annotate libpurple/protocols/myspace/message.c @ 31172:e89df17f5ae7

certificate: Better validation of chains which have an intermediate signed w/ MD5. We already distribute the CAcert class 3 root as a trusted root. Newer versions of GnuTLS (combined with the changes to deal with MSN's cert breakage) require us to check if the last cert (not just its issuer) is in our trusted store.

/** MySpaceIM protocol messages
 *
 * \author Jeff Connelly
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2007, Jeff Connelly <[e-mail]>
 *
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02111-1301  USA
 */

#include "myspace.h"
#include "message.h"

static void msim_msg_debug_string_element(gpointer data, gpointer user_data);

/**
 * Escape codes and associated replacement text, used for protocol message
 * escaping and unescaping.
 */
static struct MSIM_ESCAPE_REPLACEMENT {
	gchar *code;
	gchar text;
} msim_escape_replacements[] = {
	{ "/1", '/' },
	{ "/2", '\\' },
	/* { "/3", "|" }, */      /* Not used here -- only for within arrays */
	{ NULL, 0 }
};

/**
 * Escape a protocol message.
 *
 * @return The escaped message. Caller must g_free().
 */
gchar *
msim_escape(const gchar *msg)
{
	GString *gs;
	guint i, j;
	guint msg_len;

	gs = g_string_new("");
	msg_len = strlen(msg);

	for (i = 0; i < msg_len; ++i) {
		struct MSIM_ESCAPE_REPLACEMENT *replacement;
		gchar *replace;

		replace = NULL;

		/* Check for characters that need to be escaped, and escape them. */
		for (j = 0; (replacement = &msim_escape_replacements[j]) &&
				replacement->code != NULL; ++j) {
			if (msg[i] == replacement->text) {
				replace = replacement->code;
				break;
			}
		}

		if (replace) {
			g_string_append(gs, replace);
		} else {
			g_string_append_c(gs, msg[i]);
		}
	}

#ifdef MSIM_DEBUG_ESCAPE
	purple_debug_info("msim", "msim_escape: msg=%s, ret=%s\n", msg, gs->str);
#endif

	return g_string_free(gs, FALSE);
}

/**
 * Unescape a protocol message.
 *
 * @return The unescaped message, caller must g_free().
 */
gchar *
msim_unescape(const gchar *msg)
{
	GString *gs;
	guint i, j;
	guint msg_len;

	gs = g_string_new("");
	msg_len = strlen(msg);

	for (i = 0; i < msg_len; ++i) {
		struct MSIM_ESCAPE_REPLACEMENT *replacement;
		gchar replace;

		replace = msg[i];

		for (j = 0; (replacement = &msim_escape_replacements[j]) &&
				replacement->code != NULL; ++j) {
			if (msg[i] == replacement->code[0] &&
			    i + 1 < msg_len &&
			    msg[i + 1] == replacement->code[1]) {
				replace = replacement->text;
				++i;
				break;
			}
		}

		g_string_append_c(gs, replace);
	}

#ifdef MSIM_DEBUG_ESCAPE
	purple_debug_info("msim", "msim_unescape: msg=%s, ret=%s\n", msg, gs->str);
#endif

	return g_string_free(gs, FALSE);
}

/**
 * Create a new message from va_list and its first argument.
 *
 * @param first_key The first argument (a key), or NULL to take all arguments
 *    from argp.
 * @param argp A va_list of variadic arguments, already started with va_start(). Will be va_end()'d.
 * @return New MsimMessage *, must be freed with msim_msg_free().
 *
 * For internal use - users probably want msim_msg_new() or msim_send().
 */
static MsimMessage *
msim_msg_new_v(gchar *first_key, va_list argp)
{
	gchar *key, *value;
	MsimMessageType type;
	MsimMessage *msg;
	gboolean first;

	GString *gs;
	GList *gl;
	MsimMessage *dict;

	/* Begin with an empty message. */
	msg = NULL;

	/* First parameter can be given explicitly. */
	first = first_key != NULL;

	/* Read key, type, value triplets until NULL. */
	do {
		if (first) {
			key = first_key;
			first = FALSE;
		} else {
			key = va_arg(argp, gchar *);
			if (!key) {
				break;
			}
		}

		type = va_arg(argp, int);

		/* Interpret variadic arguments. */
		switch (type) {
			case MSIM_TYPE_INTEGER:
			case MSIM_TYPE_BOOLEAN:
				msg = msim_msg_append(msg, key, type, GUINT_TO_POINTER(va_arg(argp, int)));
				break;

			case MSIM_TYPE_STRING:
				value = va_arg(argp, char *);

				g_return_val_if_fail(value != NULL, FALSE);

				msg = msim_msg_append(msg, key, type, value);
				break;

			case MSIM_TYPE_BINARY:
				gs = va_arg(argp, GString *);

				g_return_val_if_fail(gs != NULL, FALSE);

