annotate DOCS/xml/fr/formats.xml @ 10830:ca838366710d

catch negative port numbers, just in case
author attila
date Sat, 06 Sep 2003 22:42:02 +0000
parents f586be782e69
children 1ffff639216e
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1"?>
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2 <sect1 id="formats">
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3 <title>Formats supportés</title>
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4
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5 <para>
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6 Il est important de clarifier une erreur commune. Quand les gens voient
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7 un fichier avec une extension <filename>.AVI</filename>, ils en concluent
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8 immédiatement qu'il ne s'agit pas d'un fichier MPEG. Ce n'est pas vrai.
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9 Du moins pas entièrement. Contrairement aux suppositions populaires, un
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10 tel fichier <emphasis>peut</emphasis> contenir de la vidéo MPEG1.
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11 </para>
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12
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13 <para>
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14 Vous voyez, un <emphasis role="bold">codec</emphasis> n'est pas la même chose qu'un
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15 <emphasis role="bold">format de fichier</emphasis>.
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16 Exemples de <emphasis role="bold">codecs</emphasis> vidéo: MPEG1, MPEG2, DivX, Indeo5, 3ivx.
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17 Exemples de <emphasis role="bold">formats</emphasis> de fichier: MPG, AVI, ASF.
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18 </para>
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19
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20 <para>
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21 En théorie, vous pouvez placer une vidéo OpenDivX et de l'audio MP3 dans un format
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22 de fichier <emphasis role="bold">MPG</emphasis>. Par contre, la plupart des lecteurs
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23 ne pourrons pas lire ce fichier car ils attendent de la vidéo MPEG1 et de l'audio
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24 MP2 (contrairement à l'<emphasis role="bold">AVI</emphasis>, le
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25 <emphasis role="bold">MPG</emphasis> ne contient pas les champs nécessaires pour
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26 décrire ses flux vidéo et audio). Ou vous pouvez placer de la vidéo MPEG1 dans
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27 un fichier AVI.
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28 <ulink url="http://ffmpeg.sourceforge.net/">FFmpeg</ulink> et
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29 <link linkend="mencoder">MEncoder</link> peuvent créer ces fichiers.
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30 </para>
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31
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32
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33 <sect2 id="video-formats">
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34 <title>Formats vidéo</title>
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35
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36 <sect3 id="mpg-vob-dat">
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37 <title>Fichiers MPEG</title>
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38
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39 <para>
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40 Les fichiers MPEG peuvent avoir des apparences différentes:
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41 </para>
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42
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43 <itemizedlist>
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44 <listitem><simpara>
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45 MPG: C'est la forme la plus <emphasis role="bold">basique</emphasis> des formats
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46 de fichier MPEG. Il contient de la vidéo MPEG1, et de l'audio MP2 (MPEG-1 layer 2)
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47 ou plus rarement MP1.
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48 </simpara></listitem>
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49 <listitem><simpara>
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50 DAT: C'est très exactement le même format que MPG mais avec une extension différente.
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51 Il est utilisé dans les <emphasis role="bold">Video CDs</emphasis>. A cause de
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52 la façon dont sont créés les VCDs et dont linux est conçu, les fichiers DAT ne
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53 peuvent être ni lus ni copiés depuis des VCDs en temps que fichiers réguliers.
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54 Vous devrez utiliser l'option <option>vcd://</option> pour lire un Video CD.
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55 </simpara></listitem>
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56 <listitem><simpara>
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57 VOB: C'est le format de fichier MPEG des <emphasis role="bold">DVDs</emphasis>.
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58 C'est le même que MPG, plus la capacité de contenir des sous-titres et de
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59 l'audio non-MPEG (AC3). Il contient de la vidéo encodé en MPEG2 et généralement
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60 de l'audio AC3, mais DTS, MP2 et LPCM non-compressé sont également autorisés.
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61 Lisez la <link linkend="dvd">section DVD</link>!
