Mercurial > hgbook
annotate es/concepts.tex @ 514:0eda2936ef77
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author | Javier Rojas <jerojasro@devnull.li> |
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date | Tue, 11 Nov 2008 23:21:00 -0500 |
parents | 006cd2b41d11 |
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1 \chapter{Tras bambalinas} |
442 | 2 \label{chap:concepts} |
3 | |
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4 A diferencia de varios sistemas de control de revisiones, los |
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5 conceptos en los que se fundamenta Mercurial son lo suficientemente |
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6 simples como para entender fácilmente cómo funciona el software. |
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7 Saber esto no es necesario, pero considero útil tener un ``modelo |
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8 mental'' de qué es lo que sucede. |
442 | 9 |
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10 Comprender esto me da la confianza de que Mercurial ha sido |
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11 cuidadosamente diseñado para ser tanto \emph{seguro} como |
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12 \emph{eficiente}. Y tal vez con la misma importancia, si es fácil |
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13 para mí hacerme a una idea adecuada de qué está haciendo el software |
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14 cuando llevo a cabo una tarea relacionada con control de revisiones, |
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15 es menos probable que me sosprenda su comportamiento. |
442 | 16 |
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17 En este capítulo, cubriremos inicialmente los conceptos centrales |
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18 del diseño de Mercurial, y luego discutiremos algunos detalles |
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19 interesantes de su implementación. |
442 | 20 |
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21 \section{Registro del historial de Mercurial} |
442 | 22 |
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23 \subsection{Seguir el historial de un único fichero} |
442 | 24 |
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25 Cuando Mercurial sigue las modificaciones a un fichero, guarda el |
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26 historial de dicho fichero en un objeto de metadatos llamado |
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27 \emph{filelog}\ndt{Fichero de registro}. Cada entrada en el fichero |
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28 de registro contiene suficiente información para reconstruir una |
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29 revisión del fichero que se está siguiendo. Los ficheros de registro |
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30 son almacenados como ficheros el el directorio |
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31 \sdirname{.hg/store/data}. Un fichero de registro contiene dos tipos |
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32 de información: datos de revisiones, y un índice para ayudar a |
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33 Mercurial a buscar revisiones eficientemente. |
442 | 34 |
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35 El fichero de registro de un fichero grande, o con un historial muy |
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36 largo, es guardado como ficheros separados para datos (sufijo |
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37 ``\texttt{.d}'') y para el índice (sufijo ``\texttt{.i}''). Para |
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38 ficheros pequeños con un historial pequeño, los datos de revisiones y |
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39 el índice son combinados en un único fichero ``\texttt{.i}''. La |
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40 correspondencia entre un fichero en el directorio de trabajo y el |
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41 fichero de registro que hace seguimiento a su historial en el |
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42 repositorio se ilustra en la figura~\ref{fig:concepts:filelog}. |
442 | 43 |
44 \begin{figure}[ht] | |
45 \centering | |
46 \grafix{filelog} | |
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47 \caption{Relación entre ficheros en el directorio de trabajo y |
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48 ficheros de registro en el repositorio} |
442 | 49 \label{fig:concepts:filelog} |
50 \end{figure} | |
51 | |
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52 \subsection{Administración de ficheros monitoreados} |
442 | 53 |
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54 Mercurial usa una estructura llamada \emph{manifiesto} para |
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55 % TODO collect together => centralizar |
