annotate etc/TUTORIAL @ 14019:18c79b8e0396

Fix spelling.
author Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
date Fri, 05 Jan 1996 00:46:57 +0000
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1 Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc; See end for conditions.
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2
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3 You are looking at the Emacs tutorial.
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4
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5 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
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6 CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than
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7 write out META or CONTROL each time we want you to prefix a character,
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8 we'll use the following abbreviations:
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9
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10 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
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11 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
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12 M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>.
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13 If there is no META key or equivalent, type <ESC>, release it,
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14 then type the character <chr>. "<ESC>" stands for the
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15 key labeled "ESC".
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17 Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)
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18 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
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19 try using a command. For instance:
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20 <<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>>
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21 >> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
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22 (go ahead, do it by depressing the control key and v together).
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23 From now on, you'll be expected to do this whenever you finish
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24 reading the screen.
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25
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26 Note that there is an overlap when going from screen to screen; this
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27 provides some continuity when moving through the file.
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28
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29 The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from
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30 place to place in the file. You already know how to move forward a
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31 screen, with C-v. To move backwards a screen, type M-v (depress the
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32 META key and type v, or type <ESC>v if you don't have a META or EDIT
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33 key).
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34
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35 >> Try typing M-v and then C-v to move back and forth a few times.
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37
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38 * SUMMARY
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39 ---------
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40
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41 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
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42
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43 C-v Move forward one screenful
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44 M-v Move backward one screenful
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45 C-l Clear screen and redisplay everything
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46 putting the text near the cursor at the center.
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47 (That's control-L, not control-1.)
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48
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49 >> Find the cursor and remember what text is near it.
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50 Then type a C-l.
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51 Find the cursor again and see what text is near it now.
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52
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53
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54 * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
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55 ----------------------
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56
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57 Getting from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
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58 reposition yourself within a given screen to a specific place?
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59 There are several ways you can do this. One way (not the best, but
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60 the most basic) is to use the commands previous, backward, forward
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61 and next. As you can imagine these commands (which are given to
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62 Emacs as C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n respectively) move the cursor from
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63 where it currently is to a new place in the given direction. Here,
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64 in a more graphical form are the commands:
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65
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66 Previous line, C-p
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67 :
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68 :
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69 Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
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70 :
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71 :
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72 Next line, C-n
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73
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74 >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
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75 and type C-l to see the whole diagram centered in the screen.
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76
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77 You'll probably find it easy to think of these by letter. P for
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78 previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. These are
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79 the basic cursor positioning commands and you'll be using them ALL
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80 the time so it would be of great benefit if you learn them now.
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81
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82 >> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
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83
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84 >> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
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85 See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
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86
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87 Lines are separated by Newline characters. For most applications
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88 there should normally be a Newline character at the end of the text,
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89 as well, but it is up to you to make sure of this. A file can
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90 validly exist without a Newline at the end.
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91
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92 >> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. Do a few more C-b's.
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93 Then do C-f's back to the end of the line and beyond.
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94
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95 When you go off the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
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96 the edge is shifted onto the screen so that your instructions can
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97 be carried out while keeping the cursor on the screen.
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98
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99 >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n and
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100 see what happens.
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101
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102 If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f
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103 (Meta-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
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104
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105 >> Type a few M-f's and M-b's. Intersperse them with C-f's and C-b's.
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106
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107 Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
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108 M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for
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109 operations related to English text whereas Control characters operate
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110 on the basic textual units that are independent of what you are
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111 editing (characters, lines, etc). There is a similar parallel between
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112 lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to the beginning or end of a
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113 line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning or end of a sentence.
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114
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115 >> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
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116 Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.
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117
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118 See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving
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119 farther. Do you think that this is right?
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120
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121 Two other simple cursor motion commands are M-< (Meta Less-than),
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122 which moves to the beginning of the file, and M-> (Meta Greater-than),
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123 which moves to the end of the file. You probably don't need to try
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124 them, since finding this spot again will be boring. On most terminals
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125 the "<" is above the comma and you must use the shift key to type it.
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126 On these terminals you must use the shift key to type M-< also;
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127 without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
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128
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129 The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To
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130 paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
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131 the text.
