annotate libmpdvdkit2/css.c @ 14742:76d461a061df

Unified colorkey code for vo xv and vo xvmc. Made the code also more flexible. Colorkey drawing is now by default done as proposed by Marko Macek. Patch also approved by iive.

/*****************************************************************************
 * css.c: Functions for DVD authentication and descrambling
 *****************************************************************************
 * Copyright (C) 1999-2001 VideoLAN
 * $Id$
 *
 * Author: Stéphane Borel <[e-mail]>
 *         Håkan Hjort <[e-mail]>
 *
 * based on:
 *  - css-auth by Derek Fawcus <[e-mail]>
 *  - DVD CSS ioctls example program by Andrew T. Veliath <[e-mail]>
 *  - The Divide and conquer attack by Frank A. Stevenson <[e-mail]>
 *  - DeCSSPlus by Ethan Hawke
 *  - DecVOB
 *  see http://www.lemuria.org/DeCSS/ by Tom Vogt for more information.
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111, USA.
 *****************************************************************************/

/*****************************************************************************
 * Preamble
 *****************************************************************************/
#include "config.h"

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <limits.h>

#include "dvdcss.h"

#include "common.h"
#include "css.h"
#include "libdvdcss.h"
#include "csstables.h"
#include "ioctl.h"
#include "device.h"

/*****************************************************************************
 * Local prototypes
 *****************************************************************************/
static int  GetBusKey       ( dvdcss_t );
static int  GetASF          ( dvdcss_t );

static void CryptKey        ( int, int, uint8_t const *, uint8_t * );
static void DecryptKey      ( uint8_t,
                              uint8_t const *, uint8_t const *, uint8_t * );

static int  DecryptDiscKey  ( uint8_t const *, dvd_key_t );
static int  CrackDiscKey    ( dvdcss_t, uint8_t * );

static void DecryptTitleKey ( dvd_key_t, dvd_key_t );
static int  RecoverTitleKey ( int, uint8_t const *,
                              uint8_t const *, uint8_t const *, uint8_t * );
static int  CrackTitleKey   ( dvdcss_t, int, int, dvd_key_t );

static int  AttackPattern   ( uint8_t const[], int, uint8_t * );
#if 0
static int  AttackPadding   ( uint8_t const[], int, uint8_t * );
#endif

/*****************************************************************************
 * _dvdcss_test: check if the disc is encrypted or not
 *****************************************************************************/
int _dvdcss_test( dvdcss_t dvdcss )
{
    int i_ret, i_copyright;

    i_ret = ioctl_ReadCopyright( dvdcss->i_fd, 0 /* i_layer */, &i_copyright );

#ifdef WIN32
    if( i_ret < 0 )
    {
        /* Maybe we didn't have enough priviledges to read the copyright
         * (see ioctl_ReadCopyright comments).
         * Apparently, on unencrypted DVDs _dvdcss_disckey() always fails, so
         * we can check this as a work-around. */
        i_ret = 0;
        if( _dvdcss_disckey( dvdcss ) < 0 )
            i_copyright = 0;
        else
            i_copyright = 1;
    }
#endif

    if( i_ret < 0 )
    {
        /* Since it's the first ioctl we try to issue, we add a notice */
        _dvdcss_error( dvdcss, "css error: ioctl_ReadCopyright failed, "
                       "make sure there is a DVD in the drive, and that "
                       "you have used the correct device node." );

        return i_ret;
    }

    return i_copyright;
}

/*****************************************************************************
 * GetBusKey : Go through the CSS Authentication process
 *****************************************************************************
 * It simulates the mutual authentication between logical unit and host,
 * and stops when a session key (called bus key) has been established.
 * Always do the full auth sequence. Some drives seem to lie and always
 * respond with ASF=1.  For instance the old DVD roms on Compaq Armada says
 * that ASF=1 from the start and then later fail with a 'read of scrambled
 * block without authentication' error.
 *****************************************************************************/
static int GetBusKey( dvdcss_t dvdcss )
{
    uint8_t   p_buffer[10];
    uint8_t   p_challenge[2*KEY_SIZE];
    dvd_key_t p_key1;
    dvd_key_t p_key2;
    dvd_key_t p_key_check;
    uint8_t   i_variant = 0;
    char      psz_warning[80];
    int       i_ret = -1;
    int       i;

    _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "requesting AGID" );
    i_ret = ioctl_ReportAgid( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid );

    /* We might have to reset hung authentication processes in the drive
       by invalidating the corresponding AGID'.  As long as we haven't got
       an AGID, invalidate one (in sequence) and try again. */
    for( i = 0; i_ret == -1 && i < 4 ; ++i )
    {
        sprintf( psz_warning,
                 "ioctl ReportAgid failed, invalidating AGID %d", i );
        _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, psz_warning );

        /* This is really _not good_, should be handled by the OS.
           Invalidating an AGID could make another process fail some
           where in it's authentication process. */
        dvdcss->css.i_agid = i;
        ioctl_InvalidateAgid( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid );

        _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "requesting AGID" );
        i_ret = ioctl_ReportAgid( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid );
    }

    /* Unable to authenticate without AGID */
    if( i_ret == -1 )
    {
        _dvdcss_error( dvdcss, "ioctl ReportAgid failed, fatal" );
        return -1;
    }

    /* Setup a challenge, any values should work */
    for( i = 0 ; i < 10; ++i )
    {
        p_challenge[i] = i;
    }

    /* Get challenge from host */
    for( i = 0 ; i < 10 ; ++i )
    {
        p_buffer[9-i] = p_challenge[i];
    }

    /* Send challenge to LU */
    if( ioctl_SendChallenge( dvdcss->i_fd,
                             &dvdcss->css.i_agid, p_buffer ) < 0 )
    {
        _dvdcss_error( dvdcss, "ioctl SendChallenge failed" );
        ioctl_InvalidateAgid( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid );
        return -1;
    }

    /* Get key1 from LU */
    if( ioctl_ReportKey1( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid, p_buffer ) < 0)
    {
        _dvdcss_error( dvdcss, "ioctl ReportKey1 failed" );
        ioctl_InvalidateAgid( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid );
        return -1;
    }

    /* Send key1 to host */
    for( i = 0 ; i < KEY_SIZE ; i++ )
    {
        p_key1[i] = p_buffer[4-i];
    }

    for( i = 0 ; i < 32 ; ++i )
    {
        CryptKey( 0, i, p_challenge, p_key_check );

        if( memcmp( p_key_check, p_key1, KEY_SIZE ) == 0 )
        {
            snprintf( psz_warning, sizeof(psz_warning),
                      "drive authenticated, using variant %d", i );
            _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, psz_warning );
            i_variant = i;
            break;
        }
    }

    if( i == 32 )
    {
        _dvdcss_error( dvdcss, "drive would not authenticate" );
        ioctl_InvalidateAgid( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid );
        return -1;
    }

    /* Get challenge from LU */
    if( ioctl_ReportChallenge( dvdcss->i_fd,
                               &dvdcss->css.i_agid, p_buffer ) < 0 )
    {
        _dvdcss_error( dvdcss, "ioctl ReportKeyChallenge failed" );
        ioctl_InvalidateAgid( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid );
        return -1;
    }

    /* Send challenge to host */
    for( i = 0 ; i < 10 ; ++i )
    {
        p_challenge[i] = p_buffer[9-i];
    }

    CryptKey( 1, i_variant, p_challenge, p_key2 );

    /* Get key2 from host */
    for( i = 0 ; i < KEY_SIZE ; ++i )
    {
        p_buffer[4-i] = p_key2[i];
    }

    /* Send key2 to LU */
    if( ioctl_SendKey2( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid, p_buffer ) < 0 )
    {
        _dvdcss_error( dvdcss, "ioctl SendKey2 failed" );
        ioctl_InvalidateAgid( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid );
        return -1;
    }

