annotate libpurple/certificate.h @ 30018:7ed0ddbdd2a8

Use an inline RC style to get rid of some other padding to make the small buttons even smaller, as suggested by Paradox on trac, and nicked from nautilus. Refs #8727.

/**
 * @file certificate.h Public-Key Certificate API
 * @ingroup core
 * @see @ref certificate-signals
 * @since 2.2.0
 */

/*
 *
 * purple
 *
 * Purple is the legal property of its developers, whose names are too numerous
 * to list here.  Please refer to the COPYRIGHT file distributed with this
 * source distribution.
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02111-1301  USA
 */

#ifndef _PURPLE_CERTIFICATE_H
#define _PURPLE_CERTIFICATE_H

#include <time.h>

#include <glib.h>

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif /* __cplusplus */


typedef enum
{
	PURPLE_CERTIFICATE_INVALID = 0,
	PURPLE_CERTIFICATE_VALID = 1
} PurpleCertificateVerificationStatus;

typedef struct _PurpleCertificate PurpleCertificate;
typedef struct _PurpleCertificatePool PurpleCertificatePool;
typedef struct _PurpleCertificateScheme PurpleCertificateScheme;
typedef struct _PurpleCertificateVerifier PurpleCertificateVerifier;
typedef struct _PurpleCertificateVerificationRequest PurpleCertificateVerificationRequest;

/**
 * Callback function for the results of a verification check
 * @param st       Status code
 * @param userdata User-defined data
 */
typedef void (*PurpleCertificateVerifiedCallback)
		(PurpleCertificateVerificationStatus st,
		 gpointer userdata);

/** A certificate instance
 *
 *  An opaque data structure representing a single certificate under some
 *  CertificateScheme
 */
struct _PurpleCertificate
{
	/** Scheme this certificate is under */
	PurpleCertificateScheme * scheme;
	/** Opaque pointer to internal data */
	gpointer data;
};

/**
 * Database for retrieval or storage of Certificates
 *
 * More or less a hash table; all lookups and writes are controlled by a string
 * key.
 */
struct _PurpleCertificatePool
{
	/** Scheme this Pool operates for */
	gchar *scheme_name;
	/** Internal name to refer to the pool by */
	gchar *name;

	/** User-friendly name for this type
	 *  ex: N_("SSL Servers")
	 *  When this is displayed anywhere, it should be i18ned
	 *  ex: _(pool->fullname)
	 */
	gchar *fullname;

	/** Internal pool data */
	gpointer data;

	/**
	 * Set up the Pool's internal state
	 *
	 * Upon calling purple_certificate_register_pool() , this function will
	 * be called. May be NULL.
	 * @return TRUE if the initialization succeeded, otherwise FALSE
	 */
	gboolean (* init)(void);

	/**
	 * Uninit the Pool's internal state
	 *
	 * Will be called by purple_certificate_unregister_pool() . May be NULL
	 */
	void (* uninit)(void);

	/** Check for presence of a certificate in the pool using unique ID */
	gboolean (* cert_in_pool)(const gchar *id);
	/** Retrieve a PurpleCertificate from the pool */
	PurpleCertificate * (* get_cert)(const gchar *id);
	/** Add a certificate to the pool. Must overwrite any other
	 *  certificates sharing the same ID in the pool.
	 *  @return TRUE if the operation succeeded, otherwise FALSE
	 */
	gboolean (* put_cert)(const gchar *id, PurpleCertificate *crt);
	/** Delete a certificate from the pool */
	gboolean (* delete_cert)(const gchar *id);

	/** Returns a list of IDs stored in the pool */
	GList * (* get_idlist)(void);

	void (*_purple_reserved1)(void);
	void (*_purple_reserved2)(void);
	void (*_purple_reserved3)(void);
	void (*_purple_reserved4)(void);
};

/** A certificate type
 *
 *  A CertificateScheme must implement all of the fields in the structure,
 *  and register it using purple_certificate_register_scheme()
 *
 *  There may be only ONE CertificateScheme provided for each certificate
 *  type, as specified by the "name" field.
 */
struct _PurpleCertificateScheme
{
	/** Name of the certificate type
	 *  ex: "x509", "pgp", etc.
	 *  This must be globally unique - you may not register more than one
	 *  CertificateScheme of the same name at a time.
	 */
	gchar * name;

