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annotate doc/emacs/fixit.texi @ 102419:2fd3e5c68dab
(Spelling): Add turn-on-flyspell. (Bug#2517)
author | Reiner Steib <Reiner.Steib@gmx.de> |
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date | Thu, 05 Mar 2009 20:52:44 +0000 |
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rev | line source |
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84240 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2001, 2002, | |
100974 | 3 @c 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
84240 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
5 @node Fixit, Keyboard Macros, Search, Top | |
6 @chapter Commands for Fixing Typos | |
7 @cindex typos, fixing | |
8 @cindex mistakes, correcting | |
9 | |
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10 In this chapter we describe the commands that are especially useful |
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11 when you catch a mistake in your text after you have made it, or |
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12 change your mind while composing text on the fly. |
84240 | 13 |
14 The most fundamental command for correcting erroneous editing is the | |
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15 undo command @kbd{C-/} (which is also bound to @kbd{C-x u} and |
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16 @kbd{C-_}). This undoes a single command, or a part of a command (as |
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17 in the case of @code{query-replace}), or several consecutive |
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18 self-inserting characters. Consecutive repetitions of @kbd{C-/} undo |
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19 earlier and earlier changes, back to the limit of the undo information |
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20 available. |
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21 |
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22 Aside from the commands described here, you can erase text using |
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23 deletion commands such as @key{DEL} (@code{delete-backward-char}). |
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24 These were described earlier in this manual. @xref{Erasing}. |
84240 | 25 |
26 @menu | |
27 * Undo:: The Undo commands. | |
28 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... | |
29 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. | |
30 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word, or a whole file. | |
31 @end menu | |
32 | |
33 @node Undo | |
34 @section Undo | |
35 @cindex undo | |
36 @cindex changes, undoing | |
37 | |
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38 The @dfn{undo} command reverses recent changes in the buffer's text. |
84240 | 39 Each buffer records changes individually, and the undo command always |
40 applies to the current buffer. You can undo all the changes in a | |
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41 buffer for as far as back its records go. Usually, each editing |
84240 | 42 command makes a separate entry in the undo records, but some commands |
43 such as @code{query-replace} divide their changes into multiple | |
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44 entries for flexibility in undoing. Consecutive character insertion |
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45 commands are usually grouped together into a single undo record, to |
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46 make undoing less tedious. |
84240 | 47 |
48 @table @kbd | |
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49 @item C-/ |
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50 @itemx C-x u |
84240 | 51 @itemx C-_ |
52 Undo one entry in the current buffer's undo records (@code{undo}). | |
53 @end table | |
54 | |
55 @kindex C-x u | |
56 @kindex C-_ | |
57 @kindex C-/ | |
58 @findex undo | |
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59 To begin to undo, type @kbd{C-/} (or its aliases, @kbd{C-_} or |
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60 @kbd{C-x u})@footnote{Aside from @kbd{C-/}, the @code{undo} command is |
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61 also bound to @kbd{C-x u} because that is more straightforward for |
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62 beginners to remember: @samp{u} stands for ``undo''. It is also bound |
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63 to @kbd{C-_} because typing @kbd{C-/} on some text-only terminals |
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64 actually enters @kbd{C-_}.}. This undoes the most recent change in |
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65 the buffer, and moves point back to where it was before that change. |
84240 | 66 |
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67 Consecutive repetitions of @kbd{C-/} (or its aliases) undo earlier |
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68 and earlier changes in the current buffer. If all the recorded |
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69 changes have already been undone, the undo command signals an error. |
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70 |
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71 @cindex redo |
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72 @findex undo-only |
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73 Any command other than an undo command breaks the sequence of undo |
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74 commands. Starting from that moment, the entire sequence of undo |
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75 commands that you have just performed are themselves placed into the |
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76 undo record, as a single set of changes. Therefore, to re-apply |
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77 changes you have undone, type @kbd{C-f} or any other command that |
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78 harmlessly breaks the sequence of undoing; then type @kbd{C-/} to undo |
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79 the undo command. |
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80 |
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81 On the other hand, if you want to resume undoing, without redoing |
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82 previous undo commands, use @kbd{M-x undo-only}. This is like |
