view riff.c @ 1206:e60bf67d9bf8 libavformat

The reader ignores the size of the ASF data object and keeps on reading even beyond it. Therefore if the ASF file includes an index object at its end, the reader will treat the index like data, but of course will fail since it thinks that the data is corrupted. When reading an asf file with an index object, ffmpeg will complain at the end of the file that it read an invalid header. Patch by Kohn Emil Dan, < emild A cs P technion P ac P il > Original thead: Date: Apr 18, 2006 4:11 PM Subject: [Ffmpeg-devel] Two ASF related bugs and fixes

/*
 * RIFF codec tags
 * Copyright (c) 2000 Fabrice Bellard.
 *
 * This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 * modify it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 * version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
 * Lesser General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 * License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA
 */

#include "avformat.h"
#include "avcodec.h"
#include "riff.h"

/* Note: when encoding, the first matching tag is used, so order is
   important if multiple tags possible for a given codec. */
const CodecTag codec_bmp_tags[] = {
    { CODEC_ID_H264, MKTAG('H', '2', '6', '4') },
    { CODEC_ID_H264, MKTAG('h', '2', '6', '4') },
    { CODEC_ID_H264, MKTAG('X', '2', '6', '4') },
    { CODEC_ID_H264, MKTAG('x', '2', '6', '4') },
    { CODEC_ID_H264, MKTAG('a', 'v', 'c', '1') },
    { CODEC_ID_H264, MKTAG('V', 'S', 'S', 'H') },

    { CODEC_ID_H263, MKTAG('H', '2', '6', '3') },
    { CODEC_ID_H263P, MKTAG('H', '2', '6', '3') },
    { CODEC_ID_H263I, MKTAG('I', '2', '6', '3') }, /* intel h263 */
    { CODEC_ID_H261, MKTAG('H', '2', '6', '1') },

    /* added based on MPlayer */
    { CODEC_ID_H263P, MKTAG('U', '2', '6', '3') },
    { CODEC_ID_H263P, MKTAG('v', 'i', 'v', '1') },

    { CODEC_ID_MPEG4, MKTAG('F', 'M', 'P', '4')},
    { CODEC_ID_MPEG4, MKTAG('D', 'I', 'V', 'X'), .invalid_asf = 1 },
    { CODEC_ID_MPEG4, MKTAG('D', 'X', '5', '0'), .invalid_asf = 1 },
    { CODEC_ID_MPEG4, MKTAG('X', 'V', 'I', 'D'), .invalid_asf = 1 },
    { CODEC_ID_MPEG4, MKTAG('M', 'P', '4', 'S') },
    { CODEC_ID_MPEG4, MKTAG('M', '4', 'S', '2') },
    { CODEC_ID_MPEG4, MKTAG(0x04, 0, 0, 0) }, /* some broken avi use this */

    /* added based on MPlayer */
    { CODEC_ID_MPEG4, MKTAG('D', 'I', 'V', '1') },
    { CODEC_ID_MPEG4, MKTAG('B', 'L', 'Z', '0') },
    { CODEC_ID_MPEG4, MKTAG('m', 'p', '4', 'v') },
    { CODEC_ID_MPEG4, MKTAG('U', 'M', 'P', '4') },
    { CODEC_ID_MPEG4, MKTAG('W', 'V', '1', 'F') },
    { CODEC_ID_MPEG4, MKTAG('S', 'E', 'D', 'G') },

    { CODEC_ID_MPEG4, MKTAG('R', 'M', 'P', '4') },

    { CODEC_ID_MSMPEG4V3, MKTAG('D', 'I', 'V', '3'), .invalid_asf = 1 }, /* default signature when using MSMPEG4 */
    { CODEC_ID_MSMPEG4V3, MKTAG('M', 'P', '4', '3') },

    /* added based on MPlayer */
    { CODEC_ID_MSMPEG4V3, MKTAG('M', 'P', 'G', '3') },
    { CODEC_ID_MSMPEG4V3, MKTAG('D', 'I', 'V', '5') },
    { CODEC_ID_MSMPEG4V3, MKTAG('D', 'I', 'V', '6') },
    { CODEC_ID_MSMPEG4V3, MKTAG('D', 'I', 'V', '4') },
    { CODEC_ID_MSMPEG4V3, MKTAG('A', 'P', '4', '1') },
    { CODEC_ID_MSMPEG4V3, MKTAG('C', 'O', 'L', '1') },
    { CODEC_ID_MSMPEG4V3, MKTAG('C', 'O', 'L', '0') },

