Mercurial > emacs
annotate lispref/modes.texi @ 46516:25e7debccc64
(choose-completion-delete-max-match): Handle minibuffer prompts explicitly.
author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Thu, 18 Jul 2002 14:57:46 +0000 |
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6451 | 1 @c -*-texinfo-*- |
2 @c This is part of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. | |
27189 | 3 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999 |
4 @c Free Software Foundation, Inc. | |
6451 | 5 @c See the file elisp.texi for copying conditions. |
6 @setfilename ../info/modes | |
7 @node Modes, Documentation, Keymaps, Top | |
8 @chapter Major and Minor Modes | |
9 @cindex mode | |
10 | |
11 A @dfn{mode} is a set of definitions that customize Emacs and can be | |
12 turned on and off while you edit. There are two varieties of modes: | |
13 @dfn{major modes}, which are mutually exclusive and used for editing | |
14 particular kinds of text, and @dfn{minor modes}, which provide features | |
15 that users can enable individually. | |
16 | |
17 This chapter describes how to write both major and minor modes, how to | |
18 indicate them in the mode line, and how they run hooks supplied by the | |
19 user. For related topics such as keymaps and syntax tables, see | |
20 @ref{Keymaps}, and @ref{Syntax Tables}. | |
21 | |
22 @menu | |
23 * Major Modes:: Defining major modes. | |
24 * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes. | |
25 * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line. | |
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26 * Imenu:: How a mode can provide a menu |
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27 of definitions in the buffer. |
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28 * Font Lock Mode:: How modes can highlight text according to syntax. |
6451 | 29 * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that provides hooks. |
30 @end menu | |
31 | |
32 @node Major Modes | |
33 @section Major Modes | |
34 @cindex major mode | |
35 @cindex Fundamental mode | |
36 | |
37 Major modes specialize Emacs for editing particular kinds of text. | |
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38 Each buffer has only one major mode at a time. For each major mode |
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39 there is a function to switch to that mode in the current buffer; its |
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40 name should end in @samp{-mode}. These functions work by setting |
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41 buffer-local variable bindings and other data associated with the |
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42 buffer, such as a local keymap. The effect lasts until you switch |
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43 to another major mode in the same buffer. |
6451 | 44 |
45 The least specialized major mode is called @dfn{Fundamental mode}. | |
46 This mode has no mode-specific definitions or variable settings, so each | |
47 Emacs command behaves in its default manner, and each option is in its | |
48 default state. All other major modes redefine various keys and options. | |
49 For example, Lisp Interaction mode provides special key bindings for | |
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50 @kbd{C-j} (@code{eval-print-last-sexp}), @key{TAB} |
6451 | 51 (@code{lisp-indent-line}), and other keys. |
52 | |
53 When you need to write several editing commands to help you perform a | |
54 specialized editing task, creating a new major mode is usually a good | |
55 idea. In practice, writing a major mode is easy (in contrast to | |
56 writing a minor mode, which is often difficult). | |
57 | |
58 If the new mode is similar to an old one, it is often unwise to modify | |
59 the old one to serve two purposes, since it may become harder to use and | |
60 maintain. Instead, copy and rename an existing major mode definition | |
61 and alter the copy---or define a @dfn{derived mode} (@pxref{Derived | |
62 Modes}). For example, Rmail Edit mode, which is in | |
25875 | 63 @file{emacs/lisp/mail/rmailedit.el}, is a major mode that is very similar to |
64 Text mode except that it provides two additional commands. Its | |
65 definition is distinct from that of Text mode, but uses that of Text mode. | |
6451 | 66 |
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67 Even if the new mode is not an obvious derivative of any other mode, |
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68 it is convenient to use @code{define-derived-mode} with a @code{nil} |
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69 parent argument, since it automatically enforces the most important |
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70 coding conventions for you. |
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71 |
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72 Rmail Edit mode offers an example of changing the major mode |
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73 temporarily for a buffer, so it can be edited in a different way (with |
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74 ordinary Emacs commands rather than Rmail commands). In such cases, the |
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75 temporary major mode usually provides a command to switch back to the |
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76 buffer's usual mode (Rmail mode, in this case). You might be tempted to |
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77 present the temporary redefinitions inside a recursive edit and restore |
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78 the usual ones when the user exits; but this is a bad idea because it |
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79 constrains the user's options when it is done in more than one buffer: |
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80 recursive edits must be exited most-recently-entered first. Using an |
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81 alternative major mode avoids this limitation. @xref{Recursive |
6451 | 82 Editing}. |
83 | |
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84 The standard GNU Emacs Lisp library directory tree contains the code |
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85 for several major modes, in files such as @file{text-mode.el}, |
6451 | 86 @file{texinfo.el}, @file{lisp-mode.el}, @file{c-mode.el}, and |
25875 | 87 @file{rmail.el}. They are found in various subdirectories of the |
88 @file{lisp} directory. You can study these libraries to see how modes | |
89 are written. Text mode is perhaps the simplest major mode aside from | |
6451 | 90 Fundamental mode. Rmail mode is a complicated and specialized mode. |
91 | |
92 @menu | |
93 * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc. | |
94 * Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes. | |
95 * Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically. | |
96 * Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode. | |
97 * Derived Modes:: Defining a new major mode based on another major | |
98 mode. | |
99 @end menu | |
100 | |
101 @node Major Mode Conventions | |
102 @subsection Major Mode Conventions | |
103 | |
104 The code for existing major modes follows various coding conventions, | |
105 including conventions for local keymap and syntax table initialization, | |
106 global names, and hooks. Please follow these conventions when you | |
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107 define a new major mode. |
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108 |
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109 This list of conventions is only partial, because each major mode |
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110 should aim for consistency in general with other Emacs major modes. |
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111 This makes Emacs as a whole more coherent. It is impossible to list |
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112 here all the possible points where this issue might come up; if the |
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113 Emacs developers point out an area where your major mode deviates from |
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114 the usual conventions, please make it compatible. |
6451 | 115 |
116 @itemize @bullet | |
117 @item | |
118 Define a command whose name ends in @samp{-mode}, with no arguments, | |
119 that switches to the new mode in the current buffer. This command | |
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120 should set up the keymap, syntax table, and buffer-local variables in an |
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121 existing buffer, without changing the buffer's contents. |
6451 | 122 |
123 @item | |
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124 Write a documentation string for this command that describes the |
6451 | 125 special commands available in this mode. @kbd{C-h m} |
126 (@code{describe-mode}) in your mode will display this string. | |
127 | |
128 The documentation string may include the special documentation | |
129 substrings, @samp{\[@var{command}]}, @samp{\@{@var{keymap}@}}, and | |
24934 | 130 @samp{\<@var{keymap}>}, which enable the documentation to adapt |
6451 | 131 automatically to the user's own key bindings. @xref{Keys in |
132 Documentation}. | |
133 | |
134 @item | |
135 The major mode command should start by calling | |
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136 @code{kill-all-local-variables}. This is what gets rid of the |
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137 buffer-local variables of the major mode previously in effect. |
6451 | 138 |
139 @item | |
140 The major mode command should set the variable @code{major-mode} to the | |
141 major mode command symbol. This is how @code{describe-mode} discovers | |
142 which documentation to print. | |
143 | |
144 @item | |
145 The major mode command should set the variable @code{mode-name} to the | |
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146 ``pretty'' name of the mode, as a string. This string appears in the |
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147 mode line. |
6451 | 148 |
149 @item | |
150 @cindex functions in modes | |
151 Since all global names are in the same name space, all the global | |
152 variables, constants, and functions that are part of the mode should | |
153 have names that start with the major mode name (or with an abbreviation | |
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154 of it if the name is long). @xref{Coding Conventions}. |
6451 | 155 |
156 @item | |
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157 In a major mode for editing some kind of structured text, such as a |
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158 programming language, indentation of text according to structure is |
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159 probably useful. So the mode should set @code{indent-line-function} |
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160 to a suitable function, and probably customize other variables |
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161 for indentation. |
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162 |
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163 @item |
6451 | 164 @cindex keymaps in modes |
165 The major mode should usually have its own keymap, which is used as the | |
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166 local keymap in all buffers in that mode. The major mode command should |
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167 call @code{use-local-map} to install this local map. @xref{Active |
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168 Keymaps}, for more information. |
6451 | 169 |
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170 This keymap should be stored permanently in a global variable named |
6451 | 171 @code{@var{modename}-mode-map}. Normally the library that defines the |
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172 mode sets this variable. |
6451 | 173 |
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174 @xref{Tips for Defining}, for advice about how to write the code to set |
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175 up the mode's keymap variable. |
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176 |
6451 | 177 @item |
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178 The key sequences bound in a major mode keymap should usually start with |
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179 @kbd{C-c}, followed by a control character, a digit, or @kbd{@{}, |
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180 @kbd{@}}, @kbd{<}, @kbd{>}, @kbd{:} or @kbd{;}. The other punctuation |
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181 characters are reserved for minor modes, and ordinary letters are |
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182 reserved for users. |
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183 |
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184 It is reasonable for a major mode to rebind a key sequence with a |
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185 standard meaning, if it implements a command that does ``the same job'' |
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186 in a way that fits the major mode better. For example, a major mode for |
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187 editing a programming language might redefine @kbd{C-M-a} to ``move to |
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188 the beginning of a function'' in a way that works better for that |
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189 language. |
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190 |
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191 Major modes such as Dired or Rmail that do not allow self-insertion of |
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192 text can reasonably redefine letters and other printing characters as |
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193 editing commands. Dired and Rmail both do this. |
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194 |
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195 @item |
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196 Major modes must not define @key{RET} to do anything other than insert |
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197 a newline. The command to insert a newline and then indent is |
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198 @kbd{C-j}. Please keep this distinction uniform for all major modes. |
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199 |
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200 @item |
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201 Major modes should not alter options that are primary a matter of user |
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202 preference, such as whether Auto-Fill mode is enabled. Leave this to |
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203 each user to decide. However, a major mode should customize other |
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204 variables so that Auto-Fill mode will work usefully @emph{if} the user |
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205 decides to use it. |
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206 |
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207 @item |
6451 | 208 @cindex syntax tables in modes |
209 The mode may have its own syntax table or may share one with other | |
210 related modes. If it has its own syntax table, it should store this in | |
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211 a variable named @code{@var{modename}-mode-syntax-table}. @xref{Syntax |
6451 | 212 Tables}. |
213 | |
214 @item | |
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215 If the mode handles a language that has a syntax for comments, it should |
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216 set the variables that define the comment syntax. @xref{Options for |
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217 Comments,, Options Controlling Comments, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. |
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218 |
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219 @item |
6451 | 220 @cindex abbrev tables in modes |
221 The mode may have its own abbrev table or may share one with other | |
222 related modes. If it has its own abbrev table, it should store this in | |
223 a variable named @code{@var{modename}-mode-abbrev-table}. @xref{Abbrev | |
224 Tables}. | |
225 | |
226 @item | |
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227 The mode should specify how to do highlighting for Font Lock mode, by |
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228 setting up a buffer-local value for the variable |
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229 @code{font-lock-defaults} (@pxref{Font Lock Mode}). |
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230 |
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231 @item |
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232 The mode should specify how Imenu should find the definitions or |
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233 sections of a buffer, by setting up a buffer-local value for the |
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234 variable @code{imenu-generic-expression} or |
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235 @code{imenu-create-index-function} (@pxref{Imenu}). |
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236 |
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237 @item |
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238 Use @code{defvar} or @code{defcustom} to set mode-related variables, so |
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239 that they are not reinitialized if they already have a value. (Such |
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240 reinitialization could discard customizations made by the user.) |
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241 |
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242 @item |
6451 | 243 @cindex buffer-local variables in modes |
244 To make a buffer-local binding for an Emacs customization variable, use | |
245 @code{make-local-variable} in the major mode command, not | |
246 @code{make-variable-buffer-local}. The latter function would make the | |
247 variable local to every buffer in which it is subsequently set, which | |
248 would affect buffers that do not use this mode. It is undesirable for a | |
249 mode to have such global effects. @xref{Buffer-Local Variables}. | |
250 | |
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251 With rare exceptions, the only reasonable way to use |
25875 | 252 @code{make-variable-buffer-local} in a Lisp package is for a variable |
253 which is used only within that package. Using it on a variable used by | |
254 other packages would interfere with them. | |
6451 | 255 |
256 @item | |
257 @cindex mode hook | |
258 @cindex major mode hook | |
259 Each major mode should have a @dfn{mode hook} named | |
260 @code{@var{modename}-mode-hook}. The major mode command should run that | |
261 hook, with @code{run-hooks}, as the very last thing it | |
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262 does. @xref{Hooks}. |
6451 | 263 |
264 @item | |
265 The major mode command may also run the hooks of some more basic modes. | |
266 For example, @code{indented-text-mode} runs @code{text-mode-hook} as | |
267 well as @code{indented-text-mode-hook}. It may run these other hooks | |
268 immediately before the mode's own hook (that is, after everything else), | |
269 or it may run them earlier. | |
270 | |
271 @item | |
272 If something special should be done if the user switches a buffer from | |
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273 this mode to any other major mode, this mode can set up a buffer-local |
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274 value for @code{change-major-mode-hook} (@pxref{Creating Buffer-Local}). |
6451 | 275 |
276 @item | |
277 If this mode is appropriate only for specially-prepared text, then the | |
278 major mode command symbol should have a property named @code{mode-class} | |
279 with value @code{special}, put on as follows: | |
280 | |
281 @cindex @code{mode-class} property | |
282 @cindex @code{special} | |
283 @example | |
284 (put 'funny-mode 'mode-class 'special) | |
285 @end example | |
286 | |
287 @noindent | |
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288 This tells Emacs that new buffers created while the current buffer is in |
6451 | 289 Funny mode should not inherit Funny mode. Modes such as Dired, Rmail, |
290 and Buffer List use this feature. | |
291 | |
292 @item | |
293 If you want to make the new mode the default for files with certain | |
294 recognizable names, add an element to @code{auto-mode-alist} to select | |
295 the mode for those file names. If you define the mode command to | |
296 autoload, you should add this element in the same file that calls | |
297 @code{autoload}. Otherwise, it is sufficient to add the element in the | |
298 file that contains the mode definition. @xref{Auto Major Mode}. | |
299 | |
300 @item | |
301 In the documentation, you should provide a sample @code{autoload} form | |
302 and an example of how to add to @code{auto-mode-alist}, that users can | |
