annotate DOCS/xml/en/formats.xml @ 17424:2ffede69ea15

FAQ about problems with playing DVDs on certain drives. Also addresses http://bugzilla.mplayerhq.hu/show_bug.cgi?id=395 .
author rathann
date Wed, 18 Jan 2006 21:37:55 +0000
parents 217b6c98f815
children 18c4f5105fe6
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
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2 <!-- $Revision$ -->
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3 <chapter id="containers">
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4 <title>Containers</title>
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5
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6 <para>
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7 It is important to clarify a common mistake. When people see a file with a
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8 <filename>.AVI</filename> extension, they immediately conclude that it is
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9 not an MPEG file. That is not true. At least not entirely. Contrary to
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10 popular belief such a file <emphasis>can</emphasis> contain MPEG-1 video.
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11 </para>
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12
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13 <para>
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14 You see, a <emphasis role="bold">codec</emphasis> is not the same as a
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15 <emphasis role="bold">container format</emphasis>.
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16 Examples of video <emphasis role="bold">codecs</emphasis> are: MPEG-1, MPEG-2,
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17 MPEG-4 (DivX), Indeo5, 3ivx.
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18 Examples of container <emphasis role="bold">formats</emphasis> are: MPG, AVI, ASF.
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19 </para>
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20
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21 <para>
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22 In theory, you can put an OpenDivX video and MP3 audio
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23 into an <emphasis role="bold">MPG container</emphasis>. However, most
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24 players will not play it, since they expect MPEG-1 video and MP2 audio (unlike
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25 <emphasis role="bold">AVI</emphasis>, <emphasis role="bold">MPG</emphasis>
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26 does not have the necessary fields to describe its video and audio streams).
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27 Or you might put MPEG-1 video into an AVI file.
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28 <ulink url="http://ffmpeg.org/">FFmpeg</ulink> and
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29 <link linkend="mencoder"><application>MEncoder</application></link> can create these files.
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30 </para>
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31
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32
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33 <sect1 id="video-formats">
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34 <title>Video formats</title>
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35
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36 <sect2 id="mpg-vob-dat">
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37 <title>MPEG files</title>
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38
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39 <para>
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40 MPEG files come in different guises:
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41 </para>
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42
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43 <itemizedlist>
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44 <listitem><simpara>
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45 MPG: This is the most <emphasis role="bold">basic</emphasis> form of the
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46 MPEG file formats. It contains MPEG-1 video, and MP2 (MPEG-1 layer 2) or
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47 rarely MP1 audio.
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48 </simpara></listitem>
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49 <listitem><simpara>
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50 DAT: This is the very same format as MPG with a different extension. It
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51 is used on <emphasis role="bold">Video CDs</emphasis>. Due to the way VCDs
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52 are created and Linux is designed, the DAT files cannot be played nor copied
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53 from VCDs as regular files. You have to use <option>vcd://</option>
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54 to play a Video CD.
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55 </simpara></listitem>
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56 <listitem><simpara>
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57 VOB: This is the MPEG file format on <emphasis role="bold">DVDs</emphasis>.
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58 It is the same as MPG, plus the capability to contain subtitles or non-MPEG
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59 (AC3) audio. It contains encoded MPEG-2 video and usually AC3 audio, but DTS,
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60 MP2 and uncompressed LPCM are allowed, too. <emphasis role="bold">Read the
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61 <link linkend="dvd">DVD</link> section</emphasis>!
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62 </simpara></listitem>
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63 <listitem><simpara>
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64 TY: This is a TiVo MPEG stream. It contains MPEG PES data for audio and
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65 video streams, as well as extra information like closed captions. The
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66 container is not an MPEG program stream, but a closed format created by
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67 TiVo. For more information on TiVo stream format, please refer to
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68 <ulink url="http://dvd-create.sourceforge.net/tystudio/tystream.shtml">
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69 the TyStudio page</ulink>.
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70 </simpara></listitem>
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71 </itemizedlist>
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72
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73 <para>
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74 Series of frames form independent groups in MPEG files. This means that you
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75 can cut/join an MPEG file with standard file tools (like
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76 <command>dd</command>, <command>cut</command>), and it remains completely
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77 functional.