	/** User-friendly name for this type
	 *  ex: N_("X.509 Certificates")
	 *  When this is displayed anywhere, it should be i18ned
	 *  ex: _(scheme->fullname)
	 */
	gchar * fullname;

	/** Imports a certificate from a file
	 *
	 *  @param filename   File to import the certificate from
	 *  @return           Pointer to the newly allocated Certificate struct
	 *                    or NULL on failure.
	 */
	PurpleCertificate * (* import_certificate)(const gchar * filename);

	/**
	 * Exports a certificate to a file
	 *
	 * @param filename    File to export the certificate to
	 * @param crt         Certificate to export
	 * @return TRUE if the export succeeded, otherwise FALSE
	 * @see purple_certificate_export()
	 */
	gboolean (* export_certificate)(const gchar *filename, PurpleCertificate *crt);

	/**
	 * Duplicates a certificate
	 *
	 * Certificates are generally assumed to be read-only, so feel free to
	 * do any sort of reference-counting magic you want here. If this ever
	 * changes, please remember to change the magic accordingly.
	 * @return Reference to the new copy
	 */
	PurpleCertificate * (* copy_certificate)(PurpleCertificate *crt);

	/** Destroys and frees a Certificate structure
	 *
	 *  Destroys a Certificate's internal data structures and calls
	 *  free(crt)
	 *
	 *  @param crt  Certificate instance to be destroyed. It WILL NOT be
	 *              destroyed if it is not of the correct
	 *              CertificateScheme. Can be NULL
	 */
	void (* destroy_certificate)(PurpleCertificate * crt);

	/** Find whether "crt" has a valid signature from issuer "issuer"
	 *  @see purple_certificate_signed_by() */
	gboolean (*signed_by)(PurpleCertificate *crt, PurpleCertificate *issuer);
	/**
	 * Retrieves the certificate public key fingerprint using SHA1
	 *
	 * @param crt   Certificate instance
	 * @return Binary representation of SHA1 hash - must be freed using
	 *         g_byte_array_free()
	 */
	GByteArray * (* get_fingerprint_sha1)(PurpleCertificate *crt);

	/**
	 * Retrieves a unique certificate identifier
	 *
	 * @param crt   Certificate instance
	 * @return Newly allocated string that can be used to uniquely
	 *         identify the certificate.
	 */
	gchar * (* get_unique_id)(PurpleCertificate *crt);

	/**
	 * Retrieves a unique identifier for the certificate's issuer
	 *
	 * @param crt   Certificate instance
	 * @return Newly allocated string that can be used to uniquely
	 *         identify the issuer's certificate.
	 */
	gchar * (* get_issuer_unique_id)(PurpleCertificate *crt);

	/**
	 * Gets the certificate subject's name
	 *
	 * For X.509, this is the "Common Name" field, as we're only using it
	 * for hostname verification at the moment
	 *
	 * @see purple_certificate_get_subject_name()
	 *
	 * @param crt   Certificate instance
	 * @return Newly allocated string with the certificate subject.
	 */
	gchar * (* get_subject_name)(PurpleCertificate *crt);

	/**
	 * Check the subject name against that on the certificate
	 * @see purple_certificate_check_subject_name()
	 * @return TRUE if it is a match, else FALSE
	 */
	gboolean (* check_subject_name)(PurpleCertificate *crt, const gchar *name);

	/** Retrieve the certificate activation/expiration times */
	gboolean (* get_times)(PurpleCertificate *crt, time_t *activation, time_t *expiration);

	void (*_purple_reserved1)(void);
	void (*_purple_reserved2)(void);
	void (*_purple_reserved3)(void);
	void (*_purple_reserved4)(void);
};

/** A set of operations used to provide logic for verifying a Certificate's
 *  authenticity.
 *
 * A Verifier provider must fill out these fields, then register it using
 * purple_certificate_register_verifier()
 *
 * The (scheme_name, name) value must be unique for each Verifier - you may not
 * register more than one Verifier of the same name for each Scheme
 */
struct _PurpleCertificateVerifier
{
	/** Name of the scheme this Verifier operates on
	 *
	 * The scheme will be looked up by name when a Request is generated
	 * using this Verifier
	 */
	gchar *scheme_name;

