annotate etc/tutorials/TUTORIAL @ 98519:4031fe2e11ee

(vc-svn-after-dir-status): Handle `svn status -u' output. (vc-svn-dir-status): Respect vc-stay-local-p. (Bug#1046)
author Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
date Sat, 04 Oct 2008 20:23:54 +0000
parents 043230d6aac3
children c90853557b90
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
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1 Emacs tutorial. See end for copying conditions.
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2
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3 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
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4 CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than
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5 write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations:
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6
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7 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
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8 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
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9 M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>.
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10 If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the
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11 ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key.
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12
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13 Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)
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043230d6aac3 Add information about C-g to the introduction.
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14 To quit a partially entered command, type C-g.
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15 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
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16 try using a command. For instance:
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17 <<Blank lines inserted around following line by help-with-tutorial>>
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18 [Middle of page left blank for didactic purposes. Text continues below]
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19 >> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
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20 (go ahead, do it by holding down the CONTROL key while typing v).
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21 From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish
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22 reading the screen.
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23
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24 Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen
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25 to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading
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26 the text.
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27
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28 The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place
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29 to place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen,
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30 with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key
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31 and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key).
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32
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33 >> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times.
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34
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35
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36 * SUMMARY
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37 ---------
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38
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39 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
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40
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41 C-v Move forward one screenful
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42 M-v Move backward one screenful
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43 C-l Clear screen and redisplay all the text,
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44 moving the text around the cursor
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45 to the center of the screen.
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46 (That's CONTROL-L, not CONTROL-1.)
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47
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48 >> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it.
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49 Then type C-l.
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50 Find the cursor again and notice that the same text
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51 is near the cursor now.
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52
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53 You can also use the PageUp and PageDn keys to move by screenfuls, if
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54 your terminal has them, but you can edit more efficiently if you use
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55 C-v and M-v.
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56
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57
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58 * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
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59 ----------------------
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60
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61 Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
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62 move to a specific place within the text on the screen?
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63
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64 There are several ways you can do this. You can use the arrow keys,
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65 but it's more efficient to keep your hands in the standard position
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66 and use the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. These characters
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67 are equivalent to the four arrow keys, like this:
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68
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69 Previous line, C-p
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70 :
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71 :
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72 Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
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73 :
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74 :
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75 Next line, C-n
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76
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77 >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
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78 using C-n or C-p. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram
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79 centered in the screen.
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80
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81 You'll find it easy to remember these letters by words they stand for:
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82 P for previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. You
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83 will be using these basic cursor positioning commands all the time.
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84
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85 >> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
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86
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87 >> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
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88 See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
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89
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90 Each line of text ends with a Newline character, which serves to
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91 separate it from the following line. The last line in your file ought
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92 to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to have
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93 one).
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94
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95 >> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. It should move to
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96 the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back
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97 across the Newline character.
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98
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99 C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b.
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100
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101 >> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is.
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102 Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line.
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103 Then do one more C-f to move to the following line.
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104
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105 When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
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106 the edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". It
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107 enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text
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108 without moving it off the screen.
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109
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110 >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and
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111 see what happens.
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112
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113 If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f
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114 (META-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
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115
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116 >> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.
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117
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118 When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word.
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119 When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the
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120 following word. M-b works likewise in the opposite direction.
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121
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122 >> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's
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123 so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various
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124 places inside and between words.
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125
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126 Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
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127 M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for
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128 operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences,
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129 paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are
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130 independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc).
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131
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132 This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to
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133 the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning
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134 or end of a sentence.
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135
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136 >> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
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137 Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.
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138
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139 See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one
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140 more sentence. Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems
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141 natural.
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142
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143 The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To
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144 paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
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145 the text.
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146
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147 Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the
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148 word and sentence moving commands:
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149
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150 C-f Move forward a character
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151 C-b Move backward a character
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152
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153 M-f Move forward a word
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154 M-b Move backward a word
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155
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156 C-n Move to next line
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157 C-p Move to previous line
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158
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159 C-a Move to beginning of line
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160 C-e Move to end of line
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161
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162 M-a Move back to beginning of sentence
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163 M-e Move forward to end of sentence
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164
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165 >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
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166 These are the most often used commands.
