Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/cmdargs.texi @ 44670:1537553adc43
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author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Fri, 19 Apr 2002 00:09:20 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
39287 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,1997,2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
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4 @node Command Arguments, X Resources, Service, Top |
25829 | 5 @appendix Command Line Arguments |
6 @cindex command line arguments | |
7 @cindex arguments (command line) | |
8 @cindex options (command line) | |
9 @cindex switches (command line) | |
10 @cindex startup (command line arguments) | |
11 | |
12 GNU Emacs supports command line arguments to request various actions | |
13 when invoking Emacs. These are for compatibility with other editors and | |
14 for sophisticated activities. We don't recommend using them for | |
15 ordinary editing. | |
16 | |
17 Arguments starting with @samp{-} are @dfn{options}. Other arguments | |
18 specify files to visit. Emacs visits the specified files while it | |
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19 starts up. The last file name on your command line becomes the |
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20 current buffer; the other files are also visited in other buffers. If |
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21 there are two files, they are both displayed; otherwise the last file |
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22 is displayed along with a buffer list that shows what other buffers |
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23 there are. As with most programs, the special argument @samp{--} says |
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24 that all subsequent arguments are file names, not options, even if |
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25 they start with @samp{-}. |
25829 | 26 |
27 Emacs command options can specify many things, such as the size and | |
28 position of the X window Emacs uses, its colors, and so on. A few | |
29 options support advanced usage, such as running Lisp functions on files | |
30 in batch mode. The sections of this chapter describe the available | |
31 options, arranged according to their purpose. | |
32 | |
33 There are two ways of writing options: the short forms that start with | |
34 a single @samp{-}, and the long forms that start with @samp{--}. For | |
35 example, @samp{-d} is a short form and @samp{--display} is the | |
36 corresponding long form. | |
37 | |
38 The long forms with @samp{--} are easier to remember, but longer to | |
39 type. However, you don't have to spell out the whole option name; any | |
40 unambiguous abbreviation is enough. When a long option takes an | |
41 argument, you can use either a space or an equal sign to separate the | |
42 option name and the argument. Thus, you can write either | |
43 @samp{--display sugar-bombs:0.0} or @samp{--display=sugar-bombs:0.0}. | |
44 We recommend an equal sign because it makes the relationship clearer, | |
45 and the tables below always show an equal sign. | |
46 | |
47 @cindex initial options (command line) | |
48 @cindex action options (command line) | |
49 Most options specify how to initialize Emacs, or set parameters for | |
50 the Emacs session. We call them @dfn{initial options}. A few options | |
51 specify things to do: for example, load libraries, call functions, or | |
38745 | 52 terminate Emacs. These are called @dfn{action options}. These and file |
25829 | 53 names together are called @dfn{action arguments}. Emacs processes all |
54 the action arguments in the order they are written. | |
55 | |
56 @menu | |
57 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries, | |
58 and call functions. | |
59 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs. | |
60 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments. | |
61 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs. | |
62 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses. | |
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63 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login. |
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64 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X. |
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65 * Colors:: Choosing display colors. |
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66 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X. |
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67 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X. |
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68 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title. |
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69 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X. |
25829 | 70 @end menu |
71 | |
72 @node Action Arguments | |
73 @appendixsec Action Arguments | |
74 | |
75 Here is a table of the action arguments and options: | |
76 | |
77 @table @samp | |
78 @item @var{file} | |
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79 @opindex --visit |
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80 @itemx --visit=@var{file} |
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81 @opindex --file |
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82 @itemx --file=@var{file} |
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83 @cindex visiting files, command-line argument |
25829 | 84 Visit @var{file} using @code{find-file}. @xref{Visiting}. |
85 | |
86 @item +@var{linenum} @var{file} | |
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87 @opindex +@var{linenum} |
25829 | 88 Visit @var{file} using @code{find-file}, then go to line number |
89 @var{linenum} in it. | |
90 | |
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91 @item +@var{linenum}:@var{columnnum} @var{file} |
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92 Visit @var{file} using @code{find-file}, then go to line number |
38745 | 93 @var{linenum} and put point at column number @var{columnnum}. |
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94 |
25829 | 95 @need 3000 |
96 @item -l @var{file} | |
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97 @opindex -l |
25829 | 98 @itemx --load=@var{file} |
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99 @opindex --load |
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100 @cindex loading Lisp libraries, command-line argument |
25829 | 101 Load a Lisp library named @var{file} with the function @code{load}. |
102 @xref{Lisp Libraries}. The library can be found either in the current | |
103 directory, or in the Emacs library search path as specified | |
29107 | 104 with @env{EMACSLOADPATH} (@pxref{General Variables}). |
25829 | 105 |
106 @item -f @var{function} | |
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107 @opindex -f |
25829 | 108 @itemx --funcall=@var{function} |
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109 @opindex --funcall |
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110 @cindex call Lisp functions, command-line argument |
25829 | 111 Call Lisp function @var{function} with no arguments. |
112 | |
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113 @item --eval=@var{expression} |
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114 @opindex --eval |
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115 @itemx --execute=@var{expression} |
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116 @opindex --execute |
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117 @cindex evaluate expression, command-line argument |
25829 | 118 Evaluate Lisp expression @var{expression}. |
119 | |
120 @item --insert=@var{file} | |
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121 @opindex --insert |
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122 @cindex insert file contents, command-line argument |
25829 | 123 Insert the contents of @var{file} into the current buffer. This is like |
124 what @kbd{M-x insert-file} does. @xref{Misc File Ops}. | |
125 | |
126 @item --kill | |
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127 @opindex --kill |
25829 | 128 Exit from Emacs without asking for confirmation. |
129 @end table | |
130 | |
131 @vindex command-line-args | |
132 The init file can access the values of the action arguments as the | |
133 elements of a list in the variable @code{command-line-args}. The init | |
134 file can override the normal processing of the action arguments, or | |
135 define new ones, by reading and setting this variable. | |
136 | |
137 @node Initial Options | |
138 @appendixsec Initial Options | |
139 | |
140 The initial options specify parameters for the Emacs session. This | |
141 section describes the more general initial options; some other options | |
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142 specifically related to the X Window System appear in the following |
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143 sections. |
25829 | 144 |
145 Some initial options affect the loading of init files. The normal | |
146 actions of Emacs are to first load @file{site-start.el} if it exists, | |
147 then your own init file @file{~/.emacs} if it exists, and finally | |
148 @file{default.el} if it exists; certain options prevent loading of some | |
149 of these files or substitute other files for them. | |
150 | |
151 @table @samp | |
152 @item -t @var{device} | |
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153 @opindex -t |
25829 | 154 @itemx --terminal=@var{device} |
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155 @opindex --terminal |
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156 @cindex device for Emacs terminal I/O |
25829 | 157 Use @var{device} as the device for terminal input and output. |
158 | |
159 @item -d @var{display} | |
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160 @opindex -d |
25829 | 161 @itemx --display=@var{display} |
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162 @opindex --display |
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163 @cindex display for Emacs frame |