	/** Name of the Verifier - case insensitive */
	gchar *name;

	/**
	 * Start the verification process
	 *
	 * To be called from purple_certificate_verify once it has
	 * constructed the request. This will use the information in the
	 * given VerificationRequest to check the certificate and callback
	 * the requester with the verification results.
	 *
	 * @param vrq      Request to process
	 */
	void (* start_verification)(PurpleCertificateVerificationRequest *vrq);

	/**
	 * Destroy a completed Request under this Verifier
	 * The function pointed to here is only responsible for cleaning up
	 * whatever PurpleCertificateVerificationRequest::data points to.
	 * It should not call free(vrq)
	 *
	 * @param vrq       Request to destroy
	 */
	void (* destroy_request)(PurpleCertificateVerificationRequest *vrq);

	void (*_purple_reserved1)(void);
	void (*_purple_reserved2)(void);
	void (*_purple_reserved3)(void);
	void (*_purple_reserved4)(void);
};

/** Structure for a single certificate request
 *
 *  Useful for keeping track of the state of a verification that involves
 *  several steps
 */
struct _PurpleCertificateVerificationRequest
{
	/** Reference to the verification logic used */
	PurpleCertificateVerifier *verifier;
	/** Reference to the scheme used.
	 *
	 * This is looked up from the Verifier when the Request is generated
	 */
	PurpleCertificateScheme *scheme;

	/**
	 * Name to check that the certificate is issued to
	 *
	 * For X.509 certificates, this is the Common Name
	 */
	gchar *subject_name;

	/** List of certificates in the chain to be verified (such as that returned by purple_ssl_get_peer_certificates )
	 *
	 * This is most relevant for X.509 certificates used in SSL sessions.
	 * The list order should be: certificate, issuer, issuer's issuer, etc.
	 */
	GList *cert_chain;

	/** Internal data used by the Verifier code */
	gpointer data;

	/** Function to call with the verification result */
	PurpleCertificateVerifiedCallback cb;
	/** Data to pass to the post-verification callback */
	gpointer cb_data;
};

/*****************************************************************************/
/** @name Certificate Verification Functions                                 */
/*****************************************************************************/
/*@{*/

/**
 * Constructs a verification request and passed control to the specified Verifier
 *
 * It is possible that the callback will be called immediately upon calling
 * this function. Plan accordingly.
 *
 * @param verifier      Verification logic to use.
 *                      @see purple_certificate_find_verifier()
 *
 * @param subject_name  Name that should match the first certificate in the
 *                      chain for the certificate to be valid. Will be strdup'd
 *                      into the Request struct
 *
 * @param cert_chain    Certificate chain to check. If there is more than one
 *                      certificate in the chain (X.509), the peer's
 *                      certificate comes first, then the issuer/signer's
 *                      certificate, etc. The whole list is duplicated into the
 *                      Request struct.
 *
 * @param cb            Callback function to be called with whether the
 *                      certificate was approved or not.
 * @param cb_data       User-defined data for the above.
 */
void
purple_certificate_verify (PurpleCertificateVerifier *verifier,
			   const gchar *subject_name, GList *cert_chain,
			   PurpleCertificateVerifiedCallback cb,
			   gpointer cb_data);

/**
 * Completes and destroys a VerificationRequest
 *
 * @param vrq           Request to conclude
 * @param st            Success/failure code to pass to the request's
 *                      completion callback.
 */
void
purple_certificate_verify_complete(PurpleCertificateVerificationRequest *vrq,
				   PurpleCertificateVerificationStatus st);

/*@}*/

/*****************************************************************************/
/** @name Certificate Functions                                              */
/*****************************************************************************/
/*@{*/

/**
 * Makes a duplicate of a certificate
 *
 * @param crt        Instance to duplicate
 * @return Pointer to new instance
 */
PurpleCertificate *
purple_certificate_copy(PurpleCertificate *crt);

/**
 * Duplicates an entire list of certificates
 *
 * @param crt_list   List to duplicate
 * @return New list copy
 */
GList *
purple_certificate_copy_list(GList *crt_list);