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56 centralizar la información que maneja acerca de los ficheros que |
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57 monitorea. Cada entrada en el manifiesto contiene información acerca |
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58 de los ficheros involucrados en un único conjunto de cambios. Una |
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59 entrada registra qué ficheros están presentes en el conjunto de |
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60 cambios, la revisión de cada fichero, y otros cuantos metadatos del |
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61 mismo. |
442 | 62 |
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63 \subsection{Registro de información del conjunto de cambios} |
442 | 64 |
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65 La \emph{bitácora de cambios} contiene información acerca de cada |
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66 conjunto de cambios. Cada revisión indica quién consignó un cambio, el |
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67 comentario para el conjunto de cambios, otros datos relacionados con |
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68 el conjunto de cambios, y la revisión del manifiesto a usar. |
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69 |
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70 \subsection{Relaciones entre revisiones} |
442 | 71 |
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72 Dentro de una bitácora de cambios, un manifiesto, o un fichero de |
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73 registro, cada revisión conserva un apuntador a su padre inmediato |
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74 (o sus dos padres, si es la revisión de una fusión). Como menciońe |
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75 anteriormente, también hay relaciones entre revisiones \emph{a través} |
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76 de estas estructuras, y tienen naturaleza jerárquica. |
442 | 77 |
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78 Por cada conjunto de cambios en un repositorio, hay exactamente una |
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79 revisión almacenada en la bitácora de cambios. Cada revisión de la |
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80 bitácora de cambios contiene un apuntador a una única revisión del |
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81 manifiesto. Una revisión del manifiesto almacena un apuntador a una |
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82 única revisión de cada fichero de registro al que se le hacía |
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83 seguimiento cuando fue creado el conjunto de cambios. Estas relaciones |
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84 se ilustran en la figura~\ref{fig:concepts:metadata}. |
442 | 85 |
86 \begin{figure}[ht] | |
87 \centering | |
88 \grafix{metadata} | |
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89 \caption{Relaciones entre metadatos} |
442 | 90 \label{fig:concepts:metadata} |
91 \end{figure} | |
92 | |
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93 Como lo muestra la figura, \emph{no} hay una relación ``uno a uno'' |
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94 entre las revisiones en el conjunto de cambios, el manifiesto, o el |
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95 fichero de registro. Si el manifiesto no ha sido modificado de un |
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96 conjunto de cambios a otro, las entradas en la bitácora de cambios |
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97 para esos conjuntos de cambios apuntarán a la misma revisión del |
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98 manifiesto. Si un fichero monitoreado por Mercurial no sufre ningún |
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99 cambio de un conjunto de cambios a otro, la entrada para dicho fichero |
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100 en las dos revisiones del manifiesto apuntará a la misma revisión de |
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101 su fichero de registro. |
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103 \section{Almacenamiento seguro y eficiente} |
442 | 104 |
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105 La base común de las bitácoras de cambios, los manifiestos, y los |
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106 ficheros de registros es provista por una única estructura llamada el |
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107 \emph{revlog}\ndt{Contracción de \emph{revision log}, registro de |
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108 revisión.}. |
442 | 109 |
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110 \subsection{Almacenamiento eficiente} |
442 | 111 |
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112 El revlog provee almacenamiento eficiente de revisiones por medio del |
