-only flag is implemented. + Setting or binding this per-buffer variable to a non-nil value + makes illegal any operation which would modify the textual content of + the buffer. (Such operations signal a buffer-read-only error) + The read-only state of a buffer may be altered using toggle-read-only + (C-x C-q) + The buffers used by Rmail, Dired, Rnews, and Info are now read-only + by default to prevent accidental damage to the information in those + buffers. + +* Functions car-safe and cdr-safe. + These functions are like car and cdr when the argument is a cons. + Given an argument not a cons, car-safe always returns nil, with + no error; the same for cdr-safe. + +* The new function user-real-login-name returns the name corresponding + to the real uid of the Emacs process. This is usually the same + as what user-login-name returns; however, when Emacs is invoked + from su, user-real-login-name returns "root" but user-login-name + returns the name of the user who invoked su. + +Changes in Emacs 13 + +* There is a new version numbering scheme. + + What used to be the first version number, which was 1, + has been discarded since it does not seem that I need three + levels of version number. + + However, a new third version number has been added to represent + changes by user sites. This number will always be zero in + Emacs when I distribute it; it will be incremented each time + Emacs is built at another site. + +* There is now a reader syntax for Meta characters: + \M-CHAR means CHAR or'ed with the Meta bit. For example: + + ?\M-x is (+ ?x 128) + ?\M-\n is (+ ?\n 128) + ?\M-\^f is (+ ?\^f 128) + + This syntax can be used in strings too. Note, however, that + Meta characters are not meaningful in key sequences being passed + to define-key or lookup-key; you must use ESC characters (\e) + in them instead. + + ?\C- can be used likewise for control characters. (13.9) + +* Installation change + The string "../lisp" now adds to the front of the load-path + used for searching for Lisp files during Emacs initialization. + It used to replace the path specified in paths.h entirely. + Now the directory ../lisp is searched first and the directoris + specified in paths.h are searched afterward. + +Changes in Emacs 1.12 + +* There is a new installation procedure. + See the file INSTALL that comes in the top level + directory in the tar file or tape. + +* The Meta key is now supported on terminals that have it. + This is a shift key which causes the high bit to be turned on + in all input characters typed while it is held down. + + read-char now returns a value in the range 128-255 if + a Meta character is typed. When interpreted as command + input, a Meta character is equivalent to a two character + sequence, the meta prefix character followed by the un-metized + character (Meta-G unmetized is G). + + The meta prefix character + is specified by the value of the variable meta-prefix-char. + If this character (normally Escape) has been redefined locally + with a non-prefix definition (such as happens in completing + minibuffers) then the local redefinition is suppressed when + the character is not the last one in a key sequence. + So the local redefinition is effective if you type the character + explicitly, but not effective if the character comes from + the use of the Meta key. + +* `-' is no longer a completion command in the minibuffer. + It is an ordinary self-inserting character. + +* The list load-path of directories load to search for Lisp files + is now controlled by the EMACSLOADPATH environment variable +[[ Note this was originally EMACS-LOAD-PATH and has been changed + again; sh does not deal properly with hyphens in env variable names]] + rather than the EPATH environment variable. This is to avoid + conflicts with other Emacses. + + While Emacs is being built initially, the load-path + is now just ("../lisp"), ignoring paths.h. It does not + ignore EMACSLOADPATH, however; you should avoid having + this variable set while building Emacs. + +* You can now specify a translation table for keyboard + input characters, as a way of exchanging or substituting + keys on the keyboard. + + If the value of keyboard-translate-table is a string, + every character received from the keyboard is used as an + index in that string, and the character at that index in + the string is used as input instead of what was actually + typed. If the actual input character is >= the length of + the string, it is used unchanged. + + One way this feature can be used is to fix bad keyboard + designes. For example, on some terminals, Delete is + Shift-Underscore. Since Delete is a more useful character + than Underscore, it is an improvement to make the unshifted + character Delete and the shifted one Underscore. This can + be done with + + ;; First make a translate table that does the identity translation. + (setq keyboard-translate-table (make-string 128 0)) + (let ((i 0)) + (while (< i 128) + (aset keyboard-translate-table i i) + (setq i (1+ i)))) + + ;; Now alter translations of some characters. + (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\_ ?\^?) + (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\^? ?\_) + + If your terminal has a Meta key and can therefore send + codes up to 255, Meta characters are translated through + elements 128 through 255 of the translate table, and therefore + are translated independently of the corresponding non-Meta + characters. You must therefore establish translations + independently for the Meta characters if you want them too: + + ;; First make a translate table that does the identity translation. + (setq keyboard-translate-table (make-string 256 0)) + (let ((i 0)) + (while (< i 256) + (aset keyboard-translate-table i i) + (setq i (1+ i)))) + + ;; Now alter translations of some characters. + (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\_ ?\^?) + (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\^? ?\_) + + ;; Now alter translations of some Meta characters. + (aset keyboard-translate-table (+ 128 ?\_) (+ 128 ?\^?)) + (aset keyboard-translate-table (+ 128 ?\^?) (+ 128 ?\_)) + +* (process-kill-without-query PROCESS) + +This marks the process so that, when you kill Emacs, +you will not on its account be queried about active subprocesses. + +Changes in Emacs 1.11 + +* The commands C-c and C-z have been interchanged, + for greater compatibility with normal Unix usage. + C-z now runs suspend-emacs and C-c runs exit-recursive-edit. + +* The value returned by file-name-directory now ends + with a slash. (file-name-directory "foo/bar") => "foo/". + This avoids confusing results when dealing with files + in the root directory. + + The value of the per-buffer variable default-directory + is also supposed to have a final slash now. + +* There are now variables to control the switches passed to + `ls' by the C-x C-d command (list-directory). + list-directory-brief-switches is a string, initially "-CF", + used for brief listings, and list-directory-verbose-switches + is a string, initially "-l", used for verbose ones. + +* For Ann Arbor Ambassador terminals, the termcap "ti" string + is now used to initialize the screen geometry on entry to Emacs, + and the "te" string is used to set it back on exit. + If the termcap entry does not define the "ti" or "te" string, + Emacs does what it used to do. + +Changes in Emacs 1.10 + +* GNU Emacs has been made almost 1/3 smaller. + It now dumps out as only 530kbytes on Vax 4.2bsd. + +* The term "checkpoint" has been replaced by "auto save" + throughout the function names, variable names and documentation + of GNU Emacs. + +* The function load now tries appending ".elc" and ".el" + to the specified filename BEFORE it tries the filename + without change. + +* rmail now makes the mode line display the total number + of messages and the current message number. + The "f" command now means forward a message to another user. + The command to search through all messages for a string is now "F". + The "u" command now means to move back to the previous + message and undelete it. To undelete the selected message, use Meta-u. + +* The hyphen character is now equivalent to a Space while + in completing minibuffers. Both mean to complete an additional word. + +* The Lisp function error now takes args like format + which are used to construct the error message. + +* Redisplay will refuse to start its display at the end of the buffer. + It will pick a new place to display from, rather than use that. + +* The value returned by garbage-collect has been changed. + Its first element is no longer a number but a cons, + whose car is the number of cons cells now in use, + and whose cdr is the number of cons cells that have been + made but are now free. + The second element is similar but describes symbols rather than cons cells. + The third element is similar but describes markers. + +* The variable buffer-name has been eliminated. + The function buffer-name still exists. This is to prevent + user programs from changing buffer names without going + through the rename-buffer function. + +Changes in Emacs 1.9 + +* When a fill prefix is in effect, paragraphs are started + or separated by lines that do not start with the fill prefix. + Also, a line which consists of the fill prefix followed by + white space separates paragraphs. + +* C-x C-v runs the new function find-alternate-file. + It finds the specified file, switches to that buffer, + and kills the previous current buffer. (It requires + confirmation if that buffer had changes.) This is + most useful after you find the wrong file due to a typo. + +* Exiting the minibuffer moves the cursor to column 0, + to show you that it has really been exited. + +* Meta-g (fill-region) now fills each paragraph in the + region individually. To fill the region as if it were + a single paragraph (for when the paragraph-delimiting mechanism + does the wrong thing), use fill-region-as-paragraph. + +* Tab in text mode now runs the function tab-to-tab-stop. + A new mode called indented-text-mode is like text-mode + except that in it Tab runs the function indent-relative, + which indents the line under the previous line. + If auto fill is enabled while in indented-text-mode, + the new lines that it makes are indented. + +* Functions kill-rectangle and yank-rectangle. + kill-rectangle deletes the rectangle specified by dot and mark + (or by two arguments) and saves it in the variable killed-rectangle. + yank-rectangle inserts the rectangle in that variable. + + Tab characters in a rectangle being saved are replaced + by spaces in such a way that their appearance will + not be changed if the rectangle is later reinserted + at a different column position. + +* `+' in a regular expression now means + to repeat the previous expression one or more times. + `?' means to repeat it zero or one time. + They are in all regards like `*' except for the + number of repetitions they match. + + \< in a regular expression now matches the null string + when it is at the beginning of a word; \> matches + the null string at the end of a word. + +* C-x p narrows the buffer so that only the current page + is visible. + +* C-x ) with argument repeats the kbd macro just + defined that many times, counting the definition + as one repetition. + +* C-x ( with argument begins defining a kbd macro + starting with the last one defined. It executes that + previous kbd macro initially, just as if you began + by typing it over again. + +* C-x q command queries the user during kbd macro execution. + With prefix argument, enters recursive edit, + reading keyboard commands even within a kbd macro. + You can give different commands each time the macro executes. + Without prefix argument, reads a character. Your options are: + Space -- execute the rest of the macro. + Delete -- skip the rest of the macro; start next repetition. + C-d -- skip rest of the macro and don't repeat it any more. + C-r -- enter a recursive edit, then on exit ask again for a character + C-l -- redisplay screen and ask again." + +* write-kbd-macro and append-kbd-macro are used to save + a kbd macro definition in a file (as Lisp code to + redefine the macro when the file is loaded). + These commands differ in that write-kbd-macro + discards the previous contents of the file. + If given a prefix argument, both commands + record the keys which invoke the macro as well as the + macro's definition. + +* The variable global-minor-modes is used to display + strings in the mode line of all buffers. It should be + a list of elements thaht are conses whose cdrs are strings + to be displayed. This complements the variable + minor-modes, which has the same effect but has a separate + value in each buffer. + +* C-x = describes horizontal scrolling in effect, if any. + +* Return now auto-fills the line it is ending, in auto fill mode. + Space with zero as argument auto-fills the line before it + just like Space without an argument. + +Changes in Emacs 1.8 + +This release mostly fixes bugs. There are a few new features: + +* apropos now sorts the symbols before displaying them. + Also, it returns a list of the symbols found. + + apropos now accepts a second arg PRED which should be a function + of one argument; if PRED is non-nil, each symbol is tested + with PRED and only symbols for which PRED returns non-nil + appear in the output or the returned list. + + If the third argument to apropos is non-nil, apropos does not + display anything; it merely returns the list of symbols found. + + C-h a now runs the new function command-apropos rather than + apropos, and shows only symbols with definitions as commands. + +* M-x shell sends the command + if (-f ~/.emacs_NAME)source ~/.emacs_NAME + invisibly to the shell when it starts. Here NAME + is replaced by the name of shell used, + as it came from your ESHELL or SHELL environment variable + but with directory name, if any, removed. + +* M-, now runs the command tags-loop-continue, which is used + to resume a terminated tags-search or tags-query-replace. + +Changes in Emacs 1.7 + +It's Beat CCA Week. + +* The initial buffer is now called "*scratch*" instead of "scratch", + so that all buffer names used automatically by Emacs now have *'s. + +* Undo information is now stored separately for each buffer. + The Undo command (C-x u) always applies to the current + buffer only. + + C-_ is now a synonym for C-x u. + + (buffer-flush-undo BUFFER) causes undo information not to + be kept for BUFFER, and frees the space that would have + been used to hold it. In any case, no undo information is + kept for buffers whose names start with spaces. (These + buffers also do not appear in the C-x C-b display.) + +* Rectangle operations are now implemented. + C-x r stores the rectangle described by dot and mark + into a register; it reads the register name from the keyboard. + C-x g, the command to insert the contents of a register, + can be used to reinsert the rectangle elsewhere. + + Other rectangle commands include + open-rectangle: + insert a blank rectangle in the position and size + described by dot and mark, at its corners; + the existing text is pushed to the right. + clear-rectangle: + replace the rectangle described by dot ane mark + with blanks. The previous text is deleted. + delete-rectangle: + delete the text of the specified rectangle, + moving the text beyond it on each line leftward. + +* Side-by-side windows are allowed. Use C-x 5 to split the + current window into two windows side by side. + C-x } makes the selected window ARG columns wider at the + expense of the windows at its sides. C-x { makes the selected + window ARG columns narrower. An argument to C-x 5 specifies + how many columns to give to the leftmost of the two windows made. + + C-x 2 now accepts a numeric argument to specify the number of + lines to give to the uppermost of the two windows it makes. + +* Horizontal scrolling of the lines in a window is now implemented. + C-x < (scroll-left) scrolls all displayed lines left, + with the numeric argument (default 1) saying how far to scroll. + When the window is scrolled left, some amount of the beginning + of each nonempty line is replaced by an "$". + C-x > scrolls right. If a window has no text hidden at the left + margin, it cannot be scrolled any farther right than that. + When nonzero leftwards scrolling is in effect in a window. + lines are automatically truncated at the window's right margin + regardless of the value of the variable truncate-lines in the + buffer being displayed. + +* C-x C-d now uses the default output format of `ls', + which gives just file names in multiple columns. + C-u C-x C-d passes the -l switch to `ls'. + +* C-t at the end of a line now exchanges the two preceding characters. + + All the transpose commands now interpret zero as an argument + to mean to transpose the textual unit after or around dot + with the one after or around the mark. + +* M-! executes a shell command in an inferior shell + and displays the output from it. With a prefix argument, + it inserts the output in the current buffer after dot + and sets the mark after the output. The shell command + gets /dev/null as its standard input. + + M-| is like M-! but passes the contents of the region + as input to the shell command. A prefix argument makes + the output from the command replace the contents of the region. + +* The mode line will now say "Def" after the major mode + while a keyboard macro is being defined. + +* The variable fill-prefix is now used by Meta-q. + Meta-q removes the fill prefix from lines that start with it + before filling, and inserts the fill prefix on each line + after filling. + + The command C-x . sets the fill prefix equal to the text + on the current line before dot. + +* The new command Meta-j (indent-new-comment-line), + is like Linefeed (indent-new-line) except when dot is inside a comment; + in that case, Meta-j inserts a comment starter on the new line, + indented under the comment starter above. It also inserts + a comment terminator at the end of the line above, + if the language being edited calls for one. + +* Rmail should work correctly now, and has some C-h m documentation. + +Changes in Emacs 1.6 + +* save-buffers-kill-emacs is now on C-x C-c + while C-x C-z does suspend-emacs. This is to make + C-x C-c like the normal Unix meaning of C-c + and C-x C-z linke the normal Unix meaning of C-z. + +* M-ESC (eval-expression) is now a disabled command by default. + This prevents users who type ESC ESC accidentally from + getting confusing results. Put + (put 'eval-expression 'disabled nil) + in your ~/.emacs file to enable the command. + +* Self-inserting text is grouped into bunches for undoing. + Each C-x u command undoes up to 20 consecutive self-inserting + characters. + +* Help f now uses as a default the function being called + in the innermost Lisp expression that dot is in. + This makes it more convenient to use while writing + Lisp code to run in Emacs. + (If the text around dot does not appear to be a call + to a Lisp function, there is no default.) + + Likewise, Help v uses the symbol around or before dot + as a default, if that is a variable name. + +* Commands that read filenames now insert the default + directory in the minibuffer, to become part of your input. + This allows you to see what the default is. + You may type a filename which goes at the end of the + default directory, or you may edit the default directory + as you like to create the input you want to give. + You may also type an absolute pathname (starting with /) + or refer to a home directory (input starting with ~) + after the default; the presence of // or /~ causes + everything up through the slash that precedes your + type-in to be ignored. + + Returning the default directory without change, + including the terminating slash, requests the use + of the default file name (usually the visited file's name). + + Set the variable insert-default-directory to nil + to turn off this feature. + +* M-x shell now uses the environment variable ESHELL, + if it exists, as the file name of the shell to run. + If there is no ESHELL variable, the SHELL variable is used. + This is because some shells do not work properly as inferiors + of Emacs (or anything like Emacs). + +* A new variable minor-modes now exists, with a separate value + in each buffer. Its value should be an alist of elements + (MODE-FUNCTION-SYMBOL . PRETTY-NAME-STRING), one for each + minor mode that is turned on in the buffer. The pretty + name strings are displayed in the mode line after the name of the + major mode (with spaces between them). The mode function + symbols should be symbols whose function definitions will + turn on the minor mode if given 1 as an argument; they are present + so that Help m can find their documentation strings. + +* The format of tag table files has been changed. + The new format enables Emacs to find tags much faster. + + A new program, etags, exists to make the kind of + tag table that Emacs wants. etags is invoked just + like ctags; in fact, if you give it any switches, + it does exactly what ctags would do. Give it the + empty switch ("-") to make it act like ctags with no switches. + + etags names the tag table file "TAGS" rather than "tags", + so that these tag tables and the standard Unix ones + can coexist. + + The tags library can no longer use standard ctags-style + tag tables files. + +* The file of Lisp code Emacs reads on startup is now + called ~/.emacs rather than ~/.emacs_pro. + +* copy-file now gives the copied file the same mode bits + as the original file. + +* Output from a process inserted into the process's buffer + no longer sets the buffer's mark. Instead it sets a + marker associated with the process to point to the end + of the inserted text. You can access this marker with + (process-mark PROCESS) + and then either examine its position with marker-position + or set its position with set-marker. + +* completing-read takes a new optional fifth argument which, + if non-nil, should be a string of text to insert into + the minibuffer before reading user commands. + +* The Lisp function elt now exists: + (elt ARRAY N) is like (aref ARRAY N), + (elt LIST N) is like (nth N LIST). + +* rplaca is now a synonym for setcar, and rplacd for setcdr. + eql is now a synonym for eq; it turns out that the Common Lisp + distinction between eq and eql is insignificant in Emacs. + numberp is a new synonym for integerp. + +* auto-save has been renamed to auto-save-mode. + +* Auto save file names for buffers are now created by the + function make-auto-save-file-name. This is so you can + redefine that function to change the way auto save file names + are chosen. + +* expand-file-name no longer discards a final slash. + (expand-file-name "foo" "/lose") => "/lose/foo" + (expand-file-name "foo/" "/lose") => "/lose/foo/" + + Also, expand-file-name no longer substitutes $ constructs. + A new function substitute-in-file-name does this. Reading + a file name with read-file-name or the `f' or`F' option + of interactive calling uses substitute-in-file-name + on the file name that was read and returns the result. + + All I/O primitives including insert-file-contents and + delete-file call expand-file-name on the file name supplied. + This change makes them considerably faster in the usual case. + +* Interactive calling spec strings allow the new code letter 'D' + which means to read a directory name. It is like 'f' except + that the default if the user makes no change in the minibuffer + is to return the current default directory rather than the + current visited file name. + +Changes in Emacs 1.5 + +* suspend-emacs now accepts an optional argument + which is a string to be stuffed as terminal input + to be read by Emacs's superior shell after Emacs exits. + + A library called ledit exists which uses this feature + to transmit text to a Lisp job running as a sibling of + Emacs. + +* If find-file is given the name of a directory, + it automatically invokes dired on that directory + rather than reading in the binary data that make up + the actual contents of the directory according to Unix. + +* Saving an Emacs buffer now preserves the file modes + of any previously existing file with the same name. + This works using new Lisp functions file-modes and + set-file-modes, which can be used to read or set the mode + bits of any file. + +* The Lisp function cond now exists, with its traditional meaning. + +* defvar and defconst now permit the documentation string + to be omitted. defvar also permits the initial value + to be omitted; then it acts only as a comment. + +Changes in Emacs 1.4 + +* Auto-filling now normally indents the new line it creates + by calling indent-according-to-mode. This function, meanwhile, + has in Fundamental and Text modes the effect of making the line + have an indentation of the value of left-margin, a per-buffer variable. + + Tab no longer precisely does indent-according-to-mode; + it does that in all modes that supply their own indentation routine, + but in Fundamental, Text and allied modes it inserts a tab character. + +* The command M-x grep now invokes grep (on arguments + supplied by the user) and reads the output from grep + asynchronously into a buffer. The command C-x ` can + be used to move to the lines that grep has found. + This is an adaptation of the mechanism used for + running compilations and finding the loci of error messages. + + You can now use C-x ` even while grep or compilation + is proceeding; as more matches or error messages arrive, + C-x ` will parse them and be able to find them. + +* M-x mail now provides a command to send the message + and "exit"--that is, return to the previously selected + buffer. It is C-z C-z. + +* Tab in C mode now tries harder to adapt to all indentation styles. + If the line being indented is a statement that is not the first + one in the containing compound-statement, it is aligned under + the beginning of the first statement. + +* The functions screen-width and screen-height return the + total width and height of the screen as it is now being used. + set-screen-width and set-screen-height tell Emacs how big + to assume the screen is; they each take one argument, + an integer. + +* The Lisp function 'function' now exists. function is the + same as quote, except that it serves as a signal to the + Lisp compiler that the argument should be compiled as + a function. Example: + (mapcar (function (lambda (x) (+ x 5))) list) + +* The function set-key has been renamed to global-set-key. + undefine-key and local-undefine-key has been renamed to + global-unset-key and local-unset-key. + +* Emacs now collects input from asynchronous subprocesses + while waiting in the functions sleep-for and sit-for. + +* Shell mode's Newline command attempts to distinguish subshell + prompts from user input when issued in the middle of the buffer. + It no longer reexecutes from dot to the end of the line; + it reeexecutes the entire line minus any prompt. + The prompt is recognized by searching for the value of + shell-prompt-pattern, starting from the beginning of the line. + Anything thus skipped is not reexecuted. + +Changes in Emacs 1.3 + +* An undo facility exists now. Type C-x u to undo a batch of + changes (usually one command's changes, but some commands + such as query-replace divide their changes into multiple + batches. You can repeat C-x u to undo further. As long + as no commands other than C-x u intervene, each one undoes + another batch. A numeric argument to C-x u acts as a repeat + count. + + If you keep on undoing, eventually you may be told that + you have used up all the recorded undo information. + Some actions, such as reading in files, discard all + undo information. + + The undo information is not currently stored separately + for each buffer, so it is mainly good if you do something + totally spastic. [This has since been fixed.] + +* A learn-by-doing tutorial introduction to Emacs now exists. + Type C-h t to enter it. + +* An Info documentation browser exists. Do M-x info to enter it. + It contains a tutorial introduction