    /* The drive has accepted us as authentic. */
    _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "authentication established" );

    memcpy( p_challenge, p_key1, KEY_SIZE );
    memcpy( p_challenge + KEY_SIZE, p_key2, KEY_SIZE );

    CryptKey( 2, i_variant, p_challenge, dvdcss->css.p_bus_key );

    return 0;
}

/*****************************************************************************
 * PrintKey : debug function that dumps a key value
 *****************************************************************************/
static void PrintKey( dvdcss_t dvdcss, char *prefix, uint8_t const *data )
{
    char psz_output[80];

    sprintf( psz_output, "%s%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x", prefix,
             data[0], data[1], data[2], data[3], data[4] );
    _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, psz_output );
}

/*****************************************************************************
 * _dvdcss_title: crack or decrypt the current title key if needed
 *****************************************************************************
 * This function should only be called by dvdcss->pf_seek and should eventually
 * not be external if possible.
 *****************************************************************************/
int _dvdcss_title ( dvdcss_t dvdcss, int i_block )
{
    dvd_title_t *p_title;
    dvd_title_t *p_newtitle;
    dvd_key_t    p_title_key;
    int          i_fd, i_ret = -1, b_cache = 0;

    if( ! dvdcss->b_scrambled )
    {
        return 0;
    }

    /* Check if we've already cracked this key */
    p_title = dvdcss->p_titles;
    while( p_title != NULL
            && p_title->p_next != NULL
            && p_title->p_next->i_startlb <= i_block )
    {
        p_title = p_title->p_next;
    }

    if( p_title != NULL
         && p_title->i_startlb == i_block )
    {
        /* We've already cracked this key, nothing to do */
        memcpy( dvdcss->css.p_title_key, p_title->p_key, sizeof(dvd_key_t) );
        return 0;
    }

    /* Check whether the key is in our disk cache */
    if( dvdcss->psz_cachefile[0] )
    {
        /* XXX: be careful, we use sprintf and not snprintf */
        sprintf( dvdcss->psz_block, "%.10x", i_block );
        i_fd = open( dvdcss->psz_cachefile, O_RDONLY );
        b_cache = 1;

        if( i_fd >= 0 )
        {
            if( read( i_fd, p_title_key, 5 ) == 5 )
            {
                _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "key found in cache" );
                /* Don't try to save it again */
                b_cache = 0;
                i_ret = 1;
            }
            close( i_fd );
        }
    }

    /* Crack or decrypt CSS title key for current VTS */
    if( i_ret < 0 )
    {
        i_ret = _dvdcss_titlekey( dvdcss, i_block, p_title_key );

        if( i_ret < 0 )
        {
            _dvdcss_error( dvdcss, "fatal error in vts css key" );
            return i_ret;
        }

        if( i_ret == 0 )
        {
            _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "unencrypted title" );
            /* We cache this anyway, so we don't need to check again. */
        }
    }

    /* Key is valid, we store it on disk. */
    if( b_cache )
    {
        i_fd = open( dvdcss->psz_cachefile, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_EXCL, 0644 );
        if( i_fd >= 0 )
        {
            write( i_fd, p_title_key, 5 );
            close( i_fd );
        }
    }

    /* Find our spot in the list */
    p_newtitle = NULL;
    p_title = dvdcss->p_titles;
    while( ( p_title != NULL ) && ( p_title->i_startlb < i_block ) )
    {
        p_newtitle = p_title;
        p_title = p_title->p_next;
    }

    /* Save the found title */
    p_title = p_newtitle;

    /* Write in the new title and its key */
    p_newtitle = malloc( sizeof( dvd_title_t ) );
    p_newtitle->i_startlb = i_block;
    memcpy( p_newtitle->p_key, p_title_key, KEY_SIZE );

    /* Link it at the head of the (possibly empty) list */
    if( p_title == NULL )
    {
        p_newtitle->p_next = dvdcss->p_titles;
        dvdcss->p_titles = p_newtitle;
    }
    /* Link the new title inside the list */
    else
    {
        p_newtitle->p_next = p_title->p_next;
        p_title->p_next = p_newtitle;
    }

    memcpy( dvdcss->css.p_title_key, p_title_key, KEY_SIZE );
    return 0;
}

/*****************************************************************************
 * _dvdcss_disckey: get disc key.
 *****************************************************************************
 * This function should only be called if DVD ioctls are present.
 * It will set dvdcss->i_method = DVDCSS_METHOD_TITLE if it fails to find
 * a valid disc key.
 * Two decryption methods are offered:
 *  -disc key hash crack,
 *  -decryption with player keys if they are available.
 *****************************************************************************/
int _dvdcss_disckey( dvdcss_t dvdcss )
{
    unsigned char p_buffer[ DVD_DISCKEY_SIZE ];
    dvd_key_t p_disc_key;
    int i;

    if( GetBusKey( dvdcss ) < 0 )
    {
        return -1;
    }

    /* Get encrypted disc key */
    if( ioctl_ReadDiscKey( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid, p_buffer ) < 0 )
    {
        _dvdcss_error( dvdcss, "ioctl ReadDiscKey failed" );
        return -1;
    }

    /* This should have invaidated the AGID and got us ASF=1. */
    if( GetASF( dvdcss ) != 1 )
    {
        /* Region mismatch (or region not set) is the most likely source. */
        _dvdcss_error( dvdcss,
                       "ASF not 1 after reading disc key (region mismatch?)" );
        ioctl_InvalidateAgid( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid );
        return -1;
    }

    /* Decrypt disc key using bus key */
    for( i = 0 ; i < DVD_DISCKEY_SIZE ; i++ )
    {
        p_buffer[ i ] ^= dvdcss->css.p_bus_key[ 4 - (i % KEY_SIZE) ];
    }

    switch( dvdcss->i_method )
    {
        case DVDCSS_METHOD_KEY:

            /* Decrypt disc key with player key. */
            _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "decrypting disc key with player keys" );
            if( ! DecryptDiscKey( p_buffer, p_disc_key ) )
            {
                PrintKey( dvdcss, "decrypted disc key is ", p_disc_key );
                break;
            }
            _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "failed to decrypt the disc key, "
                                   "faulty drive/kernel? "
                                   "cracking title keys instead" );

            /* Fallback, but not to DISC as the disc key might be faulty */
            dvdcss->i_method = DVDCSS_METHOD_TITLE;
            break;

        case DVDCSS_METHOD_DISC:

            /* Crack Disc key to be able to use it */
            _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "cracking disc key from key hash ..."
                                   " this will take some time" );
            memcpy( p_disc_key, p_buffer, KEY_SIZE );
            if( ! CrackDiscKey( dvdcss, p_disc_key ) )
            {
                PrintKey( dvdcss, "cracked disc key is ", p_disc_key );
                break;
            }
            _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "failed to crack the disc key" );
            memset( p_disc_key, 0, KEY_SIZE );
            dvdcss->i_method = DVDCSS_METHOD_TITLE;
            break;

        default:

            _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "disc key needs not be decrypted" );
            memset( p_disc_key, 0, KEY_SIZE );
            break;
    }

    memcpy( dvdcss->css.p_disc_key, p_disc_key, KEY_SIZE );

    return 0;
}


/*****************************************************************************
 * _dvdcss_titlekey: get title key.
 *****************************************************************************/
int _dvdcss_titlekey( dvdcss_t dvdcss, int i_pos, dvd_key_t p_title_key )
{
    static uint8_t p_garbage[ DVDCSS_BLOCK_SIZE ];  /* we never read it back */
    uint8_t p_key[ KEY_SIZE ];
    int i, i_ret = 0;

    if( dvdcss->b_ioctls && ( dvdcss->i_method == DVDCSS_METHOD_KEY ||
                              dvdcss->i_method == DVDCSS_METHOD_DISC ) )
    {
        /* We have a decrypted Disc key and the ioctls are available,
         * read the title key and decrypt it.
         */

        _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "getting title key the classic way" );

