changeset 82683:d8fec7430e25

Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
author Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
date Wed, 22 Aug 2007 07:36:00 +0000
parents 4bdbc3d9b88d
children bc60af8c3ff8
files etc/TUTORIAL
diffstat 1 files changed, 0 insertions(+), 1131 deletions(-) [+]
line wrap: on
line diff
--- a/etc/TUTORIAL	Wed Aug 22 07:28:23 2007 +0000
+++ /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
@@ -1,1131 +0,0 @@
-Emacs tutorial.  See end for copying conditions.
-
-Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
-CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT).  Rather than
-write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations:
-
- C-<chr>  means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
-	  Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
- M-<chr>  means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>.
-	  If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the
-	  ESC key and then type <chr>.  We write <ESC> for the ESC key.
-
-Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c.  (Two characters.)
-The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
-try using a command.  For instance:
-<<Blank lines inserted around following line by help-with-tutorial>>
-[Middle of page left blank for didactic purposes.   Text continues below]
->>  Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
-	(go ahead, do it by holding down the CONTROL key while typing v).
-	From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish
-	reading the screen.
-
-Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen
-to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading
-the text.
-
-The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place
-to place in the text.  You already know how to move forward one screen,
-with C-v.  To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key
-and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key).
-
->>  Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times.
-
-
-* SUMMARY
----------
-
-The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
-
-	C-v	Move forward one screenful
-	M-v	Move backward one screenful
-	C-l	Clear screen and redisplay all the text,
-		 moving the text around the cursor
-		 to the center of the screen.
-		 (That's CONTROL-L, not CONTROL-1.)
-
->> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it.
-   Then type C-l.
-   Find the cursor again and notice that the same text
-   is near the cursor now.
-
-You can also use the PageUp and PageDn keys to move by screenfuls, if
-your terminal has them, but you can edit more efficiently if you use
-C-v and M-v.
-
-
-* BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
-----------------------
-
-Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
-move to a specific place within the text on the screen?
-
-There are several ways you can do this.  You can use the arrow keys,
-but it's more efficient to keep your hands in the standard position
-and use the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n.  These characters
-are equivalent to the four arrow keys, like this:
-
-			  Previous line, C-p
-				  :
-				  :
-   Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
-				  :
-				  :
-			    Next line, C-n
-
->> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
-   using C-n or C-p.  Then type C-l to see the whole diagram
-   centered in the screen.
-
-You'll find it easy to remember these letters by words they stand for:
-P for previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward.  You
-will be using these basic cursor positioning commands all the time.
-
->> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
-
->> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
-   See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
-
-Each line of text ends with a Newline character, which serves to
-separate it from the following line.  The last line in your file ought
-to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to have
-one).
-
->> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line.  It should move to
-   the end of the previous line.  This is because it moves back
-   across the Newline character.
-
-C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b.
-
->> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is.
-   Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line.
-   Then do one more C-f to move to the following line.
-
-When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
-the edge shifts onto the screen.  This is called "scrolling".  It
-enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text
-without moving it off the screen.
-
->> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and
-   see what happens.
-
-If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words.  M-f
-(META-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
-
->> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.
-
-When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word.
-When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the
-following word.  M-b works likewise in the opposite direction.
-
->> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's
-   so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various
-   places inside and between words.
-
-Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
-M-b on the other hand.  Very often Meta characters are used for
-operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences,
-paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are
-independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc).
-
-This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to
-the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning
-or end of a sentence.
-
->> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
-   Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.
-
-See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one
-more sentence.  Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems
-natural.
-
-The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point".  To
-paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
-the text.
-
-Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the
-word and sentence moving commands:
-
-	C-f	Move forward a character
-	C-b	Move backward a character
-
-	M-f	Move forward a word
-	M-b	Move backward a word
-
-	C-n	Move to next line
-	C-p	Move to previous line
-
-	C-a	Move to beginning of line
-	C-e	Move to end of line
-
-	M-a	Move back to beginning of sentence
-	M-e	Move forward to end of sentence
-
->> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
-   These are the most often used commands.
-
-Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (META Less-than),
-which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (META
-Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text.