    { CODEC_ID_MSMPEG4V2, MKTAG('M', 'P', '4', '2') },

    /* added based on MPlayer */
    { CODEC_ID_MSMPEG4V2, MKTAG('D', 'I', 'V', '2') },

    { CODEC_ID_MSMPEG4V1, MKTAG('M', 'P', 'G', '4') },

    { CODEC_ID_WMV1, MKTAG('W', 'M', 'V', '1') },

    /* added based on MPlayer */
    { CODEC_ID_WMV2, MKTAG('W', 'M', 'V', '2') },
    { CODEC_ID_DVVIDEO, MKTAG('d', 'v', 's', 'd') },
    { CODEC_ID_DVVIDEO, MKTAG('d', 'v', 'h', 'd') },
    { CODEC_ID_DVVIDEO, MKTAG('d', 'v', 's', 'l') },
    { CODEC_ID_DVVIDEO, MKTAG('d', 'v', '2', '5') },
    { CODEC_ID_MPEG1VIDEO, MKTAG('m', 'p', 'g', '1') },
    { CODEC_ID_MPEG1VIDEO, MKTAG('m', 'p', 'g', '2') },
    { CODEC_ID_MPEG2VIDEO, MKTAG('m', 'p', 'g', '2') },
    { CODEC_ID_MPEG2VIDEO, MKTAG('M', 'P', 'E', 'G') },
    { CODEC_ID_MPEG1VIDEO, MKTAG('P', 'I', 'M', '1') },
    { CODEC_ID_MPEG1VIDEO, MKTAG('V', 'C', 'R', '2') },
    { CODEC_ID_MPEG1VIDEO, 0x10000001 },
    { CODEC_ID_MPEG2VIDEO, 0x10000002 },
    { CODEC_ID_MPEG2VIDEO, MKTAG('D', 'V', 'R', ' ') },
    { CODEC_ID_MJPEG, MKTAG('M', 'J', 'P', 'G') },
    { CODEC_ID_MJPEG, MKTAG('L', 'J', 'P', 'G') },
    { CODEC_ID_LJPEG, MKTAG('L', 'J', 'P', 'G') },
    { CODEC_ID_MJPEG, MKTAG('J', 'P', 'G', 'L') }, /* Pegasus lossless JPEG */
    { CODEC_ID_MJPEG, MKTAG('M', 'J', 'L', 'S') }, /* JPEG-LS custom FOURCC for avi - decoder */
    { CODEC_ID_JPEGLS, MKTAG('M', 'J', 'L', 'S') }, /* JPEG-LS custom FOURCC for avi - encoder */
    { CODEC_ID_HUFFYUV, MKTAG('H', 'F', 'Y', 'U') },
    { CODEC_ID_FFVHUFF, MKTAG('F', 'F', 'V', 'H') },
    { CODEC_ID_CYUV, MKTAG('C', 'Y', 'U', 'V') },
    { CODEC_ID_RAWVIDEO, MKTAG('I', '4', '2', '0') },
    { CODEC_ID_RAWVIDEO, MKTAG('Y', 'U', 'Y', '2') },
    { CODEC_ID_RAWVIDEO, MKTAG('Y', '4', '2', '2') },
    { CODEC_ID_RAWVIDEO, MKTAG('U', 'Y', 'V', 'Y') },
    { CODEC_ID_RAWVIDEO, MKTAG('I', 'Y', 'U', 'V') },
    { CODEC_ID_INDEO3, MKTAG('I', 'V', '3', '1') },
    { CODEC_ID_INDEO3, MKTAG('I', 'V', '3', '2') },
    { CODEC_ID_VP3, MKTAG('V', 'P', '3', '1') },
    { CODEC_ID_VP3, MKTAG('V', 'P', '3', '0') },
