annotate DOCS/xml/cs/cd-dvd.xml @ 18985:add5f992bba2

more c++ decl crap
author rfelker
date Mon, 10 Jul 2006 02:53:06 +0000
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children 4b7e50d82bb7
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-2"?>
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2 <!-- Synced with: 18426 -->
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3 <chapter id="cd-dvd">
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4 <title>Použití CD/DVD</title>
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5
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6 <sect1 id="drives">
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7 <title>CD/DVD mechaniky</title>
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8
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9 <para>
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10 Moderní CD-ROM mechaniky dosahují velmi vysokých otáček a některé z nich
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11 mohou pracovat i se sníženými otáčkami. Existuje několik důvodů, pro
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12 které byste mohli chtít změnit rychlost CD-ROM mechaniky:
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13 </para>
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14
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15 <itemizedlist>
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16 <listitem><para>
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17 Byly zprávy o chybách čtení při vysokých rychlostech, zvláště u špatně
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18 vylisovaných CD-ROMů. Z těchto důvodů může snížení rychlosti působit
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19 jako prevence ztráty dat.
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20 </para></listitem>
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21
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22 <listitem><para>
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23 Mnoho CD-ROM mechanik je nechutně hlučných, nižší rychlost může omezit
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24 tento hluk.
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25 </para></listitem>
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26 </itemizedlist>
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27
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28 <sect2 id="drives_linux">
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29 <title>Linux</title>
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30
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31 <para>
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32 Můžete snížit rychlost IDE CD-ROM mechanik pomocí <command>hdparm</command>,
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33 <command>setcd</command> nebo <command>cdctl</command>. Pracuje to asi takto:
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34 <screen>hdparm -E <replaceable>[rychlost]</replaceable> <replaceable>[mechanika cdrom]</replaceable></screen>
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35 <screen>setcd -x <replaceable>[rychlost]</replaceable> <replaceable>[mechanika cdrom]</replaceable></screen>
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36 <screen>cdctl -bS <replaceable>[rychlost]</replaceable></screen>
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37 </para>
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38
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39 <para>
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40 Pokud používáte SCSI emulaci, budete muset předat tato nastavení do skutečného
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41 IDE zařízení, nikoli emulovaného SCSI zařízení.
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42 </para>
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43
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44 <para>
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45 Pokud máte práva root-a, následující příkaz vám rovněž může pomoci:
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46 <screen>echo file_readahead:2000000 &gt; /proc/ide/<replaceable>[mechanika cdrom]</replaceable>/settings</screen>
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47 </para>
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48
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49 <para>
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50 To nastaví čtení napřed na 2MB, což pomůže při poškrábaných médiích.
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51 Pokud ji však nastavíte příliš vysoko, bude mechanika stále zrychlovat a
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52 zpomalovat, což výrazně sníží její výkon.
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53 Doporučujeme vám rovněž vyladit vaši CD-ROM mechaniku pomocí <command>hdparm</command>:
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54 <screen>hdparm -d1 -a8 -u1 <replaceable>[cdrom zařízení]</replaceable></screen>
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55 </para>
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56
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57 <para>
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58 To zapne DMA přístup, čtení napřed a odmaskování IRQ (přečtěte si man stránku
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59 programu <command>hdparm</command> pro podrobné vysvětlení).
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60 </para>
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61
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62 <para>
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63 Prostudujte si &quot;<filename>/proc/ide/<replaceable>cdrom zařízení</replaceable>/settings&quot;</filename>
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64 pro jemné doladění vaší CD-ROM.
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65 </para>
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66
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67 <para>
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68 SCSI mechaniky nemají jednotný způsob pro nastavení těchto parametrů (Znáte nějaký?
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69 Řekněte nám jej!). Existuje nástroj, který pracuje se
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70 <ulink url="http://das.ist.org/~georg/">SCSI mechanikami Plextor</ulink>.
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71 </para>
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72
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73 </sect2>
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74
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75
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76 <sect2 id="drives_freebsd">
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77 <title>FreeBSD</title>
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78
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79 <para>rychlost:
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80 <screen>
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81 cdcontrol [-f <replaceable>zařízení</replaceable>] speed <replaceable>[rychlost]</replaceable>
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82 </screen>
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83 </para>
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84
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85 <para>DMA:
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86 <screen>
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87 sysctl hw.ata.atapi_dma=1
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88 </screen>
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89 </para>
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90
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91 </sect2>
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92
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93 </sect1>
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94
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95 <sect1 id="dvd">
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96 <title>Přehrávání DVD</title>
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97 <para>
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98 Úplný seznam dostupných voleb naleznete v man stránce.
