Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/mule.texi @ 89172:0da59936bc31
Comment fix.
author | Dave Love <fx@gnu.org> |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
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2 @c Copyright (C) 1997, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
4 @node International, Major Modes, Frames, Top | |
5 @chapter International Character Set Support | |
6 @cindex MULE | |
7 @cindex international scripts | |
8 @cindex multibyte characters | |
9 @cindex encoding of characters | |
10 | |
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11 @cindex Celtic |
25829 | 12 @cindex Chinese |
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13 @cindex Cyrillic |
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14 @cindex Czech |
25829 | 15 @cindex Devanagari |
16 @cindex Hindi | |
17 @cindex Marathi | |
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18 @cindex Ethiopic |
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19 @cindex German |
25829 | 20 @cindex Greek |
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21 @cindex Hebrew |
25829 | 22 @cindex IPA |
23 @cindex Japanese | |
24 @cindex Korean | |
25 @cindex Lao | |
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26 @cindex Latin |
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27 @cindex Polish |
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28 @cindex Romanian |
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29 @cindex Slovak |
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30 @cindex Slovenian |
25829 | 31 @cindex Thai |
32 @cindex Tibetan | |
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33 @cindex Turkish |
25829 | 34 @cindex Vietnamese |
35163 | 35 @cindex Dutch |
36 @cindex Spanish | |
25829 | 37 Emacs supports a wide variety of international character sets, |
38 including European variants of the Latin alphabet, as well as Chinese, | |
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39 Cyrillic, Devanagari (Hindi and Marathi), Ethiopic, Greek, Hebrew, IPA, |
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40 Japanese, Korean, Lao, Thai, Tibetan, and Vietnamese scripts. These features |
25829 | 41 have been merged from the modified version of Emacs known as MULE (for |
42 ``MULti-lingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs'') | |
43 | |
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44 Emacs also supports various encodings of these characters used by |
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45 other internationalized software, such as word processors and mailers. |
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46 |
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47 Emacs allows editing text with international characters by supporting |
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48 all the related activities: |
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49 |
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50 @itemize @bullet |
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51 @item |
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52 You can visit files with non-ASCII characters, save non-ASCII text, and |
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53 pass non-ASCII text between Emacs and programs it invokes (such as |
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54 compilers, spell-checkers, and mailers). Setting your language |
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55 environment (@pxref{Language Environments}) takes care of setting up the |
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56 coding systems and other options for a specific language or culture. |
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57 Alternatively, you can specify how Emacs should encode or decode text |
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58 for each command; see @ref{Specify Coding}. |
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59 |
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60 @item |
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61 You can display non-ASCII characters encoded by the various scripts. |
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62 This works by using appropriate fonts on X and similar graphics |
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63 displays (@pxref{Defining Fontsets}), and by sending special codes to |
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64 text-only displays (@pxref{Specify Coding}). If some characters are |
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65 displayed incorrectly, refer to @ref{Undisplayable Characters}, which |
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66 describes possible problems and explains how to solve them. |
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67 |
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68 @item |
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69 You can insert non-ASCII characters or search for them. To do that, |
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70 you can specify an input method (@pxref{Select Input Method}) suitable |
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71 for your language, or use the default input method set up when you set |
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72 your language environment. (Emacs input methods are part of the Leim |
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73 package, which must be installed for you to be able to use them.) If |
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74 your keyboard can produce non-ASCII characters, you can select an |
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75 appropriate keyboard coding system (@pxref{Specify Coding}), and Emacs |
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76 will accept those characters. Latin-1 characters can also be input by |
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77 using the @kbd{C-x 8} prefix, see @ref{Single-Byte Character Support, |
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78 C-x 8}. |
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79 @end itemize |
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80 |
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81 The rest of this chapter describes these issues in detail. |
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82 |
25829 | 83 @menu |
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84 * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. |
25829 | 85 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. |
86 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. | |
87 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
88 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
89 * Multibyte Conversion:: How single-byte characters convert to multibyte. | |
90 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and | |
91 write files, and so on. | |
92 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
93 * Specify Coding:: Various ways to choose which conversion to use. | |
94 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts | |
95 that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
96 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. | |
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97 * Undisplayable Characters:: When characters don't display. |
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98 * Single-Byte Character Support:: |
25829 | 99 You can pick one European character set |
100 to use without multibyte characters. | |
43439 | 101 * Charsets:: How Emacs groups its internal character codes. |
25829 | 102 @end menu |
103 | |
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104 @node International Chars |
25829 | 105 @section Introduction to International Character Sets |
106 | |
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107 The users of international character sets and scripts have established |
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108 many more-or-less standard coding systems for storing files. Emacs |
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109 internally uses a single multibyte character encoding, so that it can |
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110 intermix characters from all these scripts in a single buffer or string. |
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111 This encoding represents each non-ASCII character as a sequence of bytes |
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112 in the range 0200 through 0377. Emacs translates between the multibyte |
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113 character encoding and various other coding systems when reading and |
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114 writing files, when exchanging data with subprocesses, and (in some |
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115 cases) in the @kbd{C-q} command (@pxref{Multibyte Conversion}). |
25829 | 116 |
117 @kindex C-h h | |
118 @findex view-hello-file | |
35206 | 119 @cindex undisplayable characters |
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120 @cindex @samp{?} in display |
25829 | 121 The command @kbd{C-h h} (@code{view-hello-file}) displays the file |
122 @file{etc/HELLO}, which shows how to say ``hello'' in many languages. | |
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123 This illustrates various scripts. If some characters can't be |
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124 displayed on your terminal, they appear as @samp{?} or as hollow boxes |
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125 (@pxref{Undisplayable Characters}). |
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126 |
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127 Keyboards, even in the countries where these character sets are used, |
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128 generally don't have keys for all the characters in them. So Emacs |
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129 supports various @dfn{input methods}, typically one for each script or |
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130 language, to make it convenient to type them. |
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131 |
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132 @kindex C-x RET |
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133 The prefix key @kbd{C-x @key{RET}} is used for commands that pertain |
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134 to multibyte characters, coding systems, and input methods. |
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135 |
25829 | 136 @node Enabling Multibyte |
137 @section Enabling Multibyte Characters | |
138 | |
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139 @cindex turn multibyte support on or off |
25829 | 140 You can enable or disable multibyte character support, either for |
141 Emacs as a whole, or for a single buffer. When multibyte characters are | |
142 disabled in a buffer, then each byte in that buffer represents a | |
143 character, even codes 0200 through 0377. The old features for | |
144 supporting the European character sets, ISO Latin-1 and ISO Latin-2, | |
145 work as they did in Emacs 19 and also work for the other ISO 8859 | |
146 character sets. | |
147 | |
148 However, there is no need to turn off multibyte character support to | |
149 use ISO Latin; the Emacs multibyte character set includes all the | |
150 characters in these character sets, and Emacs can translate | |
151 automatically to and from the ISO codes. | |
152 | |
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153 By default, Emacs starts in multibyte mode, because that allows you to |
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154 use all the supported languages and scripts without limitations. |
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155 |
25829 | 156 To edit a particular file in unibyte representation, visit it using |
157 @code{find-file-literally}. @xref{Visiting}. To convert a buffer in | |
158 multibyte representation into a single-byte representation of the same | |
159 characters, the easiest way is to save the contents in a file, kill the | |
160 buffer, and find the file again with @code{find-file-literally}. You | |
161 can also use @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} | |