    { CODEC_ID_ASV1, MKTAG('A', 'S', 'V', '1') },
    { CODEC_ID_ASV2, MKTAG('A', 'S', 'V', '2') },
    { CODEC_ID_VCR1, MKTAG('V', 'C', 'R', '1') },
    { CODEC_ID_FFV1, MKTAG('F', 'F', 'V', '1') },
    { CODEC_ID_XAN_WC4, MKTAG('X', 'x', 'a', 'n') },
    { CODEC_ID_MSRLE, MKTAG('m', 'r', 'l', 'e') },
    { CODEC_ID_MSRLE, MKTAG(0x1, 0x0, 0x0, 0x0) },
    { CODEC_ID_MSVIDEO1, MKTAG('M', 'S', 'V', 'C') },
    { CODEC_ID_MSVIDEO1, MKTAG('m', 's', 'v', 'c') },
    { CODEC_ID_MSVIDEO1, MKTAG('C', 'R', 'A', 'M') },
    { CODEC_ID_MSVIDEO1, MKTAG('c', 'r', 'a', 'm') },
    { CODEC_ID_MSVIDEO1, MKTAG('W', 'H', 'A', 'M') },
    { CODEC_ID_MSVIDEO1, MKTAG('w', 'h', 'a', 'm') },
    { CODEC_ID_CINEPAK, MKTAG('c', 'v', 'i', 'd') },
    { CODEC_ID_TRUEMOTION1, MKTAG('D', 'U', 'C', 'K') },
    { CODEC_ID_MSZH, MKTAG('M', 'S', 'Z', 'H') },
    { CODEC_ID_ZLIB, MKTAG('Z', 'L', 'I', 'B') },
    { CODEC_ID_SNOW, MKTAG('S', 'N', 'O', 'W') },
    { CODEC_ID_4XM, MKTAG('4', 'X', 'M', 'V') },
    { CODEC_ID_FLV1, MKTAG('F', 'L', 'V', '1') },
    { CODEC_ID_FLASHSV, MKTAG('F', 'S', 'V', '1') },
    { CODEC_ID_SVQ1, MKTAG('s', 'v', 'q', '1') },
    { CODEC_ID_TSCC, MKTAG('t', 's', 'c', 'c') },
    { CODEC_ID_ULTI, MKTAG('U', 'L', 'T', 'I') },
    { CODEC_ID_VIXL, MKTAG('V', 'I', 'X', 'L') },
    { CODEC_ID_QPEG, MKTAG('Q', 'P', 'E', 'G') },
    { CODEC_ID_QPEG, MKTAG('Q', '1', '.', '0') },
    { CODEC_ID_QPEG, MKTAG('Q', '1', '.', '1') },
    { CODEC_ID_WMV3, MKTAG('W', 'M', 'V', '3') },
    { CODEC_ID_LOCO, MKTAG('L', 'O', 'C', 'O') },
    { CODEC_ID_WNV1, MKTAG('W', 'N', 'V', '1') },
    { CODEC_ID_AASC, MKTAG('A', 'A', 'S', 'C') },
    { CODEC_ID_INDEO2, MKTAG('R', 'T', '2', '1') },
    { CODEC_ID_FRAPS, MKTAG('F', 'P', 'S', '1') },
    { CODEC_ID_THEORA, MKTAG('t', 'h', 'e', 'o') },
    { CODEC_ID_TRUEMOTION2, MKTAG('T', 'M', '2', '0') },
    { CODEC_ID_CSCD, MKTAG('C', 'S', 'C', 'D') },
    { CODEC_ID_ZMBV, MKTAG('Z', 'M', 'B', 'V') },
    { CODEC_ID_KMVC, MKTAG('K', 'M', 'V', 'C') },
    { CODEC_ID_CAVS, MKTAG('C', 'A', 'V', 'S') },
    { CODEC_ID_RAWVIDEO, 0 },
    { CODEC_ID_NONE, 0 },
};