25829 | 164 Use the X Window System and use the display named @var{display} to open |
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165 the initial Emacs frame. @xref{Display X}, for more details. |
25829 | 166 |
167 @item -nw | |
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168 @opindex -nw |
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169 @itemx --no-window-system |
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170 @opindex --no-window-system |
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171 @cindex disable window system |
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172 Don't communicate directly with the window system, disregarding the |
40652 | 173 @env{DISPLAY} environment variable even if it is set. This means that |
174 Emacs uses the terminal from which it was launched for all its display | |
175 and input. | |
25829 | 176 |
177 @need 3000 | |
178 @cindex batch mode | |
179 @item -batch | |
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180 @opindex --batch |
25829 | 181 @itemx --batch |
182 Run Emacs in @dfn{batch mode}, which means that the text being edited is | |
183 not displayed and the standard terminal interrupt characters such as | |
184 @kbd{C-z} and @kbd{C-c} continue to have their normal effect. Emacs in | |
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185 batch mode outputs to @code{stderr} only what would normally be displayed |
36875 | 186 in the echo area under program control, and functions which would |
187 normally read from the minibuffer take their input from @code{stdin}. | |
25829 | 188 |
189 Batch mode is used for running programs written in Emacs Lisp from | |
190 shell scripts, makefiles, and so on. Normally the @samp{-l} option | |
191 or @samp{-f} option will be used as well, to invoke a Lisp program | |
192 to do the batch processing. | |
193 | |
38745 | 194 @samp{-batch} implies @samp{-q} (do not load an init file). It also |
195 causes Emacs to exit after processing all the command options. In | |
196 addition, it disables auto-saving except in buffers for which it has | |
197 been explicitly requested. | |
25829 | 198 |
199 @item -q | |
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200 @opindex -q |
25829 | 201 @itemx --no-init-file |
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202 @opindex --no-init-file |
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203 @cindex bypassing init and site-start file |
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204 @cindex init file, not loading |
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205 @cindex @file{default.el} file, not loading |
25829 | 206 Do not load your Emacs init file @file{~/.emacs}, or @file{default.el} |
38659 | 207 either. When invoked like this, Emacs does not allow saving options |
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208 changed with the @kbd{M-x customize} command and its variants. |
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209 @xref{Easy Customization}. |
25829 | 210 |
211 @item --no-site-file | |
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212 @opindex --no-site-file |
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213 @cindex @file{site-start.el} file, not loading |
25829 | 214 Do not load @file{site-start.el}. The options @samp{-q}, @samp{-u} |
215 and @samp{-batch} have no effect on the loading of this file---this is | |
216 the only option that blocks it. | |
217 | |
218 @item -u @var{user} | |
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219 @opindex -u |
25829 | 220 @itemx --user=@var{user} |
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221 @opindex --user |
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222 @cindex load init file of another user |
25829 | 223 Load @var{user}'s Emacs init file @file{~@var{user}/.emacs} instead of |
224 your own. | |
225 | |
226 @item --debug-init | |
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227 @opindex --debug-init |
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228 @cindex errors in init file |
25829 | 229 Enable the Emacs Lisp debugger for errors in the init file. |
230 | |
231 @item --unibyte | |
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232 @opindex --unibyte |
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233 @cindex unibyte operation, command-line argument |
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234 Do almost everything with single-byte buffers and strings. |
25829 | 235 All buffers and strings are unibyte unless you (or a Lisp program) |
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236 explicitly ask for a multibyte buffer or string. (Note that Emacs |
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237 always loads Lisp files in multibyte mode, even if @samp{--unibyte} is |
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238 specified; see @ref{Enabling Multibyte}.) Setting the environment |
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239 variable @env{EMACS_UNIBYTE} has the same effect. |
25829 | 240 |
241 @item --multibyte | |
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242 @opindex --multibyte |
29107 | 243 Inhibit the effect of @env{EMACS_UNIBYTE}, so that Emacs |
25829 | 244 uses multibyte characters by default, as usual. |
245 @end table | |
246 | |
247 @node Command Example | |
248 @appendixsec Command Argument Example | |
249 | |
250 Here is an example of using Emacs with arguments and options. It | |
251 assumes you have a Lisp program file called @file{hack-c.el} which, when | |
252 loaded, performs some useful operation on the current buffer, expected | |
253 to be a C program. | |
254 | |
255 @example | |
256 emacs -batch foo.c -l hack-c -f save-buffer >& log | |
257 @end example | |
258 | |
259 @noindent | |
260 This says to visit @file{foo.c}, load @file{hack-c.el} (which makes | |
261 changes in the visited file), save @file{foo.c} (note that | |
262 @code{save-buffer} is the function that @kbd{C-x C-s} is bound to), and | |
263 then exit back to the shell (because of @samp{-batch}). @samp{-batch} | |
264 also guarantees there will be no problem redirecting output to | |
265 @file{log}, because Emacs will not assume that it has a display terminal | |
266 to work with. | |
267 | |
268 @node Resume Arguments | |
269 @appendixsec Resuming Emacs with Arguments | |
270 | |
271 You can specify action arguments for Emacs when you resume it after | |
272 a suspension. To prepare for this, put the following code in your | |
273 @file{.emacs} file (@pxref{Hooks}): | |
274 | |
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275 @c `resume-suspend-hook' is correct. It is the name of a function. |
25829 | 276 @example |
277 (add-hook 'suspend-hook 'resume-suspend-hook) | |
278 (add-hook 'suspend-resume-hook 'resume-process-args) | |
279 @end example | |
280 | |
281 As further preparation, you must execute the shell script | |
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282 @file{emacs.csh} (if you use csh as your shell) or @file{emacs.bash} |
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283 (if you use bash as your shell). These scripts define an alias named |
25829 | 284 @code{edit}, which will resume Emacs giving it new command line |
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285 arguments such as files to visit. The scripts are found in the |
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286 @file{etc} subdirectory of the Emacs distribution. |
25829 | 287 |
288 Only action arguments work properly when you resume Emacs. Initial | |
289 arguments are not recognized---it's too late to execute them anyway. | |
290 | |
291 Note that resuming Emacs (with or without arguments) must be done from | |
292 within the shell that is the parent of the Emacs job. This is why | |
293 @code{edit} is an alias rather than a program or a shell script. It is | |
294 not possible to implement a resumption command that could be run from | |
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295 other subjobs of the shell; there is no way to define a command that could |
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296 be made the value of @env{EDITOR}, for example. Therefore, this feature |
25829 | 297 does not take the place of the Emacs Server feature (@pxref{Emacs |
298 Server}). | |
299 | |
300 The aliases use the Emacs Server feature if you appear to have a | |
301 server Emacs running. However, they cannot determine this with complete | |
302 accuracy. They may think that a server is still running when in | |
303 actuality you have killed that Emacs, because the file | |
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304 @file{/tmp/esrv@dots{}} still exists. If this happens, find that |
25829 | 305 file and delete it. |
306 | |
307 @node Environment | |
308 @appendixsec Environment Variables | |
309 @cindex environment variables | |
310 | |
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311 The @dfn{environment} is a feature of the operating system; it |
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312 consists of a collection of variables with names and values. Each |
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313 variable is called an @dfn{environment variable}; environment variable |
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314 names are case-sensitive, and it is conventional to use upper case |
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315 letters only. The values are all text strings. |
25829 | 316 |
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317 What makes the environment useful is that subprocesses inherit the |
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318 environment automatically from their parent process. This means you |
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319 can set up an environment variable in your login shell, and all the |
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320 programs you run (including Emacs) will automatically see it. |
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321 Subprocesses of Emacs (such as shells, compilers, and version-control |