25875 | 303 include in their init files (@pxref{Init File}). |
6451 | 304 |
305 @item | |
306 @cindex mode loading | |
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307 The top-level forms in the file defining the mode should be written so |
6451 | 308 that they may be evaluated more than once without adverse consequences. |
309 Even if you never load the file more than once, someone else will. | |
310 @end itemize | |
311 | |
312 @node Example Major Modes | |
313 @subsection Major Mode Examples | |
314 | |
315 Text mode is perhaps the simplest mode besides Fundamental mode. | |
316 Here are excerpts from @file{text-mode.el} that illustrate many of | |
317 the conventions listed above: | |
318 | |
319 @smallexample | |
320 @group | |
321 ;; @r{Create mode-specific tables.} | |
322 (defvar text-mode-syntax-table nil | |
323 "Syntax table used while in text mode.") | |
324 @end group | |
325 | |
326 @group | |
327 (if text-mode-syntax-table | |
328 () ; @r{Do not change the table if it is already set up.} | |
329 (setq text-mode-syntax-table (make-syntax-table)) | |
330 (modify-syntax-entry ?\" ". " text-mode-syntax-table) | |
331 (modify-syntax-entry ?\\ ". " text-mode-syntax-table) | |
332 (modify-syntax-entry ?' "w " text-mode-syntax-table)) | |
333 @end group | |
334 | |
335 @group | |
336 (defvar text-mode-abbrev-table nil | |
337 "Abbrev table used while in text mode.") | |
338 (define-abbrev-table 'text-mode-abbrev-table ()) | |
339 @end group | |
340 | |
341 @group | |
25875 | 342 (defvar text-mode-map nil ; @r{Create a mode-specific keymap.} |
343 "Keymap for Text mode. | |
344 Many other modes, such as Mail mode, Outline mode and Indented Text mode, | |
345 inherit all the commands defined in this map.") | |
6451 | 346 |
347 (if text-mode-map | |
348 () ; @r{Do not change the keymap if it is already set up.} | |
349 (setq text-mode-map (make-sparse-keymap)) | |
25875 | 350 (define-key text-mode-map "\e\t" 'ispell-complete-word) |
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351 (define-key text-mode-map "\t" 'indent-relative) |
6451 | 352 (define-key text-mode-map "\es" 'center-line) |
353 (define-key text-mode-map "\eS" 'center-paragraph)) | |
354 @end group | |
355 @end smallexample | |
356 | |
357 Here is the complete major mode function definition for Text mode: | |
358 | |
359 @smallexample | |
360 @group | |
361 (defun text-mode () | |
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362 "Major mode for editing text intended for humans to read... |
6451 | 363 Special commands: \\@{text-mode-map@} |
364 @end group | |
365 @group | |
366 Turning on text-mode runs the hook `text-mode-hook'." | |
367 (interactive) | |
368 (kill-all-local-variables) | |
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369 (use-local-map text-mode-map) |
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370 @end group |
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371 @group |
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372 (setq local-abbrev-table text-mode-abbrev-table) |
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373 (set-syntax-table text-mode-syntax-table) |
6451 | 374 @end group |
375 @group | |
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376 (make-local-variable 'paragraph-start) |
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377 (setq paragraph-start (concat "[ \t]*$\\|" page-delimiter)) |
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378 (make-local-variable 'paragraph-separate) |
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379 (setq paragraph-separate paragraph-start) |
25875 | 380 (make-local-variable 'indent-line-function) |
381 (setq indent-line-function 'indent-relative-maybe) | |
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382 @end group |
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383 @group |
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384 (setq mode-name "Text") |
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385 (setq major-mode 'text-mode) |
6451 | 386 (run-hooks 'text-mode-hook)) ; @r{Finally, this permits the user to} |
387 ; @r{customize the mode with a hook.} | |
388 @end group | |
389 @end smallexample | |
390 | |
391 @cindex @file{lisp-mode.el} | |
392 The three Lisp modes (Lisp mode, Emacs Lisp mode, and Lisp | |
393 Interaction mode) have more features than Text mode and the code is | |
394 correspondingly more complicated. Here are excerpts from | |
395 @file{lisp-mode.el} that illustrate how these modes are written. | |
396 | |
397 @cindex syntax table example | |
398 @smallexample | |
399 @group | |
400 ;; @r{Create mode-specific table variables.} | |
401 (defvar lisp-mode-syntax-table nil "") | |
402 (defvar emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table nil "") | |
403 (defvar lisp-mode-abbrev-table nil "") | |
404 @end group | |
405 | |
406 @group | |
407 (if (not emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table) ; @r{Do not change the table} | |
408 ; @r{if it is already set.} | |
409 (let ((i 0)) | |
410 (setq emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table (make-syntax-table)) | |
411 @end group | |
412 | |
413 @group | |
414 ;; @r{Set syntax of chars up to 0 to class of chars that are} | |
415 ;; @r{part of symbol names but not words.} | |
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416 ;; @r{(The number 0 is @code{48} in the @sc{ascii} character set.)} |
6451 | 417 (while (< i ?0) |
418 (modify-syntax-entry i "_ " emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table) | |
419 (setq i (1+ i))) | |
420 @dots{} | |
421 @end group | |
422 @group | |
423 ;; @r{Set the syntax for other characters.} | |
424 (modify-syntax-entry ? " " emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table) | |
425 (modify-syntax-entry ?\t " " emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table) | |
426 @dots{} | |
427 @end group | |
428 @group | |
429 (modify-syntax-entry ?\( "() " emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table) | |
430 (modify-syntax-entry ?\) ")( " emacs-lisp-mode-syntax-table) | |
431 @dots{})) | |
432 ;; @r{Create an abbrev table for lisp-mode.} | |
433 (define-abbrev-table 'lisp-mode-abbrev-table ()) | |
434 @end group | |
435 @end smallexample | |
436 | |
437 Much code is shared among the three Lisp modes. The following | |
438 function sets various variables; it is called by each of the major Lisp | |
439 mode functions: | |
440 | |
441 @smallexample | |
442 @group | |
443 (defun lisp-mode-variables (lisp-syntax) | |
444 (cond (lisp-syntax | |
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445 (set-syntax-table lisp-mode-syntax-table))) |
6451 | 446 (setq local-abbrev-table lisp-mode-abbrev-table) |
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447 @dots{} |
6451 | 448 @end group |
449 @end smallexample | |
450 | |
451 Functions such as @code{forward-paragraph} use the value of the | |
452 @code{paragraph-start} variable. Since Lisp code is different from | |
453 ordinary text, the @code{paragraph-start} variable needs to be set | |
454 specially to handle Lisp. Also, comments are indented in a special | |
455 fashion in Lisp and the Lisp modes need their own mode-specific | |
456 @code{comment-indent-function}. The code to set these variables is the | |
457 rest of @code{lisp-mode-variables}. | |
458 | |
459 @smallexample | |
460 @group | |
461 (make-local-variable 'paragraph-start) | |
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462 (setq paragraph-start (concat page-delimiter "\\|$" )) |
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463 (make-local-variable 'paragraph-separate) |
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464 (setq paragraph-separate paragraph-start) |
6451 | 465 @dots{} |
466 @end group | |
467 @group | |
468 (make-local-variable 'comment-indent-function) | |
469 (setq comment-indent-function 'lisp-comment-indent)) | |
25875 | 470 @dots{} |
6451 | 471 @end group |
472 @end smallexample | |
473 | |
474 Each of the different Lisp modes has a slightly different keymap. For | |
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475 example, Lisp mode binds @kbd{C-c C-z} to @code{run-lisp}, but the other |
6451 | 476 Lisp modes do not. However, all Lisp modes have some commands in |
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477 common. The following code sets up the common commands: |
6451 | 478 |
479 @smallexample | |
480 @group | |
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481 (defvar shared-lisp-mode-map () |
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482 "Keymap for commands shared by all sorts of Lisp modes.") |
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483 |
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484 (if shared-lisp-mode-map |
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485 () |
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486 (setq shared-lisp-mode-map (make-sparse-keymap)) |
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487 (define-key shared-lisp-mode-map "\e\C-q" 'indent-sexp) |
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488 (define-key shared-lisp-mode-map "\177" |
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489 'backward-delete-char-untabify)) |
6451 | 490 @end group |
491 @end smallexample | |
492 | |
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493 @noindent |
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494 And here is the code to set up the keymap for Lisp mode: |
6451 | 495 |
496 @smallexample | |
497 @group | |
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498 (defvar lisp-mode-map () |
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499 "Keymap for ordinary Lisp mode...") |
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500 |
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501 (if lisp-mode-map |
6451 | 502 () |
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503 (setq lisp-mode-map (make-sparse-keymap)) |
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504 (set-keymap-parent lisp-mode-map shared-lisp-mode-map) |
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505 (define-key lisp-mode-map "\e\C-x" 'lisp-eval-defun) |
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506 (define-key lisp-mode-map "\C-c\C-z" 'run-lisp)) |
6451 | 507 @end group |
508 @end smallexample | |
509 | |
510 Finally, here is the complete major mode function definition for | |
24934 | 511 Lisp mode. |
6451 | 512 |
513 @smallexample | |
514 @group | |
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515 (defun lisp-mode () |
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516 "Major mode for editing Lisp code for Lisps other than GNU Emacs Lisp. |
6451 | 517 Commands: |
518 Delete converts tabs to spaces as it moves back. | |
519 Blank lines separate paragraphs. Semicolons start comments. | |
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520 \\@{lisp-mode-map@} |
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521 Note that `run-lisp' may be used either to start an inferior Lisp job |
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522 or to switch back to an existing one. |
6451 | 523 @end group |
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524 |
6451 | 525 @group |
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526 Entry to this mode calls the value of `lisp-mode-hook' |
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527 if that value is non-nil." |
6451 | 528 (interactive) |
529 (kill-all-local-variables) | |
530 @end group | |
531 @group | |
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532 (use-local-map lisp-mode-map) ; @r{Select the mode's keymap.} |
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533 (setq major-mode 'lisp-mode) ; @r{This is how @code{describe-mode}} |
6451 | 534 ; @r{finds out what to describe.} |
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535 (setq mode-name "Lisp") ; @r{This goes into the mode line.} |
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536 (lisp-mode-variables t) ; @r{This defines various variables.} |
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537 @end group |
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538 @group |
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539 (setq imenu-case-fold-search t) |
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540 (set-syntax-table lisp-mode-syntax-table) |
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541 (run-hooks 'lisp-mode-hook)) ; @r{This permits the user to use a} |
6451 | 542 ; @r{hook to customize the mode.} |
543 @end group | |
544 @end smallexample | |
545 | |
546 @node Auto Major Mode | |
547 @subsection How Emacs Chooses a Major Mode | |
548 | |
549 Based on information in the file name or in the file itself, Emacs | |
550 automatically selects a major mode for the new buffer when a file is | |
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551 visited. It also processes local variables specified in the file text. |
6451 | 552 |
553 @deffn Command fundamental-mode | |
554 Fundamental mode is a major mode that is not specialized for anything | |
555 in particular. Other major modes are defined in effect by comparison | |
556 with this one---their definitions say what to change, starting from | |
557 Fundamental mode. The @code{fundamental-mode} function does @emph{not} | |
558 run any hooks; you're not supposed to customize it. (If you want Emacs | |
559 to behave differently in Fundamental mode, change the @emph{global} | |
560 state of Emacs.) | |
561 @end deffn | |
562 | |
563 @deffn Command normal-mode &optional find-file | |
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564 This function establishes the proper major mode and buffer-local variable |
6451 | 565 bindings for the current buffer. First it calls @code{set-auto-mode}, |
566 then it runs @code{hack-local-variables} to parse, and bind or | |
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567 evaluate as appropriate, the file's local variables. |
6451 | 568 |
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569 If the @var{find-file} argument to @code{normal-mode} is non-@code{nil}, |
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570 @code{normal-mode} assumes that the @code{find-file} function is calling |
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571 it. In this case, it may process a local variables list at the end of |
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572 the file and in the @samp{-*-} line. The variable |
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573 @code{enable-local-variables} controls whether to do so. @xref{File |
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574 variables, , Local Variables in Files, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}, for |
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575 the syntax of the local variables section of a file. |
6451 | 576 |
12098 | 577 If you run @code{normal-mode} interactively, the argument |
6451 | 578 @var{find-file} is normally @code{nil}. In this case, |
579 @code{normal-mode} unconditionally processes any local variables list. | |
580 | |
581 @cindex file mode specification error | |
12098 | 582 @code{normal-mode} uses @code{condition-case} around the call to the |
6451 | 583 major mode function, so errors are caught and reported as a @samp{File |
584 mode specification error}, followed by the original error message. | |
585 @end deffn | |
586 | |
587 @defun set-auto-mode | |
588 @cindex visited file mode | |
589 This function selects the major mode that is appropriate for the | |
590 current buffer. It may base its decision on the value of the @w{@samp{-*-}} | |
12888 | 591 line, on the visited file name (using @code{auto-mode-alist}), on the |
592 @w{@samp{#!}} line (using @code{interpreter-mode-alist}), or on the | |
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593 file's local variables list. However, this function does not look for |
6451 | 594 the @samp{mode:} local variable near the end of a file; the |
595 @code{hack-local-variables} function does that. @xref{Choosing Modes, , | |
596 How Major Modes are Chosen, emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. | |
597 @end defun | |
598 | |
599 @defopt default-major-mode | |
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600 This variable holds the default major mode for new buffers. The |
6451 | 601 standard value is @code{fundamental-mode}. |
602 | |
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603 If the value of @code{default-major-mode} is @code{nil}, Emacs uses |
6451 | 604 the (previously) current buffer's major mode for the major mode of a new |
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605 buffer. However, if that major mode symbol has a @code{mode-class} |
6451 | 606 property with value @code{special}, then it is not used for new buffers; |
607 Fundamental mode is used instead. The modes that have this property are | |
608 those such as Dired and Rmail that are useful only with text that has | |
609 been specially prepared. | |
610 @end defopt | |
611 | |
12067 | 612 @defun set-buffer-major-mode buffer |
613 This function sets the major mode of @var{buffer} to the value of | |
614 @code{default-major-mode}. If that variable is @code{nil}, it uses | |
615 the current buffer's major mode (if that is suitable). | |
616 | |
617 The low-level primitives for creating buffers do not use this function, | |
12098 | 618 but medium-level commands such as @code{switch-to-buffer} and |
619 @code{find-file-noselect} use it whenever they create buffers. | |
12067 | 620 @end defun |
621 | |
6451 | 622 @defvar initial-major-mode |
623 @cindex @samp{*scratch*} | |
624 The value of this variable determines the major mode of the initial | |
625 @samp{*scratch*} buffer. The value should be a symbol that is a major | |
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626 mode command. The default value is @code{lisp-interaction-mode}. |
6451 | 627 @end defvar |
628 | |
629 @defvar auto-mode-alist | |
630 This variable contains an association list of file name patterns | |
631 (regular expressions; @pxref{Regular Expressions}) and corresponding | |
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632 major mode commands. Usually, the file name patterns test for suffixes, |
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633 such as @samp{.el} and @samp{.c}, but this need not be the case. An |
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634 ordinary element of the alist looks like @code{(@var{regexp} . |
6451 | 635 @var{mode-function})}. |
636 | |
637 For example, | |
638 | |
639 @smallexample | |
640 @group | |
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641 (("\\`/tmp/fol/" . text-mode) |
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642 ("\\.texinfo\\'" . texinfo-mode) |
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643 ("\\.texi\\'" . texinfo-mode) |
6451 | 644 @end group |
645 @group | |
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646 ("\\.el\\'" . emacs-lisp-mode) |
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647 ("\\.c\\'" . c-mode) |
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648 ("\\.h\\'" . c-mode) |
6451 | 649 @dots{}) |
650 @end group | |
651 @end smallexample | |
652 | |
653 When you visit a file whose expanded file name (@pxref{File Name | |
654 Expansion}) matches a @var{regexp}, @code{set-auto-mode} calls the | |
655 corresponding @var{mode-function}. This feature enables Emacs to select | |
656 the proper major mode for most files. | |
657 | |
658 If an element of @code{auto-mode-alist} has the form @code{(@var{regexp} | |
659 @var{function} t)}, then after calling @var{function}, Emacs searches | |
660 @code{auto-mode-alist} again for a match against the portion of the file | |
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661 name that did not match before. This feature is useful for |
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662 uncompression packages: an entry of the form @code{("\\.gz\\'" |
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663 @var{function} t)} can uncompress the file and then put the uncompressed |
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664 file in the proper mode according to the name sans @samp{.gz}. |
6451 | 665 |
666 Here is an example of how to prepend several pattern pairs to | |
667 @code{auto-mode-alist}. (You might use this sort of expression in your | |
25875 | 668 init file.) |
6451 | 669 |
670 @smallexample | |
671 @group | |
672 (setq auto-mode-alist | |
673 (append | |
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674 ;; @r{File name (within directory) starts with a dot.} |
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675 '(("/\\.[^/]*\\'" . fundamental-mode) |
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676 ;; @r{File name has no dot.} |
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677 ("[^\\./]*\\'" . fundamental-mode) |
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678 ;; @r{File name ends in @samp{.C}.} |
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679 ("\\.C\\'" . c++-mode)) |
6451 | 680 auto-mode-alist)) |
681 @end group | |
682 @end smallexample | |
683 @end defvar | |
684 | |
685 @defvar interpreter-mode-alist | |
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686 This variable specifies major modes to use for scripts that specify a |
24934 | 687 command interpreter in a @samp{#!} line. Its value is a list of |
6451 | 688 elements of the form @code{(@var{interpreter} . @var{mode})}; for |