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62 </simpara></listitem>
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63 </itemizedlist>
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64
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65 <para>
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66 Les séries de trames forment des groupes indépendants dans les fichiers MPEG.
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67 Cela signifie que vous pouvez couper/joindre un fichier MPEG avec des outils
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68 fichier standards (comme <command>dd</command>, <command>cut</command>), et il
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69 restera parfaitement lisible.
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70 </para>
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71
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72 <para>
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73 Une fonction importante des MPGs est qu'ils ont un champ décrivant le rapport
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74 d'aspect du flux vidéo, et dans l'entête ce champs est fixé à 4:3, il est donc
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75 lu en 640x480. Les fichiers AVI n'ont pas ce champs, donc ils doivent être
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76 redimensionné durant l'encodage ou joués avec l'option <option>-aspect</option>.
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77 </para>
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78 </sect3>
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79
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80
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81 <sect3 id="avi">
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82 <title>Fichiers AVI</title>
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83
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84 <para>
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85 Conçu par Microsoft, <emphasis role="bold">AVI (Audio Video Interleaved)</emphasis>
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86 est un format répandu et multi-usages actuellement utilisé par la plupart des vidéos
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87 DivX et DivX4. Il a de nombreux inconvénients et défauts (par exemple en streaming).
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88 Il supporte un flux vidéo et de 0 à 99 flux audio. La taille du fichier est limité
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89 à 2Go, mais il existe une extension permettant des fichiers plus gros appelée
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90 OpenDML. Actuellement Microsoft Décourage fortement son utilisation au profit
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91 d' ASF/WMV.
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92 </para>
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93
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94 <para>
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95 Il y a un hack qui permet aux fichiers AVI de contenir un flux audio Ogg Vorbis,
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96 mais qui les rend incompatibles avec le standard AVI.
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97 <application>MPlayer</application> peut lire ces fichiers. Le déplacement est
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98 aussi implémenté mais sévèrement gêné par les fichiers mal encodés avec des
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99 entêtes trompeuses. Malheureusement le seul encodeur capable actuellement de
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100 créer ces fichiers, <application>NanDub</application>, a ce problème.
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101 </para>
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102
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103 <note>
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104 <para>
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105 Les caméras DV créées des flux DV brut que les utilitaires de capture DV
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106 convertissent en deux types de fichiers AVI différents. L'AVI pourra ensuite
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107 contenir soit des flux audio et vidéo séparés que <application>MPlayer</application>
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108 peut lire, soit un flux DV brut pour lequel le support est en développement.
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109 </para>
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110 </note>
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111
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112 <para>
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113 Il y a deux types de fichiers AVI:
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114 <itemizedlist>
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115 <listitem><simpara>
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116 <emphasis role="bold">Entrelacé:</emphasis> Les contenus audio et vidéo sont
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117 entrelacés. C'est l'utilisation standard. Recommandé et généralement utilisé.
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118 Certains outils crées des AVIs entrelacés avec une mauvaise synchro.
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119 <application>MPlayer</application> les détecte comme entrelacés, ce qui va
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120 enduire une perte de synchro A/V, probablement pendant un déplacement. Ces
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121 fichiers devraient être lu en temps que non-entrelacés (avec l'option <option>-ni</option>).
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122 </simpara></listitem>
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123 <listitem><simpara>
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124 <emphasis role="bold">Non-entrelacé:</emphasis> D'abord vient le flux vidéo
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125 entier, puis le flux audio entier. Il a donc besoin de beaucoup de déplacements,
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126 rendant la lecture depuis le réseau ou un CD-ROM difficile.
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127 </simpara></listitem>
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128 </itemizedlist>
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129 </para>
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130
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131 <para>
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132 <application>MPlayer</application> supporte deux types de synchro pour les fichiers AVI:
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133 <itemizedlist>
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134 <listitem><simpara>
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135 <emphasis role="bold">basé sur bps</emphasis>: Basé sur le bitrate/samplerate du flux
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136 video/audio stream. Cette méthode est utilisé dans la plupart des lecteurs,
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137 incluant<ulink url="http://avifile.sourceforge.net">avifile</ulink>
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138 et <application>Windows Media Player</application>. Les fichiers avec des entêtes endommagées,
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139 et les fichiers créés avec de l'audio VBR mais pas avec un encodeur VBR-compliant
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140 auront une désynchro A/V avec cette méthode (la plupart du temps en se déplaçant).