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322 software) inherit the environment from Emacs, too. |
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323 |
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324 @findex setenv |
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325 @findex getenv |
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326 Inside Emacs, the command @kbd{M-x getenv} gets the value of an |
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327 environment variable. @kbd{M-x setenv} sets a variable in the Emacs |
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328 environment. The way to set environment variables outside of Emacs |
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329 depends on the operating system, and especially the shell that you are |
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330 using. For example, here's how to set the environment variable |
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331 @env{ORGANIZATION} to @samp{not very much} using Bash: |
25829 | 332 |
333 @example | |
334 export ORGANIZATION="not very much" | |
335 @end example | |
336 | |
337 @noindent | |
338 and here's how to do it in csh or tcsh: | |
339 | |
340 @example | |
341 setenv ORGANIZATION "not very much" | |
342 @end example | |
343 | |
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344 When Emacs is uses the X Window System, it inherits the use |
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345 of a large number of environment variables from the X libraries. See |
25829 | 346 the X documentation for more information. |
347 | |
348 @menu | |
349 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use. | |
350 * Misc Variables:: Certain system-specific variables. | |
351 @end menu | |
352 | |
353 @node General Variables | |
354 @appendixsubsec General Variables | |
355 | |
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356 Here is an alphabetical list of specific environment variables that |
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357 have special meanings in Emacs, giving the name of each variable and |
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358 its meaning. Most of these variables are also used by some other |
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359 programs. Emacs does not require any of these environment variables |
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360 to be set, but it uses their values if they are set. |
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361 |
29107 | 362 @table @env |
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363 @item CDPATH |
25829 | 364 Used by the @code{cd} command to search for the directory you specify, |
365 when you specify a relative directory name. | |
366 @item EMACS_UNIBYTE | |
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367 @cindex unibyte operation, environment variable |
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368 Defining this environment variable with a nonempty value directs Emacs |
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369 to do almost everything with single-byte buffers and strings. It is |
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370 equivalent to using the @samp{--unibyte} command-line option on each |
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371 invocation. @xref{Initial Options}. |
25829 | 372 @item EMACSDATA |
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373 Directory for the architecture-independent files that come with Emacs. |
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374 This is used to initialize the Lisp variable @code{data-directory}. |
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375 @item EMACSDOC |
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376 Directory for the documentation string file, |
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377 @file{DOC-@var{emacsversion}}. This is used to initialize the Lisp |
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378 variable @code{doc-directory}. |
25829 | 379 @item EMACSLOADPATH |
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380 A colon-separated list of directories@footnote{ |
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381 Here and below, whenever we say ``colon-separated list of directories'', |
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382 it pertains to Unix and GNU/Linux systems. On MS-DOS and MS-Windows, |
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383 the directories are separated by semi-colons instead, since DOS/Windows |
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384 file names might include a colon after a drive letter.} |
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385 to search for Emacs Lisp files---used to initialize @code{load-path}. |
25829 | 386 @item EMACSPATH |
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387 A colon-separated list of directories to search for executable |
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388 files---used to initialize @code{exec-path}. |
25829 | 389 @item ESHELL |
29107 | 390 Used for shell-mode to override the @env{SHELL} environment variable. |
25829 | 391 @item HISTFILE |
392 The name of the file that shell commands are saved in between logins. | |
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393 This variable defaults to @file{~/.bash_history} if you use Bash, to |
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394 @file{~/.sh_history} if you use ksh, and to @file{~/.history} |
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395 otherwise. |
25829 | 396 @item HOME |
397 The location of the user's files in the directory tree; used for | |
398 expansion of file names starting with a tilde (@file{~}). On MS-DOS, it | |
399 defaults to the directory from which Emacs was started, with @samp{/bin} | |
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400 removed from the end if it was present. On Windows, the default value |
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401 of @code{HOME} is @file{C:/}, the root directory of drive @file{C:}. |
25829 | 402 @item HOSTNAME |
403 The name of the machine that Emacs is running on. | |
404 @item INCPATH | |
405 A colon-separated list of directories. Used by the @code{complete} package | |
406 to search for files. | |
407 @item INFOPATH | |
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408 A colon-separated list of directories in which to search for Info files. |
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409 @item LC_ALL |
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410 @itemx LC_COLLATE |
25829 | 411 @itemx LC_CTYPE |
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412 @itemx LC_MESSAGES |
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413 @itemx LC_MONETARY |
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414 @itemx LC_NUMERIC |
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415 @itemx LC_TIME |
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416 @itemx LANG |
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417 The user's preferred locale. The locale has six categories, specified |
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418 by the environment variables @env{LC_COLLATE} for sorting, |
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419 @env{LC_CTYPE} for character encoding, @env{LC_MESSAGES} for system |
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420 messages, @env{LC_MONETARY} for monetary formats, @env{LC_NUMERIC} for |
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421 numbers, and @env{LC_TIME} for dates and times. If one of these |
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422 variables is not set, the category defaults to the value of the |
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423 @env{LANG} environment variable, or to the default @samp{C} locale if |
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424 @env{LANG} is not set. But if @env{LC_ALL} is specified, it overrides |
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425 the settings of all the other locale environment variables. |
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426 |
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427 The value of the LC_CTYPE category is |
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428 matched against entries in @code{locale-language-names}, |
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429 @code{locale-charset-language-names}, and |
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430 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, to select a default language |
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431 environment and coding system. @xref{Language Environments}. |
25829 | 432 @item LOGNAME |
29107 | 433 The user's login name. See also @env{USER}. |
25829 | 434 @item MAIL |
435 The name of the user's system mail inbox. | |
436 @item MAILRC | |
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437 Name of file containing mail aliases. (The default is |
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438 @file{~/.mailrc}.) |
25829 | 439 @item MH |
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440 Name of setup file for the mh system. (The default is @file{~/.mh_profile}.) |
25829 | 441 @item NAME |
442 The real-world name of the user. | |
443 @item NNTPSERVER | |
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444 The name of the news server. Used by the mh and Gnus packages. |
25829 | 445 @item ORGANIZATION |
446 The name of the organization to which you belong. Used for setting the | |
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447 `Organization:' header in your posts from the Gnus package. |
25829 | 448 @item PATH |
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449 A colon-separated list of directories in which executables reside. This |
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450 is used to initialize the Emacs Lisp variable @code{exec-path}. |
25829 | 451 @item PWD |
452 If set, this should be the default directory when Emacs was started. | |
453 @item REPLYTO | |