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167
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168 Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (META Less-than),
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169 which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (META
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170 Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text.
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171
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172 On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the
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173 shift key to type it. On these terminals you must use the shift key
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174 to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
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175
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176 >> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial.
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177 Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here.
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178
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179 >> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial.
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180 Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here.
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181
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182 You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has
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183 arrow keys. We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three
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184 reasons. First, they work on all kinds of terminals. Second, once
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185 you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these Control
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186 characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not
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187 have to move your hands away from touch-typing position). Third, once
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188 you form the habit of using these Control character commands, you can
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189 easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well.
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190
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191 Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this
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192 serves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat count
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193 is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command. If
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194 you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another, alternative way
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195 to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the
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196 META key. We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on
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197 any terminal. The numeric argument is also called a "prefix argument",
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198 because you type the argument before the command it applies to.
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199
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200 For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
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201
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202 >> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
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203 to a line near this one with just one command.
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204
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205 Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count, but some
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206 commands use it in some other way. Several commands (but none of
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207 those you have learned so far) use it as a flag--the presence of a
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208 prefix argument, regardless of its value, makes the command do
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209 something different.
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210
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211 C-v and M-v are another kind of exception. When given an argument,
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212 they scroll the screen up or down by that many lines, rather than by a
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213 screenful. For example, C-u 8 C-v scrolls the screen by 8 lines.
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214
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215 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
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216
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217 This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like
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218 to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.
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219
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220 If you are using a windowed display, such as X11 or MS-Windows, there
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221 should be a tall rectangular area called a scroll bar at the
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222 side of the Emacs window. You can scroll the text by clicking the
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223 mouse in the scroll bar.
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224
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225 >> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
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226 within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position
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227 determined by how high or low you click.
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228
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229 >> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button
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230 pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as
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231 you move the mouse.
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232
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233
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234 * WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
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235 --------------------
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236
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237 If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by
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238 typing C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too
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239 long to execute.
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240
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241 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
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242 a command that you do not want to finish.
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243
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244 >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
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245 Now type C-f. It should move just one character,
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246 because you canceled the argument with C-g.
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247
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248 If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
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249 with a C-g.
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250
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251
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252 * DISABLED COMMANDS
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253 -------------------
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254
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255 Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use
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256 them by accident.
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257
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258 If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message
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259 saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go
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260 ahead and execute the command.
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261
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262 If you really want to try the command, type <SPC> (the Space bar) in
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263 answer to the question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the
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264 disabled command, answer the question with "n".
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265
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266 >> Type C-x C-l (which is a disabled command),
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267 then type n to answer the question.
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268
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269
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270 * WINDOWS
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271 ---------
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272
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273 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We will
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274 explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want to
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275 explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic
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276 one-window editing. It is simple:
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277
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278 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
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279
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280 That is CONTROL-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window
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281 which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all
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282 other windows.
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283
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284 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
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285 >> Type CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f.
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286 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
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287 to display documentation on the CONTROL-f command.
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288
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289 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
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290
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291 This command is unlike the other commands you have learned in that it
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292 consists of two characters. It starts with the character CONTROL-x.
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293 There is a whole series of commands that start with CONTROL-x; many of
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294 them have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things.
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295 These commands are two, three or four characters long.
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296
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297
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298 * INSERTING AND DELETING
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299 ------------------------
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300
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301 If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you
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302 can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
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303 immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
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304 Newline character.
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305
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306 You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delback>.
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307 <Delback> is a key on the keyboard--the same one you normally use,
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308 outside Emacs, for deleting the last character you typed. It is
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309 normally a large key a couple of lines up from the <Return> key, and
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310 it is usually labeled "Delete", "Del" or "Backspace".
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311
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312 If the large key there is labeled "Backspace", then that's the one you
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313 use for <Delback>. There may also be another key labeled "Delete"
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314 somewhere else, but that's not <Delback>.
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315
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316 More generally, <Delback> deletes the character immediately before the
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317 current cursor position.
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318
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319 >> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them
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320 by typing <Delback> a few times. Don't worry about this file
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321 being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is
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322 your personal copy of it.