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78 </para>
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79
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80 <para>
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81 One important feature of MPGs is that they have a field to describe the
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82 aspect ratio of the video stream within. For example SVCDs have 480x480
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83 resolution video, and in the header that field is set to 4:3, so that it is
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84 played at 640x480. AVI files do not have this field, so they have to be
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85 rescaled during encoding or played with the <option>-aspect</option>
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86 option.
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87 </para>
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88 </sect2>
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89
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90
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91 <sect2 id="avi">
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92 <title>AVI files</title>
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93
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94 <para>
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95 Designed by Microsoft, <emphasis role="bold">AVI (Audio Video Interleaved)</emphasis>
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96 is a widespread multipurpose format currently used mostly for MPEG-4 (DivX and DivX4)
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97 video. It has many known drawbacks and shortcomings (for example in streaming). It
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98 supports one video stream and 0 to 99 audio streams and can be as big as
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99 2GB, but there exists an extension allowing bigger files called
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100 <emphasis role="bold">OpenDML</emphasis>. Microsoft currently strongly
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101 discourages its use and encourages ASF/WMV. Not that anybody cares.
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102 </para>
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103
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104 <para>
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105 There is a hack that allows AVI files to contain an Ogg Vorbis audio
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106 stream, but makes them incompatible with standard AVI.
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107 <application>MPlayer</application> supports playing these files. Seeking is
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108 also implemented but severely hampered by badly encoded files with
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109 confusing headers. Unfortunately the only encoder currently capable of
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110 creating these files, <application>NanDub</application>, has this problem.
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111 </para>
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112
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113 <note>
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114 <para>
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115 DV cameras create raw DV streams that DV grabbing utilities convert to two
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116 different types of AVI files. The AVI will then contain either separate
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117 audio and video streams that <application>MPlayer</application> can play or
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118 the raw DV stream for which support is under development.
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119 </para>
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120 </note>
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121
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122 <para>
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123 There are two kinds of AVI files:
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124 <itemizedlist>
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125 <listitem><simpara>
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126 <emphasis role="bold">Interleaved:</emphasis> Audio and video content is
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127 interleaved. This is the standard usage. Recommended and mostly used. Some tools
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128 create interleaved AVIs with bad sync. <application>MPlayer</application>
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129 detects these as interleaved, and this climaxes in loss of A/V sync,
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130 probably at seeking. These files should be played as non-interleaved
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131 (with the <option>-ni</option> option).
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132 </simpara></listitem>
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133 <listitem><simpara>
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134 <emphasis role="bold">Non-interleaved:</emphasis> First comes the whole
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135 video stream, then the whole audio stream. It thus needs a lot of seeking,
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136 making playing from network or CD-ROM difficult.
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137 </simpara></listitem>
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138 </itemizedlist>
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139 </para>
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140
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141 <para>
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142 <application>MPlayer</application> supports two kinds of timings for AVI
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143 files:
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144 <itemizedlist>
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145 <listitem><simpara>
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146 <emphasis role="bold">bps-based:</emphasis> It is based on the
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147 bitrate/samplerate of the video/audio stream. This method is used by
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148 most players, including <ulink url="http://avifile.sf.net">avifile</ulink>
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149 and <application>Windows Media Player</application>. Files with broken
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150 headers, and files created with VBR audio but not VBR-compliant encoder
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151 will result in A/V desync with this method (mostly at seeking).
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152 </simpara></listitem>
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153 <listitem><simpara>
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154 <emphasis role="bold">interleaving-based:</emphasis> It does not use the bitrate
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155 value of the header, instead it uses the relative position of interleaved
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156 audio and video chunks, making badly encoded files with VBR audio playable.
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157 </simpara></listitem>
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158 </itemizedlist>
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159 </para>
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160
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161 <para>
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162 Any audio and video codec is allowed, but note that VBR audio is not well
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163 supported by most players. The file format makes it possible to use VBR
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164 audio, but most players expect CBR audio, thus they fail with VBR. VBR is
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165 uncommon and Microsoft's AVI specs only describe CBR audio. I also noticed
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166 that most AVI encoders/multiplexers create bad files when using VBR audio.
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167 There are only two known exceptions: <application>NanDub</application> and
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168 <link linkend="mencoder"><application>MEncoder</application></link>.
