comparison libmpdvdkit2/css.c @ 9333:f0f0f176d298

sync with libdvdcss 1.2.5 (including u8->uint8_t and whitespace cosmetics...) patch by Andreas Hess <[e-mail]>

9332:a604236b0dd6

 *  - DVD CSS ioctls example program by Andrew T. Veliath <[e-mail]>
 *  - The Divide and conquer attack by Frank A. Stevenson <[e-mail]>
 *  - DeCSSPlus by Ethan Hawke
 *  - DecVOB
 *  see http://www.lemuria.org/DeCSS/ by Tom Vogt for more information.
 * 
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *

#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>

#include "dvdcss.h"

#include "common.h"
#include "css.h"

 * Local prototypes
 *****************************************************************************/
static int  GetBusKey       ( dvdcss_t );
static int  GetASF          ( dvdcss_t );

static void CryptKey        ( int, int, u8 const *, u8 * );
static void DecryptKey      ( u8, u8 const *, u8 const *, u8 * );

static int  DecryptDiscKey  ( u8 const *, dvd_key_t );
static int  CrackDiscKey    ( dvdcss_t, u8 * );

static void DecryptTitleKey ( dvd_key_t, dvd_key_t );
static int  RecoverTitleKey ( int, u8 const *, u8 const *, u8 const *, u8 * );
static int  CrackTitleKey   ( dvdcss_t, int, int, dvd_key_t );

static int  AttackPattern   ( u8 const[], int, u8 * );
#if 0
static int  AttackPadding   ( u8 const[], int, u8 * );
#endif

/*****************************************************************************
 * _dvdcss_test: check if the disc is encrypted or not
 *****************************************************************************/

 *****************************************************************************
 * It simulates the mutual authentication between logical unit and host,
 * and stops when a session key (called bus key) has been established.
 * Always do the full auth sequence. Some drives seem to lie and always
 * respond with ASF=1.  For instance the old DVD roms on Compaq Armada says
 * that ASF=1 from the start and then later fail with a 'read of scrambled 
 * block without authentication' error.
 *****************************************************************************/
static int GetBusKey( dvdcss_t dvdcss )
{
    u8        p_buffer[10];
    u8        p_challenge[2*KEY_SIZE];
    dvd_key_t p_key1;
    dvd_key_t p_key2;
    dvd_key_t p_key_check;
    u8        i_variant = 0;
    char      psz_warning[80];
    int       i_ret = -1;
    int       i;

    _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "requesting AGID" );
    i_ret = ioctl_ReportAgid( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid );

    /* We might have to reset hung authentication processes in the drive 
       by invalidating the corresponding AGID'.  As long as we haven't got
       an AGID, invalidate one (in sequence) and try again. */
    for( i = 0; i_ret == -1 && i < 4 ; ++i )
    {
        sprintf( psz_warning,

        ioctl_InvalidateAgid( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid );
        return -1;
    }

    /* Get challenge from LU */
    if( ioctl_ReportChallenge( dvdcss->i_fd, 
                               &dvdcss->css.i_agid, p_buffer ) < 0 )
    {
        _dvdcss_error( dvdcss, "ioctl ReportKeyChallenge failed" );
        ioctl_InvalidateAgid( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid );
        return -1;

    return 0;
}

/*****************************************************************************
 * PrintKey : debug function that dumps a key value 
 *****************************************************************************/
static void PrintKey( dvdcss_t dvdcss, char *prefix, u8 const *data )
{
    char psz_output[80];

    sprintf( psz_output, "%s%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x", prefix,
             data[0], data[1], data[2], data[3], data[4] );

int _dvdcss_title ( dvdcss_t dvdcss, int i_block )
{
    dvd_title_t *p_title;
    dvd_title_t *p_newtitle;
    dvd_key_t    p_title_key;
    int          i_ret=-1;
    char* key_file=NULL;

    if( ! dvdcss->b_scrambled )
    {
        return 0;
    }

        /* We've already cracked this key, nothing to do */
        memcpy( dvdcss->css.p_title_key, p_title->p_key, sizeof(dvd_key_t) );
        return 0;
    }

    /* check teh CSS Key cache, if available: */
    if(dvdcss->psz_cache){
	int fd;
	key_file=malloc(strlen(dvdcss->psz_cache)+12+4);
	sprintf(key_file,"%s/%.10x",dvdcss->psz_cache,i_block);
	if ( (fd=open( key_file,O_RDONLY ) ) > 0 ){
	    if(read(fd, p_title_key, 5)==5){
		// success!
		free(key_file); key_file=NULL;
		i_ret=1;
		_dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "key found in cache" );
	    }
	    close(fd);
	}
    }

    /* Crack or decrypt CSS title key for current VTS */
    if(i_ret<0) i_ret = _dvdcss_titlekey( dvdcss, i_block, p_title_key );

    if( i_ret < 0 )
    {
        _dvdcss_error( dvdcss, "fatal error in vts css key" );
        return i_ret;
    }
    else if( i_ret == 0 )
    {
        _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "unencrypted title" );
        /* Still store this in the cache, so we don't need to check again. */
    }

    /* store in key-cache */
    if(key_file){
	int fd;
	if ( (fd=open( key_file,O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_EXCL,0644 ) ) > 0 ){
	    write(fd, p_title_key, 5);
	    close(fd);
	}
	free(key_file);
    }

    /* Find our spot in the list */
    p_newtitle = NULL;
    p_title = dvdcss->p_titles;

/*****************************************************************************
 * _dvdcss_disckey: get disc key.
 *****************************************************************************
 * This function should only be called if DVD ioctls are present.
 * It will set dvdcss->i_method = DVDCSS_METHOD_TITLE if it fails to find 
 * a valid disc key.
 * Two decryption methods are offered:
 *  -disc key hash crack,
 *  -decryption with player keys if they are available.
 *****************************************************************************/

