annotate DOCS/xml/it/tvinput.xml @ 30977:0b45d6af9ffe

Export VCD tracks as chapters, just like for cue:// URLs.
author reimar
date Mon, 05 Apr 2010 16:40:04 +0000
parents 0f1b5b68af32
children 7702d4effbbe
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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2 <!-- synced with r27815 -->
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3 <chapter id="tv">
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4 <title>TV</title>
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5
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6 <sect1 id="tv-input" xreflabel="TV input">
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7 <title>Ingresso TV</title>
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8
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9 <para>
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10 Questa sezione tratta di come abilitare la <emphasis role="bold">
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11 visione/acquisizione da sintonizzatori TV compatibili V4L</emphasis>. Vedi la
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12 pagina man per una descrizione delle opzioni e i controlli da tastiera per la TV.
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13 </para>
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14
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15 <!-- ********** -->
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16
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17 <sect2 id="tv-compilation">
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18 <title>Compilazione</title>
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19
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20 <procedure>
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21 <step><para>
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22 Per prima cosa, devi ricompilare. <filename>./configure</filename> rileverà
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23 gli header del kernel per la roba v4l e l'esistenza delle voci
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24 <filename>/dev/video*</filename>. Se ciò esiste, il supporto TV verrà
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25 compilato (guarda l'emissione di <filename>./configure</filename>).
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26 </para></step>
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27 <step><para>
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28 Assicurati che il tuo sintonizzatore funzioni con altri software TV per
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29 Linux, per esempio <application>XawTV</application>.
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30 </para></step>
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31 </procedure>
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32 </sect2>
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33
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34 <!-- ********** -->
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35
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36 <sect2 id="tv-tips">
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37 <title>Consigli per l'uso</title>
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38
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39 <para>
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40 La lista completa delle opzioni è disponibile nella pagina di manuale.
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41 Qui ci sono giusto alcuni consigli:
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42
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43 <itemizedlist>
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44 <listitem><para>
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45 Usa l'opzione <option>channels</option>. Un esempio:
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46 <screen>-tv channels=26-MTV1,23-TV2</screen>
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47 Spiegazione: con questa opzione, solo i canali 26 e 23 saranno
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48 utilizzabili. Ci sarà un simpatico testo OSD quando cambi canale, mostrante
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49 il nome del canale stesso. Gli spazi nel nome di canale devono essere
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50 sostituiti con il carattere "_".
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51 </para></listitem>
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52 <listitem><para>
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53 Scegli una sana dimensione dell'immagine. Le dimensioni dell'immagine
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54 risultante dovrebbero essere divisibili per 16.
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55 </para></listitem>
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56 <listitem>
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57 <para>
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58 Se catturi il video con una risoluzione verticale maggiore di metà della
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59 risoluzione completa (per es. 288 per PAL o 240 per NTSC), allora i
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60 'fotogrammi' che otterrai saranno reali coppie interlacciate di campi.
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61 A seconda di quello che vuoi fare con il video puoi lasciarle in questa forma,
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62 deinterlacciarle distruttivamente, oppure spezzare le coppie in campi singoli.
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63 </para>
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64 <para>
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65 In caso contrario otterrai un filmato che risulta distorto durante le scene
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66 ad alto movimento e il controllore della frequenza probabilmente sarà
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67 incapace di mantenere la frequenza specificata, visto che gli artefatti
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68 dell'interlacciamento producono un alto numero di dettagli e quindi occupano
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69 molta banda. Puoi abilitare il deinterlacciamento con
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70 <option>-vf pp=DEINT_TYPE</option>. Solitamente <option>pp=lb</option> fa un
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71 buon lavoro, ma può essere oggetto di preferenze personali.
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72 Vedi anche gli altri algoritmi di deinterlacciamento nel manuale e provali.
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73 </para>
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74 </listitem>
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75 <listitem><para>
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76 Taglia via le zone morte. Quando catturi video, le zone sui bordi spesso
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77 sono nere o contengono del disturbo. Questo consuma un sacco di banda non
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78 necessaria. Per essere precisi non sono le zone nere in sé, ma quel salto tra
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79 il nero e la parte chiara dell'immagine video che la sprecano, ma ciò non è
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80 importante per adesso. Prima di iniziare l'acquisizione, imposta gli
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81 argomenti dell'opzione <option>crop</option> affinché tutta la porcheria ai
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82 margini venga tagliata via. E ancora, non dimenticarti di mantenere 'sane'
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83 le dimensioni dell'immagine risultante.
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84 </para></listitem>
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85 <listitem><para>
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86 Controlla il carico della CPU. Non dovrebbe oltrepassare il 90% nella
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87 maggior parte del tempo. Se hai un grosso buffer di cattura,
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88 <application>MEncoder</application> può gestire un sovraccarico per pochi
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89 secondi, ma non di più. E' meglio disattivare screensaver 3D OpenGL e cose
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90 del genere.