const CodecTag codec_wav_tags[] = {
    { CODEC_ID_MP2, 0x50 },
    { CODEC_ID_MP3, 0x55 },
    { CODEC_ID_AC3, 0x2000 },
    { CODEC_ID_DTS, 0x2001 },
    { CODEC_ID_PCM_S16LE, 0x01 },
    { CODEC_ID_PCM_U8, 0x01 }, /* must come after s16le in this list */
    { CODEC_ID_PCM_S24LE, 0x01 },
    { CODEC_ID_PCM_S32LE, 0x01 },
    { CODEC_ID_PCM_ALAW, 0x06 },
    { CODEC_ID_PCM_MULAW, 0x07 },
    { CODEC_ID_ADPCM_MS, 0x02 },
    { CODEC_ID_ADPCM_IMA_WAV, 0x11 },
    { CODEC_ID_ADPCM_YAMAHA, 0x20 },
    { CODEC_ID_ADPCM_G726, 0x45 },
    { CODEC_ID_ADPCM_IMA_DK4, 0x61 },  /* rogue format number */
    { CODEC_ID_ADPCM_IMA_DK3, 0x62 },  /* rogue format number */
    { CODEC_ID_WMAV1, 0x160 },
    { CODEC_ID_WMAV2, 0x161 },
    { CODEC_ID_AAC, 0x706d },
    { CODEC_ID_VORBIS, ('V'<<8)+'o' }, //HACK/FIXME, does vorbis in WAV/AVI have an (in)official id?
    { CODEC_ID_SONIC, 0x2048 },
    { CODEC_ID_SONIC_LS, 0x2048 },
    { CODEC_ID_ADPCM_CT, 0x200 },
    { CODEC_ID_ADPCM_SWF, ('S'<<8)+'F' },
    { CODEC_ID_TRUESPEECH, 0x22 },

    // for NuppelVideo (nuv.c)
    { CODEC_ID_PCM_S16LE, MKTAG('R', 'A', 'W', 'A') },
    { CODEC_ID_MP3, MKTAG('L', 'A', 'M', 'E') },
    { 0, 0 },
};

unsigned int codec_get_tag(const CodecTag *tags, int id)
{
    while (tags->id != CODEC_ID_NONE) {
        if (tags->id == id)
            return tags->tag;
        tags++;
    }
    return 0;
}

unsigned int codec_get_asf_tag(const CodecTag *tags, unsigned int id)
{
    while (tags->id != CODEC_ID_NONE) {
        if (!tags->invalid_asf && tags->id == id)
            return tags->tag;
        tags++;
    }
    return 0;
}

enum CodecID codec_get_id(const CodecTag *tags, unsigned int tag)
{
    while (tags->id != CODEC_ID_NONE) {
        if(   toupper((tag >> 0)&0xFF) == toupper((tags->tag >> 0)&0xFF)
           && toupper((tag >> 8)&0xFF) == toupper((tags->tag >> 8)&0xFF)
           && toupper((tag >>16)&0xFF) == toupper((tags->tag >>16)&0xFF)
           && toupper((tag >>24)&0xFF) == toupper((tags->tag >>24)&0xFF))
            return tags->id;
        tags++;
    }
    return CODEC_ID_NONE;
}

unsigned int codec_get_bmp_tag(int id)
{
    return codec_get_tag(codec_bmp_tags, id);
}

unsigned int codec_get_wav_tag(int id)
{
    return codec_get_tag(codec_wav_tags, id);
}

enum CodecID codec_get_bmp_id(unsigned int tag)
{
    return codec_get_id(codec_bmp_tags, tag);
}

enum CodecID codec_get_wav_id(unsigned int tag)
{
    return codec_get_id(codec_wav_tags, tag);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_MUXERS
offset_t start_tag(ByteIOContext *pb, const char *tag)
{
    put_tag(pb, tag);
    put_le32(pb, 0);
    return url_ftell(pb);
}

void end_tag(ByteIOContext *pb, offset_t start)
{
    offset_t pos;

    pos = url_ftell(pb);
    url_fseek(pb, start - 4, SEEK_SET);
    put_le32(pb, (uint32_t)(pos - start));
    url_fseek(pb, pos, SEEK_SET);
}