    }

    /* This should have invaidated the AGID and got us ASF=1. */
    if( GetASF( dvdcss ) != 1 )
    {
        /* Region mismatch (or region not set) is the most likely source. */  
        _dvdcss_error( dvdcss,
                       "ASF not 1 after reading disc key (region mismatch?)" );
        ioctl_InvalidateAgid( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid );
        return -1;
    }

/*****************************************************************************
 * _dvdcss_titlekey: get title key.
 *****************************************************************************/
int _dvdcss_titlekey( dvdcss_t dvdcss, int i_pos, dvd_key_t p_title_key )
{
    static u8 p_garbage[ 2048 ];          /* static because we never read it */
    u8  p_key[KEY_SIZE];
    int i, i_ret = 0;

    if( dvdcss->b_ioctls && ( dvdcss->i_method == DVDCSS_METHOD_KEY || 
                              dvdcss->i_method == DVDCSS_METHOD_DISC ) )
    {
        /* We have a decrypted Disc key and the ioctls are available,
         * read the title key and decrypt it.
         */

                ioctl_InvalidateAgid( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid );
                i_ret = -1;
                break;

            case 0:
                /* This might either be a title that has no key, 
                 * or we encountered a region error. */
                _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "lost ASF reqesting title key" );
                break;

            case 1:

 * _dvdcss_unscramble: does the actual descrambling of data
 *****************************************************************************
 * sec : sector to unscramble
 * key : title key for this sector
 *****************************************************************************/
int _dvdcss_unscramble( dvd_key_t p_key, u8 *p_sec )
{
    unsigned int    i_t1, i_t2, i_t3, i_t4, i_t5, i_t6;
    u8             *p_end = p_sec + 0x800;

    /* PES_scrambling_control */
    if( p_sec[0x14] & 0x30)
    {
        i_t1 = (p_key[0] ^ p_sec[0x54]) | 0x100;

 * Used during authentication and disc key negociation in GetBusKey.
 * i_key_type : 0->key1, 1->key2, 2->buskey.
 * i_variant : between 0 and 31.
 *****************************************************************************/
static void CryptKey( int i_key_type, int i_variant,
                      u8 const *p_challenge, u8 *p_key )
{
    /* Permutation table for challenge */
    u8      pp_perm_challenge[3][10] =
            { { 1, 3, 0, 7, 5, 2, 9, 6, 4, 8 },
              { 6, 1, 9, 3, 8, 5, 7, 4, 0, 2 },
              { 4, 0, 3, 5, 7, 2, 8, 6, 1, 9 } };

    /* Permutation table for variant table for key2 and buskey */
    u8      pp_perm_variant[2][32] =
            { { 0x0a, 0x08, 0x0e, 0x0c, 0x0b, 0x09, 0x0f, 0x0d,
                0x1a, 0x18, 0x1e, 0x1c, 0x1b, 0x19, 0x1f, 0x1d,
                0x02, 0x00, 0x06, 0x04, 0x03, 0x01, 0x07, 0x05,
                0x12, 0x10, 0x16, 0x14, 0x13, 0x11, 0x17, 0x15 },
              { 0x12, 0x1a, 0x16, 0x1e, 0x02, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x0e,
                0x10, 0x18, 0x14, 0x1c, 0x00, 0x08, 0x04, 0x0c,
                0x13, 0x1b, 0x17, 0x1f, 0x03, 0x0b, 0x07, 0x0f,
                0x11, 0x19, 0x15, 0x1d, 0x01, 0x09, 0x05, 0x0d } };

    u8      p_variants[32] =
            {   0xB7, 0x74, 0x85, 0xD0, 0xCC, 0xDB, 0xCA, 0x73,
                0x03, 0xFE, 0x31, 0x03, 0x52, 0xE0, 0xB7, 0x42,
                0x63, 0x16, 0xF2, 0x2A, 0x79, 0x52, 0xFF, 0x1B,
                0x7A, 0x11, 0xCA, 0x1A, 0x9B, 0x40, 0xAD, 0x01 };

    /* The "secret" key */
    u8      p_secret[5] = { 0x55, 0xD6, 0xC4, 0xC5, 0x28 };

    u8      p_bits[30], p_scratch[10], p_tmp1[5], p_tmp2[5];
    u8      i_lfsr0_o;  /* 1 bit used */
    u8      i_lfsr1_o;  /* 1 bit used */
    u32     i_lfsr0, i_lfsr1;
    u8      i_css_variant, i_cse, i_index, i_combined, i_carry;
    u8      i_val = 0;
    int     i_term = 0;
    int     i_bit;
    int     i;

    for (i = 9; i >= 0; --i)
        p_scratch[i] = p_challenge[pp_perm_challenge[i_key_type][i]];

    i_css_variant = ( i_key_type == 0 ) ? i_variant :

}

/*****************************************************************************
 * DecryptKey: decrypt p_crypted with p_key.
 *****************************************************************************
 * Used to decrypt the disc key, with a player key, after requesting it 
 * in _dvdcss_disckey and to decrypt title keys, with a disc key, requested 
 * in _dvdcss_titlekey.
 * The player keys and the resulting disc key are only used as KEKs 
 * (key encryption keys).
 * Decryption is slightly dependant on the type of key:
 *  -for disc key, invert is 0x00,
 *  -for title key, invert if 0xff. 
 *****************************************************************************/
static void DecryptKey( u8 invert, u8 const *p_key, 
                        u8 const *p_crypted, u8 *p_result )
{
    unsigned int    i_lfsr1_lo;
    unsigned int    i_lfsr1_hi;
    unsigned int    i_lfsr0;
    unsigned int    i_combined;
    u8              o_lfsr0;
    u8              o_lfsr1;
    u8              k[5];
    int             i;

    i_lfsr1_lo = p_key[0] | 0x100;
    i_lfsr1_hi = p_key[1];