-
-On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the
-shift key to type it.  On these terminals you must use the shift key
-to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
-
->> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial.
-   Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here.
-
->> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial.
-   Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here.
-
-You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has
-arrow keys.  We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three
-reasons.  First, they work on all kinds of terminals.  Second, once
-you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these Control
-characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not
-have to move your hands away from touch-typing position).  Third, once
-you form the habit of using these Control character commands, you can
-easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well.
-
-Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this
-serves as a repeat-count.  The way you give a command a repeat count
-is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command.  If
-you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another, alternative way
-to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the
-META key.  We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on
-any terminal.  The numeric argument is also called a "prefix argument",
-because you type the argument before the command it applies to.
-
-For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
-
->> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
-   to a line near this one with just one command.
-
-Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count, but some
-commands use it in some other way.  Several commands (but none of
-those you have learned so far) use it as a flag--the presence of a
-prefix argument, regardless of its value, makes the command do
-something different.
-
-C-v and M-v are another kind of exception.  When given an argument,
-they scroll the screen up or down by that many lines, rather than by a
-screenful.  For example, C-u 8 C-v scrolls the screen by 8 lines.
-
->> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
-
-This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines.  If you would like
-to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.
-
-If you are using a windowed display, such as X11 or MS-Windows, there
-should be a tall rectangular area called a scroll bar at the
-side of the Emacs window.  You can scroll the text by clicking the
-mouse in the scroll bar.
-
->> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
-   within the scroll bar.  This should scroll the text to a position
-   determined by how high or low you click.
-
->> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button
-   pressed down.  You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as
-   you move the mouse.
-
-
-* WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
---------------------
-
-If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by
-typing C-g.  You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too
-long to execute.
-
-You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
-a command that you do not want to finish.
-
->> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
-   Now type C-f.  It should move just one character,
-   because you canceled the argument with C-g.
-
-If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
-with a C-g.
-
-
-* DISABLED COMMANDS
--------------------
-
-Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use
-them by accident.
-
-If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message
-saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go
-ahead and execute the command.
-
-If you really want to try the command, type <SPC> (the Space bar) in
-answer to the question.  Normally, if you do not want to execute the
-disabled command, answer the question with "n".
-
->> Type C-x C-l (which is a disabled command),
-   then type n to answer the question.
-
-
-* WINDOWS
----------
-
-Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text.  We will
-explain later on how to use multiple windows.  Right now we want to
-explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic
-one-window editing.  It is simple:
-
-	C-x 1	One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
-
-That is CONTROL-x followed by the digit 1.  C-x 1 expands the window
-which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen.  It deletes all
-other windows.
-
->> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
->> Type CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f.
-   See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
-   to display documentation on the CONTROL-f command.
-
->> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
-
-This command is unlike the other commands you have learned in that it
-consists of two characters.  It starts with the character CONTROL-x.
-There is a whole series of commands that start with CONTROL-x; many of
-them have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things.
-These commands are two, three or four characters long.
-
-
-* INSERTING AND DELETING
-------------------------
-
-If you want to insert text, just type the text.  Characters which you
-can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
-immediately.  Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
-Newline character.
-
-You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delback>.
-<Delback> is a key on the keyboard--the same one you normally use,
-outside Emacs, for deleting the last character you typed.  It is
-normally a large key a couple of lines up from the <Return> key, and
-it is usually labeled "Delete", "Del" or "Backspace".
-
-If the large key there is labeled "Backspace", then that's the one you
-use for <Delback>.  There may also be another key labeled "Delete"
-somewhere else, but that's not <Delback>.
-
-More generally, <Delback> deletes the character immediately before the
-current cursor position.
-
->> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them
-   by typing <Delback> a few times.  Don't worry about this file
-   being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial.  This is
-   your personal copy of it.
-
-When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line
-of text is "continued" onto a second screen line.  A backslash ("\")
-(or, if you're using a windowed display, a little curved arrow) at the
-right margin indicates a line which has been continued.
-
->> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting.
-   You'll see a continuation line appear.
-
->> Use <Delback>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
-   line again.  The continuation line goes away.
-
-You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.
-Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into
-one line.  If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the
-screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.