162 (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}) and specify @samp{raw-text} as | |
163 the coding system with which to find or save a file. @xref{Specify | |
164 Coding}. Finding a file as @samp{raw-text} doesn't disable format | |
165 conversion, uncompression and auto mode selection as | |
166 @code{find-file-literally} does. | |
167 | |
168 @vindex enable-multibyte-characters | |
169 @vindex default-enable-multibyte-characters | |
170 To turn off multibyte character support by default, start Emacs with | |
171 the @samp{--unibyte} option (@pxref{Initial Options}), or set the | |
29107 | 172 environment variable @env{EMACS_UNIBYTE}. You can also customize |
25829 | 173 @code{enable-multibyte-characters} or, equivalently, directly set the |
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174 variable @code{default-enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{nil} in |
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175 your init file to have basically the same effect as @samp{--unibyte}. |
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176 |
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177 @findex toggle-enable-multibyte-characters |
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178 To convert a unibyte session to a multibyte session, set |
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179 @code{default-enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{t}. Buffers which |
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180 were created in the unibyte session before you turn on multibyte support |
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181 will stay unibyte. You can turn on multibyte support in a specific |
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182 buffer by invoking the command @code{toggle-enable-multibyte-characters} |
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183 in that buffer. |
25829 | 184 |
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185 @cindex Lisp files, and multibyte operation |
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186 @cindex multibyte operation, and Lisp files |
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187 @cindex unibyte operation, and Lisp files |
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188 @cindex init file, and non-ASCII characters |
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189 @cindex environment variables, and non-ASCII characters |
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190 With @samp{--unibyte}, multibyte strings are not created during |
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191 initialization from the values of environment variables, |
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192 @file{/etc/passwd} entries etc.@: that contain non-ASCII 8-bit |
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193 characters. |
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194 |
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195 Emacs normally loads Lisp files as multibyte, regardless of whether |
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196 you used @samp{--unibyte}. This includes the Emacs initialization |
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197 file, @file{.emacs}, and the initialization files of Emacs packages |
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198 such as Gnus. However, you can specify unibyte loading for a |
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199 particular Lisp file, by putting @w{@samp{-*-unibyte: t;-*-}} in a |
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200 comment on the first line. Then that file is always loaded as unibyte |
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201 text, even if you did not start Emacs with @samp{--unibyte}. The |
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202 motivation for these conventions is that it is more reliable to always |
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203 load any particular Lisp file in the same way. However, you can load |
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204 a Lisp file as unibyte, on any one occasion, by typing @kbd{C-x |
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205 @key{RET} c raw-text @key{RET}} immediately before loading it. |
25829 | 206 |
207 The mode line indicates whether multibyte character support is enabled | |
208 in the current buffer. If it is, there are two or more characters (most | |
209 often two dashes) before the colon near the beginning of the mode line. | |
210 When multibyte characters are not enabled, just one dash precedes the | |
211 colon. | |
212 | |
213 @node Language Environments | |
214 @section Language Environments | |
215 @cindex language environments | |
216 | |
217 All supported character sets are supported in Emacs buffers whenever | |
218 multibyte characters are enabled; there is no need to select a | |
219 particular language in order to display its characters in an Emacs | |
220 buffer. However, it is important to select a @dfn{language environment} | |
221 in order to set various defaults. The language environment really | |
222 represents a choice of preferred script (more or less) rather than a | |
223 choice of language. | |
224 | |
225 The language environment controls which coding systems to recognize | |
226 when reading text (@pxref{Recognize Coding}). This applies to files, | |
227 incoming mail, netnews, and any other text you read into Emacs. It may | |
228 also specify the default coding system to use when you create a file. | |
229 Each language environment also specifies a default input method. | |
230 | |
231 @findex set-language-environment | |
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232 @vindex current-language-environment |
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233 To select a language environment, customize the option |
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234 @code{current-language-environment} or use the command @kbd{M-x |
25829 | 235 set-language-environment}. It makes no difference which buffer is |
236 current when you use this command, because the effects apply globally to | |
237 the Emacs session. The supported language environments include: | |
238 | |
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239 @cindex Euro sign |
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240 @cindex UTF-8 |
25829 | 241 @quotation |
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242 Chinese-BIG5, Chinese-CNS, Chinese-GB, Cyrillic-ALT, Cyrillic-ISO, |
37870 | 243 Cyrillic-KOI8, Czech, Devanagari, Dutch, English, Ethiopic, German, |
244 Greek, Hebrew, IPA, Japanese, Korean, Lao, Latin-1, Latin-2, Latin-3, | |
245 Latin-4, Latin-5, Latin-8 (Celtic), Latin-9 (updated Latin-1, with the | |
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246 Euro sign), Polish, Romanian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Thai, Tibetan, |
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247 Turkish, UTF-8 (for a setup which prefers Unicode characters and files |
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248 encoded in UTF-8), and Vietnamese. |
25829 | 249 @end quotation |
250 | |
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251 @cindex fonts for various scripts |
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252 @cindex Intlfonts package, installation |
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253 To display the script(s) used by your language environment on a |
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254 graphical display, you need to have a suitable font. If some of the |
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255 characters appear as empty boxes, you should install the GNU Intlfonts |
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256 package, which includes fonts for all supported scripts.@footnote{If |
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257 you run Emacs on X, you need to inform the X server about the location |
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258 of the newly installed fonts with the following commands: |
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259 |
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260 @example |
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261 xset fp+ /usr/local/share/emacs/fonts |
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262 xset fp rehash |
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263 @end example |
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264 } |
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265 @xref{Fontsets}, for more details about setting up your fonts. |
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266 |
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267 @findex set-locale-environment |
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268 @vindex locale-language-names |
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269 @vindex locale-charset-language-names |
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270 @cindex locales |
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271 Some operating systems let you specify the character-set locale you |
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272 are using by setting the locale environment variables @env{LC_ALL}, |
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273 @env{LC_CTYPE}, or @env{LANG}.@footnote{If more than one of these is |
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274 set, the first one that is nonempty specifies your locale for this |
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275 purpose.} During startup, Emacs looks up your character-set locale's |
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276 name in the system locale alias table, matches its canonical name |
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277 against entries in the value of the variables |
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278 @code{locale-charset-language-names} and @code{locale-language-names}, |
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279 and selects the corresponding language environment if a match is found. |
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280 (The former variable overrides the latter.) It also adjusts the display |
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281 table and terminal coding system, the locale coding system, and the |
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282 preferred coding system as needed for the locale. |
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283 |
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284 If you modify the @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE}, or @env{LANG} |
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285 environment variables while running Emacs, you may want to invoke the |
38786 | 286 @code{set-locale-environment} function afterwards to readjust the |
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287 language environment from the new locale. |
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288 |
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289 @vindex locale-preferred-coding-systems |
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290 The @code{set-locale-environment} function normally uses the preferred |
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291 coding system established by the language environment to decode system |
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292 messages. But if your locale matches an entry in the variable |
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293 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, Emacs uses the corresponding |
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294 coding system instead. For example, if the locale @samp{ja_JP.PCK} |
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295 matches @code{japanese-shift-jis} in |
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296 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, Emacs uses that encoding even |
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297 though it might normally use @code{japanese-iso-8bit}. |
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298 |
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299 You can override the language environment chosen at startup with |