				/* msim_msg_free() will free this GString the caller created. */
				msg = msim_msg_append(msg, key, type, gs);
				break;

			case MSIM_TYPE_LIST:
				gl = va_arg(argp, GList *);

				g_return_val_if_fail(gl != NULL, FALSE);

				msg = msim_msg_append(msg, key, type, gl);
				break;

			case MSIM_TYPE_DICTIONARY:
				dict = va_arg(argp, MsimMessage *);

				g_return_val_if_fail(dict != NULL, FALSE);

				msg = msim_msg_append(msg, key, type, dict);
				break;

			default:
				purple_debug_info("msim", "msim_send: unknown type %d\n", type);
				break;
		}
	} while(key);
	va_end(argp);

	return msg;
}

/**
 * Create a new MsimMessage.
 *
 * @param first_key The first key in the sequence, or NULL for an empty message.
 * @param ... A sequence of gchar* key/type/value triplets, terminated with NULL.
 *
 * See msim_msg_append() documentation for details on types.
 */
MsimMessage *
msim_msg_new(gchar *first_key, ...)
{
	va_list argp;

	if (first_key) {
	va_start(argp, first_key);
		return msim_msg_new_v(first_key, argp);
	} else {
		return NULL;
	}
}

/**
 * Pack a string using the given GFunc and seperator.
 * Used by msim_msg_dump() and msim_msg_pack().
 */
static gchar *
msim_msg_pack_using(MsimMessage *msg,
		GFunc gf,
		const gchar *sep,
		const gchar *begin, const gchar *end)
{
	int num_items;
	gchar **strings;
	gchar **strings_tmp;
	gchar *joined;
	gchar *final;
	int i;

	g_return_val_if_fail(msg != NULL, NULL);

	num_items = g_list_length(msg);

	/* Add one for NULL terminator for g_strjoinv(). */
	strings = (gchar **)g_new0(gchar *, num_items + 1);

	strings_tmp = strings;
	g_list_foreach(msg, gf, &strings_tmp);

	joined = g_strjoinv(sep, strings);
	final = g_strconcat(begin, joined, end, NULL);
	g_free(joined);

	/* Clean up. */
	for (i = 0; i < num_items; ++i) {
		g_free(strings[i]);
	}

	g_free(strings);

	return final;
}

/**
 * Return a human-readable string of the message.
 *
 * @return A new gchar *, must be g_free()'d.
 */
static gchar *
msim_msg_dump_to_str(MsimMessage *msg)
{
	gchar *debug_str;

	if (!msg) {
		debug_str = g_strdup("<MsimMessage: empty>");
	} else {
		debug_str = msim_msg_pack_using(msg, msim_msg_debug_string_element,
				"\n", "<MsimMessage: \n", "\n/MsimMessage>");
	}

	return debug_str;
}

/**
 * Store a human-readable string describing the element.
 *
 * @param data Pointer to an MsimMessageElement.
 * @param user_data
 */
static void
msim_msg_debug_string_element(gpointer data, gpointer user_data)
{
	MsimMessageElement *elem;
	gchar *string;
	GString *gs;
	gchar *binary;
	gchar ***items;  /* wow, a pointer to a pointer to a pointer */

	gchar *s;
	GList *gl;
	guint i;

	elem = (MsimMessageElement *)data;
	items = user_data;

	switch (elem->type) {
		case MSIM_TYPE_INTEGER:
			string = g_strdup_printf("%s(integer): %d", elem->name,
					GPOINTER_TO_UINT(elem->data));
			break;

		case MSIM_TYPE_RAW:
			string = g_strdup_printf("%s(raw): %s", elem->name,
					elem->data ? (gchar *)elem->data : "(NULL)");
			break;

		case MSIM_TYPE_STRING:
			string = g_strdup_printf("%s(string): %s", elem->name,
					elem->data ? (gchar *)elem->data : "(NULL)");
			break;

		case MSIM_TYPE_BINARY:
			gs = (GString *)elem->data;
			binary = purple_base64_encode((guchar*)gs->str, gs->len);
			string = g_strdup_printf("%s(binary, %d bytes): %s", elem->name, (int)gs->len, binary);
			g_free(binary);
			break;

		case MSIM_TYPE_BOOLEAN:
			string = g_strdup_printf("%s(boolean): %s", elem->name,
					elem->data ? "TRUE" : "FALSE");
			break;

		case MSIM_TYPE_DICTIONARY:
			if (!elem->data) {
				s = g_strdup("(NULL)");
			} else {
				s = msim_msg_dump_to_str((MsimMessage *)elem->data);
			}

			if (!s) {
				s = g_strdup("(NULL, couldn't msim_msg_dump_to_str)");
			}

			string = g_strdup_printf("%s(dict): %s", elem->name, s);

			g_free(s);
			break;

		case MSIM_TYPE_LIST:
			gs = g_string_new("");
			g_string_append_printf(gs, "%s(list): \n", elem->name);

			i = 0;
			for (gl = (GList *)elem->data; gl != NULL; gl = g_list_next(gl)) {
				g_string_append_printf(gs, " %d. %s\n", i, (gchar *)(gl->data));
				++i;
			}

			string = g_string_free(gs, FALSE);
			break;

		default:
			string = g_strdup_printf("%s(unknown type %d",
					elem->name ? elem->name : "(NULL)", elem->type);
			break;
	}