so that no more documentation + is needed here. As of now, the only documentation in it + is that of Info itself. + +* Help k and Help c are now different. Help c prints just the + name of the function which the specified key invokes. Help k + prints the documentation of the function as well. + +* A document of the differences between GNU Emacs and Twenex Emacs + now exists. It is called DIFF, in the same directory as this file. + +* C mode can now indent comments better, including multi-line ones. + Meta-Control-q now reindents comment lines within the expression + being aligned. + +* Insertion of a close-parenthesis now shows the matching open-parenthesis + even if it is off screen, by printing the text following it on its line + in the minibuffer. + +* A file can now contain a list of local variable values + to be in effect when the file is edited. See the file DIFF + in the same directory as this file for full details. + +* A function nth is defined. It means the same thing as in Common Lisp. + +* The function install-command has been renamed to set-key. + It now takes the key sequence as the first argument + and the definition for it as the second argument. + Likewise, local-install-command has been renamed to local-set-key. + +Changes in Emacs 1.2 + +* A Lisp single-stepping and debugging facility exists. + To cause the debugger to be entered when an error + occurs, set the variable debug-on-error non-nil. + + To cause the debugger to be entered whenever function foo + is called, do (debug-on-entry 'foo). To cancel this, + do (cancel-debug-on-entry 'foo). debug-on-entry does + not work for primitives (written in C), only functions + written in Lisp. Most standard Emacs commands are in Lisp. + + When the debugger is entered, the selected window shows + a buffer called " *Backtrace" which displays a series + of stack frames, most recently entered first. For each + frame, the function name called is shown, usually followed + by the argument values unless arguments are still being + calculated. At the beginning of the buffer is a description + of why the debugger was entered: function entry, function exit, + error, or simply that the user called the function `debug'. + + To exit the debugger and return to top level, type `q'. + + In the debugger, you can evaluate Lisp expressions by + typing `e'. This is equivalent to `M-ESC'. + + When the debugger is entered due to an error, that is + all you can do. When it is entered due to function entry + (such as, requested by debug-on-entry), you have two + options: + Continue execution and reenter debugger after the + completion of the function being entered. Type `c'. + Continue execution but enter the debugger before + the next subexpression. Type `d'. + + You will see that some stack frames are marked with *. + This means the debugger will be entered when those + frames exit. You will see the value being returned + in the first line of the backtrace buffer. Your options: + Continue execution, and return that value. Type `c'. + Continue execution, and return a specified value. Type `r'. + + You can mark a frame to enter the debugger on exit + with the `b' command, or clear such a mark with `u'. + +* Lisp macros now exist. + For example, you can write + (defmacro cadr (arg) (list 'car (list 'cdr arg))) + and then the expression + (cadr foo) + will expand into + (car (cdr foo)) + +Changes in Emacs 1.1 + +* The initial buffer is now called "scratch" and is in a + new major mode, Lisp Interaction mode. This mode is + intended for typing Lisp expressions, evaluating them, + and having the values printed into the buffer. + + Type Linefeed after a Lisp expression, to evaluate the + expression and have its value printed into the buffer, + advancing dot. + + The other commands of Lisp mode are available. + +* The C-x C-e command for evaluating the Lisp expression + before dot has been changed to print the value in the + minibuffer line rather than insert it in the buffer. + A numeric argument causes the printed value to appear + in the buffer instead. + +* In Lisp mode, the command M-C-x evaluates the defun + containing or following dot. The value is printed in + the minibuffer. + +* The value of a Lisp expression evaluated using M-ESC + is now printed in the minibuffer. + +* M-q now runs fill-paragraph, independent of major mode. + +* C-h m now prints documentation on the current buffer's + major mode. What it prints is the documentation of the + major mode name as a function. All major modes have been + equipped with documentation that describes all commands + peculiar to the major mode, for this purpose. + +* You can display a Unix manual entry with + the M-x manual-entry command. + +* You can run a shell, displaying its output in a buffer, + with the M-x shell command. The Return key sends input + to the subshell. Output is printed inserted automatically + in the buffer. Commands C-c, C-d, C-u, C-w and C-z are redefined + for controlling the subshell and its subjobs. + "cd", "pushd" and "popd" commands are recognized as you + enter them, so that the default directory of the Emacs buffer + always remains the same as that of the subshell. + +* C-x $ (that's a real dollar sign) controls line-hiding based + on indentation. With a numeric arg N > 0, it causes all lines + indented by N or more columns to become invisible. + They are, effectively, tacked onto the preceding line, where + they are represented by " ..." on the screen. + (The end of the preceding visible line corresponds to a + screen cursor position before the "...". Anywhere in the + invisible lines that follow appears on the screen as a cursor + position after the "...".) + Currently, all editing commands treat invisible lines just + like visible ones, except for C-n and C-p, which have special + code to count visible lines only. + C-x $ with no argument turns off this mode, which in any case + is remembered separately for each buffer. + +* Outline mode is another form of selective display. + It is a major mode invoked with M-x outline-mode. + It is intended for editing files that are structured as + outlines, with heading lines (lines that begin with one + or more asterisks) and text lines (all other lines). + The number of asterisks in a heading line are its level; + the subheadings of a heading line are all following heading + lines at higher levels, until but not including the next + heading line at the same or a lower level, regardless + of intervening text lines. + + In outline mode, you have commands to hide (remove from display) + or show the text or subheadings under each heading line + independently. Hidden text or subheadings are invisibly + attached to the end of the preceding heading line, so that + if you kill the hading line and yank it back elsewhere + all the invisible lines accompany it. + + All editing commands treat hidden outline-mode lines + as part of the preceding visible line. + +* C-x C-z runs save-buffers-kill-emacs + offers to save each file buffer, then exits. + +* C-c's function is now called suspend-emacs. + +* The command C-x m runs mail, which switches to a buffer *mail* + and lets you compose a message to send. C-x 4 m runs mail in + another window. Type C-z C-s in the mail buffer to send the + message according to what you have entered in the buffer. + + You must separate the headers from the message text with + an empty line. + +* You can now dired partial directories (specified with names + containing *'s, etc, all processed by the shell). Also, you + can dired more than one directory; dired names the buffer + according to the filespec or directory name. Reinvoking + dired on a directory already direded just switches back to + the same directory used last time; do M-x revert if you want + to read in the current contents of the directory. + + C-x d runs dired, and C-x 4 d runs dired in another window. + + C-x C-d (list-directory) also allows partial directories now. + +Lisp programming changes + +* t as an output stream now means "print to the minibuffer". + If there is already text in the minibuffer printed via t + as an output stream, the new text is appended to the old + (or is truncated and lost at the margin). If the minibuffer + contains text put there for some other reason, it is cleared + first. + + t is now the top-level value of standard-output. + + t as an input stream now means "read via the minibuffer". + The minibuffer is used to read a line of input, with editing, + and this line is then parsed. Any excess not used by `read' + is ignored; each `read' from t reads fresh input. + t is now the top-level value of standard-input. + +* A marker may be used as an input stream or an output stream. + The effect is to grab input from where the marker points, + advancing it over the characters read, or to insert output + at the marker and advance it. + +* Output from an asynchronous subprocess is now inserted at + the end of the associated buffer, not at the buffer's dot, + and the buffer's mark is set to the end of the inserted output + each time output is inserted. + +* (pos-visible-in-window-p POS WINDOW) + returns t if position POS in WINDOW's buffer is in the range + that is being displayed in WINDOW; nil if it is scrolled + vertically out of visibility. + + If display in WINDOW is not currently up to date, this function + calculates carefully whether POS would appear if display were + done immediately based on the current (window-start WINDOW). + + POS defaults to (dot), and WINDOW to (selected-window). + +* Variable buffer-alist replaced by function (buffer-list). + The actual alist of buffers used internally by Emacs is now + no longer accessible, to prevent the user from crashing Emacs + by modifying it. The function buffer-list returns a list + of all existing buffers. Modifying this list cannot hurt anything + as a new list is constructed by each call to buffer-list. + +* load now takes an optional third argument NOMSG which, if non-nil, + prevents load from printing a message when it starts and when + it is done. + +* byte-recompile-directory is a new function which finds all + the .elc files in a directory, and regenerates each one which + is older than the corresponding .el (Lisp source) file. + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Copyright information: + +Copyright (C) 1985 Richard M. Stallman + + Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies + of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the + copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved, + thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn. + + Permission is granted to distribute modified versions + of this document, or of portions of it, + under the above conditions, provided also that they + carry prominent notices stating who last changed them. + +Local variables: +mode: text +end:
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/etc/ONEWS.2 Thu Nov 02 13:36:58 2000 +0000 @@ -0,0 +1,1348 @@ +GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes. 26-Mar-1986 +Copyright (C) 1986 Richard M. Stallman. +See the end for copying conditions. + +For older news, see the file NEWS.1. + +Changes in Emacs 17 + +* Frustrated? + +Try M-x doctor. + +* Bored? + +Try M-x hanoi. + +* Brain-damaged? + +Try M-x yow. + +* Sun3, Tahoe, Apollo, HP9000s300, Celerity, NCR Tower 32, + Sequent, Stride, Encore, Plexus and AT&T 7300 machines supported. + +The Tahoe, Sun3, Sequent and Celerity use 4.2. In regard to the +Apollo, see the file APOLLO in this directory. NCR Tower32, +HP9000s300, Stride and Nu run forms of System V. System V rel 2 also +works on Vaxes now. See etc/MACHINES. + +* System V Unix supported, including subprocesses. + +It should be possible now to bring up Emacs on a machine running +mere unameliorated system V Unix with no major work; just possible bug +fixes. But you can expect to find a handful of those on any machine +that Emacs has not been run on before. + +* Berkeley 4.1 Unix supported. + +See etc/MACHINES. + +* Portable `alloca' provided. + +Emacs can now run on machines that do not and cannot support the library +subroutine `alloca' in the canonical fashion, using an `alloca' emulation +written in C. + +* On-line manual. + +Info now contains an Emacs manual, with essentially the same text +as in the printed manual. + +The manual can now be printed with a standard TeX. + +Nicely typeset and printed copies of the manual are available +from the Free Software Foundation. + +* Backup file version numbers. + +Emacs now supports version numbers in backup files. + +The first time you save a particular file in one editing session, +the old file is copied or renamed to serve as a backup file. +In the past, the name for the backup file was made by appending `~' +to the end of the original file name. + +Now the backup file name can instead be made by appending ".~NN~" to +the original file name, where NN stands for a numeric version. Each +time this is done, the new version number is one higher than the +highest previously used. + +Thus, the active, current file does not have a version number. +Only the backups have them. + +This feature is controlled by the variable `version-control'. If it +is `nil', as normally, then numbered backups are made only for files +that already have numbered backups. Backup names with just `~' are +used for files that have no numbered backups. + +If `version-control' is `never', then the backup file's name is +made with just `~' in any case. + +If `version-control' is not `nil' or `never', numbered backups are +made unconditionally. + +To prevent unlimited consumption of disk space, Emacs can delete +old backup versions automatically. Generally Emacs keeps the first +few backups and the latest few backups, deleting any in between. +This happens every time a new backup is made. The two variables that +control the deletion are `kept-old-versions' and `kept-new-versions'. +Their values are, respectively, the number of oldest backups to keep +and the number of newest ones to keep, each time a new backup is made. +The value of `kept-new-versions' includes the backup just created. +By default, both values are 2. + +If `trim-versions-without-asking' is non-`nil', the excess middle versions +are deleted without a murmur. If it is `nil', the default, then you +are asked whether the excess middle versions should really be deleted. + +Dired has a new command `.' which marks for deletion all but the latest +and oldest few of every numeric series of backups. `kept-old-versions' +controls the number of oldest versions to keep, and `dired-kept-versions' +controls the number of latest versions to keep. A numeric argument to +the `.' command, if positive, specifies the number of latest versions +to keep, overriding `dired-kept-versions'. A negative argument specifies +the number of oldest versions to keep, using minus the argument to override +`kept-old-versions'. + +* Immediate conflict detection. + +Emacs now locks the files it is modifying, so that if +you start to modify within Emacs a file that is being +modified in another Emacs, you get an immediate warning. + +The warning gives you three choices: +1. Give up, and do not make any changes. +2. Make changes anyway at your own risk. +3. Make changes anyway, and record yourself as + the person locking the file (instead of whoever + was previously recorded.) + +Just visiting a file does not lock it. It is locked +when you try to change the buffer that is visiting the file. +Saving the file unlocks it until you make another change. + +Locking is done by writing a lock file in a special designated +directory. If such a directory is not provided and told to +Emacs as part of configuring it for your machine, the lock feature +is turned off. + +* M-x recover-file. + +This command is used to get a file back from an auto-save +(after a system crash, for example). It takes a file name +as argument and visits that file, but gets the data from the +file's last auto save rather than from the file itself. + +* M-x normal-mode. + +This command resets the current buffer's major mode and local +variables to be as specified by the visit filename, the -*- line +and/or the Local Variables: block at the end of the buffer. +It is the same thing normally done when a file is first visited. + +* Echo area messages disappear shortly if minibuffer is in use. + +Any message in the echo area disappears after 2 seconds +if the minibuffer is active. This allows the minibuffer +to become visible again. + +* C-z on System V runs a subshell. + +On systems which do not allow programs to be suspended, the C-z command +forks a subshell that talks directly to the terminal, and then waits +for the subshell to exit. This gets almost the effect of suspending +in that you can run other programs and then return to Emacs. However, +you cannot log out from the subshell. + +* C-c is always a prefix character. + +Also, subcommands of C-c which are letters are always +reserved for the user. No standard Emacs major mode +defines any of them. + +* Picture mode C-c commands changed. + +The old C-c k command is now C-c C-w. +The old C-c y command is now C-c C-x. + +* Shell mode commands changed. + +All the special commands of Shell mode are now moved onto +the C-c prefix. Most are not changed aside from that. +Thus, the old Shell mode C-c command (kill current job) +is now C-c C-c; the old C-z (suspend current job) is now C-c C-z, +etc. + +The old C-x commands are now C-c commands. C-x C-k (kill output) +is now C-c C-o, and C-x C-v (show output) is now C-c C-r. + +The old M-= (copy previous input) command is now C-c C-y. + +* Shell mode recognizes aliases for `pushd', `popd' and `cd'. + +Shell mode now uses the variable `shell-pushd-regexp' as a +regular expression to recognize any command name that is +equivalent to a `pushd' command. By default it is set up +to recognize just `pushd' itself. If you use aliases for +`pushd', change the regexp to recognize them as well. + +There are also `shell-popd-regexp' to recognize commands +with the effect of a `popd', and `shell-cd-regexp' to recognize +commands with the effect of a `cd'. + +* "Exit" command in certain modes now C-c C-c. + +These include electric buffer menu mode, electric command history +mode, Info node edit mode, and Rmail edit mode. In all these +modes, the command to exit used to be just C-c. + +* Outline mode changes. + +Lines that are not heading lines are now called "body" lines. +The command `hide-text' is renamed to `hide-body'. +The key M-H is renamed to C-c C-h. +The key M-S is renamed to C-c C-s. +The key M-s is renamed to C-c C-i. + +Changes of line visibility are no longer undoable. As a result, +they no longer use up undo memory and no longer interfere with +undoing earlier commands. + +* Rmail changes. + +The s and q commands now both expunge deleted messages before saving; +use C-x C-s to save without expunging. + +The u command now undeletes the current message if it is deleted; +otherwise, it backs up as far as necessary to reach a deleted message, +and undeletes that one. The u command in the summary behaves likewise, +but considers only messages listed in the summary. The M-u command +has been eliminated. + +The o and C-o keys' meanings are interchanged. +o now outputs to an Rmail file, and C-o to a Unix mail file. + +The F command (rmail-find) is renamed to M-s (rmail-search). +Various new commands and features exist; see the Emacs manual. + +* Local bindings described first in describe-bindings. + +* [...], {...} now balance in Fundamental mode. + +* Nroff mode and TeX mode. + +The are two new major modes for editing nroff input and TeX input. +See the Emacs manual for full information. + +* New C indentation style variable `c-brace-imaginary-offset'. + +The value of `c-brace-imaginary-offset', normally zero, controls the +indentation of a statement inside a brace-group where the open-brace +is not the first thing on a line. The value says where the open-brace +is imagined to be, relative to the first nonblank character on the line. + +* Dired improvements. + +Dired now normally keeps the cursor at the beginning of the file name, +not at the beginning of the line. The most used motion commands are +redefined in Dired to position the cursor this way. + +`n' and `p' are now equivalent in dired to `C-n' and `C-p'. + +If any files to be deleted cannot be deleted, their names are +printed in an error message. + +If the `v' command is invoked on a file which is a directory, +dired is run on that directory. + +* `visit-tag-table' renamed `visit-tags-table'. + +This is so apropos of `tags' finds everything you need to +know about in connection with Tags. + +* `mh-e' library uses C-c as prefix. + +All the special commands of `mh-rmail' now are placed on a +C-c prefix rather than on the C-x prefix. This is for +consistency with other special modes with their own commands. + +* M-$ or `spell-word' checks word before point. + +It used to check the word after point. + +* Quitting during autoloading no longer causes trouble. + +Now, when a file is autoloaded, all function redefinitions +and `provide' calls are recorded and are undone if you quit +before the file is finished loading. + +As a result, it no longer happens that some of the entry points +which are normally autoloading have been defined already, but the +entire file is not really present to support them. + +* `else' can now be indented correctly in C mode. + +TAB in C mode now knows which `if' statement an `else' matches +up with, and can indent the `else' correctly under the `if', +even if the `if' contained such things as another `if' statement, +or a `while' or `for' statement, with no braces around it. + +* `batch-byte-compile' + +Runs byte-compile-file on the files specified on the command line. +All the rest of the command line arguments are taken as files to +compile (or, if directories, to do byte-recompile-directory on). +Must be used only with -batch, and kills emacs on completion. +Each file will be processed even if an error occurred previously. +For example, invoke `emacs -batch -f batch-byte-compile *.el'. + +* `-batch' changes. + +`-batch' now implies `-q': no init file is loaded by Emacs when +`-batch' is used. Also, no `term/TERMTYPE.el' file is loaded. Auto +saving is not done except in buffers in which it is explicitly +requested. Also, many echo-area printouts describing what is going on +are inhibited in batch mode, so that the only output you get is the +output you program specifically. + +One echo-area message that is not suppressed is the one that says +that a file is being loaded. That is because you can prevent this +message by passing `t' as the third argument to `load'. + +* Display of search string in incremental search. + +Now, when you type C-s or C-r to reuse the previous search +string, that search string is displayed immediately in the echo area. + +Three dots are displayed after the search string while search +is actually going on. + +* View commands. + +The commands C-x ], C-x [, C-x /, C-x j and C-x o are now +available inside `view-buffer' and `view-file', with their +normal meanings. + +* Full-width windows preferred. + +The ``other-window'' commands prefer other full width windows, +and will split only full width windows. + +* M-x rename-file can copy if necessary. + +When used between different file systems, since actual renaming does +not work, the old file will be copied and deleted. + +* Within C-x ESC, you can pick the command to repeat. + +While editing a previous command to be repeated, inside C-x ESC, +you can now use the commands M-p and M-n to pick an earlier or +later command to repeat. M-n picks the next earlier command +and M-p picks the next later one. The new command appears in +the minibuffer, and you can go ahead and edit it, and repeat it +when you exit the minibuffer. + +Using M-n or M-p within C-x ESC is like having used a different +numeric argument when you ran C-x ESC in the first place. + +The command you finally execute using C-x ESC is added to the +front of the command history, unless it is identical with the +first thing in the command history. + +* Use C-c C-c to exit from editing within Info. + +It used to be C-z for this. Somehow this use of C-z was +left out when all the others were moved. The intention is that +C-z should always suspend Emacs. + +* Default arg to C-x < and C-x > now window width minus 2. + +These commands, which scroll the current window horizontally +by a specified number of columns, now scroll a considerable +distance rather than a single column if used with no argument. + +* Auto Save Files Deleted. + +The default value of `delete-auto-save-files' is now `t', so that +when you save a file for real, its auto save file is deleted. + +* Rnews changes. + +The N, P and J keys in Rnews are renamed to M-n, M-p and M-j. +These keys move among newsgroups. + +The n and p keys for moving sequentially between news articles now +accept repeat count arguments, and the + and - keys, made redundant by +this change, are eliminated. + +The s command for outputting the current article to a file +is renamed as o, to be compatible with Rmail. + +* Sendmail changes. + +If you have a ~/.mailrc file, Emacs searches it for mailing address +aliases, and these aliases are expanded when you send mail in Emacs. + +Fcc fields can now be used in the headers in the *mail* buffer +to specify files in which copies of the message should be put. +The message is written into those files in Unix mail file format. +The message as sent does not contain any Fcc fields in its header. +You can use any number of Fcc fields, but only one file name in each one. +The variable `mail-archive-file-name', if non-`nil', can be a string +which is a file name; an Fcc to that file will be inserted in every +message when you begin to compose it. + +A new command C-c q now exists in Mail mode. It fills the +paragraphs of an old message that had been inserted with C-c y. + +When the *mail* buffer is put in Mail mode, text-mode-hook +is now run in addition to mail-mode-hook. text-mode-hook +is run first. + +The new variable `mail-header-separator' now specifies the string +to use on the line that goes between the headers and the message text. +By default it is still "--text follows this line--". + +* Command history truncated automatically. + +Just before each garbage collection, all but the last 30 elements +of the command history are discarded. + +Incompatible Lisp Programming Changes in Emacs 17 + +* `"e' no longer supported. + +This feature, which allowed Lisp functions to take arguments +that were not evaluated, has been eliminated, because it is +inescapably hard to make the compiler work properly with such +functions. + +You should use macros instead. A simple way to change any +code that uses `"e' is to replace + + (defun foo ("e x y z) ... + +with + + (defmacro foo (x y z) + (list 'foo-1 (list 'quote x) (list 'quote y) (list 'quote z))) + + (defun foo-1 (x y z) ... + +* Functions `region-to-string' and `region-around-match' removed. + +These functions were made for compatibility with Gosling Emacs, but it +turns out to be undesirable to use them in GNU Emacs because they use +the mark. They have been eliminated from Emacs proper, but are +present in mlsupport.el for the sake of converted mocklisp programs. + +If you were using `region-to-string', you should instead use +`buffer-substring'; then you can pass the bounds as arguments and +can avoid setting the mark. + +If you were using `region-around-match', you can use instead +the two functions `match-beginning' and `match-end'. These give +you one bound at a time, as a numeric value, without changing +point or the mark. + +* Function `function-type' removed. + +This just appeared not to be very useful. It can easily be written in +Lisp if you happen to want it. Just use `symbol-function' to get the +function definition of a symbol, and look at its data type or its car +if it is a list. + +* Variable `buffer-number' removed. + +You can still use the function `buffer-number' to find out +a buffer's unique number (assigned