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113 mecanismo de \emph{deltas}\ndt{Diferencias.}. En vez de almacenar una |
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114 copia completa del fichero por cada revisión, almacena los cambios |
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115 necesarios para transformar una revisión anterior en la nueva |
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116 revisión. Para muchos tipos de fichero, estos deltas son típicamente |
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117 de una fracción porcentual del tamaño de una copia completa del |
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118 fichero. |
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120 Algunos sistemas de control de revisiones obsoletos sólo pueden |
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121 manipular deltas de ficheros de texto plano. Ellos o bien almacenan |
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122 los ficheros binarios como instantáneas completas, o codificados en |
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123 alguna representación de texto plano adecuada, y ambas alternativas |
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124 son enfoques que desperdician bastantes recursos. Mercurial puede |
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125 manejar deltas de ficheros con contenido binario arbitrario; no |
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126 necesita tratar el texto plano como un caso especial. |
442 | 127 |
509
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128 \subsection{Operación segura} |
442 | 129 \label{sec:concepts:txn} |
130 | |
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131 Mercurial sólo \emph{añade} datos al final de los ficheros de revlog. Nunca |
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132 modifica ninguna sección de un fichero una vez ha sido escrita. Esto es más |
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133 robusto y eficiente que otros esquemas que requieren modificar o reescribir |
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134 datos. |
442 | 135 |
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136 Adicionalmente, Mercurial trata cada escritura como parte de una |
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137 \emph{transacción}, que puede cubrir varios ficheros. Una transacción es |
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138 \emph{atómica}: o bien la transacción tiene éxito y entonces todos sus efectos |
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139 son visibles para todos los lectores, o la operación completa es cancelada. |
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140 % TODO atomicidad no existe de acuerdo a DRAE, reemplazar |
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141 Esta garantía de atomicidad implica que, si usted está ejecutando dos copias de |
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142 Mercurial, donde una de ellas está leyendo datos y la otra los está escribiendo, |
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143 el lector nunca verá un resultado escrito parcialmente que podría confundirlo. |
442 | 144 |
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145 El hecho de que Mercurial sólo hace adiciones a los ficheros hace más fácil |
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146 proveer esta garantía transaccional. A medida que sea más fácil hacer |
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147 operaciones como ésta, más confianza tendrá usted en que sean hechas |
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148 correctamente. |
442 | 149 |
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150 \subsection{Recuperación rápida de datos} |
442 | 151 |
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152 Mercurial evita ingeniosamente un problema común a todos los sistemas de control |
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153 de revisiones anteriores> el problema de la |
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154 \emph{recuperación\ndt{\emph{Retrieval}. Recuperación en el sentido de traer los |
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155 datos, o reconstruirlos a partir de otros datos, pero no debido a una falla o |
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156 calamidad, sino a la operación normal del sistema.} ineficiente de datos}. |
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157 Muchos sistemas de control de revisiones almacenan los contenidos de una |
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158 revisión como una serie incremental de modificaciones a una ``instantánea''. |
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159 Para reconstruir una versión cualquiera, primero usted debe leer la instantánea, |
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160 y luego cada una de las revisiones entre la instantánea y su versión objetivo. |
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161 Entre más largo sea el historial de un fichero, más revisiones deben ser leídas, |