	**items = string;
	++(*items);
}

/**
 * Search for and return the node in msg, matching name, or NULL.
 *
 * @param msg Message to search within.
 * @param name Field name to search for.
 *
 * @return The GList * node for the MsimMessageElement with the given name, or NULL if not found or name is NULL.
 *
 * For internal use - users probably want to use msim_msg_get() to
 * access the MsimMessageElement *, instead of the GList * container.
 *
 */
static GList *
msim_msg_get_node(const MsimMessage *msg, const gchar *name)
{
	GList *node;

	if (!name || !msg) {
		return NULL;
	}

	/* Linear search for the given name. O(n) but n is small. */
	for (node = (GList*)msg; node != NULL; node = g_list_next(node)) {
		MsimMessageElement *elem;

		elem = (MsimMessageElement *)node->data;

		g_return_val_if_fail(elem != NULL, NULL);
		g_return_val_if_fail(elem->name != NULL, NULL);

		if (strcmp(elem->name, name) == 0) {
			return node;
		}
	}
	return NULL;
}

/**
 * Create a new MsimMessageElement * - must be g_free()'d.
 *
 * For internal use; users probably want msim_msg_append() or msim_msg_insert_before().
 *
 * @param dynamic_name Whether 'name' should be freed when the message is destroyed.
 */
static MsimMessageElement *
msim_msg_element_new(const gchar *name, MsimMessageType type, gpointer data, gboolean dynamic_name)
{
	MsimMessageElement *elem;

	elem = g_new0(MsimMessageElement, 1);

	elem->name = name;
	elem->dynamic_name = dynamic_name;
	elem->type = type;
	elem->data = data;

	return elem;
}

/**
 * Append a new element to a message.
 *
 * @param name Textual name of element (static string, neither copied nor freed).
 * @param type An MSIM_TYPE_* code.
 * @param data Pointer to data, see below.
 *
 * @return The new message - must be assigned to as with GList*. For example:
 *
 *     msg = msim_msg_append(msg, ...)
 *
 * The data parameter depends on the type given:
 *
 * * MSIM_TYPE_INTEGER: Use GUINT_TO_POINTER(x).
 *
 * * MSIM_TYPE_BINARY: Same as integer, non-zero is TRUE and zero is FALSE.
 *
 * * MSIM_TYPE_STRING: gchar *. The data WILL BE FREED - use g_strdup() if needed.
 *
 * * MSIM_TYPE_RAW: gchar *. The data WILL BE FREED - use g_strdup() if needed.
 *
 * * MSIM_TYPE_BINARY: g_string_new_len(data, length). The data AND GString will be freed.
 *
 * * MSIM_TYPE_DICTIONARY: An MsimMessage *. Freed when message is destroyed.
 *
 * * MSIM_TYPE_LIST: GList * of gchar *. Again, everything will be freed.
 *
 * */
MsimMessage *
msim_msg_append(MsimMessage *msg, const gchar *name,
		MsimMessageType type, gpointer data)
{
	return g_list_append(msg, msim_msg_element_new(name, type, data, FALSE));
}

/**
 * Append a new element, but with a dynamically-allocated name.
 * Exactly the same as msim_msg_append(), except 'name' will be freed when
 * the message is destroyed. Normally, it isn't, because a static string is given.
 */
static MsimMessage *
msim_msg_append_dynamic_name(MsimMessage *msg, gchar *name,
		MsimMessageType type, gpointer data)
{
	return g_list_append(msg, msim_msg_element_new(name, type, data, TRUE));
}

/**
 * Insert a new element into a message, before the given element name.
 *
 * @param name_before Name of the element to insert the new element before. If
 *                    could not be found or NULL, new element will be inserted at end.
 *
 * See msim_msg_append() for usage of other parameters, and an important note about return value.
 */
MsimMessage *
msim_msg_insert_before(MsimMessage *msg, const gchar *name_before,
		const gchar *name, MsimMessageType type, gpointer data)
{
	MsimMessageElement *new_elem;
	GList *node_before;

	new_elem = msim_msg_element_new(name, type, data, FALSE);

	node_before = msim_msg_get_node(msg, name_before);

	return g_list_insert_before(msg, node_before, new_elem);
}

/**
 * Perform a deep copy on a GList * of gchar * strings. Free with msim_msg_list_free().
 */
static GList *
msim_msg_list_copy(const GList *old)
{
	GList *new_list;

	new_list = NULL;

	/* Deep copy (g_list_copy is shallow). Copy each string. */
	for (; old != NULL; old = g_list_next(old)) {
		new_list = g_list_append(new_list, g_strdup(old->data));
	}

	return new_list;
}

/**
 * Clone an individual element.
 *
 * @param data MsimMessageElement * to clone.
 * @param user_data Pointer to MsimMessage * to add cloned element to.
 */
static void
msim_msg_clone_element(gpointer data, gpointer user_data)
{
	MsimMessageElement *elem;
	MsimMessage **new;
	gpointer new_data;