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323
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324 When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line
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325 of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\")
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326 (or, if you're using a windowed display, a little curved arrow) at the
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327 right margin indicates a line which has been continued.
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328
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329 >> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting.
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330 You'll see a continuation line appear.
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331
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332 >> Use <Delback>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
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333 line again. The continuation line goes away.
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334
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335 You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.
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336 Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into
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337 one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the
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338 screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.
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339
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340 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delback>. This
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341 merges that line with the previous line.
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342
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343 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
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344
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345 Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
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346 this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts
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347 it several times.
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348
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349 >> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********.
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350
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351 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
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352 Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
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353 as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
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354
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355 <Delback> Delete the character just before the cursor
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356 C-d Delete the next character after the cursor
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357
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358 M-<Delback> Kill the word immediately before the cursor
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359 M-d Kill the next word after the cursor
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360
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361 C-k Kill from the cursor position to end of line
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362 M-k Kill to the end of the current sentence
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363
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364 Notice that <Delback> and C-d vs M-<Delback> and M-d extend the parallel
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365 started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delback> is not really a control
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366 character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e
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367 and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
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368
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369 You can also kill any part of the text with one uniform method. Move
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370 to one end of that part, and type C-@ or C-<SPC> (either one). (<SPC>
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371 is the Space bar.) Move to the other end of that part, and type C-w.
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372 That kills all the text between the two positions.
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373
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374 >> Move the cursor to the Y at the start of the previous paragraph.
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375 >> Type C-<SPC>. Emacs should display a message "Mark set"
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376 at the bottom of the screen.
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377 >> Move the cursor to the n in "end", on the second line of the
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378 paragraph.
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379 >> Type C-w. This will kill the text starting from the Y,
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380 and ending just before the n.
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381
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382 The difference between "killing" and "deleting" is that "killed" text
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383 can be reinserted, whereas "deleted" things cannot be reinserted.
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384 Reinsertion of killed text is called "yanking". Generally, the
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385 commands that can remove a lot of text kill the text (they set up so
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386 that you can yank the text), while the commands that remove just one
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387 character, or only remove blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you
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388 cannot yank that text). <Delback> and C-d do deletion in the simplest
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389 case, with no argument. When given an argument, they kill instead.
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390
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391 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty.
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392 Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.
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393 >> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline
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394 which follows that line.
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395
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396 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
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397 C-k kills the line itself, and makes all the other lines move up. C-k
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398 treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND
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399 their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two
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400 lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.
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401
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402 Bringing back killed text is called "yanking". (Think of it as
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403 yanking back, or pulling back, some text that was taken away.) You
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404 can yank the killed text either at the same place where it was killed,
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405 or at some other place in the text you are editing, or even in a
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406 different file. You can yank the same text several times; that makes
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407 multiple copies of it.
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408
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409 The command for yanking is C-y. It reinserts the last killed text,
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410 at the current cursor position.
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411
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412 >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
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413
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414 If you do several C-k's in a row, all of the killed text is saved
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415 together, so that one C-y will yank all of the lines at once.
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416
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417 >> Do this now, type C-k several times.
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418
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419 Now to retrieve that killed text:
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420
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421 >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
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422 again. You now see how to copy some text.
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423
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424 What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
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425 you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But
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426 the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y
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427 command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
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428 M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y
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429 again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you have
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430 reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to
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431 keep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where
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432 it is.
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433
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434 If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most
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435 recent kill).
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436
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437 >> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
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438 Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
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439 Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
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440 Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until
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441 the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
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442 If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
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443 arguments.
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444
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parents:
diff changeset
445
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
446 * UNDO
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
447 ------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
448
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
449 If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
450 mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
451
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
452 Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
453 the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
454 additional command.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
455
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
456 But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
457 not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
458 command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
459 of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
460 type to undo insertion of text.)
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
461
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
462 >> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
463
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
464 C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
465 but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage of
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
466 C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
467 is why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
468 by typing / while holding down CONTROL.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
469
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
470 A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
471
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
472 You can undo deletion of text just as you can undo killing of text.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
473 The distinction between killing something and deleting it affects
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
474 whether you can yank it with C-y; it makes no difference for undo.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
475
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
476
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
477 * FILES
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
478 -------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
479
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
480 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
481 file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
482 away. In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
483 before you enter the text. (This is also called "visiting" the file.)