689 example, @code{("perl" . perl-mode)} is one element present by default. | |
690 The element says to use mode @var{mode} if the file specifies | |
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691 an interpreter which matches @var{interpreter}. The value of |
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692 @var{interpreter} is actually a regular expression. |
6451 | 693 |
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694 This variable is applicable only when the @code{auto-mode-alist} does |
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695 not indicate which major mode to use. |
6451 | 696 @end defvar |
697 | |
698 @node Mode Help | |
699 @subsection Getting Help about a Major Mode | |
700 @cindex mode help | |
701 @cindex help for major mode | |
702 @cindex documentation for major mode | |
703 | |
704 The @code{describe-mode} function is used to provide information | |
705 about major modes. It is normally called with @kbd{C-h m}. The | |
706 @code{describe-mode} function uses the value of @code{major-mode}, | |
707 which is why every major mode function needs to set the | |
708 @code{major-mode} variable. | |
709 | |
710 @deffn Command describe-mode | |
711 This function displays the documentation of the current major mode. | |
712 | |
713 The @code{describe-mode} function calls the @code{documentation} | |
714 function using the value of @code{major-mode} as an argument. Thus, it | |
715 displays the documentation string of the major mode function. | |
716 (@xref{Accessing Documentation}.) | |
717 @end deffn | |
718 | |
719 @defvar major-mode | |
720 This variable holds the symbol for the current buffer's major mode. | |
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721 This symbol should have a function definition that is the command to |
6451 | 722 switch to that major mode. The @code{describe-mode} function uses the |
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723 documentation string of the function as the documentation of the major |
6451 | 724 mode. |
725 @end defvar | |
726 | |
727 @node Derived Modes | |
728 @subsection Defining Derived Modes | |
729 | |
730 It's often useful to define a new major mode in terms of an existing | |
731 one. An easy way to do this is to use @code{define-derived-mode}. | |
732 | |
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733 @defmac define-derived-mode variant parent name docstring body@dots{} |
6451 | 734 This construct defines @var{variant} as a major mode command, using |
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735 @var{name} as the string form of the mode name. |
6451 | 736 |
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737 The new command @var{variant} is defined to call the function |
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738 @var{parent}, then override certain aspects of that parent mode: |
6451 | 739 |
740 @itemize @bullet | |
741 @item | |
742 The new mode has its own keymap, named @code{@var{variant}-map}. | |
743 @code{define-derived-mode} initializes this map to inherit from | |
744 @code{@var{parent}-map}, if it is not already set. | |
745 | |
746 @item | |
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747 The new mode has its own syntax table, kept in the variable |
6451 | 748 @code{@var{variant}-syntax-table}. |
749 @code{define-derived-mode} initializes this variable by copying | |
750 @code{@var{parent}-syntax-table}, if it is not already set. | |
751 | |
752 @item | |
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753 The new mode has its own abbrev table, kept in the variable |
6451 | 754 @code{@var{variant}-abbrev-table}. |
755 @code{define-derived-mode} initializes this variable by copying | |
756 @code{@var{parent}-abbrev-table}, if it is not already set. | |
757 | |
758 @item | |
759 The new mode has its own mode hook, @code{@var{variant}-hook}, | |
760 which it runs in standard fashion as the very last thing that it does. | |
761 (The new mode also runs the mode hook of @var{parent} as part | |
762 of calling @var{parent}.) | |
763 @end itemize | |
764 | |
765 In addition, you can specify how to override other aspects of | |
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766 @var{parent} with @var{body}. The command @var{variant} |
6451 | 767 evaluates the forms in @var{body} after setting up all its usual |
768 overrides, just before running @code{@var{variant}-hook}. | |
769 | |
770 The argument @var{docstring} specifies the documentation string for the | |
771 new mode. If you omit @var{docstring}, @code{define-derived-mode} | |
772 generates a documentation string. | |
773 | |
774 Here is a hypothetical example: | |
775 | |
776 @example | |
777 (define-derived-mode hypertext-mode | |
778 text-mode "Hypertext" | |
779 "Major mode for hypertext. | |
780 \\@{hypertext-mode-map@}" | |
781 (setq case-fold-search nil)) | |
782 | |
783 (define-key hypertext-mode-map | |
784 [down-mouse-3] 'do-hyper-link) | |
785 @end example | |
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786 |
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787 Do not write an @code{interactive} spec in the definition; |
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788 @code{define-derived-mode} does that automatically. |
6451 | 789 @end defmac |
790 | |
791 @node Minor Modes | |
792 @section Minor Modes | |
793 @cindex minor mode | |
794 | |
795 A @dfn{minor mode} provides features that users may enable or disable | |
796 independently of the choice of major mode. Minor modes can be enabled | |
797 individually or in combination. Minor modes would be better named | |
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798 ``generally available, optional feature modes,'' except that such a name |
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799 would be unwieldy. |
6451 | 800 |
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801 A minor mode is not usually meant as a variation of a single major mode. |
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802 Usually they are general and can apply to many major modes. For |
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803 example, Auto Fill mode works with any major mode that permits text |
6451 | 804 insertion. To be general, a minor mode must be effectively independent |
805 of the things major modes do. | |
806 | |
807 A minor mode is often much more difficult to implement than a major | |
808 mode. One reason is that you should be able to activate and deactivate | |
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809 minor modes in any order. A minor mode should be able to have its |
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810 desired effect regardless of the major mode and regardless of the other |
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811 minor modes in effect. |
6451 | 812 |
813 Often the biggest problem in implementing a minor mode is finding a | |
814 way to insert the necessary hook into the rest of Emacs. Minor mode | |
12098 | 815 keymaps make this easier than it used to be. |
6451 | 816 |
817 @menu | |
818 * Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode. | |
819 * Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap. | |
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820 * Defining Minor Modes:: A convenient facility for defining minor modes. |
6451 | 821 @end menu |
822 | |
823 @node Minor Mode Conventions | |
824 @subsection Conventions for Writing Minor Modes | |
825 @cindex minor mode conventions | |
826 @cindex conventions for writing minor modes | |
827 | |
828 There are conventions for writing minor modes just as there are for | |
829 major modes. Several of the major mode conventions apply to minor | |
830 modes as well: those regarding the name of the mode initialization | |
831 function, the names of global symbols, and the use of keymaps and | |
832 other tables. | |
833 | |
834 In addition, there are several conventions that are specific to | |
835 minor modes. | |
836 | |
837 @itemize @bullet | |
838 @item | |
839 @cindex mode variable | |
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840 Make a variable whose name ends in @samp{-mode} to control the minor |
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841 mode. We call this the @dfn{mode variable}. The minor mode command |
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842 should set this variable (@code{nil} to disable; anything else to |
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843 enable). |
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844 |
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845 If possible, implement the mode so that setting the variable |
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846 automatically enables or disables the mode. Then the minor mode command |
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847 does not need to do anything except set the variable. |
6451 | 848 |
849 This variable is used in conjunction with the @code{minor-mode-alist} to | |
850 display the minor mode name in the mode line. It can also enable | |
851 or disable a minor mode keymap. Individual commands or hooks can also | |
852 check the variable's value. | |
853 | |
854 If you want the minor mode to be enabled separately in each buffer, | |
855 make the variable buffer-local. | |
856 | |
857 @item | |
858 Define a command whose name is the same as the mode variable. | |
859 Its job is to enable and disable the mode by setting the variable. | |
860 | |
861 The command should accept one optional argument. If the argument is | |
862 @code{nil}, it should toggle the mode (turn it on if it is off, and off | |
863 if it is on). Otherwise, it should turn the mode on if the argument is | |
864 a positive integer, a symbol other than @code{nil} or @code{-}, or a | |
865 list whose @sc{car} is such an integer or symbol; it should turn the | |
866 mode off otherwise. | |
867 | |
12098 | 868 Here is an example taken from the definition of @code{transient-mark-mode}. |
869 It shows the use of @code{transient-mark-mode} as a variable that enables or | |
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870 disables the mode's behavior, and also shows the proper way to toggle, |
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871 enable or disable the minor mode based on the raw prefix argument value. |
6451 | 872 |
873 @smallexample | |
874 @group | |
12098 | 875 (setq transient-mark-mode |
876 (if (null arg) (not transient-mark-mode) | |
6451 | 877 (> (prefix-numeric-value arg) 0))) |
878 @end group | |
879 @end smallexample | |
880 | |
881 @item | |
882 Add an element to @code{minor-mode-alist} for each minor mode | |
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883 (@pxref{Mode Line Variables}), if you want to indicate the minor mode in |
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884 the mode line. This element should be a list of the following form: |
6451 | 885 |
886 @smallexample | |
887 (@var{mode-variable} @var{string}) | |
888 @end smallexample | |
889 | |
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890 Here @var{mode-variable} is the variable that controls enabling of the |
6451 | 891 minor mode, and @var{string} is a short string, starting with a space, |
892 to represent the mode in the mode line. These strings must be short so | |
893 that there is room for several of them at once. | |
894 | |
895 When you add an element to @code{minor-mode-alist}, use @code{assq} to | |
896 check for an existing element, to avoid duplication. For example: | |
897 | |
898 @smallexample | |
899 @group | |
25875 | 900 (unless (assq 'leif-mode minor-mode-alist) |
901 (setq minor-mode-alist | |
902 (cons '(leif-mode " Leif") minor-mode-alist))) | |
903 @end group | |
904 @end smallexample | |
905 | |
906 @noindent | |
907 or like this, using @code{add-to-list} (@pxref{Setting Variables}): | |
908 | |
909 @smallexample | |
910 @group | |
911 (add-to-list 'minor-mode-alist '(leif-mode " Leif")) | |
6451 | 912 @end group |
913 @end smallexample | |
914 @end itemize | |
915 | |
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916 Global minor modes distributed with Emacs should if possible support |
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917 enabling and disabling via Custom (@pxref{Customization}). To do this, |
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918 the first step is to define the mode variable with @code{defcustom}, and |
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919 specify @code{:type boolean}. |
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920 |
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921 If just setting the variable is not sufficient to enable the mode, you |
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922 should also specify a @code{:set} method which enables the mode by |
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923 invoke the mode command. Note in the variable's documentation string that |
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924 setting the variable other than via Custom may not take effect. |
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925 |
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926 Also mark the definition with an autoload cookie (@pxref{Autoload}), |
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927 and specify a @code{:require} so that customizing the variable will load |
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928 the library that defines the mode. This will copy suitable definitions |
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929 into @file{loaddefs.el} so that users can use @code{customize-option} to |
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930 enable the mode. For example: |
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931 |
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932 @smallexample |
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933 @group |
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934 |
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935 ;;;###autoload |
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936 (defcustom msb-mode nil |
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937 "Toggle msb-mode. |
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938 Setting this variable directly does not take effect; |
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939 use either \\[customize] or the function `msb-mode'." |
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940 :set (lambda (symbol value) |
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941 (msb-mode (or value 0))) |
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942 :initialize 'custom-initialize-default |
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943 :version "20.4" |
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944 :type 'boolean |
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945 :group 'msb |
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946 :require 'msb) |
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947 @end group |
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948 @end smallexample |
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949 |
6451 | 950 @node Keymaps and Minor Modes |
951 @subsection Keymaps and Minor Modes | |
952 | |
12098 | 953 Each minor mode can have its own keymap, which is active when the mode |
954 is enabled. To set up a keymap for a minor mode, add an element to the | |
955 alist @code{minor-mode-map-alist}. @xref{Active Keymaps}. | |
6451 | 956 |
957 @cindex @code{self-insert-command}, minor modes | |
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958 One use of minor mode keymaps is to modify the behavior of certain |
6451 | 959 self-inserting characters so that they do something else as well as |
960 self-insert. In general, this is the only way to do that, since the | |
961 facilities for customizing @code{self-insert-command} are limited to | |
962 special cases (designed for abbrevs and Auto Fill mode). (Do not try | |
963 substituting your own definition of @code{self-insert-command} for the | |
964 standard one. The editor command loop handles this function specially.) | |
965 | |
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966 The key sequences bound in a minor mode should consist of @kbd{C-c} |
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967 followed by a punctuation character @emph{other than} @kbd{@{}, |
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968 @kbd{@}}, @kbd{<}, @kbd{>}, @kbd{:}, and @kbd{;}. (Those few punctuation |
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969 characters are reserved for major modes.) |
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970 |
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971 @node Defining Minor Modes |
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972 @subsection Defining Minor Modes |
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973 |
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974 The macro @code{define-minor-mode} offers a convenient way of |
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975 implementing a mode in one self-contained definition. It supports only |
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976 buffer-local minor modes, not global ones. |
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977 |
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978 @defmac define-minor-mode mode doc &optional init-value mode-indicator keymap body... |
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979 @tindex define-minor-mode |
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980 This macro defines a new minor mode whose name is @var{mode} (a symbol). |
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981 It defines a command named @var{mode} to toggle the minor |
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982 mode, with @var{doc} as its documentation string. It also defines a |
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983 variable named @var{mode}, which is set to @code{t} or @code{nil} by |
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984 enabling or disabling the mode. The variable is initialized to |
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985 @var{init-value}. |
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986 |
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987 The command named @var{mode} finishes by executing the @var{body} forms, |
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988 if any, after it has performed the standard actions such as setting |
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989 the variable named @var{mode}. |
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990 |
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991 The string @var{mode-indicator} says what to display in the mode line |
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992 when the mode is enabled; if it is @code{nil}, the mode is not displayed |
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993 in the mode line. |
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994 |
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995 The optional argument @var{keymap} specifies the keymap for the minor mode. |
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996 It can be a variable name, whose value is the keymap, or it can be an alist |
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997 specifying bindings in this form: |
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998 |
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999 @example |
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1000 (@var{key-sequence} . @var{definition}) |
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1001 @end example |
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1002 @end defmac |
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1003 |
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1004 Here is an example of using @code{define-minor-mode}: |
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1005 |
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1006 @smallexample |
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1007 (define-minor-mode hungry-mode |
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1008 "Toggle Hungry mode. |
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1009 With no argument, this command toggles the mode. |
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1010 Non-null prefix argument turns on the mode. |
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1011 Null prefix argument turns off the mode. |
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1012 |
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1013 When Hungry mode is enabled, the control delete key |
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1014 gobbles all preceding whitespace except the last. |
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1015 See the command \\[hungry-electric-delete]." |
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1016 ;; The initial value. |
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1017 nil |
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1018 ;; The indicator for the mode line. |
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1019 " Hungry" |
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1020 ;; The minor mode bindings. |
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1021 '(("\C-\^?" . hungry-electric-delete) |