 * Decryption of the disc key with player keys if they are available.
 * Try to decrypt the disc key from every position with every player key.
 * p_struct_disckey: the 2048 byte DVD_STRUCT_DISCKEY data
 * p_disc_key: result, the 5 byte disc key
 *****************************************************************************/
static int DecryptDiscKey( u8 const *p_struct_disckey, dvd_key_t p_disc_key )
{
    u8 p_verify[KEY_SIZE];
    int i, n = 0;

    static const dvd_key_t player_keys[] = 
    {
        { 0x01, 0xaf, 0xe3, 0x12, 0x80 },
        { 0x12, 0x11, 0xca, 0x04, 0x3b },
        { 0x14, 0x0c, 0x9e, 0xd0, 0x09 },
        { 0x14, 0x71, 0x35, 0xba, 0xe2 },

        {
            /* Check if player key n is the right key for position i. */
            DecryptKey( 0, player_keys[n], p_struct_disckey + 5 * i,
                        p_disc_key );

            /* The first part in the struct_disckey block is the 
             * 'disc key' encrypted with it self.  Using this we 
             * can check if we decrypted the correct key. */
            DecryptKey( 0, p_disc_key, p_struct_disckey, p_verify );

            /* If the position / player key pair worked then return. */
            if( memcmp( p_disc_key, p_verify, KEY_SIZE ) == 0 )

            }
        }
        n++;
    }

    /* Have tried all combinations of positions and keys, 
     * and we still didn't succeed. */
    memset( p_disc_key, 0, KEY_SIZE );
    return -1;
}

/*****************************************************************************
 * CrackDiscKey: brute force disc key
 * CSS hash reversal function designed by Frank Stevenson
 *****************************************************************************
 * This function uses a big amount of memory to crack the disc key from the   
 * disc key hash, if player keys are not available.
 *****************************************************************************/
#define K1TABLEWIDTH 10

/*

    DecryptKey( 0, ckey, hash, key );

    return memcmp( key, ckey, KEY_SIZE );
}

static int CrackDiscKey( dvdcss_t dvdcss, u8 *p_disc_key )
{
    unsigned char B[5] = { 0,0,0,0,0 }; /* Second Stage of mangle cipher */
    unsigned char C[5] = { 0,0,0,0,0 }; /* Output Stage of mangle cipher
                                         * IntermediateKey */
    unsigned char k[5] = { 0,0,0,0,0 }; /* Mangling cipher key

    unsigned int nStepA;        /* iterator for LFSR1 start state */
    unsigned int nStepB;        /* iterator for possible B[0]     */
    unsigned int nTry;          /* iterator for K[1] possibilities */
    unsigned int nPossibleK1;   /* #of possible K[1] values */
    unsigned char* K1table;     /* Lookup table for possible K[1] */
    unsigned int*  BigTable;    /* LFSR2 startstate indexed by 
                                 * 1,2,5 output byte */

    _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "cracking disc key" );

    /*

 * Function designed by Frank Stevenson
 *****************************************************************************
 * Called from Attack* which are in turn called by CrackTitleKey.  Given
 * a guessed(?) plain text and the chiper text.  Returns -1 on failure.
 *****************************************************************************/
static int RecoverTitleKey( int i_start, u8 const *p_crypted,
                            u8 const *p_decrypted,
                            u8 const *p_sector_seed, u8 *p_key )
{
    u8 p_buffer[10];
    unsigned int i_t1, i_t2, i_t3, i_t4, i_t5, i_t6;
    unsigned int i_try;
    unsigned int i_candidate;
    unsigned int i, j;
    int i_exit = -1;

 * The length of the PES packet is located at 0x12-0x13.
 * The the copyrigth protection bits are located at 0x14 (bits 0x20 and 0x10).
 * The data of the PES packet begins at 0x15 (if there isn't any PTS/DTS)
 * or at 0x?? if there are both PTS and DTS's.
 * The seed value used with the unscrambling key is the 5 bytes at 0x54-0x58.
 * The scrabled part of a sector begins at 0x80. 
 *****************************************************************************/

/* Statistics */
static int i_tries = 0, i_success = 0;

 * This function is called by _dvdcss_titlekey to find a title key, if we've
 * chosen to crack title key instead of decrypting it with the disc key.
 * The DVD should have been opened and be in an authenticated state.
 * i_pos is the starting sector, i_len is the maximum number of sectors to read
 *****************************************************************************/
static int CrackTitleKey( dvdcss_t dvdcss, int i_pos, int i_len, 
                          dvd_key_t p_titlekey )
{
    u8       p_buf[0x800];
    const u8 p_packstart[4] = { 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xba };
    int      i_reads = 0;
    int      i_encrypted = 0;
    int      b_stop_scanning = 0;
    int      i_ret;

    _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "cracking title key" );

    i_tries = 0;
    i_success = 0;

        {
            _dvdcss_error( dvdcss, "seek failed" );
        }

        i_ret = dvdcss_read( dvdcss, p_buf, 1, DVDCSS_NOFLAGS );
 
        /* Either we are at the end of the physical device or the auth
         * have failed / were not done and we got a read error. */
        if( i_ret <= 0 )
        {
            if( i_ret == 0 )

                _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "read returned 0 (end of device?)" );
            }
            break;
        }

        /* Stop when we find a non MPEG stream block. 
         * (We must have reached the end of the stream).
         * For now, allow all blocks that begin with a start code. */
        if( memcmp( p_buf, p_packstart, 3 ) )
        {
            _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "non MPEG block found (end of title)" );
            break;
        }

        if( p_buf[0x0d] & 0x07 )
            _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "stuffing in pack header" ); 