/* WAVEFORMATEX header */
/* returns the size or -1 on error */
int put_wav_header(ByteIOContext *pb, AVCodecContext *enc)
{
    int bps, blkalign, bytespersec;
    int hdrsize = 18;

    if(!enc->codec_tag || enc->codec_tag > 0xffff)
       enc->codec_tag = codec_get_tag(codec_wav_tags, enc->codec_id);
    if(!enc->codec_tag)
        return -1;

    put_le16(pb, enc->codec_tag);
    put_le16(pb, enc->channels);
    put_le32(pb, enc->sample_rate);
    if (enc->codec_id == CODEC_ID_PCM_U8 ||
        enc->codec_id == CODEC_ID_PCM_ALAW ||
        enc->codec_id == CODEC_ID_PCM_MULAW) {
        bps = 8;
    } else if (enc->codec_id == CODEC_ID_MP2 || enc->codec_id == CODEC_ID_MP3) {
        bps = 0;
    } else if (enc->codec_id == CODEC_ID_ADPCM_IMA_WAV || enc->codec_id == CODEC_ID_ADPCM_MS || enc->codec_id == CODEC_ID_ADPCM_G726 || enc->codec_id == CODEC_ID_ADPCM_YAMAHA) { //
        bps = 4;
    } else if (enc->codec_id == CODEC_ID_PCM_S24LE) {
        bps = 24;
    } else if (enc->codec_id == CODEC_ID_PCM_S32LE) {
        bps = 32;
    } else {
        bps = 16;
    }

    if (enc->codec_id == CODEC_ID_MP2 || enc->codec_id == CODEC_ID_MP3) {
        blkalign = enc->frame_size; //this is wrong, but seems many demuxers dont work if this is set correctly
        //blkalign = 144 * enc->bit_rate/enc->sample_rate;
    } else if (enc->codec_id == CODEC_ID_ADPCM_G726) { //
        blkalign = 1;
    } else if (enc->block_align != 0) { /* specified by the codec */
        blkalign = enc->block_align;
    } else
        blkalign = enc->channels*bps >> 3;
    if (enc->codec_id == CODEC_ID_PCM_U8 ||
        enc->codec_id == CODEC_ID_PCM_S24LE ||
        enc->codec_id == CODEC_ID_PCM_S32LE ||
        enc->codec_id == CODEC_ID_PCM_S16LE) {
        bytespersec = enc->sample_rate * blkalign;
    } else {
        bytespersec = enc->bit_rate / 8;
    }
    put_le32(pb, bytespersec); /* bytes per second */
    put_le16(pb, blkalign); /* block align */
    put_le16(pb, bps); /* bits per sample */
    if (enc->codec_id == CODEC_ID_MP3) {
        put_le16(pb, 12); /* wav_extra_size */
        hdrsize += 12;
        put_le16(pb, 1); /* wID */
        put_le32(pb, 2); /* fdwFlags */
        put_le16(pb, 1152); /* nBlockSize */
        put_le16(pb, 1); /* nFramesPerBlock */
        put_le16(pb, 1393); /* nCodecDelay */
    } else if (enc->codec_id == CODEC_ID_MP2) {
        put_le16(pb, 22); /* wav_extra_size */
        hdrsize += 22;
        put_le16(pb, 2);  /* fwHeadLayer */
        put_le32(pb, enc->bit_rate); /* dwHeadBitrate */
        put_le16(pb, enc->channels == 2 ? 1 : 8); /* fwHeadMode */
        put_le16(pb, 0);  /* fwHeadModeExt */
        put_le16(pb, 1);  /* wHeadEmphasis */
        put_le16(pb, 16); /* fwHeadFlags */
        put_le32(pb, 0);  /* dwPTSLow */
        put_le32(pb, 0);  /* dwPTSHigh */
    } else if (enc->codec_id == CODEC_ID_ADPCM_IMA_WAV) {
        put_le16(pb, 2); /* wav_extra_size */
        hdrsize += 2;
        put_le16(pb, ((enc->block_align - 4 * enc->channels) / (4 * enc->channels)) * 8 + 1); /* wSamplesPerBlock */
    } else if(enc->extradata_size){
        put_le16(pb, enc->extradata_size);
        put_buffer(pb, enc->extradata, enc->extradata_size);
        hdrsize += enc->extradata_size;
        if(hdrsize&1){
            hdrsize++;
            put_byte(pb, 0);
        }
    } else {
        hdrsize -= 2;
    }