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1022 ("\C-\M-\^?" |
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1023 . (lambda () |
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1024 (interactive) |
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1025 (hungry-electric-delete t))))) |
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1026 @end smallexample |
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1027 |
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1028 @noindent |
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1029 This defines a minor mode named ``Hungry mode'', a command named |
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1030 @code{hungry-mode} to toggle it, a variable named @code{hungry-mode} |
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1031 which indicates whether the mode is enabled, and a variable named |
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1032 @code{hungry-mode-map} which holds the keymap that is active when the |
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1033 mode is enabled. It initializes the keymap with key bindings for |
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1034 @kbd{C-@key{DEL}} and @kbd{C-M-@key{DEL}}. |
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1035 |
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1036 |
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1037 @findex easy-mmode-define-minor-mode |
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1038 The name @code{easy-mmode-define-minor-mode} is an alias |
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1039 for this macro. |
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1040 |
6451 | 1041 @node Mode Line Format |
1042 @section Mode Line Format | |
1043 @cindex mode line | |
1044 | |
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1045 Each Emacs window (aside from minibuffer windows) typically has a mode |
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1046 line at the bottom, which displays status information about the buffer |
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1047 displayed in the window. The mode line contains information about the |
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1048 buffer, such as its name, associated file, depth of recursive editing, |
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1049 and major and minor modes. A window can also have a @dfn{header |
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1050 line}, which is much like the mode line but appears at the top of the |
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1051 window (starting in Emacs 21). |
6451 | 1052 |
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1053 This section describes how to control the contents of the mode line |
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1054 and header line. We include it in this chapter because much of the |
6451 | 1055 information displayed in the mode line relates to the enabled major and |
1056 minor modes. | |
1057 | |
1058 @code{mode-line-format} is a buffer-local variable that holds a | |
1059 template used to display the mode line of the current buffer. All | |
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1060 windows for the same buffer use the same @code{mode-line-format}, so |
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1061 their mode lines appear the same---except for scrolling percentages, and |
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1062 line and column numbers, since those depend on point and on how the |
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1063 window is scrolled. @code{header-line-format} is used likewise for |
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1064 header lines. |
6451 | 1065 |
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1066 For efficiency, Emacs does not recompute the mode line and header |
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1067 line of a window in every redisplay. It does so when circumstances |
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1068 appear to call for it---for instance, if you change the window |
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1069 configuration, switch buffers, narrow or widen the buffer, scroll, or |
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1070 change the buffer's modification status. If you modify any of the |
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1071 variables referenced by @code{mode-line-format} (@pxref{Mode Line |
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1072 Variables}), or any other variables and data structures that affect |
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1073 how text is displayed (@pxref{Display}), you may want to force an |
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1074 update of the mode line so as to display the new information or |
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1075 display it in the new way. |
6451 | 1076 |
1077 @c Emacs 19 feature | |
1078 @defun force-mode-line-update | |
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1079 Force redisplay of the current buffer's mode line and header line. |
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1080 The next redisplay will update the mode line and header line based on |
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1081 the latest values of all relevant variables. |
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1082 |
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1083 This function also forces recomputation of the menu bar menus |
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1084 and the frame title. |
6451 | 1085 @end defun |
1086 | |
1087 The mode line is usually displayed in inverse video; see | |
1088 @code{mode-line-inverse-video} in @ref{Inverse Video}. | |
1089 | |
42866
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1090 A window that is just one line tall does not display either a mode |
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1091 line or a header line, even if the variables call for one. A window |
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1092 that is two lines tall cannot display both a mode line and a header |
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1093 line at once; if the variables call for both, only the mode line |
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1094 actually appears. |
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1095 |
6451 | 1096 @menu |
1097 * Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line. | |
1098 * Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure. | |
1099 * %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line. | |
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1100 * Properties in Mode:: Using text properties in the mode line. |
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1101 * Header Lines:: Like a mode line, but at the top. |
6451 | 1102 @end menu |
1103 | |
1104 @node Mode Line Data | |
1105 @subsection The Data Structure of the Mode Line | |
1106 @cindex mode line construct | |
1107 | |
1108 The mode line contents are controlled by a data structure of lists, | |
25875 | 1109 strings, symbols, and numbers kept in buffer-local variables. The data |
1110 structure is called a @dfn{mode line construct}, and it is built in | |
1111 recursive fashion out of simpler mode line constructs. The same data | |
1112 structure is used for constructing frame titles (@pxref{Frame Titles}) | |
1113 and header lines (@pxref{Header Lines}). | |
6451 | 1114 |
1115 @defvar mode-line-format | |
1116 The value of this variable is a mode line construct with overall | |
1117 responsibility for the mode line format. The value of this variable | |
1118 controls which other variables are used to form the mode line text, and | |
1119 where they appear. | |
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1120 |
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1121 If you set this variable to @code{nil} in a buffer, that buffer does not |
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1122 have a mode line. (This feature was added in Emacs 21.) |
6451 | 1123 @end defvar |
1124 | |
1125 A mode line construct may be as simple as a fixed string of text, but | |
1126 it usually specifies how to use other variables to construct the text. | |
1127 Many of these variables are themselves defined to have mode line | |
1128 constructs as their values. | |
1129 | |
1130 The default value of @code{mode-line-format} incorporates the values | |
1131 of variables such as @code{mode-name} and @code{minor-mode-alist}. | |
21007
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1132 Because of this, very few modes need to alter @code{mode-line-format} |
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1133 itself. For most purposes, it is sufficient to alter some of the |
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1134 variables that @code{mode-line-format} refers to. |
6451 | 1135 |
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1136 A mode line construct may be a list, a symbol, or a string. If the |
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1137 value is a list, each element may be a list, a symbol, or a string. |
6451 | 1138 |
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1139 The mode line can display various faces, if the strings that control |
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1140 it have the @code{face} property. @xref{Properties in Mode}. In |
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1141 addition, the face @code{mode-line} is used as a default for the whole |
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1142 mode line (@pxref{Standard Faces}). |
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1143 |
6451 | 1144 @table @code |
1145 @cindex percent symbol in mode line | |
1146 @item @var{string} | |
1147 A string as a mode line construct is displayed verbatim in the mode line | |
12098 | 1148 except for @dfn{@code{%}-constructs}. Decimal digits after the @samp{%} |
6451 | 1149 specify the field width for space filling on the right (i.e., the data |
1150 is left justified). @xref{%-Constructs}. | |
1151 | |
1152 @item @var{symbol} | |
1153 A symbol as a mode line construct stands for its value. The value of | |
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1154 @var{symbol} is used as a mode line construct, in place of @var{symbol}. |
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1155 However, the symbols @code{t} and @code{nil} are ignored, as is any |
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1156 symbol whose value is void. |
6451 | 1157 |
1158 There is one exception: if the value of @var{symbol} is a string, it is | |
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1159 displayed verbatim: the @code{%}-constructs are not recognized. |
6451 | 1160 |
1161 @item (@var{string} @var{rest}@dots{}) @r{or} (@var{list} @var{rest}@dots{}) | |
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1162 A list whose first element is a string or list means to process all the |
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1163 elements recursively and concatenate the results. This is the most |
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1164 common form of mode line construct. |
6451 | 1165 |
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1166 @item (:eval @var{form}) |
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1167 A list whose first element is the symbol @code{:eval} says to evaluate |
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1168 @var{form}, and use the result as a string to display. |
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1169 (This feature is new as of Emacs 21.) |
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1170 |
6451 | 1171 @item (@var{symbol} @var{then} @var{else}) |
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1172 A list whose first element is a symbol that is not a keyword specifies a |
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1173 conditional. Its meaning depends on the value of @var{symbol}. If the |
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1174 value is non-@code{nil}, the second element, @var{then}, is processed |
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1175 recursively as a mode line element. But if the value of @var{symbol} is |
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1176 @code{nil}, the third element, @var{else}, is processed recursively. |
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1177 You may omit @var{else}; then the mode line element displays nothing if |
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1178 the value of @var{symbol} is @code{nil}. |
6451 | 1179 |
1180 @item (@var{width} @var{rest}@dots{}) | |
1181 A list whose first element is an integer specifies truncation or | |
1182 padding of the results of @var{rest}. The remaining elements | |
1183 @var{rest} are processed recursively as mode line constructs and | |
1184 concatenated together. Then the result is space filled (if | |
1185 @var{width} is positive) or truncated (to @minus{}@var{width} columns, | |
1186 if @var{width} is negative) on the right. | |
1187 | |
1188 For example, the usual way to show what percentage of a buffer is above | |
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1189 the top of the window is to use a list like this: @code{(-3 "%p")}. |
6451 | 1190 @end table |
1191 | |
1192 If you do alter @code{mode-line-format} itself, the new value should | |
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1193 use the same variables that appear in the default value (@pxref{Mode |
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1194 Line Variables}), rather than duplicating their contents or displaying |
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1195 the information in another fashion. This way, customizations made by |
12098 | 1196 the user or by Lisp programs (such as @code{display-time} and major |
1197 modes) via changes to those variables remain effective. | |
6451 | 1198 |
1199 @cindex Shell mode @code{mode-line-format} | |
1200 Here is an example of a @code{mode-line-format} that might be | |
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1201 useful for @code{shell-mode}, since it contains the host name and default |
6451 | 1202 directory. |
1203 | |
1204 @example | |
1205 @group | |
1206 (setq mode-line-format | |
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1207 (list "-" |
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1208 'mode-line-mule-info |
6451 | 1209 'mode-line-modified |
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1210 'mode-line-frame-identification |
6451 | 1211 "%b--" |
1212 @end group | |
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1213 @group |
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1214 ;; @r{Note that this is evaluated while making the list.} |
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1215 ;; @r{It makes a mode line construct which is just a string.} |
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1216 (getenv "HOST") |
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1217 @end group |
6451 | 1218 ":" |
1219 'default-directory | |
1220 " " | |
1221 'global-mode-string | |
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1222 " %[(" |
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1223 '(:eval (mode-line-mode-name)) |
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1224 'mode-line-process |
6451 | 1225 'minor-mode-alist |
1226 "%n" | |
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1227 ")%]--" |
6451 | 1228 @group |
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1229 '(which-func-mode ("" which-func-format "--")) |
12098 | 1230 '(line-number-mode "L%l--") |
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1231 '(column-number-mode "C%c--") |
6451 | 1232 '(-3 . "%p") |
1233 "-%-")) | |
1234 @end group | |
1235 @end example | |
1236 | |
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1237 @noindent |
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1238 (The variables @code{line-number-mode}, @code{column-number-mode} |
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1239 and @code{which-func-mode} enable particular minor modes; as usual, |
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1240 these variable names are also the minor mode command names.) |
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1241 |
6451 | 1242 @node Mode Line Variables |
1243 @subsection Variables Used in the Mode Line | |
1244 | |
1245 This section describes variables incorporated by the | |
1246 standard value of @code{mode-line-format} into the text of the mode | |
1247 line. There is nothing inherently special about these variables; any | |
1248 other variables could have the same effects on the mode line if | |
1249 @code{mode-line-format} were changed to use them. | |
1250 | |
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1251 @defvar mode-line-mule-info |
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1252 This variable holds the value of the mode-line construct that displays |
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1253 information about the language environment, buffer coding system, and |
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1254 current input method. @xref{Non-ASCII Characters}. |
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1255 @end defvar |
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1256 |
6451 | 1257 @defvar mode-line-modified |
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1258 This variable holds the value of the mode-line construct that displays |
6451 | 1259 whether the current buffer is modified. |
1260 | |
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1261 The default value of @code{mode-line-modified} is @code{("%1*%1+")}. |
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1262 This means that the mode line displays @samp{**} if the buffer is |
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1263 modified, @samp{--} if the buffer is not modified, @samp{%%} if the |
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1264 buffer is read only, and @samp{%*} if the buffer is read only and |
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1265 modified. |
6451 | 1266 |
1267 Changing this variable does not force an update of the mode line. | |
1268 @end defvar | |
1269 | |
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1270 @defvar mode-line-frame-identification |
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1271 This variable identifies the current frame. The default value is |
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1272 @code{" "} if you are using a window system which can show multiple |
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1273 frames, or @code{"-%F "} on an ordinary terminal which shows only one |
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1274 frame at a time. |
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1275 @end defvar |
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1276 |
6451 | 1277 @defvar mode-line-buffer-identification |
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1278 This variable identifies the buffer being displayed in the window. Its |
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1279 default value is @code{("%12b")}, which displays the buffer name, padded |
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1280 with spaces to at least 12 columns. |
6451 | 1281 @end defvar |
1282 | |
1283 @defvar global-mode-string | |
1284 This variable holds a mode line spec that appears in the mode line by | |
1285 default, just after the buffer name. The command @code{display-time} | |
1286 sets @code{global-mode-string} to refer to the variable | |
1287 @code{display-time-string}, which holds a string containing the time and | |
1288 load information. | |
1289 | |
1290 The @samp{%M} construct substitutes the value of | |
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1291 @code{global-mode-string}, but that is obsolete, since the variable is |
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1292 included in the mode line from @code{mode-line-format}. |
6451 | 1293 @end defvar |
1294 | |
1295 @defvar mode-name | |
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1296 This buffer-local variable holds the ``pretty'' name of the current |
6451 | 1297 buffer's major mode. Each major mode should set this variable so that the |
1298 mode name will appear in the mode line. | |
1299 @end defvar | |
1300 | |
1301 @defvar minor-mode-alist | |
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1302 This variable holds an association list whose elements specify how the |
6451 | 1303 mode line should indicate that a minor mode is active. Each element of |
1304 the @code{minor-mode-alist} should be a two-element list: | |
1305 | |
1306 @example | |
1307 (@var{minor-mode-variable} @var{mode-line-string}) | |
1308 @end example | |
1309 | |
1310 More generally, @var{mode-line-string} can be any mode line spec. It | |
1311 appears in the mode line when the value of @var{minor-mode-variable} is | |
1312 non-@code{nil}, and not otherwise. These strings should begin with | |
1313 spaces so that they don't run together. Conventionally, the | |
1314 @var{minor-mode-variable} for a specific mode is set to a non-@code{nil} | |
1315 value when that minor mode is activated. | |
1316 | |