        /* PES_scrambling_control does not exist in a system_header,
         * a padding_stream or a private_stream2 (and others?). */
        if( p_buf[0x14] & 0x30  && ! ( p_buf[0x11] == 0xbb 
                                       || p_buf[0x11] == 0xbe  
                                       || p_buf[0x11] == 0xbf ) )
        {
            i_encrypted++;

            if( AttackPattern(p_buf, i_reads, p_titlekey) > 0 )

        i_pos++;
        i_len--;
        i_reads++;

        /* Emit a progress indication now and then. */
        if( !( i_reads & 0xfff ) ) 
        {
            _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "still cracking..." );
        }

        /* Stop after 2000 blocks if we haven't seen any encrypted blocks. */

    if( i_len <= 0 )
        _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "end of title reached" );

    { /* Print some statistics. */
        char psz_info[128];
        snprintf( psz_info, sizeof(psz_info), 
                  "%d of %d attempts successful, %d of %d blocks scrambled", 
                  i_success, i_tries, i_encrypted, i_reads );
        _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, psz_info );
    }

    if( i_success > 0 /* b_stop_scanning */ )
    {
        _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "vts key initialized" );
        return 1;
    }

    if( i_encrypted == 0 && i_reads>0 )
    {
        memset( p_titlekey, 0, KEY_SIZE );
        _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "file was unscrambled" );
        return 0;
    }

    return -1;
}


/******************************************************************************
 * The original Ethan Hawke (DeCSSPlus) attack (modified). 
 ******************************************************************************
 * Tries to find a repeating pattern just before the encrypted part starts.
 * Then it guesses that the plain text for first encrypted bytes are
 * a contiuation of that pattern.
 *****************************************************************************/
static int AttackPattern( u8 const p_sec[0x800], int i_pos, u8 *p_key )
{
    unsigned int i_best_plen = 0;
    unsigned int i_best_p = 0;
    unsigned int i, j;

#if 0
        if( res >= 0 )
        {
            fprintf( stderr, "key is %02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x ",
                     p_key[0], p_key[1], p_key[2], p_key[3], p_key[4] );
            fprintf( stderr, "at block %5d pattern len %3d period %3d %s\n", 
                     i_pos, i_best_plen, i_best_p, (res>=0?"y":"n") );
        }
#endif
        return ( res >= 0 );
    }

 * Encrypted Padding_stream attack.
 ******************************************************************************
 * DVD specifies that there must only be one type of data in every sector.
 * Every sector is one pack and so must obviously be 2048 bytes long.
 * For the last pice of video data before a VOBU boundary there might not
 * be exactly the right amount of data to fill a sector. They one has to 
 * pad the pack to 2048 bytes. For just a few bytes this is doen in the
 * header but for any large amount you insert a PES packet from the 
 * Padding stream. This looks like 0x00 00 01 be xx xx ff ff ...
 * where xx xx is the length of the padding stream.
 *****************************************************************************/
static int AttackPadding( u8 const p_sec[0x800], int i_pos, u8 *p_key )
{
    unsigned int i_pes_length;
    /*static int i_tries = 0, i_success = 0;*/

    i_pes_length = (p_sec[0x12]<<8) | p_sec[0x13];

    /* Coverd by the test below but usfull for debuging. */
    if( i_pes_length == 0x800 - 0x14 ) return 0;

    /* There must be room for at least 4? bytes of padding stream, 
     * and it must be encrypted.
     * sector size - pack/pes header - padding startcode - padding length */
    if( ( 0x800 - 0x14 - 4 - 2 - i_pes_length < 4 ) ||
        ( p_sec[0x14 + i_pes_length + 0] == 0x00 &&
          p_sec[0x14 + i_pes_length + 1] == 0x00 &&
          p_sec[0x14 + i_pes_length + 2] == 0x01 ) )
    { 
      fprintf( stderr, "plain %d %02x:%02x:%02x:%02x (type %02x sub %02x)\n", 
               0x800 - 0x14 - 4 - 2 - i_pes_length,
               p_sec[0x14 + i_pes_length + 0],
               p_sec[0x14 + i_pes_length + 1],
               p_sec[0x14 + i_pes_length + 2],
               p_sec[0x14 + i_pes_length + 3],
               p_sec[0x11], p_sec[0x17 + p_sec[0x16]]);
      return 0;
    }

    /* If we are here we know that there is a where in the pack a
       encrypted PES header is (startcode + lenght). It's never more 
       than  two packets in the pack, so we 'know' the length. The 
       plaintext at offset (0x14 + i_pes_length) will then be 
       00 00 01 e0/bd/be xx xx, in the case of be the following bytes 
       are also known. */

    /* An encrypted SPU PES packet with another encrypted PES packet following.
       Normaly if the following was a padding stream that would be in plain
       text. So it will be another SPU PES packet. */
    if( p_sec[0x11] == 0xbd && 
        p_sec[0x17 + p_sec[0x16]] >= 0x20 &&
        p_sec[0x17 + p_sec[0x16]] <= 0x3f )
    {
        i_tries++;
    }

    /* A Video PES packet with another encrypted PES packet following.
     * No reason execpt for time stamps to break the data into two packets.
     * So it's likely that the following PES packet is a padding stream. */
    if( p_sec[0x11] == 0xe0 )
    { 
        i_tries++;
    }
   
    if( 1 )
    {
        /*fprintf( stderr, "key is %02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x ",
                   p_key[0], p_key[1], p_key[2], p_key[3], p_key[4] );*/
        fprintf( stderr, "at block %5d padding len %4d "
                 "type %02x sub %02x\n",  i_pos, i_pes_length, 
                 p_sec[0x11], p_sec[0x17 + p_sec[0x16]]);
    }

    return 0;
}

9333:f0f0f176d298

 *  - DVD CSS ioctls example program by Andrew T. Veliath <[e-mail]>
 *  - The Divide and conquer attack by Frank A. Stevenson <[e-mail]>
 *  - DeCSSPlus by Ethan Hawke
 *  - DecVOB
 *  see http://www.lemuria.org/DeCSS/ by Tom Vogt for more information.
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *

#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <limits.h>

#include "dvdcss.h"

#include "common.h"
#include "css.h"

 * Local prototypes
 *****************************************************************************/
static int  GetBusKey       ( dvdcss_t );
static int  GetASF          ( dvdcss_t );

static void CryptKey        ( int, int, uint8_t const *, uint8_t * );
static void DecryptKey      ( uint8_t,
                              uint8_t const *, uint8_t const *, uint8_t * );

static int  DecryptDiscKey  ( uint8_t const *, dvd_key_t );
static int  CrackDiscKey    ( dvdcss_t, uint8_t * );

static void DecryptTitleKey ( dvd_key_t, dvd_key_t );
static int  RecoverTitleKey ( int, uint8_t const *,
                              uint8_t const *, uint8_t const *, uint8_t * );
static int  CrackTitleKey   ( dvdcss_t, int, int, dvd_key_t );

static int  AttackPattern   ( uint8_t const[], int, uint8_t * );
#if 0
static int  AttackPadding   ( uint8_t const[], int, uint8_t * );
#endif

/*****************************************************************************
 * _dvdcss_test: check if the disc is encrypted or not
 *****************************************************************************/

 *****************************************************************************
 * It simulates the mutual authentication between logical unit and host,
 * and stops when a session key (called bus key) has been established.
 * Always do the full auth sequence. Some drives seem to lie and always
 * respond with ASF=1.  For instance the old DVD roms on Compaq Armada says
 * that ASF=1 from the start and then later fail with a 'read of scrambled
 * block without authentication' error.
 *****************************************************************************/
static int GetBusKey( dvdcss_t dvdcss )
{
    uint8_t   p_buffer[10];
    uint8_t   p_challenge[2*KEY_SIZE];
    dvd_key_t p_key1;
    dvd_key_t p_key2;
    dvd_key_t p_key_check;
    uint8_t   i_variant = 0;
    char      psz_warning[80];
    int       i_ret = -1;
    int       i;

    _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "requesting AGID" );
    i_ret = ioctl_ReportAgid( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid );

    /* We might have to reset hung authentication processes in the drive
       by invalidating the corresponding AGID'.  As long as we haven't got
       an AGID, invalidate one (in sequence) and try again. */
    for( i = 0; i_ret == -1 && i < 4 ; ++i )
    {
        sprintf( psz_warning,

        ioctl_InvalidateAgid( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid );
        return -1;
    }

    /* Get challenge from LU */
    if( ioctl_ReportChallenge( dvdcss->i_fd,
                               &dvdcss->css.i_agid, p_buffer ) < 0 )
    {
        _dvdcss_error( dvdcss, "ioctl ReportKeyChallenge failed" );
        ioctl_InvalidateAgid( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid );
        return -1;

    return 0;
}

/*****************************************************************************
 * PrintKey : debug function that dumps a key value
 *****************************************************************************/
static void PrintKey( dvdcss_t dvdcss, char *prefix, uint8_t const *data )
{
    char psz_output[80];

    sprintf( psz_output, "%s%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x", prefix,
             data[0], data[1], data[2], data[3], data[4] );

int _dvdcss_title ( dvdcss_t dvdcss, int i_block )
{
    dvd_title_t *p_title;
    dvd_title_t *p_newtitle;
    dvd_key_t    p_title_key;
    int          i_fd, i_ret = -1, b_cache = 0;

    if( ! dvdcss->b_scrambled )
    {
        return 0;
    }

        /* We've already cracked this key, nothing to do */
        memcpy( dvdcss->css.p_title_key, p_title->p_key, sizeof(dvd_key_t) );
        return 0;
    }

    /* Check whether the key is in our disk cache */
    if( dvdcss->psz_cachefile[0] )
    {
        /* XXX: be careful, we use sprintf and not snprintf */
        sprintf( dvdcss->psz_block, "%.10x", i_block );
        i_fd = open( dvdcss->psz_cachefile, O_RDONLY );
        b_cache = 1;

        if( i_fd >= 0 )
        {
            if( read( i_fd, p_title_key, 5 ) == 5 )
            {
                _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "key found in cache" );
                /* Don't try to save it again */
                b_cache = 0;
                i_ret = 1;
            }
            close( i_fd );
        }
    }

    /* Crack or decrypt CSS title key for current VTS */
    if( i_ret < 0 )
    {
        i_ret = _dvdcss_titlekey( dvdcss, i_block, p_title_key );

        if( i_ret < 0 )
        {
            _dvdcss_error( dvdcss, "fatal error in vts css key" );
            return i_ret;
        }

        if( i_ret == 0 )
        {
            _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "unencrypted title" );
            /* We cache this anyway, so we don't need to check again. */
        }
    }

    /* Key is valid, we store it on disk. */
    if( b_cache )
    {
        i_fd = open( dvdcss->psz_cachefile, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_EXCL, 0644 );
        if( i_fd >= 0 )
        {
            write( i_fd, p_title_key, 5 );
            close( i_fd );
        }
    }

    /* Find our spot in the list */
    p_newtitle = NULL;
    p_title = dvdcss->p_titles;

/*****************************************************************************
 * _dvdcss_disckey: get disc key.
 *****************************************************************************
 * This function should only be called if DVD ioctls are present.
 * It will set dvdcss->i_method = DVDCSS_METHOD_TITLE if it fails to find
 * a valid disc key.
 * Two decryption methods are offered:
 *  -disc key hash crack,
 *  -decryption with player keys if they are available.
 *****************************************************************************/