in order of creation). + +* Variable `executing-macro' renamed `executing-kbd-macro'. + +This variable is the currently executing keyboard macro, as +a string, or `nil' when no keyboard macro is being executed. + +* Loading term/$TERM. + +The library term/$TERM (where $TERM get replaced by your terminal +type), which is done by Emacs automatically when it starts up, now +happens after the user's .emacs file is loaded. + +In previous versions of Emacs, these files had names of the form +term-$TERM; thus, for example, term-vt100.el, but now they live +in a special subdirectory named term, and have names like +term/vt100.el. + +* `command-history' format changed. + +The elements of this list are now Lisp expressions which can +be evaluated directly to repeat a command. + +* Unused editing commands removed. + +The functions `forward-to-word', `backward-to-word', +`upcase-char', `mark-beginning-of-buffer' and `mark-end-of-buffer' +have been removed. Their definitions can be found in file +lisp/unused.el if you need them. + +Upward Compatible Lisp Programming Changes in Emacs 17 + +* You can now continue after errors and quits. + +When the debugger is entered because of a C-g, due to +a non-`nil' value of `debug-on-quit', the `c' command in the debugger +resumes execution of the code that was running when the quit happened. +Use the `q' command to go ahead and quit. + +The same applies to some kinds of errors, but not all. Errors +signaled with the Lisp function `signal' can be continued; the `c' +command causes `signal' to return. The `r' command causes `signal' to +return the value you specify. The `c' command is equivalent to `r' +with the value `nil'. + +For a `wrong-type-argument' error, the value returned with the `r' +command is used in place of the invalid argument. If this new value +is not valid, another error occurs. + +Errors signaled with the function `error' cannot be continued. +If you try to continue, the error just happens again. + +* `dot' renamed `point'. + +The word `dot' has been replaced with `point' in all +function and variable names, including: + + point, point-min, point-max, + point-marker, point-min-marker, point-max-marker, + window-point, set-window-point, + point-to-register, register-to-point, + exchange-point-and-mark. + +The old names are still supported, for now. + +* `string-match' records position of end of match. + +After a successful call to `string-match', `(match-end 0)' will +return the index in the string of the first character after the match. +Also, `match-begin' and `match-end' with nonzero arguments can be +used to find the indices of beginnings and ends of substrings matched +by subpatterns surrounded by parentheses. + +* New function `insert-before-markers'. + +This function is just like `insert' except in the handling of any +relocatable markers that are located at the point of insertion. +With `insert', such markers end up pointing before the inserted text. +With `insert-before-markers', they end up pointing after the inserted +text. + +* New function `copy-alist'. + +This function takes one argument, a list, and makes a disjoint copy +of the alist structure. The list itself is copied, and each element +that is a cons cell is copied, but the cars and cdrs of elements +remain shared with the original argument. + +This is what it takes to get two alists disjoint enough that changes +in one do not change the result of `assq' on the other. + +* New function `copy-keymap'. + +This function takes a keymap as argument and returns a new keymap +containing initially the same bindings. Rebindings in either one of +them will not alter the bindings in the other. + +* New function `copy-syntax-table'. + +This function takes a syntax table as argument and returns a new +syntax table containing initially the same syntax settings. Changes +in either one of them will not alter the other. + +* Randomizing the random numbers. + +`(random t)' causes the random number generator's seed to be set +based on the current time and Emacs's process id. + +* Third argument to `modify-syntax-entry'. + +The optional third argument to `modify-syntax-entry', if specified +should be a syntax table. The modification is made in that syntax table +rather than in the current syntax table. + +* New function `run-hooks'. + +This function takes any number of symbols as arguments. +It processes the symbols in order. For each symbol which +has a value (as a variable) that is non-nil, the value is +called as a function, with no arguments. + +This is useful in major mode commands. + +* Second arg to `switch-to-buffer'. + +If this function is given a non-`nil' second argument, then the +selection being done is not recorded on the selection history. +The buffer's position in the history remains unchanged. This +feature is used by the view commands, so that the selection history +after exiting from viewing is the same as it was before. + +* Second arg to `display-buffer' and `pop-to-buffer'. + +These two functions both accept an optional second argument which +defaults to `nil'. If the argument is not `nil', it means that +another window (not the selected one) must be found or created to +display the specified buffer in, even if it is already shown in +the selected window. + +This feature is used by `switch-to-buffer-other-window'. + +* New variable `completion-ignore-case'. + +If this variable is non-`nil', completion allows strings +in different cases to be considered matching. The global value +is `nil' + +This variable exists for the sake of commands that are completing +an argument in which case is not significant. It is possible +to change the value globally, but you might not like the consequences +in the many situations (buffer names, command names, file names) +where case makes a difference. + +* Major modes related to Text mode call text-mode-hook, then their own hooks. + +For example, turning on Outline mode first calls the value of +`text-mode-hook' as a function, if it exists and is non-`nil', +and then does likewise for the variable `outline-mode-hook'. + +* Defining new command line switches. + +You can define a new command line switch in your .emacs file +by putting elements on the value of `command-switch-alist'. +Each element of this list should look like + (SWITCHSTRING . FUNCTION) +where SWITCHSTRING is a string containing the switch to be +defined, such as "-foo", and FUNCTION is a function to be called +if such an argument is found in the command line. FUNCTION +receives the command line argument, a string, as its argument. + +To implement a switch that uses up one or more following arguments, +use the fact that the remaining command line arguments are kept +as a list in the variable `command-line-args'. FUNCTION can +examine this variable, and do + (setq command-line-args (cdr command-line-args) +to "use up" an argument. + +* New variable `load-in-progress'. + +This variable is non-`nil' when a file of Lisp code is being read +and executed by `load'. + +* New variable `print-length'. + +The value of this variable is normally `nil'. It may instead be +a number; in that case, when a list is printed by `prin1' or +`princ' only that many initial elements are printed; the rest are +replaced by `...'. + +* New variable `find-file-not-found-hook'. + +If `find-file' or any of its variants is used on a nonexistent file, +the value of `find-file-not-found-hook' is called (if it is not `nil') +with no arguments, after creating an empty buffer. The file's name +can be found as the value of `buffer-file-name'. + +* Processes without buffers. + +In the function `start-process', you can now specify `nil' as +the process's buffer. You can also set a process's buffer to `nil' +using `set-process-buffer'. + +The reason you might want to do this is to prevent the process +from being killed because any particular buffer is killed. +When a process has a buffer, killing that buffer kills the +process too. + +When a process has no buffer, its output is lost unless it has a +filter, and no indication of its being stopped or killed is given +unless it has a sentinel. + +* New function `user-variable-p'. `v' arg prompting changed. + +This function takes a symbol as argument and returns `t' if +the symbol is defined as a user option variable. This means +that it has a `variable-documentation' property whose value is +a string starting with `*'. + +Code `v' in an interactive arg reading string now accepts +user variables only, and completion is limited to the space of +user variables. + +The function `read-variable' also now accepts and completes +over user variables only. + +* CBREAK mode input is the default in Unix 4.3 bsd. + +In Berkeley 4.3 Unix, there are sufficient features for Emacs to +work fully correctly using CBREAK mode and not using SIGIO. +Therefore, this mode is the default when running under 4.3. +This mode corresponds to `nil' as the first argument to +`set-input-mode'. You can still select either mode by calling +that function. + +* Information on memory usage. + +The new variable `data-bytes-used' contains the number +of bytes of impure space allocated in Emacs. +`data-bytes-free' contains the number of additional bytes +Emacs could allocate. Note that space formerly allocated +and freed again still counts as `used', since it is still +in Emacs's address space. + +* No limit on size of output from `format'. + +The string output from `format' used to be truncated to +100 characters in length. Now it can have any length. + +* New errors `void-variable' and `void-function' replace `void-symbol'. + +This change makes it possible to have error messages that +clearly distinguish undefined variables from undefined functions. +It also allows `condition-case' to handle one case without the other. + +* `replace-match' handling of `\'. + +In `replace-match', when the replacement is not literal, +`\' in the replacement string is always treated as an +escape marker. The only two special `\' constructs +are `\&' and `\DIGIT', so `\' followed by anything other than +`&' or a digit has no effect. `\\' is necessary to include +a `\' in the replacement text. + +This level of escaping is comparable with what goes on in +a regular expression. It is over and above the level of `\' +escaping that goes on when strings are read in Lisp syntax. + +* New error `invalid-regexp'. + +A regexp search signals this type of error if the argument does +not meet the rules for regexp syntax. + +* `kill-emacs' with argument. + +If the argument is a number, it is returned as the exit status code +of the Emacs process. If the argument is a string, its contents +are stuffed as pending terminal input, to be read by another program +after Emacs is dead. + +* New fifth argument to `subst-char-in-region'. + +This argument is optional and defaults to `nil'. If it is not `nil', +then the substitutions made by this function are not recorded +in the Undo mechanism. + +This feature should be used with great care. It is now used +by Outline mode to make lines visible or invisible. + +* ` *Backtrace*' buffer renamed to `*Backtrace*'. + +As a result, you can now reselect this buffer easily if you switch to +another while in the debugger. + +Exiting from the debugger kills the `*Backtrace*' buffer, so you will +not try to give commands in it when no longer really in the debugger. + +* New function `switch-to-buffer-other-window'. + +This is the new primitive to select a specified buffer (the +argument) in another window. It is not quite the same as +`pop-to-buffer', because it is guaranteed to create another +window (assuming there is room on the screen) so that it can +leave the current window's old buffer displayed as well. + +All functions to select a buffer in another window should +do so by calling this new function. + +* New variable `minibuffer-help-form'. + +At entry to the minibuffer, the variable `help-form' is bound +to the value of `minibuffer-help-form'. + +`help-form' is expected at all times to contain either `nil' +or an expression to be executed when C-h is typed (overriding +teh definition of C-h as a command). `minibuffer-help-form' +can be used to provide a different default way of handling +C-h while in the minibuffer. + +* New \{...} documentation construct. + +It is now possible to set up the documentation string for +a major mode in such a way that it always describes the contents +of the major mode's keymap, as it has been customized. +To do this, include in the documentation string the characters `\{' +followed by the name of the variable containing the keymap, +terminated with `}'. (The `\' at the beginning probably needs to +be quoted with a second `\', to include it in the doc string.) +This construct is normally used on a line by itself, with no blank +lines before or after. + +For example, the documentation string for the function `c-mode' contains + ... + Paragraphs are separated by blank lines only. + Delete converts tabs to spaces as it moves back. + \\{c-mode-map} + Variables controlling indentation style: + ... + +* New character syntax class "punctuation". + +Punctuation characters behave like whitespace in word and +list parsing, but can be distinguished in regexps and in the +function `char-syntax'. Punctuation syntax is represented by +a period in `modify-syntax-entry'. + +* `auto-mode-alist' no longer needs entries for backup-file names, + +Backup suffixes of all kinds are now stripped from a file's name +before searching `auto-mode-alist'. + +Changes in Emacs 16 + +* No special code for Ambassadors, VT-100's and Concept-100's. + +Emacs now controls these terminals based on the termcap entry, like +all other terminals. Formerly it did not refer to the termcap entries +for those terminal types, and often the termcap entries for those +terminals are wrong or inadequate. If you experience worse behavior +on these terminals than in version 15, you can probably correct it by +fixing up the termcap entry. See ./TERMS for more info. + +See ./TERMS in any case if you find that some terminal does not work +right with Emacs now. + +* Minibuffer default completion character is TAB (and not ESC). + +So that ESC can be used in minibuffer for more useful prefix commands. + +* C-z suspends Emacs in all modes. + +Formerly, C-z was redefined for other purposes by certain modes, +such as Buffer Menu mode. Now other keys are used for those purposes, +to keep the meaning of C-z uniform. + +* C-x ESC (repeat-complex-command) allows editing the command it repeats. + +Instead of asking for confirmation to re-execute a command from the +command history, the command is placed, in its Lisp form, into the +minibuffer for editing. You can confirm by typing RETURN, change some +arguments and then confirm, or abort with C-g. + +* Incremental search does less redisplay on slow terminals. + +If the terminal baud rate is <= the value of `isearch-slow-speed', +incremental searching outside the text on the screen creates +a single-line window and uses that to display the line on which +a match has been found. Exiting or quitting the search restores +the previous window configuration and redisplays the window you +were searching in. + +The initial value of `isearch-slow-speed' is 1200. + +This feature is courtesy of crl@purdue. + +* Recursive minibuffers not allowed. + +If the minibuffer window is selected, most commands that would +use the minibuffer gets an error instead. (Specific commands +may override this feature and therefore still be allowed.) + +Strictly speaking, recursive entry to the minibuffer is still +possible, because you can switch to another window after +entering the minibuffer, and then minibuffer-using commands +are allowed. This is still allowed by a deliberate decision: +if you know enough to switch windows while in the minibuffer, +you can probably understand recursive minibuffers. + +This may be overridden by binding the variable +`enable-recursive-minibuffers' to t. + +* New major mode Emacs-Lisp mode, for editing Lisp code to run in Emacs. + +The mode in which emacs lisp files is edited is now called emacs-lisp-mode +and is distinct from lisp-mode. The latter is intended for use with +lisps external to emacs. + +The hook which is funcalled (if non-nil) on entry to elisp-mode is now +called emacs-lisp-mode-hook. A consequence of this changes is that +.emacs init files which set the value of lisp-mode-hook may need to be +changed to use the new names. + +* Correct matching of parentheses is checked on insertion. + +When you insert a close-paren, the matching open-paren +is checked for validity. The close paren must be the kind +of close-paren that the open-paren says it should match. +Otherwise, a warning message is printed. close-paren immediately +preceded by quoting backslash syntax character is not matched. + +This feature was originally written by shane@mit-ajax. + +* M-x list-command-history +* M-x command-history-mode +* M-x electric-command-history + +`list-command-history' displays forms from the command history subject +to user controlled filtering and limit on number of forms. It leaves +the buffer in `command-history-mode'. M-x command-history-mode +recomputes the command history each time it is invoked via +`list-command-history'. It is like Emacs-Lisp mode except that characters +don't insert themselves and provision is made for re-evaluating an +expression from the list. `electric-command-history' pops up a type +out window with the command history displayed. If the very next +character is Space, the window goes away and the previous window +configuration is restored. Otherwise you can move around in the +history and select an expression for evaluation *inside* the buffer +which invoked `electric-command-history'. The original window +configuration is restored on exit unless the command selected changes +it. + +* M-x edit-picture + +Enters a temporary major mode (the previous major mode is remembered +and can is restored on exit) designed for editing pictures and tables. +Printing characters replace rather than insert themselves with motion +afterwards that is user controlled (you can specify any of the 8 +compass directions). Special commands for movement are provided. +Special commands for hacking tabs and tab stops are provided. Special +commands for killing rectangles and overlaying them are provided. See +the documentation of function edit-picture for more details. + +Calls value of `edit-picture-hook' on entry if non-nil. + +* Stupid C-s/C-q `flow control' supported. + +Do (set-input-mode nil t) to tell Emacs to use CBREAK mode and interpret +C-s and C-q as flow control commands. (set-input-mode t nil) switches +back to interrupt-driven input. (set-input-mode nil nil) uses CBREAK +mode but no `flow control'; this may make it easier to run Emacs under +certain debuggers that have trouble dealing with inferiors that use SIGIO. + +CBREAK mode has certain inherent disadvantages, which are why it is +not the default: + + Meta-keys are ignored; CBREAK mode discards the 8th bit of + input characters. + + Control-G as keyboard input discards buffered output, + and therefore can cause incorrect screen updating. + +The use of `flow control' has its own additional disadvantage: the +characters C-s and C-q are not available as editing commands. You can +partially compensate for this by setting up a keyboard-translate-table +(see file ONEWS) that maps two other characters (such as C-^ and C-\) into +C-s and C-q. Of course, C-^ and C-\ are commonly used as escape +characters in remote-terminal programs. You really can't win except +by getting rid of this sort of `flow control.' + +The configuration switch CBREAK_INPUT is now eliminated. +INTERRUPT_INPUT exists only to specify the default mode of operation; +#define it to make interrupt-driven input the default. + +* Completion of directory names provides a slash. + +If file name completion yields the name of a directory, +a slash is appended to it. + +* Undo can clear modified-flag. + +If you undo changes in a buffer back to a state in which the +buffer was not considered "modified", then it is labelled as +once again "unmodified". + +* M-x run-lisp. + +This command creates an inferior Lisp process whose input and output +appear in the Emacs buffer named `*lisp*'. That buffer uses a major mode +called inferior-lisp-mode, which has many of the commands of lisp-mode +and those of shell-mode. Calls the value of shell-mode-hook and +lisp-mode-hook, in that order, if non-nil. + +Meanwhile, in lisp-mode, the command C-M-x is defined to +send the current defun as input to the `*lisp*' subprocess. + +* Mode line says `Narrow' when buffer is clipped. + +If a buffer has a clipping restriction (made by `narrow-to-region') +then its mode line contains the word `Narrow' after the major and +minor modes. + +* Mode line says `Abbrev' when abbrev mode is on. + +* add-change-log-entry takes prefix argument + +Giving a prefix argument makes it prompt for login name, full name, +and site name, with defaults. Otherwise the defaults are used +with no confirmation. + +* M-x view-buffer and M-x view-file + +view-buffer selects the named buffer, view-file finds the named file; the +resulting buffer is placed into view-mode (a recursive edit). The normal +emacs commands are not available. Instead a set of special commands is +provided which faclitate moving around in the buffer, searching and +scrolling by screenfuls. Exiting view-mode returns to the buffer in which +the view-file or view-buffer command was given. +Type ? or h when viewing for a complete list of view commands. +Each calls value of `view-hook' if non-nil on entry. + +written by shane@mit-ajax. + +* New key commands in dired. + +`v' views (like more) the file on the current line. +`#' marks auto-save files for deletion. +`~' marks backup files for deletion. +`r' renames a file and updates the directory listing if the +file is renamed to same directory. +`c' copies a file and updates the directory listing if the file is +copied to the same directory. + +* New function `electric-buffer-list'. + +This pops up a buffer describing the set of emacs buffers. +Immediately typing space makes the buffer list go away and returns +to the buffer and window which were previously selected. + +Otherwise one may use the c-p and c-n commands to move around in the +buffer-list buffer and type Space or C-z to select the buffer on the +cursor's line. There are a number of other commands which are the same +as those of buffer-menu-mode. + +This is a useful thing to bind to c-x c-b in your `.emacs' file if the +rather non-standard `electric' behaviour of the buffer list suits your taste. +Type C-h after invoking electric-buffer-list for more information. + +Calls value of `electric-buffer-menu-mode-hook' if non-nil on entry. +Calls value of `after-electric-buffer-menu' on exit (select) if non-nil. + +Changes in version 16 for mail reading and sending + +* sendmail prefix character is C-c (and not C-z). New command C-c w. + +For instance C-c C-c (or C-c C-s) sends mail now rather than C-z C-z. +C-c w inserts your `signature' (contents of ~/.signature) at the end +of mail. + +* New feature in C-c y command in sending mail. + +C-c y is the command to insert the message being replied to. +Normally it deletes most header fields and indents everything +by three spaces. + +Now, C-c y does not delete header fields or indent. +C-c y with any other numeric argument does delete most header +fields, but indents by the amount specified in the argument. + +* C-r command in Rmail edits current message. + +It does this by switching to a different major mode +which is nearly the same as Text mode. The only difference +between it and text mode are the two command C-c and C-]. +C-c is defined to switch back to Rmail mode, and C-] +is defined to restore the original contents of the message +and then switch back to Rmail mode. + +C-c and C-] are the only ways "back into Rmail", but you +can switch to other buffers and edit them as usual. +C-r in Rmail changes only the handling of the Rmail buffer. + +* Rmail command `t' toggles header display. + +Normally Rmail reformats messages to hide most header fields. +`t' switches to display of all the header fields of the +current message, as long as it remains current. +Another `t' switches back to the usual display. + +* Rmail command '>' goes to the last message. + +* Rmail commands `a' and `k' set message attributes. +`a' adds an attribute and `k' removes one. You specify +the attrbute by name. You can specify either a built-in +flag such as "deleted" or "filed", or a user-defined keyword +(anything not recognized as built-in). + +* Rmail commands `l' and `L' summarize by attributes. + +These commands create a summary with one line per message, +like `h', but they list only some of the messages. You +specify which attribute (for `l') or attributes (for `L') +the messages should have. + +* Rmail can parse mmdf mail files. + +* Interface to MH mail system. + +mh-e is a front end for GNU emacs and the MH mail system. It +provides a friendly and convient interface to the MH commands. + +To read mail, invoke mh-rmail. This will inc new mail and display the +scan listing on the screen. To see a summary of the mh-e commands, +type ?. Help is available through the usual facilities. + +To send mail, invoke mh-smail. + +mh-e requires a copy of MH.5 that has been compiled with the MHE +compiler switch. + +From larus@berkeley. + +New hooks and parameters in version 16 + +* New variable `blink-matching-paren-distance'. + +This is the maximum number of characters to search for +an open-paren to match an inserted close-paren. +The matching open-paren is shown and checked if it is found +within this distance. + +`nil' means search all the way to the beginning of the buffer. +In this case, a warning message is printed if no matching +open-paren is found. + +This feature was originally written by shane@mit-ajax. + +* New variable `find-file-run-dired' + +If nil, find-file will report an error if an attempt to visit a +directory is detected; otherwise, it runs dired on that directory. +The default is t. + +* Variable `dired-listing-switches' holds switches given to `ls' by dired. + +The value should be a string containing `-' followed by letters. +The letter `l' had better be included and letter 'F' had better be excluded! +The default is "-al". + +This feature was originally written by shane@mit-ajax. + +* New variable `display-time-day-and-date'. + +If this variable is set non-`nil', the function M-x display-time +displays the day and date, as well as the time. + +* New parameter `c-continued-statement-indent'. + +This controls the extra indentation given to a line +that continues a C statement started on the previous line. +By default it is 2, which is why you would see + + if (foo) + bar (); + + +* Changed meaning of `c-indent-level'. + +The value of `c-brace-offset' used to be +subtracted from the value of `c-indent-level' whenever +that value was used. Now it is not. + +As a result, `c-indent-level' is now the offset of +statements within a block, relative to the line containing +the open-brace that starts the block. + +* turn-on-auto-fill is useful value for text-mode-hook. + +(setq text-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill) +is all you have to do to make sure Auto Fill mode is turned +on whenever you enter Text mode. + +* Parameter explicit-shell-file-name for M-x shell. + +This variable, if non-nil, specifies the file name to use +for the shell to run if you do M-x shell. + +Changes in version 16 affecting Lisp programming: + +* Documentation strings adapt to customization. + +Often the documentation string for a command wants to mention +another command. Simply stating the other command as a +character sequence has a disadvantage: if the user customizes +Emacs by moving that function to a different command, the +cross reference in the documentation becomes wrong. + +A new feature allows you to write the documentation string +using a function name, and the command to run that function +is looked up when the documentation is