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99 Syntaxe pro standardní Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) je následující:
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100 <screen>mplayer dvd://<replaceable>&lt;track&gt;</replaceable> [-dvd-device <replaceable>&lt;DVD_zařízení&gt;</replaceable>]</screen>
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101 </para>
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102
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103 <para>
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104 Příklad:
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105 <screen>mplayer dvd://<replaceable>1</replaceable> -dvd-device <replaceable>/dev/hdc</replaceable></screen>
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106 </para>
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107
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108 <para>
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109 Výchozím DVD zařízením je <filename>/dev/dvd</filename>. Pokud se vaše nastavení
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110 liší, vytvořte symlink, nebo uveďte správné zařízení na příkazovém řádku
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111 pomocí volby <option>-dvd-device</option>.
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112 </para>
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113
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114 <formalpara>
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115 <title>Nový styl podpory DVD (mpdvdkit2)</title>
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116 <para>
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117 <application>MPlayer</application> používá <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> a
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118 <systemitem>libdvdcss</systemitem> pro dekódování a přehrávání DVD. Tyto dvě
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119 knihovny jsou obsaženy v podadresáři
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120 <filename class="directory">libmpdvdkit2/</filename> zdrojových kódů
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121 <application>MPlayer</application>u, nemusíte je tedy instalovat zvlášť
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122 Zvolili jsme tento způsob, protože jsme museli opravit chybu v
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123 <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> a aplikovat patch, který přidává podporu
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124 <emphasis role="bold">kešování zlomených CSS klíčů</emphasis>, na
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125 <systemitem>libdvdcss</systemitem>. To vedlo k výraznému zvýšení rychlosti,
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126 protože klíče nemusí být nyní lámány pokaždé před přehráváním.
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127 </para>
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128 </formalpara>
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129
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130 <para>
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131 <application>MPlayer</application> umí rovněž použít knihovny
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132 <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> a <systemitem>libdvdcss</systemitem>
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133 na systémové úrovni, ale toto řešení <emphasis role="bold">nedoporučujeme</emphasis>,
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134 protože může vést k chybám, nekompatibilitě knihovny a nižší rychlosti.
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135 </para>
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136
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137 <note><para>
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138 V případě problémů s dekódováním DVD, zkuste vypnout supermount a podobná udělátka.
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139 Některé RPC-2 mechaniky mohou rovněž vyžadovat nastavení region kódu.
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140 </para></note>
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141
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142 <formalpara>
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143 <title>Struktura DVD</title>
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144 <para>
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145 DVD disky mají 2048 bajtů na sektor s ECC/CRC. Obvykle mají souborový systém UDF
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146 v jediné stopě, obsahující různé soubory (malé .IFO a .BUK soubory a velké (1GB)
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147 .VOB soubory). Jsou to reálné soubory a mohou být kopírovány/přehrávány
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148 z připojeného systému souborů nešifrovaného DVD.
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149 </para>
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150 </formalpara>
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151
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152 <para>
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153 Soubory .IFO obsahují informace pro navigaci ve filmu (kapitola/titul/mapa úhlů,
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154 tabulka jazyků, atd) a jsou potřeba pro čtení a interpretaci obsahu .VOBu
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155 (filmu). Soubory .BUK jsou jejich zálohami. Všude používají
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156 <emphasis role="bold">sektory</emphasis>, takže musíte použít surové (RAW)
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157 adresování sektorů na disku, abyste se mohli navigovat v DVD, nebo dekryptovat
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158 jeho obsah.
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159 </para>
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160
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161 <para>
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162 Podpora DVD vyžaduje přímý sektorově-orientovaný přístup k zařízení. Naneštěstí
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163 musíte (pod Linuxem) být root, abyste dostali adresu sektoru souboru.
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164 To je důvod proč vůbec nepoužíváme modul souborového systému z kernelu a místo
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165 něj jej implementujeme v uživatelském prostoru. To zajišťují
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166 <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> 0.9.x a <systemitem>libmpdvdkit</systemitem>.