    }

    /* This should have invaidated the AGID and got us ASF=1. */
    if( GetASF( dvdcss ) != 1 )
    {
        /* Region mismatch (or region not set) is the most likely source. */
        _dvdcss_error( dvdcss,
                       "ASF not 1 after reading disc key (region mismatch?)" );
        ioctl_InvalidateAgid( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid );
        return -1;
    }

/*****************************************************************************
 * _dvdcss_titlekey: get title key.
 *****************************************************************************/
int _dvdcss_titlekey( dvdcss_t dvdcss, int i_pos, dvd_key_t p_title_key )
{
    static uint8_t p_garbage[ 2048 ];     /* static because we never read it */
    uint8_t p_key[ KEY_SIZE ];
    int i, i_ret = 0;

    if( dvdcss->b_ioctls && ( dvdcss->i_method == DVDCSS_METHOD_KEY ||
                              dvdcss->i_method == DVDCSS_METHOD_DISC ) )
    {
        /* We have a decrypted Disc key and the ioctls are available,
         * read the title key and decrypt it.
         */

                ioctl_InvalidateAgid( dvdcss->i_fd, &dvdcss->css.i_agid );
                i_ret = -1;
                break;

            case 0:
                /* This might either be a title that has no key,
                 * or we encountered a region error. */
                _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "lost ASF reqesting title key" );
                break;

            case 1:

 * _dvdcss_unscramble: does the actual descrambling of data
 *****************************************************************************
 * sec : sector to unscramble
 * key : title key for this sector
 *****************************************************************************/
int _dvdcss_unscramble( dvd_key_t p_key, uint8_t *p_sec )
{
    unsigned int    i_t1, i_t2, i_t3, i_t4, i_t5, i_t6;
    uint8_t        *p_end = p_sec + 0x800;

    /* PES_scrambling_control */
    if( p_sec[0x14] & 0x30)
    {
        i_t1 = (p_key[0] ^ p_sec[0x54]) | 0x100;

 * Used during authentication and disc key negociation in GetBusKey.
 * i_key_type : 0->key1, 1->key2, 2->buskey.
 * i_variant : between 0 and 31.
 *****************************************************************************/
static void CryptKey( int i_key_type, int i_variant,
                      uint8_t const *p_challenge, uint8_t *p_key )
{
    /* Permutation table for challenge */
    uint8_t pp_perm_challenge[3][10] =
            { { 1, 3, 0, 7, 5, 2, 9, 6, 4, 8 },
              { 6, 1, 9, 3, 8, 5, 7, 4, 0, 2 },
              { 4, 0, 3, 5, 7, 2, 8, 6, 1, 9 } };

    /* Permutation table for variant table for key2 and buskey */
    uint8_t pp_perm_variant[2][32] =
            { { 0x0a, 0x08, 0x0e, 0x0c, 0x0b, 0x09, 0x0f, 0x0d,
                0x1a, 0x18, 0x1e, 0x1c, 0x1b, 0x19, 0x1f, 0x1d,
                0x02, 0x00, 0x06, 0x04, 0x03, 0x01, 0x07, 0x05,
                0x12, 0x10, 0x16, 0x14, 0x13, 0x11, 0x17, 0x15 },
              { 0x12, 0x1a, 0x16, 0x1e, 0x02, 0x0a, 0x06, 0x0e,
                0x10, 0x18, 0x14, 0x1c, 0x00, 0x08, 0x04, 0x0c,
                0x13, 0x1b, 0x17, 0x1f, 0x03, 0x0b, 0x07, 0x0f,
                0x11, 0x19, 0x15, 0x1d, 0x01, 0x09, 0x05, 0x0d } };

    uint8_t p_variants[32] =
            {   0xB7, 0x74, 0x85, 0xD0, 0xCC, 0xDB, 0xCA, 0x73,
                0x03, 0xFE, 0x31, 0x03, 0x52, 0xE0, 0xB7, 0x42,
                0x63, 0x16, 0xF2, 0x2A, 0x79, 0x52, 0xFF, 0x1B,
                0x7A, 0x11, 0xCA, 0x1A, 0x9B, 0x40, 0xAD, 0x01 };

    /* The "secret" key */
    uint8_t p_secret[5] = { 0x55, 0xD6, 0xC4, 0xC5, 0x28 };

    uint8_t p_bits[30], p_scratch[10], p_tmp1[5], p_tmp2[5];
    uint8_t i_lfsr0_o;  /* 1 bit used */
    uint8_t i_lfsr1_o;  /* 1 bit used */
    uint8_t i_css_variant, i_cse, i_index, i_combined, i_carry;
    uint8_t i_val = 0;
    uint32_t i_lfsr0, i_lfsr1;
    int i_term = 0;
    int i_bit;
    int i;

    for (i = 9; i >= 0; --i)
        p_scratch[i] = p_challenge[pp_perm_challenge[i_key_type][i]];

    i_css_variant = ( i_key_type == 0 ) ? i_variant :

}

/*****************************************************************************
 * DecryptKey: decrypt p_crypted with p_key.
 *****************************************************************************
 * Used to decrypt the disc key, with a player key, after requesting it
 * in _dvdcss_disckey and to decrypt title keys, with a disc key, requested
 * in _dvdcss_titlekey.
 * The player keys and the resulting disc key are only used as KEKs
 * (key encryption keys).
 * Decryption is slightly dependant on the type of key:
 *  -for disc key, invert is 0x00,
 *  -for title key, invert if 0xff.
 *****************************************************************************/
static void DecryptKey( uint8_t invert, uint8_t const *p_key,
                        uint8_t const *p_crypted, uint8_t *p_result )
{
    unsigned int    i_lfsr1_lo;
    unsigned int    i_lfsr1_hi;
    unsigned int    i_lfsr0;
    unsigned int    i_combined;
    uint8_t         o_lfsr0;
    uint8_t         o_lfsr1;
    uint8_t         k[5];
    int             i;

    i_lfsr1_lo = p_key[0] | 0x100;
    i_lfsr1_hi = p_key[1];