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91 </para></listitem>
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92 <listitem><para>
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93 Non pacioccare con il clock di sistema. <application>MEncoder</application>
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94 usa il clock di sistema per gestire la sincronizzazione A/V. Se tu modifichi
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95 il clock di sistema (specialmente all'indietro nel tempo),
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96 <application>MEncoder</application> resta confuso e perderai dei
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97 fotogrammi. Questo è un fattore importante se sei collegato alla rete e usi
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98 un qualche software di sincronizzazione dell'ora come NTP. Dovresti
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99 disabilitare NTP durante il processo di acquisizione se vuoi che la cattura
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100 sia affidabile.
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101 </para></listitem>
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102 <listitem><para>
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103 Non modificare <option>outfmt</option> (il formato di uscita) a meno che tu
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104 non sappia cosa stia facendo oppure la tua scheda/il tuo driver non supportino
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105 davvero quello di default (spazio colore YV12). Nelle precedenti versioni di
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106 <application>MPlayer</application>/<application>MEncoder</application>
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107 era necessario indicare il formato di uscita. Questo problema dovrebbe
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108 esser stato risolto nelle versioni correnti e outfmt non è più richiesto,
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109 e quello di default va bene la maggior parte delle volte. Per esempio, se stai
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110 catturando in DivX con <systemitem class="library">libavcodec</systemitem> e
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111 specifichi <option>outfmt=RGB24</option> per aumentare la qualità delle
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112 immagini acquisite, l'immagine stessa verraà comunque convertita di nuovo
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113 in YV12, perciò l'unica cosa che otterrai sarà spreco di CPU.
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114 </para></listitem>
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115 <listitem><para>
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116 Ci sono vari modi per la cattura dell'audio. Puoi acquisire il suono sia
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117 usando la tua scheda audio attraverso una connessione via cavo esterna tra la
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118 scheda video e il line-in, sia usando l'ADC integrato nel chip bt878.
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119 Nell'ultimo caso, devi caricare il driver
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120 <emphasis role="bold">btaudio</emphasis>. Leggi il file
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121 <filename>linux/Documentation/sound/btaudio</filename> (nei sorgenti del
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122 kernel, non di <application>MPlayer</application>) per alcune istruzioni su
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123 come usare tale driver.
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124 </para></listitem>
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125 <listitem><para>
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126 Se <application>MEncoder</application> non può aprire il dispositivo audio,
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127 assicurati che sia veramente disponibile. Ci sono alcuni problemi con sound
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128 server come aRts (KDE) o ESD (GNOME). Se hai una scheda audio full duplex
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129 (quasi tutte le schede decenti lo supportano, ad oggi), e stai usando KDE,
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130 prova a controllare l'opzione "full duplex" nel menu preferenze del sound
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131 server.
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132 </para></listitem>
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133 </itemizedlist>
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134 </para>
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135 </sect2>
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136
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137 <!-- ********** -->
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138
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139 <sect2 id="tv-examples">
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140 <title>Esempi</title>
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141
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142 <informalexample><para>
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143 Uscita fasulla, verso AAlib :)
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144 <screen>mplayer -tv driver=dummy:width=640:height=480 -vo aa tv://</screen>
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145 </para></informalexample>
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146
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147 <informalexample><para>
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148 Ingresso da V4L standard:
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149 <screen>
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150 mplayer -tv driver=v4l:width=640:height=480:outfmt=i420 -vc rawi420 -vo xv tv://
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151 </screen>
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152 </para></informalexample>
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153
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154 <informalexample><para>
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155 Un esempio più complesso. Questo fa sì che <application>MEncoder</application>
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156 catturi l'immagine PAL completa, tagli i margini, e deinterlacci l'immagine
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157 usando un algoritmo di sfumatura lineare. L'audio viene compresso con una
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158 frequenza costante di 64kbps, usando il codec LAME. Questa impostazione è
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159 utilizzabile per acquisire film.
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160 <screen>
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161 mencoder -tv driver=v4l:width=768:height=576 -oac mp3lame -lameopts cbr:br=64\
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162 -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vbitrate=900 \
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163 -vf crop=720:544:24:16,pp=lb -o <replaceable>uscita.avi</replaceable> tv://
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164 </screen>
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165 </para></informalexample>
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166
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167 <informalexample><para>
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168 Questo in più ridimensionerà l'immagine a 384x288 e comprimerà il video
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169 con una frequenza di 350kbps in modalità ad alta qualità. L'opzione vqmax
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170 rilascia il quantizzatore e permette al compressore video di raggiungere
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171 davvero una così bassa frequenza anche a spese della qualità. Questo puà
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172 essere usato per acquisire lunghe serie TV, dove la qualità video non è
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173 così importante.