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300 explicit use of the command @code{set-language-environment}, or with |
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301 customization of @code{current-language-environment} in your init |
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302 file. |
25829 | 303 |
304 @kindex C-h L | |
305 @findex describe-language-environment | |
306 To display information about the effects of a certain language | |
307 environment @var{lang-env}, use the command @kbd{C-h L @var{lang-env} | |
308 @key{RET}} (@code{describe-language-environment}). This tells you which | |
309 languages this language environment is useful for, and lists the | |
310 character sets, coding systems, and input methods that go with it. It | |
311 also shows some sample text to illustrate scripts used in this language | |
312 environment. By default, this command describes the chosen language | |
313 environment. | |
314 | |
315 @vindex set-language-environment-hook | |
316 You can customize any language environment with the normal hook | |
317 @code{set-language-environment-hook}. The command | |
318 @code{set-language-environment} runs that hook after setting up the new | |
319 language environment. The hook functions can test for a specific | |
320 language environment by checking the variable | |
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321 @code{current-language-environment}. This hook is where you should |
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322 put non-default settings for specific language environment, such as |
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323 coding systems for keyboard input and terminal output, the default |
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324 input method, etc. |
25829 | 325 |
326 @vindex exit-language-environment-hook | |
327 Before it starts to set up the new language environment, | |
328 @code{set-language-environment} first runs the hook | |
329 @code{exit-language-environment-hook}. This hook is useful for undoing | |
330 customizations that were made with @code{set-language-environment-hook}. | |
331 For instance, if you set up a special key binding in a specific language | |
332 environment using @code{set-language-environment-hook}, you should set | |
333 up @code{exit-language-environment-hook} to restore the normal binding | |
334 for that key. | |
335 | |
336 @node Input Methods | |
337 @section Input Methods | |
338 | |
339 @cindex input methods | |
340 An @dfn{input method} is a kind of character conversion designed | |
341 specifically for interactive input. In Emacs, typically each language | |
342 has its own input method; sometimes several languages which use the same | |
343 characters can share one input method. A few languages support several | |
344 input methods. | |
345 | |
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346 The simplest kind of input method works by mapping ASCII letters |
38786 | 347 into another alphabet; this allows you to use one other alphabet |
348 instead of ASCII. The Greek and Russian input methods | |
349 work this way. | |
25829 | 350 |
351 A more powerful technique is composition: converting sequences of | |
352 characters into one letter. Many European input methods use composition | |
353 to produce a single non-ASCII letter from a sequence that consists of a | |
354 letter followed by accent characters (or vice versa). For example, some | |
355 methods convert the sequence @kbd{a'} into a single accented letter. | |
356 These input methods have no special commands of their own; all they do | |
357 is compose sequences of printing characters. | |
358 | |
359 The input methods for syllabic scripts typically use mapping followed | |
360 by composition. The input methods for Thai and Korean work this way. | |
361 First, letters are mapped into symbols for particular sounds or tone | |
362 marks; then, sequences of these which make up a whole syllable are | |
363 mapped into one syllable sign. | |
364 | |
365 Chinese and Japanese require more complex methods. In Chinese input | |
366 methods, first you enter the phonetic spelling of a Chinese word (in | |
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367 input method @code{chinese-py}, among others), or a sequence of |
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368 portions of the character (input methods @code{chinese-4corner} and |
38786 | 369 @code{chinese-sw}, and others). One input sequence typically |
370 corresponds to many possible Chinese characters. You select the one | |
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371 you mean using keys such as @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-b}, @kbd{C-n}, |
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372 @kbd{C-p}, and digits, which have special meanings in this situation. |
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373 |
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374 The possible characters are conceptually arranged in several rows, |
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375 with each row holding up to 10 alternatives. Normally, Emacs displays |
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376 just one row at a time, in the echo area; @code{(@var{i}/@var{j})} |
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377 appears at the beginning, to indicate that this is the @var{i}th row |
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378 out of a total of @var{j} rows. Type @kbd{C-n} or @kbd{C-p} to |
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379 display the next row or the previous row. |
25829 | 380 |
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381 Type @kbd{C-f} and @kbd{C-b} to move forward and backward among |
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382 the alternatives in the current row. As you do this, Emacs highlights |
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383 the current alternative with a special color; type @code{C-@key{SPC}} |
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384 to select the current alternative and use it as input. The |
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385 alternatives in the row are also numbered; the number appears before |
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386 the alternative. Typing a digit @var{n} selects the @var{n}th |
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387 alternative of the current row and uses it as input. |
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388 |
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389 @key{TAB} in these Chinese input methods displays a buffer showing |
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390 all the possible characters at once; then clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} on |
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391 one of them selects that alternative. The keys @kbd{C-f}, @kbd{C-b}, |
38786 | 392 @kbd{C-n}, @kbd{C-p}, and digits continue to work as usual, but they |
393 do the highlighting in the buffer showing the possible characters, | |
394 rather than in the echo area. | |
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395 |
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396 In Japanese input methods, first you input a whole word using |
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397 phonetic spelling; then, after the word is in the buffer, Emacs |
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398 converts it into one or more characters using a large dictionary. One |
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399 phonetic spelling corresponds to a number of different Japanese words; |
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400 to select one of them, use @kbd{C-n} and @kbd{C-p} to cycle through |
25829 | 401 the alternatives. |
402 | |
403 Sometimes it is useful to cut off input method processing so that the | |
404 characters you have just entered will not combine with subsequent | |
405 characters. For example, in input method @code{latin-1-postfix}, the | |
406 sequence @kbd{e '} combines to form an @samp{e} with an accent. What if | |
407 you want to enter them as separate characters? | |
408 | |
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409 One way is to type the accent twice; this is a special feature for |
25829 | 410 entering the separate letter and accent. For example, @kbd{e ' '} gives |
411 you the two characters @samp{e'}. Another way is to type another letter | |
412 after the @kbd{e}---something that won't combine with that---and | |
413 immediately delete it. For example, you could type @kbd{e e @key{DEL} | |
414 '} to get separate @samp{e} and @samp{'}. | |
415 | |
416 Another method, more general but not quite as easy to type, is to use | |
417 @kbd{C-\ C-\} between two characters to stop them from combining. This | |
418 is the command @kbd{C-\} (@code{toggle-input-method}) used twice. | |
419 @ifinfo | |
420 @xref{Select Input Method}. | |
421 @end ifinfo | |
422 | |
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423 @cindex incremental search, input method interference |
25829 | 424 @kbd{C-\ C-\} is especially useful inside an incremental search, |
425 because it stops waiting for more characters to combine, and starts | |
426 searching for what you have already entered. | |
427 | |
428 @vindex input-method-verbose-flag | |
429 @vindex input-method-highlight-flag | |
430 The variables @code{input-method-highlight-flag} and | |
37870 | 431 @code{input-method-verbose-flag} control how input methods explain |
432 what is happening. If @code{input-method-highlight-flag} is | |
433 non-@code{nil}, the partial sequence is highlighted in the buffer (for | |
434 most input methods---some disable this feature). If | |
435 @code{input-method-verbose-flag} is non-@code{nil}, the list of | |
436 possible characters to type next is displayed in the echo area (but | |
437 not when you are in the minibuffer). | |
25829 | 438 |
31077 | 439 @cindex Leim package |
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440 Input methods are implemented in the separate Leim package: they are |
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441 available only if the system administrator used Leim when building |
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442 Emacs. If Emacs was built without Leim, you will find that no input |
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443 methods are defined. |
31077 | 444 |
25829 | 445 @node Select Input Method |
446 @section Selecting an Input Method | |
447 | |
448 @table @kbd | |
449 @item C-\ | |
450 Enable or disable use of the selected input method. | |
451 | |
452 @item C-x @key{RET} C-\ @var{method} @key{RET} | |
453 Select a new input method for the current buffer. | |
454 | |
455 @item C-h I @var{method} @key{RET} | |
456 @itemx C-h C-\ @var{method} @key{RET} | |
457 @findex describe-input-method | |
458 @kindex C-h I | |
459 @kindex C-h C-\ | |
460 Describe the input method @var{method} (@code{describe-input-method}). | |
31204 | 461 By default, it describes the current input method (if any). This |
462 description should give you the full details of how to use any | |
31270 | 463 particular input method. |
25829 | 464 |
465 @item M-x list-input-methods | |
466 Display a list of all the supported input methods. | |
467 @end table | |
468 | |
469 @findex set-input-method | |
470 @vindex current-input-method | |
471 @kindex C-x RET C-\ | |
472 To choose an input method for the current buffer, use @kbd{C-x | |
473 @key{RET} C-\} (@code{set-input-method}). This command reads the | |
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474 input method name from the minibuffer; the name normally starts with the |
25829 | 475 language environment that it is meant to be used with. The variable |
476 @code{current-input-method} records which input method is selected. | |
477 | |
478 @findex toggle-input-method | |
479 @kindex C-\ | |
480 Input methods use various sequences of ASCII characters to stand for | |
481 non-ASCII characters. Sometimes it is useful to turn off the input | |
482 method temporarily. To do this, type @kbd{C-\} | |
483 (@code{toggle-input-method}). To reenable the input method, type | |
484 @kbd{C-\} again. | |
485 | |
486 If you type @kbd{C-\} and you have not yet selected an input method, | |