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141 </simpara></listitem>
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142 <listitem><simpara>
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143 <emphasis role="bold">basé sur l'entrelacement</emphasis>: N'utilise pas le bitrate
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144 de l'entête, à la place utilise la position relative des morceaux d'audio et de
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145 vidéo entrelacés, rendant lisibles les fichiers mal encodés avec de l'audio VBR.
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146 </simpara></listitem>
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147 </itemizedlist>
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148 </para>
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149
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150 <para>
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151 N'importe quel codec audio et vidéo est autorisé, mais notez que l'audio VBR
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152 n'est pas très bien supporté par la plupart des lecteurs. Le format de fichier
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153 rend l'utilisation d'audio VBR possible, mais la plupart des lecteurs attendent
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154 de l'audio CBR, donc ils échouent avec VBR. VBR n'est pas très courant et les
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155 spécs Microsoft AVI ne décrivent que l'audio CBR. La plupart des
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156 encodeurs /multiplexeurs créés de mauvais fichiers en utilisant l'audio VBR.
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157 Il n'y a que deux exceptions:
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158 <application>NanDub</application> et <link linkend="mencoder">MEncoder</link>.
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159 </para>
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160 </sect3>
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161
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162
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163 <sect3 id="asf-wmv">
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164 <title>Fichiers ASF/WMV</title>
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165 <para>
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166 ASF (Active Streaming Format) provient de Microsoft. Ils ont développé deux
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167 variantes de l'ASF, v1.0 et v2.0. v1.0 est utilisé par leurs outils multimédia
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168 (<application>Windows Media Player</application> et <application>Windows Media Encoder</application>)
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169 Bien sûr elles diffèrent, il n'y a pas de compatibilité du tout (ce n'est juste
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170 qu'un autre nom légal).
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171 <application>MPlayer</application> ne supporte que la v1.0, car personne n'a vu de fichiers v2.0 :).
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172 Notez que les fichiers ASF viennent de nos jours avec l'extension
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173 <filename>.WMA</filename> ou <filename>.WMV</filename>.
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174 </para>
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175 </sect3>
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176
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177
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178 <sect3 id="qt-mov">
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179 <title>Fichiers QuickTime/MOV</title>
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180
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181 <para>
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182 Ces formats ont été conçus par Apple et peuvent contenir n'importe quel codec, CBR ou VBR.
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183 Ils ont généralement une extension <filename>.QT</filename> ou <filename>.MOV</filename>.
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184 extension. Notez que depuis que le group MPEG4 a choisi QuickTime en temps que
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185 format recommandé pour le MPEG4, leur fichiers MOV sont diffusés avec une
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186 extension <filename>.MPG</filename> ou <filename>.MP4</filename> (Au passage les
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187 flux vidéo et audio de ces fichiers sont de véritables fichiers MPG et AAC. Vous
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188 pouvez même les extraire avec les options <option>-dumpvideo</option> et
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189 <option>-dumpaudio</option>).
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190 </para>
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191
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192 <note>
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193 <para>
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194 La plupart des nouveaux fichiers QuickTime utilise de la vidéo
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195 <emphasis role="bold">Sorenson</emphasis> et de l'audio QDesign Music. Voir
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196 notre section codec <link linkend="sorenson">Sorenson</link>.
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197 </para>
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198 </note>
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199 </sect3>
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200
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201
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202 <sect3 id="vivo">
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203 <title>Fichiers VIVO</title>
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204
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205 <para>
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206 <application>MPlayer</application> démuxe les fichiers VIVO avec plaisir.
