Mercurial > mplayer.hg

annotate DOCS/fr/formats.html @ 10351:373dc373ac4a

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author lumag
date Mon, 30 Jun 2003 19:30:36 +0000
parents f586be782e69
children cc4aa6cf7571
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1 <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
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2 <HTML>
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3
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4 <HEAD>
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5 <TITLE>Formats - MPlayer - Le lecteur vidéo pour Linux</TITLE>
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6 <LINK REL="stylesheet" TYPE="text/css" HREF="../default.css">
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7 <META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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8 </HEAD>
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9
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10 <BODY>
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11
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12
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13 <H2><A NAME="formats">2.1 Formats supportés</A></H2>
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14
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15 <P>Il est important de clarifier une erreur commune. Quand les gens voient un
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16 fichier avec une extension <B>.AVI</B>, ils en concluent immédiatement qu'il
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17 ne s'agit pas d'un fichier MPEG. Ce n'est pas vrai. Du moins pas entièrement.
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18 Contrairement aux suppositions populaires, un tel fichier <B>peut</B> contenir
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19 de la vidéo MPEG1.</P>
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20
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21 <P>Vous voyez, un <B>codec</B> n'est pas la même chose qu'un <B>format de fichier</B>.<BR>
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22 Exemples de <B>codecs</B> vidéo: MPEG1, MPEG2, DivX, Indeo5, 3ivx.<BR>
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23 Exemples de <B>formats</B> de fichier: MPG, AVI, ASF.</P>
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24
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25 <P>En théorie, vous pouvez placer une vidéo OpenDivX et de l'audio MP3 dans un
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26 format de fichier <B>MPG</B>. Par contre, la plupart des lecteurs ne pourrons
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27 pas lire ce fichier car ils attendent de la vidéo MPEG1 et de l'audio MP2
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28 (contrairement à l'<B>AVI</B>, le <B>MPG</B> ne contient pas les champs nécessaires
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29 pour décrire ses flux vidéo et audio). Ou vous pouvez placer de la vidéo MPEG1
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30 dans un fichier AVI.
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31 <A HREF="http://ffmpeg.sourceforge.net">FFmpeg</A> et
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32 <A HREF="encoding.html">MEncoder</A> peuvent créer ces fichiers.</P>
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33
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35
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36 <H3><A NAME="video_formats">2.1.1 Formats vidéo</A></H3>
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37
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38
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39 <H4><A NAME="mpeg">2.1.1.1 Fichiers MPEGs</A></H4>
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40
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41 <P>Les fichiers MPEG peuvent avoir des apparences différentes:</P>
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42
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43 <UL>
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44 <LI>MPG: C'est la forme la plus <B>basique</B> des formats de fichier MPEG.
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45 Il contient de la vidéo MPEG1, et de l'audio MP2 (MPEG-1 layer 2) ou plus
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46 rarement MP1.</LI>
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47 <LI>DAT: C'est très exactement le même format que MPG mais avec une extension
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48 différente. Il est utilisé dans les <B>Video CD</B>s. A cause de la façon
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49 dont sont créés les VCDs et dont linux est conçu, les fichiers DAT ne peuvent
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50 pas être lu ni copié depuis des VCDs en temps que fichiers réguliers. Vous
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51 devrez utiliser l'option <CODE>vcd://</CODE> pour lire le Video CD.</LI>
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52 <LI>VOB: C'est le format de fichier MPEG des <B>DVD</B>s. C'est le même que MPG,
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53 plus la capacité de contenir des sous-titres et de l'audio non-MPEG (AC3).
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54 Il contient de la vidéo encodé en MPEG2 et généralement de l'audio AC3, mais
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55 DTS, MP2 et LPCM non-compressé sont autorisés, également.<BR> <B>Lisez la <A
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56 HREF="cd-dvd.html#dvd">section DVD</A>!</B></LI>
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57 </UL>
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58
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59 <P>Les séries de trames forment des groupes indépendants dans les fichiers MPEG.
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60 Cela signifie que vous pouvez couper/joindre un fichier MPEG avec des outils fichier
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61 standards (comme <CODE>dd</CODE>, <CODE>cut</CODE>), et il restera complètement lisible.</P>
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62
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63 <P>Une fonction importante des MPGs est qu'ils ont un champ décrivant le rapport d'aspect
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64 du flux vidéo, et dans l'entête ce champs est fixé à 4:3, il est donc lu en 640x480.