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174 <screen>
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175 mencoder -tv driver=v4l:width=768:height=576 \
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176 -ovc lavc -lavcopts vcodec=mpeg4:vbitrate=350:vhq:vqmax=31:keyint=300 \
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177 -oac mp3lame -lameopts cbr:br=48 -sws 1 -o <replaceable>uscita.avi</replaceable>\
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178 -vf crop=720:540:24:18,pp=lb,scale=384:288 tv://
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179 </screen>
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180 E' anche possibile specificare dimensioni immagine inferiori nell'opzione
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181 <option>-tv</option> e omettere il ridimensionamento software ma questo
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182 approccio usa la massima informazione disponibile ed è un po' più
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183 resiliente ai disturbi. I chip bt8x8 possono calcolare la media dei pixel solo
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184 sulla direzione orizzontale a causa di una limitazione hardware.
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185 </para></informalexample>
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186 </sect2>
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187 </sect1>
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188
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189
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190 <!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
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191
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192
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193 <sect1 id="tv-teletext">
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194 <title>Televideo (teletext)</title>
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195
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196 <para>
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197 Il televideo è attualmente disponibile solo in
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198 <application>MPlayer</application> per i driver v4l e v4l2.
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199 </para>
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200
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201 <sect2 id="tv-teletext-implementation-notes">
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202 <title>Note sull'implementazione</title>
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203
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204 <para>
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205 <application>MPlayer</application> gestisce il testo normale, la grafica e i
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206 collegamenti per la navigazione.
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207 Sfortunatamente, le pagine colorate non sono ancora decodificate completamente -
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208 tutte le pagine vengono mostrate in scala di grigi.
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209 Vengono gestite anche le pagine dei sottotitoli (conosciute anche come
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210 'Closed Captions').
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211 </para>
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212
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213 <para>
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214 <application>MPlayer</application> inizia a memorizzare nella cache tutte le
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215 pagine di televideo sin dall'inizio della ricezione dall'ingresso TV, perciò
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216 non devi attendere fino a quando si carica la pagina voluta.
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217 </para>
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218
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219 <para>
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220 Nota: usare il televideo con <option>-vo xv</option> genera strani colori.
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221 </para>
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222 </sect2>
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223
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224 <sect2 id="tv-teletext-usage">
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225 <title>Usare il televideo</title>
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226
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227 <para>
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228 Per abilitare la decodifica del televideo devi specificare il dispositivo VBI da
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229 cui ottenere i dati televideo (solitamente <filename>/dev/vbi0</filename> per
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230 Linux). Puoi fare ciò speificando <option>tdevice</option> nel tuo file di
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231 configurazione, come mostrato qui sotto:
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232 <screen>tv=tdevice=/dev/vbi0</screen>
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233 </para>
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234
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235 <para>
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236 Potresti voler indicare il codice di lingua del televideo per la tua zona.
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237 Per elencare tutti i codici di zona disponibili usa
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238 <screen>tv=tdevice=/dev/vbi0:tlang=<replaceable>-1</replaceable></screen>
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239 Qui c'è un esempio per il russo:
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240 <screen>tv=tdevice=/dev/vbi0:tlang=<replaceable>33</replaceable></screen>
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241 </para>
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242
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243 <para>
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244 </para>
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245 </sect2>
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246
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247 <sect2 id="tv-teletext-hotkeys">
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248 <title>Tasti comando per il televideo</title>
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249
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250 <informaltable frame="all">
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251 <tgroup cols="2">
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252 <thead>
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253 <row>
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254 <entry>Tasto</entry>
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255 <entry>Descrizione</entry>
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256 </row>
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257 </thead>
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258 <tbody>
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259 <row>
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260 <entry>X</entry>
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261 <entry>Abilita/disabilita il televideo</entry>
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262 </row>
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263 <row>
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264 <entry>C</entry>
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265 <entry>Passa attraverso le modalità di visione del televideo (opaco,
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266 trasparente, opaco invertito, trasparente invertito</entry>
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267 </row>
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268 <row>
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269 <entry>Sinistra/Destra</entry>
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270 <entry>Va alla pagina precedente/successiva del televideo</entry>
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271 </row>
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272 <row>
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273 <entry>PaginaSu/PaginaGiù</entry>
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274 <entry>Va alla sottopagina successiva/precedente del televideo</entry>
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275 </row>
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276 <row>
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277 <entry>cifre</entry>
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278 <entry>Indica il numero della pagina del televideo a cui andare</entry>
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279 </row>
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280 </tbody>
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281 </tgroup>
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282 </informaltable>
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283 </sect2>
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284 </sect1>
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285
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286 </chapter>