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207 Le plus gros désavantage de ce format est qu'il n'a pas de bloc d'index, ni
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208 de taille de paquets fixe ou d'octet de synchro et la plupart des fichiers
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209 manquent même de trames clés, donc oubliez le déplacement!
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210 </para>
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211
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212 <para>
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213 Le codec vidéo des fichiers VIVO/1.0 est le <emphasis role="bold">h.263</emphasis>
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214 standard. Le codec vidéo des fichiers VIVO/2.0 est un
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215 <emphasis role="bold">h.263v2</emphasis> modifié et non-standard. Même chose pour
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216 l'audio, qui peut être <emphasis role="bold">g.723 (standard)</emphasis>, ou
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217 <emphasis role="bold">Vivo Siren</emphasis>.
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218 </para>
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219
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220 <para>
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221 Voir les sections
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222 <link linkend="vivo-video">Codec VIVO video</link> et
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223 <link linkend="vivo-audio">Codec VIVO audio</link>
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224 pour les instructions d'installation.
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225 </para>
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226 </sect3>
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227
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228
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229 <sect3 id="fli">
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230 <title>Fichiers FLI</title>
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231 <para>
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232 <emphasis role="bold">FLI</emphasis> est un très ancien format de fichier
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233 utilisé par Autodesk Animator, mais c'est un format courant pour les animations
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234 courtes trouvées sur le net.
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235 <application>MPlayer</application> démuxe et décode les films FLI et est même
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236 capable de ce déplacer à l'intérieur (utile en utilisant l'option
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237 <option>-loop</option>). Les fichiers FLI n'ont pas de trame clé, donc l'image
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238 sera sale pendant un court instant après le déplacement.
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239 </para>
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240 </sect3>
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241
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242
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243 <sect3 id="realmedia">
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244 <title>Fichiers RealMedia (RM)</title>
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245
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246 <para>
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247 Oui, <application>MPlayer</application> peut lire (démuxer) les fichiers RealMedia
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248 (<filename>.rm</filename>). Le déplacement fonctionne mais vous devrez spécifier
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249 explicitement l'option <option>-forceidx</option> (le format supporte les trames cl).
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250 Voici une liste des codecs <link linkend="realvideo">RealVideo</link> et <link
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251 linkend="realaudio">RealAudio</link> supportés.
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252 </para>
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253 </sect3>
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254
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255
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256 <sect3 id="nuppelvideo">
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257 <title>Fichiers NuppelVideo</title>
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258 <para>
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259 <ulink url="http://mars.tuwien.ac.at/~roman/nuppelvideo">NuppelVideo</ulink>
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260 est un outil de capture TV (d'après ce que j'en sais:). <application>MPlayer</application>
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261 peut lire ses fichiers <filename>.NUV</filename> (NuppelVideo 5.0 uniquement).
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262 Ces fichiers peuvent contenir des trames YV12 non-compressées, YV12+RTJpeg non-compressées,
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263 YV12 RTJpeg+lzo compressées, et YV12+lzo compressées.
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264 <application>MPlayer</application> les décode tous (et les <emphasis role="bold">encode</emphasis>
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265 également avec <application>MEncoder</application> en DivX/etc!). Le déplacement fonctionne.
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266 </para>
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267 </sect3>
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268
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269
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270 <sect3 id="yuv4mpeg">
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271 <title>Fichiers yuv4mpeg</title>
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272 <para>
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273 <ulink url="http://mjpeg.sourceforge.net">yuv4mpeg / yuv4mpeg2</ulink>
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274 est un format de fichier utilisé par les
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275 <ulink url="http://mjpeg.sf.net">programmes mjpegtools</ulink>.
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276 Vous pouvez grabber, produire, filtrer ou encoder de la vidéo dans ce format
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277 en utilisant ces outils. Le format de fichier est réellement une séquence
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278 d'images YUV 4:2:0 non-compressées.
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279 </para>
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280 </sect3>
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281
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282
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283 <sect3 id="film">
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284 <title>Fichiers FILM</title>
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285 <para>
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286 Ce format est utilisé par les vieux jeux Sega Saturn CD-ROM.