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83 @code{undo}, but will not redo changes you have just undone. |
84240 | 84 |
85 If you notice that a buffer has been modified accidentally, the | |
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86 easiest way to recover is to type @kbd{C-/} repeatedly until the stars |
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87 disappear from the front of the mode line (@pxref{Mode Line}). |
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88 Whenever an undo command makes the stars disappear from the mode line, |
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89 it means that the buffer contents are the same as they were when the |
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90 file was last read in or saved. If you do not remember whether you |
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91 changed the buffer deliberately, type @kbd{C-/} once. When you see |
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92 the last change you made undone, you will see whether it was an |
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93 intentional change. If it was an accident, leave it undone. If it |
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94 was deliberate, redo the change as described above. |
84240 | 95 |
96 @cindex selective undo | |
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97 @kindex C-u C-/ |
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98 When there is an active region, any use of @code{undo} performs |
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99 @dfn{selective undo}: it undoes the most recent change within the |
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100 region, instead of the entire buffer. However, when Transient Mark |
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101 mode is off (@pxref{Persistent Mark}), @kbd{C-/} always operates on |
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102 the entire buffer, ignoring the region. In this case, you can perform |
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103 selective undo by supplying a prefix argument to the @code{undo} |
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104 command: @kbd{C-u C-/}. To undo further changes in the same region, |
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105 repeat the @code{undo} command (no prefix argument is needed). |
84240 | 106 |
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107 Some specialized buffers do not make undo records. Buffers whose |
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108 names start with spaces never do; these buffers are used internally by |
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109 Emacs to hold text that users don't normally look at or edit. |
84240 | 110 |
111 @vindex undo-limit | |
112 @vindex undo-strong-limit | |
113 @vindex undo-outer-limit | |
114 @cindex undo limit | |
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115 When the undo records for a buffer becomes too large, Emacs discards |
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116 the oldest undo records from time to time (during @dfn{garbage |
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117 collection}). You can specify how much undo records to keep by |
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118 setting the variables @code{undo-limit}, @code{undo-strong-limit}, and |
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119 @code{undo-outer-limit}. Their values are expressed in bytes. |
84240 | 120 |
121 The variable @code{undo-limit} sets a soft limit: Emacs keeps undo | |
122 data for enough commands to reach this size, and perhaps exceed it, | |
123 but does not keep data for any earlier commands beyond that. Its | |
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124 default value is 80000. The variable @code{undo-strong-limit} sets a |
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125 stricter limit: any previous command (though not the most recent one) |
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126 that pushes the size past this amount is forgotten. The default value |
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127 of @code{undo-strong-limit} is 120000. |
84240 | 128 |
129 Regardless of the values of those variables, the most recent change | |
130 is never discarded unless it gets bigger than @code{undo-outer-limit} | |
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131 (normally 12,000,000). At that point, Emacs discards the undo data and |
84240 | 132 warns you about it. This is the only situation in which you cannot |
133 undo the last command. If this happens, you can increase the value of | |
134 @code{undo-outer-limit} to make it even less likely to happen in the | |
135 future. But if you didn't expect the command to create such large | |
136 undo data, then it is probably a bug and you should report it. | |
137 @xref{Bugs,, Reporting Bugs}. | |
138 | |
139 @node Transpose | |
140 @section Transposing Text | |
141 | |
142 @table @kbd | |
143 @item C-t | |
144 Transpose two characters (@code{transpose-chars}). | |
145 @item M-t | |
146 Transpose two words (@code{transpose-words}). | |
147 @item C-M-t | |
148 Transpose two balanced expressions (@code{transpose-sexps}). | |
149 @item C-x C-t | |
150 Transpose two lines (@code{transpose-lines}). | |
151 @end table | |
152 | |
153 @kindex C-t | |
154 @findex transpose-chars | |
155 The common error of transposing two characters can be fixed, when they | |
156 are adjacent, with the @kbd{C-t} command (@code{transpose-chars}). Normally, | |
157 @kbd{C-t} transposes the two characters on either side of point. When | |
158 given at the end of a line, rather than transposing the last character of | |
159 the line with the newline, which would be useless, @kbd{C-t} transposes the | |
160 last two characters on the line. So, if you catch your transposition error | |
161 right away, you can fix it with just a @kbd{C-t}. If you don't catch it so | |
162 fast, you must move the cursor back between the two transposed | |
163 characters before you type @kbd{C-t}. If you transposed a space with | |
164 the last character of the word before it, the word motion commands are | |
165 a good way of getting there. Otherwise, a reverse search (@kbd{C-r}) | |
166 is often the best way. @xref{Search}. | |
167 | |
168 @kindex C-x C-t | |
169 @findex transpose-lines | |
170 @kindex M-t | |
171 @findex transpose-words | |
172 @c Don't index C-M-t and transpose-sexps here, they are indexed in | |
173 @c programs.texi, in the "List Commands" node. | |