487 it prompts for you to specify one. This has the same effect as using | |
488 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} C-\} to specify an input method. | |
489 | |
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490 When invoked with a numeric argument, as in @kbd{C-u C-\}, |
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491 @code{toggle-input-method} always prompts you for an input method, |
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492 suggesting the most recently selected one as the default. |
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493 |
25829 | 494 @vindex default-input-method |
495 Selecting a language environment specifies a default input method for | |
496 use in various buffers. When you have a default input method, you can | |
497 select it in the current buffer by typing @kbd{C-\}. The variable | |
498 @code{default-input-method} specifies the default input method | |
499 (@code{nil} means there is none). | |
500 | |
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501 In some language environments, which support several different input |
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502 methods, you might want to use an input method different from the |
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503 default chosen by @code{set-language-environment}. You can instruct |
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504 Emacs to select a different default input method for a certain |
37870 | 505 language environment, if you wish, by using |
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506 @code{set-language-environment-hook} (@pxref{Language Environments, |
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507 set-language-environment-hook}). For example: |
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508 |
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509 @lisp |
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510 (defun my-chinese-setup () |
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511 "Set up my private Chinese environment." |
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512 (if (equal current-language-environment "Chinese-GB") |
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513 (setq default-input-method "chinese-tonepy"))) |
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514 (add-hook 'set-language-environment-hook 'my-chinese-setup) |
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515 @end lisp |
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516 |
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517 @noindent |
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518 This sets the default input method to be @code{chinese-tonepy} |
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519 whenever you choose a Chinese-GB language environment. |
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520 |
25829 | 521 @findex quail-set-keyboard-layout |
522 Some input methods for alphabetic scripts work by (in effect) | |
523 remapping the keyboard to emulate various keyboard layouts commonly used | |
524 for those scripts. How to do this remapping properly depends on your | |
525 actual keyboard layout. To specify which layout your keyboard has, use | |
526 the command @kbd{M-x quail-set-keyboard-layout}. | |
527 | |
528 @findex list-input-methods | |
529 To display a list of all the supported input methods, type @kbd{M-x | |
530 list-input-methods}. The list gives information about each input | |
531 method, including the string that stands for it in the mode line. | |
532 | |
533 @node Multibyte Conversion | |
534 @section Unibyte and Multibyte Non-ASCII characters | |
535 | |
536 When multibyte characters are enabled, character codes 0240 (octal) | |
537 through 0377 (octal) are not really legitimate in the buffer. The valid | |
538 non-ASCII printing characters have codes that start from 0400. | |
539 | |
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540 If you type a self-inserting character in the range 0240 through |
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541 0377, or if you use @kbd{C-q} to insert one, Emacs assumes you |
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542 intended to use one of the ISO Latin-@var{n} character sets, and |
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543 converts it to the Emacs code representing that Latin-@var{n} |
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544 character. You select @emph{which} ISO Latin character set to use |
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545 through your choice of language environment |
25829 | 546 @iftex |
547 (see above). | |
548 @end iftex | |
549 @ifinfo | |
550 (@pxref{Language Environments}). | |
551 @end ifinfo | |
552 If you do not specify a choice, the default is Latin-1. | |
553 | |
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554 If you insert a character in the range 0200 through 0237, which |
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555 forms the @code{eight-bit-control} character set, it is inserted |
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556 literally. You should normally avoid doing this since buffers |
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557 containing such characters have to be written out in either the |
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558 @code{emacs-mule} or @code{raw-text} coding system, which is usually |
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559 not what you want. |
25829 | 560 |
561 @node Coding Systems | |
562 @section Coding Systems | |
563 @cindex coding systems | |
564 | |
565 Users of various languages have established many more-or-less standard | |
566 coding systems for representing them. Emacs does not use these coding | |
567 systems internally; instead, it converts from various coding systems to | |
568 its own system when reading data, and converts the internal coding | |
569 system to other coding systems when writing data. Conversion is | |
570 possible in reading or writing files, in sending or receiving from the | |
571 terminal, and in exchanging data with subprocesses. | |
572 | |
573 Emacs assigns a name to each coding system. Most coding systems are | |
574 used for one language, and the name of the coding system starts with the | |
575 language name. Some coding systems are used for several languages; | |
576 their names usually start with @samp{iso}. There are also special | |
577 coding systems @code{no-conversion}, @code{raw-text} and | |
578 @code{emacs-mule} which do not convert printing characters at all. | |
579 | |
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580 @cindex international files from DOS/Windows systems |
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581 A special class of coding systems, collectively known as |
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582 @dfn{codepages}, is designed to support text encoded by MS-Windows and |
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583 MS-DOS software. To use any of these systems, you need to create it |
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584 with @kbd{M-x codepage-setup}. @xref{MS-DOS and MULE}. After |
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585 creating the coding system for the codepage, you can use it as any |
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586 other coding system. For example, to visit a file encoded in codepage |
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587 850, type @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c cp850 @key{RET} C-x C-f @var{filename} |
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588 @key{RET}}. |
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589 |
25829 | 590 In addition to converting various representations of non-ASCII |
591 characters, a coding system can perform end-of-line conversion. Emacs | |
592 handles three different conventions for how to separate lines in a file: | |
593 newline, carriage-return linefeed, and just carriage-return. | |
594 | |
595 @table @kbd | |
596 @item C-h C @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
597 Describe coding system @var{coding}. | |
598 | |
599 @item C-h C @key{RET} | |
600 Describe the coding systems currently in use. | |
601 | |
602 @item M-x list-coding-systems | |
603 Display a list of all the supported coding systems. | |
604 @end table | |
605 | |
606 @kindex C-h C | |
607 @findex describe-coding-system | |
608 The command @kbd{C-h C} (@code{describe-coding-system}) displays | |
609 information about particular coding systems. You can specify a coding | |
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610 system name as the argument; alternatively, with an empty argument, it |
25829 | 611 describes the coding systems currently selected for various purposes, |
612 both in the current buffer and as the defaults, and the priority list | |
613 for recognizing coding systems (@pxref{Recognize Coding}). | |
614 | |
615 @findex list-coding-systems | |
616 To display a list of all the supported coding systems, type @kbd{M-x | |
617 list-coding-systems}. The list gives information about each coding | |
618 system, including the letter that stands for it in the mode line | |
619 (@pxref{Mode Line}). | |
620 | |
621 @cindex end-of-line conversion | |
622 @cindex MS-DOS end-of-line conversion | |
623 @cindex Macintosh end-of-line conversion | |
624 Each of the coding systems that appear in this list---except for | |
625 @code{no-conversion}, which means no conversion of any kind---specifies | |
626 how and whether to convert printing characters, but leaves the choice of | |
627 end-of-line conversion to be decided based on the contents of each file. | |
628 For example, if the file appears to use the sequence carriage-return | |
629 linefeed to separate lines, DOS end-of-line conversion will be used. | |
630 | |
631 Each of the listed coding systems has three variants which specify | |
632 exactly what to do for end-of-line conversion: | |
633 | |
634 @table @code | |
635 @item @dots{}-unix | |
636 Don't do any end-of-line conversion; assume the file uses | |
637 newline to separate lines. (This is the convention normally used | |
638 on Unix and GNU systems.) | |
639 | |
640 @item @dots{}-dos | |
641 Assume the file uses carriage-return linefeed to separate lines, and do | |
642 the appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on | |
36185 | 643 Microsoft systems.@footnote{It is also specified for MIME @samp{text/*} |
25829 | 644 bodies and in other network transport contexts. It is different |
645 from the SGML reference syntax record-start/record-end format which | |
646 Emacs doesn't support directly.}) | |
647 | |
648 @item @dots{}-mac | |
649 Assume the file uses carriage-return to separate lines, and do the | |
650 appropriate conversion. (This is the convention normally used on the | |
651 Macintosh system.) | |
652 @end table | |
653 | |
654 These variant coding systems are omitted from the | |
655 @code{list-coding-systems} display for brevity, since they are entirely | |
656 predictable. For example, the coding system @code{iso-latin-1} has | |
657 variants @code{iso-latin-1-unix}, @code{iso-latin-1-dos} and | |
658 @code{iso-latin-1-mac}. | |
659 | |
660 The coding system @code{raw-text} is good for a file which is mainly | |
661 ASCII text, but may contain byte values above 127 which are not meant to | |
662 encode non-ASCII characters. With @code{raw-text}, Emacs copies those | |
663 byte values unchanged, and sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to | |
664 @code{nil} in the current buffer so that they will be interpreted | |
665 properly. @code{raw-text} handles end-of-line conversion in the usual | |
666 way, based on the data encountered, and has the usual three variants to | |
667 specify the kind of end-of-line conversion to use. | |
668 | |
669 In contrast, the coding system @code{no-conversion} specifies no | |
670 character code conversion at all---none for non-ASCII byte values and | |
671 none for end of line. This is useful for reading or writing binary | |
672 files, tar files, and other files that must be examined verbatim. It, | |
673 too, sets @code{enable-multibyte-characters} to @code{nil}. | |
674 | |
675 The easiest way to edit a file with no conversion of any kind is with | |
676 the @kbd{M-x find-file-literally} command. This uses | |
