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		*************************************************
		*	Chapter 3	PINYIN INPUT AND	*
		*			PINYIN HANZI CONVERSION *
		*************************************************




   3.1 CONCEPT ON PINYIN INPUT    
   ===========================
	
	In Chapter 2, we have already given a brief introduction on Pinyin input.  This 
will be explained in greater detail now.

	Pinyin  input  method  refers  to  the input  Chinese characters via Pinyin and 
Pinyin- Hanzi conversion.  A good Pinyin input method  should provide users with a good 
Pinyin input environment as well as a conversion mechanism with high accuracy.

Pinyin-Hanzi conversion has the following 3 categories :
	(a) Conversion based on character
	(b) Conversion based on word
	(c) Conversion based on phrase or any arbitrary Pinyin string

(a) Conversion based on character
    The result  of this  conversion is a Chinese character (Hanzi), which has the same 
    pronunciation as the input Pinyin.
    We  must  take note  that there are several Hanzi that have the same pronunciation.
    Hence, one Pinyin corresponds to many Hanzi.  In order to obtain the correct Hanzi, 
    it has to be selected among all the candidates.  This is a rather inconvenient way 
    of conversion.

(b) Conversion based on word
    In  this conversion,  the result is a word.  This word may consist of two or 
    more  characters.  Hence, the  number  of candidates is much reduced.  However, the 
    need  to select candidates still exists.  Also, we need to take note that in such a 
    system,  only  words  that  are  registed  can be found, and users need to have the 
    concept of words.

(c) Conversion based on phrase or any arbitrary Pinyin string
    For this  conversion, the user is able to input any arbitrary length of Pinyin, and 
    is  able to perform the conversion at any position of the input string.  The system 
    analyses  the input string,  performs the  necessary  grammatical analysis and word 
    segmentation, and subsequently produces a more accurate conversion output.





					- 3-1 -
    The diagram below shows the conversion process for the entire system. 

<Table-c-3.1>


















    We will now explain the Pinyin input environment, Pinyin-Hanzi conversion and the 
related environment operations.


























					- 3-2 -

   3.2 PINYIN INPUT ENVIRONMENT   
   ============================

 Pinyin Input and its Internal/External Representations 
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	Pinyin can be input via three methods : Quanpin, Erpin and Sanpin (as described 
						in Chapter 2).  
These  methods  of  input  are not performed  internally, but through the definition of 
external environment  of  the system.  This external environment definition is known as 
Input  Automaton (refer  to Chapter 6).   It  provides  different input environment for 
different users (clients), according to their needs.

	Through the input automaton, the user input will be converted into the standard 
Pinyin defined by the system.  For example :

<Table-c-3.2>

The  system  does not require  user to segment the Pinyin input string.  The users only 
needs to  input  the correct  Pinyin and  the system  will perform  the segmentation on 
the input.  For example, the input  "hanyuyuyin"  will be segmented  to "han yu yu yin" 
automatically by the system.
 
	The Pinyin  input interface  is an  editor by  itself.  Besides having the input
feature, facility  such  as cursor movement, inserting  and  deleting  operations on the 
input  string  are  also  provided.   To the user, one Pinyin is just like an individual 
character.  For  example, "han" is not considered as three characters "h", "a", "n", but 
is as a single unit "han".

	At the user interface, the Pinyin input is represented as it is. However, within
the  system,  each  Pinyin  is represented  by an  internal code  defined by the system. 
Hence during the  conversion process, these internal representations are used instead of 
the external representations of the Pinyin.
	














					- 3-3 -

   3.3 PINYIN HANZI CONVERSION    
   ===========================

	In cWnn system, there are two types of conversion : (1) Forward conversion
							    (2) Reverse conversion
 	Forward conversion refers to Pinyin-Hanzi conversion, whereas reverse conversion 
refers to  Hanzi-Pinyin conversion, ie, the input is Hanzi and the conversion result is 
the corresponding Pinyin.  We will now only explain the Pinyin-Hanzi conversion.	

	We  have  to  take note  that  Pinyin-Hanzi conversion  does  not always get the
accurate result.  Hence, besides  providing  a  multi-phrase  conversion mechanism, cWnn 
also provides facilities to perform re-editing, re-conversion as well as manual word and 
phrase segmentation.


1. Conversion Command
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
There are five conversion methods for Pinyin-Hanzi conversion.  The first three methods 
listed  below  are  most  commonly  used.   The last  two methods  are meant for system 
developers to check on grammatical analysis.

(a) Multi-phrase conversion
	Once  a  Pinyin  string  is  sent  for  conversion, the system will perform the
	conversion based on the current environment (refer to Chapter 5) as well as the 
	conversion parameters of the current environment.  After conversion, the result 
	will appear on the input line,  with the cursor positioned at the first word of 
	the sentense.  If a re-conversion is required (done by pressing the confirm key 
	again), the conversion method as in (c) will be performed.

(b) Word conversion
	Treat  the  portion  of the  input string indicated by the cursor as a word and 
	perform  word  conversion.   Output  the  candidate  word  that has the highest 
	assessment value as result.

(c) Word candidates extraction
	Treat  the  portion  of  the input string indicated by the cursor as a word and 
	perform  word  conversion.  Output  the  possible  word  candidates  under  the 
	particular environment.

(d) Phrase conversion 
	Treat the portion  of the input string  indicated by the cursor as a phrase and 
	perform  phrase conversion.  Output the candidate  phrase that  has the highest 
	assessment value as result.





					- 3-4 -
(e) Phrase candidates extraction
	Treat the portion of the input string indicated by the cursor  as  a phrase and 
	perform  phrase  conversion.  Output the  possible phrase candidates  under the 
	particular environment.