454 If set, this specifies an initial value for the variable | |
455 @code{mail-default-reply-to}. @xref{Mail Headers}. | |
456 @item SAVEDIR | |
457 The name of a directory in which news articles are saved by default. | |
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458 Used by the Gnus package. |
25829 | 459 @item SHELL |
460 The name of an interpreter used to parse and execute programs run from | |
461 inside Emacs. | |
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462 @cindex background mode, on @code{xterm} |
25829 | 463 @item TERM |
38745 | 464 The type of the terminal that Emacs is using. This variable must be |
25829 | 465 set unless Emacs is run in batch mode. On MS-DOS, it defaults to |
466 @samp{internal}, which specifies a built-in terminal emulation that | |
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467 handles the machine's own display. If the value of @env{TERM} indicates |
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468 that Emacs runs in non-windowed mode from @code{xterm} or a similar |
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469 terminal emulator, the background mode defaults to @samp{light}, and |
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470 Emacs will choose colors that are appropriate for a light background. |
25829 | 471 @item TERMCAP |
472 The name of the termcap library file describing how to program the | |
29107 | 473 terminal specified by the @env{TERM} variable. This defaults to |
25829 | 474 @file{/etc/termcap}. |
475 @item TMPDIR | |
476 Used by the Emerge package as a prefix for temporary files. | |
477 @item TZ | |
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478 This specifies the current time zone and possibly also daylight |
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479 saving time information. On MS-DOS, if @code{TZ} is not set in the |
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480 environment when Emacs starts, Emacs defines a default value as |
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481 appropriate for the country code returned by DOS. On MS-Windows, Emacs |
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482 does not use @code{TZ} at all. |
25829 | 483 @item USER |
29107 | 484 The user's login name. See also @env{LOGNAME}. On MS-DOS, this |
25829 | 485 defaults to @samp{root}. |
486 @item VERSION_CONTROL | |
487 Used to initialize the @code{version-control} variable (@pxref{Backup | |
488 Names}). | |
489 @end table | |
490 | |
491 @node Misc Variables | |
492 @appendixsubsec Miscellaneous Variables | |
493 | |
494 These variables are used only on particular configurations: | |
495 | |
29107 | 496 @table @env |
25829 | 497 @item COMSPEC |
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498 On MS-DOS and MS-Windows, the name of the command interpreter to use |
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499 when invoking batch files and commands internal to the shell. On MS-DOS |
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500 this is also used to make a default value for the @env{SHELL} environment |
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501 variable. |
25829 | 502 |
503 @item NAME | |
29107 | 504 On MS-DOS, this variable defaults to the value of the @env{USER} |
25829 | 505 variable. |
506 | |
507 @item TEMP | |
508 @itemx TMP | |
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509 On MS-DOS and MS-Windows, these specify the name of the directory for |
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510 storing temporary files in. |
25829 | 511 |
512 @item EMACSTEST | |
513 On MS-DOS, this specifies a file to use to log the operation of the | |
514 internal terminal emulator. This feature is useful for submitting bug | |
515 reports. | |
516 | |
517 @item EMACSCOLORS | |
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518 On MS-DOS, this specifies the screen colors. It is useful to set them |
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519 this way, since otherwise Emacs would display the default colors |
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520 momentarily when it starts up. |
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521 |
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522 The value of this variable should be the two-character encoding of the |
25829 | 523 foreground (the first character) and the background (the second |
524 character) colors of the default face. Each character should be the | |
525 hexadecimal code for the desired color on a standard PC text-mode | |
39267 | 526 display. For example, to get blue text on a light gray background, |
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527 specify @samp{EMACSCOLORS=17}, since 1 is the code of the blue color and |
39267 | 528 7 is the code of the light gray color. |
25829 | 529 |
530 The PC display usually supports only eight background colors. However, | |
531 Emacs switches the DOS display to a mode where all 16 colors can be used | |
532 for the background, so all four bits of the background color are | |
533 actually used. | |
534 | |
535 @item WINDOW_GFX | |
536 Used when initializing the Sun windows system. | |
537 @end table | |
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538 |
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539 @node Display X |
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540 @appendixsec Specifying the Display Name |
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541 @cindex display name (X Window System) |
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542 @cindex @env{DISPLAY} environment variable |
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543 |
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544 The environment variable @env{DISPLAY} tells all X clients, including |
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545 Emacs, where to display their windows. Its value is set by default |
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546 in ordinary circumstances, when you start an X server and run jobs |
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547 locally. Occasionally you may need to specify the display yourself; for |
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548 example, if you do a remote login and want to run a client program |
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549 remotely, displaying on your local screen. |
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550 |
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551 With Emacs, the main reason people change the default display is to |
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552 let them log into another system, run Emacs on that system, but have the |
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553 window displayed at their local terminal. You might need to log in |
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554 to another system because the files you want to edit are there, or |
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555 because the Emacs executable file you want to run is there. |
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556 |
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557 The syntax of the @env{DISPLAY} environment variable is |
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558 @samp{@var{host}:@var{display}.@var{screen}}, where @var{host} is the |
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559 host name of the X Window System server machine, @var{display} is an |
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560 arbitrarily-assigned number that distinguishes your server (X terminal) |
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561 from other servers on the same machine, and @var{screen} is a |
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562 rarely-used field that allows an X server to control multiple terminal |
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563 screens. The period and the @var{screen} field are optional. If |
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564 included, @var{screen} is usually zero. |
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565 |
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566 For example, if your host is named @samp{glasperle} and your server is |
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567 the first (or perhaps the only) server listed in the configuration, your |
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568 @env{DISPLAY} is @samp{glasperle:0.0}. |
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569 |
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570 You can specify the display name explicitly when you run Emacs, either |
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571 by changing the @env{DISPLAY} variable, or with the option @samp{-d |
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572 @var{display}} or @samp{--display=@var{display}}. Here is an example: |
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573 |
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574 @smallexample |
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575 emacs --display=glasperle:0 & |
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576 @end smallexample |
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577 |
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578 You can inhibit the direct use of the window system and GUI with the |
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579 @samp{-nw} option. It tells Emacs to display using ordinary ASCII on |
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580 its controlling terminal. This is also an initial option. |
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581 |
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582 Sometimes, security arrangements prevent a program on a remote system |
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583 from displaying on your local system. In this case, trying to run Emacs |
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584 produces messages like this: |
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585 |