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169 </para>
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170 </sect2>
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171
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172
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173 <sect2 id="asf-wmv">
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174 <title>ASF/WMV files</title>
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175 <para>
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176 ASF (Active Streaming Format) comes from Microsoft. They developed two
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177 variants of ASF, v1.0 and v2.0. v1.0 is used by their media tools (<application>Windows
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178 Media Player</application> and <application>Windows Media Encoder</application>)
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179 and is very secret. v2.0 is published and patented :). Of course they differ,
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180 there is no compatibility at all (it is just another legal game).
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181 <application>MPlayer</application> supports only v1.0, as nobody has ever seen
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182 v2.0 files :). Note that ASF files nowadays come with the extension
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183 <filename>.WMA</filename> or <filename>.WMV</filename>.
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184 </para>
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185 </sect2>
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186
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187
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188 <sect2 id="mov">
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189 <title>QuickTime/MOV files</title>
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190
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191 <para>
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192 These formats were designed by Apple and can contain any codec, CBR or VBR.
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193 They usually have a <filename>.QT</filename> or <filename>.MOV</filename>
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194 extension. Note that since the MPEG-4 group chose QuickTime as the recommended
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195 file format for MPEG-4, their MOV files come with a <filename>.MPG</filename> or
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196 <filename>.MP4</filename> extension (Interestingly the video and audio
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197 streams in these files are real MPG and AAC files. You can even extract them with the
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198 <option>-dumpvideo</option> and <option>-dumpaudio</option> options.).
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199 </para>
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200
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201 <note>
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202 <para>
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203 Most new QuickTime files use <emphasis role="bold">Sorenson</emphasis> video and
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204 QDesign Music audio. See our <link linkend="sorenson">Sorenson</link> codec section.
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205 </para>
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206 </note>
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207 </sect2>
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208
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209
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210 <sect2 id="vivo">
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211 <title>VIVO files</title>
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212
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213 <para>
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214 <application>MPlayer</application> happily demuxes VIVO file formats. The
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215 biggest disadvantage of the format is that it has no index block, nor a
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216 fixed packet size or sync bytes and most files lack even keyframes, so
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217 forget seeking!
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218 </para>
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219
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220 <para>
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221 The video codec of VIVO/1.0 files is standard <emphasis role="bold">h.263</emphasis>.
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222 The video codec of VIVO/2.0 files is a modified, nonstandard
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223 <emphasis role="bold">h.263v2</emphasis>. The audio is the same, it may be
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224 <emphasis role="bold">g.723 (standard)</emphasis>, or
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225 <emphasis role="bold">Vivo Siren</emphasis>.
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226 </para>
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227
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228 <para>
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229 See the
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230 <link linkend="vivo-video">VIVO video codec</link> and
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231 <link linkend="vivo-audio">VIVO audio codec</link>
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232 sections for installation instructions.
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233 </para>
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234 </sect2>
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235
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236
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237 <sect2 id="fli">
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238 <title>FLI files</title>
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239 <para>
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240 <emphasis role="bold">FLI</emphasis> is a very old file format used by
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241 Autodesk Animator, but it is a common file format for short animations on the net.
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242 <application>MPlayer</application> demuxes and decodes FLI movies and is
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243 even able to seek within them (useful when looping with the
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244 <option>-loop</option> option). FLI files do not have keyframes, so the
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245 picture will be messy for a short time after seeking.
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246 </para>
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247 </sect2>
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248
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249
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250 <sect2 id="realmedia">
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251 <title>RealMedia (RM) files</title>
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252
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253 <para>
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254 Yes, <application>MPlayer</application> can read (demux) RealMedia
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255 (<filename>.rm</filename>) files.
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256 Here are the lists of the supported <link
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257 linkend="realvideo">RealVideo</link> and <link
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258 linkend="realaudio">RealAudio</link> codecs.
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259 </para>
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260 </sect2>
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261
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262
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263 <sect2 id="nuppelvideo">
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264 <title>NuppelVideo files</title>
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265 <para>
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266 <ulink url="http://frost.htu.tuwien.ac.at/~roman/nuppelvideo/">NuppelVideo</ulink>
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267 is a TV grabber tool (AFAIK:). <application>MPlayer</application> can read
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268 its <filename>.NUV</filename> files (only NuppelVideo 5.0). Those files can
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269 contain uncompressed YV12, YV12+RTJpeg compressed, YV12 RTJpeg+lzo
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270 compressed, and YV12+lzo compressed frames.