677 @code{no-conversion}, and also suppresses other Emacs features that | |
678 might convert the file contents before you see them. @xref{Visiting}. | |
679 | |
680 The coding system @code{emacs-mule} means that the file contains | |
681 non-ASCII characters stored with the internal Emacs encoding. It | |
682 handles end-of-line conversion based on the data encountered, and has | |
683 the usual three variants to specify the kind of end-of-line conversion. | |
684 | |
685 @node Recognize Coding | |
686 @section Recognizing Coding Systems | |
687 | |
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688 Emacs tries to recognize which coding system to use for a given text |
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689 as an integral part of reading that text. (This applies to files |
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690 being read, output from subprocesses, text from X selections, etc.) |
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691 Emacs can select the right coding system automatically most of the |
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692 time---once you have specified your preferences. |
25829 | 693 |
694 Some coding systems can be recognized or distinguished by which byte | |
695 sequences appear in the data. However, there are coding systems that | |
696 cannot be distinguished, not even potentially. For example, there is no | |
697 way to distinguish between Latin-1 and Latin-2; they use the same byte | |
698 values with different meanings. | |
699 | |
700 Emacs handles this situation by means of a priority list of coding | |
701 systems. Whenever Emacs reads a file, if you do not specify the coding | |
702 system to use, Emacs checks the data against each coding system, | |
703 starting with the first in priority and working down the list, until it | |
704 finds a coding system that fits the data. Then it converts the file | |
705 contents assuming that they are represented in this coding system. | |
706 | |
707 The priority list of coding systems depends on the selected language | |
708 environment (@pxref{Language Environments}). For example, if you use | |
709 French, you probably want Emacs to prefer Latin-1 to Latin-2; if you use | |
710 Czech, you probably want Latin-2 to be preferred. This is one of the | |
711 reasons to specify a language environment. | |
712 | |
713 @findex prefer-coding-system | |
714 However, you can alter the priority list in detail with the command | |
715 @kbd{M-x prefer-coding-system}. This command reads the name of a coding | |
716 system from the minibuffer, and adds it to the front of the priority | |
717 list, so that it is preferred to all others. If you use this command | |
718 several times, each use adds one element to the front of the priority | |
719 list. | |
720 | |
721 If you use a coding system that specifies the end-of-line conversion | |
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722 type, such as @code{iso-8859-1-dos}, what this means is that Emacs |
25829 | 723 should attempt to recognize @code{iso-8859-1} with priority, and should |
38786 | 724 use DOS end-of-line conversion when it does recognize @code{iso-8859-1}. |
25829 | 725 |
726 @vindex file-coding-system-alist | |
727 Sometimes a file name indicates which coding system to use for the | |
728 file. The variable @code{file-coding-system-alist} specifies this | |
729 correspondence. There is a special function | |
730 @code{modify-coding-system-alist} for adding elements to this list. For | |
731 example, to read and write all @samp{.txt} files using the coding system | |
732 @code{china-iso-8bit}, you can execute this Lisp expression: | |
733 | |
734 @smallexample | |
735 (modify-coding-system-alist 'file "\\.txt\\'" 'china-iso-8bit) | |
736 @end smallexample | |
737 | |
738 @noindent | |
739 The first argument should be @code{file}, the second argument should be | |
740 a regular expression that determines which files this applies to, and | |
741 the third argument says which coding system to use for these files. | |
742 | |
743 @vindex inhibit-eol-conversion | |
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744 @cindex DOS-style end-of-line display |
25829 | 745 Emacs recognizes which kind of end-of-line conversion to use based on |
746 the contents of the file: if it sees only carriage-returns, or only | |
747 carriage-return linefeed sequences, then it chooses the end-of-line | |
748 conversion accordingly. You can inhibit the automatic use of | |
749 end-of-line conversion by setting the variable @code{inhibit-eol-conversion} | |
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750 to non-@code{nil}. If you do that, DOS-style files will be displayed |
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751 with the @samp{^M} characters visible in the buffer; some people |
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752 prefer this to the more subtle @samp{(DOS)} end-of-line type |
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753 indication near the left edge of the mode line (@pxref{Mode Line, |
37081 | 754 eol-mnemonic}). |
25829 | 755 |
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756 @vindex inhibit-iso-escape-detection |
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757 @cindex escape sequences in files |
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758 By default, the automatic detection of coding system is sensitive to |
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759 escape sequences. If Emacs sees a sequence of characters that begin |
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760 with an escape character, and the sequence is valid as an ISO-2022 |
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761 code, that tells Emacs to use one of the ISO-2022 encodings to decode |
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762 the file. |
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763 |
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764 However, there may be cases that you want to read escape sequences |
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765 in a file as is. In such a case, you can set the variable |
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766 @code{inhibit-iso-escape-detection} to non-@code{nil}. Then the code |
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767 detection ignores any escape sequences, and never uses an ISO-2022 |
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768 encoding. The result is that all escape sequences become visible in |
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769 the buffer. |
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770 |
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771 The default value of @code{inhibit-iso-escape-detection} is |
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772 @code{nil}. We recommend that you not change it permanently, only for |
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773 one specific operation. That's because many Emacs Lisp source files |
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774 in the Emacs distribution contain non-ASCII characters encoded in the |
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775 coding system @code{iso-2022-7bit}, and they won't be |
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776 decoded correctly when you visit those files if you suppress the |
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777 escape sequence detection. |
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778 |
25829 | 779 @vindex coding |
780 You can specify the coding system for a particular file using the | |
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781 @w{@samp{-*-@dots{}-*-}} construct at the beginning of a file, or a |
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782 local variables list at the end (@pxref{File Variables}). You do this |
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783 by defining a value for the ``variable'' named @code{coding}. Emacs |
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784 does not really have a variable @code{coding}; instead of setting a |
38786 | 785 variable, this uses the specified coding system for the file. For |
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786 example, @samp{-*-mode: C; coding: latin-1;-*-} specifies use of the |
38786 | 787 Latin-1 coding system, as well as C mode. When you specify the coding |
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788 explicitly in the file, that overrides |
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789 @code{file-coding-system-alist}. |
25829 | 790 |
791 @vindex auto-coding-alist | |
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792 @vindex auto-coding-regexp-alist |
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793 The variables @code{auto-coding-alist} and |
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794 @code{auto-coding-regexp-alist} are the strongest way to specify the |
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795 coding system for certain patterns of file names, or for files |
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796 containing certain patterns; these variables even override |
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797 @samp{-*-coding:-*-} tags in the file itself. Emacs uses |
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798 @code{auto-coding-alist} for tar and archive files, to prevent it |
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799 from being confused by a @samp{-*-coding:-*-} tag in a member of the |
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800 archive and thinking it applies to the archive file as a whole. |
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801 Likewise, Emacs uses @code{auto-coding-regexp-alist} to ensure that |
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802 RMAIL files, whose names in general don't match any particular pattern, |
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803 are decoded correctly. |
25829 | 804 |
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805 If Emacs recognizes the encoding of a file incorrectly, you can |
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806 reread the file using the correct coding system by typing @kbd{C-x |
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807 @key{RET} c @var{coding-system} @key{RET} M-x revert-buffer |
38133 | 808 @key{RET}}. To see what coding system Emacs actually used to decode |
809 the file, look at the coding system mnemonic letter near the left edge | |
810 of the mode line (@pxref{Mode Line}), or type @kbd{C-h C @key{RET}}. | |
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811 |
25829 | 812 @vindex buffer-file-coding-system |
813 Once Emacs has chosen a coding system for a buffer, it stores that | |
814 coding system in @code{buffer-file-coding-system} and uses that coding | |
815 system, by default, for operations that write from this buffer into a | |
816 file. This includes the commands @code{save-buffer} and | |
817 @code{write-region}. If you want to write files from this buffer using | |
818 a different coding system, you can specify a different coding system for | |
819 the buffer using @code{set-buffer-file-coding-system} (@pxref{Specify | |
820 Coding}). | |
821 | |
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822 You can insert any possible character into any Emacs buffer, but |
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823 most coding systems can only handle some of the possible characters. |
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824 This means that it is possible for you to insert characters that |
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825 cannot be encoded with the coding system that will be used to save the |
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826 buffer. For example, you could start with an ASCII file and insert a |
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827 few Latin-1 characters into it, or you could edit a text file in |
38786 | 828 Polish encoded in @code{iso-8859-2} and add some Russian words to it. |
829 When you save the buffer, Emacs cannot use the current value of | |
830 @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, because the characters you added | |
831 cannot be encoded by that coding system. | |