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162 y por tanto toma más tiempo reconstruir una versión particular. |
442 | 163 |
164 \begin{figure}[ht] | |
165 \centering | |
166 \grafix{snapshot} | |
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167 \caption{Instantánea de un revlog, con deltas incrementales} |
442 | 168 \label{fig:concepts:snapshot} |
169 \end{figure} | |
170 | |
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171 La innovación que aplica Mercurial a este problema es simple pero efectiva. |
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172 Una vez la cantidad de información de deltas acumulada desde la última |
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173 instantánea excede un umbral fijado de antemano, se almacena una nueva |
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174 instantánea (comprimida, por supuesto), en lugar de otro delta. Esto hace |
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175 posible reconstruir \emph{cualquier} versión de un fichero rápidamente. Este |
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176 enfoque funciona tan bien que desde entonces ha sido copiado por otros sistemas |
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177 de control de revisiones. |
442 | 178 |
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179 La figura~\ref{fig:concepts:snapshot} ilustra la idea. En una entrada en el |
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180 fichero índice de un revlog, Mercurial almacena el rango de entradas (deltas) |
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181 del fichero de datos que se deben leer para reconstruir una revisión en |
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182 particular. |
442 | 183 |
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184 \subsubsection{Nota al margen: la influencia de la compresión de vídeo} |
442 | 185 |
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186 Si le es familiar la compresión de vídeo, o ha mirado alguna vez una emisión de |
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187 TV a través de cable digital o un servicio de satélite, puede que sepa que la |
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188 mayor parte de los esquemas de compresión de vídeo almacenan cada cuadro del |
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189 mismo como un delta contra el cuadro predecesor. Adicionalmente, estos esquemas |
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190 usan técnicas de compresión ``con pérdida'' para aumentar la tasa de |
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191 compresión, por lo que los errores visuales se acumulan a lo largo de una |
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192 cantidad de deltas inter-cuadros. |
442 | 193 |
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194 Ya que existe la posibilidad de que un flujo de vídeo se ``pierda'' |
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195 ocasionalmente debido a fallas en la señal, y para limitar la acumulación de |
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196 errores introducida por la compresión con pérdidas, los codificadores de vídeo |
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197 insertan periódicamente un cuadro completo (también llamado ``cuadro clave'') en |
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198 el flujo de vídeo; el siguiente delta es generado con respecto a dicho cuadro. |
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199 Esto quiere decir que si la señal de vídeo se interrumpe, se reanudará una vez |
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200 se reciba el siguiente cuadro clave. Además, la acumulación de errores de |
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201 codificación se reinicia con cada cuadro clave. |
442 | 202 |
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203 \subsection{Identificación e integridad fuerte} |
442 | 204 |
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205 Además de la información de deltas e instantáneas, una entrada en un revlog |
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206 % TODO de pronto aclarar qué diablos es un hash? |
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207 contiene un hash criptográfico de los datos que representa. Esto hace difícil |
442 | 208 cryptographic hash of the data that it represents. This makes it |
209 difficult to forge the contents of a revision, and easy to detect | |
210 accidental corruption. | |
211 | |
212 Hashes provide more than a mere check against corruption; they are | |
213 used as the identifiers for revisions. The changeset identification | |
214 hashes that you see as an end user are from revisions of the | |
215 changelog. Although filelogs and the manifest also use hashes, | |
216 Mercurial only uses these behind the scenes. | |
217 | |
218 Mercurial verifies that hashes are correct when it retrieves file | |
219 revisions and when it pulls changes from another repository. If it | |