        /* We need to authenticate again every time to get a new session key */
        if( GetBusKey( dvdcss ) < 0 )
        {
            return -1;
        }

        /* Get encrypted title key */
        if( ioctl_ReadTitleKey( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid,
                                i_pos, p_key ) < 0 )
        {
            _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss,
                           "ioctl ReadTitleKey failed (region mismatch?)" );
            i_ret = -1;
        }

        /* Test ASF, it will be reset to 0 if we got a Region error */
        switch( GetASF( dvdcss ) )
        {
            case -1:
                /* An error getting the ASF status, something must be wrong. */
                _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "lost ASF requesting title key" );
                ioctl_InvalidateAgid( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid );
                i_ret = -1;
                break;

            case 0:
                /* This might either be a title that has no key,
                 * or we encountered a region error. */
                _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "lost ASF requesting title key" );
                break;

            case 1:
                /* Drive status is ok. */
                /* If the title key request failed, but we did not loose ASF,
                 * we might stil have the AGID.  Other code assume that we
                 * will not after this so invalidate it(?). */
                if( i_ret < 0 )
                {
                    ioctl_InvalidateAgid( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid );
                }
                break;
        }

        if( !( i_ret < 0 ) )
        {
            /* Decrypt title key using the bus key */
            for( i = 0 ; i < KEY_SIZE ; i++ )
            {
                p_key[ i ] ^= dvdcss->css.p_bus_key[ 4 - (i % KEY_SIZE) ];
            }

            /* If p_key is all zero then there really wasn't any key present
             * even though we got to read it without an error. */
            if( !( p_key[0] | p_key[1] | p_key[2] | p_key[3] | p_key[4] ) )
            {
                i_ret = 0;
            }
            else
            {
                DecryptTitleKey( dvdcss->css.p_disc_key, p_key );
                i_ret = 1;
            }

            /* All went well either there wasn't a key or we have it now. */
            memcpy( p_title_key, p_key, KEY_SIZE );
            PrintKey( dvdcss, "title key is ", p_title_key );

            return i_ret;
        }

        /* The title key request failed */
        _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "resetting drive and cracking title key" );

        /* Read an unscrambled sector and reset the drive */
        dvdcss->pf_seek( dvdcss, 0 );
        dvdcss->pf_read( dvdcss, p_garbage, 1 );
        dvdcss->pf_seek( dvdcss, 0 );
        _dvdcss_disckey( dvdcss );

        /* Fallback */
    }

    /* METHOD is TITLE, we can't use the ioctls or requesting the title key
     * failed above.  For these cases we try to crack the key instead. */

    /* For now, the read limit is 9Gb / 2048 =  4718592 sectors. */
    i_ret = CrackTitleKey( dvdcss, i_pos, 4718592, p_key );

    memcpy( p_title_key, p_key, KEY_SIZE );
    PrintKey( dvdcss, "title key is ", p_title_key );

    return i_ret;
}

/*****************************************************************************
 * _dvdcss_unscramble: does the actual descrambling of data
 *****************************************************************************
 * sec : sector to unscramble
 * key : title key for this sector
 *****************************************************************************/
int _dvdcss_unscramble( dvd_key_t p_key, uint8_t *p_sec )
{
    unsigned int    i_t1, i_t2, i_t3, i_t4, i_t5, i_t6;
    uint8_t        *p_end = p_sec + DVDCSS_BLOCK_SIZE;

    /* PES_scrambling_control */
    if( p_sec[0x14] & 0x30)
    {
        i_t1 = (p_key[0] ^ p_sec[0x54]) | 0x100;
        i_t2 = p_key[1] ^ p_sec[0x55];
        i_t3 = (p_key[2] | (p_key[3] << 8) |
               (p_key[4] << 16)) ^ (p_sec[0x56] |
               (p_sec[0x57] << 8) | (p_sec[0x58] << 16));
        i_t4 = i_t3 & 7;
        i_t3 = i_t3 * 2 + 8 - i_t4;
        p_sec += 0x80;
        i_t5 = 0;

        while( p_sec != p_end )
        {
            i_t4 = p_css_tab2[i_t2] ^ p_css_tab3[i_t1];
            i_t2 = i_t1>>1;
            i_t1 = ( ( i_t1 & 1 ) << 8 ) ^ i_t4;
            i_t4 = p_css_tab5[i_t4];
            i_t6 = ((((((( i_t3 >> 3 ) ^ i_t3 ) >> 1 ) ^
                                         i_t3 ) >> 8 ) ^ i_t3 ) >> 5 ) & 0xff;
            i_t3 = (i_t3 << 8 ) | i_t6;
            i_t6 = p_css_tab4[i_t6];
            i_t5 += i_t6 + i_t4;
            *p_sec = p_css_tab1[*p_sec] ^ ( i_t5 & 0xff );
            p_sec++;
            i_t5 >>= 8;
        }
    }

    return 0;
}

/* Following functions are local */

/*****************************************************************************
 * GetASF : Get Authentication success flag
 *****************************************************************************
 * Returns :
 *  -1 on ioctl error,
 *  0 if the device needs to be authenticated,
 *  1 either.
 *****************************************************************************/
static int GetASF( dvdcss_t dvdcss )
{
    int i_asf = 0;

    if( ioctl_ReportASF( dvdcss->i_fd, NULL, &i_asf ) != 0 )
    {
        /* The ioctl process has failed */
        _dvdcss_error( dvdcss, "GetASF fatal error" );
        return -1;
    }

    if( i_asf )
    {
        _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "GetASF authenticated, ASF=1" );
    }
    else
    {
        _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "GetASF not authenticated, ASF=0" );
    }

    return i_asf;
}

/*****************************************************************************
 * CryptKey : shuffles bits and unencrypt keys.
 *****************************************************************************
 * Used during authentication and disc key negociation in GetBusKey.
 * i_key_type : 0->key1, 1->key2, 2->buskey.
 * i_variant : between 0 and 31.
 *****************************************************************************/
static void CryptKey( int i_key_type, int i_variant,
                      uint8_t const *p_challenge, uint8_t *p_key )
{
    /* Permutation table for challenge */
    uint8_t pp_perm_challenge[3][10] =
            { { 1, 3, 0, 7, 5, 2, 9, 6, 4, 8 },
              { 6, 1, 9, 3, 8, 5, 7, 4, 0, 2 },
              { 4, 0, 3, 5, 7, 2, 8, 6, 1, 9 } };

    /* Permutation table for variant table for key2 and buskey */
    uint8_t pp_perm_variant[2][32] =
            { { 0x0a, 0x08, 0x0e, 0x0c, 0x0b, 0x09, 0x0f, 0x0d,
                0x1a, 0x18, 0x1e, 0x1c, 0x1b, 0x19, 0x1f, 0x1d,
                0x02, 0x00, 0x06, 0x04, 0x03, 0x01, 0x07, 0x05,
                0x12, 0x10, 0x16, 0x14, 0x13, 0x11, 0x17, 0x15 },
              { 0x12, 0x1a, 0x16, 0x1e, 0x02, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x0e,
                0x10, 0x18, 0x14, 0x1c, 0x00, 0x08, 0x04, 0x0c,
                0x13, 0x1b, 0x17, 0x1f, 0x03, 0x0b, 0x07, 0x0f,
                0x11, 0x19, 0x15, 0x1d, 0x01, 0x09, 0x05, 0x0d } };

    uint8_t p_variants[32] =
            {   0xB7, 0x74, 0x85, 0xD0, 0xCC, 0xDB, 0xCA, 0x73,
                0x03, 0xFE, 0x31, 0x03, 0x52, 0xE0, 0xB7, 0x42,
                0x63, 0x16, 0xF2, 0x2A, 0x79, 0x52, 0xFF, 0x1B,
                0x7A, 0x11, 0xCA, 0x1A, 0x9B, 0x40, 0xAD, 0x01 };