1317 The default value of @code{minor-mode-alist} is: | |
1318 | |
1319 @example | |
1320 @group | |
1321 minor-mode-alist | |
12098 | 1322 @result{} ((vc-mode vc-mode) |
1323 (abbrev-mode " Abbrev") | |
1324 (overwrite-mode overwrite-mode) | |
6451 | 1325 (auto-fill-function " Fill") |
12098 | 1326 (defining-kbd-macro " Def") |
1327 (isearch-mode isearch-mode)) | |
6451 | 1328 @end group |
1329 @end example | |
1330 | |
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1331 @code{minor-mode-alist} itself is not buffer-local. Each variable |
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1332 mentioned in the alist should be buffer-local if its minor mode can be |
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1333 enabled separately in each buffer. |
6451 | 1334 @end defvar |
1335 | |
1336 @defvar mode-line-process | |
1337 This buffer-local variable contains the mode line information on process | |
1338 status in modes used for communicating with subprocesses. It is | |
1339 displayed immediately following the major mode name, with no intervening | |
1340 space. For example, its value in the @samp{*shell*} buffer is | |
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1341 @code{(":%s")}, which allows the shell to display its status along |
25875 | 1342 with the major mode as: @samp{(Shell:run)}. Normally this variable |
6451 | 1343 is @code{nil}. |
1344 @end defvar | |
1345 | |
25875 | 1346 Some variables are used by @code{minor-mode-alist} to display |
1347 a string for various minor modes when enabled. This is a typical | |
1348 example: | |
1349 | |
1350 @defvar vc-mode | |
1351 The variable @code{vc-mode}, buffer-local in each buffer, records | |
1352 whether the buffer's visited file is maintained with version control, | |
1353 and, if so, which kind. Its value is a string that appears in the mode | |
1354 line, or @code{nil} for no version control. | |
1355 @end defvar | |
1356 | |
1357 The variable @code{default-mode-line-format} is where | |
1358 @code{mode-line-format} usually gets its value: | |
1359 | |
6451 | 1360 @defvar default-mode-line-format |
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1361 This variable holds the default @code{mode-line-format} for buffers |
6451 | 1362 that do not override it. This is the same as @code{(default-value |
1363 'mode-line-format)}. | |
1364 | |
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1365 The default value of @code{default-mode-line-format} is this list: |
6451 | 1366 |
1367 @example | |
1368 @group | |
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1369 ("-" |
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1370 mode-line-mule-info |
6451 | 1371 mode-line-modified |
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1372 mode-line-frame-identification |
6451 | 1373 mode-line-buffer-identification |
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1374 @end group |
6451 | 1375 " " |
1376 global-mode-string | |
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1377 @group |
6451 | 1378 " %[(" |
25875 | 1379 ;; @r{@code{mode-line-mode-name} is a function} |
26211 | 1380 ;; @r{that copies the mode name and adds text} |
25875 | 1381 ;; @r{properties to make it mouse-sensitive.} |
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1382 (:eval (mode-line-mode-name)) |
12098 | 1383 mode-line-process |
6451 | 1384 minor-mode-alist |
1385 "%n" | |
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1386 ")%]--" |
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1387 @end group |
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1388 @group |
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1389 (which-func-mode ("" which-func-format "--")) |
12098 | 1390 (line-number-mode "L%l--") |
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1391 (column-number-mode "C%c--") |
6451 | 1392 (-3 . "%p") |
1393 "-%-") | |
1394 @end group | |
1395 @end example | |
1396 @end defvar | |
1397 | |
1398 @node %-Constructs | |
1399 @subsection @code{%}-Constructs in the Mode Line | |
1400 | |
1401 The following table lists the recognized @code{%}-constructs and what | |
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1402 they mean. In any construct except @samp{%%}, you can add a decimal |
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1403 integer after the @samp{%} to specify how many characters to display. |
6451 | 1404 |
1405 @table @code | |
1406 @item %b | |
1407 The current buffer name, obtained with the @code{buffer-name} function. | |
1408 @xref{Buffer Names}. | |
1409 | |
25875 | 1410 @item %c |
1411 The current column number of point. | |
1412 | |
6451 | 1413 @item %f |
1414 The visited file name, obtained with the @code{buffer-file-name} | |
1415 function. @xref{Buffer File Name}. | |
1416 | |
12067 | 1417 @item %F |
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1418 The title (only on a window system) or the name of the selected frame. |
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1419 @xref{Window Frame Parameters}. |
12067 | 1420 |
1421 @item %l | |
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1422 The current line number of point, counting within the accessible portion |
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1423 of the buffer. |
12067 | 1424 |
25875 | 1425 @item %n |
1426 @samp{Narrow} when narrowing is in effect; nothing otherwise (see | |
1427 @code{narrow-to-region} in @ref{Narrowing}). | |
1428 | |
1429 @item %p | |
1430 The percentage of the buffer text above the @strong{top} of window, or | |
1431 @samp{Top}, @samp{Bottom} or @samp{All}. Note that the default | |
1432 mode-line specification truncates this to three characters. | |
1433 | |
1434 @item %P | |
1435 The percentage of the buffer text that is above the @strong{bottom} of | |
1436 the window (which includes the text visible in the window, as well as | |
1437 the text above the top), plus @samp{Top} if the top of the buffer is | |
1438 visible on screen; or @samp{Bottom} or @samp{All}. | |
1439 | |
1440 @item %s | |
1441 The status of the subprocess belonging to the current buffer, obtained with | |
1442 @code{process-status}. @xref{Process Information}. | |
1443 | |
1444 @item %t | |
1445 Whether the visited file is a text file or a binary file. This is a | |
1446 meaningful distinction only on certain operating systems (@pxref{MS-DOS | |
1447 File Types}). | |
1448 | |
6451 | 1449 @item %* |
1450 @samp{%} if the buffer is read only (see @code{buffer-read-only}); @* | |
1451 @samp{*} if the buffer is modified (see @code{buffer-modified-p}); @* | |
1452 @samp{-} otherwise. @xref{Buffer Modification}. | |
1453 | |
1454 @item %+ | |
12067 | 1455 @samp{*} if the buffer is modified (see @code{buffer-modified-p}); @* |
1456 @samp{%} if the buffer is read only (see @code{buffer-read-only}); @* | |
1457 @samp{-} otherwise. This differs from @samp{%*} only for a modified | |
1458 read-only buffer. @xref{Buffer Modification}. | |
1459 | |
1460 @item %& | |
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1461 @samp{*} if the buffer is modified, and @samp{-} otherwise. |
6451 | 1462 |
1463 @item %[ | |
1464 An indication of the depth of recursive editing levels (not counting | |
1465 minibuffer levels): one @samp{[} for each editing level. | |
1466 @xref{Recursive Editing}. | |
1467 | |
1468 @item %] | |
1469 One @samp{]} for each recursive editing level (not counting minibuffer | |
1470 levels). | |
1471 | |
25875 | 1472 @item %- |
1473 Dashes sufficient to fill the remainder of the mode line. | |
1474 | |
6451 | 1475 @item %% |
1476 The character @samp{%}---this is how to include a literal @samp{%} in a | |
1477 string in which @code{%}-constructs are allowed. | |
1478 @end table | |
1479 | |
1480 The following two @code{%}-constructs are still supported, but they are | |
1481 obsolete, since you can get the same results with the variables | |
1482 @code{mode-name} and @code{global-mode-string}. | |
1483 | |
1484 @table @code | |
1485 @item %m | |
1486 The value of @code{mode-name}. | |
1487 | |
1488 @item %M | |
1489 The value of @code{global-mode-string}. Currently, only | |
1490 @code{display-time} modifies the value of @code{global-mode-string}. | |
1491 @end table | |
1492 | |
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1493 @node Properties in Mode |
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1494 @subsection Properties in the Mode Line |
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1495 |
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1496 Starting in Emacs 21, certain text properties are meaningful in the |
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1497 mode line. The @code{face} property affects the appearance of text; the |
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1498 @code{help-echo} property associate help strings with the text, and |
29102 | 1499 @code{local-map} can make the text mouse-sensitive. |
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1500 |
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1501 There are three ways to specify text properties for text in the mode |
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1502 line: |
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1503 |
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1504 @enumerate |
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1505 @item |
29102 | 1506 Put a string with the @code{local-map} property directly into the |
1507 mode-line data structure. | |
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1508 |
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1509 @item |
29102 | 1510 Put a @code{local-map} property on a mode-line %-construct |
1511 such as @samp{%12b}; then the expansion of the %-construct | |
1512 will have that same text property. | |
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1513 |
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1514 @item |
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1515 Use a list containing @code{:eval @var{form}} in the mode-line data |
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1516 structure, and make @var{form} evaluate to a string that has a |
29102 | 1517 @code{local-map} property. |
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1518 @end enumerate |
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1519 |
29102 | 1520 You use the @code{local-map} property to specify a keymap. Like any |
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1521 keymap, it can bind character keys and function keys; but that has no |
25875 | 1522 effect, since it is impossible to move point into the mode line. This |
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1523 keymap can only take real effect for mouse clicks. |
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1524 |
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1525 @node Header Lines |
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1526 @subsection Window Header Lines |
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1527 @cindex header line (of a window) |
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1528 @cindex window header line |
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1529 |
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1530 Starting in Emacs 21, a window can have a @dfn{header line} at the |
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1531 top, just as it can have a mode line at the bottom. The header line |
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1532 feature works just like the mode line feature, except that it's |
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1533 controlled by different variables. |
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1534 |
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1535 @tindex header-line-format |
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1536 @defvar header-line-format |
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1537 This variable, local in every buffer, specifies how to display the |
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1538 header line, for windows displaying the buffer. The format of the value |
26783 | 1539 is the same as for @code{mode-line-format} (@pxref{Mode Line Data}). |
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1540 @end defvar |
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1541 |
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1542 @tindex default-header-line-format |
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1543 @defvar default-header-line-format |
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1544 This variable holds the default @code{header-line-format} for buffers |
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1545 that do not override it. This is the same as @code{(default-value |
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1546 'header-line-format)}. |
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1547 |
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1548 It is normally @code{nil}, so that ordinary buffers have no header line. |
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1549 @end defvar |
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1550 |
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1551 @node Imenu |
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1552 @section Imenu |
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1553 |
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1554 @cindex Imenu |
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1555 @dfn{Imenu} is a feature that lets users select a definition or |
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1556 section in the buffer, from a menu which lists all of them, to go |
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1557 directly to that location in the buffer. Imenu works by constructing a |
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1558 buffer index which lists the names and buffer positions of the |
25875 | 1559 definitions, or other named portions of the buffer; then the user can |
1560 choose one of them and move point to it. This section explains how to | |
1561 customize how Imenu finds the definitions or buffer portions for a | |
1562 particular major mode. | |
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1563 |
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1564 The usual and simplest way is to set the variable |
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1565 @code{imenu-generic-expression}: |
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1566 |
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1567 @defvar imenu-generic-expression |
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1568 This variable, if non-@code{nil}, specifies regular expressions for |
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1569 finding definitions for Imenu. In the simplest case, elements should |
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1570 look like this: |
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1571 |
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1572 @example |
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1573 (@var{menu-title} @var{regexp} @var{subexp}) |
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1574 @end example |
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1575 |
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1576 Here, if @var{menu-title} is non-@code{nil}, it says that the matches |
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1577 for this element should go in a submenu of the buffer index; |
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1578 @var{menu-title} itself specifies the name for the submenu. If |
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1579 @var{menu-title} is @code{nil}, the matches for this element go directly |
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1580 in the top level of the buffer index. |
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1581 |
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1582 The second item in the list, @var{regexp}, is a regular expression |
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1583 (@pxref{Regular Expressions}); anything in the buffer that it matches is |
25875 | 1584 considered a definition, something to mention in the buffer index. The |
1585 third item, @var{subexp}, indicates which subexpression in @var{regexp} | |
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1586 matches the definition's name. |
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1587 |
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1588 An element can also look like this: |
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1589 |
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1590 @example |
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1591 (@var{menu-title} @var{regexp} @var{index} @var{function} @var{arguments}@dots{}) |
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1592 @end example |
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1593 |
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1594 Each match for this element creates a special index item which, if |
25875 | 1595 selected by the user, calls @var{function} with arguments consisting of |
1596 the item name, the buffer position, and @var{arguments}. | |
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1597 |
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1598 For Emacs Lisp mode, @var{pattern} could look like this: |
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1599 |
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1600 @c should probably use imenu-syntax-alist and \\sw rather than [-A-Za-z0-9+] |
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1601 @example |
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1602 @group |
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1603 ((nil "^\\s-*(def\\(un\\|subst\\|macro\\|advice\\)\ |
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1604 \\s-+\\([-A-Za-z0-9+]+\\)" 2) |
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1605 @end group |
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1606 @group |
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1607 ("*Vars*" "^\\s-*(def\\(var\\|const\\)\ |
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1608 \\s-+\\([-A-Za-z0-9+]+\\)" 2) |
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1609 @end group |
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1610 @group |
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1611 ("*Types*" |
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1612 "^\\s-*\ |
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1613 (def\\(type\\|struct\\|class\\|ine-condition\\)\ |
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1614 \\s-+\\([-A-Za-z0-9+]+\\)" 2)) |
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1615 @end group |
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1616 @end example |
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1617 |
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1618 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
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1619 @end defvar |
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1620 |
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1621 @defvar imenu-case-fold-search |
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1622 This variable controls whether matching against |
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1623 @var{imenu-generic-expression} is case-sensitive: @code{t}, the default, |
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1624 means matching should ignore case. |
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1625 |
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1626 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
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1627 @end defvar |
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1628 |
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1629 @defvar imenu-syntax-alist |
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1630 This variable is an alist of syntax table modifiers to use while |
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1631 processing @code{imenu-generic-expression}, to override the syntax table |
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1632 of the current buffer. Each element should have this form: |
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1633 |
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1634 @example |
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1635 (@var{characters} . @var{syntax-description}) |
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1636 @end example |
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1637 |
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1638 The @sc{car}, @var{characters}, can be either a character or a string. |
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1639 The element says to give that character or characters the syntax |
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1640 specified by @var{syntax-description}, which is passed to |
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1641 @code{modify-syntax-entry} (@pxref{Syntax Table Functions}). |
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1642 |
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1643 This feature is typically used to give word syntax to characters which |