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132
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133 Here is a summary of simple moving operations including the word and
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134 sentence moving commands:
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135
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136 C-f Move forward a character
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137 C-b Move backward a character
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138
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139 M-f Move forward a word
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140 M-b Move backward a word
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141
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142 C-n Move to next line
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143 C-p Move to previous line
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144
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145 C-a Move to beginning of line
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146 C-e Move to end of line
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147
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148 M-a Move back to beginning of sentence
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149 M-e Move forward to end of sentence
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150
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151 M-< Go to beginning of file
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152 M-> Go to end of file
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153
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154 >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
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155 Since the last two will take you away from this screen,
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156 you can come back here with M-v's and C-v's. These are
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157 the most often used commands.
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158
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159 Like all other commands in Emacs, these commands can be given
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160 arguments which cause them to be executed repeatedly. The way you
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161 give a command a repeat count is by typing C-u and then the digits
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162 before you type the command. If you have a META or EDIT key, you can
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163 omit the C-u if you hold down the META or EDIT key while you type the
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164 digits. This is easier, but we recommend the C-u method because it
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165 works on any terminal.
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166
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167 For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
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168
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169 >> Try giving a suitable argument to C-n or C-p to come as close
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170 as you can to this line in one jump.
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171
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172 The only apparent exception to this is the screen moving commands,
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173 C-v and M-v. When given an argument, they scroll the screen up or
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174 down by that many lines, rather than screenfuls. This proves to be
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175 much more useful.
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176
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177 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
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178
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179 Did it scroll the screen up by 8 lines? If you would like to
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180 scroll it down you can give an argument to M-v.
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181
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182 If you are using X Windows, there is probably a rectangular area
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183 called a scroll bar at the right hand side of the Emacs window. You
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184 can scroll the text by clicking the mouse in the scroll bar.
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185
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186 >> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
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187 within the scroll bar, then moving the mouse while holding that button
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188 down.
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189
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190 >> Move the mouse to a point in the scroll bar about three lines from
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191 the top, and click the left button a couple of times. Then try the
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192 right button a couple of times.
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193
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194
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195 * WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
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196 --------------------
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197
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198 If Emacs gets into an infinite (or simply very long) computation which
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199 you don't want to finish, you can stop it safely by typing C-g.
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200 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
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201 a command that you don't want to finish.
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202
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203 >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
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204 Now type C-f. How many characters does it move?
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205 If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
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206 with a C-g.
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207
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208 If you type <ESC> : then you get a new window appearing on the screen,
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209 telling you that M-: is a "disabled command" and asking whether you
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210 really want to execute it. The command M-: is marked as disabled
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211 because we expect it would confuse beginners and you probably don't
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212 want to use it until you know more about Emacs. If you really want to
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213 try the M-: command, you could type a Space in answer to the question,
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214 and M-: would go ahead. Normally, if you do not want to execute M-:,
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215 you would type "n" to answer the question.
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216
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217 >> Type <ESC> :, then type n.
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218
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219
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220 * WINDOWS
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221 ---------
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222
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223 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text.
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224 At this stage it is better not to go into the techniques of
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225 using multiple windows. But you do need to know how to get
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226 rid of extra windows that may appear to display help or
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227 output from certain commands. It is simple:
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228
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229 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
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230
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231 That is Control-x followed by the digit 1.
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232 C-x 1 makes the window which the cursor is in become
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233 the full screen, by getting rid of any other windows.
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234
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235 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
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236 >> Type Control-h k Control-f.
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237 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
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238 to display documentation on the Control-f command.
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239
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240 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
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241
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242
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243 * INSERTING AND DELETING
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244 ------------------------
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245
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246 If you want to insert text, just type it. Characters which you can
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247 see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
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248 immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
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249 Newline character.
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250
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251 You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delete>.
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252 <Delete> is a key on the keyboard, which may be labeled "Del". In
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253 some cases, the "Backspace" key serves as <Delete>, but not always!
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254
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255 More generally, <Delete> deletes the character immediately before the
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256 current cursor position.
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257
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258 >> Do this now, type a few characters and then delete them
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259 by typing <Delete> a few times. Don't worry about this file
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260 being changed; you won't affect the master tutorial. This is just
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261 a copy of it.
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262
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263 >> Now start typing text until you reach the right margin, and keep
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264 typing. When a line of text gets too big for one line on the
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265 screen, the line of text is "continued" onto a second screen line.