    /* The "secret" key */
    uint8_t p_secret[5] = { 0x55, 0xD6, 0xC4, 0xC5, 0x28 };

    uint8_t p_bits[30], p_scratch[10], p_tmp1[5], p_tmp2[5];
    uint8_t i_lfsr0_o;  /* 1 bit used */
    uint8_t i_lfsr1_o;  /* 1 bit used */
    uint8_t i_css_variant, i_cse, i_index, i_combined, i_carry;
    uint8_t i_val = 0;
    uint32_t i_lfsr0, i_lfsr1;
    int i_term = 0;
    int i_bit;
    int i;

    for (i = 9; i >= 0; --i)
        p_scratch[i] = p_challenge[pp_perm_challenge[i_key_type][i]];

    i_css_variant = ( i_key_type == 0 ) ? i_variant :
                    pp_perm_variant[i_key_type-1][i_variant];

    /*
     * This encryption engine implements one of 32 variations
     * one the same theme depending upon the choice in the
     * variant parameter (0 - 31).
     *
     * The algorithm itself manipulates a 40 bit input into
     * a 40 bit output.
     * The parameter 'input' is 80 bits.  It consists of
     * the 40 bit input value that is to be encrypted followed
     * by a 40 bit seed value for the pseudo random number
     * generators.
     */

    /* Feed the secret into the input values such that
     * we alter the seed to the LFSR's used above,  then
     * generate the bits to play with.
     */
    for( i = 5 ; --i >= 0 ; )
    {
        p_tmp1[i] = p_scratch[5 + i] ^ p_secret[i] ^ p_crypt_tab2[i];
    }

    /*
     * We use two LFSR's (seeded from some of the input data bytes) to
     * generate two streams of pseudo-random bits.  These two bit streams
     * are then combined by simply adding with carry to generate a final
     * sequence of pseudo-random bits which is stored in the buffer that
     * 'output' points to the end of - len is the size of this buffer.
     *
     * The first LFSR is of degree 25,  and has a polynomial of:
     * x^13 + x^5 + x^4 + x^1 + 1
     *
     * The second LSFR is of degree 17,  and has a (primitive) polynomial of:
     * x^15 + x^1 + 1
     *
     * I don't know if these polynomials are primitive modulo 2,  and thus
     * represent maximal-period LFSR's.
     *
     *
     * Note that we take the output of each LFSR from the new shifted in
     * bit,  not the old shifted out bit.  Thus for ease of use the LFSR's
     * are implemented in bit reversed order.
     *
     */

    /* In order to ensure that the LFSR works we need to ensure that the
     * initial values are non-zero.  Thus when we initialise them from
     * the seed,  we ensure that a bit is set.
     */
    i_lfsr0 = ( p_tmp1[0] << 17 ) | ( p_tmp1[1] << 9 ) |
              (( p_tmp1[2] & ~7 ) << 1 ) | 8 | ( p_tmp1[2] & 7 );
    i_lfsr1 = ( p_tmp1[3] << 9 ) | 0x100 | p_tmp1[4];

    i_index = sizeof(p_bits);
    i_carry = 0;

    do
    {
        for( i_bit = 0, i_val = 0 ; i_bit < 8 ; ++i_bit )
        {

            i_lfsr0_o = ( ( i_lfsr0 >> 24 ) ^ ( i_lfsr0 >> 21 ) ^
                        ( i_lfsr0 >> 20 ) ^ ( i_lfsr0 >> 12 ) ) & 1;
            i_lfsr0 = ( i_lfsr0 << 1 ) | i_lfsr0_o;

            i_lfsr1_o = ( ( i_lfsr1 >> 16 ) ^ ( i_lfsr1 >> 2 ) ) & 1;
            i_lfsr1 = ( i_lfsr1 << 1 ) | i_lfsr1_o;

            i_combined = !i_lfsr1_o + i_carry + !i_lfsr0_o;
            /* taking bit 1 */
            i_carry = ( i_combined >> 1 ) & 1;
            i_val |= ( i_combined & 1 ) << i_bit;
        }

        p_bits[--i_index] = i_val;
    } while( i_index > 0 );

    /* This term is used throughout the following to
     * select one of 32 different variations on the
     * algorithm.
     */
    i_cse = p_variants[i_css_variant] ^ p_crypt_tab2[i_css_variant];

    /* Now the actual blocks doing the encryption.  Each
     * of these works on 40 bits at a time and are quite
     * similar.
     */
    i_index = 0;
    for( i = 5, i_term = 0 ; --i >= 0 ; i_term = p_scratch[i] )
    {
        i_index = p_bits[25 + i] ^ p_scratch[i];
        i_index = p_crypt_tab1[i_index] ^ ~p_crypt_tab2[i_index] ^ i_cse;

        p_tmp1[i] = p_crypt_tab2[i_index] ^ p_crypt_tab3[i_index] ^ i_term;
    }
    p_tmp1[4] ^= p_tmp1[0];

    for( i = 5, i_term = 0 ; --i >= 0 ; i_term = p_tmp1[i] )
    {
        i_index = p_bits[20 + i] ^ p_tmp1[i];
        i_index = p_crypt_tab1[i_index] ^ ~p_crypt_tab2[i_index] ^ i_cse;

        p_tmp2[i] = p_crypt_tab2[i_index] ^ p_crypt_tab3[i_index] ^ i_term;
    }
    p_tmp2[4] ^= p_tmp2[0];

    for( i = 5, i_term = 0 ; --i >= 0 ; i_term = p_tmp2[i] )
    {
        i_index = p_bits[15 + i] ^ p_tmp2[i];
        i_index = p_crypt_tab1[i_index] ^ ~p_crypt_tab2[i_index] ^ i_cse;
        i_index = p_crypt_tab2[i_index] ^ p_crypt_tab3[i_index] ^ i_term;

        p_tmp1[i] = p_crypt_tab0[i_index] ^ p_crypt_tab2[i_index];
    }
    p_tmp1[4] ^= p_tmp1[0];

    for( i = 5, i_term = 0 ; --i >= 0 ; i_term = p_tmp1[i] )
    {
        i_index = p_bits[10 + i] ^ p_tmp1[i];
        i_index = p_crypt_tab1[i_index] ^ ~p_crypt_tab2[i_index] ^ i_cse;

        i_index = p_crypt_tab2[i_index] ^ p_crypt_tab3[i_index] ^ i_term;

        p_tmp2[i] = p_crypt_tab0[i_index] ^ p_crypt_tab2[i_index];
    }
    p_tmp2[4] ^= p_tmp2[0];

    for( i = 5, i_term = 0 ; --i >= 0 ; i_term = p_tmp2[i] )
    {
        i_index = p_bits[5 + i] ^ p_tmp2[i];
        i_index = p_crypt_tab1[i_index] ^ ~p_crypt_tab2[i_index] ^ i_cse;

        p_tmp1[i] = p_crypt_tab2[i_index] ^ p_crypt_tab3[i_index] ^ i_term;
    }
    p_tmp1[4] ^= p_tmp1[0];

    for(i = 5, i_term = 0 ; --i >= 0 ; i_term = p_tmp1[i] )
    {
        i_index = p_bits[i] ^ p_tmp1[i];
        i_index = p_crypt_tab1[i_index] ^ ~p_crypt_tab2[i_index] ^ i_cse;

        p_key[i] = p_crypt_tab2[i_index] ^ p_crypt_tab3[i_index] ^ i_term;
    }

    return;
}

/*****************************************************************************
 * DecryptKey: decrypt p_crypted with p_key.
 *****************************************************************************
 * Used to decrypt the disc key, with a player key, after requesting it
 * in _dvdcss_disckey and to decrypt title keys, with a disc key, requested
 * in _dvdcss_titlekey.
 * The player keys and the resulting disc key are only used as KEKs
 * (key encryption keys).
 * Decryption is slightly dependant on the type of key:
 *  -for disc key, invert is 0x00,
 *  -for title key, invert if 0xff.
 *****************************************************************************/
static void DecryptKey( uint8_t invert, uint8_t const *p_key,
                        uint8_t const *p_crypted, uint8_t *p_result )
{
    unsigned int    i_lfsr1_lo;
    unsigned int    i_lfsr1_hi;
    unsigned int    i_lfsr0;
    unsigned int    i_combined;
    uint8_t         o_lfsr0;
    uint8_t         o_lfsr1;
    uint8_t         k[5];
    int             i;