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586 @smallexample |
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587 Xlib: connection to "glasperle:0.0" refused by server |
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588 @end smallexample |
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589 |
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590 @noindent |
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591 You might be able to overcome this problem by using the @code{xhost} |
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592 command on the local system to give permission for access from your |
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593 remote machine. |
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594 |
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595 @node Font X |
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596 @appendixsec Font Specification Options |
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597 @cindex font name (X Window System) |
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598 |
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599 By default, Emacs displays text in the font named @samp{9x15}, which |
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600 makes each character nine pixels wide and fifteen pixels high. You can |
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601 specify a different font on your command line through the option |
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602 @samp{-fn @var{name}} (or @samp{--font}, which is an alias for |
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603 @samp{-fn}). |
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604 |
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605 @table @samp |
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606 @item -fn @var{name} |
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607 @opindex -fn |
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608 @itemx --font=@var{name} |
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609 @opindex --font |
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610 @cindex specify default font from the command line |
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611 Use font @var{name} as the default font. |
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612 @end table |
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613 |
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614 Under X, each font has a long name which consists of eleven words or |
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615 numbers, separated by dashes. Some fonts also have shorter |
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616 nicknames---@samp{9x15} is such a nickname. You can use either kind of |
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617 name. You can use wildcard patterns for the font name; then Emacs lets |
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618 X choose one of the fonts that match the pattern. Here is an example, |
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619 which happens to specify the font whose nickname is @samp{6x13}: |
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620 |
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621 @smallexample |
44326 | 622 emacs -fn \ |
623 "-misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-*-*-*-c-60-iso8859-1" & | |
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624 @end smallexample |
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625 |
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626 @noindent |
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627 You can also specify the font in your @file{.Xdefaults} file: |
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628 |
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629 @smallexample |
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630 emacs.font: -misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-*-*-*-c-60-iso8859-1 |
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631 @end smallexample |
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632 |
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633 A long font name has the following form: |
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634 |
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635 @smallexample |
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636 -@var{maker}-@var{family}-@var{weight}-@var{slant}-@var{widthtype}-@var{style}@dots{} |
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637 @dots{}-@var{pixels}-@var{height}-@var{horiz}-@var{vert}-@var{spacing}-@var{width}-@var{charset} |
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638 @end smallexample |
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639 |
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640 @table @var |
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641 @item maker |
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642 This is the name of the font manufacturer. |
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643 @item family |
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644 This is the name of the font family---for example, @samp{courier}. |
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645 @item weight |
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646 This is normally @samp{bold}, @samp{medium} or @samp{light}. Other |
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647 words may appear here in some font names. |
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648 @item slant |
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649 This is @samp{r} (roman), @samp{i} (italic), @samp{o} (oblique), |
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650 @samp{ri} (reverse italic), or @samp{ot} (other). |
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651 @item widthtype |
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652 This is normally @samp{condensed}, @samp{extended}, @samp{semicondensed} |
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653 or @samp{normal}. Other words may appear here in some font names. |
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654 @item style |
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655 This is an optional additional style name. Usually it is empty---most |
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656 long font names have two hyphens in a row at this point. |
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657 @item pixels |
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658 This is the font height, in pixels. |
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659 @item height |
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660 This is the font height on the screen, measured in tenths of a printer's |
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661 point---approximately 1/720 of an inch. In other words, it is the point |
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662 size of the font, times ten. For a given vertical resolution, |
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663 @var{height} and @var{pixels} are proportional; therefore, it is common |
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664 to specify just one of them and use @samp{*} for the other. |
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665 @item horiz |
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666 This is the horizontal resolution, in pixels per inch, of the screen for |
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667 which the font is intended. |
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668 @item vert |
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669 This is the vertical resolution, in pixels per inch, of the screen for |
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670 which the font is intended. Normally the resolution of the fonts on |
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671 your system is the right value for your screen; therefore, you normally |
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672 specify @samp{*} for this and @var{horiz}. |
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673 @item spacing |
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674 This is @samp{m} (monospace), @samp{p} (proportional) or @samp{c} |
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675 (character cell). |
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676 @item width |
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677 This is the average character width, in pixels, multiplied by ten. |
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678 @item charset |
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679 This is the character set that the font depicts. |
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680 Normally you should use @samp{iso8859-1}. |
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681 @end table |
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682 |
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683 @cindex listing system fonts |
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684 You will probably want to use a fixed-width default font---that is, |
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685 a font in which all characters have the same width. Any font with |
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686 @samp{m} or @samp{c} in the @var{spacing} field of the long name is a |
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687 fixed-width font. Here's how to use the @code{xlsfonts} program to |
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688 list all the fixed-width fonts available on your system: |
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689 |
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690 @example |
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691 xlsfonts -fn '*x*' | egrep "^[0-9]+x[0-9]+" |
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692 xlsfonts -fn '*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-m*' |