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
484
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
485 Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
486 Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
487 However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
488 until you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
489 half-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even when
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
490 you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
491 you later decide that your changes were a mistake.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
492
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
493 If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
494 begins and ends with dashes, and starts with "--:-- TUTORIAL" or
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
495 something like that. This part of the screen normally shows the name
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
496 of the file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
497 called "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
498 tutorial. When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name will
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
499 appear in that precise spot.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
500
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
501 One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
502 have to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
503 argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
504 the file). After you type the command
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
505
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
506 C-x C-f Find a file
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
507
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
508 Emacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appears
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
509 on the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line is called the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
510 minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can use
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
511 ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
512
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
513 While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input),
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
514 you can cancel the command with C-g.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
515
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
516 >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
517 and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
518 minibuffer. So you do not find any file.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
519
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
520 When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
521 terminate it. Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
522 you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
523 finished.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
524
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
525 In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
526 edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
527 type the command
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
528
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
529 C-x C-s Save the file
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
530
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
531 This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
532 do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
533 not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
534 original file's name.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
535
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
536 When saving is finished, Emacs displays the name of the file written.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
537 You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
538 work if the system should crash.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
539
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
540 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
541 This should show "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
542
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
543 You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
544 find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
545 file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
546 begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
547 file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
548 inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
549 already existing file.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
550
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
551
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
552 * BUFFERS
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
553 ---------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
554
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
555 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
556 inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
557 C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
558
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
559 >> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
560 Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
561 Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
562 to come back to the tutorial.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
563
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
564 Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
565 Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
566 buffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
567
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
568 C-x C-b List buffers
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
569
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
570 >> Try C-x C-b now.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
571
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
572 See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name for
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
573 the file whose contents it holds. ANY text you see in an Emacs window
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
574 is always part of some buffer.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
575
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
576 >> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
577
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
578 When you have several buffers, only one of them is "current" at any
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
579 time. That buffer is the one you edit. If you want to edit another
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
580 buffer, you need to "switch" to it. If you want to switch to a buffer
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
581 that corresponds to a file, you can do it by visiting the file again
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
582 with C-x C-f. But there is an easier way: use the C-x b command.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
583 In that command, you have to type the buffer's name.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
584
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
585 >> Type C-x b foo <Return> to go back to the buffer "foo" which holds
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
586 the text of the file "foo". Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return>
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
587 to come back to this tutorial.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
588
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
589 Most of the time, the buffer's name is the same as the file name
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
590 (without the file directory part). However, this is not always true.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
591 The buffer list you make with C-x C-b always shows you the name of
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
592 every buffer.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
593
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
594 ANY text you see in an Emacs window is always part of some buffer.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
595 Some buffers do not correspond to files. For example, the buffer
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
596 named "*Buffer List*" does not have any file. It is the buffer which
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
597 contains the buffer list that you made with C-x C-b. The buffer named
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
598 "*Messages*" also does not correspond to any file; it contains the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
599 messages that have appeared on the bottom line during your Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
600 session.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
601
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
602 >> Type C-x b *Messages* <Return> to look at the buffer of messages.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
603 Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> to come back to this tutorial.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
604
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
605 If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
606 this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
607 in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
608 buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
609 but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
610 file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
611 it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
612
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
613 C-x s Save some buffers
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
614
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
615 C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
616 not saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
617 buffer.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
618
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
619 >> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
620 It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
621 Answer yes to the question by typing "y".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
622
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
623
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
624 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
625 ---------------------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
626
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
627 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
628 on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
629 the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
630
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
631 C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
632 M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
633
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
634 These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
635 commands you have already learned about. You have already seen a few
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
636 of them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save, for
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
637 example. Another example is the command to end the Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
638 session--this is the command C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
639 changes you have made; C-x C-c offers to save each changed file before
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
640 it kills the Emacs.)