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266 The backslash at the right margin indicates a line which has
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267 been continued.
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268 >> Use <Delete>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
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269 line again. The continuation line goes away.
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270
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271 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delete>. This
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272 deletes the newline before the line and merges the line onto
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273 the previous line. The resulting line may be too long to fit, in
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274 which case it has a continuation line.
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275 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
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276
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277 Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
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278 this includes characters which insert themselves.
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279
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280 >> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * and see what happens.
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281
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282 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
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283 Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
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284 as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
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285
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286 <Delete> delete the character just before the cursor
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287 C-d delete the next character after the cursor
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288
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289 M-<Delete> kill the word immediately before the cursor
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290 M-d kill the next word after the cursor
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291
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292 C-k kill from the cursor position to end of line
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293 M-k kill to the end of the current sentence
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294
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295 Notice that <Delete> and C-d vs M-<Delete> and M-d extend the parallel
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296 started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delete> isn't really a control
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297 character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e
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298 and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
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299
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300 Now suppose you kill something, and then you decide that you want to
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301 get it back? Well, whenever you kill something bigger than a
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302 character, Emacs saves it for you. To yank it back, use C-y. You
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303 can kill text in one place, move elsewhere, and then do C-y; this is
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304 a good way to move text around. Note that the difference
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305 between "Killing" and "Deleting" something is that "Killed" things
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306 can be yanked back, and "Deleted" things cannot. Generally, the
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307 commands that can destroy a lot of text save it, while the ones that
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308 attack only one character, or nothing but blank lines and spaces, do
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309 not save.
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310
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311 For instance, type C-n a couple times to position the cursor
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312 at some line on this screen.
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313
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314 >> Do this now, move the cursor and kill that line with C-k.
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315
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316 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
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317 C-k kills the line itself, and make all the other lines move up. If
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318 you give C-k a repeat count, it kills that many lines AND their
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319 contents.
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320
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321 The text that has just disappeared is saved so that you can
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322 retrieve it. To retrieve the last killed text and put it where
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323 the cursor currently is, type C-y.
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324
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325 >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
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326
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327 Think of C-y as if you were yanking something back that someone
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328 took away from you. Notice that if you do several C-k's in a row
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329 the text that is killed is all saved together so that one C-y will
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330 yank all of the lines.
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331
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332 >> Do this now, type C-k several times.
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333
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334 Now to retrieve that killed text:
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335
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336 >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
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337 again. You now see how to copy some text.
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338
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339 What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
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340 you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But
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341 the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y
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342 command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
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343 M-Y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y
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344 again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you
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345 have reached the text you are looking for, you can just go away and
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346 leave it there. If you M-y enough times, you come back to the
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347 starting point (the most recent kill).
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348
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349 >> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
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350 Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
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351 Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
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352 Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until
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353 the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
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354 If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
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355 arguments.
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356
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357
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358 * UNDO
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359 ------
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360
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361 Any time you make a change to the text and wish you had not done so,
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362 you can undo the change (return the text to its previous state)
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363 with the undo command, C-x u. Normally, C-x u undoes one command's
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364 worth of changes; if you repeat the C-x u several times in a row,
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365 each time undoes one more command. There are two exceptions:
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366 commands that made no change (just moved the cursor) do not count,
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367 and self-inserting characters are often lumped together in groups
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368 of up to 20. This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to type.
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369
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370 >> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.
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371
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372 C-_ is another command for undoing; it is just the same as C-x u
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373 but easier to type several times in a row. The problem with C-_ is
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374 that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That is
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375 why C-x u is provided as well. On some DEC terminals, you can type
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376 C-_ by typing / while holding down CTRL. Illogical, but what can
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377 you expect from DEC?
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378
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379 Giving a numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u is equivalent to repeating
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380 it as many times as the argument says.
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381
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382
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383 * FILES
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384 -------
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385
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386 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
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387 file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
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388 away. You put your editing in a file by "finding" the file. What
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389 finding means is that you see the contents of the file in your Emacs;
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390 and, loosely speaking, what you are editing is the file itself.
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391 However, the changes still don't become permanent until you "save" the
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392 file. This is so you can have control to avoid leaving a half-changed
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393 file around when you don't want to. Even then, Emacs leaves the
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394 original file under a changed name in case your changes turn out
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395 to be a mistake.