-
->> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delback>.  This
-   merges that line with the previous line.
-
->> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
-
-Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
-this includes text characters.  Repeating a text character inserts
-it several times.
-
->>  Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********.
-
-You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
-Emacs and correcting errors.  You can delete by words or lines
-as well.  Here is a summary of the delete operations:
-
-	<Delback>    Delete the character just before the cursor
-	C-d   	     Delete the next character after the cursor
-
-	M-<Delback>  Kill the word immediately before the cursor
-	M-d	     Kill the next word after the cursor
-
-	C-k	     Kill from the cursor position to end of line
-	M-k	     Kill to the end of the current sentence
-
-Notice that <Delback> and C-d vs M-<Delback> and M-d extend the parallel
-started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delback> is not really a control
-character, but let's not worry about that).  C-k and M-k are like C-e
-and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
-
-You can also kill any part of the text with one uniform method.  Move
-to one end of that part, and type C-@ or C-<SPC> (either one).  (<SPC>
-is the Space bar.)  Move to the other end of that part, and type C-w.
-That kills all the text between the two positions.
-
->> Move the cursor to the Y at the start of the previous paragraph.
->> Type C-<SPC>.  Emacs should display a message "Mark set"
-   at the bottom of the screen.
->> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the second line of the
-   paragraph.
->> Type C-w.  This will kill the text starting from the Y,
-   and ending just before the n.
-
-The difference between "killing" and "deleting" is that "killed" text
-can be reinserted, whereas "deleted" things cannot be reinserted.
-Reinsertion of killed text is called "yanking".  Generally, the
-commands that can remove a lot of text kill the text (they set up so
-that you can yank the text), while the commands that remove just one
-character, or only remove blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you
-cannot yank that text).  <Delback> and C-d  do deletion in the simplest
-case, with no argument.  When given an argument, they kill instead.
-
->> Move the cursor to the  beginning of a line which is not empty.
-   Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.
->> Type C-k a second time.  You'll see that it kills the Newline
-   which follows that line.
-
-Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
-C-k kills the line itself, and makes all the other lines move up.  C-k
-treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND
-their contents.  This is not mere repetition.  C-u 2 C-k kills two
-lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.
-
-Bringing back killed text is called "yanking".  (Think of it as
-yanking back, or pulling back, some text that was taken away.)  You
-can yank the killed text either at the same place where it was killed,
-or at some other place in the text you are editing, or even in a
-different file.  You can yank the same text several times; that makes
-multiple copies of it.
-
-The command for yanking is C-y.  It reinserts the last killed text,
-at the current cursor position.
-
->> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
-
-If you do several C-k's in a row, all of the killed text is saved
-together, so that one C-y will yank all of the lines at once.
-
->> Do this now, type C-k several times.
-
-Now to retrieve that killed text:
-
->> Type C-y.  Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
-   again.  You now see how to copy some text.
-
-What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
-you kill something else?  C-y would yank the more recent kill.  But
-the previous text is not lost.  You can get back to it using the M-y
-command.  After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
-M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill.  Typing M-y
-again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills.  When you have
-reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to
-keep it.  Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where
-it is.
-
-If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most
-recent kill).
-
->> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
-   Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
-   Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
-   Do more M-y's and see what you get.  Keep doing them until
-   the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
-   If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
-   arguments.
-
-
-* UNDO
-------
-
-If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a
-mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u.
-
-Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
-the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one
-additional command.
-
-But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do
-not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling
-command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups
-of up to 20.  (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to
-type to undo insertion of text.)
-
->> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.
-
-C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u,
-but it is easier to type several times in a row.  The disadvantage of
-C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it.  That
-is why we provide C-x u as well.  On some terminals, you can type C-_
-by typing / while holding down CONTROL.
-
-A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count.
-
-You can undo deletion of text just as you can undo killing of text.
-The distinction between killing something and deleting it affects
-whether you can yank it with C-y; it makes no difference for undo.
-
-
-* FILES
--------
-
-In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
-file.  Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
-away.  In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file
-before you enter the text.  (This is also called "visiting" the file.)