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167 UDF ovladač z kernelu není potřeba, jelikož tyto knihovny mají zabudován svůj
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168 vlastní. Rovněž nemusí být DVD přimountováno vzhledem k tomu že používáme
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169 pouze přímý (raw) přístup.
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170 </para>
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171
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172 <para>
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173 Někdy <filename>/dev/dvd</filename> nemůže být čteno uživateli, proto autoři
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174 <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> implementovali emulační vrstvu, která
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175 převádí sektorové adresy na soubor+offset za účelem emulace raw přístupu
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176 nad připojeným souborovým systémem nebo dokonce i hard diskem.
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177 </para>
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178
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179 <para>
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180 <systemitem>libdvdread</systemitem> dokonce přijme bod připojení (mountpoint)
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181 místo názvu zařízení pro přímý přístup a podívá se do
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182 <filename>/proc/mounts</filename> na jméno zařízení. To bylo vyvinuto pro
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183 Solaris, kde jsou názvy souborů dynamicky alokovány.
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184 </para>
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185
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186 <para>
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187 Výchozím DVD zařízením je <filename>/dev/dvd</filename>. Pokud se vaše
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188 nastavení liší, vytvořte symlink, nebo uveďte správné zařízení na příkazovém
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189 řádku pomocí volby <option>-dvd-device</option>.
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190 </para>
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191
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192 <formalpara>
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193 <title>DVD autentifikace</title>
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194 <para>
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195 Tato autentifikační a dekryptovací metoda nového stylu podpory DVD je
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196 zajišťována použitím patchované knihovny <systemitem>libdvdcss</systemitem>
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197 (viz výš). Metoda může být nastavena pomocí proměnné prostředí
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198 <envar>DVDCSS_METHOD</envar> nastavené na klíč, disk nebo titul.
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199 </para>
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200 </formalpara>
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201
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202 <para>
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203 Pokud není nastavena, zkouší se následující metody (výchozí: "key",
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204 "title request"):
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205 </para>
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206
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207 <orderedlist>
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208 <listitem><para>
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209 <emphasis role="bold">bus key</emphasis>: Tento klíč je dohodnut během
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210 autentifikace (dlouhá směs ioctl volání a výměn různých klíčů, kryptování)
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211 a je použit pro zašifrování klíčů titulu a disku než jsou odeslány přes
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212 nechráněnou sběrnici (jako prevence odposlechnutí). Klíč "bus key" je potřeba
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213 pro předdešifrování šifrovaného klíče disku.
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214 </para></listitem>
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215
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216 <listitem><para>
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217 <emphasis role="bold">cached key</emphasis>: <application>MPlayer</application>
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218 se poohlédne po již zlomených klíčích titulu, které jsou uloženy v adresáři
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219 <filename class="directory">~/.mplayer/DVDKeys</filename> (rychlé ;).
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220 </para></listitem>
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221
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222 <listitem><para>
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223 <emphasis role="bold">key</emphasis>: Pokud není k dispozici "cached key",
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224 <application>MPlayer</application> zkusí rozšifrovat klíč disku pomocí
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225 sady přiložených klíčů přehrávače.
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226 </para></listitem>
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227
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228 <listitem><para>
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229 <emphasis role="bold">disk</emphasis>: Pokud selže "key" metoda,
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230 (např. nejsou přiloženy klíče přehrávače), <application>MPlayer</application>
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231 crackne klíč disku algoritmem hrubé síly. Tento proces je náročný na CPU a
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232 vyžaduje 64 MB paměti (16M 32Bitových položek hash tabulky) pro uložení
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233 pracovních dat. Tato metoda by měla fungovat vždy (pomalé).
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234 </para></listitem>
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235
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236 <listitem><para>
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237 <emphasis role="bold">title request</emphasis>: S pomocí klíče disku, požádá
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238 <application>MPlayer</application> o šifrované klíče titulu, které jsou
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239 ukryty ve <emphasis>skrytých sektorech</emphasis> pomocí
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240 <systemitem>ioctl()</systemitem>.
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241 Ochrana regiony v RPC-2 mechanikách je prováděna v tomto kroku a na některých
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242 mechanikách může selhat.
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243 Pokud uspěje, budou klíče titulu (title keys) dekryptovány pomocí klíče disku
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244 (disk key) a klíče sběrnice (bus key).