2. Manual Word Segmentation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
One difficulty faced in Pinyin-Hanzi conversion is to perform automatic word segmentation.
When  the conversion result is incorrect, the user needs  to  segment the words by using 
the  segmentation  keys (^O or ^I).  The word  indicated by the cursor will be segmented. 
To complete the manual segmentation process, press the conversion key again.


3. Assessment Formula for Multi-Phrase Conversion 
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The multi-phrase conversion plays a major role in the Pinyin-Hanzi conversion.  The level 
of accuracy  for this  conversion has a direct effect on the effectiveness of the system. 
There  are  several factors that affect the conversion result of Pinyin-Hanzi conversion, 
each  differs  according  to different  conditions.  The  followings  are  the assessment 
formula  for  multi-phrase  conversion.  Users  are  able  to  change  the  corresponding 
conversion parameters in order to obtain the most suitable conversion environment.

(a) Assessment parameters
	parameter (0) 	Number of phrase "n" 
	    		During the assessment process, this is the maximum number of 
			phrases that can be assessed at one time.

	parameter (1) 	Number of words "m" 
	    		During the assessment process, this is the maximum number of 
			words that can be in a phrase.  
 
(b) Word assessment parameters
	parameter (2) 	Usage frequency weight
	    		This is the usage frequency for each word in the dictionary.
			When  a user  uses the dictionary, the system will create as 
			well as manage  a usage frequency file for the user.  As the 
			user uses the  system,  the usage frequency of  each word in 
			the  dictionary  will be updated according to how  often the 
			user  uses  each  word.   Hence,  each  user  will  have his 
			individual usage frequency file. 
	    
	parameter (3) 	Word length weight
	    		Word length refers to the number of characters in a word.





					- 3-5 -
	parameter (4) 	Tone correctness weight
	    		This  is the accuracy of the four tones in the Pinyin input 
			by the user compared to that in the dictionary. cWnn allows 
			input with or without four tones.

	parameter (5) 	Last used weight
	    		Last used refers to the most recently used word for a Pinyin.
			By  increasing  the weight of this parameter, the assessment 
			value of each word can be increased dynamically.

	parameter (6) 	Dictionary priority weight
	    		Each  dictionary has  a priority defined  by the environment.  
			By  changing  this  value,  assessment  values may be biased
	    		towards certain dictionaries.
	    
(c) Phrase assessment parameters
	parameter (7) 	Average word assessment value weight
	    		A phrase  consists  of several  words, and each word has its 
			own  word  assessment value as described above.  The average 
			of these values is the average word assessment value.

	parameter (8) 	Phrase length weight
	    		Phrase length refers to the number of characters in a phrase.

	parameter (9) 	Number of words weight 
	    		This refers to the the number of words in a phrase.  Larger 
			number  of  words  in  a  phrase  shows greater grammatical 
			certainty among the words, and hence higher reliability.

(d) Other paramters
	Characters  other than  Pinyin that appear at the input line have their own 
	individual usage frequency values.

(e) Assessment formula for multi-phrase conversion
	Assessment value for word :
		f = (c1 x frequency) + (c2 x word length) + (c3 x tone correctness)
		    + (c4 x last used) + (c5 x dictionary priority)

	Assessment value for phrase :
		F = k1 x avg( f1, f2, ..fm ) + (k2 x phrase length) 
		    + (k3 x number of words in phrase)

	Total assessment value for candidates of a phrase :
		Vi = avg( Fi1 + Fi2 + ... + Fin )

	Best assessment value for a phrase :
		MAX( V1, V2, ... Vk )


					- 3-6 -
	Note :	* c1 =  parameter (2) 
		  c2 =  parameter (3)
	  	  c3 =  parameter (4)
	  	  c4 =  parameter (5)
	  	  c5 =  parameter (6)
		* k1 =  parameter (7)
	  	  k2 =  parameter (8)
	  	  k3 =  parameter (9)









































					- 3-7 -

   3.4 ENVIRONMENT OPERATING FUNCTIONS    
   ===================================

	The cserver  manages several resources such   as dictionaries and grammar files.  
Besides, it  creates  an environment for every user (client).  One  user  may have more 
than  one  environment.  In  different  input  mode, each environment  has  defined its 
dictionary files, corresponding usage frequency files and the grammar files.
	When a user starts up uum (client), cserver will create an environment as well 
as  set the dictionaries for the user. After that, the user is able to obtain the usage 
status of the dictionaries from the system.

1. Environment Operation
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
<Table-c-3.3>


































					- 3-8 -
2. Parameter Update
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

<Table-c-3.4>



 
These  are the assessment  parameters for  multi-phrase conversion  mentioned above.
The number in  the square bracket indicates the current parameter value.  To change
the value, simply move the cursor to the parameter and press return, then enter the 
new parameter value.




	The  input  at  the  input  line is  not  only  restricted  to  Pinyin.  Other
characters  are also  allowed.  For  example,  numbers, ASCII characters, punctuations
and  brackets.   These  characters will  undergo  conversion  together with the Pinyin
input.  Just like Pinyin, these  characters  have  parameters  which  can  be  defined
externally.  The parameters are classified into the following categories.
	
(a) Usage frequency for numbers
    This includes  0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Besides, the system has the facility to change 
    the numbers into other format.  For example, "1234567" can be changed to 1,234,567,
<Table-c-3.5>

(b) Usage frequency for ASCII characters
(c) Usage frequency for punctuations
(d) Usage frequency for open brackets
(e) Usage frequency for close brackets


















					- 3-9 -