220 encounters an integrity problem, it will complain and stop whatever | |
221 it's doing. | |
222 | |
223 In addition to the effect it has on retrieval efficiency, Mercurial's | |
224 use of periodic snapshots makes it more robust against partial data | |
225 corruption. If a revlog becomes partly corrupted due to a hardware | |
226 error or system bug, it's often possible to reconstruct some or most | |
227 revisions from the uncorrupted sections of the revlog, both before and | |
228 after the corrupted section. This would not be possible with a | |
229 delta-only storage model. | |
230 | |
231 \section{Revision history, branching, | |
232 and merging} | |
233 | |
234 Every entry in a Mercurial revlog knows the identity of its immediate | |
235 ancestor revision, usually referred to as its \emph{parent}. In fact, | |
236 a revision contains room for not one parent, but two. Mercurial uses | |
237 a special hash, called the ``null ID'', to represent the idea ``there | |
238 is no parent here''. This hash is simply a string of zeroes. | |
239 | |
240 In figure~\ref{fig:concepts:revlog}, you can see an example of the | |
241 conceptual structure of a revlog. Filelogs, manifests, and changelogs | |
242 all have this same structure; they differ only in the kind of data | |
243 stored in each delta or snapshot. | |
244 | |
245 The first revision in a revlog (at the bottom of the image) has the | |
246 null ID in both of its parent slots. For a ``normal'' revision, its | |
247 first parent slot contains the ID of its parent revision, and its | |
248 second contains the null ID, indicating that the revision has only one | |
249 real parent. Any two revisions that have the same parent ID are | |
250 branches. A revision that represents a merge between branches has two | |
251 normal revision IDs in its parent slots. | |
252 | |
253 \begin{figure}[ht] | |
254 \centering | |
255 \grafix{revlog} | |
256 \caption{} | |
257 \label{fig:concepts:revlog} | |
258 \end{figure} | |
259 | |
260 \section{The working directory} | |
261 | |
262 In the working directory, Mercurial stores a snapshot of the files | |
263 from the repository as of a particular changeset. | |
264 | |
265 The working directory ``knows'' which changeset it contains. When you | |
266 update the working directory to contain a particular changeset, | |
267 Mercurial looks up the appropriate revision of the manifest to find | |
268 out which files it was tracking at the time that changeset was | |
269 committed, and which revision of each file was then current. It then | |
270 recreates a copy of each of those files, with the same contents it had | |
271 when the changeset was committed. | |
272 | |
273 The \emph{dirstate} contains Mercurial's knowledge of the working | |
274 directory. This details which changeset the working directory is | |
275 updated to, and all of the files that Mercurial is tracking in the | |
276 working directory. | |
277 | |
278 Just as a revision of a revlog has room for two parents, so that it | |
279 can represent either a normal revision (with one parent) or a merge of | |
280 two earlier revisions, the dirstate has slots for two parents. When | |
281 you use the \hgcmd{update} command, the changeset that you update to | |
282 is stored in the ``first parent'' slot, and the null ID in the second. | |
283 When you \hgcmd{merge} with another changeset, the first parent | |
284 remains unchanged, and the second parent is filled in with the | |
285 changeset you're merging with. The \hgcmd{parents} command tells you | |
286 what the parents of the dirstate are. | |
287 | |
288 \subsection{What happens when you commit} | |
289 | |
290 The dirstate stores parent information for more than just book-keeping | |
291 purposes. Mercurial uses the parents of the dirstate as \emph{the | |
292 parents of a new changeset} when you perform a commit. | |
293 | |
294 \begin{figure}[ht] | |
295 \centering | |
296 \grafix{wdir} | |
297 \caption{The working directory can have two parents} | |
298 \label{fig:concepts:wdir} | |
299 \end{figure} | |
300 | |
301 Figure~\ref{fig:concepts:wdir} shows the normal state of the working | |
302 directory, where it has a single changeset as parent. That changeset | |
303 is the \emph{tip}, the newest changeset in the repository that has no | |
304 children. | |
305 | |
306 \begin{figure}[ht] | |
307 \centering | |
308 \grafix{wdir-after-commit} | |
309 \caption{The working directory gains new parents after a commit} | |
310 \label{fig:concepts:wdir-after-commit} | |
311 \end{figure} | |
312 | |
313 It's useful to think of the working directory as ``the changeset I'm | |
314 about to commit''. Any files that you tell Mercurial that you've | |
315 added, removed, renamed, or copied will be reflected in that | |
316 changeset, as will modifications to any files that Mercurial is | |
317 already tracking; the new changeset will have the parents of the | |
318 working directory as its parents. | |
319 | |
320 After a commit, Mercurial will update the parents of the working | |
321 directory, so that the first parent is the ID of the new changeset, | |