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
641
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
642 If you are using a graphical display that supports multiple
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
643 applications in parallel, you don't need any special command to move
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
644 from Emacs to another application. You can do this with the mouse or
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
645 with window manager commands. However, if you're using a text
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
646 terminal which can only show one application at a time, you need to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
647 "suspend" Emacs to move to any other program.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
648
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
649 C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
650 back to the same Emacs session afterward. When Emacs is running on a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
651 text terminal, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns to the shell
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
652 but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most common shells, you can
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
653 resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
654
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
655 The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
656 the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
657 programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
658 how to cope with suspension of Emacs. In ordinary circumstances,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
659 though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
660 with C-z instead of exiting Emacs.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
661
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
662 There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
663
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
664 C-x C-f Find file
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
665 C-x C-s Save file
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
666 C-x s Save some buffers
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
667 C-x C-b List buffers
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
668 C-x b Switch buffer
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
669 C-x C-c Quit Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
670 C-x 1 Delete all but one window
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
671 C-x u Undo
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
672
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
673 Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
674 frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
675 example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
676 string with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
677 bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
678 command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
679 Emacs will complete the name. (<TAB> is the Tab key, usually found
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
680 above the CapsLock or Shift key near the left edge of the keyboard.)
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
681 End the command name with <Return>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
682
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
683 The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
684 replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
685 argument with <Return>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
686
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
687 >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
688 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
689
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
690 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
691 the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
692 after the initial position of the cursor.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
693
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
694
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
695 * AUTO SAVE
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
696 -----------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
697
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
698 When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
699 they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
700 this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
701 you are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
702 the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
703 file's name is "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
704 Emacs deletes its auto save file.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
705
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
706 If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
707 finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
708 save file) and then typing M-x recover file<Return>. When it asks for
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
709 confirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
710 data.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
711
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
712
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
713 * ECHO AREA
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
714 -----------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
715
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
716 If Emacs sees that you are typing multicharacter commands slowly, it
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
717 shows them to you at the bottom of the screen in an area called the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
718 "echo area". The echo area contains the bottom line of the screen.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
719
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
720
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
721 * MODE LINE
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722 -----------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
724 The line immediately above the echo area is called the "mode line".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
725 The mode line says something like this:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
726
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
727 --:** TUTORIAL 63% L749 (Fundamental)-----------------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
728
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
729 This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730 the text you are editing.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
732 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733 found. NN% indicates your current position in the text; it means that
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734 NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the top of
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
735 the file is on the screen, it will say "Top" instead of " 0%". If the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736 bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say "Bot". If you are
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 looking at text so small that all of it fits on the screen, the mode
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738 line says "All".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740 The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 current line number of point.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743 The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744 Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745 no stars, just dashes.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747 The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748 editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749 what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
750
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
751 Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752 editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753 Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754 and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755 "Fundamental" is now.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
757 Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758 there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
759 programming language has a different idea of what a comment should
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
760 look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Each
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761 major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
762 switch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
763 switch to Fundamental mode.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
764
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
765 If you are going to be editing human-language text, such as this file, you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766 should probably use Text Mode.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
767
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
768 >> Type M-x text mode<Return>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
769
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
770 Don't worry, none of the Emacs commands you have learned changes in
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
771 any great way. But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772 apostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
773 M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775 Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776 do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
777 differently.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
778
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
779 To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
780
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781 >> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
782 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
783 >> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785 Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786 Minor modes are not alternatives to the major modes, just minor
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787 modifications of them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off by
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788 itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789 major mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790 combination of several minor modes.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
793 human-language text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
794 breaks the line in between words automatically whenever you insert
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
795 text and make a line that is too wide.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
796
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
797 You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto fill mode<Return>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
798 When the mode is on, you can turn it off again by doing M-x
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
799 auto fill mode<Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns it on,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
800 and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801 command "toggles the mode".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
802
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
803 >> Type M-x auto fill mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf "
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
804 over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
805 spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
806
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
807 The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
808 with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
809 as a numeric argument.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
810
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
811 >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
812 Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
813 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