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832 |
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833 When that happens, Emacs tries the most-preferred coding system (set |
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834 by @kbd{M-x prefer-coding-system} or @kbd{M-x |
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835 set-language-environment}), and if that coding system can safely |
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836 encode all of the characters in the buffer, Emacs uses it, and stores |
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837 its value in @code{buffer-file-coding-system}. Otherwise, Emacs |
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838 displays a list of coding systems suitable for encoding the buffer's |
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839 contents, and asks you to choose one of those coding systems. |
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840 |
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841 If you insert the unsuitable characters in a mail message, Emacs |
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842 behaves a bit differently. It additionally checks whether the |
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843 most-preferred coding system is recommended for use in MIME messages; |
38863 | 844 if not, Emacs tells you that the most-preferred coding system is |
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845 not recommended and prompts you for another coding system. This is so |
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846 you won't inadvertently send a message encoded in a way that your |
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847 recipient's mail software will have difficulty decoding. (If you do |
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848 want to use the most-preferred coding system, you can still type its |
38133 | 849 name in response to the question.) |
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850 |
25829 | 851 @vindex sendmail-coding-system |
852 When you send a message with Mail mode (@pxref{Sending Mail}), Emacs has | |
853 four different ways to determine the coding system to use for encoding | |
854 the message text. It tries the buffer's own value of | |
855 @code{buffer-file-coding-system}, if that is non-@code{nil}. Otherwise, | |
856 it uses the value of @code{sendmail-coding-system}, if that is | |
857 non-@code{nil}. The third way is to use the default coding system for | |
858 new files, which is controlled by your choice of language environment, | |
859 if that is non-@code{nil}. If all of these three values are @code{nil}, | |
860 Emacs encodes outgoing mail using the Latin-1 coding system. | |
861 | |
862 @vindex rmail-decode-mime-charset | |
863 When you get new mail in Rmail, each message is translated | |
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864 automatically from the coding system it is written in, as if it were a |
25829 | 865 separate file. This uses the priority list of coding systems that you |
866 have specified. If a MIME message specifies a character set, Rmail | |
867 obeys that specification, unless @code{rmail-decode-mime-charset} is | |
868 @code{nil}. | |
869 | |
870 @vindex rmail-file-coding-system | |
871 For reading and saving Rmail files themselves, Emacs uses the coding | |
872 system specified by the variable @code{rmail-file-coding-system}. The | |
873 default value is @code{nil}, which means that Rmail files are not | |
874 translated (they are read and written in the Emacs internal character | |
875 code). | |
876 | |
877 @node Specify Coding | |
878 @section Specifying a Coding System | |
879 | |
880 In cases where Emacs does not automatically choose the right coding | |
881 system, you can use these commands to specify one: | |
882 | |
883 @table @kbd | |
884 @item C-x @key{RET} f @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
885 Use coding system @var{coding} for the visited file | |
886 in the current buffer. | |
887 | |
888 @item C-x @key{RET} c @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
889 Specify coding system @var{coding} for the immediately following | |
890 command. | |
891 | |
892 @item C-x @key{RET} k @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
893 Use coding system @var{coding} for keyboard input. | |
894 | |
895 @item C-x @key{RET} t @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
896 Use coding system @var{coding} for terminal output. | |
897 | |
898 @item C-x @key{RET} p @var{input-coding} @key{RET} @var{output-coding} @key{RET} | |
899 Use coding systems @var{input-coding} and @var{output-coding} for | |
900 subprocess input and output in the current buffer. | |
901 | |
902 @item C-x @key{RET} x @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
903 Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring selections to and from | |
904 other programs through the window system. | |
905 | |
906 @item C-x @key{RET} X @var{coding} @key{RET} | |
907 Use coding system @var{coding} for transferring @emph{one} | |
908 selection---the next one---to or from the window system. | |
909 @end table | |
910 | |
911 @kindex C-x RET f | |
912 @findex set-buffer-file-coding-system | |
913 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f} (@code{set-buffer-file-coding-system}) | |
914 specifies the file coding system for the current buffer---in other | |
915 words, which coding system to use when saving or rereading the visited | |
916 file. You specify which coding system using the minibuffer. Since this | |
917 command applies to a file you have already visited, it affects only the | |
918 way the file is saved. | |
919 | |
920 @kindex C-x RET c | |
921 @findex universal-coding-system-argument | |
922 Another way to specify the coding system for a file is when you visit | |
923 the file. First use the command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} | |
924 (@code{universal-coding-system-argument}); this command uses the | |
925 minibuffer to read a coding system name. After you exit the minibuffer, | |
926 the specified coding system is used for @emph{the immediately following | |
927 command}. | |
928 | |
929 So if the immediately following command is @kbd{C-x C-f}, for example, | |
930 it reads the file using that coding system (and records the coding | |
931 system for when the file is saved). Or if the immediately following | |
932 command is @kbd{C-x C-w}, it writes the file using that coding system. | |
933 Other file commands affected by a specified coding system include | |
934 @kbd{C-x C-i} and @kbd{C-x C-v}, as well as the other-window variants of | |
935 @kbd{C-x C-f}. | |
936 | |
937 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} also affects commands that start subprocesses, | |
938 including @kbd{M-x shell} (@pxref{Shell}). | |
939 | |
940 However, if the immediately following command does not use the coding | |
941 system, then @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c} ultimately has no effect. | |
942 | |
943 An easy way to visit a file with no conversion is with the @kbd{M-x | |
944 find-file-literally} command. @xref{Visiting}. | |
945 | |
946 @vindex default-buffer-file-coding-system | |
947 The variable @code{default-buffer-file-coding-system} specifies the | |
948 choice of coding system to use when you create a new file. It applies | |
949 when you find a new file, and when you create a buffer and then save it | |
950 in a file. Selecting a language environment typically sets this | |
951 variable to a good choice of default coding system for that language | |
952 environment. | |
953 | |
954 @kindex C-x RET t | |
955 @findex set-terminal-coding-system | |
956 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} t} (@code{set-terminal-coding-system}) | |
957 specifies the coding system for terminal output. If you specify a | |
958 character code for terminal output, all characters output to the | |
959 terminal are translated into that coding system. | |
960 | |
961 This feature is useful for certain character-only terminals built to | |
962 support specific languages or character sets---for example, European | |
963 terminals that support one of the ISO Latin character sets. You need to | |
964 specify the terminal coding system when using multibyte text, so that | |
965 Emacs knows which characters the terminal can actually handle. | |
966 | |
967 By default, output to the terminal is not translated at all, unless | |
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968 Emacs can deduce the proper coding system from your terminal type or |
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969 your locale specification (@pxref{Language Environments}). |
25829 | 970 |
971 @kindex C-x RET k | |
972 @findex set-keyboard-coding-system | |
34691 | 973 @vindex keyboard-coding-system |
25829 | 974 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} k} (@code{set-keyboard-coding-system}) |
34691 | 975 or the Custom option @code{keyboard-coding-system} |
25829 | 976 specifies the coding system for keyboard input. Character-code |
977 translation of keyboard input is useful for terminals with keys that | |
978 send non-ASCII graphic characters---for example, some terminals designed | |
979 for ISO Latin-1 or subsets of it. | |
980 | |
981 By default, keyboard input is not translated at all. | |
982 | |
983 There is a similarity between using a coding system translation for | |
984 keyboard input, and using an input method: both define sequences of | |
985 keyboard input that translate into single characters. However, input | |
986 methods are designed to be convenient for interactive use by humans, and | |
987 the sequences that are translated are typically sequences of ASCII | |
988 printing characters. Coding systems typically translate sequences of | |
989 non-graphic characters. | |
990 | |
991 @kindex C-x RET x | |
992 @kindex C-x RET X | |
993 @findex set-selection-coding-system | |
994 @findex set-next-selection-coding-system | |
995 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} x} (@code{set-selection-coding-system}) | |
996 specifies the coding system for sending selected text to the window | |
997 system, and for receiving the text of selections made in other | |
998 applications. This command applies to all subsequent selections, until | |
999 you override it by using the command again. The command @kbd{C-x | |
1000 @key{RET} X} (@code{set-next-selection-coding-system}) specifies the | |
1001 coding system for the next selection made in Emacs or read by Emacs. | |
1002 | |
1003 @kindex C-x RET p | |
1004 @findex set-buffer-process-coding-system | |
1005 The command @kbd{C-x @key{RET} p} (@code{set-buffer-process-coding-system}) | |
1006 specifies the coding system for input and output to a subprocess. This | |
1007 command applies to the current buffer; normally, each subprocess has its | |
1008 own buffer, and thus you can use this command to specify translation to | |
1009 and from a particular subprocess by giving the command in the | |
1010 corresponding buffer. | |
1011 | |
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1012 The default for translation of process input and output depends on the |
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1013 current language environment. |
25829 | 1014 |
1015 @vindex file-name-coding-system | |
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1016 @cindex file names with non-ASCII characters |
25829 | 1017 The variable @code{file-name-coding-system} specifies a coding system |
1018 to use for encoding file names. If you set the variable to a coding | |
1019 system name (as a Lisp symbol or a string), Emacs encodes file names | |
1020 using that coding system for all file operations. This makes it | |
1021 possible to use non-ASCII characters in file names---or, at least, those | |
1022 non-ASCII characters which the specified coding system can encode. | |
1023 | |
1024 If @code{file-name-coding-system} is @code{nil}, Emacs uses a default | |
1025 coding system determined by the selected language environment. In the | |
1026 default language environment, any non-ASCII characters in file names are | |
1027 not encoded specially; they appear in the file system using the internal | |
1028 Emacs representation. | |
1029 | |
1030 @strong{Warning:} if you change @code{file-name-coding-system} (or the | |
1031 language environment) in the middle of an Emacs session, problems can | |