322 and the second is the null ID. This is shown in | |
323 figure~\ref{fig:concepts:wdir-after-commit}. Mercurial doesn't touch | |
324 any of the files in the working directory when you commit; it just | |
325 modifies the dirstate to note its new parents. | |
326 | |
327 \subsection{Creating a new head} | |
328 | |
329 It's perfectly normal to update the working directory to a changeset | |
330 other than the current tip. For example, you might want to know what | |
331 your project looked like last Tuesday, or you could be looking through | |
332 changesets to see which one introduced a bug. In cases like this, the | |
333 natural thing to do is update the working directory to the changeset | |
334 you're interested in, and then examine the files in the working | |
335 directory directly to see their contents as they werea when you | |
336 committed that changeset. The effect of this is shown in | |
337 figure~\ref{fig:concepts:wdir-pre-branch}. | |
338 | |
339 \begin{figure}[ht] | |
340 \centering | |
341 \grafix{wdir-pre-branch} | |
342 \caption{The working directory, updated to an older changeset} | |
343 \label{fig:concepts:wdir-pre-branch} | |
344 \end{figure} | |
345 | |
346 Having updated the working directory to an older changeset, what | |
347 happens if you make some changes, and then commit? Mercurial behaves | |
348 in the same way as I outlined above. The parents of the working | |
349 directory become the parents of the new changeset. This new changeset | |
350 has no children, so it becomes the new tip. And the repository now | |
351 contains two changesets that have no children; we call these | |
352 \emph{heads}. You can see the structure that this creates in | |
353 figure~\ref{fig:concepts:wdir-branch}. | |
354 | |
355 \begin{figure}[ht] | |
356 \centering | |
357 \grafix{wdir-branch} | |
358 \caption{After a commit made while synced to an older changeset} | |
359 \label{fig:concepts:wdir-branch} | |
360 \end{figure} | |
361 | |
362 \begin{note} | |
363 If you're new to Mercurial, you should keep in mind a common | |
364 ``error'', which is to use the \hgcmd{pull} command without any | |
365 options. By default, the \hgcmd{pull} command \emph{does not} | |
366 update the working directory, so you'll bring new changesets into | |
367 your repository, but the working directory will stay synced at the | |
368 same changeset as before the pull. If you make some changes and | |
369 commit afterwards, you'll thus create a new head, because your | |
370 working directory isn't synced to whatever the current tip is. | |
371 | |
372 I put the word ``error'' in quotes because all that you need to do | |
373 to rectify this situation is \hgcmd{merge}, then \hgcmd{commit}. In | |
374 other words, this almost never has negative consequences; it just | |
375 surprises people. I'll discuss other ways to avoid this behaviour, | |
376 and why Mercurial behaves in this initially surprising way, later | |
377 on. | |
378 \end{note} | |
379 | |
380 \subsection{Merging heads} | |
381 | |
382 When you run the \hgcmd{merge} command, Mercurial leaves the first | |
383 parent of the working directory unchanged, and sets the second parent | |
384 to the changeset you're merging with, as shown in | |
385 figure~\ref{fig:concepts:wdir-merge}. | |
386 | |
387 \begin{figure}[ht] | |
388 \centering | |
389 \grafix{wdir-merge} | |
390 \caption{Merging two heads} | |
391 \label{fig:concepts:wdir-merge} | |
392 \end{figure} | |
393 | |
394 Mercurial also has to modify the working directory, to merge the files | |
395 managed in the two changesets. Simplified a little, the merging | |
396 process goes like this, for every file in the manifests of both | |
397 changesets. | |
398 \begin{itemize} | |
399 \item If neither changeset has modified a file, do nothing with that | |
400 file. | |
401 \item If one changeset has modified a file, and the other hasn't, | |
402 create the modified copy of the file in the working directory. | |
403 \item If one changeset has removed a file, and the other hasn't (or | |
404 has also deleted it), delete the file from the working directory. | |
405 \item If one changeset has removed a file, but the other has modified | |
406 the file, ask the user what to do: keep the modified file, or remove | |
407 it? | |
408 \item If both changesets have modified a file, invoke an external | |
409 merge program to choose the new contents for the merged file. This | |
410 may require input from the user. | |
411 \item If one changeset has modified a file, and the other has renamed | |
412 or copied the file, make sure that the changes follow the new name | |
413 of the file. | |
414 \end{itemize} | |
415 There are more details---merging has plenty of corner cases---but | |
416 these are the most common choices that are involved in a merge. As | |
417 you can see, most cases are completely automatic, and indeed most | |
418 merges finish automatically, without requiring your input to resolve | |
419 any conflicts. | |
420 | |
421 When you're thinking about what happens when you commit after a merge, | |