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396
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397 If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
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398 begins and ends with dashes, and contains the string "Emacs: TUTORIAL".
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399 Your copy of the Emacs tutorial is called "TUTORIAL". Whatever
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400 file you find, that file's name will appear in that precise
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401 spot.
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402
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403 The commands for finding and saving files are unlike the other
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404 commands you have learned in that they consist of two characters.
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405 They both start with the character Control-x. There is a whole series
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406 of commands that start with Control-x; many of them have to do with
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407 files, buffers, and related things, and all of them consist of
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408 Control-x followed by some other character.
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409
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410 Another thing about the command for finding a file is that you have
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411 to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an argument
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412 from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of the
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413 file). After you type the command
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414
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415 C-x C-f Find a file
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416
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417 Emacs asks you to type the file name. It echoes on the bottom
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418 line of the screen. You are using the minibuffer now! this is
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419 what the minibuffer is for. When you type <Return> to end the
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420 file name, the minibuffer is no longer needed, so it disappears.
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421
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422 >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer,
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423 and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
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424 minibuffer. So you do not find any file.
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425
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426 In a little while the file contents appear on the screen. You can
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427 edit the contents. When you wish to make the changes permanent,
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428 issue the command
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429
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430 C-x C-s Save the file
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431
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432 The contents of Emacs are written into the file. The first time you
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433 do this, the original file is renamed to a new name so that it
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434 is not lost. The new name is made by appending "~" to the end
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435 of the original file's name.
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436
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437 When saving is finished, Emacs prints the name of the file written.
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438 You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
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439 work if the system should crash.
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440
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441 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
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442 This should print "Wrote .../TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
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443 On VMS it will print "Wrote ...[...]TUTORIAL."
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444
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445 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you
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446 will see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an
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447 operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the
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448 C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen,
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449 type C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental
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450 Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
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451
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452 To make a new file, just find it "as if" it already existed. Then
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453 start typing in the text. When you ask to "save" the file, Emacs
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454 will really create the file with the text that you have inserted.
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455 From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an already
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456 existing file.
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457
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458
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459 * BUFFERS
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460 ---------
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461
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462 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
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463 inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with
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464 C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
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465
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466 The object inside Emacs which holds the text read from one file
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467 is called a "buffer." Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs.
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468 To see a list of the buffers that exist in Emacs, type
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469
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470 C-x C-b List buffers
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471
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472 >> Try C-x C-b now.
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473
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474 See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name
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475 for the file whose contents it holds. Some buffers do not correspond
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476 to files. For example, the buffer named "*Buffer List*" does
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477 not have any file. It is the buffer which contains the buffer
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478 list that was made by C-x C-b. ANY text you see in an Emacs window
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479 has to be in some buffer.
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480
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481 >> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
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482
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483 If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
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484 this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,
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485 in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's
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486 buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,
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487 but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
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488 file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
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489 it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have
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490
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491 C-x s Save some buffers
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492
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493 C-x s goes through the list of all the buffers you have
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494 and finds the ones that contain files you have changed.
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495 For each such buffer, C-x s asks you whether to save it.
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496
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497
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498 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
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499 ---------------------------
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500
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501 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
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502 on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with
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503 the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors:
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504
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505 C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character.
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506 M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.
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507
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508 These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
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509 commands you have already learned about. You have already seen two
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510 of them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save.
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511 Another example is the command to tell Emacs that you'd like to stop
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512 editing and get rid of Emacs. The command to do this is C-x C-c.
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513 (Don't worry; it offers to save each changed file before it kills the
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514 Emacs.)
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515
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516 C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
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517 back to the same Emacs session afterward.
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518
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519 On systems which allow it, C-z exits from Emacs to the shell but does
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520 not destroy the Emacs; if you use the C shell, you can resume Emacs
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521 with the `fg' command (or, more generally, with `%emacs', which works
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522 even if your most recent job was some other). On systems which don't
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523 implement suspending, C-z creates a subshell running under Emacs to
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524 give you the chance to run other programs and return to Emacs
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525 afterward; it does not truly "exit" from Emacs. In this case, the
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526 shell command `exit' is the usual way to get back to Emacs from the
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527 subshell.