	GString *gs;
	MsimMessage *dict;

	elem = (MsimMessageElement *)data;
	new = (MsimMessage **)user_data;

	switch (elem->type) {
		case MSIM_TYPE_BOOLEAN:
		case MSIM_TYPE_INTEGER:
			new_data = elem->data;
			break;

		case MSIM_TYPE_RAW:
		case MSIM_TYPE_STRING:
			new_data = g_strdup((gchar *)elem->data);
			break;

		case MSIM_TYPE_LIST:
			new_data = (gpointer)msim_msg_list_copy((GList *)(elem->data));
			break;

		case MSIM_TYPE_BINARY:
			gs = (GString *)elem->data;

			new_data = g_string_new_len(gs->str, gs->len);
			break;
		case MSIM_TYPE_DICTIONARY:
			dict = (MsimMessage *)elem->data;

			new_data = msim_msg_clone(dict);
			break;

		default:
			purple_debug_info("msim", "msim_msg_clone_element: unknown type %d\n", elem->type);
			g_return_if_reached();
	}

	/* Append cloned data. Note that the 'name' field is a static string, so it
	 * never needs to be copied nor freed. */
	if (elem->dynamic_name)
		*new = msim_msg_append_dynamic_name(*new, g_strdup(elem->name), elem->type, new_data);
	else
		*new = msim_msg_append(*new, elem->name, elem->type, new_data);
}

/**
 * Clone an existing MsimMessage.
 *
 * @return Cloned message; caller should free with msim_msg_free().
 */
MsimMessage *
msim_msg_clone(MsimMessage *old)
{
	MsimMessage *new;

	if (old == NULL) {
		return NULL;
	}

	new = msim_msg_new(FALSE);

	g_list_foreach(old, msim_msg_clone_element, &new);

	return new;
}

/**
 * Free the data of a message element.
 *
 * @param elem The MsimMessageElement *
 *
 * Note this only frees the element data; you may also want to free the
 * element itself with g_free() (see msim_msg_free_element()).
 */
void
msim_msg_free_element_data(MsimMessageElement *elem)
{
	switch (elem->type) {
		case MSIM_TYPE_BOOLEAN:
		case MSIM_TYPE_INTEGER:
			/* Integer value stored in gpointer - no need to free(). */
			break;

		case MSIM_TYPE_RAW:
		case MSIM_TYPE_STRING:
			/* Always free strings - caller should have g_strdup()'d if
			 * string was static or temporary and not to be freed. */
			g_free(elem->data);
			break;

		case MSIM_TYPE_BINARY:
			/* Free the GString itself and the binary data. */
			g_string_free((GString *)elem->data, TRUE);
			break;

		case MSIM_TYPE_DICTIONARY:
			msim_msg_free((MsimMessage *)elem->data);
			break;

		case MSIM_TYPE_LIST:
			g_list_free((GList *)elem->data);
			break;

		default:
			purple_debug_info("msim", "msim_msg_free_element_data: "
					"not freeing unknown type %d\n", elem->type);
			break;
	}
}

/**
 * Free a GList * of MsimMessageElement *'s.
 */
void
msim_msg_list_free(GList *l)
{

	for (; l != NULL; l = g_list_next(l)) {
		MsimMessageElement *elem;

		elem = (MsimMessageElement *)l->data;

		/* Note that name is almost never dynamically allocated elsewhere;
		 * it is usually a static string, but not in lists. So cast it. */
		g_free((gchar *)elem->name);
		g_free(elem->data);
		g_free(elem);
	}
	g_list_free(l);
}

/**
 * Free an individual message element.
 *
 * @param data MsimMessageElement * to free.
 * @param user_data Not used; required to match g_list_foreach() callback prototype.
 *
 * Frees both the element data and the element itself.
 * Also frees the name if dynamic_name is TRUE.
 */
static void
msim_msg_free_element(gpointer data, gpointer user_data)
{
	MsimMessageElement *elem;

	elem = (MsimMessageElement *)data;

	msim_msg_free_element_data(elem);

	if (elem->dynamic_name)
		/* Need to cast to remove const-ness, because
		 * elem->name is almost always a constant, static
		 * string, but not in this case. */
		g_free((gchar *)elem->name);

	g_free(elem);
}

/**
 * Free a complete message.
 */
void
msim_msg_free(MsimMessage *msg)
{
	if (!msg) {
		/* already free as can be */
		return;
	}

	g_list_foreach(msg, msim_msg_free_element, NULL);
	g_list_free(msg);
}

/**
 * Pack an element into its protocol representation.
 *
 * @param data Pointer to an MsimMessageElement.
 * @param user_data Pointer to a gchar ** array of string items.
 *
 * Called by msim_msg_pack(). Will pack the MsimMessageElement into
 * a part of the protocol string and append it to the array. Caller
 * is responsible for creating array to correct dimensions, and
 * freeing each string element of the array added by this function.
 */
static void
msim_msg_pack_element(gpointer data, gpointer user_data)
{
	MsimMessageElement *elem;
	gchar *string, *data_string;
	gchar ***items;

	elem = (MsimMessageElement *)data;
	items = (gchar ***)user_data;