174 @c @kindex C-M-t | |
175 @c @findex transpose-sexps | |
176 @kbd{M-t} transposes the word before point with the word after point | |
177 (@code{transpose-words}). It moves point forward over a word, | |
178 dragging the word preceding or containing point forward as well. The | |
179 punctuation characters between the words do not move. For example, | |
180 @w{@samp{FOO, BAR}} transposes into @w{@samp{BAR, FOO}} rather than | |
181 @samp{@w{BAR FOO,}}. | |
182 | |
183 @kbd{C-M-t} (@code{transpose-sexps}) is a similar command for | |
184 transposing two expressions (@pxref{Expressions}), and @kbd{C-x C-t} | |
185 (@code{transpose-lines}) exchanges lines. They work like @kbd{M-t} | |
186 except as regards what units of text they transpose. | |
187 | |
188 A numeric argument to a transpose command serves as a repeat count: it | |
189 tells the transpose command to move the character (word, expression, line) | |
190 before or containing point across several other characters (words, | |
191 expressions, lines). For example, @kbd{C-u 3 C-t} moves the character before | |
192 point forward across three other characters. It would change | |
193 @samp{f@point{}oobar} into @samp{oobf@point{}ar}. This is equivalent to | |
194 repeating @kbd{C-t} three times. @kbd{C-u - 4 M-t} moves the word | |
195 before point backward across four words. @kbd{C-u - C-M-t} would cancel | |
196 the effect of plain @kbd{C-M-t}.@refill | |
197 | |
198 A numeric argument of zero is assigned a special meaning (because | |
199 otherwise a command with a repeat count of zero would do nothing): to | |
200 transpose the character (word, expression, line) ending after point | |
201 with the one ending after the mark. | |
202 | |
203 @node Fixing Case | |
204 @section Case Conversion | |
205 | |
206 @table @kbd | |
207 @item M-- M-l | |
208 Convert last word to lower case. Note @kbd{Meta--} is Meta-minus. | |
209 @item M-- M-u | |
210 Convert last word to all upper case. | |
211 @item M-- M-c | |
212 Convert last word to lower case with capital initial. | |
213 @end table | |
214 | |
215 @kindex M-@t{-} M-l | |
216 @kindex M-@t{-} M-u | |
217 @kindex M-@t{-} M-c | |
218 A very common error is to type words in the wrong case. Because of this, | |
219 the word case-conversion commands @kbd{M-l}, @kbd{M-u} and @kbd{M-c} have a | |
220 special feature when used with a negative argument: they do not move the | |
221 cursor. As soon as you see you have mistyped the last word, you can simply | |
222 case-convert it and go on typing. @xref{Case}.@refill | |
223 | |
224 @node Spelling | |
225 @section Checking and Correcting Spelling | |
226 @cindex spelling, checking and correcting | |
227 @cindex checking spelling | |
228 @cindex correcting spelling | |
229 | |
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230 This section describes the commands to check the spelling of a |
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231 single word or of a portion of a buffer. These commands only work if |
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232 the spelling checker program Aspell, Ispell or Hunspell is installed. |
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233 Aspell, Ispell or Hunspell are not part of Emacs, but one or the other |
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234 is usually installed in GNU/Linux and other free operating systems. |
84240 | 235 @ifnottex |
236 @xref{Top, Aspell,, aspell, The Aspell Manual}. | |
237 @end ifnottex | |
238 | |
239 @table @kbd | |
240 @item M-$ | |
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241 Check and correct spelling of the active region or the word at point |
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242 (@code{ispell-word}). |
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243 @item M-x ispell |
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244 Check and correct spelling in the active region or the entire buffer. |
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245 @item M-x ispell-buffer |
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246 Check and correct spelling in the buffer. |
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247 @item M-x ispell-region |
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248 Check and correct spelling in the region. |
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249 @item M-x ispell-message |
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250 Check and correct spelling in a draft mail message, excluding cited |
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251 material. |
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252 @item M-x ispell-change-dictionary @key{RET} @var{dict} @key{RET} |
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253 Restart the Aspell/Ispell/Hunspell process, using @var{dict} as the dictionary. |
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254 @item M-x ispell-kill-ispell |
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255 Kill the Aspell/Ispell/Hunspell subprocess. |
84240 | 256 @item M-@key{TAB} |
257 @itemx @key{ESC} @key{TAB} | |
258 Complete the word before point based on the spelling dictionary | |
259 (@code{ispell-complete-word}). | |
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260 @item M-x flyspell-mode |
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261 Enable Flyspell mode, which highlights all misspelled words. |
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262 @item M-x flyspell-prog-mode |
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263 Enable Flyspell mode for comments and strings only. |
84240 | 264 @end table |
265 | |
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266 @kindex M-$ |
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267 @findex ispell-word |
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268 To check the spelling of the word around or before point, and |
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269 optionally correct it as well, type @kbd{M-$} (@code{ispell-word}). |
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270 If a region is active, @kbd{M-$} checks the spelling of all words |
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271 within the region. @xref{Mark}. (When Transient Mark mode is off, |
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272 @kbd{M-$} always acts on the word around or before point, ignoring the |
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273 region. @xref{Persistent Mark}.) |
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274 |