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528
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529 The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also
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530 the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
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531 programs and other random utilities, since they may not know how to
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532 cope with suspension of Emacs. On other occasions, use C-z, and
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533 resume the Emacs when you have more editing to do.
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534
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535 There are many C-x commands. The ones you know are:
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536
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537 C-x C-f Find file.
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538 C-x C-s Save file.
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539 C-x C-b List buffers.
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540 C-x C-c Quit Emacs.
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541 C-x u Undo.
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542
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543 Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
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544 frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. These
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545 commands are usually called "functions". An example is the function
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546 replace-string, which globally replaces one string with another. When
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547 you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the bottom of the screen with
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548 M-x and you should type the name of the function you wish to call; in
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549 this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and Emacs will
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550 complete the name. End the command name with <Return>.
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551 Then type the two "arguments"--the string to be replaced, and the string
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552 to replace it with--each one ended with a Return.
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553
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554 >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
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555 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
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556
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557 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
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558 the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred
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559 after the cursor.
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560
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561
10698
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562 * AUTO SAVE
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563 -----------
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564
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
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565 When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
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diff changeset
566 they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
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567 this, Emacs writes "auto save" files periodically. The auto save file
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568 name has a # at the beginning and the end; for example, if your file
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569 is named "hello.c", its auto save file's name is "#hello.c#". When
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570 you save the file in the normal way, its auto save file is no longer
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571 necessary so Emacs deletes it.
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572
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
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573 If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
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574 finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
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575 save file) and then typing M-x recover file<return>. When it asks for
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576 confirmation, type yes<return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
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577 data.
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578
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diff changeset
579
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580 * MODE LINE
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diff changeset
581 -----------
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582
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583 If Emacs sees that you are typing commands slowly it shows them to you
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584 at the bottom of the screen in an area called the "echo area." The echo
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585 area contains the bottom line of the screen. The line immediately above
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586 it is called the MODE LINE. The mode line says something like
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587
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588 --**-Emacs: TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--58%----------------------
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589
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590 This is a very useful "information" line.
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591
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592 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
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593 found. What the --NN%-- means is that NN percent of the file is
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594 above the top of the screen. If the top of the file is on the screen,
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595 it will say --Top-- instead of --00%--. If the bottom of the file is
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596 on the screen, it will say --Bot--. If you are looking at a file so
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597 small it all fits on the screen, it says --All--.
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598
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599 The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
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600 Right after you visit or save a file, there are no stars, just dashes.
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601
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602 The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
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603 modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is what you
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604 are in now. It is an example of a "major mode". There are several
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605 major modes in Emacs for editing different languages and text, such as
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606 Lisp mode, Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is
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607 active, and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
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608 "Fundamental" is now. Each major mode makes a few commands behave
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609 differently. For example, there are commands for creating comments in
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610 a program, and since each programming language has a different idea of
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611 what a comment should look like, each major mode has to insert
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612 comments differently. Each major mode is the name of an extended
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613 command, which is how you get into the mode. For example,
4351
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614 M-x fundamental-mode is how to get into Fundamental mode.
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615
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616 If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, you
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617 should probably use Text Mode.
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618 >> Type M-x text-mode<Return>.
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619
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620 Don't worry, none of the commands you have learned changes Emacs in
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621 any great way. But you can observe that apostrophes are now part of
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622 words when you do M-f or M-b. Major modes are usually like that:
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623 commands don't change into completely unrelated things, but they work
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624 a little bit differently.
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625
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626 To get documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
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627
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628 >> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
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parents:
diff changeset
629 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
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parents:
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630 >> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.
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631
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632 Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
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633 They are called minor because they aren't alternatives to the major
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634 modes, just minor modifications of them. Each minor mode can be
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635 turned on or off by itself, regardless of what major mode you are in,
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636 and regardless of the other minor modes. So you can use no minor
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637 modes, or one minor mode, or any combination of several minor modes.
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638
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639 One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing English
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640 text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs breaks the line
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641 in between words automatically whenever the line gets too long. You
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parents:
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642 can turn this mode on by doing M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>. When the
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643 mode is on, you can turn it off by doing M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.
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parents:
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644 If the mode is off, this function turns it on, and if the mode is on,
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diff changeset
645 this function turns it off. This is called "toggling".