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1644 normally have symbol syntax, and thus to simplify |
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1645 @code{imenu-generic-expression} and speed up matching. |
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1646 For example, Fortran mode uses it this way: |
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1647 |
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1648 @example |
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1649 (setq imenu-syntax-alist '(("_$" . "w"))) |
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1650 @end example |
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1651 |
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1652 The @code{imenu-generic-expression} patterns can then use @samp{\\sw+} |
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1653 instead of @samp{\\(\\sw\\|\\s_\\)+}. Note that this technique may be |
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1654 inconvenient when the mode needs to limit the initial character |
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1655 of a name to a smaller set of characters than are allowed in the rest |
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1656 of a name. |
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1657 |
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1658 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
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1659 @end defvar |
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1660 |
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1661 Another way to customize Imenu for a major mode is to set the |
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1662 variables @code{imenu-prev-index-position-function} and |
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1663 @code{imenu-extract-index-name-function}: |
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1664 |
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1665 @defvar imenu-prev-index-position-function |
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1666 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, its value should be a function that |
25875 | 1667 finds the next ``definition'' to put in the buffer index, scanning |
1668 backward in the buffer from point. It should return @code{nil} if it | |
1669 doesn't find another ``definition'' before point. Otherwise it shuould | |
1670 leave point at the place it finds a ``definition,'' and return any | |
1671 non-@code{nil} value. | |
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1672 |
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1673 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
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1674 @end defvar |
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1675 |
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1676 @defvar imenu-extract-index-name-function |
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1677 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, its value should be a function to |
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1678 return the name for a definition, assuming point is in that definition |
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1679 as the @code{imenu-prev-index-position-function} function would leave |
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1680 it. |
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1681 |
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1682 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
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1683 @end defvar |
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1684 |
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1685 The last way to customize Imenu for a major mode is to set the |
25875 | 1686 variable @code{imenu-create-index-function}: |
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1687 |
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1688 @defvar imenu-create-index-function |
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1689 This variable specifies the function to use for creating a buffer index. |
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1690 The function should take no arguments, and return an index for the |
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1691 current buffer. It is called within @code{save-excursion}, so where it |
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1692 leaves point makes no difference. |
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1693 |
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1694 The default value is a function that uses |
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1695 @code{imenu-generic-expression} to produce the index alist. If you |
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1696 specify a different function, then @code{imenu-generic-expression} is |
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1697 not used. |
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1698 |
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1699 Setting this variable makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
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1700 @end defvar |
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1701 |
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1702 @defvar imenu-index-alist |
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1703 This variable holds the index alist for the current buffer. |
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1704 Setting it makes it buffer-local in the current buffer. |
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1705 |
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1706 Simple elements in the alist look like @code{(@var{index-name} |
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1707 . @var{index-position})}. Selecting a simple element has the effect of |
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1708 moving to position @var{index-position} in the buffer. |
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1709 |
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1710 Special elements look like @code{(@var{index-name} @var{position} |
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1711 @var{function} @var{arguments}@dots{})}. Selecting a special element |
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1712 performs |
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1713 |
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1714 @example |
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1715 (funcall @var{function} @var{index-name} @var{position} @var{arguments}@dots{}) |
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1716 @end example |
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1717 |
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1718 A nested sub-alist element looks like @code{(@var{index-name} |
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1719 @var{sub-alist})}. |
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1720 @end defvar |
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1721 |
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1722 @node Font Lock Mode |
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1723 @section Font Lock Mode |
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1724 @cindex Font Lock Mode |
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1725 |
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1726 @dfn{Font Lock mode} is a feature that automatically attaches |
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1727 @code{face} properties to certain parts of the buffer based on their |
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1728 syntactic role. How it parses the buffer depends on the major mode; |
25875 | 1729 most major modes define syntactic criteria for which faces to use in |
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1730 which contexts. This section explains how to customize Font Lock for a |
25875 | 1731 particular major mode. |
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1732 |
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1733 Font Lock mode finds text to highlight in two ways: through syntactic |
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1734 parsing based on the syntax table, and through searching (usually for |
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1735 regular expressions). Syntactic fontification happens first; it finds |
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1736 comments and string constants, and highlights them using |
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1737 @code{font-lock-comment-face} and @code{font-lock-string-face} |
25875 | 1738 (@pxref{Faces for Font Lock}). Search-based fontification follows. |
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1739 |
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1740 @menu |
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1741 * Font Lock Basics:: |
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1742 * Search-based Fontification:: |
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1743 * Other Font Lock Variables:: |
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1744 * Levels of Font Lock:: |
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1745 * Precalculated Fontification:: |
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1746 * Faces for Font Lock:: |
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1747 * Syntactic Font Lock:: |
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1748 @end menu |
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1749 |
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1750 @node Font Lock Basics |
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1751 @subsection Font Lock Basics |
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1752 |
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1753 There are several variables that control how Font Lock mode highlights |
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1754 text. But major modes should not set any of these variables directly. |
24934 | 1755 Instead, they should set @code{font-lock-defaults} as a buffer-local |
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1756 variable. The value assigned to this variable is used, if and when Font |
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1757 Lock mode is enabled, to set all the other variables. |
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1758 |
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1759 @defvar font-lock-defaults |
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1760 This variable is set by major modes, as a buffer-local variable, to |
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1761 specify how to fontify text in that mode. The value should look like |
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1762 this: |
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1763 |
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1764 @example |
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1765 (@var{keywords} @var{keywords-only} @var{case-fold} |
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1766 @var{syntax-alist} @var{syntax-begin} @var{other-vars}@dots{}) |
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1767 @end example |
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1768 |
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1769 The first element, @var{keywords}, indirectly specifies the value of |
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1770 @code{font-lock-keywords}. It can be a symbol, a variable whose value |
25875 | 1771 is the list to use for @code{font-lock-keywords}. It can also be a list of |
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1772 several such symbols, one for each possible level of fontification. The |
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1773 first symbol specifies how to do level 1 fontification, the second |
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1774 symbol how to do level 2, and so on. |
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1775 |
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1776 The second element, @var{keywords-only}, specifies the value of the |
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1777 variable @code{font-lock-keywords-only}. If this is non-@code{nil}, |
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1778 syntactic fontification (of strings and comments) is not performed. |
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1779 |
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1780 The third element, @var{case-fold}, specifies the value of |
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1781 @code{font-lock-case-fold-search}. If it is non-@code{nil}, Font Lock |
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1782 mode ignores case when searching as directed by |
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1783 @code{font-lock-keywords}. |
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1784 |
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1785 If the fourth element, @var{syntax-alist}, is non-@code{nil}, it should be |
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1786 a list of cons cells of the form @code{(@var{char-or-string} |
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1787 . @var{string})}. These are used to set up a syntax table for |
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1788 fontification (@pxref{Syntax Table Functions}). The resulting syntax |
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1789 table is stored in @code{font-lock-syntax-table}. |
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1790 |
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1791 The fifth element, @var{syntax-begin}, specifies the value of |
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1792 @code{font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function} (see below). |
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1793 |
25875 | 1794 All the remaining elements (if any) are collectively called |
1795 @var{other-vars}. Each of these elements should have the form | |
1796 @code{(@var{variable} . @var{value})}---which means, make @var{variable} | |
1797 buffer-local and then set it to @var{value}. You can use these | |
1798 @var{other-vars} to set other variables that affect fontification, | |
1799 aside from those you can control with the first five elements. | |
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1800 @end defvar |
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1801 |
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1802 @node Search-based Fontification |
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1803 @subsection Search-based Fontification |
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1804 |
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1805 The most important variable for customizing Font Lock mode is |
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1806 @code{font-lock-keywords}. It specifies the search criteria for |
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1807 search-based fontification. |
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1808 |
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1809 @defvar font-lock-keywords |
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1810 This variable's value is a list of the keywords to highlight. Be |
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1811 careful when composing regular expressions for this list; a poorly |
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1812 written pattern can dramatically slow things down! |
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1813 @end defvar |
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1814 |
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1815 Each element of @code{font-lock-keywords} specifies how to find |
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1816 certain cases of text, and how to highlight those cases. Font Lock mode |
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1817 processes the elements of @code{font-lock-keywords} one by one, and for |
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1818 each element, it finds and handles all matches. Ordinarily, once |
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1819 part of the text has been fontified already, this cannot be overridden |
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1820 by a subsequent match in the same text; but you can specify different |
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1821 behavior using the @var{override} element of a @var{highlighter}. |
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1822 |
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1823 Each element of @code{font-lock-keywords} should have one of these |
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1824 forms: |
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1825 |
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1826 @table @code |
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1827 @item @var{regexp} |
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1828 Highlight all matches for @var{regexp} using |
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1829 @code{font-lock-keyword-face}. For example, |
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1830 |
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1831 @example |
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1832 ;; @r{Highlight discrete occurrences of @samp{foo}} |
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1833 ;; @r{using @code{font-lock-keyword-face}.} |
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1834 "\\<foo\\>" |
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1835 @end example |
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1836 |
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1837 The function @code{regexp-opt} (@pxref{Syntax of Regexps}) is useful for |
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1838 calculating optimal regular expressions to match a number of different |
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1839 keywords. |
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1840 |
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1841 @item @var{function} |
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1842 Find text by calling @var{function}, and highlight the matches |
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1843 it finds using @code{font-lock-keyword-face}. |
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1844 |
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1845 When @var{function} is called, it receives one argument, the limit of |
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1846 the search; it should searching at point, and not search beyond the |
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1847 limit. It should return non-@code{nil} if it succeeds, and set the |
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1848 match data to describe the match that was found. Returning @code{nil} |
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1849 indicates failure of the search. |
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1850 |
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1851 Fontification will call @var{function} repeatedly with the same limit, |
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1852 and with point where the previous invocation left it, until |
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1853 @var{function} fails. On failure, @var{function} need not reset point |
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1854 in any particular way. |
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1855 |
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1856 @item (@var{matcher} . @var{match}) |
24934 | 1857 In this kind of element, @var{matcher} is either a regular |
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1858 expression or a function, as described above. The @sc{cdr}, |
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1859 @var{match}, specifies which subexpression of @var{matcher} should be |
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1860 highlighted (instead of the entire text that @var{matcher} matched). |
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1861 |
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1862 @example |
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1863 ;; @r{Highlight the @samp{bar} in each occurrence of @samp{fubar},} |
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1864 ;; @r{using @code{font-lock-keyword-face}.} |
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1865 ("fu\\(bar\\)" . 1) |
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1866 @end example |
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1867 |
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1868 If you use @code{regexp-opt} to produce the regular expression |
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1869 @var{matcher}, then you can use @code{regexp-opt-depth} (@pxref{Syntax |
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1870 of Regexps}) to calculate the value for @var{match}. |
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1871 |