    i_lfsr1_lo = p_key[0] | 0x100;
    i_lfsr1_hi = p_key[1];

    i_lfsr0    = ( ( p_key[4] << 17 )
                 | ( p_key[3] << 9 )
                 | ( p_key[2] << 1 ) )
                 + 8 - ( p_key[2] & 7 );
    i_lfsr0    = ( p_css_tab4[i_lfsr0 & 0xff] << 24 ) |
                 ( p_css_tab4[( i_lfsr0 >> 8 ) & 0xff] << 16 ) |
                 ( p_css_tab4[( i_lfsr0 >> 16 ) & 0xff] << 8 ) |
                   p_css_tab4[( i_lfsr0 >> 24 ) & 0xff];

    i_combined = 0;
    for( i = 0 ; i < KEY_SIZE ; ++i )
    {
        o_lfsr1     = p_css_tab2[i_lfsr1_hi] ^ p_css_tab3[i_lfsr1_lo];
        i_lfsr1_hi  = i_lfsr1_lo >> 1;
        i_lfsr1_lo  = ( ( i_lfsr1_lo & 1 ) << 8 ) ^ o_lfsr1;
        o_lfsr1     = p_css_tab4[o_lfsr1];

        o_lfsr0 = ((((((( i_lfsr0 >> 8 ) ^ i_lfsr0 ) >> 1 )
                        ^ i_lfsr0 ) >> 3 ) ^ i_lfsr0 ) >> 7 );
        i_lfsr0 = ( i_lfsr0 >> 8 ) | ( o_lfsr0 << 24 );

        i_combined += ( o_lfsr0 ^ invert ) + o_lfsr1;
        k[i] = i_combined & 0xff;
        i_combined >>= 8;
    }

    p_result[4] = k[4] ^ p_css_tab1[p_crypted[4]] ^ p_crypted[3];
    p_result[3] = k[3] ^ p_css_tab1[p_crypted[3]] ^ p_crypted[2];
    p_result[2] = k[2] ^ p_css_tab1[p_crypted[2]] ^ p_crypted[1];
    p_result[1] = k[1] ^ p_css_tab1[p_crypted[1]] ^ p_crypted[0];
    p_result[0] = k[0] ^ p_css_tab1[p_crypted[0]] ^ p_result[4];

    p_result[4] = k[4] ^ p_css_tab1[p_result[4]] ^ p_result[3];
    p_result[3] = k[3] ^ p_css_tab1[p_result[3]] ^ p_result[2];
    p_result[2] = k[2] ^ p_css_tab1[p_result[2]] ^ p_result[1];
    p_result[1] = k[1] ^ p_css_tab1[p_result[1]] ^ p_result[0];
    p_result[0] = k[0] ^ p_css_tab1[p_result[0]];

    return;
}

/*****************************************************************************
 * DecryptDiscKey
 *****************************************************************************
 * Decryption of the disc key with player keys if they are available.
 * Try to decrypt the disc key from every position with every player key.
 * p_struct_disckey: the 2048 byte DVD_STRUCT_DISCKEY data
 * p_disc_key: result, the 5 byte disc key
 *****************************************************************************/
static int DecryptDiscKey( uint8_t const *p_struct_disckey,
                           dvd_key_t p_disc_key )
{
    uint8_t p_verify[KEY_SIZE];
    unsigned int i, n = 0;

    static const dvd_key_t player_keys[] =
    {
        { 0x01, 0xaf, 0xe3, 0x12, 0x80 },
        { 0x12, 0x11, 0xca, 0x04, 0x3b },
        { 0x14, 0x0c, 0x9e, 0xd0, 0x09 },
        { 0x14, 0x71, 0x35, 0xba, 0xe2 },
        { 0x1a, 0xa4, 0x33, 0x21, 0xa6 },
        { 0x26, 0xec, 0xc4, 0xa7, 0x4e },
        { 0x2c, 0xb2, 0xc1, 0x09, 0xee },
        { 0x2f, 0x25, 0x9e, 0x96, 0xdd },
        { 0x33, 0x2f, 0x49, 0x6c, 0xe0 },
        { 0x35, 0x5b, 0xc1, 0x31, 0x0f },
        { 0x36, 0x67, 0xb2, 0xe3, 0x85 },
        { 0x39, 0x3d, 0xf1, 0xf1, 0xbd },
        { 0x3b, 0x31, 0x34, 0x0d, 0x91 },
        { 0x45, 0xed, 0x28, 0xeb, 0xd3 },
        { 0x48, 0xb7, 0x6c, 0xce, 0x69 },
        { 0x4b, 0x65, 0x0d, 0xc1, 0xee },
        { 0x4c, 0xbb, 0xf5, 0x5b, 0x23 },
        { 0x51, 0x67, 0x67, 0xc5, 0xe0 },
        { 0x53, 0x94, 0xe1, 0x75, 0xbf },
        { 0x57, 0x2c, 0x8b, 0x31, 0xae },
        { 0x63, 0xdb, 0x4c, 0x5b, 0x4a },
        { 0x7b, 0x1e, 0x5e, 0x2b, 0x57 },
        { 0x85, 0xf3, 0x85, 0xa0, 0xe0 },
        { 0xab, 0x1e, 0xe7, 0x7b, 0x72 },
        { 0xab, 0x36, 0xe3, 0xeb, 0x76 },
        { 0xb1, 0xb8, 0xf9, 0x38, 0x03 },
        { 0xb8, 0x5d, 0xd8, 0x53, 0xbd },
        { 0xbf, 0x92, 0xc3, 0xb0, 0xe2 },
        { 0xcf, 0x1a, 0xb2, 0xf8, 0x0a },
        { 0xec, 0xa0, 0xcf, 0xb3, 0xff },
        { 0xfc, 0x95, 0xa9, 0x87, 0x35 }
    };

    /* Decrypt disc key with the above player keys */
    while( n < sizeof(player_keys) / sizeof(dvd_key_t) )
    {
        for( i = 1; i < 409; i++ )
        {
            /* Check if player key n is the right key for position i. */
            DecryptKey( 0, player_keys[n], p_struct_disckey + 5 * i,
                        p_disc_key );

            /* The first part in the struct_disckey block is the
             * 'disc key' encrypted with itself.  Using this we
             * can check if we decrypted the correct key. */
            DecryptKey( 0, p_disc_key, p_struct_disckey, p_verify );

            /* If the position / player key pair worked then return. */
            if( memcmp( p_disc_key, p_verify, KEY_SIZE ) == 0 )
            {
                return 0;
            }
        }
        n++;
    }

    /* Have tried all combinations of positions and keys,
     * and we still didn't succeed. */
    memset( p_disc_key, 0, KEY_SIZE );
    return -1;
}

/*****************************************************************************
 * DecryptTitleKey
 *****************************************************************************
 * Decrypt the title key using the disc key.
 * p_disc_key: result, the 5 byte disc key
 * p_titlekey: the encrypted title key, gets overwritten by the decrypted key
 *****************************************************************************/
static void DecryptTitleKey( dvd_key_t p_disc_key, dvd_key_t p_titlekey )
{
    DecryptKey( 0xff, p_disc_key, p_titlekey, p_titlekey );
}

/*****************************************************************************
 * CrackDiscKey: brute force disc key
 * CSS hash reversal function designed by Frank Stevenson
 *****************************************************************************
 * This function uses a big amount of memory to crack the disc key from the
 * disc key hash, if player keys are not available.
 *****************************************************************************/
#define K1TABLEWIDTH 10