/**
 * Destroys and free()'s a Certificate
 *
 * @param crt        Instance to destroy. May be NULL.
 */
void
purple_certificate_destroy (PurpleCertificate *crt);

/**
 * Destroy an entire list of Certificate instances and the containing list
 *
 * @param crt_list   List of certificates to destroy. May be NULL.
 */
void
purple_certificate_destroy_list (GList * crt_list);

/**
 * Check whether 'crt' has a valid signature made by 'issuer'
 *
 * @param crt        Certificate instance to check signature of
 * @param issuer     Certificate thought to have signed 'crt'
 *
 * @return TRUE if 'crt' has a valid signature made by 'issuer',
 *         otherwise FALSE
 * @todo Find a way to give the reason (bad signature, not the issuer, etc.)
 */
gboolean
purple_certificate_signed_by(PurpleCertificate *crt, PurpleCertificate *issuer);

/**
 * Check that a certificate chain is valid and, if not, the failing certificate.
 *
 * Uses purple_certificate_signed_by() to verify that each PurpleCertificate
 * in the chain carries a valid signature from the next. A single-certificate
 * chain is considered to be valid.
 *
 * @param chain      List of PurpleCertificate instances comprising the chain,
 *                   in the order certificate, issuer, issuer's issuer, etc.
 * @param failing    A pointer to a PurpleCertificate*. If not NULL, if the
 *                   chain fails to validate, this will be set to the
 *                   certificate whose signature could not be validated.
 * @return TRUE if the chain is valid. See description.
 *
 * @since 2.6.0
 * @deprecated  This function will become
 *              purple_certificate_check_signature_chain in 3.0.0
 */
gboolean
purple_certificate_check_signature_chain_with_failing(GList *chain,
		PurpleCertificate **failing);

/**
 * Check that a certificate chain is valid
 *
 * Uses purple_certificate_signed_by() to verify that each PurpleCertificate
 * in the chain carries a valid signature from the next. A single-certificate
 * chain is considered to be valid.
 *
 * @param chain      List of PurpleCertificate instances comprising the chain,
 *                   in the order certificate, issuer, issuer's issuer, etc.
 * @return TRUE if the chain is valid. See description.
 * @todo Specify which certificate in the chain caused a failure
 * @deprecated  This function will be removed in 3.0.0 and replaced with
 *              purple_certificate_check_signature_chain_with_failing
 */
gboolean
purple_certificate_check_signature_chain(GList *chain);

/**
 * Imports a PurpleCertificate from a file
 *
 * @param scheme      Scheme to import under
 * @param filename    File path to import from
 * @return Pointer to a new PurpleCertificate, or NULL on failure
 */
PurpleCertificate *
purple_certificate_import(PurpleCertificateScheme *scheme, const gchar *filename);

/**
 * Exports a PurpleCertificate to a file
 *
 * @param filename    File to export the certificate to
 * @param crt         Certificate to export
 * @return TRUE if the export succeeded, otherwise FALSE
 */
gboolean
purple_certificate_export(const gchar *filename, PurpleCertificate *crt);


/**
 * Retrieves the certificate public key fingerprint using SHA1.
 *
 * @param crt        Certificate instance
 * @return Binary representation of the hash. You are responsible for free()ing
 *         this.
 * @see purple_base16_encode_chunked()
 */
GByteArray *
purple_certificate_get_fingerprint_sha1(PurpleCertificate *crt);

/**
 * Get a unique identifier for the certificate
 *
 * @param crt        Certificate instance
 * @return String representing the certificate uniquely. Must be g_free()'ed
 */
gchar *
purple_certificate_get_unique_id(PurpleCertificate *crt);

/**
 * Get a unique identifier for the certificate's issuer
 *
 * @param crt        Certificate instance
 * @return String representing the certificate's issuer uniquely. Must be
 *         g_free()'ed
 */
gchar *
purple_certificate_get_issuer_unique_id(PurpleCertificate *crt);

/**
 * Gets the certificate subject's name
 *
 * For X.509, this is the "Common Name" field, as we're only using it
 * for hostname verification at the moment
 *
 * @param crt   Certificate instance
 * @return Newly allocated string with the certificate subject.
 */
gchar *
purple_certificate_get_subject_name(PurpleCertificate *crt);