	/* Exclude elements beginning with '_' from packed protocol messages. */
	if (elem->name[0] == '_') {
		return;
	}

	data_string = msim_msg_pack_element_data(elem);

	switch (elem->type) {
		/* These types are represented by key name/value pairs (converted above). */
		case MSIM_TYPE_INTEGER:
		case MSIM_TYPE_RAW:
		case MSIM_TYPE_STRING:
		case MSIM_TYPE_BINARY:
		case MSIM_TYPE_DICTIONARY:
		case MSIM_TYPE_LIST:
			string = g_strconcat(elem->name, "\\", data_string, NULL);
			break;

		/* Boolean is represented by absence or presence of name. */
		case MSIM_TYPE_BOOLEAN:
			if (GPOINTER_TO_UINT(elem->data)) {
				/* True - leave in, with blank value. */
				string = g_strdup_printf("%s\\", elem->name);
			} else {
				/* False - leave out. */
				string = g_strdup("");
			}
			break;

		default:
			g_free(data_string);
			g_return_if_reached();
			break;
	}

	g_free(data_string);

	**items = string;
	++(*items);
}

/**
 * Pack an element into its protcol representation inside a dictionary.
 *
 * See msim_msg_pack_element().
 */
static void
msim_msg_pack_element_dict(gpointer data, gpointer user_data)
{
	MsimMessageElement *elem;
	gchar *string, *data_string, ***items;

	elem = (MsimMessageElement *)data;
	items = (gchar ***)user_data;

	/* Exclude elements beginning with '_' from packed protocol messages. */
	if (elem->name[0] == '_') {
		return;
	}

	data_string = msim_msg_pack_element_data(elem);

	g_return_if_fail(data_string != NULL);

	switch (elem->type) {
		/* These types are represented by key name/value pairs (converted above). */
		case MSIM_TYPE_INTEGER:
		case MSIM_TYPE_RAW:
		case MSIM_TYPE_STRING:
		case MSIM_TYPE_BINARY:
		case MSIM_TYPE_DICTIONARY:
		case MSIM_TYPE_LIST:
		case MSIM_TYPE_BOOLEAN: /* Boolean is On or Off */
			string = g_strconcat(elem->name, "=", data_string, NULL);
			break;

		default:
			g_free(data_string);
			g_return_if_fail(FALSE);
			break;
	}

	g_free(data_string);

	**items = string;
	++(*items);
}

/**
 * Return a packed string of a message suitable for sending over the wire.
 *
 * @return A string. Caller must g_free().
 */
gchar *
msim_msg_pack(MsimMessage *msg)
{
	g_return_val_if_fail(msg != NULL, NULL);

	return msim_msg_pack_using(msg, msim_msg_pack_element, "\\", "\\", "\\final\\");
}

/**
 * Return a packed string of a dictionary, suitable for embedding in MSIM_TYPE_DICTIONARY.
 *
 * @return A string; caller must g_free().
 */
static gchar *
msim_msg_pack_dict(MsimMessage *msg)
{
	g_return_val_if_fail(msg != NULL, NULL);

	return msim_msg_pack_using(msg, msim_msg_pack_element_dict, "\034", "", "");
}

/**
 * Send an existing MsimMessage.
 */
gboolean
msim_msg_send(MsimSession *session, MsimMessage *msg)
{
	gchar *raw;
	gboolean success;

	raw = msim_msg_pack(msg);
	g_return_val_if_fail(raw != NULL, FALSE);
	success = msim_send_raw(session, raw);
	g_free(raw);

	return success;
}

/**
 * Return a message element data as a new string for a raw protocol message,
 * converting from other types (integer, etc.) if necessary.
 *
 * @return const gchar * The data as a string, or NULL. Caller must g_free().
 *
 * Returns a string suitable for inclusion in a raw protocol message, not necessarily
 * optimal for human consumption. For example, strings are escaped. Use
 * msim_msg_get_string() if you want a string, which in some cases is same as this.
 */
gchar *
msim_msg_pack_element_data(MsimMessageElement *elem)
{
	GString *gs;
	GList *gl;

	g_return_val_if_fail(elem != NULL, NULL);

	switch (elem->type) {
		case MSIM_TYPE_INTEGER:
			return g_strdup_printf("%d", GPOINTER_TO_UINT(elem->data));

		case MSIM_TYPE_RAW:
			/* Not un-escaped - this is a raw element, already escaped if necessary. */
			return (gchar *)g_strdup((gchar *)elem->data);

		case MSIM_TYPE_STRING:
			/* Strings get escaped. msim_escape() creates a new string. */
			g_return_val_if_fail(elem->data != NULL, NULL);
			return elem->data ? msim_escape((gchar *)elem->data) :
				g_strdup("(NULL)");