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693 xlsfonts -fn '*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-c*' |
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694 @end example |
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695 |
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696 @noindent |
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697 To see what a particular font looks like, use the @code{xfd} command. |
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698 For example: |
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699 |
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700 @example |
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701 xfd -fn 6x13 |
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702 @end example |
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703 |
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704 @noindent |
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705 displays the entire font @samp{6x13}. |
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706 |
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707 While running Emacs, you can set the font of the current frame |
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708 (@pxref{Frame Parameters}) or for a specific kind of text |
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709 (@pxref{Faces}). |
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710 |
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711 @node Colors |
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712 @appendixsec Window Color Options |
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713 @cindex color of window |
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714 @cindex text colors, from command line |
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715 |
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716 @findex list-colors-display |
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717 @cindex available colors |
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718 On a color display, you can specify which color to use for various |
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719 parts of the Emacs display. To find out what colors are available on |
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720 your system, type @kbd{M-x list-colors-display}, or press |
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721 @kbd{C-Mouse-2} and select @samp{Display Colors} from the pop-up menu. |
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722 If you do not specify colors, on windowed displays the default for the |
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723 background is white and the default for all other colors is black. On a |
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724 monochrome display, the foreground is black, the background is white, |
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725 and the border is gray if the display supports that. On terminals, the |
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726 background is usually black and the foreground is white. |
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727 |
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728 Here is a list of the command-line options for specifying colors: |
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729 |
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730 @table @samp |
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731 @item -fg @var{color} |
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732 @opindex -fg |
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733 @itemx --foreground-color=@var{color} |
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734 @opindex --foreground-color |
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735 @cindex foreground color, command-line argument |
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736 Specify the foreground color. @var{color} should be a standard color |
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737 name, or a numeric specification of the color's red, green, and blue |
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738 components as in @samp{#4682B4} or @samp{RGB:46/82/B4}. |
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739 @item -bg @var{color} |
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740 @opindex -bg |
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741 @itemx --background-color=@var{color} |
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742 @opindex --background-color |
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743 @cindex background color, command-line argument |
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744 Specify the background color. |
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745 @item -bd @var{color} |
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746 @opindex -bd |
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747 @itemx --border-color=@var{color} |
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748 @opindex --border-color |
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749 @cindex border color, command-line argument |
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750 Specify the color of the border of the X window. |
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751 @item -cr @var{color} |
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752 @opindex -cr |
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753 @itemx --cursor-color=@var{color} |
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754 @opindex --cursor-color |
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755 @cindex cursor color, command-line argument |
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756 Specify the color of the Emacs cursor which indicates where point is. |
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757 @item -ms @var{color} |
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758 @opindex -ms |
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759 @itemx --mouse-color=@var{color} |
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760 @opindex --mouse-color |
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761 @cindex mouse pointer color, command-line argument |
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762 Specify the color for the mouse cursor when the mouse is in the Emacs window. |
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763 @item -r |
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764 @opindex -r |
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765 @itemx -rv |
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766 @opindex -rv |
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767 @itemx --reverse-video |
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768 @opindex --reverse-video |
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769 @cindex reverse video, command-line argument |
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770 Reverse video---swap the foreground and background colors. |
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771 @item --color=@var{mode} |
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772 @opindex --color |
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773 @cindex standard colors on a character terminal |
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774 For a character terminal only, specify the mode of color support. The |
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775 parameter @var{mode} can be one of the following: |
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776 @table @samp |
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777 @item never |
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778 @itemx no |
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779 Don't use colors even if the terminal's capabilities specify color |
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780 support. |
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781 @item default |
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782 @itemx auto |
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783 Same as when @option{--color} is not used at all: Emacs detects at |
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784 startup whether the terminal supports colors, and if it does, turns on |
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785 colored display. |
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786 @item always |
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787 @itemx yes |
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788 @itemx ansi8 |
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789 Turn on the color support unconditionally, and use color commands |
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790 specified by the ANSI escape sequences for the 8 standard colors. |
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791 @item @var{num} |
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792 Use color mode for @var{num} colors. If @var{num} is -1, turn off |
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793 color support (equivalent to @samp{never}); if it is 0, use the |
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794 default color support for this terminal (equivalent to @samp{auto}); |
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795 otherwise use an appropriate standard mode for @var{num} colors. If |
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796 there is no mode that supports @var{num} colors, Emacs acts as if |
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797 @var{num} were 0, i.e.@: it uses the terminal's default color support |
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798 mode. |
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799 @end table |
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800 If @var{mode} is omitted, it defaults to @var{ansi8}. |
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801 @end table |