/**
 * Check the subject name against that on the certificate
 * @param crt   Certificate instance
 * @param name  Name to check.
 * @return TRUE if it is a match, else FALSE
 */
gboolean
purple_certificate_check_subject_name(PurpleCertificate *crt, const gchar *name);

/**
 * Get the expiration/activation times.
 *
 * @param crt          Certificate instance
 * @param activation   Reference to store the activation time at. May be NULL
 *                     if you don't actually want it.
 * @param expiration   Reference to store the expiration time at. May be NULL
 *                     if you don't actually want it.
 * @return TRUE if the requested values were obtained, otherwise FALSE.
 */
gboolean
purple_certificate_get_times(PurpleCertificate *crt, time_t *activation, time_t *expiration);

/*@}*/

/*****************************************************************************/
/** @name Certificate Pool Functions                                         */
/*****************************************************************************/
/*@{*/
/**
 * Helper function for generating file paths in ~/.purple/certificates for
 * CertificatePools that use them.
 *
 * All components will be escaped for filesystem friendliness.
 *
 * @param pool   CertificatePool to build a path for
 * @param id     Key to look up a Certificate by. May be NULL.
 * @return A newly allocated path of the form
 *         ~/.purple/certificates/scheme_name/pool_name/unique_id
 */
gchar *
purple_certificate_pool_mkpath(PurpleCertificatePool *pool, const gchar *id);

/**
 * Determines whether a pool can be used.
 *
 * Checks whether the associated CertificateScheme is loaded.
 *
 * @param pool   Pool to check
 *
 * @return TRUE if the pool can be used, otherwise FALSE
 */
gboolean
purple_certificate_pool_usable(PurpleCertificatePool *pool);

/**
 * Looks up the scheme the pool operates under
 *
 * @param pool   Pool to get the scheme of
 *
 * @return Pointer to the pool's scheme, or NULL if it isn't loaded.
 * @see purple_certificate_pool_usable()
 */
PurpleCertificateScheme *
purple_certificate_pool_get_scheme(PurpleCertificatePool *pool);

/**
 * Check for presence of an ID in a pool.
 * @param pool   Pool to look in
 * @param id     ID to look for
 * @return TRUE if the ID is in the pool, else FALSE
 */
gboolean
purple_certificate_pool_contains(PurpleCertificatePool *pool, const gchar *id);

/**
 * Retrieve a certificate from a pool.
 * @param pool   Pool to fish in
 * @param id     ID to look up
 * @return Retrieved certificate, or NULL if it wasn't there
 */
PurpleCertificate *
purple_certificate_pool_retrieve(PurpleCertificatePool *pool, const gchar *id);

/**
 * Add a certificate to a pool
 *
 * Any pre-existing certificate of the same ID will be overwritten.
 *
 * @param pool   Pool to add to
 * @param id     ID to store the certificate with
 * @param crt    Certificate to store
 * @return TRUE if the operation succeeded, otherwise FALSE
 */
gboolean
purple_certificate_pool_store(PurpleCertificatePool *pool, const gchar *id, PurpleCertificate *crt);

/**
 * Remove a certificate from a pool
 *
 * @param pool   Pool to remove from
 * @param id     ID to remove
 * @return TRUE if the operation succeeded, otherwise FALSE
 */
gboolean
purple_certificate_pool_delete(PurpleCertificatePool *pool, const gchar *id);

/**
 * Get the list of IDs currently in the pool.
 *
 * @param pool   Pool to enumerate
 * @return GList pointing to newly-allocated id strings. Free using
 *         purple_certificate_pool_destroy_idlist()
 */
GList *
purple_certificate_pool_get_idlist(PurpleCertificatePool *pool);

/**
 * Destroys the result given by purple_certificate_pool_get_idlist()
 *
 * @param idlist ID List to destroy
 */
void
purple_certificate_pool_destroy_idlist(GList *idlist);

/*@}*/

/*****************************************************************************/
/** @name Certificate Subsystem API                                          */
/*****************************************************************************/
/*@{*/