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65 Les fichiers AVI n'ont pas ce champs, donc ils doivent être redimensionné durant
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66 l'encodage ou joués avec l'option <CODE>-aspect</CODE>.</P>
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67
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68
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69
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70 <H4><A NAME="avi">2.1.1.2 Fichiers AVI</A></H4>
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71
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72 <P>Conçu par Microsoft, <B>AVI (Audio Video Interleaved)</B> est un format
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73 répandu et multi-usages actuellement utilisé par la plupart des vidéos
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74 DivX et DivX4. Il a de nombreux inconvénients et défauts (par exemple en
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75 streaming). Il supporte un flux vidéo et de 0 à 99 flux audio. La taille
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76 du fichier est limité à 2Go, mais il existe une extension permettant des
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77 fichiers plus gros appelée <B>OpenDML</B>. Actuellement Microsoft Décourage
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78 fortement son utilisation au profit d' ASF/WMV.</P>
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79
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80 <P>Il y a un hack qui permet aux fichiers AVI de contenir un flux audio Ogg Vorbis,
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81 mais qui les rend incompatibles avec le standard AVI. Mplayer peut lire ces fichiers.
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82 Le déplacement est aussi implémenté mais sévèrement gêné par les fichiers mal encodés
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83 avec des entêtes trompeuses. Malheureusement le seul encodeur capable actuellement de
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84 créer ces fichiers, NanDub, a ce problème.</P>
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85
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86
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87 <P><B>Note:</B> Les caméras DV créées des flux DV brut que les utilitaires de capture DV
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88 convertissent en deux types de fichiers AVI différents. L'AVI pourra ensuite contenir
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89 soit des flux audio et vidéo séparés que MPlayer peut lire, soit un flux DV brut pour
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90 lequel le support est en développement.</P>
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91
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92 <P>Il y a deux types de fichiers AVI:</P>
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93 <UL>
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94 <LI><B>Entrelacé:</B> Les contenus audio et vidéo sont entrelacés. C'est l'utilisation
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95 standard. Recommandé et généralement utilisé. Certains outils crées des
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96 AVIs entrelacés avec une mauvaise synchro. MPlayer les détecte comme entrelacés,
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97 ce qui va enduire une perte de synchro A/V, probablement pendant un déplacement.
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98 Ces fichiers devraient être lu en temps que non-entrelacés (avec l'option
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99 <CODE>-ni</CODE>.</LI>
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100 <LI><B>Non-entrelacés:</B> D'abord vient le flux vidéo entier, puis le flux audio entier.
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101 Il a donc besoin de beaucoup de déplacements, rendant la lecture depuis le réseau ou
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102 un CD-ROM difficile./LI>
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103 </UL>
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104
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105 <P>MPlayer supporte deux types de synchro pour les fichiers AVI:</P>
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106 <UL>
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107 <LI><B>basé sur bps</B>: Basé sur le bitrate/samplerate du flux video/audio stream.
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108 Cette méthode est utilisé dans la plupart des lecteurs, incluant
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109 <A HREF="http://avifile.sourceforge.net">avifile</A> et Windows Media Player.
