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author | jerojasro@localhost |
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date | Tue, 21 Oct 2008 21:53:39 -0500 |
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\chapter{Mercurial día a día} \label{chap:daily} \section{Cómo indicarle a Mercurial qué archivos seguir} Mercurial no trabaja con archivos en su repositorio a menos que usted explícitamente se lo indique. La orden \hgcmd{status} le mostrará cuáles archivos son desconocidos para Mercurial; emplea un ``\texttt{?}'' para mostrar tales archivos. Para indicarle a Mercurial que tenga en cuenta un archivo, emplee la orden \hgcmd{add}. Una vez que haya adicionado el archivo, la línea referente al archivo al aplicar la orden \hgcmd{status} para tal archivo cambia de ``\texttt{?}'' a ``\texttt{A}''. \interaction{daily.files.add} Después de invocar \hgcmd{commit}, los archivos que haya adicionado antes de consignar no se listarán en la salida de \hgcmd{status}. La razón para esto es que \hgcmd{status} solamente le muestra aquellos archivos ``interesantes''---los que usted haya modificado o a aquellos sobre los que usted haya indicado a Mercurial hacerles algo---de forma predeterminada. Si tiene un repositorio que contiene miles de archivos, inusualmente deseará saber cuáles de ellos están siendo seguidos por Mercurial, pero que no han cambiado. (De todas maneras, puede obtener tal información; más adelante hablaremos de ello.) Cuando usted añade un archivo, Mercurial no hace nada con el inmediatamente. A cambio, tomará una instantánea del estado del archivo la próxima vez que usted consigne. Continuará haciendo seguimiento a los cambios que haga sobre el archivo cada vez que consigne, hasta que usted lo elimine. \subsection{Nombramiento explicíto e implícito de archivos} Mercurial tiene un comportamiento útil en el cual si a una orden, le pasa el nombre de un directorio, todas las órdenes lo tratarán como ``Deseo operar en cada archivo de este directorio y sus subdirectorios''. \interaction{daily.files.add-dir} Tenga en cuenta que en este ejemplo Mercurial imprimió los nombres de los archivos que se adicionaron, mientras que no lo hizo en el ejemplo anterior cuando adicionamos el archivo con nombre \filename{a}. En el último caso hicimos explícito el nombre del archivo que deseábamos adicionar en la línea de órdenes, y Mercurial asume en tales casos que usted sabe lo que está haciendo y no imprime información alguna. Cuando hacemos \emph{implícitos} los nombres de los archivos dando el nombre de un directorio, Mercurial efectua un paso extra al imprimir el nombre de cada archivo con el que va a hacer algo. Esto para aclarar lo que está sucediendo, y reducir en lo posible una sorpresa silenciosa pero fatal. Este comportamiento es común a la mayoría de órdenes en Mercurial. \subsection{Nota al margen:Mercurial trata archivos, no directorios} Mercurial no da seguimiento a la información de los directorios. En lugar de eso tiene en cuenta las rutas de los archivos. Antes de crear un archivo, primero crea todos los directorios que hagan falta para completar la ruta del archivo. Después de borrar un archivo, borra todos los directorios vacíos que estuvieran en la ruta del archivo borrado. Suena como una diferencia trivial, pero tiene una consecuencia práctica menor: no es posible representar un directorio completamente vacío en Mercurial. Los directorios vacíos son inusualmente útiles, hay soluciones alternativas no intrusivas que puede emplear para obtener el efecto apropiado. Los desarrolladores de Mercurial pensaron que la complejidad necesaria para administrar directorios vacíos no valía la pena frente al beneficio limitado que esta característica podría traer. Si necesita un directorio vacío en su repositorio, hay algunas formas de lograrlo. Una es crear un directorio, después hacer \hgcmd{add} a un archivo ``escondido'' dentro de ese directorio. En sistemas tipo Unix, cualquier archivo cuyo nombre comience con un punto (``\texttt{.}'') se trata como escondido por la mayoría de herramientas GUI. Esta aproximación se ilustra en la figura~\ref{ex:daily:hidden}. \begin{figure}[ht] \interaction{daily.files.hidden} \caption{Simular un directorio vacío con un archivo escondido} \label{ex:daily:hidden} \end{figure} Otra forma de abordar la necesidad de un archivo vacío es crear simplemente uno en sus guiones de construcción antes de ser necesarios. \section{How to stop tracking a file} Once you decide that a file no longer belongs in your repository, use the \hgcmd{remove} command; this deletes the file, and tells Mercurial to stop tracking it. A removed file is represented in the output of \hgcmd{status} with a ``\texttt{R}''. \interaction{daily.files.remove} After you \hgcmd{remove} a file, Mercurial will no longer track changes to that file, even if you recreate a file with the same name in your working directory. If you do recreate a file with the same name and want Mercurial to track the new file, simply \hgcmd{add} it. Mercurial will know that the newly added file is not related to the old file of the same name. \subsection{Removing a file does not affect its history} It is important to understand that removing a file has only two effects. \begin{itemize} \item It removes the current version of the file from the working directory. \item It stops Mercurial from tracking changes to the file, from the time of the next commit. \end{itemize} Removing a file \emph{does not} in any way alter the \emph{history} of the file. If you update the working directory to a changeset in which a file that you have removed was still tracked, it will reappear in the working directory, with the contents it had when you committed that changeset. If you then update the working directory to a later changeset, in which the file had been removed, Mercurial will once again remove the file from the working directory. \subsection{Missing files} Mercurial considers a file that you have deleted, but not used \hgcmd{remove} to delete, to be \emph{missing}. A missing file is represented with ``\texttt{!