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271 <application>MPlayer</application> decodes (and also <emphasis role="bold">encodes</emphasis>
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272 them with <application>MEncoder</application> to MPEG-4 (DivX)/etc!) them all.
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273 Seeking works.
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274 </para>
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275 </sect2>
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276
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277
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278 <sect2 id="yuv4mpeg">
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279 <title>yuv4mpeg files</title>
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280 <para>
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281 <ulink url="http://mjpeg.sf.net">yuv4mpeg / yuv4mpeg2</ulink>
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282 is a file format used by the
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283 <ulink url="http://mjpeg.sf.net">mjpegtools programs</ulink>.
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284 You can grab, produce, filter or encode video in this format using these tools.
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285 The file format is really a sequence of uncompressed YUV 4:2:0 images.
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286 </para>
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287 </sect2>
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288
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289
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290 <sect2 id="film">
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291 <title>FILM files</title>
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292 <para>
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293 This format is used on old Sega Saturn CD-ROM games.
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294 </para>
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295 </sect2>
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296
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297
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298 <sect2 id="roq">
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299 <title>RoQ files</title>
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300 <para>
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301 RoQ files are multimedia files used in some ID games such as Quake III and
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302 Return to Castle Wolfenstein.
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303 </para>
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304 </sect2>
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305
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306
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307 <sect2 id="ogg">
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308 <title>OGG/OGM files</title>
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309 <para>
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310 This is a new fileformat from <ulink url="http://www.xiph.org">Xiphophorus</ulink>.
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311 It can contain any video or audio codec, CBR or VBR. You'll need
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312 <systemitem class="library">libogg</systemitem> and
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313 <systemitem class="library">libvorbis</systemitem> installed before
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314 compiling <application>MPlayer</application> to be able to play it.
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315 </para>
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316 </sect2>
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317
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318
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319 <sect2 id="sdp">
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320 <title>SDP files</title>
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321 <para>
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322 <ulink url="ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2327.txt">SDP</ulink> is an
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323 IETF standard format for describing video and/or audio RTP streams.
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324 (The &quot;<ulink url="http://www.live.com/mplayer/">LIVE.COM Streaming Media</ulink>&quot;
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325 are required.)
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326 </para>
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327 </sect2>
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328
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329
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330 <sect2 id="pva">
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331 <title>PVA files</title>
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332 <para>
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333 PVA is an MPEG-like format used by DVB TV boards' software (e.g.:
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334 <application>MultiDec</application>, <application>WinTV</application> under Windows).
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335 </para>
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336 </sect2>
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337
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338
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339 <sect2 id="nsv">
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340 <title>NSV files</title>
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341 <para>
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342 NSV (NullSoft Video) is the file format used by the
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343 <application>Winamp</application> player to stream audio and video.
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344 Video is VP3, VP5 or VP6, audio is MP3, AAC or VLB.
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345 The audio only version of NSV has the <filename>.nsa</filename> extension.
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346 <application>MPlayer</application> can play both NSV streams and files.
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347 Please note that most files from the
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348 <ulink url="http://www.winamp.com">Winamp site</ulink> use VLB audio, that
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349 can't be decoded yet. Moreover streams from that site need an extra
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350 depacketization layer that still has to be implemented (those files are
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351 unplayable anyway because they use VLB audio).
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352 </para>
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353 </sect2>
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354
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355
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356 <sect2 id="matroska">
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357 <title>Matroska files</title>
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358 <para>
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359 Matroska is an open container format.
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360 Read more on the <ulink url="http://www.matroska.org/">official site</ulink>.
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361 </para>
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362 </sect2>
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363
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364
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365 <sect2 id="nut">
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366 <title>NUT files</title>
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367 <para>
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368 NUT is the container format developed by <application>MPlayer</application> and
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369 <application>FFmpeg</application> folks. Both projects support it.
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370 Read more on the <ulink url="http://www.nut.hu/">official site</ulink>.
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371 </para>
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372 </sect2>
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373
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374
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375 <sect2 id="gif">
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376 <title>GIF files</title>
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377 <para>
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378 The <emphasis role="bold">GIF</emphasis> format is a common format for web
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379 graphics. There are two versions of the GIF spec, GIF87a and GIF89a. The
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380 main difference is that GIF89a allows for animation. <application>MPlayer</application>
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381 supports both formats through use of <systemitem class="library">libungif</systemitem> or
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382 another libgif-compatible library. Non-animated GIFs will be displayed as
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383 single frame videos. (Use the <option>-loop</option> and <option>-fixed-vo</option>
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384 options to display these longer.)