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110 Les fichiers avec des entêtes endommagées, et les fichiers créés avec de l'audio
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111 VBR mais pas avec un encodeur VBR-compliant auront une désynchro A/V avec cette
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112 méthode (la plupart du temps en se déplaçant).</LI>
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113 <LI><B>basé sur l'entrelacement</B>: N'utilise pas le bitrate de l'entête, à la place
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114 utilise la position relative des morceaux d'audio et de vidéo entrelacés, rendant
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115 lisibles les fichiers mal encodés avec de l'audio VBR.</LI>
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116 </UL>
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117
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118 <P>N'importe quel codec audio et vidéo est autorisé, mais notez que l'audio
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119 VBR n'est pas très bien supporté par la plupart des lecteurs. Le format de
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120 fichier rend l'utilisation d'audio VBR possible, mais la plupart des lecteurs
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121 attendent de l'audio CBR, donc ils échouent avec VBR. VBR n'est pas très courant
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122 et les spécs Microsoft AVI ne décrivent que l'audio CBR. La plupart des encodeurs
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123 /multiplexeurs créés de mauvais fichiers en utilisant l'audio VBR. Il n'y a que
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124 deux exceptions: NanDub et <A HREF="encoding.html">MEncoder</A>.</P>
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125
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126
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127 <H4><A NAME="asf">2.1.1.3 Fichiers ASF/WMV</A></H4>
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128
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129 <P>L'ASF (active streaming format) vient de Microsoft. Ils ont développé deux
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130 variantes de l'ASF, v1.0 et v2.0. v1.0 est utilisé par leurs outils média
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131 (Windows Media Player et Windows Media Encoder) et est très secret. v2.0 est
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parents:
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132 publié et breveté :). Bien sûr elles diffèrent, il n'y a pas de compatibilité
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parents:
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133 du tout (ce n'est juste qu'un autre nom légal). Mplayer ne supporte que la v1.0,
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134 car personne n'a vu de fichiers v2.0 :). Notez que les fichiers ASF viennent de
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135 nos jours avec l'extension .WMA ou .WMV.</P>
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136
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137
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138 <H4><A NAME="mov">2.1.1.4 Fichiers QuickTime/MOV</A></H4>
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139
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140 <P>Ces formats ont été conçus par Apple et peuvent contenir n'importe quel
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141 codec, CBR ou VBR. Ils ont généralement une extension .QT ou .MOV. Depuis
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142 que le group MPEG4 a choisi QuickTime en temps que format recommandé pour le
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143 MPEG4, leur fichiers MOV sont diffusés avec une extension .MPG ou .MP4 (Au passage
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144 les flux vidéo et audio de ces fichiers sont de véritables fichiers MPG et AAC.
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145 Vous pouvez même les extraire avec les options <CODE>-dumpvideo</CODE> et
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146 <CODE>-dumpaudio</CODE>.).</P>
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147
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148 <P><B>Note:</B> La plupart des nouveaux fichiers QuickTime utilise de la vidéo
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149 <B>Sorenson</B> video et de l'audio QDesign Music. Voir notre section codec
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150 <A HREF="codecs.html#sorenson">Sorenson</A>.</P>
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151
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152
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153
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154 <H4><A NAME="vivo">2.1.1.5 Fichiers VIVO</A></H4>
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155
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156 <P>Mplayer démuxe les fichiers VIVO avec plaisir. Le plus gros désavantage de ce
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157 format est qu'il n'a pas de bloc d'index, ni de taille de paquets fixe ou d'octet
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158 de synchro et la plupart des fichiers manquent même de trames clés, donc oubliez
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159 le déplacement!</P>
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160
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161 <P>Le codec vidéo des fichiers VIVO/1.0 est le <B>h.263</B> standard. Le codec
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162 vidéo des fichiers VIVO/2.0 est un <B>h.263v2</B> modifié et non-standard.
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163 Même chose pour l'audio, qui peut être <B>g.723</B> (standard), ou <B>Vivo Siren</B>.</P>
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164
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165 <P>Voir les sections <A HREF="codecs.html#vivo_video">Codec VIVO video</A> et
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166 <A HREF="codecs.html#vivo_audio">Codec VIVO audio</A> pour les instructions
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167 d'installation.</P>
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168
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169
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170 <H4><A NAME="fli">2.1.1.6 Fichiers FLI</A></H4>
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171
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172 <P><B>FLI</B> est un très ancien format de fichier utilisé par Autodesk Animator,
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173 mais c'est un format courant pour les animations courtes trouvées sur le net.