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287 </para>
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288 </sect3>
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289
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290
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291 <sect3 id="roq">
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292 <title>Fichiers RoQ</title>
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293 <para>
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294 Les fichiers RoQ sont des fichiers multimédia utilisé dans
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295 certains jeux ID comme Quake III et Return to Castle Wolfenstein.
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296 </para>
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297 </sect3>
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298
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299
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300 <sect3 id="ogg">
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301 <title>Fichiers OGG/OGM</title>
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302 <para>
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303 Ceci est un nouveau format de <ulink url="http://www.xiph.org">Xiphophorus</ulink>.
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304 Il peut contenir n'importe quel codec vidéo ou audio, CBR ou VBR. Vous aurez
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305 besoin d'installer <systemitem class="library">libogg</systemitem> et
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306 <systemitem class="library">libvorbis</systemitem> avant la compilation de
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307 <application>MPlayer</application> pour qu'il puisse les lire.
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308 </para>
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309 </sect3>
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310
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311
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312 <sect3 id="sdp">
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313 <title>Fichiers SDP</title>
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314 <para>
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315 <ulink url="ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/rfc2327.txt">SDP</ulink>
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316 (Les librairies &quot;<ulink url="http://www.live.com/mplayer/">LIVE.COM Streaming Media</ulink>&quot;
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317 sont requises.)
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318 </para>
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319 </sect3>
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320
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321
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322 <sect3 id="pva">
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323 <title>Fichiers PVA</title>
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324 <para>
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325 PVA est un format semblable à MPEG utilisé dans les logiciels des cartes TV DVB
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326 (par ex.: <application>MultiDec</application>, <application>WinTV</application>
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327 sous Windows.)
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328 </para>
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329
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330 <para>
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331 Les spécifications PVA peuvent être téléchargées à l'adresse suivante:
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332 <ulink url="http://www.technotrend.de/download/av_format_v1.pdf"/>
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333 </para>
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334 </sect3>
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335
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336
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337 <sect3 id="gif">
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338 <title>Fichiers GIF</title>
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339 <para>
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340 Le format <emphasis role="bold">GIF</emphasis>est un format courant pour les
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341 graphismes web. Il y a deux versions des specs GIF, GIF87a et GIF89a. La
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342 principale différence est que le GIF89a autorise l'animation. MPlayer supporte
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343 les deux formats en utilisant <systemitem class="library">libungif</systemitem>
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344 ou une autre librairie compatible libgif. Les GIFs non-animées seront affichées
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345 comme des vidéos à simple trame. (Utilisez les options <option>-loop</option>
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346 et <option>-fixed-vo</option>pour les afficher plus longtemps).
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347 </para>
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348
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349 <para>
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350 <application>MPlayer</application> ne supporte actuellement pas le déplacement
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351 dans les fichiers GIF. Les fichiers GIF n'ont pas nécessairement une taille de
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352 trame fixe, ni un débit fixe. De plus, chaque trame est de taille indépendante
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353 et est sensée être positionné à une certaine place dans un champ de taille fixe.
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354 Le débit est contrôlé par un bloc optionnel avant chaque trame qui spécifie le
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355 décalage de la prochaine trame en centièmes de seconde.
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356 </para>
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357
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358 <para>
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359 Les fichiers GIF standard contiennent des trames 24-bit RGB avec au plus une
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360 palette 8-bit. Ces trames sont généralement compressées en LZW, bien que
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361 certains encodeurs GIF produisent des trames non-compressées pour éviter les
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362 problèmes de licence avec la compression LZW.
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363 </para>
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364
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365 <para>
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366 Si votre distribution ne contient pas <systemitem class="library">libungif</systemitem>,
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367 téléchargez-en une copie depuis la
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368 <ulink url="http://prtr-13.ucsc.edu/~badger/software/libungif/index.shtml">page de libungif
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369 </ulink>. Pour des informations techniques détaillées, regardez la
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370 <ulink url="http://www.w3.org/Graphics/GIF/spec-gif89a.txt">spécification GIF89a</ulink>.