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802 |
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803 For example, to use a coral mouse cursor and a slate blue text cursor, |
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804 enter: |
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805 |
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806 @example |
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807 emacs -ms coral -cr 'slate blue' & |
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808 @end example |
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809 |
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810 You can reverse the foreground and background colors through the |
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811 @samp{-rv} option or with the X resource @samp{reverseVideo}. |
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812 |
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813 The @samp{-fg}, @samp{-bg}, and @samp{-rv} options function on |
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814 text-only terminals as well as on window systems. |
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815 |
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816 @node Window Size X |
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817 @appendixsec Options for Window Size and Position |
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818 @cindex geometry of Emacs window |
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819 @cindex position and size of Emacs frame |
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820 @cindex width and height of Emacs frame |
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821 @cindex specifying fullscreen for Emacs frame |
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822 |
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823 Here is a list of the command-line options for specifying size and |
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824 position of the initial Emacs frame: |
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825 |
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826 @table @samp |
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827 @item -g @var{width}x@var{height}@r{[@{}+-@r{@}}@var{xoffset}@r{@{}+-@r{@}}@var{yoffset}@r{]]} |
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828 @opindex -g |
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829 Specify window size @var{width} and @var{height} (measured in character |
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830 columns and lines), and positions @var{xoffset} and @var{yoffset} |
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831 (measured in pixels). |
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832 |
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833 @item --geometry=@var{width}x@var{height}@r{[@{}+-@r{@}}@var{xoffset}@r{@{}+-@r{@}}@var{yoffset}@r{]]} |
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834 @opindex --geometry |
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835 This is another way of writing the same thing. |
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836 |
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837 @item -fs |
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838 @opindex -fs |
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839 @itemx --fullscreen |
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840 @opindex --fullscreen |
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841 @cindex fullscreen, command-line argument |
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842 Specify that width and height shall be the size of the screen. |
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843 |
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844 @item -fh |
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845 @opindex -fh |
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846 @itemx --fullheight |
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847 @opindex --fullheight |
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848 @cindex fullheight, command-line argument |
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849 Specify that the height shall be the height of the screen. |
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850 |
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851 @item -fw |
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852 @opindex -fw |
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853 @itemx --fullwidth |
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854 @opindex --fullwidth |
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855 @cindex fullwidth, command-line argument |
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856 Specify that the width shall be the width of the screen. |
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857 @end table |
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858 |
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859 |
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860 @noindent |
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861 In the @samp{--geometry} option, @code{@r{@{}+-@r{@}}} means either a plus |
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862 sign or a minus sign. A plus |
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863 sign before @var{xoffset} means it is the distance from the left side of |
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864 the screen; a minus sign means it counts from the right side. A plus |
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865 sign before @var{yoffset} means it is the distance from the top of the |
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866 screen, and a minus sign there indicates the distance from the bottom. |
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867 The values @var{xoffset} and @var{yoffset} may themselves be positive or |
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868 negative, but that doesn't change their meaning, only their direction. |
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869 |
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870 Emacs uses the same units as @code{xterm} does to interpret the geometry. |
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871 The @var{width} and @var{height} are measured in characters, so a large font |
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872 creates a larger frame than a small font. (If you specify a proportional |
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873 font, Emacs uses its maximum bounds width as the width unit.) The |
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874 @var{xoffset} and @var{yoffset} are measured in pixels. |
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875 |
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876 Since the mode line and the echo area occupy the last 2 lines of the |
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877 frame, the height of the initial text window is 2 less than the height |
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878 specified in your geometry. In non-X-toolkit versions of Emacs, the |
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879 menu bar also takes one line of the specified number. But in the X |
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880 toolkit version, the menu bar is additional and does not count against |
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881 the specified height. The tool bar, if present, is also additional. |
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882 |
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883 You do not have to specify all of the fields in the geometry |
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884 specification. |
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885 |
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886 If you omit both @var{xoffset} and @var{yoffset}, the window manager |
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887 decides where to put the Emacs frame, possibly by letting you place |
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888 it with the mouse. For example, @samp{164x55} specifies a window 164 |
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889 columns wide, enough for two ordinary width windows side by side, and 55 |
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890 lines tall. |
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891 |
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892 The default width for Emacs is 80 characters and the default height is |
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893 40 lines. You can omit either the width or the height or both. If |
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894 you start the geometry with an integer, Emacs interprets it as the |
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895 width. If you start with an @samp{x} followed by an integer, Emacs |
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896 interprets it as the height. Thus, @samp{81} specifies just the width; |
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897 @samp{x45} specifies just the height. |
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898 |
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899 If you start with @samp{+} or @samp{-}, that introduces an offset, |
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900 which means both sizes are omitted. Thus, @samp{-3} specifies the |
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901 @var{xoffset} only. (If you give just one offset, it is always |
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902 @var{xoffset}.) @samp{+3-3} specifies both the @var{xoffset} and the |
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903 @var{yoffset}, placing the frame near the bottom left of the screen. |
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904 |
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905 You can specify a default for any or all of the fields in |