/*
 * Simple function to test if a candidate key produces the given hash
 */
static int investigate( unsigned char *hash, unsigned char *ckey )
{
    unsigned char key[KEY_SIZE];

    DecryptKey( 0, ckey, hash, key );

    return memcmp( key, ckey, KEY_SIZE );
}

static int CrackDiscKey( dvdcss_t dvdcss, uint8_t *p_disc_key )
{
    unsigned char B[5] = { 0,0,0,0,0 }; /* Second Stage of mangle cipher */
    unsigned char C[5] = { 0,0,0,0,0 }; /* Output Stage of mangle cipher
                                         * IntermediateKey */
    unsigned char k[5] = { 0,0,0,0,0 }; /* Mangling cipher key
                                         * Also output from CSS( C ) */
    unsigned char out1[5];              /* five first output bytes of LFSR1 */
    unsigned char out2[5];              /* five first output bytes of LFSR2 */
    unsigned int lfsr1a;                /* upper 9 bits of LFSR1 */
    unsigned int lfsr1b;                /* lower 8 bits of LFSR1 */
    unsigned int tmp, tmp2, tmp3, tmp4,tmp5;
    int i,j;
    unsigned int nStepA;        /* iterator for LFSR1 start state */
    unsigned int nStepB;        /* iterator for possible B[0]     */
    unsigned int nTry;          /* iterator for K[1] possibilities */
    unsigned int nPossibleK1;   /* #of possible K[1] values */
    unsigned char* K1table;     /* Lookup table for possible K[1] */
    unsigned int*  BigTable;    /* LFSR2 startstate indexed by
                                 * 1,2,5 output byte */

    _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "cracking disc key" );

    /*
     * Prepare tables for hash reversal
     */


    /* initialize lookup tables for k[1] */
    K1table = malloc( 65536 * K1TABLEWIDTH );
    memset( K1table, 0 , 65536 * K1TABLEWIDTH );
    if( K1table == NULL )
    {
        return -1;
    }

    tmp = p_disc_key[0] ^ p_css_tab1[ p_disc_key[1] ];
    for( i = 0 ; i < 256 ; i++ ) /* k[1] */
    {
        tmp2 = p_css_tab1[ tmp ^ i ]; /* p_css_tab1[ B[1] ]*/

        for( j = 0 ; j < 256 ; j++ ) /* B[0] */
        {
            tmp3 = j ^ tmp2 ^ i; /* C[1] */
            tmp4 = K1table[ K1TABLEWIDTH * ( 256 * j + tmp3 ) ]; /* count of entries  here */
            tmp4++;
/*
            if( tmp4 == K1TABLEWIDTH )
            {
                _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "Table disaster %d", tmp4 );
            }
*/
            if( tmp4 < K1TABLEWIDTH )
            {
                K1table[ K1TABLEWIDTH * ( 256 * j + tmp3 ) +    tmp4 ] = i;
            }
            K1table[ K1TABLEWIDTH * ( 256 * j + tmp3 ) ] = tmp4;
        }
    }

    /* Initing our Really big table */
    BigTable = malloc( 16777216 * sizeof(int) );
    memset( BigTable, 0 , 16777216 * sizeof(int) );
    if( BigTable == NULL )
    {
        return -1;
    }

    tmp3 = 0;

    _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "initializing the big table" );

    for( i = 0 ; i < 16777216 ; i++ )
    {
        tmp = (( i + i ) & 0x1fffff0 ) | 0x8 | ( i & 0x7 );

        for( j = 0 ; j < 5 ; j++ )
        {
            tmp2=((((((( tmp >> 3 ) ^ tmp ) >> 1 ) ^ tmp ) >> 8 )
                                    ^ tmp ) >> 5 ) & 0xff;
            tmp = ( tmp << 8) | tmp2;
            out2[j] = p_css_tab4[ tmp2 ];
        }

        j = ( out2[0] << 16 ) | ( out2[1] << 8 ) | out2[4];
        BigTable[j] = i;
    }

    /*
     * We are done initing, now reverse hash
     */
    tmp5 = p_disc_key[0] ^ p_css_tab1[ p_disc_key[1] ];

    for( nStepA = 0 ; nStepA < 65536 ; nStepA ++ )
    {
        lfsr1a = 0x100 | ( nStepA >> 8 );
        lfsr1b = nStepA & 0xff;

        /* Generate 5 first output bytes from lfsr1 */
        for( i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i++ )
        {
            tmp = p_css_tab2[ lfsr1b ] ^ p_css_tab3[ lfsr1a ];
            lfsr1b = lfsr1a >> 1;
            lfsr1a = ((lfsr1a&1)<<8) ^ tmp;
            out1[ i ] = p_css_tab4[ tmp ];
        }

        /* cumpute and cache some variables */
        C[0] = nStepA >> 8;
        C[1] = nStepA & 0xff;
        tmp = p_disc_key[3] ^ p_css_tab1[ p_disc_key[4] ];
        tmp2 = p_css_tab1[ p_disc_key[0] ];

        /* Search through all possible B[0] */
        for( nStepB = 0 ; nStepB < 256 ; nStepB++ )
        {
            /* reverse parts of the mangling cipher */
            B[0] = nStepB;
            k[0] = p_css_tab1[ B[0] ] ^ C[0];
            B[4] = B[0] ^ k[0] ^ tmp2;
            k[4] = B[4] ^ tmp;
            nPossibleK1 = K1table[ K1TABLEWIDTH * (256 * B[0] + C[1]) ];

            /* Try out all possible values for k[1] */
            for( nTry = 0 ; nTry < nPossibleK1 ; nTry++ )
            {
                k[1] = K1table[ K1TABLEWIDTH * (256 * B[0] + C[1]) + nTry + 1 ];
                B[1] = tmp5 ^ k[1];

                /* reconstruct output from LFSR2 */
                tmp3 = ( 0x100 + k[0] - out1[0] );
                out2[0] = tmp3 & 0xff;
                tmp3 = tmp3 & 0x100 ? 0x100 : 0xff;
                tmp3 = ( tmp3 + k[1] - out1[1] );
                out2[1] = tmp3 & 0xff;
                tmp3 = ( 0x100 + k[4] - out1[4] );
                out2[4] = tmp3 & 0xff;  /* Can be 1 off  */

                /* test first possible out2[4] */
                tmp4 = ( out2[0] << 16 ) | ( out2[1] << 8 ) | out2[4];
                tmp4 = BigTable[ tmp4 ];
                C[2] = tmp4 & 0xff;
                C[3] = ( tmp4 >> 8 ) & 0xff;
                C[4] = ( tmp4 >> 16 ) & 0xff;
                B[3] = p_css_tab1[ B[4] ] ^ k[4] ^ C[4];
                k[3] = p_disc_key[2] ^ p_css_tab1[ p_disc_key[3] ] ^ B[3];
                B[2] = p_css_tab1[ B[3] ] ^ k[3] ^ C[3];
                k[2] = p_disc_key[1] ^ p_css_tab1[ p_disc_key[2] ] ^ B[2];

                if( ( B[1] ^ p_css_tab1[ B[2] ] ^ k[ 2 ]  ) == C[ 2 ] )
                {
                    if( ! investigate( &p_disc_key[0] , &C[0] ) )
                    {
                        goto end;
                    }
                }

