annotate libao2/remez.c @ 4218:3931c41f740a

Added new syncengine thanks to a new previously undocumented feature of the em8300, this might fix playback on both slow and fast machines (more testing needed). This also requires users to get the em8300 driver from cvs until the next version is released (will probably happen this weekend) Added lots of comments, should be pretty easy to understand most of the internals now Added lots of brackets to if's for's while's etc, this is not a cosmetical thing but rather due to the fact I got some very odd bugs with else's since I didn't properly use brackets (and it's the K&R standard to have brackets everywhere) Fixed some bugs that would occur when disabling libmp1e Switched to default to the new naming scheme of device nodes, the driver will slowly switch over to this state, if it can't find devices under the new name it will try the old naming scheme I stopped opening devices in non-blocking mode, it would break the new syncengine which tries to burst data to the device (alot of times meaning it will fill the fifo pretty fast which would previously result in jerkyness on fast machines) The device now sets the initial state of the pts and speed (probably not needed, but assumption is the mother of all fuckups =) Keep the control interface open during the entire duration of the libvo device, we might need this to flush video buffers on seeking (currently not implemented, therefore seeking is broken) This is beta stuff to the driver, I will get some users to test it for me and do my best to fix seeking as soon as possible...

/**************************************************************************
 * Parks-McClellan algorithm for FIR filter design (C version)
 *-------------------------------------------------
 *  Copyright (c) 1995,1998  Jake Janovetz ([e-mail])
 *
 *  This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
 *  modify it under the terms of the GNU Library General Public
 *  License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 *  version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *  This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
 *  Library General Public License for more details.
 *
 *  You should have received a copy of the GNU Library General Public
 *  License along with this library; if not, write to the Free
 *  Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
 *
 *************************************************************************/


#include "config.h"
#include "remez.h"

#include <stdio.h>
#ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_H
#include <malloc.h>
#endif
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>

/*******************
 * CreateDenseGrid
 *=================
 * Creates the dense grid of frequencies from the specified bands.
 * Also creates the Desired Frequency Response function (D[]) and
 * the Weight function (W[]) on that dense grid
 *
 *
 * INPUT:
 * ------
 * int      r        - 1/2 the number of filter coefficients
 * int      numtaps  - Number of taps in the resulting filter
 * int      numband  - Number of bands in user specification
 * double   bands[]  - User-specified band edges [2*numband]
 * double   des[]    - Desired response per band [numband]
 * double   weight[] - Weight per band [numband]
 * int      symmetry - Symmetry of filter - used for grid check
 *
 * OUTPUT:
 * -------
 * int    gridsize   - Number of elements in the dense frequency grid
 * double Grid[]     - Frequencies (0 to 0.5) on the dense grid [gridsize]
 * double D[]        - Desired response on the dense grid [gridsize]
 * double W[]        - Weight function on the dense grid [gridsize]
 *******************/

void CreateDenseGrid(int r, int numtaps, int numband, double bands[],
                     double des[], double weight[], int *gridsize,
                     double Grid[], double D[], double W[],
                     int symmetry)
{
   int i, j, k, band;
   double delf, lowf, highf;

   delf = 0.5/(GRIDDENSITY*r);

/*
 * For differentiator, hilbert,
 *   symmetry is odd and Grid[0] = max(delf, band[0])
 */

   if ((symmetry == NEGATIVE) && (delf > bands[0]))
      bands[0] = delf;

   j=0;
   for (band=0; band < numband; band++)
   {
      Grid[j] = bands[2*band];
      lowf = bands[2*band];
      highf = bands[2*band + 1];
      k = (int)((highf - lowf)/delf + 0.5);   /* .5 for rounding */
      for (i=0; i<k; i++)
      {
         D[j] = des[band];
         W[j] = weight[band];
         Grid[j] = lowf;
         lowf += delf;
         j++;
      }
      Grid[j-1] = highf;
   }

/*
 * Similar to above, if odd symmetry, last grid point can't be .5
 *  - but, if there are even taps, leave the last grid point at .5
 */
   if ((symmetry == NEGATIVE) &&
       (Grid[*gridsize-1] > (0.5 - delf)) &&
       (numtaps % 2))
   {
      Grid[*gridsize-1] = 0.5-delf;
   }
}