}'' in the output of \hgcmd{status}. Mercurial commands will not generally do anything with missing files. \interaction{daily.files.missing} If your repository contains a file that \hgcmd{status} reports as missing, and you want the file to stay gone, you can run \hgcmdargs{remove}{\hgopt{remove}{--after}} at any time later on, to tell Mercurial that you really did mean to remove the file. \interaction{daily.files.remove-after} On the other hand, if you deleted the missing file by accident, use \hgcmdargs{revert}{\emph{filename}} to recover the file. It will reappear, in unmodified form. \interaction{daily.files.recover-missing} \subsection{Aside: why tell Mercurial explicitly to remove a file?} You might wonder why Mercurial requires you to explicitly tell it that you are deleting a file. Early during the development of Mercurial, it let you delete a file however you pleased; Mercurial would notice the absence of the file automatically when you next ran a \hgcmd{commit}, and stop tracking the file. In practice, this made it too easy to accidentally remove a file without noticing. \subsection{Useful shorthand---adding and removing files in one step} Mercurial offers a combination command, \hgcmd{addremove}, that adds untracked files and marks missing files as removed. \interaction{daily.files.addremove} The \hgcmd{commit} command also provides a \hgopt{commit}{-A} option that performs this same add-and-remove, immediately followed by a commit. \interaction{daily.files.commit-addremove} \section{Copying files} Mercurial provides a \hgcmd{copy} command that lets you make a new copy of a file. When you copy a file using this command, Mercurial makes a record of the fact that the new file is a copy of the original file. It treats these copied files specially when you merge your work with someone else's. \subsection{The results of copying during a merge} What happens during a merge is that changes ``follow'' a copy. To best illustrate what this means, let's create an example. We'll start with the usual tiny repository that contains a single file. \interaction{daily.copy.init} We need to do some work in parallel, so that we'll have something to merge. So let's clone our repository. \interaction{daily.copy.clone} Back in our initial repository, let's use the \hgcmd{copy} command to make a copy of the first file we created. \interaction{daily.copy.copy} If we look at the output of the \hgcmd{status} command afterwards, the copied file looks just like a normal added file. \interaction{daily.copy.status} But if we pass the \hgopt{status}{-C} option to \hgcmd{status}, it prints another line of output: this is the file that our newly-added file was copied \emph{from}. \interaction{daily.copy.status-copy} Now, back in the repository we cloned, let's make a change in parallel. We'll add a line of content to the original file that we created. \interaction{daily.copy.other} Now we have a modified \filename{file} in this repository. When we pull the changes from the first repository, and merge the two heads, Mercurial will propagate the changes that we made locally to \filename{file} into its copy, \filename{new-file}. \interaction{daily.copy.merge} \subsection{Why should changes follow copies?} \label{sec:daily:why-copy} This behaviour, of changes to a file propagating out to copies of the file, might seem esoteric, but in most cases it's highly desirable. First of all, remember that this propagation \emph{only} happens when you merge. So if you \hgcmd{copy} a file, and subsequently modify the original file during the normal course of your work, nothing will happen. The second thing to know is that modifications will only propagate across a copy as long as the repository that you're pulling changes from \emph{doesn't know} about the copy. The reason that Mercurial does this is as follows. Let's say I make an important bug fix in a source file, and commit my changes. Meanwhile, you've decided to \hgcmd{copy} the file in your repository, without knowing about the bug or having seen the fix, and you have started hacking on your copy of the file. If you pulled and merged my changes, and Mercurial \emph{didn't} propagate changes across copies, your source file would now contain the bug, and unless you remembered to propagate the bug fix by hand, the bug would \emph{remain} in your copy of the file. By automatically propagating the change that fixed the bug from the original file to the copy, Mercurial prevents this class of problem. To my knowledge, Mercurial is the \emph{only} revision control system that propagates changes across copies like this. Once your change history has a record that the copy and subsequent merge occurred, there's usually no further need to propagate changes from the original file to the copied file, and that's why Mercurial only propagates changes across copies until this point, and no further. \subsection{How to make changes \emph{not} follow a copy} If, for some reason, you decide that this business of automatically propagating changes across copies is not for you, simply use your system's normal file copy command (on Unix-like systems, that's \command{cp}) to make a copy of a file, then \hgcmd{add} the new copy by hand. Before you do so, though, please do reread section~\ref{sec:daily:why-copy}, and make an informed decision that this behaviour is not appropriate to your specific case. \subsection{Behaviour of the \hgcmd{copy} command} When you use the \hgcmd{copy} command, Mercurial