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245 </para></listitem>
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246
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247 <listitem><para>
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248 <emphasis role="bold">title</emphasis>: Tato metoda je použita pokud selže
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249 požadavek na titul a nespoléhá se na výměnu klíčů s DVD mechanikou.
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250 Používá se zde kryptografický útok na přímé určení klíče (vyhledáváním
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251 opakujícího se vzoru v dešifrovaném obsahu VOB a rozhodnutím zda čistý text
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252 odpovídající prvním šifrovaným bajtům je pokračováním tohoto vzoru).
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253 Metoda je také známa jako &quot;known plaintext attack&quot;
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254 nebo &quot;DeCSSPlus&quot;. V nemnoha případech může metoda selhat z důvodu
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255 nedostatku šifrovaných dat na disku pro provedení statistického útoku, nebo
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256 protože se klíč mění uprostřed titulu. Tato metoda je jediným způsobem jak
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257 dekryptovat DVD uložené na harddisku nebo DVD se špatným regionem na
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258 RPC2 mechanice (pomalé).
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259 </para></listitem>
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260 </orderedlist>
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261
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262 <para>
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263 RPC-1 DVD mechaniky chrání nastavení regionu pouze softwarově. RPC-2 mechaniky
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264 mají hardwarovou ochranu umožňující pouze 5 změn. Může být potřeba/doporučeno
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265 provést upgrade firmwaru na RPC-1 pokud máte RPC-2 DVD mechaniku.
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266 Můžete zkusit najít upgrady firmwaru pro svou mechaniku na internetu,
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267 <ulink url="http://forum.rpc-1.com/dl_all.php">toto firmwarové fórum</ulink>
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268 může být dobrým začátkem pro vaše hledání.
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269 Pokud pro vaši mechaniku není k dispozici upgrade firmwaru, použijte
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270 <ulink url="http://linvdr.org/projects/regionset/">nástroj regionset</ulink>
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271 pro nastavení region kódu vaší DVD mechaniky (pod Linux).
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272 <emphasis role="bold">Varování</emphasis>: Region můžete přenastavit pouze
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273 pětkrát.
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274 </para>
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275 </sect1>
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276
16008
2fef79b2d577 Synced with 1.15
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277
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278
14697
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279 <sect1 id="vcd">
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280 <title>Přehrávání VCD</title>
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281 <para>
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282 Úplný seznam dostupných voleb naleznete v man stránce. Syntaxe pro standardní
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283 Video CD (VCD) je následující:
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284 <screen>mplayer vcd://<replaceable>&lt;stopa&gt;</replaceable> [-cdrom-device <replaceable>&lt;zařízení&gt;</replaceable>]</screen>
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285 Příklad:
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286 <screen>mplayer vcd://<replaceable>2</replaceable> -cdrom-device <replaceable>/dev/hdc</replaceable></screen>
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287 Výchozím VCD zařízením je <filename>/dev/cdrom</filename>. Pokud se vaše nastavení
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288 liší, vytvořte symlink nebo uveďte správné zařízení na příkazovém řádku pomocí volby
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289 <option>-cdrom-device</option>.
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290 </para>
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291
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292 <note><para>
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293 Minimálně SCSI CD-ROM mechaniky Plextor a Toshiba vykazují mizerný výkon
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294 při čtení VCD. To proto, že CDROMREADRAW <systemitem>ioctl</systemitem>
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295 není pro tyto mechaniky plně implementováno. Pokud máte zkušenosti se
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296 SCSI programováním, prosíme
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297 <ulink url="../../tech/patches.txt">pomozte nám</ulink>
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298 implementovat obecnou SCSI podporu pro VCD.
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299 </para></note>
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300
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301 <para>
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302 Mezitím můžete extrahovat data z VCD pomocí
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303 <ulink url="http://miketeo.net/links/readvcd-0.3.tgz">readvcd</ulink>
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304 a výsledný soubor přehrát v <application>MPlayer</application>u.