    return hdrsize;
}

/* BITMAPINFOHEADER header */
void put_bmp_header(ByteIOContext *pb, AVCodecContext *enc, const CodecTag *tags, int for_asf)
{
    put_le32(pb, 40 + enc->extradata_size); /* size */
    put_le32(pb, enc->width);
    put_le32(pb, enc->height);
    put_le16(pb, 1); /* planes */

    put_le16(pb, enc->bits_per_sample ? enc->bits_per_sample : 24); /* depth */
    /* compression type */
    put_le32(pb, for_asf ? (enc->codec_tag ? enc->codec_tag : codec_get_asf_tag(tags, enc->codec_id)) : enc->codec_tag); //
    put_le32(pb, enc->width * enc->height * 3);
    put_le32(pb, 0);
    put_le32(pb, 0);
    put_le32(pb, 0);
    put_le32(pb, 0);

    put_buffer(pb, enc->extradata, enc->extradata_size);

    if (enc->extradata_size & 1)
        put_byte(pb, 0);
}
#endif //CONFIG_MUXERS

#ifdef CONFIG_DEMUXERS
/* We could be given one of the three possible structures here:
 * WAVEFORMAT, PCMWAVEFORMAT or WAVEFORMATEX. Each structure
 * is an expansion of the previous one with the fields added
 * at the bottom. PCMWAVEFORMAT adds 'WORD wBitsPerSample' and
 * WAVEFORMATEX adds 'WORD  cbSize' and basically makes itself
 * an openended structure.
 */
void get_wav_header(ByteIOContext *pb, AVCodecContext *codec, int size)
{
    int id;

    id = get_le16(pb);
    codec->codec_type = CODEC_TYPE_AUDIO;
    codec->codec_tag = id;
    codec->channels = get_le16(pb);
    codec->sample_rate = get_le32(pb);
    codec->bit_rate = get_le32(pb) * 8;
    codec->block_align = get_le16(pb);
    if (size == 14) {  /* We're dealing with plain vanilla WAVEFORMAT */
        codec->bits_per_sample = 8;
    }else
        codec->bits_per_sample = get_le16(pb);
    codec->codec_id = wav_codec_get_id(id, codec->bits_per_sample);

    if (size > 16) {  /* We're obviously dealing with WAVEFORMATEX */
        codec->extradata_size = get_le16(pb);
        if (codec->extradata_size > 0) {
            if (codec->extradata_size > size - 18)
                codec->extradata_size = size - 18;
            codec->extradata = av_mallocz(codec->extradata_size + FF_INPUT_BUFFER_PADDING_SIZE);
            get_buffer(pb, codec->extradata, codec->extradata_size);
        } else
            codec->extradata_size = 0;

        /* It is possible for the chunk to contain garbage at the end */
        if (size - codec->extradata_size - 18 > 0)
            url_fskip(pb, size - codec->extradata_size - 18);
    }
}


int wav_codec_get_id(unsigned int tag, int bps)
{
    int id;
    id = codec_get_id(codec_wav_tags, tag);
    if (id <= 0)
        return id;
    /* handle specific u8 codec */
    if (id == CODEC_ID_PCM_S16LE && bps == 8)
        id = CODEC_ID_PCM_U8;
    if (id == CODEC_ID_PCM_S16LE && bps == 24)
        id = CODEC_ID_PCM_S24LE;
    if (id == CODEC_ID_PCM_S16LE && bps == 32)
        id = CODEC_ID_PCM_S32LE;
    return id;
}
#endif // CONFIG_DEMUXERS

void ff_parse_specific_params(AVCodecContext *stream, int *au_rate, int *au_ssize, int *au_scale)
{
    int gcd;

    *au_ssize= stream->block_align;
    if(stream->frame_size && stream->sample_rate){
        *au_scale=stream->frame_size;
        *au_rate= stream->sample_rate;
    }else if(stream->codec_type == CODEC_TYPE_VIDEO){
        *au_scale= stream->time_base.num;
        *au_rate = stream->time_base.den;
    }else{
        *au_scale= stream->block_align ? stream->block_align*8 : 8;
        *au_rate = stream->bit_rate;
    }
    gcd= ff_gcd(*au_scale, *au_rate);
    *au_scale /= gcd;
    *au_rate /= gcd;
}