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1872 @item (@var{matcher} . @var{facename}) |
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1873 In this kind of element, @var{facename} is an expression whose value |
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1874 specifies the face name to use for highlighting. |
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1875 |
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1876 @example |
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1877 ;; @r{Highlight occurrences of @samp{fubar},} |
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1878 ;; @r{using the face which is the value of @code{fubar-face}.} |
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1879 ("fubar" . fubar-face) |
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1880 @end example |
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1881 |
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1882 @item (@var{matcher} . @var{highlighter}) |
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1883 In this kind of element, @var{highlighter} is a list |
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1884 which specifies how to highlight matches found by @var{matcher}. |
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1885 It has the form |
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1886 |
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1887 @example |
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1888 (@var{subexp} @var{facename} @var{override} @var{laxmatch}) |
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1889 @end example |
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1890 |
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1891 The @sc{car}, @var{subexp}, is an integer specifying which subexpression |
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1892 of the match to fontify (0 means the entire matching text). The second |
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1893 subelement, @var{facename}, specifies the face, as described above. |
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1894 |
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1895 The last two values in @var{highlighter}, @var{override} and |
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1896 @var{laxmatch}, are flags. If @var{override} is @code{t}, this element |
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1897 can override existing fontification made by previous elements of |
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1898 @code{font-lock-keywords}. If it is @code{keep}, then each character is |
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1899 fontified if it has not been fontified already by some other element. |
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1900 If it is @code{prepend}, the face @var{facename} is added to the |
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1901 beginning of the @code{face} property. If it is @code{append}, the face |
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1902 @var{facename} is added to the end of the @code{face} property. |
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1903 |
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1904 If @var{laxmatch} is non-@code{nil}, it means there should be no error |
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1905 if there is no subexpression numbered @var{subexp} in @var{matcher}. |
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1906 Obviously, fontification of the subexpression numbered @var{subexp} will |
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1907 not occur. However, fontification of other subexpressions (and other |
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1908 regexps) will continue. If @var{laxmatch} is @code{nil}, and the |
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1909 specified subexpression is missing, then an error is signalled which |
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1910 terminates search-based fontification. |
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1911 |
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1912 Here are some examples of elements of this kind, and what they do: |
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1913 |
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1914 @smallexample |
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1915 ;; @r{Highlight occurrences of either @samp{foo} or @samp{bar},} |
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1916 ;; @r{using @code{foo-bar-face}, even if they have already been highlighted.} |
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1917 ;; @r{@code{foo-bar-face} should be a variable whose value is a face.} |
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1918 ("foo\\|bar" 0 foo-bar-face t) |
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1919 |
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1920 ;; @r{Highlight the first subexpression within each occurrence} |
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1921 ;; @r{that the function @code{fubar-match} finds,} |
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1922 ;; @r{using the face which is the value of @code{fubar-face}.} |
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1923 (fubar-match 1 fubar-face) |
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1924 @end smallexample |
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1925 |
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1926 @item (@var{matcher} @var{highlighters}@dots{}) |
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1927 This sort of element specifies several @var{highlighter} lists for a |
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1928 single @var{matcher}. In order for this to be useful, each |
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1929 @var{highlighter} should have a different value of @var{subexp}; that is, |
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1930 each one should apply to a different subexpression of @var{matcher}. |
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1931 |
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1932 @ignore |
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1933 @item (@var{matcher} . @var{anchored}) |
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1934 In this kind of element, @var{anchored} acts much like a |
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1935 @var{highlighter}, but it is more complex and can specify multiple |
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1936 successive searches. |
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1937 |
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1938 For highlighting single items, typically only @var{highlighter} is |
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1939 required. However, if an item or (typically) items are to be |
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1940 highlighted following the instance of another item (the anchor) then |
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1941 @var{anchored} may be required. |
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1942 |
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1943 It has this format: |
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1944 |
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1945 @example |
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1946 (@var{submatcher} @var{pre-match-form} @var{post-match-form} @var{highlighters}@dots{}) |
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1947 @end example |
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1948 |
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1949 @c I can't parse this text -- rms |
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1950 where @var{submatcher} is much like @var{matcher}, with one |
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1951 exception---see below. @var{pre-match-form} and @var{post-match-form} |
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1952 are evaluated before the first, and after the last, instance |
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1953 @var{anchored}'s @var{submatcher} is used. Therefore they can be used |
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1954 to initialize before, and cleanup after, @var{submatcher} is used. |
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1955 Typically, @var{pre-match-form} is used to move to some position |
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1956 relative to the original @var{submatcher}, before starting with |
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1957 @var{anchored}'s @var{submatcher}. @var{post-match-form} might be used |
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1958 to move, before resuming with @var{anchored}'s parent's @var{matcher}. |
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1959 |
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1960 For example, an element of the form highlights (if not already highlighted): |
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1961 |
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1962 @example |
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1963 ("\\<anchor\\>" (0 anchor-face) ("\\<item\\>" nil nil (0 item-face))) |
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1964 @end example |
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1965 |
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1966 Discrete occurrences of @samp{anchor} in the value of |
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1967 @code{anchor-face}, and subsequent discrete occurrences of @samp{item} |
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1968 (on the same line) in the value of @code{item-face}. (Here |
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1969 @var{pre-match-form} and @var{post-match-form} are @code{nil}. |
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1970 Therefore @samp{item} is initially searched for starting from the end of |
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1971 the match of @samp{anchor}, and searching for subsequent instance of |
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1972 @samp{anchor} resumes from where searching for @samp{item} concluded.) |
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1973 |
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1974 The above-mentioned exception is as follows. The limit of the |
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1975 @var{submatcher} search defaults to the end of the line after |
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1976 @var{pre-match-form} is evaluated. However, if @var{pre-match-form} |
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1977 returns a position greater than the position after @var{pre-match-form} |
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1978 is evaluated, that position is used as the limit of the search. It is |
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1979 generally a bad idea to return a position greater than the end of the |
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1980 line; in other words, the @var{submatcher} search should not span lines. |
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1981 |
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1982 @item (@var{matcher} @var{highlighters-or-anchoreds} ...) |
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1983 @end ignore |
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1984 |
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1985 @item (eval . @var{form}) |
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1986 Here @var{form} is an expression to be evaluated the first time |
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1987 this value of @code{font-lock-keywords} is used in a buffer. |
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1988 Its value should have one of the forms described in this table. |
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1989 @end table |
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1990 |
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1991 @strong{Warning:} Do not design an element of @code{font-lock-keywords} |
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1992 to match text which spans lines; this does not work reliably. While |
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1993 @code{font-lock-fontify-buffer} handles multi-line patterns correctly, |
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1994 updating when you edit the buffer does not, since it considers text one |
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1995 line at a time. |
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1996 |
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1997 @node Other Font Lock Variables |
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1998 @subsection Other Font Lock Variables |
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1999 |
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2000 This section describes additional variables that a major mode |
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2001 can set by means of @code{font-lock-defaults}. |
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2002 |
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2003 @defvar font-lock-keywords-only |
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2004 Non-@code{nil} means Font Lock should not fontify comments or strings |
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2005 syntactically; it should only fontify based on |
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2006 @code{font-lock-keywords}. |
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2007 @end defvar |
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2008 |
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2009 @ignore |
22138
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2010 Other variables include those for buffer-specialized fontification functions, |
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2011 `font-lock-fontify-buffer-function', `font-lock-unfontify-buffer-function', |
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2012 `font-lock-fontify-region-function', `font-lock-unfontify-region-function', |
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2013 `font-lock-inhibit-thing-lock' and `font-lock-maximum-size'. |
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2014 @end ignore |
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2015 |
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2016 @defvar font-lock-keywords-case-fold-search |
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2017 Non-@code{nil} means that regular expression matching for the sake of |
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2018 @code{font-lock-keywords} should be case-insensitive. |
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2019 @end defvar |
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2020 |
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2021 @defvar font-lock-syntax-table |
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2022 This variable specifies the syntax table to use for fontification of |
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2023 comments and strings. |
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2024 @end defvar |
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2025 |
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2026 @defvar font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function |
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2027 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it should be a function to move |
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2028 point back to a position that is syntactically at ``top level'' and |
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2029 outside of strings or comments. Font Lock uses this when necessary |
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2030 to get the right results for syntactic fontification. |
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2031 |
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2032 This function is called with no arguments. It should leave point at the |
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2033 beginning of any enclosing syntactic block. Typical values are |
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2034 @code{beginning-of-line} (i.e., the start of the line is known to be |
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2035 outside a syntactic block), or @code{beginning-of-defun} for programming |
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2036 modes or @code{backward-paragraph} for textual modes (i.e., the |
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2037 mode-dependent function is known to move outside a syntactic block). |
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2038 |
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2039 If the value is @code{nil}, the beginning of the buffer is used as a |
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2040 position outside of a syntactic block. This cannot be wrong, but it can |
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2041 be slow. |
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2042 @end defvar |
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2043 |
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2044 @defvar font-lock-mark-block-function |
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2045 If this variable is non-@code{nil}, it should be a function that is |
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2046 called with no arguments, to choose an enclosing range of text for |
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2047 refontification for the command @kbd{M-g M-g} |
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2048 (@code{font-lock-fontify-block}). |
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2049 |
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2050 The function should report its choice by placing the region around it. |
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2051 A good choice is a range of text large enough to give proper results, |
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2052 but not too large so that refontification becomes slow. Typical values |
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2053 are @code{mark-defun} for programming modes or @code{mark-paragraph} for |
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2054 textual modes. |
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2055 @end defvar |
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2056 |
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2057 @node Levels of Font Lock |
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2058 @subsection Levels of Font Lock |
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2059 |
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2060 Many major modes offer three different levels of fontification. You |
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2061 can define multiple levels by using a list of symbols for @var{keywords} |
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2062 in @code{font-lock-defaults}. Each symbol specifies one level of |
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2063 fontification; it is up to the user to choose one of these levels. The |
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2064 chosen level's symbol value is used to initialize |
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2065 @code{font-lock-keywords}. |
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2066 |
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2067 Here are the conventions for how to define the levels of |
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2068 fontification: |
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2069 |
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2070 @itemize @bullet |
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2071 @item |
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2072 Level 1: highlight function declarations, file directives (such as include or |
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2073 import directives), strings and comments. The idea is speed, so only |
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2074 the most important and top-level components are fontified. |
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2075 |
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2076 @item |
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2077 Level 2: in addition to level 1, highlight all language keywords, |
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2078 including type names that act like keywords, as well as named constant |
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2079 values. The idea is that all keywords (either syntactic or semantic) |
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2080 should be fontified appropriately. |
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2081 |
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2082 @item |
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2083 Level 3: in addition to level 2, highlight the symbols being defined in |