-
-Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within
-Emacs.  In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
-However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent
-until you "save" the file.  This is so you can avoid leaving a
-half-changed file on the system when you do not want to.  Even when
-you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
-you later decide that your changes were a mistake.
-
-If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
-begins and ends with dashes, and starts with "--:-- TUTORIAL" or
-something like that.  This part of the screen normally shows the name
-of the file that you are visiting.  Right now, you are visiting a file
-called "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs
-tutorial.  When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name will
-appear in that precise spot.
-
-One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you
-have to say what file name you want.  We say the command "reads an
-argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of
-the file).  After you type the command
-
-	C-x C-f   Find a file
-
-Emacs asks you to type the file name.  The file name you type appears
-on the bottom line of the screen.  The bottom line is called the
-minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input.  You can use
-ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name.
-
-While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input),
-you can cancel the command with C-g.
-
->> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g.  This cancels the minibuffer,
-   and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
-   minibuffer.  So you do not find any file.
-
-When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to
-terminate it.  Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file
-you chose.  The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is
-finished.
-
-In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can
-edit the contents.  When you wish to make your changes permanent,
-type the command
-
-	C-x C-s   Save the file
-
-This copies the text within Emacs into the file.  The first time you
-do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
-not lost.  The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the
-original file's name.
-
-When saving is finished, Emacs displays the name of the file written.
-You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
-work if the system should crash.
-
->> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
-   This should show "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
-
-NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you
-will see no further output from Emacs.  This indicates that an
-operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the
-C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs.  To unfreeze the screen,
-type C-q.  Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental
-Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
-
-You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it.  You can also
-find a file which does not already exist.  This is the way to create a
-file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then
-begin inserting the text for the file.  When you ask to "save" the
-file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have
-inserted.  From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an
-already existing file.
-
-
-* BUFFERS
----------
-
-If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
-inside Emacs.  You can switch back to it by finding it again with
-C-x C-f.  This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
-
->> Create a file named "foo" by typing  C-x C-f foo <Return>.
-   Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing  C-x C-s.
-   Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>
-   to come back to the tutorial.
-
-Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer".
-Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs.  To see a list of the
-buffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type
-
-	C-x C-b   List buffers
-
->> Try C-x C-b now.
-
-See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name for
-the file whose contents it holds.  ANY text you see in an Emacs window
-is always part of some buffer.
-
->> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
-
-When you have several buffers, only one of them is "current" at any
-time.  That buffer is the one you edit.  If you want to edit another
-buffer, you need to "switch" to it.  If you want to switch to a buffer
-that corresponds to a file, you can do it by visiting the file again
-with C-x C-f.  But there is an easier way: use the C-x b command.
-In that command, you have to type the buffer's name.
-
->> Type C-x b foo <Return> to go back to the buffer "foo" which holds
-   the text of the file "foo".  Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return>
-   to come back to this tutorial.
-
-Most of the time, the buffer's name is the same as the file name
-(without the file directory part).  However, this is not always true.
-The buffer list you make with C-x C-b always shows you the name of
-every buffer.
-
-ANY text you see in an Emacs window is always part of some buffer.
-Some buffers do not correspond to files.  For example, the buffer
-named "*Buffer List*" does not have any file.  It is the buffer which
-contains the buffer list that you made with C-x C-b.  The buffer named
-"*Messages*" also does not correspond to any file; it contains the
-messages that have appeared on the bottom line during your Emacs
-session.
-
->> Type C-x b *Messages* <Return> to look at the buffer of messages.
-   Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> to come back to this tutorial.
-
-If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
-this does not save the first file.  Its changes remain inside Emacs,
-in that file's buffer.  The creation or editing of the second file's
-buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer.  This is very useful,
-but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
-file's buffer.  It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
-it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s.  So we have
-
-	C-x s     Save some buffers
-
-C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have
-not saved.  It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the
-buffer.
-
->> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s.
-   It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL.
-   Answer yes to the question by typing "y".
-
-
-* EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
----------------------------
-
-There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
-on all the control and meta characters.  Emacs gets around this with
-the X (eXtend) command.  This comes in two flavors:
-
-	C-x	Character eXtend.  Followed by one character.
-	M-x	Named command eXtend.  Followed by a long name.