                /* Test second possible out2[4] */
                out2[4] = ( out2[4] + 0xff ) & 0xff;
                tmp4 = ( out2[0] << 16 ) | ( out2[1] << 8 ) | out2[4];
                tmp4 = BigTable[ tmp4 ];
                C[2] = tmp4 & 0xff;
                C[3] = ( tmp4 >> 8 ) & 0xff;
                C[4] = ( tmp4 >> 16 ) & 0xff;
                B[3] = p_css_tab1[ B[4] ] ^ k[4] ^ C[4];
                k[3] = p_disc_key[2] ^ p_css_tab1[ p_disc_key[3] ] ^ B[3];
                B[2] = p_css_tab1[ B[3] ] ^ k[3] ^ C[3];
                k[2] = p_disc_key[1] ^ p_css_tab1[ p_disc_key[2] ] ^ B[2];

                if( ( B[1] ^ p_css_tab1[ B[2] ] ^ k[ 2 ]  ) == C[ 2 ] )
                {
                    if( ! investigate( &p_disc_key[0] , &C[0] ) )
                    {
                        goto end;
                    }
                }
            }
        }
    }

end:

    memcpy( p_disc_key, &C[0], KEY_SIZE );

    free( K1table );
    free( BigTable );

    return 0;
}

/*****************************************************************************
 * RecoverTitleKey: (title) key recovery from cipher and plain text
 * Function designed by Frank Stevenson
 *****************************************************************************
 * Called from Attack* which are in turn called by CrackTitleKey.  Given
 * a guessed(?) plain text and the cipher text.  Returns -1 on failure.
 *****************************************************************************/
static int RecoverTitleKey( int i_start, uint8_t const *p_crypted,
                            uint8_t const *p_decrypted,
                            uint8_t const *p_sector_seed, uint8_t *p_key )
{
    uint8_t p_buffer[10];
    unsigned int i_t1, i_t2, i_t3, i_t4, i_t5, i_t6;
    unsigned int i_try;
    unsigned int i_candidate;
    unsigned int i, j;
    int i_exit = -1;

    for( i = 0 ; i < 10 ; i++ )
    {
        p_buffer[i] = p_css_tab1[p_crypted[i]] ^ p_decrypted[i];
    }

    for( i_try = i_start ; i_try < 0x10000 ; i_try++ )
    {
        i_t1 = i_try >> 8 | 0x100;
        i_t2 = i_try & 0xff;
        i_t3 = 0;               /* not needed */
        i_t5 = 0;

        /* iterate cipher 4 times to reconstruct LFSR2 */
        for( i = 0 ; i < 4 ; i++ )
        {
            /* advance LFSR1 normaly */
            i_t4 = p_css_tab2[i_t2] ^ p_css_tab3[i_t1];
            i_t2 = i_t1 >> 1;
            i_t1 = ( ( i_t1 & 1 ) << 8 ) ^ i_t4;
            i_t4 = p_css_tab5[i_t4];
            /* deduce i_t6 & i_t5 */
            i_t6 = p_buffer[i];
            if( i_t5 )
            {
                i_t6 = ( i_t6 + 0xff ) & 0x0ff;
            }
            if( i_t6 < i_t4 )
            {
                i_t6 += 0x100;
            }
            i_t6 -= i_t4;
            i_t5 += i_t6 + i_t4;
            i_t6 = p_css_tab4[ i_t6 ];
            /* feed / advance i_t3 / i_t5 */
            i_t3 = ( i_t3 << 8 ) | i_t6;
            i_t5 >>= 8;
        }

        i_candidate = i_t3;

        /* iterate 6 more times to validate candidate key */
        for( ; i < 10 ; i++ )
        {
            i_t4 = p_css_tab2[i_t2] ^ p_css_tab3[i_t1];
            i_t2 = i_t1 >> 1;
            i_t1 = ( ( i_t1 & 1 ) << 8 ) ^ i_t4;
            i_t4 = p_css_tab5[i_t4];
            i_t6 = ((((((( i_t3 >> 3 ) ^ i_t3 ) >> 1 ) ^
                                         i_t3 ) >> 8 ) ^ i_t3 ) >> 5 ) & 0xff;
            i_t3 = ( i_t3 << 8 ) | i_t6;
            i_t6 = p_css_tab4[i_t6];
            i_t5 += i_t6 + i_t4;
            if( ( i_t5 & 0xff ) != p_buffer[i] )
            {
                break;
            }

            i_t5 >>= 8;
        }

        if( i == 10 )
        {
            /* Do 4 backwards steps of iterating t3 to deduce initial state */
            i_t3 = i_candidate;
            for( i = 0 ; i < 4 ; i++ )
            {
                i_t1 = i_t3 & 0xff;
                i_t3 = ( i_t3 >> 8 );
                /* easy to code, and fast enough bruteforce
                 * search for byte shifted in */
                for( j = 0 ; j < 256 ; j++ )
                {
                    i_t3 = ( i_t3 & 0x1ffff ) | ( j << 17 );
                    i_t6 = ((((((( i_t3 >> 3 ) ^ i_t3 ) >> 1 ) ^
                                   i_t3 ) >> 8 ) ^ i_t3 ) >> 5 ) & 0xff;
                    if( i_t6 == i_t1 )
                    {
                        break;
                    }
                }
            }

            i_t4 = ( i_t3 >> 1 ) - 4;
            for( i_t5 = 0 ; i_t5 < 8; i_t5++ )
            {
                if( ( ( i_t4 + i_t5 ) * 2 + 8 - ( (i_t4 + i_t5 ) & 7 ) )
                                                                      == i_t3 )
                {
                    p_key[0] = i_try>>8;
                    p_key[1] = i_try & 0xFF;
                    p_key[2] = ( ( i_t4 + i_t5 ) >> 0 ) & 0xFF;
                    p_key[3] = ( ( i_t4 + i_t5 ) >> 8 ) & 0xFF;
                    p_key[4] = ( ( i_t4 + i_t5 ) >> 16 ) & 0xFF;
                    i_exit = i_try + 1;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    if( i_exit >= 0 )
    {
        p_key[0] ^= p_sector_seed[0];
        p_key[1] ^= p_sector_seed[1];
        p_key[2] ^= p_sector_seed[2];
        p_key[3] ^= p_sector_seed[3];
        p_key[4] ^= p_sector_seed[4];
    }

    return i_exit;
}


/******************************************************************************
 * Various pices for the title crack engine.
 ******************************************************************************
 * The length of the PES packet is located at 0x12-0x13.
 * The the copyrigth protection bits are located at 0x14 (bits 0x20 and 0x10).
 * The data of the PES packet begins at 0x15 (if there isn't any PTS/DTS)
 * or at 0x?? if there are both PTS and DTS's.
 * The seed value used with the unscrambling key is the 5 bytes at 0x54-0x58.
 * The scrabled part of a sector begins at 0x80.
 *****************************************************************************/

/* Statistics */
static int i_tries = 0, i_success = 0;

/*****************************************************************************
 * CrackTitleKey: try to crack title key from the contents of a VOB.
 *****************************************************************************
 * This function is called by _dvdcss_titlekey to find a title key, if we've
 * chosen to crack title key instead of decrypting it with the disc key.
 * The DVD should have been opened and be in an authenticated state.
 * i_pos is the starting sector, i_len is the maximum number of sectors to read
 *****************************************************************************/
static int CrackTitleKey( dvdcss_t dvdcss, int i_pos, int i_len,
                          dvd_key_t p_titlekey )
{
    uint8_t       p_buf[ DVDCSS_BLOCK_SIZE ];
    const uint8_t p_packstart[4] = { 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xba };
    int i_reads = 0;
    int i_encrypted = 0;
    int b_stop_scanning = 0;
    int b_read_error = 0;
    int i_ret;

    _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "cracking title key" );

    i_tries = 0;
    i_success = 0;

    do
    {
        i_ret = dvdcss->pf_seek( dvdcss, i_pos );

        if( i_ret != i_pos )
        {
            _dvdcss_error( dvdcss, "seek failed" );
        }

        i_ret = dvdcss_read( dvdcss, p_buf, 1, DVDCSS_NOFLAGS );

        /* Either we are at the end of the physical device or the auth
         * have failed / were not done and we got a read error. */
        if( i_ret <= 0 )
        {
            if( i_ret == 0 )
            {
                _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "read returned 0 (end of device?)" );
            }
            else if( !b_read_error )
            {
                _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "read error, resorting to secret "
                                       "arcanes to recover" );