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385 </para>
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386
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387 <para>
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388 <application>MPlayer</application> currently does not support seeking in GIF
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389 files. GIF files do not necessarily have a fixed frame size, nor a fixed
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390 framerate. Rather, each frame is of independent size and is supposed to be
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391 positioned in a certain place on a field of fixed-size. The framerate is
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392 controlled by an optional block before each frame that specifies the next
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393 frame's delay in centiseconds.
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394 </para>
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395
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396 <para>
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397 Standard GIF files contain 24-bit RGB frames with at most an 8-bit indexed
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398 palette. These frames are usually LZW-compressed, although some GIF encoders
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399 produce uncompressed frames to avoid patent issues with LZW compression.
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400 </para>
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401
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402 <para>
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403 If your distribution does not come with <systemitem class="library">libungif</systemitem>,
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404 download a copy from the
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405 <ulink url="http://sourceforge.net/projects/libungif">libungif
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406 homepage</ulink>. For detailed technical information, have a look at the
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407 <ulink url="http://www.w3.org/Graphics/GIF/spec-gif89a.txt">GIF89a specification</ulink>.
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408 </para>
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409 </sect2>
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410 </sect1>
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411
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412 <!-- ********** -->
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413
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414 <sect1 id="audio-formats">
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415 <title>Audio formats</title>
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416
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417 <para>
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418 <application>MPlayer</application> is a <emphasis role="bold">movie</emphasis>
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419 and not a <emphasis role="bold">media</emphasis> player, although it can play
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420 some audio file formats (they are listed in the sections below). This is not
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421 a recommended usage of <application>MPlayer</application>, you better use <ulink
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422 url="http://www.xmms.org">XMMS</ulink>.
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423 </para>
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424
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425 <sect2 id="mp3">
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426 <title>MP3 files</title>
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427 <para>
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428 You may have problems playing certain MP3 files that
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429 <application>MPlayer</application> will misdetect as MPEGs and play
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430 incorrectly or not at all. This cannot be fixed without dropping support
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431 for certain broken MPEG files and thus will remain like this for the
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432 foreseeable future. The <option>-demuxer</option> flag described in the
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433 man page may help you in these cases.
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434 </para>
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435 </sect2>
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436
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437 <sect2 id="ogg-vorbis">
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438 <title>OGG/OGM files (Vorbis)</title>
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439 <para>
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440 Requires properly installed
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441 <systemitem class="library">libogg</systemitem> and
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442 <systemitem class="library">libvorbis</systemitem>.
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443 </para>
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444 </sect2>
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445
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446 <sect2 id="cdda">
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447 <title>CD audio</title>
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448 <para>
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449 <application>MPlayer</application> can use <application>cdparanoia</application>
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450 to play CDDA (Audio CD). The scope of this section does not contain enumerating
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451 <application>cdparanoia</application>'s features.
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452 </para>
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453
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454 <para>
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455 See the man page's <option>-cdda</option> option which can be used to pass
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456 options to <application>cdparanoia</application>.
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457 </para>
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458 </sect2>
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459
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460 <sect2 id="xmms">
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461 <title>XMMS</title>
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462 <para>
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463 <application>MPlayer</application> can use <application>XMMS</application> input
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464 plugins to play many file formats. There are plugins for SNES game tunes, SID
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465 tunes (from Commodore 64), many Amiga formats, .xm, .it, VQF, musepack, Bonk,
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466 shorten and many others. You can find them at the
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467 <ulink url="http://www.xmms.org/plugins.php?category=input">XMMS input plugin page</ulink>.
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468 </para>
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469
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470 <para>
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471 For this feature you need to have <application>XMMS</application> and compile
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472 <application>MPlayer</application> with <filename>./configure --enable-xmms</filename>.
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473 If that does not work, you might need to set the <application>XMMS</application>
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474 plugin and library path explicitly by way of the <option>--with-xmmsplugindir</option>
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475 and <option>--with-xmmslibdir</option> options.
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476 </para>
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477 </sect2>
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478 </sect1>
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479
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480 </chapter>