422 once again the working directory is ``the changeset I'm about to | |
423 commit''. After the \hgcmd{merge} command completes, the working | |
424 directory has two parents; these will become the parents of the new | |
425 changeset. | |
426 | |
427 Mercurial lets you perform multiple merges, but you must commit the | |
428 results of each individual merge as you go. This is necessary because | |
429 Mercurial only tracks two parents for both revisions and the working | |
430 directory. While it would be technically possible to merge multiple | |
431 changesets at once, the prospect of user confusion and making a | |
432 terrible mess of a merge immediately becomes overwhelming. | |
433 | |
434 \section{Other interesting design features} | |
435 | |
436 In the sections above, I've tried to highlight some of the most | |
437 important aspects of Mercurial's design, to illustrate that it pays | |
438 careful attention to reliability and performance. However, the | |
439 attention to detail doesn't stop there. There are a number of other | |
440 aspects of Mercurial's construction that I personally find | |
441 interesting. I'll detail a few of them here, separate from the ``big | |
442 ticket'' items above, so that if you're interested, you can gain a | |
443 better idea of the amount of thinking that goes into a well-designed | |
444 system. | |
445 | |
446 \subsection{Clever compression} | |
447 | |
448 When appropriate, Mercurial will store both snapshots and deltas in | |
449 compressed form. It does this by always \emph{trying to} compress a | |
450 snapshot or delta, but only storing the compressed version if it's | |
451 smaller than the uncompressed version. | |
452 | |
453 This means that Mercurial does ``the right thing'' when storing a file | |
454 whose native form is compressed, such as a \texttt{zip} archive or a | |
455 JPEG image. When these types of files are compressed a second time, | |
456 the resulting file is usually bigger than the once-compressed form, | |
457 and so Mercurial will store the plain \texttt{zip} or JPEG. | |
458 | |
459 Deltas between revisions of a compressed file are usually larger than | |
460 snapshots of the file, and Mercurial again does ``the right thing'' in | |
461 these cases. It finds that such a delta exceeds the threshold at | |
462 which it should store a complete snapshot of the file, so it stores | |
463 the snapshot, again saving space compared to a naive delta-only | |
464 approach. | |
465 | |
466 \subsubsection{Network recompression} | |
467 | |
468 When storing revisions on disk, Mercurial uses the ``deflate'' | |
469 compression algorithm (the same one used by the popular \texttt{zip} | |
470 archive format), which balances good speed with a respectable | |
471 compression ratio. However, when transmitting revision data over a | |
472 network connection, Mercurial uncompresses the compressed revision | |
473 data. | |
474 | |
475 If the connection is over HTTP, Mercurial recompresses the entire | |
476 stream of data using a compression algorithm that gives a better | |
477 compression ratio (the Burrows-Wheeler algorithm from the widely used | |
478 \texttt{bzip2} compression package). This combination of algorithm | |
479 and compression of the entire stream (instead of a revision at a time) | |
480 substantially reduces the number of bytes to be transferred, yielding | |
481 better network performance over almost all kinds of network. | |
482 | |
483 (If the connection is over \command{ssh}, Mercurial \emph{doesn't} | |
484 recompress the stream, because \command{ssh} can already do this | |
485 itself.) | |
486 | |
487 \subsection{Read/write ordering and atomicity} | |
488 | |
489 Appending to files isn't the whole story when it comes to guaranteeing | |
490 that a reader won't see a partial write. If you recall | |
491 figure~\ref{fig:concepts:metadata}, revisions in the changelog point to | |
492 revisions in the manifest, and revisions in the manifest point to | |
493 revisions in filelogs. This hierarchy is deliberate. | |
494 | |
495 A writer starts a transaction by writing filelog and manifest data, | |
496 and doesn't write any changelog data until those are finished. A | |
497 reader starts by reading changelog data, then manifest data, followed | |
498 by filelog data. | |
499 | |
500 Since the writer has always finished writing filelog and manifest data | |
501 before it writes to the changelog, a reader will never read a pointer | |
502 to a partially written manifest revision from the changelog, and it will | |
503 never read a pointer to a partially written filelog revision from the | |
504 manifest. | |
505 | |
506 \subsection{Concurrent access} | |
507 | |
508 The read/write ordering and atomicity guarantees mean that Mercurial | |
509 never needs to \emph{lock} a repository when it's reading data, even | |
510 if the repository is being written to while the read is occurring. | |
511 This has a big effect on scalability; you can have an arbitrary number | |
512 of Mercurial processes safely reading data from a repository safely | |
