annotate DOCS/xml/ru/containers.xml @ 25912:92db8b8c20d4

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author reimar
date Fri, 01 Feb 2008 12:22:12 +0000
parents 0a998428e315
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
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2 <!-- synced with r24056 -->
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3 <chapter id="containers">
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4 <title>Поддерживаемые форматы</title>
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5
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6 <para>
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7 Важно разъяснить одну общую ошибку. Когда люди видят файл с расширением
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8 <filename>.AVI</filename>, они немедленно заключают, что это - не MPEG файл.
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9 Это не так. Во всяком случае не всегда. Супротив популярному мнению
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10 такой файл <emphasis>может</emphasis> содержать MPEG видео.
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11 </para>
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12
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13 <para>
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14 Как видите, <emphasis role="bold">кодек</emphasis> &mdash; это не то же самое,
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15 что и <emphasis role="bold">формат файла</emphasis>.
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16 Примеры видео <emphasis role="bold">кодеков</emphasis>: MPEG1, MPEG2, MPEG4 (DivX), Indeo5, 3ivx.
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17 Примеры видео <emphasis role="bold">форматов</emphasis>: MPG, AVI, ASF.
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18 </para>
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19
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20 <para>
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21 В теории, Вы можете поместить OpenDivX видео и MP3 аудио
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22 в <emphasis role="bold">файл MPG формата</emphasis>. Хотя, большинство
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23 плееров не смогут это проиграть, поскольку они ожидают MPEG1 видео и
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24 MP2 аудио (в отличие от
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25 <emphasis role="bold">AVI</emphasis>, в <emphasis role="bold">MPG</emphasis>
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26 нет нужных полей для описания его видео и аудио потоков).
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27 Или Вы можете поместить MPEG1 видео в AVI файл.
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28 <ulink url="http://ffmpeg.sourceforge.net/">FFmpeg</ulink> и
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29 <link linkend="mencoder"><application>MEncoder</application></link> могут создавать эти файлы.
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30 </para>
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32
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33 <!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
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34
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35
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36 <sect1 id="video-formats">
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37 <title>Видео форматы</title>
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38
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39 <sect2 id="mpg-vob-dat">
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40 <title>MPEG файлы</title>
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41
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42 <para>
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43 MPEG файлы бывают различных разновидностей:
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44 </para>
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45
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46 <itemizedlist>
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47 <listitem><para>
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48 MPG: Это наиболее <emphasis role="bold">основная</emphasis> форма файлов
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49 формата MPEG. Она содержит MPEG1 видео, и MP2 (MPEG-1 layer 2) или реже
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50 MP1 аудио.
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51 </para></listitem>
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52 <listitem><para>
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53 DAT: Это почти такой же формат, как MPG, только с другим расширением. Он
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54 используется на <emphasis role="bold">Video CD</emphasis>. Из-за метода,
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55 которым создаются VCD и дизайна Linux'а, DAT файлы не могут проигрываться и
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56 копироваться с VCD, как обычные файлы. Для проигрывания Video CD Вы должны
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57 использовать <option>vcd://</option>.
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58 </para></listitem>
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59 <listitem><para>
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60 VOB: Это формат MPEG файлов на <emphasis role="bold">DVD'шниках</emphasis>.
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61 Это такой же формат, как и MPG, плюс возможность содержать субтитры и
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62 не-MPEG (AC-3) аудио. Он содержит кодированное MPEG2 видео и обычно AC-3
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63 аудио, но DTS, MP2 и не запакованный LPCM тоже возможны. <emphasis role="bold">
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64 Читайте секцию <link linkend="dvd">DVD</link></emphasis>!
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65 </para></listitem>
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66 <listitem><para>
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67 TY: Это TiVo MPEG поток. Он содержит как MPEG PES данные аудио и видео потоков,
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68 так и дополнительную информацию вроде субтитров. Формат файла -
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69 это не программный поток MPEG (MPEG program stream), а некий закрытый формат,
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70 созданный TiVo. Более побдробно о формате TiVo можно прочитать
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71 на <ulink url="http://dvd-create.sourceforge.net/tystudio/tystream.shtml">
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72 странице TyStudio</ulink>.