/********************
 * InitialGuess
 *==============
 * Places Extremal Frequencies evenly throughout the dense grid.
 *
 *
 * INPUT: 
 * ------
 * int r        - 1/2 the number of filter coefficients
 * int gridsize - Number of elements in the dense frequency grid
 *
 * OUTPUT:
 * -------
 * int Ext[]    - Extremal indexes to dense frequency grid [r+1]
 ********************/

void InitialGuess(int r, int Ext[], int gridsize)
{
   int i;

   for (i=0; i<=r; i++)
      Ext[i] = i * (gridsize-1) / r;
}


/***********************
 * CalcParms
 *===========
 *
 *
 * INPUT:
 * ------
 * int    r      - 1/2 the number of filter coefficients
 * int    Ext[]  - Extremal indexes to dense frequency grid [r+1]
 * double Grid[] - Frequencies (0 to 0.5) on the dense grid [gridsize]
 * double D[]    - Desired response on the dense grid [gridsize]
 * double W[]    - Weight function on the dense grid [gridsize]
 *
 * OUTPUT:
 * -------
 * double ad[]   - 'b' in Oppenheim & Schafer [r+1]
 * double x[]    - [r+1]
 * double y[]    - 'C' in Oppenheim & Schafer [r+1]
 ***********************/

void CalcParms(int r, int Ext[], double Grid[], double D[], double W[],
                double ad[], double x[], double y[])
{
   int i, j, k, ld;
   double sign, xi, delta, denom, numer;

/*
 * Find x[]
 */
   for (i=0; i<=r; i++)
      x[i] = cos(Pi2 * Grid[Ext[i]]);

/*
 * Calculate ad[]  - Oppenheim & Schafer eq 7.132
 */
   ld = (r-1)/15 + 1;         /* Skips around to avoid round errors */
   for (i=0; i<=r; i++)
   {
       denom = 1.0;
       xi = x[i];
       for (j=0; j<ld; j++)
       {
          for (k=j; k<=r; k+=ld)
             if (k != i)
                denom *= 2.0*(xi - x[k]);
       }
       if (fabs(denom)<0.00001)
          denom = 0.00001;
       ad[i] = 1.0/denom;
   }

/*
 * Calculate delta  - Oppenheim & Schafer eq 7.131
 */
   numer = denom = 0;
   sign = 1;
   for (i=0; i<=r; i++)
   {
      numer += ad[i] * D[Ext[i]];
      denom += sign * ad[i]/W[Ext[i]];
      sign = -sign;
   }
   delta = numer/denom;
   sign = 1;

/*
 * Calculate y[]  - Oppenheim & Schafer eq 7.133b
 */
   for (i=0; i<=r; i++)
   {
      y[i] = D[Ext[i]] - sign * delta/W[Ext[i]];
      sign = -sign;
   }
}


/*********************
 * ComputeA
 *==========
 * Using values calculated in CalcParms, ComputeA calculates the
 * actual filter response at a given frequency (freq).  Uses
 * eq 7.133a from Oppenheim & Schafer.
 *
 *
 * INPUT:
 * ------
 * double freq - Frequency (0 to 0.5) at which to calculate A
 * int    r    - 1/2 the number of filter coefficients
 * double ad[] - 'b' in Oppenheim & Schafer [r+1]
 * double x[]  - [r+1]
 * double y[]  - 'C' in Oppenheim & Schafer [r+1]
 *
 * OUTPUT:
 * -------
 * Returns double value of A[freq]
 *********************/

double ComputeA(double freq, int r, double ad[], double x[], double y[])
{
   int i;
   double xc, c, denom, numer;

   denom = numer = 0;
   xc = cos(Pi2 * freq);
   for (i=0; i<=r; i++)
   {
      c = xc - x[i];
      if (fabs(c) < 1.0e-7)
      {
         numer = y[i];
         denom = 1;
         break;
      }
      c = ad[i]/c;
      denom += c;
      numer += c*y[i];
   }
   return numer/denom;
}