-
-These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
-commands you have already learned about.  You have already seen a few
-of them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save, for
-example.  Another example is the command to end the Emacs
-session--this is the command C-x C-c.  (Do not worry about losing
-changes you have made; C-x C-c offers to save each changed file before
-it kills the Emacs.)
-
-If you are using a graphical display that supports multiple
-applications in parallel, you don't need any special command to move
-from Emacs to another application.  You can do this with the mouse or
-with window manager commands.  However, if you're using a text
-terminal which can only show one application at a time, you need to
-"suspend" Emacs to move to any other program.
-
-C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
-back to the same Emacs session afterward.  When Emacs is running on a
-text terminal, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns to the shell
-but does not destroy the Emacs.  In the most common shells, you can
-resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'.
-
-The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out.  It's also
-the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
-programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know
-how to cope with suspension of Emacs.  In ordinary circumstances,
-though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs
-with C-z instead of exiting Emacs.
-
-There are many C-x commands.  Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
-
-	C-x C-f		Find file
-	C-x C-s		Save file
-	C-x s		Save some buffers
-	C-x C-b		List buffers
-	C-x b		Switch buffer
-	C-x C-c		Quit Emacs
-	C-x 1		Delete all but one window
-	C-x u		Undo
-
-Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
-frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes.  An
-example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one
-string with another.  When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the
-bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the
-command; in this case, "replace-string".  Just type "repl s<TAB>" and
-Emacs will complete the name.  (<TAB> is the Tab key, usually found
-above the CapsLock or Shift key near the left edge of the keyboard.)
-End the command name with <Return>.
-
-The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be
-replaced, and the string to replace it with.  You must end each
-argument with <Return>.
-
->> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
-   Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
-
-   Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
-   the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred,
-   after the initial position of the cursor.
-
-
-* AUTO SAVE
------------
-
-When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
-they could be lost if your computer crashes.  To protect you from
-this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that
-you are editing.  The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and
-the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save
-file's name is "#hello.c#".  When you save the file in the normal way,
-Emacs deletes its auto save file.
-
-If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
-finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
-save file) and then typing M-x recover file<Return>.  When it asks for
-confirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
-data.
-
-
-* ECHO AREA
------------
-
-If Emacs sees that you are typing multicharacter commands slowly, it
-shows them to you at the bottom of the screen in an area called the
-"echo area".  The echo area contains the bottom line of the screen.
-
-
-* MODE LINE
------------
-
-The line immediately above the echo area is called the "mode line".
-The mode line says something like this:
-
---:**  TUTORIAL       63% L749    (Fundamental)-----------------------
-
-This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
-the text you are editing.
-
-You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
-found.  NN% indicates your current position in the text; it means that
-NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen.  If the top of
-the file is on the screen, it will say "Top" instead of " 0%".  If the
-bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say "Bot".  If you are
-looking at text so small that all of it fits on the screen, the mode
-line says "All".
-
-The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give the
-current line number of point.
-
-The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
-Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows
-no stars, just dashes.
-
-The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
-editing modes you are in.  The default mode is Fundamental which is
-what you are using now.  It is an example of a "major mode".
-
-Emacs has many different major modes.  Some of them are meant for
-editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,
-Text mode, etc.  At any time one and only one major mode is active,
-and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
-"Fundamental" is now.
-
-Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently.  For example,
-there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each
-programming language has a different idea of what a comment should
-look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently.  Each
-major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can
-switch to that mode.  For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to
-switch to Fundamental mode.
-
-If you are going to be editing human-language text, such as this file, you
-should probably use Text Mode.
-
->> Type M-x text mode<Return>.
-
-Don't worry, none of the  Emacs commands you have learned changes in
-any great way.  But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat
-apostrophes as part of words.  Previously, in Fundamental mode,
-M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators.
-
-Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands
-do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit
-differently.
-
-To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
-
->> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
->> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
->> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.
-
-Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
-Minor modes are not alternatives to the major modes, just minor
-modifications of them.  Each minor mode can be turned on or off by
-itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your
-major mode.  So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any
-combination of several minor modes.