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906 @file{.Xdefaults} file, and then override selected fields with a |
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907 @samp{--geometry} option. |
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908 |
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909 |
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910 When using one of @samp{--fullscreen}, @samp{--fullwidth} or |
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911 @samp{--fullheight} there may be some space around the frame |
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912 anyway. That is because Emacs rounds the sizes so they are an |
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913 even number of character heights and widths. |
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914 |
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915 Some window managers have options that can make them ignore both |
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916 program-specified and user-specified positions (sawfish is one). |
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917 If these are set, Emacs fails to position the window correctly. |
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918 |
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919 @node Borders X |
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920 @appendixsec Internal and External Borders |
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921 @cindex borders (X Window System) |
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922 |
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923 An Emacs frame has an internal border and an external border. The |
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924 internal border is an extra strip of the background color around the |
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925 text portion of the frame. Emacs itself draws the internal border. |
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926 The external border is added by the window manager outside the frame; |
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927 depending on the window manager you use, it may contain various boxes |
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928 you can click on to move or iconify the window. |
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929 |
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930 @table @samp |
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931 @item -ib @var{width} |
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932 @opindex -ib |
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933 @itemx --internal-border=@var{width} |
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934 @opindex --internal-border |
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935 @cindex border width, command-line argument |
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936 Specify @var{width} as the width of the internal border, in pixels. |
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937 |
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938 @item -bw @var{width} |
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939 @opindex -bw |
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940 @itemx --border-width=@var{width} |
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941 @opindex --border-width |
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942 Specify @var{width} as the width of the main border, in pixels. |
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943 @end table |
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944 |
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945 When you specify the size of the frame, that does not count the |
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946 borders. The frame's position is measured from the outside edge of the |
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947 external border. |
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948 |
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949 Use the @samp{-ib @var{n}} option to specify an internal border |
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950 @var{n} pixels wide. The default is 1. Use @samp{-bw @var{n}} to |
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951 specify the width of the external border (though the window manager may |
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952 not pay attention to what you specify). The default width of the |
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953 external border is 2. |
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954 |
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955 @node Title X |
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956 @appendixsec Frame Titles |
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957 |
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958 An Emacs frame may or may not have a specified title. The frame |
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959 title, if specified, appears in window decorations and icons as the |
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960 name of the frame. If an Emacs frame has no specified title, the |
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961 default title has the form @samp{@var{invocation-name}@@@var{machine}} |
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962 (if there is only one frame) or the selected window's buffer name (if |
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963 there is more than one frame). |
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964 |
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965 You can specify a title for the initial Emacs frame with a command |
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966 line option: |
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967 |
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968 @table @samp |
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969 @item -title @var{title} |
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970 @opindex --title |
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971 @itemx --title=@var{title} |
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972 @itemx -T @var{title} |
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973 @opindex -T |
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974 @cindex frame title, command-line argument |
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975 Specify @var{title} as the title for the initial Emacs frame. |
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976 @end table |
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977 |
41374
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978 The @samp{--name} option (@pxref{Resources}) also specifies the title |
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979 for the initial Emacs frame. |
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980 |
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981 @node Icons X |
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982 @appendixsec Icons |
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983 @cindex icons (X Window System) |
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984 |
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985 Most window managers allow the user to ``iconify'' a frame, removing |
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986 it from sight, and leaving a small, distinctive ``icon'' window in its |
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987 place. Clicking on the icon window makes the frame itself appear again. |
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988 If you have many clients running at once, you can avoid cluttering up |
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989 the screen by iconifying most of the clients. |
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990 |
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991 @table @samp |
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992 @item -i |
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993 @opindex -i |
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994 @itemx --icon-type |
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995 @opindex --icon-type |
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996 @cindex Emacs icon, a gnu |
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997 Use a picture of a gnu as the Emacs icon. |
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998 |
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999 @item -iconic |
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1000 @opindex --iconic |
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1001 @itemx --iconic |
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1002 @cindex start iconified, command-line argument |
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1003 Start Emacs in iconified state. |
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1004 @end table |
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1005 |
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1006 The @samp{-i} or @samp{--icon-type} option tells Emacs to use an icon |
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1007 window containing a picture of the GNU gnu. If omitted, Emacs lets the |
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1008 window manager choose what sort of icon to use---usually just a small |
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1009 rectangle containing the frame's title. |
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1010 |
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1011 The @samp{-iconic} option tells Emacs to begin running as an icon, |
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1012 rather than showing a frame right away. In this situation, the icon |
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1013 is the only indication that Emacs has started; the text frame doesn't |
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1014 appear until you deiconify it. |