printed. + +If a documentation string contains `\[' (two characters) then +the following text, up to the next `]', is taken as a function name. +Instead of printing that function name, the command that runs it is printed. +(M-x is used to construct a command if no shorter one exists.) + +For example, instead of putting `C-n' in a documentation string +to refer to the C-n command, put in `\[next-line]'. (In practice +you will need to quote the backslash with another backslash, +due to the syntax for strings in Lisp and C.) + +To include the literal characters `\[' in a documentation string, +precede them with `\='. To include the characters `\=', precede +them with `\='. For example, "\\=\\= is the way to quote \\=\\[" +will come out as `\= is the way to quote \['. + +The new function `substitute-command-keys' takes a string possibly +contaning \[...] constructs and replaces those constructs with +the key sequences they currently stand for. + +* Primitives `find-line-comment' and `find-line-comment-body' flushed. + +Search for the value of `comment-start-skip' if you want to find +whether and where a line has a comment. + +* New function `auto-save-file-name-p' + +Should return non-`nil' iff given a string which is the name of an +auto-save file (sans directory name). If you redefine +`make-auto-save-file-name', you should redefine this accordingly. By +default, this function returns `t' for filenames beginning with +character `#'. + +* The value of `exec-directory' now ends in a slash. + +This is to be compatible with most directory names in GNU Emacs. + +* Dribble files and termscript files. + +(open-dribble-file FILE) opens a dribble file named FILE. When a +dribble file is open, every character Emacs reads from the terminal is +written to the dribble file. + +(open-termscript FILE) opens a termscript file named FILE. When a +termscript file is open, all characters sent to the terminal by Emacs +are also written in the termscript file. + +The two of these together are very useful for debugging Emacs problems +in redisplay. + +* Upper case command characters by default are same as lower case. + +If a character in a command is an upper case letter, and is not defined, +Emacs uses the definition of the corresponding lower case letter. +For example, if C-x U is not directly undefined, it is treated as +a synonym for C-x u (undo). + +* Undefined function errors versus undefined variable errors. + +Void-symbol errors now say "boundp" if the symbol's value was void +or "fboundp" if the function definition was void. + +* New function `bury-buffer'. + +The new function `bury-buffer' takes one argument, a buffer object, +and puts that buffer at the end of the internal list of buffers. +So it is the least preferred candidate for use as the default value +of C-x b, or for other-buffer to return. + +* Already-displayed buffers have low priority for display. + +When a buffer is chosen automatically for display, or to be the +default in C-x b, buffers already displayed in windows have lower +priority than buffers not currently visible. + +* `set-window-start' accepts a third argument NOFORCE. + +This argument, if non-nil, prevents the window's force_start flag +from being set. Setting the force_start flag causes the next +redisplay to insist on starting display at the specified starting +point, even if dot must be moved to get it onto the screen. + +* New function `send-string-to-terminal'. + +This function takes one argument, a string, and outputs its contents +to the terminal exactly as specified: control characters, escape +sequences, and all. + +* Keypad put in command mode. + +The terminal's keypad is now put into command mode, as opposed to +numeric mode, while Emacs is running. This is done by means of the +termcap `ks' and `ke' strings. + +* New function `generate-new-buffer' + +This function takes a string as an argument NAME and looks for a +creates and returns a buffer called NAME if one did not already exist. +Otherwise, it successively tries appending suffixes of the form "<1>", +"<2>" etc to NAME until it creates a string which does not name an +existing buffer. A new buffer with that name is the created and returned. + +* New function `prin1-to-string' +This function takes one argument, a lisp object, and returns a string +containing that object's printed representation, such as `prin1' +would output. + +* New function `read-from-minibuffer' +Lets you supply a prompt, initial-contents, a keymap, and specify +whether the result should be interpreted as a string or a lisp object. + +Old functions `read-minibuffer', `eval-minibuffer', `read-string' all +take second optional string argument which is initial contents of +minibuffer. + +* minibuffer variable names changed (names of keymaps) + +minibuf-local-map -> minibuffer-local-map +minibuf-local-ns-map -> minibuffer-local-ns-map +minibuf-local-completion-map -> minibuffer-local-completion-map +minibuf-local-must-match-map -> minibuffer-local-must-match-map + +Changes in version 16 affecting configuring and building Emacs + +* Configuration switch VT100_INVERSE eliminated. + +You can control the use of inverse video on any terminal by setting +the variable `inverse-video', or by changing the termcap entry. If +you like, set `inverse-video' in your `.emacs' file based on +examination of (getenv "TERM"). + +* New switch `-batch' makes Emacs run noninteractively. + +If the switch `-batch' is used, Emacs treats its standard output +and input like ordinary files (even if they are a terminal). +It does not display buffers or windows; the only output to standard output +is what would appear as messages in the echo area, and each +message is followed by a newline. + +The terminal modes are not changed, so that C-z and C-c retain +their normal Unix meanings. Emacs does still read commands from +the terminal, but the idea of `-batch' is that you use it with +other command line arguments that tell Emacs a complete task to perform, +including killing itself. `-kill' used as the last argument is a good +way to accomplish this. + +The Lisp variable `noninteractive' is now defined, to be `nil' +except when `-batch' has been specified. + +* Emacs can be built with output redirected to a file. + +This is because -batch (see above) is now used in building Emacs. + +For older news, see the file ONEWS.1. + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Copyright information: + +Copyright (C) 1985 Richard M. Stallman + + Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies + of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the + copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved, + thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn. + + Permission is granted to distribute modified versions + of this document, or of portions of it, + under the above conditions, provided also that they + carry prominent notices stating who last changed them. + +Local variables: +mode: text +end:
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/etc/ONEWS.3 Thu Nov 02 13:36:58 2000 +0000 @@ -0,0 +1,1609 @@ +GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes. 17-Aug-1988 +Copyright (C) 1988 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +See the end for copying conditions. + +For older news, see the file NEWS.2. + +Changes in version 18.52. + +* X windows version 10 is supported under system V. + +* Pop-up menus are now supported with the same Lisp interface in +both version 10 and 11 of X windows. + +* C-x 4 a is a new command to edit a change-log entry in another window. + +* The emacs client program now allows an option +NNN to specify the +line number to go to in the file whose name follows. Thus, + emacsclient foo.c +45 bar.c +will find the files `foo.c' and `bar.c', going to line 45 in `bar.c'. + +* Dired allows empty directories to be deleted like files. + +* When the terminal type is used to find a terminal-specific file to +run, Emacs now tries the entire terminal type first. If that doesn't +yield a file that exists, the last hyphen and what follows it is +stripped. If that doesn't yield a file that exists, the previous +hyphen is stripped, and so on until all hyphens are gone. For +example, if the terminal type is `aaa-48-foo', Emacs will try first +`term/aaa-48-foo.el', then `term/aaa-48.el' and finally `term/aaa.el'. + +Underscores now receive the same treatment as hyphens. + +* Texinfo features: @defun, etc. texinfo-show-structure. +New template commands. texinfo-format-region. + +* The special "local variable" `eval' is now ignored if you are running +as root. + +* New command `c-macro-expand' shows the result of C macro expansion +in the region. It works using the C preprocessor, so its results +are completely accurate. + +* Errors in trying to auto save now flash error messages for a few seconds. + +* Killing a buffer now sends SIGHUP to the buffer's process. + +* New hooks. + +** `spell-region' now allows you to filter the text before spelling-checking. +If the value of `spell-filter' is non-nil, it is called, with no arguments, +looking at a temporary buffer containing a copy of the text to be checked. +It can alter the text freely before the spell program sees it. + +** The variable `lpr-command' now specifies the command to be used when +you use the commands to print text (such as M-x print-buffer). + +** Posting netnews now calls the value of `news-inews-hook' (if not nil) +as a function of no arguments before the actual posting. + +** Rmail now calls the value of `rmail-show-message-hook' (if not nil) +as a function of no arguments, each time a new message is selected. + +** `kill-emacs' calls the value of `kill-emacs-hook' as a function of no args. + +* New libraries. +See the source code of each library for more information. + +** icon.el: a major mode for editing programs written in Icon. + +** life.el: a simulator for the cellular automaton "life". Load the +library and run M-x life. + +** doctex.el: a library for converting the Emacs `etc/DOC' file of +documentation strings into TeX input. + +** saveconf.el: a library which records the arrangement of windows and +buffers when you exit Emacs, and automatically recreates the same +setup the next time you start Emacs. + +** uncompress.el: a library that automatically uncompresses files +when you visit them. + +** c-fill.el: a mode for editing filled comments in C. + +** kermit.el: an extended version of shell-mode designed for running kermit. + +** spook.el: a library for adding some "distract the NSA" keywords to every +message you send. + +** hideif.el: a library for hiding parts of a C program based on preprocessor +conditionals. + +** autoinsert.el: a library to put in some initial text when you visit +a nonexistent file. The text used depends on the major mode, and +comes from a directory of files created by you. + +* New programming features. + +** The variable `window-system-version' now contains the version number +of the window system you are using (if appropriate). When using X windows, +its value is either 10 or 11. + +** (interactive "N") uses the prefix argument if any; otherwise, it reads +a number using the minibuffer. + +** VMS: there are two new functions `vms-system-info' and `shrink-to-icon'. +The former allows you to get many kinds of system status information. +See its self-documentation for full details. +The second is used with the window system: it iconifies the Emacs window. + +** VMS: the new function `define-logical-name' allows you to create +job-wide logical names. The old function `define-dcl-symbol' has been +removed. + +Changes in version 18.50. + +* X windows version 11 is supported. + +Define X11 in config.h if you want X version 11 instead of version 10. + +* The command M-x gdb runs the GDB debugger as an inferior. +It asks for the filename of the executable you want to debug. + +GDB runs as an inferior with I/O through an Emacs buffer. All the +facilities of Shell mode are available. In addition, each time your +program stops, and each time you select a new stack frame, the source +code is displayed in another window with an arrow added to the line +where the program is executing. + +Special GDB-mode commands include M-s, M-n, M-i, M-u, M-d, and C-c C-f +which send the GDB commands `step', `next', `stepi', `up', `down' +and `finish'. + +In any source file, the commands C-x SPC tells GDB to set a breakpoint +on the current line. + +* M-x calendar displays a three-month calendar. + +* C-u 0 C-x C-s never makes a backup file. + +This is a way you can explicitly request not to make a backup. + +* `term-setup-hook' is for users only. + +Emacs never uses this variable for internal purposes, so you can freely +set it in your `.emacs' file to make Emacs do something special after +loading any terminal-specific setup file from `lisp/term'. + +* `copy-keymap' now copies recursive submaps. + +* New overlay-arrow feature. + +If you set the variable `overlay-arrow-string' to a string +and `overlay-arrow-position' to a marker, that string is displayed on +the screen at the position of that marker, hiding whatever text would +have appeared there. If that position isn't on the screen, or if +the buffer the marker points into isn't displayed, there is no effect. + +* -batch mode can read from the terminal. + +It now works to use `read-char' to do terminal input in a noninteractive +Emacs run. End of file causes Emacs to exit. + +* Variables `data-bytes-used' and `data-bytes-free' removed. + +These variables cannot really work because the 24-bit range of an +integer in (most ports of) GNU Emacs is not large enough to hold their +values on many systems. + +Changes in version 18.45, since version 18.41. + +* C indentation parameter `c-continued-brace-offset'. + +This parameter's value is added to the indentation of any +line that is in a continuation context and starts with an open-brace. +For example, it applies to the open brace shown here: + + if (x) + { + +The default value is zero. + +* Dabbrev expansion (Meta-/) preserves case. + +When you use Meta-/ to search the buffer for an expansion of an +abbreviation, if the expansion found is all lower case except perhaps +for its first letter, then the case pattern of the abbreviation +is carried over to the expansion that replaces it. + +* TeX-mode syntax. + +\ is no longer given "escape character" syntax in TeX mode. It now +has the syntax of an ordinary punctuation character. As a result, +\[...\] and such like are considered to balance each other. + +* Mail-mode automatic Reply-to field. + +If the variable `mail-default-reply-to' is non-`nil', then each time +you start to compose a message, a Reply-to field is inserted with +its contents taken from the value of `mail-default-reply-to'. + +* Where is your .emacs file? + +If you run Emacs under `su', so your real and effective uids are +different, Emacs uses the home directory associated with the real uid +(the name you actually logged in under) to find the .emacs file. + +Otherwise, Emacs uses the environment variable HOME to find the .emacs +file. + +The .emacs file is not loaded at all if -batch is specified. + +* Prolog mode is the default for ".pl" files. + +* File names are not case-sensitive on VMS. + +On VMS systems, all file names that you specify are converted to upper +case. You can use either upper or lower case indiscriminately. + +* VMS-only function 'define-dcl-symbol'. + +This is a new name for the function formerly called +`define-logical-name'. + +Editing Changes in Emacs 18 + +* Additional systems and machines are supported. + +GNU Emacs now runs on Vax VMS. However, many facilities that are normally +implemented by running subprocesses do not work yet. This includes listing +a directory and sending mail. There are features for running subprocesses +but they are incompatible with those on Unix. I hope that some of +the VMS users can reimplement these features for VMS (compatibly for +the user, if possible). + +VMS wizards are also asked to work on making the subprocess facilities +more upward compatible with those on Unix, and also to rewrite their +internals to use the same Lisp objects that are used on Unix to +represent processes. + +In addition, the TI Nu machine running Unix system V, the AT&T 3b, and +the Wicat, Masscomp, Integrated Solutions, Alliant, Amdahl uts, Mips, +Altos 3068 and Gould Unix systems are now supported. The IBM PC-RT is +supported under 4.2, but not yet under system V. The GEC 93 is close +to working. The port for the Elxsi is partly merged. See the file +MACHINES for full status information and machine-specific installation +advice. + +* Searching is faster. + +Forward search for a text string, or for a regexp that is equivalent +to a text string, is now several times faster. Motion by lines and +counting lines is also faster. + +* Memory usage improvements. + +It is no longer possible to run out of memory during garbage +collection. As a result, running out of memory is never fatal. This +is due to a new garbage collection algorithm which compactifies +strings in place rather than copying them. Another consequence of the +change is a reduction in total memory usage and a slight increase in +garbage collection speed. + +* Display changes. + +** Editing above top of screen. + +When you delete or kill or alter text that reaches to the top of the +screen or above it, so that display would start in the middle of a +line, Emacs will usually attempt to scroll the text so that display +starts at the beginning of a line again. + +** Yanking in the minibuffer. + +The message "Mark Set" is no longer printed when the minibuffer is +active. This is convenient with many commands, including C-y, that +normally print such a message. + +** Cursor appears in last line during y-or-n questions. + +Questions that want a `y' or `n' answer now move the cursor +to the last line, following the question. + +* Library loading changes. + +`load' now considers all possible suffixes (`.elc', `.el' and none) +for each directory in `load-path' before going on to the next directory. +It now accepts an optional fourth argument which, if non-nil, says to +use no suffixes; then the file name must be given in full. The search +of the directories in `load-path' goes on as usual in this case, but +it too can be prevented by passing an absolute file name. + +The value of `load-path' no longer by default includes nil (meaning to +look in the current default directory). The idea is that `load' should +be used to search the path only for libraries to be found in the standard +places. If you want to override system libraries with your own, place +your own libraries in one special directory and add that directory to the +front of `load-path'. + +The function `load' is no longer a command; that is to say, `M-x load' +is no longer allowed. Instead, there are two commands for loading files. +`M-x load-library' is equivalent to the old meaning of `M-x load'. +`M-x load-file' reads a file name with completion and defaulting +and then loads exactly that file, with no searching and no suffixes. + +* Emulation of other editors. + +** `edt-emulation-on' starts emulating DEC's EDT editor. + +Do `edt-emulation-off' to return Emacs to normal. + +** `vi-mode' and `vip-mode' starts emulating vi. + +These are two different vi emulations provided by GNU Emacs users. +We are interested in feedback as to which emulation is preferable. + +See the documentation and source code for these functions +for more information. + +** `set-gosmacs-bindings' emulates Gosling Emacs. + +This command changes many global bindings to resemble those of +Gosling Emacs. The previous bindings are saved and can be restored using +`set-gnu-bindings'. + +* Emulation of a display terminal. + +Within Emacs it is now possible to run programs (such as emacs or +supdup) which expect to do output to a visual display terminal. + +See the function `terminal-emulator' for more information. + +* New support for keypads and function keys. + +There is now a first attempt at terminal-independent support for +keypad and function keys. + +Emacs now defines a standard set of key-names for function and keypad +keys, and provides standard hooks for defining them. Most of the +standard key-names have default definitions built into Emacs; you can +override these in a terminal-independent manner. The default definitions +and the conventions for redefining them are in the file `lisp/keypad.el'. + +These keys on the terminal normally work by sending sequences of +characters starting with ESC. The exact sequences used vary from +terminal to terminal. Emacs interprets them in two stages: +in the first stage, terminal-dependent sequences are mapped into +the standard key-names; then second stage maps the standard key-names +into their definitions in a terminal-independent fashion. + +The terminal-specific file `term/$TERM.el' now is responsible only for +establishing the mapping from the terminal's escape sequences into +standard key-names. It no longer knows what Emacs commands are +assigned to the standard key-names. + +One other change in terminal-specific files: if the value of the TERM +variable contains a hyphen, only the part before the first hyphen is +used in forming the name of the terminal-specific file. Thus, for +terminal type `aaa-48', the file loaded is now `term/aaa.el' rather +than `term/aaa-48.el'. + +* New startup command line options. + +`-i FILE' or `-insert FILE' in the command line to Emacs tells Emacs to +insert the contents of FILE into the current buffer at that point in +command line processing. This is like using the command M-x insert-file. + +`-funcall', `-load', `-user' and `-no-init-file' are new synonyms for +`-f', `-l', `-u' and `-q'. + +`-nw' means don't use a window system. If you are using a terminal +emulator on the X window system and you want to run Emacs to work through +the terminal emulator instead of working directly with the window system, +use this switch. + +* Buffer-sorting commands. + +Various M-x commands whose names start with `sort-' sort parts of +the region: + +sort-lines divides the region into lines and sorts them alphabetically. +sort-pages divides into pages and sorts them alphabetically. +sort-paragraphs divides into paragraphs and sorts them alphabetically. +sort-fields divides into lines and sorts them alphabetically + according to one field in the line. + The numeric argument specifies which field (counting + from field 1 at the beginning of the line). Fields in a line + are separated by whitespace. +sort-numeric-fields + is similar but converts the specified fields to numbers + and sorts them numerically. +sort-columns divides into lines and sorts them according to the contents + of a specified range of columns. + +Refer to the self-documentation of these commands for full usage information. + +* Changes in various commands. + +** `tags-query-replace' and `tags-search' change. + +These functions now display the name of the file being searched at the moment. + +** `occur' output now serves as a menu. `occur-menu' command deleted. + +`M-x occur' now allows you to move quickly to any of the occurrences +listed. Select the `*Occur*' buffer that contains the output of `occur', +move point to the occurrence you want, and type C-c C-c. +This will move point to the same occurrence in the buffer that the +occurrences were found in. + +The command `occur-menu' is thus obsolete, and has been deleted. + +One way to get a list of matching lines without line numbers is to +copy the text to another buffer and use the command `keep-lines'. + +** Incremental search changes. + +Ordinary and regexp incremental searches now have distinct default +search strings. Thus, regexp searches recall only previous regexp +searches. + +If you exit an incremental search when the search string is empty, +the old default search string is kept. The default does not become +empty. + +Reversing the direction of an incremental search with C-s or C-r +when the search string is empty now does not get the default search +string. It leaves the search string empty. A second C-s or C-r +will get the default search string. As a result, you can do a reverse +incremental regexp search with C-M-s C-r. + +If you add a `*', `?' or `\|' to an incremental search regexp, +point will back up if that is appropriate. For example, if +you have searched for `ab' and add a `*', point moves to the +first match for `ab*', which may be before the match for `ab' +that was previously found. + +If an incremental search is failing and you ask to repeat it, +it will start again from the beginning of the buffer (or the end, +if it is a backward search). + +The search-controlling parameters `isearch-slow-speed' and +`isearch-slow-window-lines' have now been renamed to start with +`search' instead of `isearch'. Now all the parameters' names start +with `search'. + +If `search-slow-window-lines' is negative, the slow search window +is put at the top of the screen, and the absolute value or the +negative number specifies the height of it. + +** Undo changes + +The undo command now will mark the buffer as unmodified only when it is +identical to the contents of the visited file. + +** C-M-v in minibuffer. + +If while in the minibuffer you request help in a way that uses a +window to display something, then until you exit the minibuffer C-M-v +in the minibuffer window scrolls the window of help. + +For example, if you request a list of possible completions, C-M-v can +be used reliably to scroll the completion list. + +** M-TAB command. + +Meta-TAB performs completion on the Emacs Lisp symbol names. The sexp +in the buffer before point is compared against all existing nontrivial +Lisp symbols and completed as far as is uniquely determined by them. +Nontrivial symbols are those with either function definitions, values +or properties. + +If there are multiple possibilities for the very next character, a +list of possible completions is displayed. + +** Dynamic abbreviation package. + +The new command Meta-/ expands an abbreviation in the buffer before point +by searching the buffer for words that start with the abbreviation. + +** Changes in saving kbd macros. + +The commands `write-kbd-macro' and `append-kbd-macro' have been +deleted. The way to save a keyboard macro is to use the new command +`insert-kbd-macro', which inserts Lisp code to define the macro as +it is currently defined into the buffer before point. Visit a Lisp +file such as your Emacs init file `~/.emacs', insert the macro +definition (perhaps deleting an old definition for the same macro) +and then save the file. + +** C-x ' command. + +The new command C-x ' (expand-abbrev) expands the word before point as +an abbrev, even if abbrev-mode is not turned on. + +** Sending to inferior Lisp. + +The command C-M-x in Lisp mode, which sends the current defun to +an inferior Lisp process, now works by writing the text into a temporary +file and actually sending only a `load'-form to load the file. +As a result, it avoids the Unix bugs that used to strike when the +text was above a certain length. + +With a prefix argument, this command now makes the inferior Lisp buffer +appear on the screen and scrolls it so that the bottom is showing. + +Two variables `inferior-lisp-load-command' and `inferior-lisp-prompt', +exist to customize these feature for different Lisp implementations. + +** C-x p now disabled. + +The command C-x p, a nonrecomended command which narrows to the current +page, is now initially disabled like C-x n. + +* Dealing with files. + +** C-x C-v generalized + +This command is now allowed even if the current buffer is not visiting +a file. As usual, it kills the current buffer and replaces it with a +newly found file. + +** M-x recover-file improved; auto save file names changed. + +M-x recover-file now checks whether the last auto-save file is more +recent than the real visited file before offering to read in the +auto-save file. If the auto-save file is newer, a directory listing +containing the two files is displayed while you are asked whether you +want the auto save file. + +Visiting