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275 @findex ispell |
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276 @findex ispell-buffer |
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277 @findex ispell-region |
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278 @cindex spell-checking the active region |
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279 Similarly, the command @kbd{M-x ispell} performs spell-checking in |
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280 the region if one is active, or in the entire buffer otherwise. The |
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281 commands @kbd{M-x ispell-buffer} and @kbd{M-x ispell-region} |
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282 explicitly perform spell-checking on the entire buffer or the region |
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283 respectively. To check spelling in an email message you are writing, |
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284 use @kbd{M-x ispell-message}; that command checks the whole buffer, |
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285 except for material that is indented or appears to be cited from other |
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286 messages. @xref{Sending Mail}. |
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287 |
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288 When one of these commands encounters what appears to be an |
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289 incorrect word, it asks you what to do. It usually displays a list of |
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290 numbered ``near-misses''---words that are close to the incorrect word. |
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291 Then you must type a single-character response. Here are the valid |
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292 responses: |
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293 |
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294 @table @kbd |
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295 @item @var{digit} |
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296 Replace the word, just this time, with one of the displayed |
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297 near-misses. Each near-miss is listed with a digit; type that digit |
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298 to select it. |
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299 |
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300 @item @key{SPC} |
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301 Skip this word---continue to consider it incorrect, but don't change it |
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302 here. |
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303 |
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304 @item r @var{new} @key{RET} |
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305 Replace the word, just this time, with @var{new}. (The replacement |
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306 string will be rescanned for more spelling errors.) |
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307 |
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308 @item R @var{new} @key{RET} |
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309 Replace the word with @var{new}, and do a @code{query-replace} so you |
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310 can replace it elsewhere in the buffer if you wish. (The replacements |
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311 will be rescanned for more spelling errors.) |
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312 |
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313 @item a |
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314 Accept the incorrect word---treat it as correct, but only in this |
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315 editing session. |
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316 |
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317 @item A |
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318 Accept the incorrect word---treat it as correct, but only in this |
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319 editing session and for this buffer. |
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320 |
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321 @item i |
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322 Insert this word in your private dictionary file so that Aspell or Ispell |
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323 or Hunspell will consider it correct from now on, even in future sessions. |
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324 |
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325 @item m |
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326 Like @kbd{i}, but you can also specify dictionary completion |
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327 information. |
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328 |
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329 @item u |
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330 Insert the lower-case version of this word in your private dic@-tion@-ary |
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331 file. |
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332 |
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333 @item l @var{word} @key{RET} |
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334 Look in the dictionary for words that match @var{word}. These words |
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335 become the new list of ``near-misses''; you can select one of them as |
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336 the replacement by typing a digit. You can use @samp{*} in @var{word} as a |
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337 wildcard. |
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338 |
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339 @item C-g |
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340 @itemx X |
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341 Quit interactive spell checking, leaving point at the word that was |
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342 being checked. You can restart checking again afterward with @kbd{C-u |
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343 M-$}. |
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344 |
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345 @item x |