1032 result if you have already visited files whose names were encoded using | |
1033 the earlier coding system and cannot be encoded (or are encoded | |
1034 differently) under the new coding system. If you try to save one of | |
1035 these buffers under the visited file name, saving may use the wrong file | |
1036 name, or it may get an error. If such a problem happens, use @kbd{C-x | |
1037 C-w} to specify a new file name for that buffer. | |
1038 | |
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1039 @vindex locale-coding-system |
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1040 The variable @code{locale-coding-system} specifies a coding system |
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1041 to use when encoding and decoding system strings such as system error |
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1042 messages and @code{format-time-string} formats and time stamps. You |
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1043 should choose a coding system that is compatible with the underlying |
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1044 system's text representation, which is normally specified by one of |
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1045 the environment variables @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_CTYPE}, and |
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1046 @env{LANG}. (The first one, in the order specified above, whose value |
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1047 is nonempty is the one that determines the text representation.) |
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1048 |
25829 | 1049 @node Fontsets |
1050 @section Fontsets | |
1051 @cindex fontsets | |
1052 | |
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1053 A font for X typically defines shapes for a single alphabet or script. |
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1054 Therefore, displaying the entire range of scripts that Emacs supports |
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1055 requires a collection of many fonts. In Emacs, such a collection is |
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1056 called a @dfn{fontset}. A fontset is defined by a list of fonts, each |
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1057 assigned to handle a range of character codes. |
25829 | 1058 |
1059 Each fontset has a name, like a font. The available X fonts are | |
1060 defined by the X server; fontsets, however, are defined within Emacs | |
1061 itself. Once you have defined a fontset, you can use it within Emacs by | |
1062 specifying its name, anywhere that you could use a single font. Of | |
1063 course, Emacs fontsets can use only the fonts that the X server | |
1064 supports; if certain characters appear on the screen as hollow boxes, | |
1065 this means that the fontset in use for them has no font for those | |
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1066 characters.@footnote{The Emacs installation instructions have information on |
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1067 additional font support.} |
25829 | 1068 |
1069 Emacs creates two fontsets automatically: the @dfn{standard fontset} | |
1070 and the @dfn{startup fontset}. The standard fontset is most likely to | |
1071 have fonts for a wide variety of non-ASCII characters; however, this is | |
1072 not the default for Emacs to use. (By default, Emacs tries to find a | |
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1073 font that has bold and italic variants.) You can specify use of the |
25829 | 1074 standard fontset with the @samp{-fn} option, or with the @samp{Font} X |
1075 resource (@pxref{Font X}). For example, | |
1076 | |
1077 @example | |
1078 emacs -fn fontset-standard | |
1079 @end example | |
1080 | |
1081 A fontset does not necessarily specify a font for every character | |
1082 code. If a fontset specifies no font for a certain character, or if it | |
1083 specifies a font that does not exist on your system, then it cannot | |
1084 display that character properly. It will display that character as an | |
1085 empty box instead. | |
1086 | |
1087 @node Defining Fontsets | |
1088 @section Defining fontsets | |
1089 | |
1090 @vindex standard-fontset-spec | |
1091 @cindex standard fontset | |
1092 Emacs creates a standard fontset automatically according to the value | |
1093 of @code{standard-fontset-spec}. This fontset's name is | |
1094 | |
1095 @example | |
1096 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-16-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-standard | |
1097 @end example | |
1098 | |
1099 @noindent | |
1100 or just @samp{fontset-standard} for short. | |
1101 | |
1102 Bold, italic, and bold-italic variants of the standard fontset are | |
1103 created automatically. Their names have @samp{bold} instead of | |
1104 @samp{medium}, or @samp{i} instead of @samp{r}, or both. | |
1105 | |
1106 @cindex startup fontset | |
1107 If you specify a default ASCII font with the @samp{Font} resource or | |
1108 the @samp{-fn} argument, Emacs generates a fontset from it | |
1109 automatically. This is the @dfn{startup fontset} and its name is | |
1110 @code{fontset-startup}. It does this by replacing the @var{foundry}, | |
1111 @var{family}, @var{add_style}, and @var{average_width} fields of the | |
1112 font name with @samp{*}, replacing @var{charset_registry} field with | |
1113 @samp{fontset}, and replacing @var{charset_encoding} field with | |
1114 @samp{startup}, then using the resulting string to specify a fontset. | |
1115 | |
1116 For instance, if you start Emacs this way, | |
1117 | |
1118 @example | |
1119 emacs -fn "*courier-medium-r-normal--14-140-*-iso8859-1" | |
1120 @end example | |
1121 | |
1122 @noindent | |
1123 Emacs generates the following fontset and uses it for the initial X | |
1124 window frame: | |
1125 | |
1126 @example | |
1127 -*-*-medium-r-normal-*-14-140-*-*-*-*-fontset-startup | |
1128 @end example | |
1129 | |
1130 With the X resource @samp{Emacs.Font}, you can specify a fontset name | |
1131 just like an actual font name. But be careful not to specify a fontset | |
1132 name in a wildcard resource like @samp{Emacs*Font}---that wildcard | |
38495 | 1133 specification matches various other resources, such as for menus, and |
25829 | 1134 menus cannot handle fontsets. |
1135 | |
1136 You can specify additional fontsets using X resources named | |
1137 @samp{Fontset-@var{n}}, where @var{n} is an integer starting from 0. | |
1138 The resource value should have this form: | |
1139 | |
1140 @smallexample | |
1141 @var{fontpattern}, @r{[}@var{charsetname}:@var{fontname}@r{]@dots{}} | |
1142 @end smallexample | |
1143 | |
1144 @noindent | |
1145 @var{fontpattern} should have the form of a standard X font name, except | |
1146 for the last two fields. They should have the form | |
1147 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. | |
1148 | |
1149 The fontset has two names, one long and one short. The long name is | |
1150 @var{fontpattern}. The short name is @samp{fontset-@var{alias}}. You | |
1151 can refer to the fontset by either name. | |
1152 | |
1153 The construct @samp{@var{charset}:@var{font}} specifies which font to | |
1154 use (in this fontset) for one particular character set. Here, | |
1155 @var{charset} is the name of a character set, and @var{font} is the | |
1156 font to use for that character set. You can use this construct any | |
1157 number of times in defining one fontset. | |
1158 | |
1159 For the other character sets, Emacs chooses a font based on | |
1160 @var{fontpattern}. It replaces @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} with values | |
1161 that describe the character set. For the ASCII character font, | |
1162 @samp{fontset-@var{alias}} is replaced with @samp{ISO8859-1}. | |
1163 | |
1164 In addition, when several consecutive fields are wildcards, Emacs | |
1165 collapses them into a single wildcard. This is to prevent use of | |
1166 auto-scaled fonts. Fonts made by scaling larger fonts are not usable | |
1167 for editing, and scaling a smaller font is not useful because it is | |
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1168 better to use the smaller font in its own size, which is what Emacs |
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|
1169 does. |
25829 | 1170 |
1171 Thus if @var{fontpattern} is this, | |
1172 | |
1173 @example | |
1174 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24 | |
1175 @end example | |
1176 | |
1177 @noindent | |
1178 the font specification for ASCII characters would be this: | |
1179 | |
1180 @example | |
1181 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-ISO8859-1 | |
1182 @end example | |
1183 | |
1184 @noindent | |
1185 and the font specification for Chinese GB2312 characters would be this: | |
1186 | |
1187 @example | |
1188 -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-* | |
1189 @end example | |
1190 | |
1191 You may not have any Chinese font matching the above font | |
1192 specification. Most X distributions include only Chinese fonts that | |
1193 have @samp{song ti} or @samp{fangsong ti} in @var{family} field. In | |
1194 such a case, @samp{Fontset-@var{n}} can be specified as below: | |
1195 | |
1196 @smallexample | |
1197 Emacs.Fontset-0: -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24,\ | |
1198 chinese-gb2312:-*-*-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-gb2312*-* | |
1199 @end smallexample | |
1200 | |
1201 @noindent | |
1202 Then, the font specifications for all but Chinese GB2312 characters have | |
1203 @samp{fixed} in the @var{family} field, and the font specification for | |
1204 Chinese GB2312 characters has a wild card @samp{*} in the @var{family} | |
1205 field. | |
1206 | |
1207 @findex create-fontset-from-fontset-spec | |
1208 The function that processes the fontset resource value to create the | |
1209 fontset is called @code{create-fontset-from-fontset-spec}. You can also | |
1210 call this function explicitly to create a fontset. | |
1211 | |
1212 @xref{Font X}, for more information about font naming in X. | |
1213 | |
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1214 @node Undisplayable Characters |
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1215 @section Undisplayable Characters |
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1216 |
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1217 Your terminal may be unable to display some non-ASCII |
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1218 characters. Most non-windowing terminals can only use a single |
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|
1219 character set (use the variable @code{default-terminal-coding-system} |
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1220 (@pxref{Specify Coding}) to tell Emacs which one); characters which |
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1221 can't be encoded in that coding system are displayed as @samp{?} by |
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|
1222 default. |
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|
1223 |
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1224 Windowing terminals can display a broader range of characters, but |
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|
1225 you may not have fonts installed for all of them; characters that have |
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|
1226 no font appear as a hollow box. |
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1227 |
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1228 If you use Latin-1 characters but your terminal can't display |
39266
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|
1229 Latin-1, you can arrange to display mnemonic ASCII sequences |
36170
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1230 instead, e.g.@: @samp{"o} for o-umlaut. Load the library |
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1231 @file{iso-ascii} to do this. |
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1232 |
36875 | 1233 @vindex latin1-display |
36170
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1234 If your terminal can display Latin-1, you can display characters |
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1235 from other European character sets using a mixture of equivalent |
38945
752af4a52a8f
Standardize on ASCII without @sc.