a file also makes this check. If the auto-save file is more recent, +a message is printed suggesting that you consider using M-x recover file. + +Auto save file names now by default have a `#' at the end as well +as at the beginning. This is so that `*.c' in a shell command +will never match auto save files. + +On VMS, auto save file names are made by appending `_$' at the front +and `$' at the end. + +When you change the visited file name of a buffer, the auto save file +is now renamed to belong to the new visited file name. + +You can customize the way auto save file names are made by redefining +the two functions `make-auto-save-file-name' and `auto-save-file-name-p', +both of which are defined in `files.el'. + +** Modifying a buffer whose file is changed on disk is detected instantly. + +On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is +implemented, Emacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer +whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or saved. +If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change the buffer. + +** Exiting Emacs offers to save `*mail*'. + +Emacs can now know about buffers that it should offer to save on exit +even though they are not visiting files. This is done for any buffer +which has a non-nil local value of `buffer-offer-save'. By default, +Mail mode provides such a local value. + +** Backup file changes. + +If a backup file cannot be written in the directory of the visited file +due to fascist file protection, a backup file is now written in your home +directory as `~/%backup%~'. Only one such file is made, ever, so only +the most recently made such backup is available. + +When backup files are made by copying, the last-modification time of the +original file is now preserved in the backup copy. + +** Visiting remote files. + +On an internet host, you can now visit and save files on any other +internet host directly from Emacs with the commands M-x ftp-find-file +and M-x ftp-write-file. Specify an argument of the form HOST:FILENAME. +Since standard internet FTP is used, the other host may be any kind +of machine and is not required to have any special facilities. + +The first time any one remote host is accessed, you will be asked to +give the user name and password for use on that host. FTP is reinvoked +each time you ask to use it, but previously specified user names and +passwords are remembered automatically. + +** Dired `g' command. + +`g' in Dired mode is equivalent to M-x revert-buffer; it causes the +current contents of the same directory to be read in. + +* Changes in major modes. + +** C mode indentation change. + +The binding of Linefeed is no longer changed by C mode. It once again +has its normal meaning, which is to insert a newline and then indent +afterward. + +The old definition did one additional thing: it reindented the line +before the new newline. This has been removed because it made the +command twice as slow. The only time it was really useful was after the +insertion of an `else', since the fact of starting with `else' may change +the way that line is indented. Now you will have to type TAB again +yourself to reindent the `else' properly. + +If the variable `c-tab-always-indent' is set to `nil', the TAB command +in C mode, with no argument, will just insert a tab character if there +is non-whitespace preceding point on the current line. Giving it a +prefix argument will force reindentation of the line (as well as +of the compound statement that begins after point, if any). + +** Fortran mode now exists. + +This mode provides commands for motion and indentation of Fortran code, +plus built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. For details, see the manual +or the on-line documentation of the command `fortran-mode'. + +** Scribe mode now exists. + +This mode does something useful for editing files of Scribe input. +It is used automatically for files with names ending in ".mss". + +** Modula2 and Prolog modes now exist. + +These modes are for editing programs in the languages of the same names. +They can be selected with M-x modula-2-mode and M-x prolog-mode. + +** Telnet mode changes. + +The telnet mode special commands have now been assigned to C-c keys. +Most of them are the same as in Shell mode. + +** Picture mode changes. + +The special picture-mode commands to specify the direction of cursor +motion after insertion have been moved to C-c keys. The commands to +specify diagonal motion were already C-c keys; they are unchanged. +The keys to specify horizontal or vertical motion are now +C-c < (left), C-c > (right), C-c ^ (up) and C-c . (down). + +** Nroff mode comments. + +Comments are now supported in Nroff mode. The standard comment commands +such as M-; and C-x ; know how to insert, align and delete comments +that start with backslash-doublequote. + +** LaTeX mode. + +LaTeX mode now exists. Use M-x latex-mode to select this mode, and +M-x plain-tex-mode to select the previously existing mode for Plain +TeX. M-x tex-mode attempts to examine the contents of the buffer and +choose between latex-mode and plain-tex-mode accordingly; if the +buffer is empty or it cannot tell, the variable `TeX-default-mode' +controls the choice. Its value should be the symbol for the mode to +be used. + +The facilities for running TeX on all or part of the buffer +work with LaTeX as well. + +Some new commands available in both modes: + +C-c C-l recenter the window showing the TeX output buffer + so most recent line of output can be seen. +C-c C-k kill the TeX subprocess. +C-c C-q show the printer queue. +C-c C-f close a block (appropriate for LaTeX only). + If the current line contains a \begin{...}, + this inserts an \end{...} on the following line + and puts point on a blank line between them. + +** Outline mode changes. + +Invisible lines in outline mode are now indicated by `...' at the +end of the previous visible line. + +The special outline heading motion commands are now all on C-c keys. +A few new ones have been added. Here is a full list: + +C-c C-n Move to next visible heading (formerly M-}) +C-c C-p Move to previous visible heading (formerly M-{) +C-c C-f Move to next visible heading at the same level. + Thus, if point is on a level-2 heading line, + this command moves to the next visible level-2 heading. +C-c C-b Move to previous visible heading at the same level. +C-c C-u Move up to previous visible heading at a higher level. + +The variable `outline-regexp' now controls recognition of heading lines. +Any line whose beginning matches this regexp is a heading line. +The depth in outline structure is determined by the length of +the string that matches. + +A line starting with a ^L (formfeed) is now by default considered +a header line. + +* Mail reading and sending. + +** MH-E changes. + +MH-E has been extensively modified and improved since the v17 release. +It contains many new features, including commands to: extracted failed +messages, kill a draft message, undo changes to a mail folder, monitor +delivery of a letter, print multiple messages, page digests backwards, +insert signatures, and burst digests. Also, many commands have been +made to able to deal with named sequences of messages, instead of +single messages. MH-E also has had numerous bugs fixed and commands +made to run faster. Furthermore, its keybindings have been changed to +be compatible with Rmail and the rest of GNU Emacs. + +** Mail mode changes. + +The C-c commands of mail mode have been rearranged: + +C-c s, C-c c, C-c t and C-c b (move point to various header fields) +have been reassigned as C-c C-f C-s, C-c C-f C-c, C-c C-f C-t and C-c +C-f C-b. C-c C-f is for "field". + +C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q. + +Thus, C-c LETTER is always unassigned. + +** Rmail C-r command changed to w. + +The Rmail command to edit the current message is now `w'. This change +has been made because people frequently type C-r while in Rmail hoping +to do a reverse incremental search. That now works. + +* Rnews changes. + +** Caesar rotation added. + +The function news-caesar-buffer-body performs encryption and +decryption of the body of a news message. It defaults to the USENET +standard of 13, and accepts any numeric arg between 1 to 25 and -25 to -1. +The function is bound to C-c C-r in both news-mode and news-reply-mode. + +** rmail-output command added. + +The C-o command has been bound to rmail-output in news-mode. +This allows one to append an article to a file which is in either Unix +mail or RMAIL format. + +** news-reply-mode changes. + +The C-c commands of news reply mode have been rearranged and changed, +so that C-c LETTER is always unassigned: + +C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q. + +C-c c, C-c t, and C-c b (move to various mail header fields) have been +deleted (they make no sense for posting and replying to USENET). + +C-c s (move to Subject: header field) has been reassigned as C-c C-f +C-s. C-c C-f is for "field". Several additional move to news header +field commands have been added. + +The local news-reply-mode bindings now look like this: + +C-c C-s news-inews (post the message) C-c C-c news-inews +C-c C-f move to a header field (and create it if there isn't): + C-c C-f C-n move to Newsgroups: C-c C-f C-s move to Subj: + C-c C-f C-f move to Followup-To: C-c C-f C-k move to Keywords: + C-c C-f C-d move to Distribution: C-c C-f C-a move to Summary: +C-c C-y news-reply-yank-original (insert current message, in NEWS). +C-c C-q mail-fill-yanked-message (fill what was yanked). +C-c C-r caesar rotate all letters by 13 places in the article's body (rot13). + +* Existing Emacs usable as a server. + +Programs such as mailers that invoke "the editor" as an inferior +to edit some text can now be told to use an existing Emacs process +instead of creating a new editor. + +To do this, you must have an Emacs process running and capable of +doing terminal I/O at the time you want to invoke it. This means that +either you are using a window system and give Emacs a separate window +or you run the other programs as inferiors of Emacs (such as, using +M-x shell). + +First prepare the existing Emacs process by loading the `server' +library and executing M-x server-start. (Your .emacs can do this +automatically.) + +Now tell the other programs to use, as "the editor", the Emacs client +program (etc/emacsclient, located in the same directory as this file). +This can be done by setting the environment variable EDITOR. + +When another program invokes the emacsclient as "the editor", the +client actually transfers the file names to be edited to the existing +Emacs, which automatically visits the files. + +When you are done editing a buffer for a client, do C-x # (server-edit). +This marks that buffer as done, and selects the next buffer that the client +asked for. When all the buffers requested by a client are marked in this +way, Emacs tells the client program to exit, so that the program that +invoked "the editor" will resume execution. + +You can only have one server Emacs at a time, but multiple client programs +can put in requests at the same time. + +The client/server work only on Berkeley Unix, since they use the Berkeley +sockets mechanism for their communication. + +Changes in Lisp programming in Emacs version 18. + +* Init file changes. + +** Suffixes no longer accepted on `.emacs'. + +Emacs will no longer load a file named `.emacs.el' or `emacs.elc' +in place of `.emacs'. This is so that it will take less time to +find `.emacs'. If you want to compile your init file, give it another +name and make `.emacs' a link to the `.elc' file, or make it contain +a call to `load' to load the `.elc' file. + +** `default-profile' renamed to `default', and loaded after `.emacs'. + +It used to be the case that the file `default-profile' was loaded if +and only if `.emacs' was not found. + +Now the name `default-profile' is not used at all. Instead, a library +named `default' is loaded after the `.emacs' file. `default' is loaded +whether the `.emacs' file exists or not. However, loading of `default' +can be prevented if the `.emacs' file sets `inhibit-default-init' to non-nil. + +In fact, you would call the default file `default.el' and probably would +byte-compile it to speed execution. + +Note that for most purposes you are better off using a `site-init' library +since that will be loaded before the runnable Emacs is dumped. By using +a `site-init' library, you avoid taking up time each time Emacs is started. + +** inhibit-command-line has been eliminated. + +This variable used to exist for .emacs files to set. It has been +eliminated because you can get the same effect by setting +command-line-args to nil and setting inhibit-startup-message to t. + +* `apply' is more general. + +`apply' now accepts any number of arguments. The first one is a function; +the rest are individual arguments to pass to that function, except for the +last, which is a list of arguments to pass. + +Previously, `apply' required exactly two arguments. Its old behavior +follows as a special case of the new definition. + +* New code-letter for `interactive'. + +(interactive "NFoo: ") is like (interactive "nFoo: ") in reading +a number using the minibuffer to serve as the argument; however, +if a prefix argument was specified, it uses the prefix argument +value as the argument, and does not use the minibuffer at all. + +This is used by the `goto-line' and `goto-char' commands. + +* Semantics of variables. + +** Built-in per-buffer variables improved. + +Several built-in variables which in the past had a different value in +each buffer now behave exactly as if `make-variable-buffer-local' had +been done to them. + +These variables are `tab-width', `ctl-arrow', `truncate-lines', +`fill-column', `left-margin', `mode-line-format', `abbrev-mode', +`overwrite-mode', `case-fold-search', `auto-fill-hook', +`selective-display', `selective-display-ellipses'. + +To be precise, each variable has a default value which shows through +in most buffers and can be accessed with `default-value' and set with +`set-default'. Setting the variable with `setq' makes the variable +local to the current buffer. Changing the default value has retroactive +effect on all buffers in which the variable is not local. + +The variables `default-case-fold-search', etc., are now obsolete. +They now refer to the default value of the variable, which is not +quite the same behavior as before, but it should enable old init files +to continue to work. + +** New per-buffer variables. + +The variables `fill-prefix', `comment-column' and `indent-tabs-mode' +are now per-buffer. They work just like `fill-column', etc. + +** New function `setq-default'. + +`setq-default' sets the default value of a variable, and uses the +same syntax that `setq' accepts: the variable name is not evaluated +and need not be quoted. + +`(setq-default case-fold-search nil)' would make searches case-sensitive +in all buffers that do not have local values for `case-fold-search'. + +** Functions `global-set' and `global-value' deleted. + +These functions were never used except by mistake by users expecting +the functionality of `set-default' and `default-value'. + +* Changes in defaulting of major modes. + +When `default-major-mode' is `nil', new buffers are supposed to +get their major mode from the buffer that is current. However, +certain major modes (such as Dired mode, Rmail mode, Rmail Summary mode, +and others) are not reasonable to use in this way. + +Now such modes' names have been given non-`nil' `mode-class' properties. +If the current buffer's mode has such a property, Fundamental mode is +used as the default for newly created buffers. + +* `where-is-internal' requires additional arguments. + +This function now accepts three arguments, two of them required: +DEFINITION, the definition to search for; LOCAL-KEYMAP, the keymap +to use as the local map when doing the searching, and FIRST-ONLY, +which is nonzero to return only the first key found. + +This function returns a list of keys (strings) whose definitions +(in the LOCAL-KEYMAP or the current global map) are DEFINITION. + +If FIRST-ONLY is non-nil, it returns a single key (string). + +This function has changed incompatibly in that now two arguments +are required when previously only one argument was allowed. To get +the old behavior of this function, write `(current-local-map)' as +the expression for the second argument. + +The incompatibility is sad, but `nil' is a legitimate value for the +second argument (it means there is no local keymap), so it cannot also +serve as a default meaning to use the current local keymap. + +* Abbrevs with hooks. + +When an abbrev defined with a hook is expanded, it now performs the +usual replacement of the abbrev with the expansion before running the +hook. Previously the abbrev itself was deleted but the expansion was +not inserted. + +* Function `scan-buffer' deleted. + +Use `search-forward' or `search-backward' in place of `scan-buffer'. +You will have to rearrange the arguments. + +* X window interface improvements. + +** Detect release of mouse buttons. + +Button-up events can now be detected. See the file `lisp/x-mouse.el' +for details. + +** New pop-up menu facility. + +The new function `x-popup-menu' pops up a menu (in a X window) +and returns an indication of which selection the user made. +For more information, see its self-documentation. + +* M-x disassemble. + +This command prints the disassembly of a byte-compiled Emacs Lisp function. + +Would anyone like to interface this to the debugger? + +* `insert-buffer-substring' can insert part of the current buffer. + +The old restriction that the text being inserted had to come from +a different buffer is now lifted. + +When inserting text from the current buffer, the text to be inserted +is determined from the specified bounds before any copying takes place. + +* New function `substitute-key-definition'. + +This is a new way to replace one command with another command as the +binding of whatever keys may happen to refer to it. + +(substitute-key-definition OLDDEF NEWDEF KEYMAP) looks through KEYMAP +for keys defined to run OLDDEF, and rebinds those keys to run NEWDEF +instead. + +* New function `insert-char'. + +Insert a specified character, a specified number of times. + +* `mark-marker' changed. + +When there is no mark, this now returns a marker that points +nowhere, rather than `nil'. + +* `ding' accepts argument. + +When given an argument, the function `ding' does not terminate +execution of a keyboard macro. Normally, `ding' does terminate +all macros that are currently executing. + +* New function `minibuffer-depth'. + +This function returns the current depth in minibuffer activations. +The value is zero when the minibuffer is not in use. +Values greater than one are possible if the user has entered the +minibuffer recursively. + +* New function `documentation-property'. + +(documentation-property SYMBOL PROPNAME) is like (get SYMBOL PROPNAME), +except that if the property value is a number `documentation-property' +will take that number (or its absolute value) as a character position +in the DOC file and return the string found there. + +(documentation-property VAR 'variable-documentation) is the proper +way for a Lisp program to get the documentation of variable VAR. + +* New documentation-string expansion feature. + +If a documentation string (for a variable or function) contains text +of the form `\<FOO>', it means that all command names specified in +`\[COMMAND]' construct from that point on should be turned into keys +using the value of the variable FOO as the local keymap. Thus, for example, + + `\<emacs-lisp-mode-map>\[eval-defun] evaluates the defun containing point.' + +will expand into + + "ESC C-x evaluates the defun containing point." + +regardless of the current major mode, because ESC C-x is defined to +run `eval-defun' in the keymap `emacs-lisp-mode-map'. The effect is +to show the key for `eval-defun' in Emacs Lisp mode regardless of the +current major mode. + +The `\<...>' construct applies to all `\[...]' constructs that follow it, +up to the end of the documentation string or the next `\<...>'. + +Without `\<...>', the keys for commands specified in `\[...]' are found +in the current buffer's local map. + +The current global keymap is always searched second, whether `\<...>' +has been used or not. + +* Multiple hooks allowed in certain contexts. + +The old hook variables `find-file-hook', `find-file-not-found-hook' and +`write-file-hook' have been replaced. + +The replacements are `find-file-hooks', `find-file-not-found-hooks' +and `write-file-hooks'. Each holds a list of functions to be called; +by default, `nil', for no functions. The functions are called in +order of appearance in the list. + +In the case of `find-file-hooks', all the functions are executed. + +In the case of `find-file-not-found-hooks', if any of the functions +returns non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called. + +In the case of `write-file-hooks', if any of the functions returns +non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called, and the file is +considered to have been written already; so actual writing in the +usual way is not done. If `write-file-hooks' is local to a buffer, +it is set to its global value if `set-visited-file-name' is called +(and thus by C-x C-w as well). + +`find-file-not-found-hooks' and `write-file-hooks' can be used +together to implement editing of files that are not stored as Unix +files: stored in archives, or inside version control systems, or on +other machines running other operating systems and accessible via ftp. + +* New hooks for suspending Emacs. + +Suspending Emacs runs the hook `suspend-hook' before suspending +and the hook `suspend-resume-hook' if the suspended Emacs is resumed. +Running a hook is done by applying the variable's value to no arguments +if the variable has a non-`nil' value. If `suspend-hook' returns +non-`nil', then suspending is inhibited and so is running the +`suspend-resume-hook'. The non-`nil' value means that the `suspend-hook' +has done whatever suspending is required. + +* Disabling commands can print a special message. + +A command is disabled by giving it a non-`nil' `disabled' property. +Now, if this property is a string, it is included in the message +printed when the user tries to run the command. + +* Emacs can open TCP connections. + +The function `open-network-stream' opens a TCP connection to +a specified host and service. Its value is a Lisp object that represents +the connection. The object is a kind of "subprocess", and I/O are +done like I/O to subprocesses. + +* Display-related changes. + +** New mode-line control features. + +The display of the mode line used to be controlled by a format-string +that was the value of the variable `mode-line-format'. + +This variable still exists, but it now allows more general values, +not just strings. Lists, cons cells and symbols are also meaningful. + +The mode line contents are created by outputting various mode elements +one after the other. Here are the kinds of objects that can be +used as mode elements, and what they do in the display: + + string the contents of the string are output to the mode line, + and %-constructs are replaced by other text. + + t or nil ignored; no output results. + + symbol the symbol's value is used. If the value is a string, + the string is output verbatim to the mode line + (so %-constructs are not interpreted). Otherwise, + the symbol's value is processed as a mode element. + + list (whose first element is a string or list or cons cell) + the elements of the list are treated as as mode elements, + so that the output they generate is concatenated, + + list (whose car is a symbol) + if the symbol's value is non-nil, the second element of the + list is treated as a mode element. Otherwise, the third + element (if any) of the list is treated as a mode element. + + cons (whose car is a positive integer) + the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but + the text it produces is padded, if necessary, to have + at least the width specified by the integer. + + cons (whose car is a negative integer) + the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but + the text it produces is truncated, if necessary, to have + at most the width specified by the integer. + +There is always one mode element to start with, that being the value of +`mode-line-format', but if this value is a list then it leads to several +more mode elements, which can lead to more, and so on. + +There is one new %-construct for mode elements that are strings: +`%n' displays ` Narrow' for a buffer that is narrowed. + +The default value of `mode-line-format' refers to several other variables. +These variables are `mode-name', `mode-line-buffer-identification', +`mode-line-process', `mode-line-modified', `global-mode-string' and +`minor-mode-alist'. The first four are local in every buffer in which they +are changed from the default. + +mode-name Name of buffer's major mode. Local in every buffer. + +mode-line-buffer-identification + Normally the list ("Emacs: %17b"), it is responsible + for displaying text to indicate what buffer is being shown + and what kind of editing it is doing. `Emacs' means + that a file of characters is being edited. Major modes + such as Info and Dired which edit or view other kinds + of data often change this value. This variables becomes + local to the current buffer if it is setq'd. + +mode-line-process + Normally nil, this variable is responsible for displaying + information about the process running in the current buffer. + M-x shell-mode and M-x compile alter this variable. + +mode-line-modified + This variable is responsible for displaying the indication + of whether the current buffer is modified or read-only. + By default its value is `("--%*%*-")'. + +minor-mode-alist + This variable is responsible for displaying text for those + minor modes that are currently enabled. Its value + is a list of elements of the form (VARIABLE STRING), + where STRING is to be displayed if VARIABLE's value + (in the buffer whose mode line is being displayed) + is non-nil. This variable is not made local to particular + buffers, but loading some libraries may add elements to it. + +global-mode-string + This variable is used to display the time, if you ask + for that. + +The idea of these variables is to eliminate the need for major modes +to alter mode-line-format itself. + +** `window-point' valid for selected window. + +The value returned by `window-point' used to be incorrect when its +argument was the selected window. Now the value is correct. + +** Window configurations may be saved as Lisp objects. + +The function `current-window-configuration' returns a special type of +Lisp object that represents the current layout of windows: the +sizes and positions of windows, which buffers appear in them, and +which parts of the buffers appear on the screen. + +The function `set-window-configuration' takes one argument, which must +be a window configuration object, and restores that configuration. + +** New hook `temp-output-buffer-show-hook'. + +This hook allows you to control how help buffers are displayed. +Whenever `with-output-to-temp-buffer' has executed its body and wants +to display the temp buffer, if this variable is bound and non-`nil' +then its value is called with one argument, the temp buffer. +The hook function is solely responsible for displaying the buffer. +The standard manner of display--making the buffer appear in a window--is +used only if there is no hook function. + +** New function `minibuffer-window'. + +This function returns the window used (sometimes) for displaying +the minibuffer. It can be used even when the minibuffer is not active. + +** New feature to `next-window'. + +If the optional second argument is neither `nil' nor `t', the minibuffer +window is omitted from consideration even when active; if the starting +window was the last non-minibuffer window, the value will be