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371 </para>
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372 </sect3>
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373 </sect2>
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374
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375 <!-- ********** -->
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376
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377 <sect2 id="audio-formats">
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378 <title>Formats Audio</title>
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379
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380 <para>
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381 <application>MPlayer</application> est un lecteur de <emphasis role="bold">films</emphasis>
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382 et pas de <emphasis role="bold">media</emphasis>, bien qu'il puisse lire
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383 quelques formats audio (listés dans les sections ci-dessous). Ce n'est pas un
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384 usage recommandé de <application>MPlayer</application>, vous feriez mieux d'utiliser
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385 <ulink url="http://www.xmms.org">XMMS</ulink>.
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386 </para>
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387
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388 <sect3 id="mp3">
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389 <title>Fichiers MP3</title>
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390 <para>
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391 Vous pouvez avoir des problèmes pour lire certains fichiers MP3 que
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392 <application>MPlayer</application>prends pour des MPEGs et ne joue pas
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393 correctement voir pas du tout. Ceci ne peut être réparé sans enlever le
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394 support de certains fichiers MPEG endommagés et donc restera ainsi pour
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395 un temps indéterminé. L'option <option>-demuxer</option> décrite dans la
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396 page de man pourrait vous aider dans ces cas-là.
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397 </para>
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398 </sect3>
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399
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400 <sect3 id="wav">
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401 <title>Fichiers WAV</title>
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402 <para>
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403 </para>
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404 </sect3>
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405
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406 <sect3 id="ogg-vorbis">
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407 <title>Fichiers OGG/OGM (Vorbis)</title>
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408 <para>
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409 Requiert
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410 <systemitem class="library">libogg</systemitem> et
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411 <systemitem class="library">libvorbis</systemitem> correctement installés.
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412 </para>
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413 </sect3>
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414
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415 <sect3 id="wma-asf">
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416 <title>Fichiers WMA/ASF</title>
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417 <para>
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418 </para>
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419 </sect3>
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420
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421 <sect3 id="mp4">
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422 <title>Fichiers MP4</title>
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423 <para></para>
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424 </sect3>
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425
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426 <sect3 id="cdda">
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427 <title>CD audio</title>
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428 <para>
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429 <application>MPlayer</application> peut utiliser <application>cdparanoia</application>
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430 pour lire des CDDA (Audio CD). Le but de cette section n'est pas d'énumérer les
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431 fonctions de <application>cdparanoia</application>.
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432 </para>
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433
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434 <para>
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435 Voir la page de man pour les options à passer à <application>cdparanoia</application>
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436 via <option>-cdda</option>.
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437 </para>
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438 </sect3>
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439
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440 <sect3 id="xmms">
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441 <title>XMMS</title>
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442 <para>
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443 <application>MPlayer</application> peut utiliser les plugins d'entrée de
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444 <application>XMMS</application> pour jouer de nombreux formats de fichier.
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445 Il y a des plugins pour les thèmes de jeux SNES, les thèmes SID (du Commodore
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446 64), de nombreux formats Amiga, .xm, .it, VQF, musepack, Bonk, shorten et bien
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447 d'autres. Vous pouvez les trouver sur la
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448 <ulink url="http://www.xmms.org/plugins_input.html">page des plugins d'entrée XMMS</ulink>.
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449 </para>
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450
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451 <para>
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452 Pour cette fonctionnalité vous devez avoir <application>XMMS</application>
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453 et compiler MPlayer avec <application>MPlayer</application> avec
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454 <command>./configure --enable-xmms</command>.
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455 Si cela ne fonctionne pas, vous pourriez avoir besoin de préciser le chemin
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456 des plugins et des librairies <application>XMMS</application> explicitement
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457 par l'intermédiaire des options <option>--with-xmmsplugindir</option> et
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458 <option>--withxmmslibdir</option>.
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459 </para>
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460 </sect3>
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461 </sect2>
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462 </sect1>