/************************
 * CalcError
 *===========
 * Calculates the Error function from the desired frequency response
 * on the dense grid (D[]), the weight function on the dense grid (W[]),
 * and the present response calculation (A[])
 *
 *
 * INPUT:
 * ------
 * int    r      - 1/2 the number of filter coefficients
 * double ad[]   - [r+1]
 * double x[]    - [r+1]
 * double y[]    - [r+1]
 * int gridsize  - Number of elements in the dense frequency grid
 * double Grid[] - Frequencies on the dense grid [gridsize]
 * double D[]    - Desired response on the dense grid [gridsize]
 * double W[]    - Weight function on the desnse grid [gridsize]
 *
 * OUTPUT:
 * -------
 * double E[]    - Error function on dense grid [gridsize]
 ************************/

void CalcError(int r, double ad[], double x[], double y[],
               int gridsize, double Grid[],
               double D[], double W[], double E[])
{
   int i;
   double A;

   for (i=0; i<gridsize; i++)
   {
      A = ComputeA(Grid[i], r, ad, x, y);
      E[i] = W[i] * (D[i] - A);
   }
}

/************************
 * Search
 *========
 * Searches for the maxima/minima of the error curve.  If more than
 * r+1 extrema are found, it uses the following heuristic (thanks
 * Chris Hanson):
 * 1) Adjacent non-alternating extrema deleted first.
 * 2) If there are more than one excess extrema, delete the
 *    one with the smallest error.  This will create a non-alternation
 *    condition that is fixed by 1).
 * 3) If there is exactly one excess extremum, delete the smaller
 *    of the first/last extremum
 *
 *
 * INPUT:
 * ------
 * int    r        - 1/2 the number of filter coefficients
 * int    Ext[]    - Indexes to Grid[] of extremal frequencies [r+1]
 * int    gridsize - Number of elements in the dense frequency grid
 * double E[]      - Array of error values.  [gridsize]
 * OUTPUT:
 * -------
 * int    Ext[]    - New indexes to extremal frequencies [r+1]
 ************************/

void Search(int r, int Ext[],
            int gridsize, double E[])
{
   int i, j, k, l, extra;     /* Counters */
   int up, alt;
   int *foundExt;             /* Array of found extremals */

/*
 * Allocate enough space for found extremals.
 */
   foundExt = (int *)malloc((2*r) * sizeof(int));
   k = 0;

/*
 * Check for extremum at 0.
 */
   if (((E[0]>0.0) && (E[0]>E[1])) ||
       ((E[0]<0.0) && (E[0]<E[1])))
      foundExt[k++] = 0;

/*
 * Check for extrema inside dense grid
 */
   for (i=1; i<gridsize-1; i++)
   {
      if (((E[i]>=E[i-1]) && (E[i]>E[i+1]) && (E[i]>0.0)) ||
          ((E[i]<=E[i-1]) && (E[i]<E[i+1]) && (E[i]<0.0)))
         foundExt[k++] = i;
   }

/*
 * Check for extremum at 0.5
 */
   j = gridsize-1;
   if (((E[j]>0.0) && (E[j]>E[j-1])) ||
       ((E[j]<0.0) && (E[j]<E[j-1])))
      foundExt[k++] = j;


/*
 * Remove extra extremals
 */
   extra = k - (r+1);

   while (extra > 0)
   {
      if (E[foundExt[0]] > 0.0)
         up = 1;                /* first one is a maxima */
      else
         up = 0;                /* first one is a minima */

      l=0;
      alt = 1;
      for (j=1; j<k; j++)
      {
         if (fabs(E[foundExt[j]]) < fabs(E[foundExt[l]]))
            l = j;               /* new smallest error. */
         if ((up) && (E[foundExt[j]] < 0.0))
            up = 0;             /* switch to a minima */
         else if ((!up) && (E[foundExt[j]] > 0.0))
            up = 1;             /* switch to a maxima */
         else
	 { 
            alt = 0;
            break;              /* Ooops, found two non-alternating */
         }                      /* extrema.  Delete smallest of them */
      }  /* if the loop finishes, all extrema are alternating */