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646
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647 >> Type M-x auto-fill-mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf "
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parents:
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648 over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in
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649 spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
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650
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651 The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
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parents:
diff changeset
652 with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want
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parents:
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653 as a numeric argument.
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parents:
diff changeset
654
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655 >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
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parents:
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656 Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
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parents:
diff changeset
657 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using
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parents:
diff changeset
658 C-x f again.
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parents:
diff changeset
659
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diff changeset
660 If you makes changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
661 does not re-fill it for you.
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parents:
diff changeset
662 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (Meta-q) with the cursor inside
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parents:
diff changeset
663 that paragraph.
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parents:
diff changeset
664
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parents:
diff changeset
665 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
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parents:
diff changeset
666
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
667 * SEARCHING
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parents: 477
diff changeset
668 -----------
13
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diff changeset
669
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670 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
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parents:
diff changeset
671 characters or words) either forward through the file or backward
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parents:
diff changeset
672 through it. To search for the string means that you are trying to
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673 locate it somewhere in the file and have Emacs show you where the
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parents:
diff changeset
674 occurrences of the string exist. This type of search is somewhat
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parents:
diff changeset
675 different from what you may be familiar with. It is a search that is
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
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676 performed as you type in the thing to search for. The command to
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parents:
diff changeset
677 initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r for reverse
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
678 search. BUT WAIT! Don't do them now. When you type C-s you'll
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parents:
diff changeset
679 notice that the string "I-search" appears as a prompt in the echo
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parents:
diff changeset
680 area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is called an incremental
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parents:
diff changeset
681 search waiting for you to type the thing that you want to search for.
4190
023ddd6f5c2b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 2863
diff changeset
682 <RET> terminates a search.
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parents:
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683
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parents:
diff changeset
684 >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
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parents:
diff changeset
685 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
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parents:
diff changeset
686 character to notice what happens to the cursor.
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parents:
diff changeset
687 >> Type C-s to find the next occurrence of "cursor".
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
688 >> Now type <Delete> four times and see how the cursor moves.
4190
023ddd6f5c2b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 2863
diff changeset
689 >> Type <RET> to terminate the search.
13
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parents:
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690
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parents:
diff changeset
691 Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
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parents:
diff changeset
692 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To go
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
693 to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such
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parents:
diff changeset
694 occurrence exists Emacs beeps and tells you that it is a failing
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
695 search. C-g would also terminate the search.
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parents:
diff changeset
696
8128
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
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parents: 6597
diff changeset
697 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
698 see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operating
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
699 system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
700 letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
701 Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
702 Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
703
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
704 If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delete>,
13
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parents:
diff changeset
705 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
706 and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
707 instance, suppose you currently have typed 'cu' and you see that your
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
708 cursor is at the first occurrence of 'cu'. If you now type <Delete>,
13
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parents:
diff changeset
709 the 'u' on the search line is erased and you'll be repositioned in the
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
710 text to the occurrence of 'c' where the search took you before you
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
711 typed the 'u'. This provides a useful means for backing up while you
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
712 are searching.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
713
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
714 If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
715 character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
716 a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
717
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parents:
diff changeset
718 The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
719 string AFTER the current cursor position. But what if you want to
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
720 search for something earlier in the text? To do this, type C-r for
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
721 Reverse search. Everything that applies to C-s applies to C-r except
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
722 that the direction of the search is reversed.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
723
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
724
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
725 * MULTIPLE WINDOWS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
726 ------------------
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
727
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
728 One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
729 window on the screen at the same time.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
730
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
731 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
732
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
733 >> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
734 Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
735
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
736 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
6276
e76136b468b3 Explain typing C-M-
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4351
diff changeset
737 (If you don't have a real Meta key, type ESC C-v.)
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
738
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
739 >> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
740 >> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
741 Keep reading these directions in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
742
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
743 >> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
744 The cursor is still just where it was in the top window before.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
745
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
746 You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
747 window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
748 shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
749 window that the cursor is in.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
750
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
751 The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
752 window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
753 the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and edit
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
754 there as you advance through the other window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
755
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
756 C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
757 META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CTRL and META while
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
758 typing v.