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73 </para></listitem>
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74 </itemizedlist>
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75
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76 <para>
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77 Серии кадров независимо группируются в MPEG файлах. Это значит, что Вы можете
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78 разрезать/соединять MPEG фалы стандартными файловыми средствами (такими, как
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79 <command>dd</command>, <command>cut</command>), и он остаётся полностью функциональным.
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80 </para>
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81
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82 <para>
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83 Одно из основных преимуществ MPG'ов это то, что в них есть поле,
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84 описывающее соотношение сторон видео потока. Например, на SVCD содержится
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85 видео разрешением 480x480, и заголовок установил его(поле) в 4:3, поэтому это
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86 будет проигрываться на 640x480. В AVI файлах такого поля нет, поэтому они должны
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87 быть масштабированы при кодировании или проигрываться с опцией
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88 <option>-aspect</option>.
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89 </para>
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90 </sect2>
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91
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92 <!-- ********** -->
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93
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94 <sect2 id="avi">
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95 <title>AVI файлы</title>
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96
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97 <para>
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98 Разработанный Microsoft'ом
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99 <emphasis role="bold">AVI (Audio Video Interleaved [Аудио Видео 'Слоёные'])</emphasis> -
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100 это широко распространённый многоцелевой формат, в настоящий момент чаще всего
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101 применяемый для MPEG4 (DivX и DivX4) видео.
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102 У него много известных недостатков и недочётов (например в потоках). Он
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103 поддерживает 1 видео поток и от 0 до 99 аудио потоков и может быть не
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104 более 2 Гб, хотя существует расширение<emphasis role="bold">OpenDML</emphasis>,
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105 допускающее большие файлы. В настоящий момент Microsoft сильно отговаривает от
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106 его применения и советует использовать ASF/WMV. Никого это не волнует.
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107 </para>
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108
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109 <para>
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110 Существует хак[hack], позволяющий AVI файлам содержать Ogg Vorbis аудио
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111 потоки, но делает их несовместимыми со стандартными AVI.
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112 <application>MPlayer</application> поддерживает воспроизведение таких файлов.
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113 Перемещение также осуществлено, но затруднено плохо закодированными файлами
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114 с запутанными заголовками. К сожалению, эта проблема проявляется у
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115 единственного кодировщика, способного создавать такие файлы -
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116 <application>NanDub</application>.
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117 </para>
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118
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119 <note><para>
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120 DV камеры создают сырые DV потоки, которые средства DV захвата превращают
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121 в AVI файлы двух типов. AVI'шники либо будут содержать разделённые аудио и видео
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122 потоки, которые <application>MPlayer</application> может воспроизводить, или
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123 сырой DV поток, поддержка которого находится в стадии разработки.
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124 </para></note>
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125
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126 <para>
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127 Существует два класса AVI файлов:
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128 <itemizedlist>
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129 <listitem><para>
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130 <emphasis role="bold">'Слоёные'[Interleaved]:</emphasis> Аудио и видео
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131 содержимое 'переплетается'. Это стандартное применение. Рекомендовано и
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132 используется чаще всего. Некоторые программы создают слоёные AVI'шники
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133 с плохой синхронизацией. <application>MPlayer</application>
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134 определяет это как слоёный файл, и затем теряет A/V синхронизацию,
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135 вероятно при перемещении по файлу. Такие файлы должны проигрываться как
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136 не слоёные (с опцией <option>-ni</option>).
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137 </para></listitem>
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138 <listitem><para>
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139 <emphasis role="bold">Не слоёные:</emphasis> Сначала идёт весь видео поток,
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140 затем весь аудио поток. Это требует огромного количества перемещений по файлу,
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141 что делает проигрывание таких файлов по сети или с CD-ROM затруднительным.
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142 </para></listitem>
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143 </itemizedlist>
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144 </para>
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145
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146 <para>
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147 <application>MPlayer</application> поддерживает два типа синхронизации для
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148 AVI файлов:
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149 <itemizedlist>
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150 <listitem><para>
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151 <emphasis role="bold">основанный на bps[битпотоке]:</emphasis> Он основан на
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152 битпотоке/потоке сэмплов для видео/аудио потоков. Этот метод применяется
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153 большинством плееров, включая
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154 <ulink url="http://avifile.sourceforge.net">avifile</ulink> и
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155 <application>Windows Media Player</application>. Файлы с испорченными
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156 заголовками и файлы созданные с VBR аудио в не VBR-совместимом кодировщике
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157 приведут к A/V рассинхронизации при использовании этого метода (по большей
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158 части при перемещении по фильму).