		case MSIM_TYPE_BINARY:
			gs = (GString *)elem->data;
			/* Do not escape! */
			return purple_base64_encode((guchar *)gs->str, gs->len);

		case MSIM_TYPE_BOOLEAN:
			/* Not used by messages in the wire protocol * -- see msim_msg_pack_element.
			 * Only used by dictionaries, see msim_msg_pack_element_dict. */
			return elem->data ? g_strdup("On") : g_strdup("Off");

		case MSIM_TYPE_DICTIONARY:
			return msim_msg_pack_dict((MsimMessage *)elem->data);

		case MSIM_TYPE_LIST:
			/* Pack using a|b|c|d|... */
			gs = g_string_new("");

			for (gl = (GList *)elem->data; gl != NULL; gl = g_list_next(gl)) {
				g_string_append_printf(gs, "%s", (gchar*)(gl->data));

				/* All but last element is separated by a bar. */
				if (g_list_next(gl))
					g_string_append(gs, "|");
			}

			return g_string_free(gs, FALSE);

		default:
			purple_debug_info("msim", "field %s, unknown type %d\n",
					elem->name ? elem->name : "(NULL)",
					elem->type);
			return NULL;
	}
}

/**
 * Send a message to the server, whose contents is specified using
 * variable arguments.
 *
 * @param session
 * @param ... A sequence of gchar* key/type/value triplets, terminated with NULL.
 *
 * This function exists for coding convenience: it allows a message to be created
 * and sent in one line of code. Internally it calls msim_msg_send().
 *
 * IMPORTANT: See msim_msg_append() documentation for details on element types.
 *
 */
gboolean
msim_send(MsimSession *session, ...)
{
	gboolean success;
	MsimMessage *msg;
	va_list argp;

	va_start(argp, session);
	msg = msim_msg_new_v(NULL, argp);

	/* Actually send the message. */
	success = msim_msg_send(session, msg);

	/* Cleanup. */
	msim_msg_free(msg);

	return success;
}

/**
 * Print a human-readable string of the message to Purple's debug log.
 *
 * @param fmt_string A static string, in which '%s' will be replaced.
 */
void
msim_msg_dump(const gchar *fmt_string, MsimMessage *msg)
{
	gchar *debug_str;

	g_return_if_fail(fmt_string != NULL);

	debug_str = msim_msg_dump_to_str(msg);

	g_return_if_fail(debug_str != NULL);

	purple_debug_info("msim", fmt_string, debug_str);

	g_free(debug_str);
}

/**
 * Parse a raw protocol message string into a MsimMessage *.
 *
 * @param raw The raw message string to parse, will be g_free()'d.
 *
 * @return MsimMessage *. Caller should msim_msg_free() when done.
 */
MsimMessage *
msim_parse(const gchar *raw)
{
	MsimMessage *msg;
	gchar *token;
	gchar **tokens;
	gchar *key;
	gchar *value;
	int i;

	g_return_val_if_fail(raw != NULL, NULL);

	purple_debug_info("msim", "msim_parse: got <%s>\n", raw);

	key = NULL;

	/* All messages begin with a \. */
	if (raw[0] != '\\' || raw[1] == 0) {
		purple_debug_info("msim", "msim_parse: incomplete/bad string, "
				"missing initial backslash: <%s>\n", raw);
		/* XXX: Should we try to recover, and read to first backslash? */

		return NULL;
	}

	msg = msim_msg_new(FALSE);

	for (tokens = g_strsplit(raw + 1, "\\", 0), i = 0;
			(token = tokens[i]);
			i++) {
#ifdef MSIM_DEBUG_PARSE
		purple_debug_info("msim", "tok=<%s>, i%2=%d\n", token, i % 2);
#endif
		if (i % 2) {
			/* Odd-numbered ordinal is a value. */

			value = token;

			/* Incoming protocol messages get tagged as MSIM_TYPE_RAW, which
			 * represents an untyped piece of data. msim_msg_get_* will
			 * convert to appropriate types for caller, and handle unescaping if needed. */
			msg = msim_msg_append_dynamic_name(msg, g_strdup(key), MSIM_TYPE_RAW, g_strdup(value));
#ifdef MSIM_DEBUG_PARSE
			purple_debug_info("msim", "insert string: |%s|=|%s|\n", key, value);
#endif
		} else {
			/* Even numbered indexes are key names. */
			key = token;
		}
	}
	g_strfreev(tokens);

	return msg;
}

/**
 * Return the first MsimMessageElement * with given name in the MsimMessage *.
 *
 * @param name Name to search for.
 *
 * @return MsimMessageElement * matching name, or NULL.
 *
 * Note: useful fields of MsimMessageElement are 'data' and 'type', which
 * you can access directly. But it is often more convenient to use
 * another msim_msg_get_* that converts the data to what type you want.
 */
MsimMessageElement *
msim_msg_get(const MsimMessage *msg, const gchar *name)
{
	GList *node;

	node = msim_msg_get_node(msg, name);
	if (node) {
		return (MsimMessageElement *)node->data;
	} else {
		return NULL;
	}
}