513 all at once, no matter whether it's being written to or not. | |
514 | |
515 The lockless nature of reading means that if you're sharing a | |
516 repository on a multi-user system, you don't need to grant other local | |
517 users permission to \emph{write} to your repository in order for them | |
518 to be able to clone it or pull changes from it; they only need | |
519 \emph{read} permission. (This is \emph{not} a common feature among | |
520 revision control systems, so don't take it for granted! Most require | |
521 readers to be able to lock a repository to access it safely, and this | |
522 requires write permission on at least one directory, which of course | |
523 makes for all kinds of nasty and annoying security and administrative | |
524 problems.) | |
525 | |
526 Mercurial uses locks to ensure that only one process can write to a | |
527 repository at a time (the locking mechanism is safe even over | |
528 filesystems that are notoriously hostile to locking, such as NFS). If | |
529 a repository is locked, a writer will wait for a while to retry if the | |
530 repository becomes unlocked, but if the repository remains locked for | |
531 too long, the process attempting to write will time out after a while. | |
532 This means that your daily automated scripts won't get stuck forever | |
533 and pile up if a system crashes unnoticed, for example. (Yes, the | |
534 timeout is configurable, from zero to infinity.) | |
535 | |
536 \subsubsection{Safe dirstate access} | |
537 | |
538 As with revision data, Mercurial doesn't take a lock to read the | |
539 dirstate file; it does acquire a lock to write it. To avoid the | |
540 possibility of reading a partially written copy of the dirstate file, | |
541 Mercurial writes to a file with a unique name in the same directory as | |
542 the dirstate file, then renames the temporary file atomically to | |
543 \filename{dirstate}. The file named \filename{dirstate} is thus | |
544 guaranteed to be complete, not partially written. | |
545 | |
546 \subsection{Avoiding seeks} | |
547 | |
548 Critical to Mercurial's performance is the avoidance of seeks of the | |
549 disk head, since any seek is far more expensive than even a | |
550 comparatively large read operation. | |
551 | |
552 This is why, for example, the dirstate is stored in a single file. If | |
553 there were a dirstate file per directory that Mercurial tracked, the | |
554 disk would seek once per directory. Instead, Mercurial reads the | |
555 entire single dirstate file in one step. | |
556 | |
557 Mercurial also uses a ``copy on write'' scheme when cloning a | |
558 repository on local storage. Instead of copying every revlog file | |
559 from the old repository into the new repository, it makes a ``hard | |
560 link'', which is a shorthand way to say ``these two names point to the | |
561 same file''. When Mercurial is about to write to one of a revlog's | |
562 files, it checks to see if the number of names pointing at the file is | |
563 greater than one. If it is, more than one repository is using the | |
564 file, so Mercurial makes a new copy of the file that is private to | |
565 this repository. | |
566 | |
567 A few revision control developers have pointed out that this idea of | |
568 making a complete private copy of a file is not very efficient in its | |
569 use of storage. While this is true, storage is cheap, and this method | |
570 gives the highest performance while deferring most book-keeping to the | |
571 operating system. An alternative scheme would most likely reduce | |
572 performance and increase the complexity of the software, each of which | |
573 is much more important to the ``feel'' of day-to-day use. | |
574 | |
575 \subsection{Other contents of the dirstate} | |
576 | |
577 Because Mercurial doesn't force you to tell it when you're modifying a | |
578 file, it uses the dirstate to store some extra information so it can | |
579 determine efficiently whether you have modified a file. For each file | |
580 in the working directory, it stores the time that it last modified the | |
581 file itself, and the size of the file at that time. | |
582 | |
583 When you explicitly \hgcmd{add}, \hgcmd{remove}, \hgcmd{rename} or | |
584 \hgcmd{copy} files, Mercurial updates the dirstate so that it knows | |
585 what to do with those files when you commit. | |
586 | |
587 When Mercurial is checking the states of files in the working | |
588 directory, it first checks a file's modification time. If that has | |
589 not changed, the file must not have been modified. If the file's size | |
590 has changed, the file must have been modified. If the modification | |
591 time has changed, but the size has not, only then does Mercurial need | |
592 to read the actual contents of the file to see if they've changed. | |
593 Storing these few extra pieces of information dramatically reduces the | |
594 amount of data that Mercurial needs to read, which yields large | |
595 performance improvements compared to other revision control systems. | |
596 | |
597 %%% Local Variables: | |
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