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159 </para></listitem>
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160 <listitem><para>
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161 <emphasis role="bold">основанный на слоёности:</emphasis> Он не использует
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162 значение битпотока из заголовка, вместо этого используется относительная
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163 позиция слоёных кусков аудио и видео, что делает воспроизводимыми
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164 плохо закодированные с VBR аудио.
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165 </para></listitem>
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166 </itemizedlist>
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167 </para>
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168
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169 <para>
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170 Допустимы любые аудио и видео кодеки, но заметьте, что VBR аудио не очень
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171 хорошо поддерживается большинством плееров. Формат файла делает возможным
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172 использование VBR аудио, но многие плееры ожидают CBR, поэтому они
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173 выходят из строя с VBR. VBR редко встречается и Microsoft'овские AVI
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174 спецификации описывают только CBR аудио. Я также заметил, что большинство
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175 кодировщиков создают плохие файлы при использовании VBR аудио. Известно
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176 только два исключения: <application>NanDub</application> и
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177 <link linkend="mencoder"><application>MEncoder</application></link>.
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178 </para>
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179 </sect2>
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180
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181 <!-- ********** -->
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182
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183 <sect2 id="asf-wmv">
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184 <title>ASF/WMV файлы</title>
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185 <para>
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186 ASF (Active Streaming Format) исходит от Microsoft. Они разработали два варианта
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187 ASF, v1.0 и v2.0. v1.0 используется их медиа средствами
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188 (<application>Windows Media Player</application> и
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189 <application>Windows Media Encoder</application>)
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190 и сильно засекречены. v2.0 опубликована и запатентована :). Конечно они
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191 различаются, совсем нет никакой совместимости (это просто другая правовая игра).
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192 <application>MPlayer</application> поддерживает только v1.0, поскольку никто
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193 никогда не видел v2.0 файлов :). Заметьте, что ASF файлы теперь появляются
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194 с расширениями <filename>.WMA</filename> или <filename>.WMV</filename>.
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195 </para>
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196 </sect2>
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197
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198 <!-- ********** -->
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199
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200 <sect2 id="qt-mov">
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201 <title>QuickTime/MOV файлы</title>
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202
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203 <para>
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204 Эти форматы файлов были разработаны в Apple и могут содержать любой кодек,
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205 CBR или VBR. Обычно у них расширение <filename>.QT</filename> или
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206 <filename>.MOV</filename>. Заметьте, что поскольку MPEG4 Group выбрала
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207 QuickTime в качестве рекомендованного формата для MPEG4, их MOV файлы
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208 идут с расширением <filename>.MPG</filename> или <filename>.MP4</filename>
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209 (Интересно, что видео и аудио потоки в этих файлах - настоящие
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210 MPG и AAC файлы. Вы даже можете извлечь их, используя опции
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211 <option>-dumpvideo</option> и <option>-dumpaudio</option>.).
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212 </para>
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213 </sect2>
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214
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215 <!-- ********** -->
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216
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217 <sect2 id="vivo">
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218 <title>VIVO файлы</title>
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219
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220 <para>
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221 <application>MPlayer</application> успешно демультиплексирует VIVO форматы
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222 файлов. Огромный недостаток этого формата заключается в том, что в нем нет
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223 ни индексных блоков, ни фиксированного размера пакетов или байтов синхронизации
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224 и в большинстве файлов нет даже ключевых кадров[keyframes], так что забудьте
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225 о перемещении по файлу!
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226 </para>
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227
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228 <para>
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229 Видео кодек в VIVO/1.0 файлах - это стандартный <emphasis role="bold">h.263</emphasis>.
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230 Видео кодек в VIVO/2.0 файлах - это модифицированный, нестандартный
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231 <emphasis role="bold">h.263v2</emphasis>. Аудио в обоих форматах одинаковое, это может быть
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232 <emphasis role="bold">g.723 (стандарт)</emphasis>, или
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233 <emphasis role="bold">Vivo Siren</emphasis>.