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305 </para>
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306
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307 <formalpara>
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308 <title>Struktura VCD</title>
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309
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310 <para>
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311 Video CD (VCD) je tvořeno CD-ROM XA sektory, čili stopy CD-ROM mode 2
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312 třída 1 a 2:</para>
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313 </formalpara>
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314
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315 <itemizedlist>
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316 <listitem><para>
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317 První stopa je ve formátu mode 2 třída 2 což znamená, že používá L2
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318 korekci chyb. Stopa obsahuje souborový systém ISO-9660 s 2048
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319 bajty/sektor. Tento souborový systém obsahuje VCD metadata informace,
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320 stejně jako statické snímky často používané v menu. MPEG segmenty menu
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321 mohou být rovněž uloženy v této první stopě, ale tyto MPEGy musí být
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322 rozsekány na série 150 sektorových chunků. Souborový systém ISO-9660
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323 může obsahovat další soubory, které nejsou potřeba pro operace
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324 s VCD.
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325 </para></listitem>
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326
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327 <listitem><para>
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328 Druhá a ostatní stopy jsou všeobecně surovými MPEG (film) stopami
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329 s 2324 bajty/sektor, obsahující jeden MPEG PS datový paket na
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330 sektor. Ty jsou v mode 2 třída 1 formátu, takže obsahují více dat
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331 v každém sektoru za cenu omezení korekce chyb. Je rovněž možné mít
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332 CD-DA stopy na VCD za první stopou.
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333 V některých operačních systémech jsou triky, které umožňují zpřístupnit
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334 tyto ne-ISO-9660 stopy v systému souborů. V dalších operačních
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335 systémech jako GNU/Linux to není možné (zatím). Zde MPEG data
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336 <emphasis role="bold">nemohou být připojena</emphasis>. Protože většina
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337 filmů je uložena uvnitř tohoto druhu stopy, měli byste nejprve zkusit
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338 <option>vcd://2</option>.
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339 </para></listitem>
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340
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341 <listitem><para>
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342 Existují také VCD disky bez první stopy (jediná stopa bez systému souborů).
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343 Můžete je přehrát, ale nemohou být namountovány.
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344 </para></listitem>
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345
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346 <listitem><para> Definice standardu Video CD se nazývá
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347 Philips "White Book" a není obecně přístupná online, ale musí být zakoupena
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348 od Philipsu. Podrobnější informace o Video CD můžete nalézt
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349 <ulink url="http://www.vcdimager.org/pub/vcdimager/manuals/0.7/vcdimager.html#SEC4">v dokumentaci programu vcdimager</ulink>.
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350 </para></listitem>
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351
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352 </itemizedlist>
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353
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354 <formalpara>
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355 <title>Pár slov o .DAT souborech</title>
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356 <para>
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357 Soubor veliký ~600 MB viditelný v první stopě připojeného VCD není
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358 skutečným souborem! Je to takzvaná ISO gateway, vytvořená proto,
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359 aby mohl Windows přistupovat k těmto stopám (Windows vůbec neumožňuje
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360 aplikacím surový přístup k zařízení).
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361 Pod Linuxem nemůžete kopírovat nebo přehrávat tyto soubory
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362 (obsahují jen nesmysly). Pod Windows je to možné, protože jeho iso9660
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363 ovladač emuluje surový přístup ke stopě v tomto souboru. Abyste mohli
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364 přehrát .DAT soubor, potřebujete ovladač kernelu který můžete nalézt
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365 v Linuxové verzi PowerDVD. Obsahuje upravený ovladač systému souborů
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366 iso9660 (<filename>vcdfs/isofs-2.4.X.o</filename>), který umí emulovat
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367 surové stopy přes tento stínový .DAT soubor. Pokud připojíte disk
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368 s pomocí jejich ovladače, můžete kopírovat či dokonce přehrávat .DAT
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369 soubory <application>MPlayer</application>em. Ale nebude to fungovat
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370 se standardním iso9660 ovladačem z Linuxového kernelu! Místo toho
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371 použijte <option>vcd://</option>. Alternativou kopírování VCD je
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372 nový ovladač do kernelu jménem
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373 <ulink url="http://www.elis.rug.ac.be/~ronsse/cdfs/">cdfs</ulink>
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374 (není součástí oficiálního kernelu), který zobrazuje CD sekce jako
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375 obrazové soubory a program
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376 <ulink url="http://cdrdao.sf.net/">cdrdao</ulink>, který bit-po-bitu
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377 grabuje/kopíruje CD.
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378 </para>
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379 </formalpara>
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380 </sect1>
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381 </chapter>