gchar *
msim_msg_get_string_from_element(MsimMessageElement *elem)
{
	g_return_val_if_fail(elem != NULL, NULL);
	switch (elem->type) {
		case MSIM_TYPE_INTEGER:
			return g_strdup_printf("%d", GPOINTER_TO_UINT(elem->data));

		case MSIM_TYPE_RAW:
			/* Raw element from incoming message - if its a string, it'll
			 * be escaped. */
			return msim_unescape((gchar *)elem->data);

		case MSIM_TYPE_STRING:
			/* Already unescaped. */
			return g_strdup((gchar *)elem->data);

		default:
			purple_debug_info("msim", "msim_msg_get_string_element: type %d unknown, name %s\n",
					elem->type, elem->name ? elem->name : "(NULL)");
			return NULL;
	}
}

/**
 * Return the data of an element of a given name, as a string.
 *
 * @param name Name of element.
 *
 * @return gchar * The data as a string, or NULL if not found.
 *     Caller must g_free().
 *
 * Note that msim_msg_pack_element_data() is similar, but returns a string
 * for inclusion into a raw protocol string (escaped and everything).
 * This function unescapes the string for you, if needed.
 */
gchar *
msim_msg_get_string(const MsimMessage *msg, const gchar *name)
{
	MsimMessageElement *elem;

	elem = msim_msg_get(msg, name);
	if (!elem) {
		return NULL;
	}

	return msim_msg_get_string_from_element(elem);
}

/**
 * Parse a |-separated string into a new GList. Free with msim_msg_list_free().
 */
static GList *
msim_msg_list_parse(const gchar *raw)
{
	gchar **array;
	GList *list;
	guint i;

	array = g_strsplit(raw, "|", 0);
	list = NULL;

	/* TODO: escape/unescape /3 <-> | within list elements */

	for (i = 0; array[i] != NULL; ++i) {
		MsimMessageElement *elem;

		/* Freed in msim_msg_list_free() */
		elem = g_new0(MsimMessageElement, 1);

		/* Give the element a name for debugging purposes.
		 * Not supposed to be looked up by this name; instead,
		 * lookup the elements by indexing the array. */
		elem->name = g_strdup_printf("(list item #%d)", i);
		elem->type = MSIM_TYPE_RAW;
		elem->data = g_strdup(array[i]);

		list = g_list_append(list, elem);
	}

	g_strfreev(array);

	return list;
}

static GList *
msim_msg_get_list_from_element(MsimMessageElement *elem)
{
	g_return_val_if_fail(elem != NULL, NULL);
	switch (elem->type) {
		case MSIM_TYPE_LIST:
			return msim_msg_list_copy((GList *)elem->data);

		case MSIM_TYPE_RAW:
			return msim_msg_list_parse((gchar *)elem->data);

		default:
			purple_debug_info("msim_msg_get_list", "type %d unknown, name %s\n",
					elem->type, elem->name ? elem->name : "(NULL)");
			return NULL;
	}
}

/**
 * Return an element as a new list. Caller frees with msim_msg_list_free().
 */
GList *
msim_msg_get_list(const MsimMessage *msg, const gchar *name)
{
	MsimMessageElement *elem;

	elem = msim_msg_get(msg, name);
	if (!elem) {
		return NULL;
	}

	return msim_msg_get_list_from_element(elem);
}

/**
 * Parse a \x1c-separated "dictionary" of key=value pairs into a hash table.
 *
 * @param raw The text of the dictionary to parse. Often the
 *                 value for the 'body' field.
 *
 * @return A new MsimMessage *. Must msim_msg_free() when done.
 */
static MsimMessage *
msim_msg_dictionary_parse(const gchar *raw)
{
	MsimMessage *dict;
	gchar *item;
	gchar **items;
	gchar **elements;
	guint i;

	g_return_val_if_fail(raw != NULL, NULL);

	dict = msim_msg_new(NULL);

	for (items = g_strsplit(raw, "\x1c", 0), i = 0;
		(item = items[i]);
		i++) {
		gchar *key, *value;

		elements = g_strsplit(item, "=", 2);

		key = elements[0];
		if (!key) {
			purple_debug_info("msim", "msim_msg_dictionary_parse(%s): null key\n",
					raw);
			g_strfreev(elements);
			break;
		}

		value = elements[1];
		if (!value) {
			purple_debug_info("msim", "msim_msg_dictionary_prase(%s): null value\n",
					raw);
			g_strfreev(elements);
			break;
		}