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234 </para>
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235 </sect2>
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236
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237 <!-- ********** -->
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238
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239 <sect2 id="fli">
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240 <title>FLI файлы</title>
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241 <para>
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242 <emphasis role="bold">FLI</emphasis> это очень старый формат, используемый
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243 Autodesk Animator, но это типичный формат для коротких анимационных роликов в сети.
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244 <application>MPlayer</application> демультиплексирует и декодирует FLI фильмы
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245 и даже способен перемещаться в этих файлах (полезно при цикличном проигрывании
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246 с опцией <option>-loop</option>). Во FLI файлах нет ключевых кадров[keyframes],
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247 поэтому некоторое время после перемещения картинка будет "грязной".
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248 </para>
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249 </sect2>
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250
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251 <!-- ********** -->
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252
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253 <sect2 id="realmedia">
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254 <title>RealMedia (RM) файлы</title>
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255
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256 <para>
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257 Да, <application>MPlayer</application> может читать (демультиплексировать)
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258 RealMedia (<filename>.rm</filename>) файлы.
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259 </para>
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260 </sect2>
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261
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262 <!-- ********** -->
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263
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264 <sect2 id="nuppelvideo">
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265 <title>NuppelVideo файлы</title>
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266 <para>
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267 NuppelVideo -
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268 это средство захвата с ТВ (AFAIK:). <application>MPlayer</application> может
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269 читать его <filename>.NUV</filename> файлы (только NuppelVideo 5.0). Эти файлы
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270 могут содержать несжатые YV12, YV12+сжатые RTJpeg, YV12 сжатые RTJpeg+lzo и
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271 YV12 + сжатые lzo кадры. <application>MPlayer</application> декодирует (и также
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272 <emphasis role="bold">кодирует</emphasis> <application>MEncoder
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273 </application>'ом в MPEG4 (DivX) и т. д.!) все это. Перемещение работает.
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274 </para>
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275 </sect2>
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276
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277 <!-- ********** -->
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278
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279 <sect2 id="yuv4mpeg">
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280 <title>yuv4mpeg файлы</title>
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281 <para>
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282 <ulink url="http://mjpeg.sourceforge.net">yuv4mpeg / yuv4mpeg2</ulink>
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283 это формат файлов, используемых в
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284 <ulink url="http://mjpeg.sf.net">программах mjpegtools</ulink>.
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285 Вы можете захватывать, изготовлять, отфильтровывать или кодировать видео в этот
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286 формат, используя эти средства. В действительности формат файла -
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287 последовательность несжатых YUV 4:2:0 кадров.
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288 </para>
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289 </sect2>
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290
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291 <!-- ********** -->
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292
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293 <sect2 id="film">
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294 <title>FILM фильмы</title>
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295 <para>
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296 Этот формат используется в старых Sega Saturn CD-ROM играх.
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297 </para>
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298 </sect2>
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299
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300 <!-- ********** -->
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301
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302 <sect2 id="roq">
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303 <title>RoQ файлы</title>
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304 <para>
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305 RoQ файлы - это мультимедийные файлы используемые в некоторых ID играх,
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306 например Quake III и Return to Castle Wolfenstein.
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307 </para>
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308 </sect2>
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309
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310 <!-- ********** -->
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311
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312 <sect2 id="ogg">
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313 <title>OGG/OGM файлы</title>
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314 <para>
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315 Это новый формат файлов от <ulink url="http://www.xiph.org">Xiphophorus</ulink>.
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316 Он может содержать любой видео или аудио кодек, CBR или VBR. Вам понадобятся,
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317 чтобы <systemitem class="library">libogg</systemitem> и
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318 <systemitem class="library">libvorbis</systemitem> были установлены до компиляции
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319 <application>MPlayer</application>'а, чтобы иметь возможность проигрывать эти файлы.
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320 </para>
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321 </sect2>
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322
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323 <!-- ********** -->
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324
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325 <sect2 id="sdp">
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326 <title>SDP файлы</title>
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327 <para>
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328 <ulink url="ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2327.txt">SDP</ulink> - это
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329 IETF стандартный формат для описания видео и аудио RTP потоков.