the first +non-minibuffer window. + +** New variable `minibuffer-scroll-window'. + +When this variable is non-`nil', the command `scroll-other-window' +uses it as the window to be scrolled. Displays of completion-lists +set this variable to the window containing the display. + +** New argument to `sit-for'. + +A non-nil second argument to `sit-for' means do not redisplay; +just wait for the specified time or until input is available. + +** Deleted function `set-minor-mode'; minor modes must be changed. + +The function `set-minor-mode' has been eliminated. The display +of minor mode names in the mode line is now controlled by the +variable `minor-mode-alist'. To specify display of a new minor +mode, it is sufficient to add an element to this list. Once that +is done, you can turn the mode on and off just by setting a variable, +and the display will show its status automatically. + +** New variable `cursor-in-echo-area'. + +If this variable is non-nil, the screen cursor appears on the +last line of the screen, at the end of the text displayed there. + +Binding this variable to t is useful at times when reading single +characters of input with `read-char'. + +** New per-buffer variable `selective-display-ellipses'. + +If this variable is non-nil, an ellipsis (`...') appears on the screen +at the end of each text line that is followed by invisible text. + +If this variable is nil, no ellipses appear. Then there is no sign +on the screen that invisible text is present. + +Text is made invisible under the control of the variable +`selective-display'; this is how Outline mode and C-x $ work. + +** New variable `no-redraw-on-reenter'. + +If you set this variable non-nil, Emacs will not clear the screen when +you resume it after suspending it. This is for the sake of terminals +with multiple screens of memory, where the termcap entry has been set +up to switch between screens when Emacs is suspended and resumed. + +** New argument to `set-screen-height' or `set-screen-width'. + +These functions now take an optional second argument which says +what significance the newly specified height or width has. + +If the argument is nil, or absent, it means that Emacs should +believe that the terminal height or width really is as just specified. + +If the argument is t, it means Emacs should not believe that the +terminal really is this high or wide, but it should use the +specific height or width as the number of lines or columns to display. +Thus, you could display only 24 lines on a screen known to have 48 lines. + +What practical difference is there between using only 24 lines for display +and really believing that the terminal has 24 lines? + +1. The ``real'' height of the terminal says what the terminal command +to move the cursor to the last line will do. + +2. The ``real'' height of the terminal determines how much padding is +needed. + +* File-related changes. + +** New parameter `backup-by-copying-when-mismatch'. + +If this variable is non-`nil', then when Emacs is about to save a +file, it will create the backup file by copying if that would avoid +changing the file's uid or gid. + +The default value of this variable is `nil', because usually it is +useful to have the uid of a file change according to who edited it +last. I recommend thet this variable be left normally `nil' and +changed with a local variables list in those particular files where +the uid needs to be preserved. + +** New parameter `file-precious-flag'. + +If this variable is non-`nil', saving the buffer tries to avoid +leaving an incomplete file due to disk full or other I/O errors. +It renames the old file before saving. If saving is successful, +the renamed file is deleted; if saving gets an error, the renamed +file is renamed back to the name you visited. + +Backups are always made by copying for such files. + +** New variable `buffer-offer-save'. + +If the value of this variable is non-`nil' in a buffer then exiting +Emacs will offer to save the buffer (if it is modified and nonempty) +even if the buffer is not visiting a file. This variable is +automatically made local to the current buffer whenever it is set. + +** `rename-file', `copy-file', `add-name-to-file' and `make-symbolic-link'. + +The third argument to these functions used to be `t' or `nil'; `t' +meaning go ahead even if the specified new file name already has a file, +and `nil' meaning to get an error. + +Now if the third argument is a number it means to ask the user for +confirmation in this case. + +** New optional argument to `copy-file'. + +If `copy-file' receives a non-nil fourth argument, it attempts +to give the new copy the same time-of-last-modification that the +original file has. + +** New function `file-newer-than-file-p'. + +(file-newer-than-file-p FILE1 FILE2) returns non-nil if FILE1 has been +modified more recently than FILE2. If FILE1 does not exist, the value +is always nil; otherwise, if FILE2 does not exist, the value is t. +This is meant for use when FILE2 depends on FILE1, to see if changes +in FILE1 make it necessary to recompute FILE2 from it. + +** Changed function `file-exists-p'. + +This function is no longer the same as `file-readable-p'. +`file-exists-p' can now return t for a file that exists but which +the fascists won't allow you to read. + +** New function `file-locked-p'. + +This function receives a file name as argument and returns `nil' +if the file is not locked, `t' if locked by this Emacs, or a +string giving the name of the user who has locked it. + +** New function `file-name-sans-versions'. + +(file-name-sans-versions NAME) returns a substring of NAME, with any +version numbers or other backup suffixes deleted from the end. + +** New functions for directory names. + +Although a directory is really a kind of file, specifying a directory +uses a somewhat different syntax from specifying a file. +In Emacs, a directory name is used as part of a file name. + +On Unix, the difference is small: a directory name ends in a slash, +while a file name does not: thus, `/usr/rms/' to name a directory, +while `/usr/rms' names the file which holds that directory. + +On VMS, the difference is considerable: `du:[rms.foo]' specifies a +directory, but the name of the file that holds that directory is +`du:[rms]foo.dir'. + +There are two new functions for converting between directory names +and file names. `directory-file-name' takes a directory name and +returns the name of the file in which that directory's data is stored. +`file-name-as-directory' takes the name of a file and returns +the corresponding directory name. These always understand Unix file name +syntax; on VMS, they understand VMS syntax as well. + +For example, (file-name-as-directory "/usr/rms") returns "/usr/rms/" +and (directory-file-name "/usr/rms/") returns "/usr/rms". +On VMS, (file-name-as-directory "du:[rms]foo.dir") returns "du:[rms.foo]" +and (directory-file-name "du:[rms.foo]") returns "du:[rms]foo.dir". + +** Value of `file-attributes' changed. + +The function file-attributes returns a list containing many kinds of +information about a file. Now the list has eleven elements. + +The tenth element is `t' if deleting the file and creating another +file of the same name would result in a change in the file's group; +`nil' if there would be no change. You can also think of this as +comparing the file's group with the default group for files created in +the same directory by you. + +The eleventh element is the inode number of the file. + +** VMS-only function `file-name-all-versions'. + +This function returns a list of all the completions, including version +number, of a specified version-number-less file name. This is like +`file-name-all-completions', except that the latter returns values +that do not include version numbers. + +** VMS-only variable `vms-stmlf-recfm'. + +On a VMS system, if this variable is non-nil, Emacs will give newly +created files the record format `stmlf'. This is necessary for files +that must contain lines of arbitrary length, such as compiled Emacs +Lisp. + +When writing a new version of an existing file, Emacs always keeps +the same record format as the previous version; so this variable has +no effect. + +This variable has no effect on Unix systems. + +** `insert-file-contents' on an empty file. + +This no longer sets the buffer's "modified" flag. + +** New function (VMS only) `define-logical-name': + +(define-logical-name LOGICAL TRANSLATION) defines a VMS logical name +LOGICAL whose translation is TRANSLATION. The new name applies to +the current process only. + +** Deleted variable `ask-about-buffer-names'. + +If you want buffer names for files to be generated in a special way, +you must redefine `create-file-buffer'. + +* Subprocess-related changes. + +** New function `process-list'. + +This function takes no arguments and returns a list of all +of Emacs's asynchronous subprocesses. + +** New function `process-exit-status'. + +This function, given a process, process name or buffer as argument, +returns the exit status code or signal number of the process. +If the process has not yet exited or died, this function returns 0. + +** Process output ignores `buffer-read-only'. + +Output from a process will go into the process's buffer even if the +buffer is read only. + +** Switching buffers in filter functions and sentinels. + +Emacs no longer saves and restore the current buffer around calling +the filter and sentinel functions, so these functions can now +permanently alter the selected buffer in a straightforward manner. + +** Specifying environment variables for subprocesses. + +When a subprocess is started with `start-process' or `call-process', +the value of the variable `process-environment' is taken to +specify the environment variables to give the subprocess. The +value should be a list of strings, each of the form "VAR=VALUE". + +`process-environment' is initialized when Emacs starts up +based on Emacs's environment. + +** New variable `process-connection-type'. + +If this variable is `nil', when a subprocess is created, Emacs uses +a pipe rather than a pty to communicate with it. Normally this +variable is `t', telling Emacs to use a pty if ptys are supported +and one is available. + +** New function `waiting-for-user-input-p'. + +This function, given a subprocess as argument, returns `t' if that +subprocess appears to be waiting for input sent from Emacs, +or `nil' otherwise. + +** New hook `shell-set-directory-error-hook'. + +The value of this variable is called, with no arguments, whenever +Shell mode gets an error trying to keep track of directory-setting +commands (such as `cd' and `pushd') used in the shell buffer. + +* New functions `user-uid' and `user-real-uid'. + +These functions take no arguments and return, respectively, +the effective uid and the real uid of the Emacs process. +The value in each case is an integer. + +* New variable `print-escape-newlines' controls string printing. + +If this variable is non-`nil', then when a Lisp string is printed +by the Lisp printing function `prin1' or `print', newline characters +are printed as `\n' rather than as a literal newline. + +* New function `sysnetunam' on HPUX. + +This function takes two arguments, a network address PATH and a +login string LOGIN, and executes the system call `netunam'. +It returns `t' if the call succeeds, otherwise `nil'. + +News regarding installation: + +* Many `s-...' file names changed. + +Many `s-...' files have been renamed. All periods in such names, +except the ones just before the final `h', have been changed to +hyphens. Thus, `s-bsd4.2.h' has been renamed to `s-bsd4-2.h'. + +This is so a Unix distribution can be moved mechanically to VMS. + +* `DOCSTR...' file now called `DOC-...'. + +The file of on-line documentation strings, that used to be +`DOCSTR.mm.nn.oo' in this directory, is now called `DOC-mm.nn.oo'. +This is so that it can port to VMS using the standard conventions +for translating filenames for VMS. + +This file also now contains the doc strings for variables as +well as functions. + +* Emacs no longer uses floating point arithmetic. + +This may make it easier to port to some machines. + +* Macros `XPNTR' and `XSETPNTR'; flag `DATA_SEG_BITS'. + +These macros exclusively are used to unpack a pointer from a Lisp_Object +and to insert a pointer into a Lisp_Object. Redefining them may help +port Emacs to machines in which all pointers to data objects have +certain high bits set. + +If `DATA_SEG_BITS' is defined, it should be a number which contains +the high bits to be inclusive or'ed with pointers that are unpacked. + +* New flag `HAVE_X_MENU'. + +Define this flag in `config.h' in addition to `HAVE_X_WINDOWS' +to enable use of the Emacs interface to X Menus. On some operating +systems, the rest of the X interface works properly but X Menus +do not work; hence this separate flag. See the file `src/xmenu.c' +for more information. + +* Macros `ARRAY_MARK_FLAG' and `DONT_COPY_FLAG'. + +* `HAVE_ALLOCA' prevents assembly of `alloca.s'. + +* `SYSTEM_MALLOC' prevents use of GNU `malloc.c'. + +SYSTEM_MALLOC, if defined, means use the system's own `malloc' routines +rather than those that come with Emacs. + +Use this only if absolutely necessary, because if it is used you do +not get warnings when space is getting low. + +* New flags to control unexec. + +See the file `unexec.c' for a long comment on the compilation +switches that suffice to make it work on many machines. + +* `PNTR_COMPARISON_TYPE' + +Pointers that need to be compared for ordering are converted to this type +first. Normally this is `unsigned int'. + +* `HAVE_VFORK', `HAVE_DUP2' and `HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY'. + +These flags just say whether certain system calls are available. + +* New macros control compiler switches, linker switches and libraries. + +The m- and s- files can now control in a modular fashion the precise +arguments passed to `cc' and `ld'. + +LIBS_STANDARD defines the standard C libraries. Default is `-lc'. +LIBS_DEBUG defines the extra libraries to use when debugging. Default `-lg'. +LIBS_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra libraries. +LIBS_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra libraries. +LIBS_TERMCAP defines the libraries for Termcap or Terminfo. + It is defined by default in a complicated fashion but the m- or s- file + can override it. + +LD_SWITCH_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra `ld' switches. + The default is `-X' on BSD systems except those few that use COFF object files. +LD_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `ld' switches. + +C_DEBUG_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' when debugging. Default `-g'. +C_OPTIMIZE_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' to optimize. Default `-O'. +C_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `cc' switches. + +For older news, see the file ONEWS.2. + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Copyright information: + +Copyright (C) 1988 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies + of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the + copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved, + thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn. + + Permission is granted to distribute modified versions + of this document, or of portions of it, + under the above conditions, provided also that they + carry prominent notices stating who last changed them. + +Local variables: +mode: text +end:
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/etc/ONEWS.4 Thu Nov 02 13:36:58 2000 +0000 @@ -0,0 +1,1691 @@ +GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes. 1992. +Copyright (C) 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc. +See the end for copying conditions. + +For older news, see the file NEWS.3. + +Changes in version 18.58. + +* RMAIL reply now properly parses nested comments in addesses. + +* The "visual bell" feature when used with X windows +now flashes only 1/4 of the window's total area. This is because +flashing the whole window is too slow on some systems. + +* `call-process' and `call-process-region' now return an indication +of the exit status of the subprocess: either a numeric exit code +or a string describing the signal which caused termination. + +* It is possible for regular expression matching to overflow the stack +of failure points. In the past, such overflow was treated as simple +failure to match. Now it causes an error. + +* You can use C-u to end a numeric argument. Thus, type C-u 1 0 0 C-u 1 +to insert 100 1's. + +* Emacs now knows how to get resource values from the X server. + +* Job control commands in shell mode work properly on more systems +because they now work by "typing" signal characters such as C-c. + +* copy-keymap no longer recursively copies keymaps reached through +symbols' function definitions (i.e., those that have names). It does +copy nested keymaps that appear directly in the other copied keymaps. + +Changes in version 18.56. + +* C-g should now work to interrupt a running program +on all kinds of systems even when using X windows. + +* Quitting is inhibited while a filter or sentinel is running. +Those functions can run asynchronously while Emacs is waiting +for keyboard input, and if they allow quitting, they +make the behavior of C-g unpredictable. + +* Storing text into the X windows cut buffer +now clears out any selection. + +* The undo facility is completely rewritten, and now +uses Lisp data structures. It can record much more +information. You can use the variables undo-threshold +and undo-high-threshold to control how much. + +* There is no longer a maximum screen height or width. + +Changes in version 18.52. + +* X windows version 10 is supported under system V. + +* Pop-up menus are now supported with the same Lisp interface in +both version 10 and 11 of X windows. + +* C-x 4 a is a new command to edit a change-log entry in another window. + +* The emacs client program now allows an option +NNN to specify the +line number to go to in the file whose name follows. Thus, + emacsclient foo.c +45 bar.c +will find the files `foo.c' and `bar.c', going to line 45 in `bar.c'. + +* Dired allows empty directories to be deleted like files. + +* When the terminal type is used to find a terminal-specific file to +run, Emacs now tries the entire terminal type first. If that doesn't +yield a file that exists, the last hyphen and what follows it is +stripped. If that doesn't yield a file that exists, the previous +hyphen is stripped, and so on until all hyphens are gone. For +example, if the terminal type is `aaa-48-foo', Emacs will try first +`term/aaa-48-foo.el', then `term/aaa-48.el' and finally `term/aaa.el'. + +Underscores now receive the same treatment as hyphens. + +* Texinfo features: @defun, etc. texinfo-show-structure. +New template commands. texinfo-format-region. + +* The special "local variable" `eval' is now ignored if you are running +as root. + +* New command `c-macro-expand' shows the result of C macro expansion +in the region. It works using the C preprocessor, so its results +are completely accurate. + +* Errors in trying to auto save now flash error messages for a few seconds. + +* Killing a buffer now sends SIGHUP to the buffer's process. + +* New hooks. + +** `spell-region' now allows you to filter the text before spelling-checking. +If the value of `spell-filter' is non-nil, it is called, with no arguments, +looking at a temporary buffer containing a copy of the text to be checked. +It can alter the text freely before the spell program sees it. + +** The variable `lpr-command' now specifies the command to be used when +you use the commands to print text (such as M-x print-buffer). + +** Posting netnews now calls the value of `news-inews-hook' (if not nil) +as a function of no arguments before the actual posting. + +** Rmail now calls the value of `rmail-show-message-hook' (if not nil) +as a function of no arguments, each time a new message is selected. + +** `kill-emacs' calls the value of `kill-emacs-hook' as a function of no args +unless Emacs is running in batch mode. + +* New libraries. +See the source code of each library for more information. + +** icon.el: a major mode for editing programs written in Icon. + +** life.el: a simulator for the cellular automaton "life". Load the +library and run M-x life. + +** doctex.el: a library for converting the Emacs `etc/DOC' file of +documentation strings into TeX input. + +** saveconf.el: a library which records the arrangement of windows and +buffers when you exit Emacs, and automatically recreates the same +setup the next time you start Emacs. + +** uncompress.el: a library that automatically uncompresses files +when you visit them. + +** c-fill.el: a mode for editing filled comments in C. + +** kermit.el: an extended version of shell-mode designed for running kermit. + +** spook.el: a library for adding some "distract the NSA" keywords to every +message you send. + +** hideif.el: a library for hiding parts of a C program based on preprocessor +conditionals. + +** autoinsert.el: a library to put in some initial text when you visit +a nonexistent file. The text used depends on the major mode, and +comes from a directory of files created by you. + +* New programming features. + +** The variable `window-system-version' now contains the version number +of the window system you are using (if appropriate). When using X windows, +its value is either 10 or 11. + +** (interactive "N") uses the prefix argument if any; otherwise, it reads +a number using the minibuffer. + +** VMS: there are two new functions `vms-system-info' and `shrink-to-icon'. +The former allows you to get many kinds of system status information. +See its self-documentation for full details. +The second is used with the window system: it iconifies the Emacs window. + +** VMS: the new function `define-logical-name' allows you to create +job-wide logical names. The old function `define-dcl-symbol' has been +removed. + +Changes in version 18.50. + +* X windows version 11 is supported. + +Define X11 in config.h if you want X version 11 instead of version 10. + +* The command M-x gdb runs the GDB debugger as an inferior. +It asks for the filename of the executable you want to debug. + +GDB runs as an inferior with I/O through an Emacs buffer. All the +facilities of Shell mode are available. In addition, each time your +program stops, and each time you select a new stack frame, the source +code is displayed in another window with an arrow added to the line +where the program is executing. + +Special GDB-mode commands include M-s, M-n, M-i, M-u, M-d, and C-c C-f +which send the GDB commands `step', `next', `stepi', `up', `down' +and `finish'. + +In any source file, the commands C-x SPC tells GDB to set a breakpoint +on the current line. + +* M-x calendar displays a three-month calendar. + +* C-u 0 C-x C-s never makes a backup file. + +This is a way you can explicitly request not to make a backup. + +* `term-setup-hook' is for users only. + +Emacs never uses this variable for internal purposes, so you can freely +set it in your `.emacs' file to make Emacs do something special after +loading any terminal-specific setup file from `lisp/term'. + +* `copy-keymap' now copies recursive submaps. + +* New overlay-arrow feature. + +If you set the variable `overlay-arrow-string' to a string +and `overlay-arrow-position' to a marker, that string is displayed on +the screen at the position of that marker, hiding whatever text would +have appeared there. If that position isn't on the screen, or if +the buffer the marker points into isn't displayed, there is no effect. + +* -batch mode can read from the terminal. + +It now works to use `read-char' to do terminal input in a noninteractive +Emacs run. End of file causes Emacs to exit. + +* Variables `data-bytes-used' and `data-bytes-free' removed. + +These variables cannot really work because the 24-bit range of an +integer in (most ports of) GNU Emacs is not large enough to hold their +values on many systems. + +Changes in version 18.45, since version 18.41. + +* C indentation parameter `c-continued-brace-offset'. + +This parameter's value is added to the indentation of any +line that is in a continuation context and starts with an open-brace. +For example, it applies to the open brace shown here: + + if (x) + { + +The default value is zero. + +* Dabbrev expansion (Meta-/) preserves case. + +When you use Meta-/ to search the buffer for an expansion of an +abbreviation, if the expansion found is all lower case except perhaps +for its first letter, then the case pattern of the abbreviation +is carried over to the expansion that replaces it. + +* TeX-mode syntax. + +\ is no longer given "escape character" syntax in TeX mode. It now +has the syntax of an ordinary punctuation character. As a result, +\[...