-
-One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing
-human-language text, is Auto Fill mode.  When this mode is on, Emacs
-breaks the line in between words automatically whenever you insert
-text and make a line that is too wide.
-
-You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto fill mode<Return>.
-When the mode is on, you can turn it off again by doing M-x
-auto fill mode<Return>.  If the mode is off, this command turns it on,
-and if the mode is on, this command turns it off.  We say that the
-command "toggles the mode".
-
->> Type M-x auto fill mode<Return> now.  Then insert a line of "asdf "
-   over again until you see it divide into two lines.  You must put in
-   spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
-
-The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
-with the C-x f command.  You should give the margin setting you want
-as a numeric argument.
-
->> Type C-x f with an argument of 20.  (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
-   Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
-   characters with it.  Then set the margin back to 70 using
-   C-x f again.
-
-If you make changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
-does not re-fill it for you.
-To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (META-q) with the cursor inside
-that paragraph.
-
->> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
-
-
-* SEARCHING
------------
-
-Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
-characters or words) either forward through the text or backward
-through it.  Searching for a string is a cursor motion command;
-it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears.
-
-The Emacs search command is different from the search commands
-of most editors, in that it is "incremental".  This means that the
-search happens while you type in the string to search for.
-
-The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r
-for reverse search.  BUT WAIT!  Don't try them now.
-
-When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as
-a prompt in the echo area.  This tells you that Emacs is in what is
-called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that
-you want to search for.  <Return> terminates a search.
-
->> Now type C-s to start a search.  SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
-   type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
-   character to notice what happens to the cursor.
-   Now you have searched for "cursor", once.
->> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".
->> Now type <Delback> four times and see how the cursor moves.
->> Type <Return> to terminate the search.
-
-Did you see what happened?  Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
-go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far.  To
-go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again.  If no such
-occurrence exists, Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently
-"failing".  C-g would also terminate the search.
-
-NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will
-see no further output from Emacs.  This indicates that an operating
-system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not
-letting it get through to Emacs.  To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.
-Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the
-Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
-
-If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delback>,
-you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
-and the search backs up to the last place of the search.  For
-instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first
-occurrence of "c".  Now if you type "u", the cursor will move
-to the first occurrence of "cu".  Now type <Delback>.  This erases
-the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to
-the first occurrence of "c".
-
-If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
-character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
-a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
-
-The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
-string AFTER the current cursor position.  If you want to search for
-something earlier in the text, type C-r instead.  Everything that we
-have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of
-the search is reversed.
-
-
-* MULTIPLE WINDOWS
-------------------
-
-One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
-window on the screen at the same time.
-
->> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l (that's CONTROL-L, not
-   CONTROL-1).
-
->> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
-   Both windows display this tutorial.  The cursor stays in the top window.
-
->> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
-   (If you do not have a real META key, type <ESC> C-v.)
-
->> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
->> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
-   Keep reading these directions in the top window.
-
->> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
-   The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.
-
-You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows.  Each
-window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
-shows the cursor.  All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
-window that the cursor is in.  We call this the "selected window".
-
-The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
-window and using the other window just for reference.  You can keep
-the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance
-through the other window sequentially with C-M-v.
-
-C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character.  If you have a real
-META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META while
-typing v.  It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first,"
-because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type.
-
-If you do not have a real META key, and you use <ESC> instead, the
-order does matter: you must type <ESC> followed by CONTROL-v, because
-CONTROL-<ESC> v will not work.  This is because <ESC> is a character
-in its own right, not a modifier key.
-
->> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
-
-(If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
-of the top one.  Think of this command as "Keep just one
-window--the window I am already in.")
-
-You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows.  If you
-use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not
-change.  You can find a file in each window independently.
-
-Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
-things:
-
->> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
-   End with <Return>.  See the specified file appear in the bottom
-   window.  The cursor goes there, too.
-
->> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
-   the bottom window.
-
-
-* RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
---------------------------
-
-Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
-level".  This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
-surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name.  For
-example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
-
-To get out of the recursive editing level, type <ESC> <ESC> <ESC>.
-That is an all-purpose "get out" command.  You can also use it for
-eliminating extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
-
->> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type <ESC> <ESC> <ESC> to
-   get out.