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2084 function and variable declarations, and all builtin function names, |
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2085 wherever they appear. |
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2086 @end itemize |
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2087 |
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2088 @node Precalculated Fontification |
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2089 @subsection Precalculated Fontification |
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2090 |
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2091 In addition to using @code{font-lock-defaults} for search-based |
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2092 fontification, you may use the special character property |
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2093 @code{font-lock-face} (@pxref{Special Properties}). This property |
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2094 acts just like the explicit @code{face} property, but its activation |
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2095 is toggled when the user calls @kbd{M-x font-lock-mode}. Using |
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2096 @code{font-lock-face} is especially conveninent for special modes |
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2097 which construct their text programmatically, such as |
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2098 @code{list-buffers} and @code{occur}. |
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2099 |
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2100 If your mode does not use any of the other machinery of Font Lock |
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2101 (i.e. it only uses the @code{font-lock-face} property), you can tell |
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2102 Emacs not to load all of font-lock.el (unless it's already loaded), by |
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2103 setting the variable @code{font-lock-core-only} to non-nil as part of |
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2104 the @code{font-lock-defaults} settings. Here is the canonical way to |
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2105 do this: |
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2106 |
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2107 @example |
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2108 (set (make-local-variable 'font-lock-defaults) |
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2109 '(nil t nil nil nil (font-lock-core-only . t))) |
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2110 @end example |
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2111 |
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2112 @node Faces for Font Lock |
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2113 @subsection Faces for Font Lock |
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2114 |
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2115 You can make Font Lock mode use any face, but several faces are |
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2116 defined specifically for Font Lock mode. Each of these symbols is both |
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2117 a face name, and a variable whose default value is the symbol itself. |
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2118 Thus, the default value of @code{font-lock-comment-face} is |
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2119 @code{font-lock-comment-face}. This means you can write |
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2120 @code{font-lock-comment-face} in a context such as |
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2121 @code{font-lock-keywords} where a face-name-valued expression is used. |
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2122 |
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2123 @table @code |
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2124 @item font-lock-comment-face |
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2125 @vindex font-lock-comment-face |
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2126 Used (typically) for comments. |
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2127 |
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2128 @item font-lock-string-face |
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2129 @vindex font-lock-string-face |
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2130 Used (typically) for string constants. |
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2131 |
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2132 @item font-lock-keyword-face |
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2133 @vindex font-lock-keyword-face |
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2134 Used (typically) for keywords---names that have special syntactic |
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2135 significance, like @code{for} and @code{if} in C. |
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2136 |
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2137 @item font-lock-builtin-face |
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2138 @vindex font-lock-builtin-face |
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2139 Used (typically) for built-in function names. |
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2140 |
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2141 @item font-lock-function-name-face |
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2142 @vindex font-lock-function-name-face |
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2143 Used (typically) for the name of a function being defined or declared, |
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2144 in a function definition or declaration. |
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2145 |
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2146 @item font-lock-variable-name-face |
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2147 @vindex font-lock-variable-name-face |
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2148 Used (typically) for the name of a variable being defined or declared, |
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2149 in a variable definition or declaration. |
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2150 |
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2151 @item font-lock-type-face |
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2152 @vindex font-lock-type-face |
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2153 Used (typically) for names of user-defined data types, |
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2154 where they are defined and where they are used. |
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2155 |
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2156 @item font-lock-constant-face |
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2157 @vindex font-lock-constant-face |
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2158 Used (typically) for constant names. |
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2159 |
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2160 @item font-lock-warning-face |
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2161 @vindex font-lock-warning-face |
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2162 Used (typically) for constructs that are peculiar, or that greatly |
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2163 change the meaning of other text. For example, this is used for |
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2164 @samp{;;;###autoload} cookies in Emacs Lisp, and for @code{#error} |
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2165 directives in C. |
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2166 @end table |
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2167 |
21682
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2168 @node Syntactic Font Lock |
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2169 @subsection Syntactic Font Lock |
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2170 |
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2171 Font Lock mode can be used to update @code{syntax-table} properties |
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2172 automatically. This is useful in languages for which a single syntax |
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2173 table by itself is not sufficient. |
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2174 |
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2175 @defvar font-lock-syntactic-keywords |
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2176 This variable enables and controls syntactic Font Lock. Its value |
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2177 should be a list of elements of this form: |
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2178 |
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2179 @example |
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2180 (@var{matcher} @var{subexp} @var{syntax} @var{override} @var{laxmatch}) |
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2181 @end example |
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2182 |
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2183 The parts of this element have the same meanings as in the corresponding |
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2184 sort of element of @code{font-lock-keywords}, |
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2185 |
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2186 @example |
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2187 (@var{matcher} @var{subexp} @var{facename} @var{override} @var{laxmatch}) |
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2188 @end example |
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2189 |
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2190 However, instead of specifying the value @var{facename} to use for the |
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2191 @code{face} property, it specifies the value @var{syntax} to use for the |
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2192 @code{syntax-table} property. Here, @var{syntax} can be a variable |
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2193 whose value is a syntax table, a syntax entry of the form |
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2194 @code{(@var{syntax-code} . @var{matching-char})}, or an expression whose |
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2195 value is one of those two types. |
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2196 @end defvar |
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2197 |
6451 | 2198 @node Hooks |
2199 @section Hooks | |
2200 @cindex hooks | |
2201 | |
2202 A @dfn{hook} is a variable where you can store a function or functions | |
2203 to be called on a particular occasion by an existing program. Emacs | |
2204 provides hooks for the sake of customization. Most often, hooks are set | |
25875 | 2205 up in the init file (@pxref{Init File}), but Lisp programs can set them also. |
6451 | 2206 @xref{Standard Hooks}, for a list of standard hook variables. |
2207 | |
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2208 @cindex normal hook |
6451 | 2209 Most of the hooks in Emacs are @dfn{normal hooks}. These variables |
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2210 contain lists of functions to be called with no arguments. When the |
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2211 hook name ends in @samp{-hook}, that tells you it is normal. We try to |
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2212 make all hooks normal, as much as possible, so that you can use them in |
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2213 a uniform way. |
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2214 |
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2215 Every major mode function is supposed to run a normal hook called the |
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2216 @dfn{mode hook} as the last step of initialization. This makes it easy |
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2217 for a user to customize the behavior of the mode, by overriding the |
21682
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2218 buffer-local variable assignments already made by the mode. But hooks |
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2219 are used in other contexts too. For example, the hook |
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2220 @code{suspend-hook} runs just before Emacs suspends itself |
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2221 (@pxref{Suspending Emacs}). |
6451 | 2222 |
2223 The recommended way to add a hook function to a normal hook is by | |
2224 calling @code{add-hook} (see below). The hook functions may be any of | |
2225 the valid kinds of functions that @code{funcall} accepts (@pxref{What Is | |
2226 a Function}). Most normal hook variables are initially void; | |
2227 @code{add-hook} knows how to deal with this. | |
2228 | |
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2229 @cindex abnormal hook |
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2230 If the hook variable's name does not end with @samp{-hook}, that |
25875 | 2231 indicates it is probably an @dfn{abnormal hook}. Then you should look at its |
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2232 documentation to see how to use the hook properly. |
6451 | 2233 |
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2234 If the variable's name ends in @samp{-functions} or @samp{-hooks}, |
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2235 then the value is a list of functions, but it is abnormal in that either |
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2236 these functions are called with arguments or their values are used in |
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2237 some way. You can use @code{add-hook} to add a function to the list, |
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2238 but you must take care in writing the function. (A few of these |
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2239 variables, notably those ending in @samp{-hooks}, are actually |
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2240 normal hooks which were named before we established the convention of |
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2241 using @samp{-hook} for them.) |
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2242 |
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2243 If the variable's name ends in @samp{-function}, then its value |
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2244 is just a single function, not a list of functions. |
6451 | 2245 |
21682
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2246 Here's an example that uses a mode hook to turn on Auto Fill mode when |
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2247 in Lisp Interaction mode: |
6451 | 2248 |
2249 @example | |
2250 (add-hook 'lisp-interaction-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill) | |
2251 @end example | |
2252 | |
2253 At the appropriate time, Emacs uses the @code{run-hooks} function to | |
12098 | 2254 run particular hooks. This function calls the hook functions that have |
2255 been added with @code{add-hook}. | |
6451 | 2256 |
25875 | 2257 @defun run-hooks &rest hookvars |
6451 | 2258 This function takes one or more hook variable names as arguments, and |
25875 | 2259 runs each hook in turn. Each argument should be a symbol that is a hook |
2260 variable. These arguments are processed in the order specified. | |
6451 | 2261 |
2262 If a hook variable has a non-@code{nil} value, that value may be a | |
2263 function or a list of functions. If the value is a function (either a | |
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2264 lambda expression or a symbol with a function definition), it is called. |
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2265 If it is a list, the elements are called, in order. The hook functions |
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2266 are called with no arguments. Nowadays, storing a single function in |
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2267 the hook variable is semi-obsolete; you should always use a list of |
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2268 functions. |
6451 | 2269 |
12098 | 2270 For example, here's how @code{emacs-lisp-mode} runs its mode hook: |
6451 | 2271 |
2272 @example | |
2273 (run-hooks 'emacs-lisp-mode-hook) | |
2274 @end example | |
2275 @end defun | |
2276 | |
22138
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2277 @defun run-hook-with-args hook &rest args |
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2278 This function is the way to run an abnormal hook which passes arguments |
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2279 to the hook functions. It calls each of the hook functions, passing |
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2280 each of them the arguments @var{args}. |
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2281 @end defun |
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2282 |
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2283 @defun run-hook-with-args-until-failure hook &rest args |
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2284 This function is the way to run an abnormal hook which passes arguments |
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2285 to the hook functions, and stops as soon as any hook function fails. It |
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2286 calls each of the hook functions, passing each of them the arguments |
22252
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2287 @var{args}, until some hook function returns @code{nil}. Then it stops, |
25875 | 2288 and returns @code{nil} if some hook function returned @code{nil}. |
2289 Otherwise it returns a non-@code{nil} value. | |
22138
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2290 @end defun |
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2291 |
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2292 @defun run-hook-with-args-until-success hook &rest args |
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2293 This function is the way to run an abnormal hook which passes arguments |
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2294 to the hook functions, and stops as soon as any hook function succeeds. |
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2295 It calls each of the hook functions, passing each of them the arguments |
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2296 @var{args}, until some hook function returns non-@code{nil}. Then it |
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2297 stops, and returns whatever was returned by the last hook function |
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2298 that was called. |
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2299 @end defun |
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2300 |
12067 | 2301 @defun add-hook hook function &optional append local |
6451 | 2302 This function is the handy way to add function @var{function} to hook |
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2303 variable @var{hook}. The argument @var{function} may be any valid Lisp |
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2304 function with the proper number of arguments. For example, |
6451 | 2305 |
2306 @example | |
2307 (add-hook 'text-mode-hook 'my-text-hook-function) | |
2308 @end example | |
2309 | |
2310 @noindent | |
2311 adds @code{my-text-hook-function} to the hook called @code{text-mode-hook}. | |
2312 | |
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2313 You can use @code{add-hook} for abnormal hooks as well as for normal |
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2314 hooks. |
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2315 |
6451 | 2316 It is best to design your hook functions so that the order in which they |
2317 are executed does not matter. Any dependence on the order is ``asking | |
2318 for trouble.'' However, the order is predictable: normally, | |
2319 @var{function} goes at the front of the hook list, so it will be | |
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2320 executed first (barring another @code{add-hook} call). If the optional |
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2321 argument @var{append} is non-@code{nil}, the new hook function goes at |
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2322 the end of the hook list and will be executed last. |
6451 | 2323 |
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2324 If @var{local} is non-@code{nil}, that says to add @var{function} |
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2325 to the buffer-local hook list instead of to the global hook list. |
6451 | 2326 @end defun |
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2327 |
12067 | 2328 @defun remove-hook hook function &optional local |
2329 This function removes @var{function} from the hook variable @var{hook}. | |
2330 | |
2331 If @var{local} is non-@code{nil}, that says to remove @var{function} | |
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2332 from the buffer-local hook list instead of from the global hook list. |
12067 | 2333 @end defun |