\] and such like are considered to balance each other. + +* Mail-mode automatic Reply-to field. + +If the variable `mail-default-reply-to' is non-`nil', then each time +you start to compose a message, a Reply-to field is inserted with +its contents taken from the value of `mail-default-reply-to'. + +* Where is your .emacs file? + +If you run Emacs under `su', so your real and effective uids are +different, Emacs uses the home directory associated with the real uid +(the name you actually logged in under) to find the .emacs file. + +Otherwise, Emacs uses the environment variable HOME to find the .emacs +file. + +The .emacs file is not loaded at all if -batch is specified. + +* Prolog mode is the default for ".pl" files. + +* File names are not case-sensitive on VMS. + +On VMS systems, all file names that you specify are converted to upper +case. You can use either upper or lower case indiscriminately. + +* VMS-only function 'define-dcl-symbol'. + +This is a new name for the function formerly called +`define-logical-name'. + +Editing Changes in Emacs 18 + +* Additional systems and machines are supported. + +GNU Emacs now runs on Vax VMS. However, many facilities that are normally +implemented by running subprocesses do not work yet. This includes listing +a directory and sending mail. There are features for running subprocesses +but they are incompatible with those on Unix. I hope that some of +the VMS users can reimplement these features for VMS (compatibly for +the user, if possible). + +VMS wizards are also asked to work on making the subprocess facilities +more upward compatible with those on Unix, and also to rewrite their +internals to use the same Lisp objects that are used on Unix to +represent processes. + +In addition, the TI Nu machine running Unix system V, the AT&T 3b, and +the Wicat, Masscomp, Integrated Solutions, Alliant, Amdahl uts, Mips, +Altos 3068 and Gould Unix systems are now supported. The IBM PC-RT is +supported under 4.2, but not yet under system V. The GEC 93 is close +to working. The port for the Elxsi is partly merged. See the file +MACHINES for full status information and machine-specific installation +advice. + +* Searching is faster. + +Forward search for a text string, or for a regexp that is equivalent +to a text string, is now several times faster. Motion by lines and +counting lines is also faster. + +* Memory usage improvements. + +It is no longer possible to run out of memory during garbage +collection. As a result, running out of memory is never fatal. This +is due to a new garbage collection algorithm which compactifies +strings in place rather than copying them. Another consequence of the +change is a reduction in total memory usage and a slight increase in +garbage collection speed. + +* Display changes. + +** Editing above top of screen. + +When you delete or kill or alter text that reaches to the top of the +screen or above it, so that display would start in the middle of a +line, Emacs will usually attempt to scroll the text so that display +starts at the beginning of a line again. + +** Yanking in the minibuffer. + +The message "Mark Set" is no longer printed when the minibuffer is +active. This is convenient with many commands, including C-y, that +normally print such a message. + +** Cursor appears in last line during y-or-n questions. + +Questions that want a `y' or `n' answer now move the cursor +to the last line, following the question. + +* Library loading changes. + +`load' now considers all possible suffixes (`.elc', `.el' and none) +for each directory in `load-path' before going on to the next directory. +It now accepts an optional fourth argument which, if non-nil, says to +use no suffixes; then the file name must be given in full. The search +of the directories in `load-path' goes on as usual in this case, but +it too can be prevented by passing an absolute file name. + +The value of `load-path' no longer by default includes nil (meaning to +look in the current default directory). The idea is that `load' should +be used to search the path only for libraries to be found in the standard +places. If you want to override system libraries with your own, place +your own libraries in one special directory and add that directory to the +front of `load-path'. + +The function `load' is no longer a command; that is to say, `M-x load' +is no longer allowed. Instead, there are two commands for loading files. +`M-x load-library' is equivalent to the old meaning of `M-x load'. +`M-x load-file' reads a file name with completion and defaulting +and then loads exactly that file, with no searching and no suffixes. + +* Emulation of other editors. + +** `edt-emulation-on' starts emulating DEC's EDT editor. + +Do `edt-emulation-off' to return Emacs to normal. + +** `vi-mode' and `vip-mode' starts emulating vi. + +These are two different vi emulations provided by GNU Emacs users. +We are interested in feedback as to which emulation is preferable. + +See the documentation and source code for these functions +for more information. + +** `set-gosmacs-bindings' emulates Gosling Emacs. + +This command changes many global bindings to resemble those of +Gosling Emacs. The previous bindings are saved and can be restored using +`set-gnu-bindings'. + +* Emulation of a display terminal. + +Within Emacs it is now possible to run programs (such as emacs or +supdup) which expect to do output to a visual display terminal. + +See the function `terminal-emulator' for more information. + +* New support for keypads and function keys. + +There is now a first attempt at terminal-independent support for +keypad and function keys. + +Emacs now defines a standard set of key-names for function and keypad +keys, and provides standard hooks for defining them. Most of the +standard key-names have default definitions built into Emacs; you can +override these in a terminal-independent manner. The default definitions +and the conventions for redefining them are in the file `lisp/keypad.el'. + +These keys on the terminal normally work by sending sequences of +characters starting with ESC. The exact sequences used vary from +terminal to terminal. Emacs interprets them in two stages: +in the first stage, terminal-dependent sequences are mapped into +the standard key-names; then second stage maps the standard key-names +into their definitions in a terminal-independent fashion. + +The terminal-specific file `term/$TERM.el' now is responsible only for +establishing the mapping from the terminal's escape sequences into +standard key-names. It no longer knows what Emacs commands are +assigned to the standard key-names. + +One other change in terminal-specific files: if the value of the TERM +variable contains a hyphen, only the part before the first hyphen is +used in forming the name of the terminal-specific file. Thus, for +terminal type `aaa-48', the file loaded is now `term/aaa.el' rather +than `term/aaa-48.el'. + +* New startup command line options. + +`-i FILE' or `-insert FILE' in the command line to Emacs tells Emacs to +insert the contents of FILE into the current buffer at that point in +command line processing. This is like using the command M-x insert-file. + +`-funcall', `-load', `-user' and `-no-init-file' are new synonyms for +`-f', `-l', `-u' and `-q'. + +`-nw' means don't use a window system. If you are using a terminal +emulator on the X window system and you want to run Emacs to work through +the terminal emulator instead of working directly with the window system, +use this switch. + +* Buffer-sorting commands. + +Various M-x commands whose names start with `sort-' sort parts of +the region: + +sort-lines divides the region into lines and sorts them alphabetically. +sort-pages divides into pages and sorts them alphabetically. +sort-paragraphs divides into paragraphs and sorts them alphabetically. +sort-fields divides into lines and sorts them alphabetically + according to one field in the line. + The numeric argument specifies which field (counting + from field 1 at the beginning of the line). Fields in a line + are separated by whitespace. +sort-numeric-fields + is similar but converts the specified fields to numbers + and sorts them numerically. +sort-columns divides into lines and sorts them according to the contents + of a specified range of columns. + +Refer to the self-documentation of these commands for full usage information. + +* Changes in various commands. + +** `occur' output now serves as a menu. `occur-menu' command deleted. + +`M-x occur' now allows you to move quickly to any of the occurrences +listed. Select the `*Occur*' buffer that contains the output of `occur', +move point to the occurrence you want, and type C-c C-c. +This will move point to the same occurrence in the buffer that the +occurrences were found in. + +The command `occur-menu' is thus obsolete, and has been deleted. + +One way to get a list of matching lines without line numbers is to +copy the text to another buffer and use the command `keep-lines'. + +** Incremental search changes. + +Ordinary and regexp incremental searches now have distinct default +search strings. Thus, regexp searches recall only previous regexp +searches. + +If you exit an incremental search when the search string is empty, +the old default search string is kept. The default does not become +empty. + +Reversing the direction of an incremental search with C-s or C-r +when the search string is empty now does not get the default search +string. It leaves the search string empty. A second C-s or C-r +will get the default search string. As a result, you can do a reverse +incremental regexp search with C-M-s C-r. + +If you add a `*', `?' or `\|' to an incremental search regexp, +point will back up if that is appropriate. For example, if +you have searched for `ab' and add a `*', point moves to the +first match for `ab*', which may be before the match for `ab' +that was previously found. + +If an incremental search is failing and you ask to repeat it, +it will start again from the beginning of the buffer (or the end, +if it is a backward search). + +The search-controlling parameters `isearch-slow-speed' and +`isearch-slow-window-lines' have now been renamed to start with +`search' instead of `isearch'. Now all the parameters' names start +with `search'. + +If `search-slow-window-lines' is negative, the slow search window +is put at the top of the screen, and the absolute value or the +negative number specifies the height of it. + +** Undo changes + +The undo command now will mark the buffer as unmodified only when it is +identical to the contents of the visited file. + +** C-M-v in minibuffer. + +If while in the minibuffer you request help in a way that uses a +window to display something, then until you exit the minibuffer C-M-v +in the minibuffer window scrolls the window of help. + +For example, if you request a list of possible completions, C-M-v can +be used reliably to scroll the completion list. + +** M-TAB command. + +Meta-TAB performs completion on the Emacs Lisp symbol names. The sexp +in the buffer before point is compared against all existing nontrivial +Lisp symbols and completed as far as is uniquely determined by them. +Nontrivial symbols are those with either function definitions, values +or properties. + +If there are multiple possibilities for the very next character, a +list of possible completions is displayed. + +** Dynamic abbreviation package. + +The new command Meta-/ expands an abbreviation in the buffer before point +by searching the buffer for words that start with the abbreviation. + +** Changes in saving kbd macros. + +The commands `write-kbd-macro' and `append-kbd-macro' have been +deleted. The way to save a keyboard macro is to use the new command +`insert-kbd-macro', which inserts Lisp code to define the macro as +it is currently defined into the buffer before point. Visit a Lisp +file such as your Emacs init file `~/.emacs', insert the macro +definition (perhaps deleting an old definition for the same macro) +and then save the file. + +** C-x ' command. + +The new command C-x ' (expand-abbrev) expands the word before point as +an abbrev, even if abbrev-mode is not turned on. + +** Sending to inferior Lisp. + +The command C-M-x in Lisp mode, which sends the current defun to +an inferior Lisp process, now works by writing the text into a temporary +file and actually sending only a `load'-form to load the file. +As a result, it avoids the Unix bugs that used to strike when the +text was above a certain length. + +With a prefix argument, this command now makes the inferior Lisp buffer +appear on the screen and scrolls it so that the bottom is showing. + +Two variables `inferior-lisp-load-command' and `inferior-lisp-prompt', +exist to customize these feature for different Lisp implementations. + +** C-x n p now disabled. + +The command C-x n p, a nonrecomended command which narrows to the current +page, is now initially disabled like C-x n n. + +* Dealing with files. + +** C-x C-v generalized + +This command is now allowed even if the current buffer is not visiting +a file. As usual, it kills the current buffer and replaces it with a +newly found file. + +** M-x recover-file improved; auto save file names changed. + +M-x recover-file now checks whether the last auto-save file is more +recent than the real visited file before offering to read in the +auto-save file. If the auto-save file is newer, a directory listing +containing the two files is displayed while you are asked whether you +want the auto save file. + +Visiting a file also makes this check. If the auto-save file is more recent, +a message is printed suggesting that you consider using M-x recover file. + +Auto save file names now by default have a `#' at the end as well +as at the beginning. This is so that `*.c' in a shell command +will never match auto save files. + +On VMS, auto save file names are made by appending `_$' at the front +and `$' at the end. + +When you change the visited file name of a buffer, the auto save file +is now renamed to belong to the new visited file name. + +You can customize the way auto save file names are made by redefining +the two functions `make-auto-save-file-name' and `auto-save-file-name-p', +both of which are defined in `files.el'. + +** Modifying a buffer whose file is changed on disk is detected instantly. + +On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is +implemented, Emacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer +whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or saved. +If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change the buffer. + +** Exiting Emacs offers to save `*mail*'. + +Emacs can now know about buffers that it should offer to save on exit +even though they are not visiting files. This is done for any buffer +which has a non-nil local value of `buffer-offer-save'. By default, +Mail mode provides such a local value. + +** Backup file changes. + +If a backup file cannot be written in the directory of the visited file +due to fascist file protection, a backup file is now written in your home +directory as `~/%backup%~'. Only one such file is made, ever, so only +the most recently made such backup is available. + +When backup files are made by copying, the last-modification time of the +original file is now preserved in the backup copy. + +** Visiting remote files. + +On an internet host, you can now visit and save files on any other +internet host directly from Emacs with the commands M-x ftp-find-file +and M-x ftp-write-file. Specify an argument of the form HOST:FILENAME. +Since standard internet FTP is used, the other host may be any kind +of machine and is not required to have any special facilities. + +The first time any one remote host is accessed, you will be asked to +give the user name and password for use on that host. FTP is reinvoked +each time you ask to use it, but previously specified user names and +passwords are remembered automatically. + +** Dired `g' command. + +`g' in Dired mode is equivalent to M-x revert-buffer; it causes the +current contents of the same directory to be read in. + +* Changes in major modes. + +** C mode indentation change. + +The binding of Linefeed is no longer changed by C mode. It once again +has its normal meaning, which is to insert a newline and then indent +afterward. + +The old definition did one additional thing: it reindented the line +before the new newline. This has been removed because it made the +command twice as slow. The only time it was really useful was after the +insertion of an `else', since the fact of starting with `else' may change +the way that line is indented. Now you will have to type TAB again +yourself to reindent the `else' properly. + +If the variable `c-tab-always-indent' is set to `nil', the TAB command +in C mode, with no argument, will just insert a tab character if there +is non-whitespace preceding point on the current line. Giving it a +prefix argument will force reindentation of the line (as well as +of the compound statement that begins after point, if any). + +** Fortran mode now exists. + +This mode provides commands for motion and indentation of Fortran code, +plus built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords. For details, see the manual +or the on-line documentation of the command `fortran-mode'. + +** Scribe mode now exists. + +This mode does something useful for editing files of Scribe input. +It is used automatically for files with names ending in ".mss". + +** Modula2 and Prolog modes now exist. + +These modes are for editing programs in the languages of the same names. +They can be selected with M-x modula-2-mode and M-x prolog-mode. + +** Telnet mode changes. + +The telnet mode special commands have now been assigned to C-c keys. +Most of them are the same as in Shell mode. + +** Picture mode changes. + +The special picture-mode commands to specify the direction of cursor +motion after insertion have been moved to C-c keys. The commands to +specify diagonal motion were already C-c keys; they are unchanged. +The keys to specify horizontal or vertical motion are now +C-c < (left), C-c > (right), C-c ^ (up) and C-c . (down). + +** Nroff mode comments. + +Comments are now supported in Nroff mode. The standard comment commands +such as M-; and C-x ; know how to insert, align and delete comments +that start with backslash-doublequote. + +** LaTeX mode. + +LaTeX mode now exists. Use M-x latex-mode to select this mode, and +M-x plain-tex-mode to select the previously existing mode for Plain +TeX. M-x tex-mode attempts to examine the contents of the buffer and +choose between latex-mode and plain-tex-mode accordingly; if the +buffer is empty or it cannot tell, the variable `TeX-default-mode' +controls the choice. Its value should be the symbol for the mode to +be used. + +The facilities for running TeX on all or part of the buffer +work with LaTeX as well. + +Some new commands available in both modes: + +C-c C-l recenter the window showing the TeX output buffer + so most recent line of output can be seen. +C-c C-k kill the TeX subprocess. +C-c C-q show the printer queue. +C-c C-f close a block (appropriate for LaTeX only). + If the current line contains a \begin{...}, + this inserts an \end{...} on the following line + and puts point on a blank line between them. + +** Outline mode changes. + +Invisible lines in outline mode are now indicated by `...' at the +end of the previous visible line. + +The special outline heading motion commands are now all on C-c keys. +A few new ones have been added. Here is a full list: + +C-c C-n Move to next visible heading (formerly M-}) +C-c C-p Move to previous visible heading (formerly M-{) +C-c C-f Move to next visible heading at the same level. + Thus, if point is on a level-2 heading line, + this command moves to the next visible level-2 heading. +C-c C-b Move to previous visible heading at the same level. +C-c C-u Move up to previous visible heading at a higher level. + +The variable `outline-regexp' now controls recognition of heading lines. +Any line whose beginning matches this regexp is a heading line. +The depth in outline structure is determined by the length of +the string that matches. + +A line starting with a ^L (formfeed) is now by default considered +a header line. + +* Mail reading and sending. + +** MH-E changes. + +MH-E has been extensively modified and improved since the v17 release. +It contains many new features, including commands to: extracted failed +messages, kill a draft message, undo changes to a mail folder, monitor +delivery of a letter, print multiple messages, page digests backwards, +insert signatures, and burst digests. Also, many commands have been +made to able to deal with named sequences of messages, instead of +single messages. MH-E also has had numerous bugs fixed and commands +made to run faster. Furthermore, its keybindings have been changed to +be compatible with Rmail and the rest of GNU Emacs. + +** Mail mode changes. + +The C-c commands of mail mode have been rearranged: + +C-c s, C-c c, C-c t and C-c b (move point to various header fields) +have been reassigned as C-c C-f C-s, C-c C-f C-c, C-c C-f C-t and C-c +C-f C-b. C-c C-f is for "field". + +C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q. + +Thus, C-c LETTER is always unassigned. + +** Rmail C-r command changed to w. + +The Rmail command to edit the current message is now `w'. This change +has been made because people frequently type C-r while in Rmail hoping +to do a reverse incremental search. That now works. + +* Rnews changes. + +** Caesar rotation added. + +The function news-caesar-buffer-body performs the rot13 code on the +body of a news message. You can also specify the number to rotate by, +as a prefix argument. The function is bound to C-c C-r in both +News mode and News Reply mode. + +** rmail-output command added. + +The C-o command has been bound to rmail-output in news-mode. +This allows one to append an article to a file which is in either Unix +mail or RMAIL format. + +** news-reply-mode changes. + +The C-c commands of news reply mode have been rearranged and changed, +so that C-c LETTER is always unassigned: + +C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q. + +C-c c, C-c t, and C-c b (move to various mail header fields) have been +deleted (they make no sense for posting and replying to USENET). + +C-c s (move to Subject: header field) has been reassigned as C-c C-f +C-s. C-c C-f is for "field". Several additional move to news header +field commands have been added. + +The local news-reply-mode bindings now look like this: + +C-c C-s news-inews (post the message) C-c C-c news-inews +C-c C-f move to a header field (and create it if there isn't): + C-c C-f C-n move to Newsgroups: C-c C-f C-s move to Subj: + C-c C-f C-f move to Followup-To: C-c C-f C-k move to Keywords: + C-c C-f C-d move to Distribution: C-c C-f C-a move to Summary: +C-c C-y news-reply-yank-original (insert current message, in NEWS). +C-c C-q mail-fill-yanked-message (fill what was yanked). +C-c C-r caesar rotate all letters by 13 places in the article's body (rot13). + +* Changes in tags handling. + +** M-. (`find-tag') and similar commands now look first for an exact +match in the tags table, and try substring matches only afterward. + +** The new command `find-tag-regexp' visits successively the tags that +match a specified regular expression. + +** You can now use more than one tags table. Using `visit-tags-table' +to load a new tags table does not discard the other tables previously +loaded. The other tags commands use all the tags tables that are loaded; +the first tags table used is the one that mentions the current visited file. + +** Tags tables can now be told to "include" other tags tables. This means +the tags table gives the file names of other tags tables. Tags command +then search included tags tables after the including table (but before any +other tags tables you have loaded). Included tags tables can make it much +easier and more efficient to maintain a tags table for a large package with +many subdirectories--there is one tags table for each subdirectory, and a +master tags table that includes each subdirectory table. You use `-i' +options to `etags' when creating the tags table to give the file names of +the included tables. + +** You can now use the tags table for completion of names during +ordinary editing. The command M-TAB (except in Emacs Lisp mode) +completes the identifier in the buffer before point, using the set of +all tags as the list of possible completions. + +** `tags-query-replace' and `tags-search' changes. + +These functions no longer permanently create buffers for files that +are searched but that do not contain any matches for the search +pattern. + +* Existing Emacs usable as a server. + +Programs such as mailers that invoke "the editor" as an inferior +to edit some text can now be told to use an existing Emacs process +instead of creating a new editor. + +To do this, you must have an Emacs process running and capable of +doing terminal I/O at the time you want to invoke it. This means that +either you are using a window system and give Emacs a separate window +or you run the other programs as inferiors of Emacs (such as, using +M-x shell). + +First prepare the existing Emacs process by loading the `server' +library and executing M-x server-start. (Your .emacs can do this +automatically.) + +Now tell the other programs to use, as "the editor", the Emacs client +program (etc/emacsclient, located in the same directory as this file). +This can be done by setting the environment variable EDITOR. + +When another program invokes the emacsclient as "the editor", the +client actually transfers the file names to be edited to the existing +Emacs, which automatically visits the files. + +When you are done editing a buffer for a client, do C-x # (server-edit). +This marks that buffer as done, and selects the next buffer that the client +asked for. When all the buffers requested by a client are marked in this +way, Emacs tells the client program to exit, so that the program that +invoked "the editor" will resume execution. + +You can only have one server Emacs at a time, but multiple client programs +can put in requests at the same time. + +The client/server work only on Berkeley Unix, since they use the Berkeley +sockets mechanism for their communication. + +Changes in Lisp programming in Emacs version 18. + +* Init file changes. + +** Suffixes no longer accepted on `.emacs'. + +Emacs will no longer load a file named `.emacs.el' or `emacs.elc' +in place of `.emacs'. This is so that it will take less time to +find `.emacs'. If you want to compile your init file, give it another +name and make `.emacs' a link to the `.elc' file, or make it contain +a call to `load' to load the `.elc' file. + +** `default-profile' renamed to `default', and loaded after `.emacs'. + +It used to be the case that the file `default-profile' was loaded if +and only if `.emacs' was not found. + +Now the name `default-profile' is not used at all. Instead, a library +named `default' is loaded after the `.emacs' file. `default' is loaded +whether the `.emacs' file exists or not. However, loading of `default' +can be prevented if the `.emacs' file sets `inhibit-default-init' to non-nil. + +In fact, you would call the default file `default.el' and probably would +byte-compile it to speed execution. + +Note that for most purposes you are better off using a `site-init' library +since that will be loaded before the runnable Emacs is dumped. By using +a `site-init' library, you avoid taking up time each time Emacs is started. + +** inhibit-command-line has been eliminated. + +This variable used to exist for .emacs files to set. It has been +eliminated because you can get the same effect by setting +command-line-args to nil and setting inhibit-startup-message to t. + +* `apply' is more general. + +`apply' now accepts any number of arguments. The first one is a function; +the rest are individual arguments to pass to that function, except for the +last, which is a list of arguments to pass. + +Previously, `apply' required exactly two arguments. Its old behavior +follows as a special case of the new definition. + +* New code-letter for `interactive'. + +(interactive "NFoo: ") is like (interactive "nFoo: ") in reading +a number using the minibuffer to serve as the argument; however, +if a prefix argument was specified, it uses the prefix argument +value as the argument, and does not use the minibuffer at all. + +This is used by the `goto-line' and `goto-char' commands. + +* Semantics of variables. + +** Built-in per-buffer variables improved. + +Several built-in variables which in the past had a different value in +each buffer now behave exactly as if `make-variable-buffer-local' had +been done to them. + +These variables are `tab-width', `ctl-arrow', `truncate-lines', +`fill-column', `left-margin', `mode-line-format', `abbrev-mode', +`overwrite-mode', `case-fold-search', `auto-fill-hook', +`selective-display', `selective-display-ellipses'. + +To be precise, each variable has a default value which shows through +in most buffers and can be accessed with `default-value' and set with +`set-default'. Setting the variable with `setq' makes the variable +local to the current buffer. Changing the default value has retroactive +effect on all buffers in which the variable is not local. + +The variables `default-case-fold-search', etc., are now obsolete. +They now refer to the default value of the variable, which is not +quite the same behavior as before, but it should enable old init files +to continue to work. + +** New per-buffer variables. + +The variables `fill-prefix', `comment-column' and `indent-tabs-mode' +are now per-buffer. They work just like `fill-column', etc. + +** New function `setq-default'. + +`setq-default' sets the default value of a variable, and uses the +same syntax that `setq' accepts: the variable name is not evaluated +and need not be quoted. + +`(setq-default case-fold-search nil)' would make searches case-sensitive +in all buffers that do not have local values for `case-fold-search'. + +You can set multiple variables sequentially, each with its own value, +in `setq-default' just as in `setq'. + +** Functions `global-set' and `global-value' deleted. + +These functions were never used except by mistake by users expecting +the functionality of `set-default' and `default-value'. + +* Changes in defaulting of major modes. + +When `default-major-mode' is `nil', new buffers are supposed to +get their major mode from the buffer that is current. However, +certain major modes (such as Dired mode, Rmail mode, Rmail Summary mode, +and others) are not reasonable to use in this way. + +Now such modes' names have been given non-`nil' `mode-class' properties. +If the current buffer's mode has such a property, Fundamental mode is +used as the default for newly created buffers. + +* `where-is-internal' requires additional arguments. + +This function now accepts three arguments, two of them required: +DEFINITION, the definition to search for; LOCAL-KEYMAP, the keymap +to use as the local map when doing the searching, and FIRST-ONLY, +which is nonzero to return only the first key found. + +This function returns a list of keys (strings) whose definitions +(in the LOCAL-KEYMAP or the current global map) are DEFINITION. + +If FIRST-ONLY is non-nil, it returns a single key (string). + +This function has changed incompatibly in that now two arguments +are required when previously only one argument was allowed. To get +the old behavior of this function, write `(current-local-map)' as +the expression for the second argument. + +The incompatibility is sad, but `nil' is a legitimate value for the +second argument (it means there is no local keymap), so it cannot also +serve as a default meaning to use the current local keymap. + +* Abbrevs with hooks. + +When an abbrev defined with a hook is expanded, it now performs the +usual replacement of the abbrev with the expansion before running the +hook. Previously the abbrev itself was deleted but the expansion was +not inserted. + +* Function `scan-buffer' deleted. + +Use `search-forward' or `search-backward' in place of `scan-buffer'. +You will have to rearrange the arguments. + +* X window interface improvements. + +** Detect release of mouse buttons. + +Button-up events can now be detected. See the file `lisp/x-mouse.el' +for details. + +** New pop-up menu facility. + +The new function `x-popup-menu' pops up a menu (in a X window) +and returns an indication of which selection the user made. +For more information, see its self-documentation. + +* M-x disassemble. + +This command prints the disassembly of a byte-compiled Emacs Lisp function. + +Would anyone like to interface this to the debugger? + +* `insert-buffer-substring' can insert part of the current buffer. + +The old restriction that the text being inserted had to come from +a different buffer is now lifted. + +When inserting text from the current buffer, the text to be inserted +is determined from the specified bounds before any copying takes place. + +* New function `substitute-key-definition'. + +This is a new way to replace one command with another command as the +binding of whatever keys may happen to refer to it. + +(substitute-key-definition OLDDEF NEWDEF KEYMAP) looks through KEYMAP +for keys defined to run OLDDEF, and rebinds those keys to run NEWDEF +instead. + +* New function `insert-char'. + +Insert a specified character, a specified number of times. + +* `mark-marker' changed. + +When there is no mark, this now returns a marker that points +nowhere, rather than `nil'. + +* `ding' accepts argument. + +When given an argument, the function `ding' does not terminate +execution of a keyboard macro. Normally, `ding' does terminate +all macros that are currently executing. + +* New function `minibuffer-depth'. + +This function returns the current depth in minibuffer activations. +The value is zero when the minibuffer is not in use. +Values greater than one are possible if the user has entered the +minibuffer recursively. + +* New function `documentation-property'. + +(documentation-property SYMBOL PROPNAME) is like (get SYMBOL PROPNAME), +except that if the property value is a number `documentation-property' +will take that number (or its absolute value) as a character position +in the DOC file and return the string found there. + +(documentation-property VAR 'variable-documentation) is the proper +way for a Lisp program to get the documentation of variable VAR. + +* New documentation-string expansion feature. + +If a documentation string (for a variable or function) contains text +of the form `\<FOO>', it means that all command names specified in +`\[COMMAND]' construct from that point on should be turned into keys +using the value of the variable FOO as the local keymap. Thus, for example, + + `\<emacs-lisp-mode-map>\[eval-defun] evaluates the defun containing point.' + +will expand into + + "ESC C-x evaluates the defun containing point." + +regardless of the current major mode, because ESC C-x is defined to +run `eval-defun' in the keymap `emacs-lisp-mode-map'. The effect is +to show the key for `eval-defun' in Emacs Lisp mode regardless of the +current major mode. + +The `\<...