814 C-x f again.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
815
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
816 If you make changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
817 does not re-fill it for you.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
818 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (META-q) with the cursor inside
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
819 that paragraph.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
820
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
821 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
822
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
823
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
824 * SEARCHING
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
825 -----------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
826
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
827 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828 characters or words) either forward through the text or backward
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
829 through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command;
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
830 it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
831
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
832 The Emacs search command is different from the search commands
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
833 of most editors, in that it is "incremental". This means that the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
834 search happens while you type in the string to search for.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
835
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
836 The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
837 for reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
838
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
839 When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
840 a prompt in the echo area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
841 called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
842 you want to search for. <Return> terminates a search.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
843
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844 >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
845 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
846 character to notice what happens to the cursor.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
847 Now you have searched for "cursor", once.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848 >> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
849 >> Now type <Delback> four times and see how the cursor moves.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
850 >> Type <Return> to terminate the search.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
851
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852 Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
854 go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
855 occurrence exists, Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856 "failing". C-g would also terminate the search.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
857
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859 see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operating
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
860 system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
861 letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
862 Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
863 Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
864
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
865 If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delback>,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867 and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
868 instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
869 occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
870 to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delback>. This erases
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
871 the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
872 the first occurrence of "c".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
873
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
874 If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875 character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
876 a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
877
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
878 The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
879 string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
880 something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
881 have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
882 the search is reversed.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
883
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
884
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
885 * MULTIPLE WINDOWS
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
886 ------------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
887
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
888 One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
889 window on the screen at the same time.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
890
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
891 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l (that's CONTROL-L, not
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
892 CONTROL-1).
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
893
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
894 >> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
895 Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
896
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
897 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
898 (If you do not have a real META key, type <ESC> C-v.)
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
899
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
900 >> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
901 >> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
902 Keep reading these directions in the top window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
903
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
904 >> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
905 The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
906
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
907 You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
908 window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
909 shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
910 window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
911
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
912 The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
913 window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
914 the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
915 through the other window sequentially with C-M-v.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
916
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
917 C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
918 META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META while
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
919 typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first,"
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
920 because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
921
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
922 If you do not have a real META key, and you use <ESC> instead, the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
923 order does matter: you must type <ESC> followed by CONTROL-v, because
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
924 CONTROL-<ESC> v will not work. This is because <ESC> is a character
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
925 in its own right, not a modifier key.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
926
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
927 >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
929 (If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
930 of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
931 window--the window I am already in.")
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
932
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
933 You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
934 use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935 change. You can find a file in each window independently.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
936
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
937 Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
938 things:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
939
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
940 >> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
941 End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
942 window. The cursor goes there, too.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
943
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
944 >> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
945 the bottom window.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
946
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
947
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
948 * RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
949 --------------------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
950
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
951 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
952 level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
953 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
954 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
955
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
956 To get out of the recursive editing level, type <ESC> <ESC> <ESC>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
957 That is an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
958 eliminating extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
959
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
960 >> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type <ESC> <ESC> <ESC> to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
961 get out.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
962
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
963 You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
964 because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
965 recursive editing level.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
966
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
967
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
968 * GETTING MORE HELP
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
969 -------------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
970
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
971 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
972 get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
973 it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
974 to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
975 Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
976 commands. These "help" commands all start with the character
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
977 CONTROL-h, which is called "the Help character".
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
978
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
979 To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
980 character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
981 type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
982 If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
983 type C-g to cancel it.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
984
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
985 (Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h. They really
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
986 should not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you have
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
987 grounds to complain to the system administrator. Meanwhile, if C-h
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
988 does not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, try
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
989 typing the F1 key or M-x help <Return> instead.)