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174 MPlayer démuxe et décode les films FLI et est même capable de ce déplacer à
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175 l'intérieur (utile en utilisant l'option <CODE>-loop</CODE>). Les fichiers FLI
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176 n'ont pas de trame clé, donc l'image sera sale pendant un court instant après
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177 le déplacement.</P>
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178
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179
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180 <H4><A NAME="real">2.1.1.7 Fichiers RealMedia (RM)</A></H4>
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181
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182 <P>Oui, MPlayer peut lire (démuxer)les fichiers RealMedia (.rm). Le déplacement fonctionne
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183 mais vous devrez spécifier explicitement l'option <CODE>-forceidx</CODE>
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184 (le format supporte les trames cl). Voici une liste des codecs
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185 <A HREF="codecs.html#realvideo">RealVideo</A>
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186 et <A HREF="codecs.html#realaudio">RealAudio</A> supportés.</P>
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187
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188
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189 <H4><A NAME="nuppelvideo">2.1.1.8 Fichiers NuppelVideo</A></H4>
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190
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191 <P><A HREF="http://mars.tuwien.ac.at/~roman/nuppelvideo">NuppelVideo</A>
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192 est un outil de capture TV (D'après ce que j'en sais:). MPlayer peut lire ses
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193 fichiers .NUV (NuppelVideo 5.0 uniquement). Ces fichiers peuvent contenir des
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194 trames YV12 non-compressées, YV12+RTJpeg non-compressées, YV12 RTJpeg+lzo compressées,
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195 et YV12+lzo compressées. Mplayer les décode tous (et les <B>encode</B> également avec
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diego
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196 MEncoder en DivX/etc!). Le déplacement fonctionne.</P>
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197
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198
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199 <H4><A NAME="yuv4mpeg">2.1.1.9 Fichiers yuv4mpeg</A></H4>
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200
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201 <P><A HREF="http://mjpeg.sourceforge.net">yuv4mpeg / yuv4mpeg2</A> est un format
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202 de fichier utilisé par les <A HREF="http://mjpeg.sf.net">programmes mjpegtools</A>.
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203 Vous pouvez grabber, produire, filtrer ou encoder de la vidéo dans ce format
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204 en utilisant ces outils. Le format de fichier est réellement une séquence
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205 d'images YUV 4:2:0 non-compressées.</P>
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206
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207
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208 <H4><A NAME="film">2.1.1.10 Fichiers FILM</A></H4>
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209
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210 <P>Ce format est utilisé par les vieux jeux Sega Saturn CD-Rom.</P>
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211
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212
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213 <H4><A NAME="roq">2.1.1.11 Fichiers RoQ</A></H4>
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214
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215 <P>Les fichiers RoQ sont des fichiers multimédia utilisé dans certains jeux ID comme Quake III et
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216 Return to Castle Wolfenstein.</P>
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217
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218
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219 <H4><A NAME="ogg">2.1.1.12 Fichiers OGG/OGM</A></H4>
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220
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221 <P>Ceci est un nouveau format de <A HREF="http://www.xiph.org">Xiphophorus</A>.
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222 Il peut contenir n'importe quel codec vidéo ou audio, CBR ou VBR. Vous aurez besoin
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223 d'installer <CODE>libogg</CODE> et <CODE>libvorbis</CODE> avant la compilation de
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224 MPlayer pour qu'il puisse les lire.</P>
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225
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226
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227 <H4><A NAME="sdp">2.1.1.13 Fichiers SDP</A></H4>
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228
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229 <P><A HREF="ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2327.txt">SDP</A>
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230 est un format IETF standard pour décrire les flux RTP vidéo et/ou audio.
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231 (Les librairies "<A HREF="http://www.live.com/mplayer/">LIVE.COM Streaming Media</A>"
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232 sont requises.)</P>
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233
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234
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235 <H4><A NAME="pva">2.1.1.14 Fichiers PVA</A></H4>
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236
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237 <P>PVA est un format semblable à MPEG utilisé dans les logiciels des cartes TV DVB
212b54e0d10f New shiny French translation by Nicolas Le Gaillart < n@tourmentine.com >.
diego
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238 (par ex.: MultiDec, WinTV) sous Windows.</P>
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239
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240 <P>Les spécifications PVA peuvent être téléchargées à l'adresse suivante:
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241 <A HREF="http://www.technotrend.de/download/av_format_v1.pdf">http://www.technotrend.de/download/av_format_v1.pdf</A></P>
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242
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243
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244 <H4><A NAME="gif">2.1.1.15 GIF files</A></H4>
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245
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246 <P>Le format <B>GIF</B> est un format courant pour les graphismes web. Il y a deux
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247 versions des specs GIF, GIF87a et GIF89a. La principale différence est que le
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248 GIF89a autorise l'animation. MPlayer supporte les deux formats en utilisant
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249 libungif ou une autre librairie compatible libgif. Les GIFs non-animées seront
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250 affichées comme des vidéos à simple trame. (Utilisez les options <CODE>-loop</CODE>
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251 et <CODE>-fixed-vo</CODE> pour les afficher plus longtemps.)</P>
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252
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253 <P>MPlayer ne supporte actuellement pas le déplacement dans les fichiers GIF.
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254 Les fichiers GIF n'ont pas nécessairement une taille de trame fixe, ni un débit fixe.