 * Decryption of the disc key with player keys if they are available.
 * Try to decrypt the disc key from every position with every player key.
 * p_struct_disckey: the 2048 byte DVD_STRUCT_DISCKEY data
 * p_disc_key: result, the 5 byte disc key
 *****************************************************************************/
static int DecryptDiscKey( uint8_t const *p_struct_disckey,
                           dvd_key_t p_disc_key )
{
    uint8_t p_verify[KEY_SIZE];
    unsigned int i, n = 0;

    static const dvd_key_t player_keys[] =
    {
        { 0x01, 0xaf, 0xe3, 0x12, 0x80 },
        { 0x12, 0x11, 0xca, 0x04, 0x3b },
        { 0x14, 0x0c, 0x9e, 0xd0, 0x09 },
        { 0x14, 0x71, 0x35, 0xba, 0xe2 },

        {
            /* Check if player key n is the right key for position i. */
            DecryptKey( 0, player_keys[n], p_struct_disckey + 5 * i,
                        p_disc_key );

            /* The first part in the struct_disckey block is the
             * 'disc key' encrypted with it self.  Using this we
             * can check if we decrypted the correct key. */
            DecryptKey( 0, p_disc_key, p_struct_disckey, p_verify );

            /* If the position / player key pair worked then return. */
            if( memcmp( p_disc_key, p_verify, KEY_SIZE ) == 0 )

            }
        }
        n++;
    }

    /* Have tried all combinations of positions and keys,
     * and we still didn't succeed. */
    memset( p_disc_key, 0, KEY_SIZE );
    return -1;
}

/*****************************************************************************
 * CrackDiscKey: brute force disc key
 * CSS hash reversal function designed by Frank Stevenson
 *****************************************************************************
 * This function uses a big amount of memory to crack the disc key from the
 * disc key hash, if player keys are not available.
 *****************************************************************************/
#define K1TABLEWIDTH 10

/*

    DecryptKey( 0, ckey, hash, key );

    return memcmp( key, ckey, KEY_SIZE );
}

static int CrackDiscKey( dvdcss_t dvdcss, uint8_t *p_disc_key )
{
    unsigned char B[5] = { 0,0,0,0,0 }; /* Second Stage of mangle cipher */
    unsigned char C[5] = { 0,0,0,0,0 }; /* Output Stage of mangle cipher
                                         * IntermediateKey */
    unsigned char k[5] = { 0,0,0,0,0 }; /* Mangling cipher key

    unsigned int nStepA;        /* iterator for LFSR1 start state */
    unsigned int nStepB;        /* iterator for possible B[0]     */
    unsigned int nTry;          /* iterator for K[1] possibilities */
    unsigned int nPossibleK1;   /* #of possible K[1] values */
    unsigned char* K1table;     /* Lookup table for possible K[1] */
    unsigned int*  BigTable;    /* LFSR2 startstate indexed by
                                 * 1,2,5 output byte */

    _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "cracking disc key" );

    /*

 * Function designed by Frank Stevenson
 *****************************************************************************
 * Called from Attack* which are in turn called by CrackTitleKey.  Given
 * a guessed(?) plain text and the chiper text.  Returns -1 on failure.
 *****************************************************************************/
static int RecoverTitleKey( int i_start, uint8_t const *p_crypted,
                            uint8_t const *p_decrypted,
                            uint8_t const *p_sector_seed, uint8_t *p_key )
{
    uint8_t p_buffer[10];
    unsigned int i_t1, i_t2, i_t3, i_t4, i_t5, i_t6;
    unsigned int i_try;
    unsigned int i_candidate;
    unsigned int i, j;
    int i_exit = -1;

 * The length of the PES packet is located at 0x12-0x13.
 * The the copyrigth protection bits are located at 0x14 (bits 0x20 and 0x10).
 * The data of the PES packet begins at 0x15 (if there isn't any PTS/DTS)
 * or at 0x?? if there are both PTS and DTS's.
 * The seed value used with the unscrambling key is the 5 bytes at 0x54-0x58.
 * The scrabled part of a sector begins at 0x80.
 *****************************************************************************/

/* Statistics */
static int i_tries = 0, i_success = 0;

 * This function is called by _dvdcss_titlekey to find a title key, if we've
 * chosen to crack title key instead of decrypting it with the disc key.
 * The DVD should have been opened and be in an authenticated state.
 * i_pos is the starting sector, i_len is the maximum number of sectors to read
 *****************************************************************************/
static int CrackTitleKey( dvdcss_t dvdcss, int i_pos, int i_len,
                          dvd_key_t p_titlekey )
{
    uint8_t       p_buf[0x800];
    const uint8_t p_packstart[4] = { 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0xba };
    int i_reads = 0;
    int i_encrypted = 0;
    int b_stop_scanning = 0;
    int i_ret;

    _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "cracking title key" );

    i_tries = 0;
    i_success = 0;

        {
            _dvdcss_error( dvdcss, "seek failed" );
        }

        i_ret = dvdcss_read( dvdcss, p_buf, 1, DVDCSS_NOFLAGS );

        /* Either we are at the end of the physical device or the auth
         * have failed / were not done and we got a read error. */
        if( i_ret <= 0 )
        {
            if( i_ret == 0 )

                _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "read returned 0 (end of device?)" );
            }
            break;
        }

        /* Stop when we find a non MPEG stream block.
         * (We must have reached the end of the stream).
         * For now, allow all blocks that begin with a start code. */
        if( memcmp( p_buf, p_packstart, 3 ) )
        {
            _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "non MPEG block found (end of title)" );
            break;
        }

        if( p_buf[0x0d] & 0x07 )
            _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "stuffing in pack header" );