>' construct applies to all `\[...]' constructs that follow it, +up to the end of the documentation string or the next `\<...>'. + +Without `\<...>', the keys for commands specified in `\[...]' are found +in the current buffer's local map. + +The current global keymap is always searched second, whether `\<...>' +has been used or not. + +* Multiple hooks allowed in certain contexts. + +The old hook variables `find-file-hook', `find-file-not-found-hook' and +`write-file-hook' have been replaced. + +The replacements are `find-file-hooks', `find-file-not-found-hooks' +and `write-file-hooks'. Each holds a list of functions to be called; +by default, `nil', for no functions. The functions are called in +order of appearance in the list. + +In the case of `find-file-hooks', all the functions are executed. + +In the case of `find-file-not-found-hooks', if any of the functions +returns non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called. + +In the case of `write-file-hooks', if any of the functions returns +non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called, and the file is +considered to have been written already; so actual writing in the +usual way is not done. If `write-file-hooks' is local to a buffer, +it is set to its global value if `set-visited-file-name' is called +(and thus by C-x C-w as well). + +`find-file-not-found-hooks' and `write-file-hooks' can be used +together to implement editing of files that are not stored as Unix +files: stored in archives, or inside version control systems, or on +other machines running other operating systems and accessible via ftp. + +* New hooks for suspending Emacs. + +Suspending Emacs runs the hook `suspend-hook' before suspending +and the hook `suspend-resume-hook' if the suspended Emacs is resumed. +Running a hook is done by applying the variable's value to no arguments +if the variable has a non-`nil' value. If `suspend-hook' returns +non-`nil', then suspending is inhibited and so is running the +`suspend-resume-hook'. The non-`nil' value means that the `suspend-hook' +has done whatever suspending is required. + +* Disabling commands can print a special message. + +A command is disabled by giving it a non-`nil' `disabled' property. +Now, if this property is a string, it is included in the message +printed when the user tries to run the command. + +* Emacs can open TCP connections. + +The function `open-network-stream' opens a TCP connection to +a specified host and service. Its value is a Lisp object that represents +the connection. The object is a kind of "subprocess", and I/O are +done like I/O to subprocesses. + +* Display-related changes. + +** New mode-line control features. + +The display of the mode line used to be controlled by a format-string +that was the value of the variable `mode-line-format'. + +This variable still exists, but it now allows more general values, +not just strings. Lists, cons cells and symbols are also meaningful. + +The mode line contents are created by outputting various mode elements +one after the other. Here are the kinds of objects that can be +used as mode elements, and what they do in the display: + + string the contents of the string are output to the mode line, + and %-constructs are replaced by other text. + + t or nil ignored; no output results. + + symbol the symbol's value is used. If the value is a string, + the string is output verbatim to the mode line + (so %-constructs are not interpreted). Otherwise, + the symbol's value is processed as a mode element. + + list (whose first element is a string or list or cons cell) + the elements of the list are treated as as mode elements, + so that the output they generate is concatenated, + + list (whose car is a symbol) + if the symbol's value is non-nil, the second element of the + list is treated as a mode element. Otherwise, the third + element (if any) of the list is treated as a mode element. + + cons (whose car is a positive integer) + the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but + the text it produces is padded, if necessary, to have + at least the width specified by the integer. + + cons (whose car is a negative integer) + the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but + the text it produces is truncated, if necessary, to have + at most the width specified by the integer. + +There is always one mode element to start with, that being the value of +`mode-line-format', but if this value is a list then it leads to several +more mode elements, which can lead to more, and so on. + +There is one new %-construct for mode elements that are strings: +`%n' displays ` Narrow' for a buffer that is narrowed. + +The default value of `mode-line-format' refers to several other variables. +These variables are `mode-name', `mode-line-buffer-identification', +`mode-line-process', `mode-line-modified', `global-mode-string' and +`minor-mode-alist'. The first four are local in every buffer in which they +are changed from the default. + +mode-name Name of buffer's major mode. Local in every buffer. + +mode-line-buffer-identification + Normally the list ("Emacs: %17b"), it is responsible + for displaying text to indicate what buffer is being shown + and what kind of editing it is doing. `Emacs' means + that a file of characters is being edited. Major modes + such as Info and Dired which edit or view other kinds + of data often change this value. This variables becomes + local to the current buffer if it is setq'd. + +mode-line-process + Normally nil, this variable is responsible for displaying + information about the process running in the current buffer. + M-x shell-mode and M-x compile alter this variable. + +mode-line-modified + This variable is responsible for displaying the indication + of whether the current buffer is modified or read-only. + By default its value is `("--%*%*-")'. + +minor-mode-alist + This variable is responsible for displaying text for those + minor modes that are currently enabled. Its value + is a list of elements of the form (VARIABLE STRING), + where STRING is to be displayed if VARIABLE's value + (in the buffer whose mode line is being displayed) + is non-nil. This variable is not made local to particular + buffers, but loading some libraries may add elements to it. + +global-mode-string + This variable is used to display the time, if you ask + for that. + +The idea of these variables is to eliminate the need for major modes +to alter mode-line-format itself. + +** `window-point' valid for selected window. + +The value returned by `window-point' used to be incorrect when its +argument was the selected window. Now the value is correct. + +** Window configurations may be saved as Lisp objects. + +The function `current-window-configuration' returns a special type of +Lisp object that represents the current layout of windows: the +sizes and positions of windows, which buffers appear in them, and +which parts of the buffers appear on the screen. + +The function `set-window-configuration' takes one argument, which must +be a window configuration object, and restores that configuration. + +** New hook `temp-output-buffer-show-hook'. + +This hook allows you to control how help buffers are displayed. +Whenever `with-output-to-temp-buffer' has executed its body and wants +to display the temp buffer, if this variable is bound and non-`nil' +then its value is called with one argument, the temp buffer. +The hook function is solely responsible for displaying the buffer. +The standard manner of display--making the buffer appear in a window--is +used only if there is no hook function. + +** New function `minibuffer-window'. + +This function returns the window used (sometimes) for displaying +the minibuffer. It can be used even when the minibuffer is not active. + +** New feature to `next-window'. + +If the optional second argument is neither `nil' nor `t', the minibuffer +window is omitted from consideration even when active; if the starting +window was the last non-minibuffer window, the value will be the first +non-minibuffer window. + +** New variable `minibuffer-scroll-window'. + +When this variable is non-`nil', the command `scroll-other-window' +uses it as the window to be scrolled. Displays of completion-lists +set this variable to the window containing the display. + +** New argument to `sit-for'. + +A non-nil second argument to `sit-for' means do not redisplay; +just wait for the specified time or until input is available. + +** Deleted function `set-minor-mode'; minor modes must be changed. + +The function `set-minor-mode' has been eliminated. The display +of minor mode names in the mode line is now controlled by the +variable `minor-mode-alist'. To specify display of a new minor +mode, it is sufficient to add an element to this list. Once that +is done, you can turn the mode on and off just by setting a variable, +and the display will show its status automatically. + +** New variable `cursor-in-echo-area'. + +If this variable is non-nil, the screen cursor appears on the +last line of the screen, at the end of the text displayed there. + +Binding this variable to t is useful at times when reading single +characters of input with `read-char'. + +** New per-buffer variable `selective-display-ellipses'. + +If this variable is non-nil, an ellipsis (`...') appears on the screen +at the end of each text line that is followed by invisible text. + +If this variable is nil, no ellipses appear. Then there is no sign +on the screen that invisible text is present. + +Text is made invisible under the control of the variable +`selective-display'; this is how Outline mode and C-x $ work. + +** New variable `no-redraw-on-reenter'. + +If you set this variable non-nil, Emacs will not clear the screen when +you resume it after suspending it. This is for the sake of terminals +with multiple screens of memory, where the termcap entry has been set +up to switch between screens when Emacs is suspended and resumed. + +** New argument to `set-screen-height' or `set-screen-width'. + +These functions now take an optional second argument which says +what significance the newly specified height or width has. + +If the argument is nil, or absent, it means that Emacs should +believe that the terminal height or width really is as just specified. + +If the argument is t, it means Emacs should not believe that the +terminal really is this high or wide, but it should use the +specific height or width as the number of lines or columns to display. +Thus, you could display only 24 lines on a screen known to have 48 lines. + +What practical difference is there between using only 24 lines for display +and really believing that the terminal has 24 lines? + +1. The "real" height of the terminal says what the terminal command +to move the cursor to the last line will do. + +2. The "real" height of the terminal determines how much padding is +needed. + +* File-related changes. + +** New parameter `backup-by-copying-when-mismatch'. + +If this variable is non-`nil', then when Emacs is about to save a +file, it will create the backup file by copying if that would avoid +changing the file's uid or gid. + +The default value of this variable is `nil', because usually it is +useful to have the uid of a file change according to who edited it +last. I recommend thet this variable be left normally `nil' and +changed with a local variables list in those particular files where +the uid needs to be preserved. + +** New parameter `file-precious-flag'. + +If this variable is non-`nil', saving the buffer tries to avoid +leaving an incomplete file due to disk full or other I/O errors. +It renames the old file before saving. If saving is successful, +the renamed file is deleted; if saving gets an error, the renamed +file is renamed back to the name you visited. + +Backups are always made by copying for such files. + +** New variable `buffer-offer-save'. + +If the value of this variable is non-`nil' in a buffer then exiting +Emacs will offer to save the buffer (if it is modified and nonempty) +even if the buffer is not visiting a file. This variable is +automatically made local to the current buffer whenever it is set. + +** `rename-file', `copy-file', `add-name-to-file' and `make-symbolic-link'. + +The third argument to these functions used to be `t' or `nil'; `t' +meaning go ahead even if the specified new file name already has a file, +and `nil' meaning to get an error. + +Now if the third argument is a number it means to ask the user for +confirmation in this case. + +** New optional argument to `copy-file'. + +If `copy-file' receives a non-nil fourth argument, it attempts +to give the new copy the same time-of-last-modification that the +original file has. + +** New function `file-newer-than-file-p'. + +(file-newer-than-file-p FILE1 FILE2) returns non-nil if FILE1 has been +modified more recently than FILE2. If FILE1 does not exist, the value +is always nil; otherwise, if FILE2 does not exist, the value is t. +This is meant for use when FILE2 depends on FILE1, to see if changes +in FILE1 make it necessary to recompute FILE2 from it. + +** Changed function `file-exists-p'. + +This function is no longer the same as `file-readable-p'. +`file-exists-p' can now return t for a file that exists but which +the fascists won't allow you to read. + +** New function `file-locked-p'. + +This function receives a file name as argument and returns `nil' +if the file is not locked, `t' if locked by this Emacs, or a +string giving the name of the user who has locked it. + +** New function `file-name-sans-versions'. + +(file-name-sans-versions NAME) returns a substring of NAME, with any +version numbers or other backup suffixes deleted from the end. + +** New functions for directory names. + +Although a directory is really a kind of file, specifying a directory +uses a somewhat different syntax from specifying a file. +In Emacs, a directory name is used as part of a file name. + +On Unix, the difference is small: a directory name ends in a slash, +while a file name does not: thus, `/usr/rms/' to name a directory, +while `/usr/rms' names the file which holds that directory. + +On VMS, the difference is considerable: `du:[rms.foo]' specifies a +directory, but the name of the file that holds that directory is +`du:[rms]foo.dir'. + +There are two new functions for converting between directory names +and file names. `directory-file-name' takes a directory name and +returns the name of the file in which that directory's data is stored. +`file-name-as-directory' takes the name of a file and returns +the corresponding directory name. These always understand Unix file name +syntax; on VMS, they understand VMS syntax as well. + +For example, (file-name-as-directory "/usr/rms") returns "/usr/rms/" +and (directory-file-name "/usr/rms/") returns "/usr/rms". +On VMS, (file-name-as-directory "du:[rms]foo.dir") returns "du:[rms.foo]" +and (directory-file-name "du:[rms.foo]") returns "du:[rms]foo.dir". + +** Value of `file-attributes' changed. + +The function file-attributes returns a list containing many kinds of +information about a file. Now the list has eleven elements. + +The tenth element is `t' if deleting the file and creating another +file of the same name would result in a change in the file's group; +`nil' if there would be no change. You can also think of this as +comparing the file's group with the default group for files created in +the same directory by you. + +The eleventh element is the inode number of the file. + +** VMS-only function `file-name-all-versions'. + +This function returns a list of all the completions, including version +number, of a specified version-number-less file name. This is like +`file-name-all-completions', except that the latter returns values +that do not include version numbers. + +** VMS-only variable `vms-stmlf-recfm'. + +On a VMS system, if this variable is non-nil, Emacs will give newly +created files the record format `stmlf'. This is necessary for files +that must contain lines of arbitrary length, such as compiled Emacs +Lisp. + +When writing a new version of an existing file, Emacs always keeps +the same record format as the previous version; so this variable has +no effect. + +This variable has no effect on Unix systems. + +** `insert-file-contents' on an empty file. + +This no longer sets the buffer's "modified" flag. + +** New function (VMS only) `define-logical-name': + +(define-logical-name LOGICAL TRANSLATION) defines a VMS logical name +LOGICAL whose translation is TRANSLATION. The new name applies to +the current process only. + +** Deleted variable `ask-about-buffer-names'. + +If you want buffer names for files to be generated in a special way, +you must redefine `create-file-buffer'. + +* Subprocess-related changes. + +** New function `process-list'. + +This function takes no arguments and returns a list of all +of Emacs's asynchronous subprocesses. + +** New function `process-exit-status'. + +This function, given a process, process name or buffer as argument, +returns the exit status code or signal number of the process. +If the process has not yet exited or died, this function returns 0. + +** Process output ignores `buffer-read-only'. + +Output from a process will go into the process's buffer even if the +buffer is read only. + +** Switching buffers in filter functions and sentinels. + +Emacs no longer saves and restore the current buffer around calling +the filter and sentinel functions, so these functions can now +permanently alter the selected buffer in a straightforward manner. + +** Specifying environment variables for subprocesses. + +When a subprocess is started with `start-process' or `call-process', +the value of the variable `process-environment' is taken to +specify the environment variables to give the subprocess. The +value should be a list of strings, each of the form "VAR=VALUE". + +`process-environment' is initialized when Emacs starts up +based on Emacs's environment. + +** New variable `process-connection-type'. + +If this variable is `nil', when a subprocess is created, Emacs uses +a pipe rather than a pty to communicate with it. Normally this +variable is `t', telling Emacs to use a pty if ptys are supported +and one is available. + +** New function `waiting-for-user-input-p'. + +This function, given a subprocess as argument, returns `t' if that +subprocess appears to be waiting for input sent from Emacs, +or `nil' otherwise. + +** New hook `shell-set-directory-error-hook'. + +The value of this variable is called, with no arguments, whenever +Shell mode gets an error trying to keep track of directory-setting +commands (such as `cd' and `pushd') used in the shell buffer. + +* New functions `user-uid' and `user-real-uid'. + +These functions take no arguments and return, respectively, +the effective uid and the real uid of the Emacs process. +The value in each case is an integer. + +* New variable `print-escape-newlines' controls string printing. + +If this variable is non-`nil', then when a Lisp string is printed +by the Lisp printing function `prin1' or `print', newline characters +are printed as `\n' rather than as a literal newline. + +* New function `sysnetunam' on HPUX. + +This function takes two arguments, a network address PATH and a +login string LOGIN, and executes the system call `netunam'. +It returns `t' if the call succeeds, otherwise `nil'. + +News regarding installation: + +* Many `s-...' file names changed. + +Many `s-...' files have been renamed. All periods in such names, +except the ones just before the final `h', have been changed to +hyphens. Thus, `s-bsd4.2.h' has been renamed to `s-bsd4-2.h'. + +This is so a Unix distribution can be moved mechanically to VMS. + +* `DOCSTR...' file now called `DOC-...'. + +The file of on-line documentation strings, that used to be +`DOCSTR.mm.nn.oo' in this directory, is now called `DOC-mm.nn.oo'. +This is so that it can port to VMS using the standard conventions +for translating filenames for VMS. + +This file also now contains the doc strings for variables as +well as functions. + +* Emacs no longer uses floating point arithmetic. + +This may make it easier to port to some machines. + +* Macros `XPNTR' and `XSETPNTR'; flag `DATA_SEG_BITS'. + +These macros exclusively are used to unpack a pointer from a Lisp_Object +and to insert a pointer into a Lisp_Object. Redefining them may help +port Emacs to machines in which all pointers to data objects have +certain high bits set. + +If `DATA_SEG_BITS' is defined, it should be a number which contains +the high bits to be inclusive or'ed with pointers that are unpacked. + +* New flag `HAVE_X_MENU'. + +Define this flag in `config.h' in addition to `HAVE_X_WINDOWS' +to enable use of the Emacs interface to X Menus. On some operating +systems, the rest of the X interface works properly but X Menus +do not work; hence this separate flag. See the file `src/xmenu.c' +for more information. + +* Macros `ARRAY_MARK_FLAG' and `DONT_COPY_FLAG'. + +* `HAVE_ALLOCA' prevents assembly of `alloca.s'. + +* `SYSTEM_MALLOC' prevents use of GNU `malloc.c'. + +SYSTEM_MALLOC, if defined, means use the system's own `malloc' routines +rather than those that come with Emacs. + +Use this only if absolutely necessary, because if it is used you do +not get warnings when space is getting low. + +* New flags to control unexec. + +See the file `unexec.c' for a long comment on the compilation +switches that suffice to make it work on many machines. + +* `PNTR_COMPARISON_TYPE' + +Pointers that need to be compared for ordering are converted to this type +first. Normally this is `unsigned int'. + +* `HAVE_VFORK', `HAVE_DUP2' and `HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY'. + +These flags just say whether certain system calls are available. + +* New macros control compiler switches, linker switches and libraries. + +The m- and s- files can now control in a modular fashion the precise +arguments passed to `cc' and `ld'. + +LIBS_STANDARD defines the standard C libraries. Default is `-lc'. +LIBS_DEBUG defines the extra libraries to use when debugging. Default `-lg'. +LIBS_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra libraries. +LIBS_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra libraries. +LIBS_TERMCAP defines the libraries for Termcap or Terminfo. + It is defined by default in a complicated fashion but the m- or s- file + can override it. + +LD_SWITCH_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra `ld' switches. + The default is `-X' on BSD systems except those few that use COFF object files. +LD_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `ld' switches. + +C_DEBUG_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' when debugging. Default `-g'. +C_OPTIMIZE_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' to optimize. Default `-O'. +C_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `cc' switches. + +For older news, see the file ONEWS.3. + +---------------------------------------------------------------------- +Copyright information: + +Copyright (C) 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc. + + Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies + of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the + copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved, + thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn. + + Permission is granted to distribute modified versions + of this document, or of portions of it, + under the above conditions, provided also that they + carry prominent notices stating who last changed them. + +Local variables: +mode: text +end:
--- a/lisp/ChangeLog Thu Nov 02 13:36:26 2000 +0000 +++ b/lisp/ChangeLog Thu Nov 02 13:36:58 2000 +0000 @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ 2000-11-02 Vinicius Jose Latorre <vinicius@cpqd.com.br> - * ps-print.el: Extension for even/odd printing. Doc Fix. + * ps-print.el: Extension for even/odd printing. Doc fix. (ps-print-version): New version number (6.3.1). (ps-even-or-odd-pages): Customization fix. (ps-print-page-p, ps-begin-file, ps-begin-job, ps-page-number)