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346 Quit interactive spell checking and move point back to where it was |
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347 when you started spell checking. |
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348 |
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349 @item q |
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350 Quit interactive spell checking and kill the Aspell/Ispell/Hunspell |
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351 subprocess. |
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352 |
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353 @item ? |
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354 Show the list of options. |
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355 @end table |
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356 |
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357 @findex ispell-complete-word |
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358 In Text mode and related modes, the command @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} |
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359 (@code{ispell-complete-word}) shows a list of completions based on |
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360 spelling correction. Insert the beginning of a word, and then type |
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361 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}; the command displays a completion list window. (If |
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362 your window manager intercepts @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}, type @kbd{@key{ESC} |
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363 @key{TAB}} or @kbd{C-M-i}.) To choose one of the completions listed, |
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364 click @kbd{Mouse-2} or @kbd{Mouse-1} fast on it, or move the cursor |
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365 there in the completions window and type @key{RET}. @xref{Text Mode}. |
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366 |
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367 @cindex @code{ispell} program |
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368 @findex ispell-kill-ispell |
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369 Once started, the Aspell or Ispell or Hunspell subprocess continues |
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370 to run, waiting for something to do, so that subsequent spell checking |
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371 commands complete more quickly. If you want to get rid of the |
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372 process, use @kbd{M-x ispell-kill-ispell}. This is not usually |
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373 necessary, since the process uses no time except when you do spelling |
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374 correction. |
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375 |
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376 @vindex ispell-dictionary |
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377 @vindex ispell-complete-word-dict |
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378 Ispell, Aspell and Hunspell use two dictionaries together for spell checking: |
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379 the standard dictionary and your private dictionary. The variable |
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380 @code{ispell-dictionary} specifies the file name to use for the |
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381 standard dictionary; a value of @code{nil} selects the default |
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382 dictionary. The command @kbd{M-x ispell-change-dictionary} sets this |
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383 variable and then restarts the subprocess, so that it will use a |
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384 different standard dictionary. A separate dictionary is used for word |
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385 completion. The variable @code{ispell-complete-word-dict} specifies |
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386 the file name of this dictionary. The completion dictionary must be |
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387 different because it cannot use root and affix information. For some |
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388 languages, there is a spell checking dictionary but no word completion |
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389 dictionary. |
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390 |
84240 | 391 @cindex Flyspell mode |
392 @findex flyspell-mode | |
393 Flyspell mode is a fully-automatic way to check spelling as you edit | |
394 in Emacs. It operates by checking words as you change or insert them. | |
395 When it finds a word that it does not recognize, it highlights that | |
396 word. This does not interfere with your editing, but when you see the | |
397 highlighted word, you can move to it and fix it. Type @kbd{M-x | |
398 flyspell-mode} to enable or disable this mode in the current buffer. | |
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399 @findex turn-on-flyspell |
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400 To enable @code{flyspell-mode} in all text mode buffers, add |
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401 @code{turn-on-flyspell} to @code{text-mode-hook}. |
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402 |
84240 | 403 |
404 When Flyspell mode highlights a word as misspelled, you can click on | |
405 it with @kbd{Mouse-2} to display a menu of possible corrections and | |
406 actions. You can also correct the word by editing it manually in any | |
407 way you like. | |
408 | |
409 @findex flyspell-prog-mode | |
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410 Flyspell Prog mode works just like ordinary Flyspell mode, except |
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411 that it only checks words in comments and string constants. This |
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412 feature is useful for editing programs. Type @kbd{M-x |
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413 flyspell-prog-mode} to enable or disable this mode in the current |
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414 buffer. |
84240 | 415 |
416 @ignore | |
417 arch-tag: 3359a443-96ed-448f-9f05-c8111ba8eac0 | |
418 @end ignore |