                /* Reset the drive before trying to continue */
                _dvdcss_close( dvdcss );
                _dvdcss_open( dvdcss );

                b_read_error = 1;
                continue;
            }
            break;
        }

        /* Stop when we find a non MPEG stream block.
         * (We must have reached the end of the stream).
         * For now, allow all blocks that begin with a start code. */
        if( memcmp( p_buf, p_packstart, 3 ) )
        {
            _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "non MPEG block found (end of title)" );
            break;
        }

        if( p_buf[0x0d] & 0x07 )
            _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "stuffing in pack header" );

        /* PES_scrambling_control does not exist in a system_header,
         * a padding_stream or a private_stream2 (and others?). */
        if( p_buf[0x14] & 0x30  && ! ( p_buf[0x11] == 0xbb
                                       || p_buf[0x11] == 0xbe
                                       || p_buf[0x11] == 0xbf ) )
        {
            i_encrypted++;

            if( AttackPattern(p_buf, i_reads, p_titlekey) > 0 )
            {
                b_stop_scanning = 1;
            }
#if 0
            if( AttackPadding(p_buf, i_reads, p_titlekey) > 0 )
            {
                b_stop_scanning = 1;
            }
#endif
        }

        i_pos++;
        i_len--;
        i_reads++;

        /* Emit a progress indication now and then. */
        if( !( i_reads & 0xfff ) )
        {
            _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "still cracking..." );
        }

        /* Stop after 2000 blocks if we haven't seen any encrypted blocks. */
        if( i_reads >= 2000 && i_encrypted == 0 ) break;

    } while( !b_stop_scanning && i_len > 0);

    if( !b_stop_scanning )
    {
        _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "end of title reached" );
    }

    { /* Print some statistics. */
        char psz_info[128];
        snprintf( psz_info, sizeof(psz_info),
                  "%d of %d attempts successful, %d of %d blocks scrambled",
                  i_success, i_tries, i_encrypted, i_reads );
        _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, psz_info );
    }

    if( i_success > 0 /* b_stop_scanning */ )
    {
        _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "vts key initialized" );
        return 1;
    }

    if( i_encrypted == 0 && i_reads > 0 )
    {
        memset( p_titlekey, 0, KEY_SIZE );
        _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "file was unscrambled" );
        return 0;
    }

    memset( p_titlekey, 0, KEY_SIZE );
    return -1;
}


/******************************************************************************
 * The original Ethan Hawke (DeCSSPlus) attack (modified).
 ******************************************************************************
 * Tries to find a repeating pattern just before the encrypted part starts.
 * Then it guesses that the plain text for first encrypted bytes are
 * a contiuation of that pattern.
 *****************************************************************************/
static int AttackPattern( uint8_t const p_sec[ DVDCSS_BLOCK_SIZE ],
                          int i_pos, uint8_t *p_key )
{
    unsigned int i_best_plen = 0;
    unsigned int i_best_p = 0;
    unsigned int i, j;

    /* For all cycle length from 2 to 48 */
    for( i = 2 ; i < 0x30 ; i++ )
    {
        /* Find the number of bytes that repeats in cycles. */
        for( j = i + 1;
             j < 0x80 && ( p_sec[0x7F - (j%i)] == p_sec[0x7F - j] );
             j++ )
        {
            /* We have found j repeating bytes with a cycle length i. */
            if( j > i_best_plen )
            {
                i_best_plen = j;
                i_best_p = i;
            }
        }
    }

    /* We need at most 10 plain text bytes?, so a make sure that we
     * have at least 20 repeated bytes and that they have cycled at
     * least one time.  */
    if( ( i_best_plen > 3 ) && ( i_best_plen / i_best_p >= 2) )
    {
        int res;

        i_tries++;
        memset( p_key, 0, KEY_SIZE );
        res = RecoverTitleKey( 0,  &p_sec[0x80],
                      &p_sec[ 0x80 - (i_best_plen / i_best_p) * i_best_p ],
                      &p_sec[0x54] /* key_seed */, p_key );
        i_success += ( res >= 0 );
#if 0
        if( res >= 0 )
        {
            fprintf( stderr, "key is %02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x ",
                     p_key[0], p_key[1], p_key[2], p_key[3], p_key[4] );
            fprintf( stderr, "at block %5d pattern len %3d period %3d %s\n",
                     i_pos, i_best_plen, i_best_p, (res>=0?"y":"n") );
        }
#endif
        return ( res >= 0 );
    }

    return 0;
}


#if 0
/******************************************************************************
 * Encrypted Padding_stream attack.
 ******************************************************************************
 * DVD specifies that there must only be one type of data in every sector.
 * Every sector is one pack and so must obviously be 2048 bytes long.
 * For the last pice of video data before a VOBU boundary there might not
 * be exactly the right amount of data to fill a sector. Then one has to
 * pad the pack to 2048 bytes. For just a few bytes this is done in the
 * header but for any large amount you insert a PES packet from the
 * Padding stream. This looks like 0x00 00 01 be xx xx ff ff ...
 * where xx xx is the length of the padding stream.
 *****************************************************************************/
static int AttackPadding( uint8_t const p_sec[ DVDCSS_BLOCK_SIZE ],
                          int i_pos, uint8_t *p_key )
{
    unsigned int i_pes_length;
    /*static int i_tries = 0, i_success = 0;*/

    i_pes_length = (p_sec[0x12]<<8) | p_sec[0x13];

    /* Coverd by the test below but usfull for debuging. */
    if( i_pes_length == DVDCSS_BLOCK_SIZE - 0x14 ) return 0;

    /* There must be room for at least 4? bytes of padding stream,
     * and it must be encrypted.
     * sector size - pack/pes header - padding startcode - padding length */
    if( ( DVDCSS_BLOCK_SIZE - 0x14 - 4 - 2 - i_pes_length < 4 ) ||
        ( p_sec[0x14 + i_pes_length + 0] == 0x00 &&
          p_sec[0x14 + i_pes_length + 1] == 0x00 &&
          p_sec[0x14 + i_pes_length + 2] == 0x01 ) )
    {
      fprintf( stderr, "plain %d %02x:%02x:%02x:%02x (type %02x sub %02x)\n",
               DVDCSS_BLOCK_SIZE - 0x14 - 4 - 2 - i_pes_length,
               p_sec[0x14 + i_pes_length + 0],
               p_sec[0x14 + i_pes_length + 1],
               p_sec[0x14 + i_pes_length + 2],
               p_sec[0x14 + i_pes_length + 3],
               p_sec[0x11], p_sec[0x17 + p_sec[0x16]]);
      return 0;
    }

    /* If we are here we know that there is a where in the pack a
       encrypted PES header is (startcode + length). It's never more
       than  two packets in the pack, so we 'know' the length. The
       plaintext at offset (0x14 + i_pes_length) will then be
       00 00 01 e0/bd/be xx xx, in the case of be the following bytes
       are also known. */

    /* An encrypted SPU PES packet with another encrypted PES packet following.
       Normaly if the following was a padding stream that would be in plain
       text. So it will be another SPU PES packet. */
    if( p_sec[0x11] == 0xbd &&
        p_sec[0x17 + p_sec[0x16]] >= 0x20 &&
        p_sec[0x17 + p_sec[0x16]] <= 0x3f )
    {
        i_tries++;
    }

    /* A Video PES packet with another encrypted PES packet following.
     * No reason execpt for time stamps to break the data into two packets.
     * So it's likely that the following PES packet is a padding stream. */
    if( p_sec[0x11] == 0xe0 )
    {
        i_tries++;
    }

    if( 1 )
    {
        /*fprintf( stderr, "key is %02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x ",
                   p_key[0], p_key[1], p_key[2], p_key[3], p_key[4] );*/
        fprintf( stderr, "at block %5d padding len %4d "
                 "type %02x sub %02x\n",  i_pos, i_pes_length,
                 p_sec[0x11], p_sec[0x17 + p_sec[0x16]]);
    }

    return 0;
}
#endif