/**
 * Initialize the certificate system
 */
void
purple_certificate_init(void);

/**
 * Un-initialize the certificate system
 */
void
purple_certificate_uninit(void);

/**
 * Get the Certificate subsystem handle for signalling purposes
 */
gpointer
purple_certificate_get_handle(void);

/** Look up a registered CertificateScheme by name
 * @param name   The scheme name. Case insensitive.
 * @return Pointer to the located Scheme, or NULL if it isn't found.
 */
PurpleCertificateScheme *
purple_certificate_find_scheme(const gchar *name);

/**
 * Get all registered CertificateSchemes
 *
 * @return GList pointing to all registered CertificateSchemes . This value
 *         is owned by libpurple
 */
GList *
purple_certificate_get_schemes(void);

/** Register a CertificateScheme with libpurple
 *
 * No two schemes can be registered with the same name; this function enforces
 * that.
 *
 * @param scheme  Pointer to the scheme to register.
 * @return TRUE if the scheme was successfully added, otherwise FALSE
 */
gboolean
purple_certificate_register_scheme(PurpleCertificateScheme *scheme);

/** Unregister a CertificateScheme from libpurple
 *
 * @param scheme    Scheme to unregister.
 *                  If the scheme is not registered, this is a no-op.
 *
 * @return TRUE if the unregister completed successfully
 */
gboolean
purple_certificate_unregister_scheme(PurpleCertificateScheme *scheme);

/** Look up a registered PurpleCertificateVerifier by scheme and name
 * @param scheme_name  Scheme name. Case insensitive.
 * @param ver_name     The verifier name. Case insensitive.
 * @return Pointer to the located Verifier, or NULL if it isn't found.
 */
PurpleCertificateVerifier *
purple_certificate_find_verifier(const gchar *scheme_name, const gchar *ver_name);

/**
 * Get the list of registered CertificateVerifiers
 *
 * @return GList of all registered PurpleCertificateVerifier. This value
 *         is owned by libpurple
 */
GList *
purple_certificate_get_verifiers(void);

/**
 * Register a CertificateVerifier with libpurple
 *
 * @param vr     Verifier to register.
 * @return TRUE if register succeeded, otherwise FALSE
 */
gboolean
purple_certificate_register_verifier(PurpleCertificateVerifier *vr);

/**
 * Unregister a CertificateVerifier with libpurple
 *
 * @param vr     Verifier to unregister.
 * @return TRUE if unregister succeeded, otherwise FALSE
 */
gboolean
purple_certificate_unregister_verifier(PurpleCertificateVerifier *vr);

/** Look up a registered PurpleCertificatePool by scheme and name
 * @param scheme_name  Scheme name. Case insensitive.
 * @param pool_name    Pool name. Case insensitive.
 * @return Pointer to the located Pool, or NULL if it isn't found.
 */
PurpleCertificatePool *
purple_certificate_find_pool(const gchar *scheme_name, const gchar *pool_name);

/**
 * Get the list of registered Pools
 *
 * @return GList of all registered PurpleCertificatePool s. This value
 *         is owned by libpurple
 */
GList *
purple_certificate_get_pools(void);

/**
 * Register a CertificatePool with libpurple and call its init function
 *
 * @param pool   Pool to register.
 * @return TRUE if the register succeeded, otherwise FALSE
 */
gboolean
purple_certificate_register_pool(PurpleCertificatePool *pool);

/**
 * Unregister a CertificatePool with libpurple and call its uninit function
 *
 * @param pool   Pool to unregister.
 * @return TRUE if the unregister succeeded, otherwise FALSE
 */
gboolean
purple_certificate_unregister_pool(PurpleCertificatePool *pool);

/*@}*/


/**
 * Displays a window showing X.509 certificate information
 *
 * @param crt    Certificate under an "x509" Scheme
 * @todo Will break on CA certs, as they have no Common Name
 */
void
purple_certificate_display_x509(PurpleCertificate *crt);

/**
 * Add a search path for certificates.
 *
 * @param path   Path to search for certificates.
 */
void purple_certificate_add_ca_search_path(const char *path);

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif /* __cplusplus */

#endif /* _PURPLE_CERTIFICATE_H */