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
759
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
760 It doesn't matter whether CTRL or META "comes first," because both of
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
761 these keys act by modifying the characters you type. But if you don't
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
762 have a real META key, and you use ESC instead, the order does matter:
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
763 you must type ESC followed by CTRL-v; CTRL-ESC v will not work. This
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
764 is because ESC is a character in its own right, not a modifier key.
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
765
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
766 >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
767
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
768 (If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
769 of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
770 window--the window I am already in.")
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
771
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
772 You don't have to display the same buffer in both windows. If
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
773 you use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
774 doesn't change. You can pick a file in each window
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
775 independently.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
776
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
777 Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
778 things:
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
779
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
780 >> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
781 End with <RETURN>. See the specified file appear in the bottom
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
782 window. The cursor goes there, too.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
783
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
784 >> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
785 the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
786
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
diff changeset
787
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
788 * RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
789 --------------------------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
790
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
791 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
792 level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
793 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
794 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
795
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
796 To get out of the recursive editing level, type
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
797 M-x top-level<Return>.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
798
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
799 >> Try that now; it should display "Back to top level"
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
800 at the bottom of the screen.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
801
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
802 In fact, you were ALREADY at top level (not inside a recursive editing
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803 level) if you have obeyed instructions. M-x top-level does not care;
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804 it gets out of any number of recursive editing levels, perhaps zero,
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805 to get back to top level.
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806
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807 You can't use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level because C-g
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808 is used for discarding numeric arguments and partially typed commands
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809 WITHIN the recursive editing level.
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810
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811
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812 * GETTING MORE HELP
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813 -------------------
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814
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815 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
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816 get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that
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817 it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want
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818 to learn more about Emacs since it has numerous desirable features
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819 that you don't know about yet. Emacs has a great deal of internal
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820 documentation. All of these commands can be accessed through
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821 the character Control-h, which we call "the Help character"
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822 because of the function it serves.
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823
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824 To use the HELP features, type the C-h character, and then a
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825 character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost,
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826 type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
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827 If you have typed C-h and decide you don't want any help, just
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828 type C-g to cancel it.
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829
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830 (Some sites rebind the character C-h. They really shouldn't do this
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831 as a blanket measure, so complain to the operator. Meanwhile, if C-h
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832 does not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, try
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833 typing M-x help RET instead.)
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834
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835 The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, a c, and a
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836 command character or sequence, and Emacs displays a very brief
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837 description of the command.
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838
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839 >> Type C-h c Control-p.
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840 The message should be something like
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841
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842 C-p runs the command previous-line
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843
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844 This tells you the "name of the function". That is important in
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845 writing Lisp code to extend Emacs; it also is enough to remind
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846 you of what the command does if you have seen it before but did
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847 not remember.
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848
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849 Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
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850 EDIT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
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851
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852 To get more information on the command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
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853
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854 >> Type C-h k Control-p.
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855
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856 This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
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857 name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the
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858 output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have
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859 to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring
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860 to the help text and then type C-x 1.
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861
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862 Here are some other useful C-h options:
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863
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864 C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the
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865 function.
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866
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867 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
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868 This prints all the information Emacs has about the
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869 function which implements the C-p command.
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870
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871 C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
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872 all the commands whose names contain that keyword.
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873 These commands can all be invoked with Meta-x.
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874 For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one
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875 or two character sequence which has the same effect.
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876
477
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877 >> Type C-h a file<Return>.
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878
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879 This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with
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880 "file" in their names. You will also see commands like C-x C-f
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881 and C-x C-w, listed beside the command names find-file and
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882 write-file.
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883
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884 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times.
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885
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886 >> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.
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887
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888
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889 * CONCLUSION
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890 ------------
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891
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892 Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell
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893 temporarily, so that you can come back in, use C-z.
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894
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895 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
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896 you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
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897
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898
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899 COPYING
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900 -------
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901
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902 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
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903 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
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904
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905 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
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906 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
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907
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908 Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation
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909
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910 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
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911 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
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912 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
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913 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
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914 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
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915
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916 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
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917 of this document, or of portions of it,
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918 under the above conditions, provided also that they
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919 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
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920
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921 The conditions for copying Emacs itself are slightly different
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922 but in the same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then
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923 do give copies of GNU Emacs to your friends.
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924 Help stamp out software obstructionism ("ownership") by using,
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925 writing, and sharing free software!