        /* PES_scrambling_control does not exist in a system_header,
         * a padding_stream or a private_stream2 (and others?). */
        if( p_buf[0x14] & 0x30  && ! ( p_buf[0x11] == 0xbb
                                       || p_buf[0x11] == 0xbe
                                       || p_buf[0x11] == 0xbf ) )
        {
            i_encrypted++;

            if( AttackPattern(p_buf, i_reads, p_titlekey) > 0 )

        i_pos++;
        i_len--;
        i_reads++;

        /* Emit a progress indication now and then. */
        if( !( i_reads & 0xfff ) )
        {
            _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "still cracking..." );
        }

        /* Stop after 2000 blocks if we haven't seen any encrypted blocks. */

    if( i_len <= 0 )
        _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "end of title reached" );

    { /* Print some statistics. */
        char psz_info[128];
        snprintf( psz_info, sizeof(psz_info),
                  "%d of %d attempts successful, %d of %d blocks scrambled",
                  i_success, i_tries, i_encrypted, i_reads );
        _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, psz_info );
    }

    if( i_success > 0 /* b_stop_scanning */ )
    {
        _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "vts key initialized" );
        return 1;
    }

    if( i_encrypted == 0 && i_reads > 0 )
    {
        memset( p_titlekey, 0, KEY_SIZE );
        _dvdcss_debug( dvdcss, "file was unscrambled" );
        return 0;
    }

    return -1;
}


/******************************************************************************
 * The original Ethan Hawke (DeCSSPlus) attack (modified).
 ******************************************************************************
 * Tries to find a repeating pattern just before the encrypted part starts.
 * Then it guesses that the plain text for first encrypted bytes are
 * a contiuation of that pattern.
 *****************************************************************************/
static int AttackPattern( uint8_t const p_sec[0x800],
                          int i_pos, uint8_t *p_key )
{
    unsigned int i_best_plen = 0;
    unsigned int i_best_p = 0;
    unsigned int i, j;

#if 0
        if( res >= 0 )
        {
            fprintf( stderr, "key is %02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x ",
                     p_key[0], p_key[1], p_key[2], p_key[3], p_key[4] );
            fprintf( stderr, "at block %5d pattern len %3d period %3d %s\n",
                     i_pos, i_best_plen, i_best_p, (res>=0?"y":"n") );
        }
#endif
        return ( res >= 0 );
    }

 * Encrypted Padding_stream attack.
 ******************************************************************************
 * DVD specifies that there must only be one type of data in every sector.
 * Every sector is one pack and so must obviously be 2048 bytes long.
 * For the last pice of video data before a VOBU boundary there might not
 * be exactly the right amount of data to fill a sector. They one has to
 * pad the pack to 2048 bytes. For just a few bytes this is doen in the
 * header but for any large amount you insert a PES packet from the
 * Padding stream. This looks like 0x00 00 01 be xx xx ff ff ...
 * where xx xx is the length of the padding stream.
 *****************************************************************************/
static int AttackPadding( uint8_t const p_sec[0x800],
                          int i_pos, uint8_t *p_key )
{
    unsigned int i_pes_length;
    /*static int i_tries = 0, i_success = 0;*/

    i_pes_length = (p_sec[0x12]<<8) | p_sec[0x13];

    /* Coverd by the test below but usfull for debuging. */
    if( i_pes_length == 0x800 - 0x14 ) return 0;

    /* There must be room for at least 4? bytes of padding stream,
     * and it must be encrypted.
     * sector size - pack/pes header - padding startcode - padding length */
    if( ( 0x800 - 0x14 - 4 - 2 - i_pes_length < 4 ) ||
        ( p_sec[0x14 + i_pes_length + 0] == 0x00 &&
          p_sec[0x14 + i_pes_length + 1] == 0x00 &&
          p_sec[0x14 + i_pes_length + 2] == 0x01 ) )
    {
      fprintf( stderr, "plain %d %02x:%02x:%02x:%02x (type %02x sub %02x)\n",
               0x800 - 0x14 - 4 - 2 - i_pes_length,
               p_sec[0x14 + i_pes_length + 0],
               p_sec[0x14 + i_pes_length + 1],
               p_sec[0x14 + i_pes_length + 2],
               p_sec[0x14 + i_pes_length + 3],
               p_sec[0x11], p_sec[0x17 + p_sec[0x16]]);
      return 0;
    }

    /* If we are here we know that there is a where in the pack a
       encrypted PES header is (startcode + lenght). It's never more
       than  two packets in the pack, so we 'know' the length. The
       plaintext at offset (0x14 + i_pes_length) will then be
       00 00 01 e0/bd/be xx xx, in the case of be the following bytes
       are also known. */

    /* An encrypted SPU PES packet with another encrypted PES packet following.
       Normaly if the following was a padding stream that would be in plain
       text. So it will be another SPU PES packet. */
    if( p_sec[0x11] == 0xbd &&
        p_sec[0x17 + p_sec[0x16]] >= 0x20 &&
        p_sec[0x17 + p_sec[0x16]] <= 0x3f )
    {
        i_tries++;
    }

    /* A Video PES packet with another encrypted PES packet following.
     * No reason execpt for time stamps to break the data into two packets.
     * So it's likely that the following PES packet is a padding stream. */
    if( p_sec[0x11] == 0xe0 )
    {
        i_tries++;
    }

    if( 1 )
    {
        /*fprintf( stderr, "key is %02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x ",
                   p_key[0], p_key[1], p_key[2], p_key[3], p_key[4] );*/
        fprintf( stderr, "at block %5d padding len %4d "
                 "type %02x sub %02x\n",  i_pos, i_pes_length,
                 p_sec[0x11], p_sec[0x17 + p_sec[0x16]]);
    }

    return 0;
}