-
-You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level.  This is
-because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the
-recursive editing level.
-
-
-* GETTING MORE HELP
--------------------
-
-In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
-get you started using Emacs.  There is so much available in Emacs that
-it would be impossible to explain it all here.  However, you may want
-to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features.
-Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs
-commands.  These "help" commands all start with the character
-CONTROL-h, which is called "the Help character".
-
-To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a
-character saying what kind of help you want.  If you are REALLY lost,
-type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
-If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just
-type C-g to cancel it.
-
-(Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h.  They really
-should not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you have
-grounds to complain to the system administrator.  Meanwhile, if C-h
-does not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, try
-typing the F1 key or M-x help <Return> instead.)
-
-The most basic HELP feature is C-h c.  Type C-h, the character c, and
-a command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very brief
-description of the command.
-
->> Type C-h c C-p.
-
-The message should be something like this:
-
-	C-p runs the command previous-line
-
-This tells you the "name of the function".  Function names are used
-mainly for customizing and extending Emacs.  But since function names
-are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as
-very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you
-have already learned.
-
-Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
-EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
-
-To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
-
->> Type C-h k C-p.
-
-This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
-name, in an Emacs window.  When you are finished reading the
-output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text.  You do not have
-to do this right away.  You can do some editing while referring
-to the help text, and then type C-x 1.
-
-Here are some other useful C-h options:
-
-   C-h f	Describe a function.  You type in the name of the
-		function.
-
->> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
-   This displays all the information Emacs has about the
-   function which implements the C-p command.
-
-A similar command C-h v displays the documentation of variables whose
-values you can set to customize Emacs behavior.  You need to type in
-the name of the variable when Emacs prompts for it.
-
-   C-h a	Command Apropos.  Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
-		all the commands whose names contain that keyword.
-		These commands can all be invoked with META-x.
-		For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one
-		or two character sequence which runs the same command.
-
->> Type C-h a file<Return>.
-
-This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file"
-in their names.  You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed
-beside the corresponding command names such as find-file.
-
->> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window.  Do this a few times.
-
->> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.
-
-   C-h i	Read On-line Manuals (a.k.a. Info).  This command puts
-		you into a special buffer called `*info*' where you
-		can read on-line manuals for the packages installed on
-		your system.  Type m emacs <Return> to read the Emacs
-		manual.  If you have never before used Info, type ?
-		and Emacs will take you on a guided tour of Info mode
-		facilities.  Once you are through with this tutorial,
-		you should consult the Emacs Info manual as your
-		primary documentation.
-
-
-* MORE FEATURES
----------------
-
-You can learn more about Emacs by reading its manual, either as a book
-or on-line in Info (use the Help menu or type F10 h r).  Two features
-that you may like especially are completion, which saves typing, and
-dired, which simplifies file handling.
-
-Completion is a way to avoid unnecessary typing.  For instance, if you
-want to switch to the *Messages* buffer, you can type C-x b *M<Tab>
-and Emacs will fill in the rest of the buffer name as far as it can
-determine from what you have already typed.  Completion is described
-in Info in the Emacs manual in the node called "Completion".
-
-Dired enables you to list files in a directory (and optionally its
-subdirectories), move around that list, visit, rename, delete and
-otherwise operate on the files.  Dired is described in Info in the
-Emacs manual in the node called "Dired".
-
-The manual also describes many other Emacs features.
-
-
-* CONCLUSION
-------------
-
-Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c.  To exit to a shell
-temporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z.
-
-This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
-you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
-
-
-* COPYING
----------
-
-This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
-starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
-
-This version of the tutorial is a part of GNU Emacs.  It is copyrighted
-and comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
-
-  Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004,
-    2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-
-  This file is part of GNU Emacs.
-  
-  GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
-  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
-  the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or (at your option)
-  any later version.
-  
-  GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
-  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
-  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
-  GNU General Public License for more details.
-  
-  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
-  along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the
-  Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
-  Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
-
-Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of GNU Emacs to
-your friends.  Help stamp out software obstructionism ("ownership") by
-using, writing, and sharing free software!
-
-;;; arch-tag: a0f84628-777f-4238-8865-451a73167f55