#ifdef MSIM_DEBUG_PARSE
		purple_debug_info("msim_msg_dictionary_parse","-- %s: %s\n", key ? key : "(NULL)",
				value ? value : "(NULL)");
#endif
		/* Append with _dynamic_name since g_strdup(key) is dynamic, and
		 * needs to be freed when the message is destroyed. It isn't static as usual. */
		dict = msim_msg_append_dynamic_name(dict, g_strdup(key), MSIM_TYPE_RAW, g_strdup(value));

		g_strfreev(elements);
	}

	g_strfreev(items);

	return dict;
}

static MsimMessage *
msim_msg_get_dictionary_from_element(MsimMessageElement *elem)
{
	g_return_val_if_fail(elem != NULL, NULL);
	switch (elem->type) {
		case MSIM_TYPE_DICTIONARY:
			return msim_msg_clone((MsimMessage *)elem->data);

		case MSIM_TYPE_RAW:
			return msim_msg_dictionary_parse(elem->data);

		default:
			purple_debug_info("msim_msg_get_dictionary", "type %d unknown, name %s\n",
					elem->type, elem->name ? elem->name : "(NULL)");
			return NULL;
	}
}

/**
 * Return an element as a new dictionary. Caller frees with msim_msg_free().
 */
MsimMessage *
msim_msg_get_dictionary(const MsimMessage *msg, const gchar *name)
{
	MsimMessageElement *elem;

	elem = msim_msg_get(msg, name);
	if (!elem) {
		return NULL;
	}

	return msim_msg_get_dictionary_from_element(elem);
}

guint
msim_msg_get_integer_from_element(MsimMessageElement *elem)
{
	g_return_val_if_fail(elem != NULL, 0);
	switch (elem->type) {
		case MSIM_TYPE_INTEGER:
			return GPOINTER_TO_UINT(elem->data);

		case MSIM_TYPE_RAW:
		case MSIM_TYPE_STRING:
			/* TODO: find out if we need larger integers */
			return (guint)atoi((gchar *)elem->data);

		default:
			return 0;
	}
}

/**
 * Return the data of an element of a given name, as an unsigned integer.
 *
 * @param name Name of element.
 *
 * @return guint Numeric representation of data, or 0 if could not be converted / not found.
 *
 * Useful to obtain an element's data if you know it should be an integer,
 * even if it is not stored as an MSIM_TYPE_INTEGER. MSIM_TYPE_STRING will
 * be converted handled correctly, for example.
 */
guint
msim_msg_get_integer(const MsimMessage *msg, const gchar *name)
{
	MsimMessageElement *elem;

	elem = msim_msg_get(msg, name);

	if (!elem) {
		return 0;
	}

	return msim_msg_get_integer_from_element(elem);
}

static gboolean
msim_msg_get_binary_from_element(MsimMessageElement *elem, gchar **binary_data, gsize *binary_length)
{
	GString *gs;

	g_return_val_if_fail(elem != NULL, FALSE);

	switch (elem->type) {
		case MSIM_TYPE_RAW:
			 /* Incoming messages are tagged with MSIM_TYPE_RAW, and
			 * converted appropriately. They can still be "strings", just they won't
			 * be tagged as MSIM_TYPE_STRING (as MSIM_TYPE_STRING is intended to be used
			 * by msimprpl code for things like instant messages - stuff that should be
			 * escaped if needed). DWIM.
			 */

			/* Previously, incoming messages were stored as MSIM_TYPE_STRING.
			 * This was fine for integers and strings, since they can easily be
			 * converted in msim_get_*, as desirable. However, it does not work
			 * well for binary strings. Consider:
			 *
			 * If incoming base64'd elements were tagged as MSIM_TYPE_STRING.
			 * msim_msg_get_binary() sees MSIM_TYPE_STRING, base64 decodes, returns.
			 * everything is fine.
			 * But then, msim_send() is called on the incoming message, which has
			 * a base64'd MSIM_TYPE_STRING that really is encoded binary. The values
			 * will be escaped since strings are escaped, and / becomes /2; no good.
			 *
			 */
			*binary_data = (gchar *)purple_base64_decode((const gchar *)elem->data, binary_length);
			return ((*binary_data) != NULL);

		case MSIM_TYPE_BINARY:
			gs = (GString *)elem->data;

			/* Duplicate data, so caller can g_free() it. */
			*binary_data = g_memdup(gs->str, gs->len);
			*binary_length = gs->len;

			return TRUE;


			/* Rejected because if it isn't already a GString, have to g_new0 it and
			 * then caller has to ALSO free the GString!
			 *
			 * return (GString *)elem->data; */

		default:
			purple_debug_info("msim", "msim_msg_get_binary: unhandled type %d for key %s\n",
					elem->type, elem->name ? elem->name : "(NULL)");
			return FALSE;
	}
}

/**
 * Return the data of an element of a given name, as a binary GString.
 *
 * @param binary_data A pointer to a new pointer, which will be filled in with the binary data. CALLER MUST g_free().
 *
 * @param binary_length A pointer to an integer, which will be set to the binary data length.
 *
 * @return TRUE if successful, FALSE if not.
 */
gboolean
msim_msg_get_binary(const MsimMessage *msg, const gchar *name,
		gchar **binary_data, gsize *binary_length)
{
	MsimMessageElement *elem;

	elem = msim_msg_get(msg, name);
	if (!elem) {
		return FALSE;
	}

	return msim_msg_get_binary_from_element(elem, binary_data, binary_length);
}