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
990
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
991 The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, the character c, and
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
992 a command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very brief
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
993 description of the command.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
994
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
995 >> Type C-h c C-p.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
996
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
997 The message should be something like this:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
998
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
999 C-p runs the command previous-line
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1000
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1001 This tells you the "name of the function". Function names are used
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1002 mainly for customizing and extending Emacs. But since function names
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1003 are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1004 very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1005 have already learned.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1006
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1007 Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1008 EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1009
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1010 To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1011
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1012 >> Type C-h k C-p.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1013
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1014 This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1015 name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1016 output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1017 to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1018 to the help text, and then type C-x 1.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1019
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1020 Here are some other useful C-h options:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1021
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1022 C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1023 function.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1024
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1025 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1026 This displays all the information Emacs has about the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1027 function which implements the C-p command.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1028
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1029 A similar command C-h v displays the documentation of variables whose
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1030 values you can set to customize Emacs behavior. You need to type in
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1031 the name of the variable when Emacs prompts for it.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1032
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1033 C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1034 all the commands whose names contain that keyword.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1035 These commands can all be invoked with META-x.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1036 For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1037 or two character sequence which runs the same command.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
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1038
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
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1039 >> Type C-h a file<Return>.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
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1040
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1041 This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file"
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1042 in their names. You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1043 beside the corresponding command names such as find-file.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1044
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1045 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1046
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1047 >> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1048
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1049 C-h i Read On-line Manuals (a.k.a. Info). This command puts
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1050 you into a special buffer called `*info*' where you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
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1051 can read on-line manuals for the packages installed on
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1052 your system. Type m emacs <Return> to read the Emacs
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1053 manual. If you have never before used Info, type ?
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1054 and Emacs will take you on a guided tour of Info mode
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1055 facilities. Once you are through with this tutorial,
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1056 you should consult the Emacs Info manual as your
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
1057 primary documentation.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1058
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1059
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1060 * MORE FEATURES
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parents:
diff changeset
1061 ---------------
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parents:
diff changeset
1062
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1063 You can learn more about Emacs by reading its manual, either as a book
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1064 or on-line in Info (use the Help menu or type F10 h r). Two features
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1065 that you may like especially are completion, which saves typing, and
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1066 dired, which simplifies file handling.
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1067
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1068 Completion is a way to avoid unnecessary typing. For instance, if you
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1069 want to switch to the *Messages* buffer, you can type C-x b *M<Tab>
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
diff changeset
1070 and Emacs will fill in the rest of the buffer name as far as it can
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1071 determine from what you have already typed. Completion is described
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1072 in Info in the Emacs manual in the node called "Completion".
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1073
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1074 Dired enables you to list files in a directory (and optionally its
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1075 subdirectories), move around that list, visit, rename, delete and
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1076 otherwise operate on the files. Dired is described in Info in the
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1077 Emacs manual in the node called "Dired".
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1078
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1079 The manual also describes many other Emacs features.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1080
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1081
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1082 * CONCLUSION
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1083 ------------
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1084
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1085 Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1086 temporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1087
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1088 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1089 you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1090
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1091
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1092 * COPYING
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1093 ---------
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1094
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1095 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1096 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
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Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1097
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1098 This version of the tutorial is a part of GNU Emacs. It is copyrighted
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1099 and comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1100
95007
e666d114df11 Switch to recommended form of GPLv3 permissions notice.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 92756
diff changeset
1101 Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006,
e666d114df11 Switch to recommended form of GPLv3 permissions notice.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 92756
diff changeset
1102 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1103
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1104 This file is part of GNU Emacs.
95007
e666d114df11 Switch to recommended form of GPLv3 permissions notice.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 92756
diff changeset
1105
e666d114df11 Switch to recommended form of GPLv3 permissions notice.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 92756
diff changeset
1106 GNU Emacs is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
82707
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parents:
diff changeset
1107 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
95007
e666d114df11 Switch to recommended form of GPLv3 permissions notice.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 92756
diff changeset
1108 the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
e666d114df11 Switch to recommended form of GPLv3 permissions notice.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 92756
diff changeset
1109 (at your option) any later version.
e666d114df11 Switch to recommended form of GPLv3 permissions notice.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 92756
diff changeset
1110
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
diff changeset
1111 GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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parents:
diff changeset
1112 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1113 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1114 GNU General Public License for more details.
95007
e666d114df11 Switch to recommended form of GPLv3 permissions notice.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 92756
diff changeset
1115
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1116 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
95007
e666d114df11 Switch to recommended form of GPLv3 permissions notice.
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents: 92756
diff changeset
1117 along with GNU Emacs. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
82707
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
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parents:
diff changeset
1118
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1119 Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of GNU Emacs to
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1120 your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism ("ownership") by
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1121 using, writing, and sharing free software!
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1122
908e8993d113 Move tutorials from etc/ to etc/tutorials/
Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1123 ;;; arch-tag: a0f84628-777f-4238-8865-451a73167f55