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255 De plus, chaque trame est de taille indépendante et est sensée être positionné
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256 à une certaine place dans un champ de taille fixe. Le débit est contrôlé par un
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257 bloc optionnel avant chaque trame qui spécifie le décalage de la prochaine trame
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258 en centièmes de seconde.</P>
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259
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260 <P>Les fichiers GIF standard contiennent des trames 24-bit RGB avec au plus une palette
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261 8-bit. Ces trames sont généralement compressées en LZW, bien que certains encodeurs
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262 GIF produisent des trames non-compressées pour éviter les problèmes de licence avec
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263 la compression LZW.</P>
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264
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265 <P>Si votre distribution ne contient pas libungif, téléchargez-en une copie depuis la
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266 <A HREF="http://prtr-13.ucsc.edu/~badger/software/libungif/index.shtml">page de libungif</A>.
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267 Pour des informations techniques détaillées, regardez la
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268 <A HREF="http://www.w3.org/Graphics/GIF/spec-gif89a.txt">spécification GIF89a</A>.</P>
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269
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270
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271 <H3><A NAME="audio_formats">2.1.2 Formats audio</A></H3>
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272
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273 <P>Mplayer est un lecteur de <B>Film</B> et pas de <B>Média</B>, bien qu'il
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274 puisse lire quelques formats audio (listés dans les sections ci-dessous).
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275 Ce n'est pas un usage recommandé de MPlayer, vous feriez mieux d'utiliser
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276 <A HREF="http://www.xmms.org">xmms</A>.</P>
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277
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278
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279 <H4><A NAME="mp3">2.1.2.1 Fichiers MP3</A></H4>
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280
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281 <P>Vous pouvez avoir des problèmes pour lire certains fichiers MP3 que Mplayer
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282 prends pour des MPEGs et ne joue pas correctement voir pas du tout. Ceci ne
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283 peut être réparé sans enlever le support de certains fichiers MPEG endommagés
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284 et donc restera ainsi pour un temps indéterminé. L'option <CODE>-demuxer</CODE>
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285 décrite dans la page de man pourrait vous aider dans ces cas-là.</P>
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286
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287
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288 <H4><A NAME="wav">2.1.2.2 fichiers WAV</A></H4>
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289
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290
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291 <H4><A NAME="ogg_vorbis">2.1.2.3 Fichiers OGG/OGM (Vorbis)</A></H4>
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292
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293 <P>Requiert <CODE>libogg</CODE> et <CODE>libvorbis</CODE> correctement installés.</P>
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294
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295
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296 <H4><A NAME="wma">2.1.2.4 Fichiers WMA/ASF</A></H4>
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297
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298
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299 <H4><A NAME="mp4">2.1.2.5 Fichiers MP4</A></H4>
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300
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301
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302 <H4><A NAME="cdda">2.1.2.6 CD audio</A></H4>
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303
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304 <P>Mplayer peut utiliser <B>cdparanoia</B> (lib) pour lire des CDDA
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305 (CD Audio). Le but de cette section n'est pas d'énumérer les fonctions
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306 de cdparanoia.</P>
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307
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308 <P>Voir la page de man pour les options à passer à cdparanoia via <CODE>-cdda</CODE>.</P>
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309
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310
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311 <H4><A NAME="xmms">2.1.2.7 XMMS</A></H4>
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312
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313 <P>MPlayer peut utiliser les plugins d'entrée XMMS pour jouer de nombreux formats
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314 de fichier. Il y a des plugins pour les thèmes de jeux SNES, les thèmes SID
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315 (du Commodore 64), de nombreux formats Amiga, .xm, .it, VQF, musepack, Bonk,
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316 shorten et bien d'autres. Vous pouvez les trouver sur la
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317 <A HREF="http://www.xmms.org/plugins_input.html">page des plugins d'entrée XMMS</A>.</P>
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318
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319 <P>Pour cette fonctionnalité vous devez avoir XMMS et compiler MPlayer avec
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320 <CODE>./configure --enable-xmms</CODE>. Si cela ne fonctionne pas, vous pourriez
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321 avoir besoin de préciser le chemin des plugins et des librairies XMMS explicitement
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322 par l'intermédiaire des options <CODE>--with-xmmsplugindir</CODE> et
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323 <CODE>--withxmmslibdir</CODE>.</P>
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324
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325 </BODY>
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326 </HTML>