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diff
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|
1236 Latin-1 characters and ASCII mnemonics. Use the Custom option |
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Standardize on ASCII without @sc.
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|
1237 @code{latin1-display} to enable this. The mnemonic ASCII |
36170
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|
1238 sequences mostly correspond to those of the prefix input methods. |
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|
1239 |
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1240 @node Single-Byte Character Support |
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|
1241 @section Single-byte Character Set Support |
25829 | 1242 |
1243 @cindex European character sets | |
1244 @cindex accented characters | |
1245 @cindex ISO Latin character sets | |
1246 @cindex Unibyte operation | |
1247 The ISO 8859 Latin-@var{n} character sets define character codes in | |
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|
1248 the range 0240 to 0377 octal (160 to 255 decimal) to handle the |
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parents:
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diff
changeset
|
1249 accented letters and punctuation needed by various European languages |
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|
1250 (and some non-European ones). If you disable multibyte characters, |
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|
1251 Emacs can still handle @emph{one} of these character codes at a time. |
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|
1252 To specify @emph{which} of these codes to use, invoke @kbd{M-x |
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|
1253 set-language-environment} and specify a suitable language environment |
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1254 such as @samp{Latin-@var{n}}. |
25829 | 1255 |
1256 For more information about unibyte operation, see @ref{Enabling | |
1257 Multibyte}. Note particularly that you probably want to ensure that | |
1258 your initialization files are read as unibyte if they contain non-ASCII | |
1259 characters. | |
1260 | |
1261 @vindex unibyte-display-via-language-environment | |
1262 Emacs can also display those characters, provided the terminal or font | |
1263 in use supports them. This works automatically. Alternatively, if you | |
1264 are using a window system, Emacs can also display single-byte characters | |
1265 through fontsets, in effect by displaying the equivalent multibyte | |
1266 characters according to the current language environment. To request | |
1267 this, set the variable @code{unibyte-display-via-language-environment} | |
1268 to a non-@code{nil} value. | |
1269 | |
1270 @cindex @code{iso-ascii} library | |
1271 If your terminal does not support display of the Latin-1 character | |
1272 set, Emacs can display these characters as ASCII sequences which at | |
1273 least give you a clear idea of what the characters are. To do this, | |
1274 load the library @code{iso-ascii}. Similar libraries for other | |
1275 Latin-@var{n} character sets could be implemented, but we don't have | |
1276 them yet. | |
1277 | |
1278 @findex standard-display-8bit | |
1279 @cindex 8-bit display | |
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1280 Normally non-ISO-8859 characters (decimal codes between 128 and 159 |
25829 | 1281 inclusive) are displayed as octal escapes. You can change this for |
36185 | 1282 non-standard ``extended'' versions of ISO-8859 character sets by using the |
25829 | 1283 function @code{standard-display-8bit} in the @code{disp-table} library. |
1284 | |
28552 | 1285 There are several ways you can input single-byte non-ASCII |
25829 | 1286 characters: |
1287 | |
1288 @itemize @bullet | |
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|
1289 @cindex 8-bit input |
25829 | 1290 @item |
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1291 If your keyboard can generate character codes 128 (decimal) and up, |
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|
1292 representing non-ASCII characters, you can type those character codes |
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1293 directly. |
25829 | 1294 |
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1295 On a windowing terminal, you should not need to do anything special to |
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1296 use these keys; they should simply work. On a text-only terminal, you |
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1297 should use the command @code{M-x set-keyboard-coding-system} or the |
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1298 Custom option @code{keyboard-coding-system} to specify which coding |
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|
1299 system your keyboard uses (@pxref{Specify Coding}). Enabling this |
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|
1300 feature will probably require you to use @kbd{ESC} to type Meta |
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1301 characters; however, on a Linux console or in @code{xterm}, you can |
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1302 arrange for Meta to be converted to @kbd{ESC} and still be able type |
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1303 8-bit characters present directly on the keyboard or using |
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1304 @kbd{Compose} or @kbd{AltGr} keys. @xref{User Input}. |
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1305 |
25829 | 1306 @item |
1307 You can use an input method for the selected language environment. | |
1308 @xref{Input Methods}. When you use an input method in a unibyte buffer, | |
1309 the non-ASCII character you specify with it is converted to unibyte. | |
1310 | |
1311 @kindex C-x 8 | |
1312 @cindex @code{iso-transl} library | |
31077 | 1313 @cindex compose character |
1314 @cindex dead character | |
25829 | 1315 @item |
1316 For Latin-1 only, you can use the | |
1317 key @kbd{C-x 8} as a ``compose character'' prefix for entry of | |
1318 non-ASCII Latin-1 printing characters. @kbd{C-x 8} is good for | |
1319 insertion (in the minibuffer as well as other buffers), for searching, | |
1320 and in any other context where a key sequence is allowed. | |
1321 | |
1322 @kbd{C-x 8} works by loading the @code{iso-transl} library. Once that | |
1323 library is loaded, the @key{ALT} modifier key, if you have one, serves | |
1324 the same purpose as @kbd{C-x 8}; use @key{ALT} together with an accent | |
1325 character to modify the following letter. In addition, if you have keys | |
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1326 for the Latin-1 ``dead accent characters,'' they too are defined to |
25829 | 1327 compose with the following character, once @code{iso-transl} is loaded. |
28552 | 1328 Use @kbd{C-x 8 C-h} to list the available translations as mnemonic |
1329 command names. | |
1330 | |
31077 | 1331 @item |
28552 | 1332 @cindex @code{iso-acc} library |
31077 | 1333 @cindex ISO Accents mode |
1334 @findex iso-accents-mode | |
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1335 @cindex Latin-1, Latin-2 and Latin-3 input mode |
38133 | 1336 For Latin-1, Latin-2 and Latin-3, @kbd{M-x iso-accents-mode} enables |
1337 a minor mode that works much like the @code{latin-1-prefix} input | |
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|
1338 method, but does not depend on having the input methods installed. This |
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1339 mode is buffer-local. It can be customized for various languages with |
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1340 @kbd{M-x iso-accents-customize}. |
25829 | 1341 @end itemize |
43439 | 1342 |
1343 @node Charsets | |
1344 @section Charsets | |
1345 @cindex charsets | |
1346 | |
1347 Emacs groups all supported characters into disjoint @dfn{charsets}. | |
1348 Each character code belongs to one and only one charset. For | |
1349 historical reasons, Emacs typically divides an 8-bit character code | |
1350 for an extended version of ASCII into two charsets: ASCII, which | |
1351 covers the codes 0 through 127, plus another charset which covers the | |
1352 ``right-hand part'' (the codes 128 and up). For instance, the | |
1353 characters of Latin-1 include the Emacs charset @code{ascii} plus the | |
1354 Emacs charset @code{latin-iso8859-1}. | |
1355 | |
1356 Emacs characters belonging to different charsets may look the same, | |
1357 but they are still different characters. For example, the letter | |
1358 @samp{o} with acute accent in charset @code{latin-iso8859-1}, used for | |
1359 Latin-1, is different from the letter @samp{o} with acute accent in | |
1360 charset @code{latin-iso8859-2}, used for Latin-2. | |
1361 | |
1362 @findex list-charset-chars | |
1363 @cindex characters in a certain charset | |
1364 @findex describe-character-set | |
1365 There are two commands for obtaining information about Emacs | |
1366 charsets. The command @kbd{M-x list-charset-chars} prompts for a name | |
1367 of a character set, and displays all the characters in that character | |
1368 set. The command @kbd{M-x describe-character-set} prompts for a | |
1369 charset name and displays information about that charset, including | |
1370 its internal representation within Emacs. | |
1371 | |
1372 To find out which charset a character in the buffer belongs to, | |
1373 put point before it and type @kbd{C-u C-x =}. |