/*
 * If there's only one extremal and all are alternating,
 * delete the smallest of the first/last extremals.
 */
      if ((alt) && (extra == 1))
      {
         if (fabs(E[foundExt[k-1]]) < fabs(E[foundExt[0]]))
            l = foundExt[k-1];   /* Delete last extremal */
         else
            l = foundExt[0];     /* Delete first extremal */
      }

      for (j=l; j<k; j++)        /* Loop that does the deletion */
      {
         foundExt[j] = foundExt[j+1];
      }
      k--;
      extra--;
   }

   for (i=0; i<=r; i++)
   {
      Ext[i] = foundExt[i];       /* Copy found extremals to Ext[] */
   }

   free(foundExt);
}


/*********************
 * FreqSample
 *============
 * Simple frequency sampling algorithm to determine the impulse
 * response h[] from A's found in ComputeA
 *
 *
 * INPUT:
 * ------
 * int      N        - Number of filter coefficients
 * double   A[]      - Sample points of desired response [N/2]
 * int      symmetry - Symmetry of desired filter
 *
 * OUTPUT:
 * -------
 * double h[] - Impulse Response of final filter [N]
 *********************/
void FreqSample(int N, double A[], double h[], int symm)
{
   int n, k;
   double x, val, M;

   M = (N-1.0)/2.0;
   if (symm == POSITIVE)
   {
      if (N%2)
      {
         for (n=0; n<N; n++)
         {
            val = A[0];
            x = Pi2 * (n - M)/N;
            for (k=1; k<=M; k++)
               val += 2.0 * A[k] * cos(x*k);
            h[n] = val/N;
         }
      }
      else
      {
         for (n=0; n<N; n++)
         {
            val = A[0];
            x = Pi2 * (n - M)/N;
            for (k=1; k<=(N/2-1); k++)
               val += 2.0 * A[k] * cos(x*k);
            h[n] = val/N;
         }
      }
   }
   else
   {
      if (N%2)
      {
         for (n=0; n<N; n++)
         {
            val = 0;
            x = Pi2 * (n - M)/N;
            for (k=1; k<=M; k++)
               val += 2.0 * A[k] * sin(x*k);
            h[n] = val/N;
         }
      }
      else
      {
          for (n=0; n<N; n++)
          {
             val = A[N/2] * sin(Pi * (n - M));
             x = Pi2 * (n - M)/N;
             for (k=1; k<=(N/2-1); k++)
                val += 2.0 * A[k] * sin(x*k);
             h[n] = val/N;
          }
      }
   }
}

/*******************
 * isDone
 *========
 * Checks to see if the error function is small enough to consider
 * the result to have converged.
 *
 * INPUT:
 * ------
 * int    r     - 1/2 the number of filter coeffiecients
 * int    Ext[] - Indexes to extremal frequencies [r+1]
 * double E[]   - Error function on the dense grid [gridsize]
 *
 * OUTPUT:
 * -------
 * Returns 1 if the result converged
 * Returns 0 if the result has not converged
 ********************/

short isDone(int r, int Ext[], double E[])
{
   int i;
   double min, max, current;

   min = max = fabs(E[Ext[0]]);
   for (i=1; i<=r; i++)
   {
      current = fabs(E[Ext[i]]);
      if (current < min)
         min = current;
      if (current > max)
         max = current;
   }
   if (((max-min)/max) < 0.0001)
      return 1;
   return 0;
}

/********************
 * remez
 *=======
 * Calculates the optimal (in the Chebyshev/minimax sense)
 * FIR filter impulse response given a set of band edges,
 * the desired reponse on those bands, and the weight given to
 * the error in those bands.
 *
 * INPUT:
 * ------
 * int     numtaps     - Number of filter coefficients
 * int     numband     - Number of bands in filter specification
 * double  bands[]     - User-specified band edges [2 * numband]
 * double  des[]       - User-specified band responses [numband]
 * double  weight[]    - User-specified error weights [numband]
 * int     type        - Type of filter
 *
 * OUTPUT:
 * -------
 * double h[]      - Impulse response of final filter [numtaps]
 ********************/

void remez(double h[], int numtaps,
           int numband, double bands[], double des[], double weight[],
           int type)
{
   double *Grid, *W, *D, *E;
   int    i, iter, gridsize, r, *Ext;
   double *taps, c;
   double *x, *y, *ad;
   int    symmetry;

   if (type == BANDPASS)
      symmetry = POSITIVE;
   else
      symmetry = NEGATIVE;

   r = numtaps/2;                  /* number of extrema */
   if ((numtaps%2) && (symmetry == POSITIVE))
      r++;