makes a copy of each source file as it currently stands in the working directory. This means that if you make some modifications to a file, then \hgcmd{copy} it without first having committed those changes, the new copy will also contain the modifications you have made up until that point. (I find this behaviour a little counterintuitive, which is why I mention it here.) The \hgcmd{copy} command acts similarly to the Unix \command{cp} command (you can use the \hgcmd{cp} alias if you prefer). The last argument is the \emph{destination}, and all prior arguments are \emph{sources}. If you pass it a single file as the source, and the destination does not exist, it creates a new file with that name. \interaction{daily.copy.simple} If the destination is a directory, Mercurial copies its sources into that directory. \interaction{daily.copy.dir-dest} Copying a directory is recursive, and preserves the directory structure of the source. \interaction{daily.copy.dir-src} If the source and destination are both directories, the source tree is recreated in the destination directory. \interaction{daily.copy.dir-src-dest} As with the \hgcmd{rename} command, if you copy a file manually and then want Mercurial to know that you've copied the file, simply use the \hgopt{copy}{--after} option to \hgcmd{copy}. \interaction{daily.copy.after} \section{Renaming files} It's rather more common to need to rename a file than to make a copy of it. The reason I discussed the \hgcmd{copy} command before talking about renaming files is that Mercurial treats a rename in essentially the same way as a copy. Therefore, knowing what Mercurial does when you copy a file tells you what to expect when you rename a file. When you use the \hgcmd{rename} command, Mercurial makes a copy of each source file, then deletes it and marks the file as removed. \interaction{daily.rename.rename} The \hgcmd{status} command shows the newly copied file as added, and the copied-from file as removed. \interaction{daily.rename.status} As with the results of a \hgcmd{copy}, we must use the \hgopt{status}{-C} option to \hgcmd{status} to see that the added file is really being tracked by Mercurial as a copy of the original, now removed, file. \interaction{daily.rename.status-copy} As with \hgcmd{remove} and \hgcmd{copy}, you can tell Mercurial about a rename after the fact using the \hgopt{rename}{--after} option. In most other respects, the behaviour of the \hgcmd{rename} command, and the options it accepts, are similar to the \hgcmd{copy} command. \subsection{Renaming files and merging changes} Since Mercurial's rename is implemented as copy-and-remove, the same propagation of changes happens when you merge after a rename as after a copy. If I modify a file, and you rename it to a new name, and then we merge our respective changes, my modifications to the file under its original name will be propagated into the file under its new name. (This is something you might expect to ``simply work,'' but not all revision control systems actually do this.) Whereas having changes follow a copy is a feature where you can perhaps nod and say ``yes, that might be useful,'' it should be clear that having them follow a rename is definitely important. Without this facility, it would simply be too easy for changes to become orphaned when files are renamed. \subsection{Divergent renames and merging} The case of diverging names occurs when two developers start with a file---let's call it \filename{foo}---in their respective repositories. \interaction{rename.divergent.clone} Anne renames the file to \filename{bar}. \interaction{rename.divergent.rename.anne} Meanwhile, Bob renames it to \filename{quux}. \interaction{rename.divergent.rename.bob} I like to think of this as a conflict because each developer has expressed different intentions about what the file ought to be named. What do you think should happen when they merge their work? Mercurial's actual behaviour is that it always preserves \emph{both} names when it merges changesets that contain divergent renames. \interaction{rename.divergent.merge} Notice that Mercurial does warn about the divergent renames, but it leaves it up to you to do something about the divergence after the merge. \subsection{Convergent renames and merging} Another kind of rename conflict occurs when two people choose to rename different \emph{source} files to the same \emph{destination}. In this case, Mercurial runs its normal merge machinery, and lets you guide it to a suitable resolution. \subsection{Other name-related corner cases} Mercurial has a longstanding bug in which it fails to handle a merge where one side has a file with a given name, while another has a directory with the same name. This is documented as~\bug{29}. \interaction{issue29.go} \section{Recovering from mistakes} Mercurial has some useful commands that will help you to recover from some common mistakes. The \hgcmd{revert} command lets you undo changes that you have made to your working directory. For example, if you \hgcmd{add} a file by accident, just run \hgcmd{revert} with the name of the file you added, and while the file won't be touched in any way, it won't be tracked for adding by Mercurial any longer, either. You can also use \hgcmd{revert} to get rid of erroneous changes to a file. It's useful to remember that the \hgcmd{revert} command is useful for changes that you have not yet committed. Once you've committed a change, if you decide it was a mistake, you can still do something about it, though your options may be more limited. For more information about the \hgcmd{revert} command, and details about how to deal with changes you have already committed, see chapter~\ref{chap:undo}. %%% Local Variables: %%% mode: latex %%% TeX-master: "00book" %%% End: