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\chapter{Mercurial in daily use}
\label{chap:daily}

\section{Routine file management tasks}

\subsection{Telling Mercurial which files to track}

Mercurial does not work with files in your repository unless you tell
it to manage them.  The \hgcmd{status} command will tell you which
files Mercurial doesn't know about; it uses a ``\texttt{?}'' to
display such files.

To tell Mercurial to track a file, use the \hgcmd{add} command.  Once
you have added a file, the entry in the output of \hgcmd{status} for
that file changes from ``\texttt{?}'' to ``\texttt{A}''.

After you run a \hgcmd{commit}, the files that you added before the
commit will no longer be listed in the output of \hgcmd{status}.  The
reason for this is that \hgcmd{status} only tells you about
``interesting'' files by default.  If you have a repository that
contains thousands of files, you will rarely want to know about files
that Mercurial is tracking, but that have not changed.  (You can still
get this information; we'll return to this later.)

\begin{figure}[ht]
  \interaction{daily.files.add}
  \caption{Telling Mercurial to track a file}
  \label{ex:daily:add}
\end{figure}

Once you add a file, Mercurial will track every change you make to it
until you either remove or rename the file.

\subsubsection{Aside: Mercurial tracks files, not directories}

Mercurial does not track directory information.  Instead, it tracks
the path to a file, and creates directories along a path when it needs
to.  This sounds like a trivial distinction, but it has one minor
practical consequence: it is not possible to represent a completely
empty directory in Mercurial.

Empty directories are rarely useful, and there are unintrusive
workarounds that you can use to achieve an appropriate effect.  The
developers of Mercurial thus felt that the complexity that would be
required to manage empty directories was not worth the limited benefit
this feature would bring.

If you need an empty directory in your repository, there are a few
ways to achieve this. One is to create a directory, then \hgcmd{add} a
``hidden'' file to that directory.  On Unix-like systems, any file
name that begins with a period (``\texttt{.}'') is treated as hidden
by most commands and GUI tools.  This approach is illustrated in
figure~\ref{ex:daily:hidden}.

\begin{figure}[ht]
  \interaction{daily.files.hidden}
  \caption{Simulating an empty directory using a hidden file}
  \label{ex:daily:hidden}
\end{figure}

Another way to tackle a need for an empty directory is to simply
create one in your automated build scripts before they will need it.

\subsection{How to stop tracking a file}

If you decide that a file no longer belongs in your repository, use
the \hgcmd{remove} command; this deletes the file, and tells Mercurial
to stop tracking it.  A removed file is represented in the output of
\hgcmd{status} with a ``\texttt{R}''.

You might wonder why Mercurial requires you to explicitly tell it that
you are deleting a file.  Earlier during the development of Mercurial,
you could simply delete a file however you pleased; Mercurial would
notice automatically when you next ran a \hgcmd{commit}, and stop
tracking the file.  In practice, this made it too easy to accidentally
stop Mercurial from tracking a file.

Mercurial considers a file that you have deleted, but not used
\hgcmd{remove} to delete, to be \emph{missing}.  A missing file is
represented with ``\texttt{!}'' in the output of \hgcmd{status}.
Other Mercurial commands will not do anything with missing files.

If you have a missing file in your repository, you can run
\hgcmdargs{remove}{\hgopt{remove}{--after}} later on, to tell
Mercurial that you deleted the file.  If you deleted the file by
accident, use \hgcmdargs{revert}{\emph{filename}} to restore the file
to its last committed state.

\subsection{Useful shorthand---adding and removing files in one step}

Mercurial offers a combination command, \hgcmd{addremove}, that adds
untracked files and marks missing files as removed.  The
\hgcmd{commit} command also provides a \hgopt{commit}{-A} option that
performs an add-and-remove, immediately followed by a commit.  This
lets you replace the following command sequence:
\begin{codesample2}
  hg add
  hg remove --after
  hg commit
\end{codesample2}
with a single command, \hgcmdargs{commit}{\hgopt{commit}{-A}}.

\subsection{Renaming files}

To rename a file that is tracked by Mercurial, use the \hgcmd{rename}
command.  This command behaves similarly to the Unix \command{mv}
command.  If the last argument is a directory, it moves all prior
arguments into that directory.  Otherwise, it renames a single file or
directory to the name given in the last argument.

As with \hgcmd{remove}, you can tell Mercurial about a rename after
the fact using the \hgopt{remove}{--after} option.

The na\"{i}ve way to ``rename'' a file is simply to rename the file
yourself, \hgcmd{remove} the old name, and \hgcmd{add} the new name.
However, if you do this, Mercurial will not know that there was any
relationship between the files in question, and it will not be able to
merge

\subsection{Copying files}

You can copy a file in two ways using mercurial.  If you simply copy a
file and then \hgcmd{add} the new file, Mercurial will not know that
there was any relationship between the two files.  However, if you 

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