/*
 * Predict dense grid size in advance for memory allocation
 *   .5 is so we round up, not truncate
 */
   gridsize = 0;
   for (i=0; i<numband; i++)
   {
      gridsize += (int)(2*r*GRIDDENSITY*(bands[2*i+1] - bands[2*i]) + .5);
   }
   if (symmetry == NEGATIVE)
   {
      gridsize--;
   }

/*
 * Dynamically allocate memory for arrays with proper sizes
 */
   Grid = (double *)malloc(gridsize * sizeof(double));
   D = (double *)malloc(gridsize * sizeof(double));
   W = (double *)malloc(gridsize * sizeof(double));
   E = (double *)malloc(gridsize * sizeof(double));
   Ext = (int *)malloc((r+1) * sizeof(int));
   taps = (double *)malloc((r+1) * sizeof(double));
   x = (double *)malloc((r+1) * sizeof(double));
   y = (double *)malloc((r+1) * sizeof(double));
   ad = (double *)malloc((r+1) * sizeof(double));

/*
 * Create dense frequency grid
 */
   CreateDenseGrid(r, numtaps, numband, bands, des, weight,
                   &gridsize, Grid, D, W, symmetry);
   InitialGuess(r, Ext, gridsize);

/*
 * For Differentiator: (fix grid)
 */
   if (type == DIFFERENTIATOR)
   {
      for (i=0; i<gridsize; i++)
      {
/* D[i] = D[i]*Grid[i]; */
         if (D[i] > 0.0001)
            W[i] = W[i]/Grid[i];
      }
   }

/*
 * For odd or Negative symmetry filters, alter the
 * D[] and W[] according to Parks McClellan
 */
   if (symmetry == POSITIVE)
   {
      if (numtaps % 2 == 0)
      {
         for (i=0; i<gridsize; i++)
         {
            c = cos(Pi * Grid[i]);
            D[i] /= c;
            W[i] *= c; 
         }
      }
   }
   else
   {
      if (numtaps % 2)
      {
         for (i=0; i<gridsize; i++)
         {
            c = sin(Pi2 * Grid[i]);
            D[i] /= c;
            W[i] *= c;
         }
      }
      else
      {
         for (i=0; i<gridsize; i++)
         {
            c = sin(Pi * Grid[i]);
            D[i] /= c;
            W[i] *= c;
         }
      }
   }

/*
 * Perform the Remez Exchange algorithm
 */
   for (iter=0; iter<MAXITERATIONS; iter++)
   {
      CalcParms(r, Ext, Grid, D, W, ad, x, y);
      CalcError(r, ad, x, y, gridsize, Grid, D, W, E);
      Search(r, Ext, gridsize, E);
      if (isDone(r, Ext, E))
         break;
   }
   if (iter == MAXITERATIONS)
   {
      printf("Reached maximum iteration count.\nResults may be bad.\n");
   }

   CalcParms(r, Ext, Grid, D, W, ad, x, y);

/*
 * Find the 'taps' of the filter for use with Frequency
 * Sampling.  If odd or Negative symmetry, fix the taps
 * according to Parks McClellan
 */
   for (i=0; i<=numtaps/2; i++)
   {
      if (symmetry == POSITIVE)
      {
         if (numtaps%2)
            c = 1;
         else
            c = cos(Pi * (double)i/numtaps);
      }
      else
      {
         if (numtaps%2)
            c = sin(Pi2 * (double)i/numtaps);
         else
            c = sin(Pi * (double)i/numtaps);
      }
      taps[i] = ComputeA((double)i/numtaps, r, ad, x, y)*c;
   }

/*
 * Frequency sampling design with calculated taps
 */
   FreqSample(numtaps, taps, h, symmetry);

/*
 * Delete allocated memory
 */
   free(Grid);
   free(W);
   free(D);
   free(E);
   free(Ext);
   free(x);
   free(y);
   free(ad);
}