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330 (требуется "<ulink url="http://www.live555.com/mplayer/">LIVE555 Streaming Media</ulink>".)
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331 </para>
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332 </sect2>
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333
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334 <!-- ********** -->
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335
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336 <sect2 id="pva">
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337 <title>PVA файлы</title>
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338 <para>
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339 PVA - это похожий на MPEG формат, используемый в программах DVB TV карт (например:
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340 <application>MultiDec</application>, <application>WinTV</application> под Windows.
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341 </para>
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342 </sect2>
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343
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344 <!-- ********** -->
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345
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346 <sect2 id="nsv">
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347 <title>NSV files</title>
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348 <para>
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349 NSV (NullSoft Video) &mdash; это формат файла, используемый
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350 <application>Winamp</application>'ом для потокового аудио и видео.
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351 Видео бывает VP3, VP5 или VP6, а аудио &mdash; MP3, AAC или VLB.
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352 Версии NSV, в которых только аудио, имеют расширение <filename>.nsa</filename>.
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353 <application>MPlayer</application> воспроизводит как NSV потоки,
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354 так и файлы. Пожалуйста, заметьте, что большая часть файлов с
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355 <ulink url="http://www.winamp.com">сайта Winamp</ulink> использует VLB аудио,
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356 которое ещё не может декодироваться. Более того, для потоков с этого сайта
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357 необходим ещё один уровень депакетизации, который ещё нужно написать (эти
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358 файлы всё равно невозможно проиграть, поскольку они используют VLB аудио).
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359 </para>
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360 </sect2>
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361
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362 <!-- ********** -->
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363
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364 <sect2 id="matroska">
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365 <title>Файлы Matroska</title>
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366 <para>
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367 Matroska это открытый формат файла.
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368 подробнее читайте на <ulink url="http://www.matroska.org/">официальном сайте</ulink>.
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369 </para>
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370 </sect2>
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371
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372 <!-- ********** -->
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373
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374 <sect2 id="nut">
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375 <title>NUT файлы</title>
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376 <para>
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377 NUT это формат файла, разработанный ребятами из <application>MPlayer</application> и
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378 <application>FFmpeg</application>. Оба проекта поддерживают его.
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379 Подробности читайте на <ulink url="http://www.nut.hu/">официальном сайте</ulink>.
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380 </para>
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381 </sect2>
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382
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383 <!-- ********** -->
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384
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385 <sect2 id="gif">
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386 <title>GIF файлы</title>
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387 <para>
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388 <emphasis role="bold">GIF</emphasis> формат - это типичный формат для веб
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389 графики. Существуют 2 версии спецификаций GIF, GIF87a и GIF89a. Основная
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390 разница заключается в том, что GIF89a допускает анимацию.
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391 <application>MPlayer</application> поддерживает
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392 оба формата, используя <systemitem class="library">libungif</systemitem> или
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393 другую libgif-совместимую библиотеку. Не анимированные GIF'ы будут показываться
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394 как однокадровое видео. (Используйте опции <option>-loop</option> и
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395 <option>-fixed-vo</option>, чтобы показать их подольше.)
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396 </para>
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397
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398 <para>
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399 В настоящий момент <application>MPlayer</application> не поддерживает
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400 перемещение внутри GIF файлов. У GIF файлов не обязательно фиксированный размер
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401 кадра или фиксированная частота кадров. Наоборот, у каждого кадра свой
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402 собственный размер и должен выводиться в некотором поле фиксированного размера.
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403 Частота кадров контролируется дополнительным блоком перед каждым кадром,
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404 который определяет задержку перед следующим кадром в сотых долях секунды.
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405 </para>
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406
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407 <para>
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408 Стандартные GIF файлы содержат 24-битные RGB кадры с не более чем 8-битовой
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409 индексированной палитрой. Кадры обычно сжаты по LZW алгоритму, хотя некоторые
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410 GIF кодировщики создают несжатые кадры, чтобы избежать проблем с патентом на
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411 LZW сжатие.
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412 </para>
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413
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414 <para>
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415 Если в Вашем дистрибутиве нет <systemitem class="library">libungif</systemitem>,
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416 скачайте копию на
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417 <ulink url="http://prtr-13.ucsc.edu/~badger/software/libungif/index.shtml">
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418 домашней странице libungif</ulink>. Технические подробности см. в
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419 <ulink url="http://www.w3.org/Graphics/GIF/spec-gif89a.txt">GIF89a
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420 спецификациях</ulink>.
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421 </para>
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422 </sect2>
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423 </sect1>
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424
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425
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426 <!-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -->
329b03d67891 r21537: General reformatting round:
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427
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428
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429 <sect1 id="audio-formats">
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430 <title>Аудио форматы</title>
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431
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432 <para>
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433 <application>MPlayer</application> - это проигрыватель
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434 <emphasis role="bold">фильмов</emphasis>, а не
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435 <emphasis role="bold">медиа</emphasis> плеер, хотя он может проигрывать
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436 некоторые форматы аудио файлов (они перечислены ниже). Это не является рекомендуемым
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437 применением <application>MPlayer</application>'а, Вам лучше использовать <ulink
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438 url="http://www.xmms.org">XMMS</ulink>.
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439 </para>
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440
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441 <!-- ********** -->
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442
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443 <sect2 id="mp3">
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444 <title>MP3 файлы</title>
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445 <para>
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446 У Вас могут возникнуть проблемы при проигрывании некоторых MP3 файлов, которые
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447 <application>MPlayer</application> будет неверно определять, как MPEG'и и
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448 проигрывать неправильно или вообще никак. Это не может быть исправлено без
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449 потери поддержки некоторых плохих MPEG файлов и поэтому всё останется как есть
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450 в обозримом будущем. Опция <option>-demuxer</option>, описанная на man странице,
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451 может Вам помочь в этом случае.
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452 </para>
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453 </sect2>
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454
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455 <!-- ********** -->
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456
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457 <sect2 id="ogg-vorbis">
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458 <title>OGG/OGM файлы (Vorbis)</title>
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459 <para>
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460 Требуются правильно установленные
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461 <systemitem class="library">libogg</systemitem> и
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462 <systemitem class="library">libvorbis</systemitem>.
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463 </para>
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464 </sect2>
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465
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466 <!-- ********** -->
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467
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468 <sect2 id="cdda">
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469 <title>CD аудио</title>
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470 <para>
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471 <application>MPlayer</application> может использовать <application>cdparanoia
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472 </application>(библиотеку) для проигрывания CDDA (Audio CD[Аудио CD]).
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473 В задачи этого раздела не входит описание возможностей библиотеки
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474 <application>cdparanoia</application>.
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475 </para>
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476
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477 <para>
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478 См. на man странице описание опции <option>-cdda</option>, которая может
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479 использоваться для передачи параметров в библиотеку
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480 <application>cdparanoia</application>.
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481 </para>
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482 </sect2>
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483
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484 <!-- ********** -->
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485
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486 <sect2 id="xmms">
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487 <title>XMMS</title>
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488
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489 <para>
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490 <application>MPlayer</application> может использовать
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491 <application>XMMS</application>
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492 расширения для ввода<!-- звучит жутковато, но это - перевод из XMMS :) -->, чтобы
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493 проигрывать множество форматов файлов. Существуют расширения для проигрывания
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494 мелодий из SNES игр, SID мелодий (из Commodore 64), множества Amiga форматов,
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495 .xm, .it, VQF, musepack, Bonk, shorten и множества других. Все это Вы можете
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496 отыскать на <ulink url="http://www.xmms.org/plugins_input.html">странице
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497 расширений XMMS для ввода</ulink>.
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498 </para>
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499
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500 <para>
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501 Для использования этих возможностей Вам нужно установить <application>XMMS
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502 </application> и скомпилировать <application>MPlayer</application> c соответствующей опцией:
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503 <filename>./configure --enable-xmms</filename>. Если это не работает, Вам
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504 может понадобиться настроить пути к библиотеке и расширениям непосредственно,
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505 используя опции <option>--with-xmmsplugindir</option> и <option>
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506 --with-xmmslibdir</option>.
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507 </para>
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508 </sect2>
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509 </sect1>
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510 </chapter>