annotate etc/TUTORIAL @ 16914:4b79df16b939

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author Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
date Tue, 21 Jan 1997 09:27:59 +0000
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1 Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc; See end for conditions.
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2 You are looking at the Emacs tutorial.
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3
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4 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
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5 CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than
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6 write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations:
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7
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8 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
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9 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
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10 M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>.
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11 If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the
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12 ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key.
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14 Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)
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15 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
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16 try using a command. For instance:
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17 <<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>>
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18 >> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
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19 (go ahead, do it by holding down the control key while typing v).
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20 From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish
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21 reading the screen.
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22
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23 Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen
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24 to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading
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25 the text.
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26
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27 The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place
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28 to place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen,
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29 with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key
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30 and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META or EDIT key).
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31
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32 >> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times.
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35 * SUMMARY
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36 ---------
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38 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
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40 C-v Move forward one screenful
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41 M-v Move backward one screenful
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42 C-l Clear screen and redisplay all the text,
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43 moving the text around the cursor
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44 to the center of the screen.
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45 (That's control-L, not control-1.)
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46
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47 >> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it.
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48 Then type C-l.
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49 Find the cursor again and notice that the same text
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50 is near the cursor now.
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52
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53 * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
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54 ----------------------
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55
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56 Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
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57 move to a specific place within the text on the screen?
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58
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59 There are several ways you can do this. The most basic way is to use
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60 the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. Each of these commands moves the
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61 cursor one row or column in a particular direction on the screen.
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62 Here is a table showing these four commands and shows the directions
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63 they move:
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65 Previous line, C-p
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66 :
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67 :
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68 Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
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69 :
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70 :
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71 Next line, C-n
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73 >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
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74 using C-n or C-p. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram
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75 centered in the screen.
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77 You'll probably find it easy to think of these by letter: P for
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78 previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. These are the
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79 basic cursor positioning commands, and you'll be using them ALL the
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80 time, so it would be of great benefit if you learn them now.
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82 >> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
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84 >> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
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85 See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
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86
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87 Each of text line ends with a Newline character, which serves to
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88 separate it from the following line. The last line in your file ought
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89 to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require have one).
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90
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91 >> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. It should move to
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92 the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back
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93 across the Newline character.
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94
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95 C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b.
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96
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97 >> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is.
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98 Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line.
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99 Then do one more C-f to move to the following line.
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100
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101 When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
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102 the edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". It
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103 enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text
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104 without moving it off the screen.
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105
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106 >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and
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107 see what happens.
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108
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109 If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f
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110 (Meta-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
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111
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112 >> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.
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113
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114 When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word.
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115 When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the
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116 following word. M-b works likewise in the opposite direction.
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117
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118 >> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's
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119 so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various
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120 places inside and between words.
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121
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122 Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
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123 M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for
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124 operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences,
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125 paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are
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126 independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc).
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127
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128 This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to
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129 the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning
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130 or end of a sentence.
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131
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132 >> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
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133 Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.
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134
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135 See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one
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136 more sentence. Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems
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137 natural.
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138
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139 The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To
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140 paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
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141 the text.
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142
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143 Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the
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144 word and sentence moving commands:
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145
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146 C-f Move forward a character
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147 C-b Move backward a character
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148
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149 M-f Move forward a word
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150 M-b Move backward a word
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151
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152 C-n Move to next line
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153 C-p Move to previous line
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154
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155 C-a Move to beginning of line
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156 C-e Move to end of line
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157
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158 M-a Move back to beginning of sentence
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159 M-e Move forward to end of sentence
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160
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161 >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
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162 These are the most often used commands.
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163
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164 Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (Meta Less-than),
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165 which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (Meta
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166 Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text.
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167
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168 On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the
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169 shift key to type it. On these terminals you must use the shift key
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170 to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
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171
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172 >> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial.
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173 Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here.
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174
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175 >> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial.
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176 Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here.
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177
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178 You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has
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179 arrow keys. We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three
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180 reasons. First, they work on all kinds of terminals. Second, once
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181 you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these CTRL
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182 characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not
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183 have to move your hands away from touch-typing position). Third, once
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184 you form the habit of using these CTRL character commands, you can
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185 easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well.
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186
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187 Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this
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188 serves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat count
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189 is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command. If
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190 you have a META or EDIT key, there is another alternative way to enter
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191 a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the META or
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192 EDIT key. We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on
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193 any terminal.
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194
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195 For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
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196
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197 >> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
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198 to a line near this one with just one command.
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199
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200 Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count. Certain
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201 exceptional commands use it differently. C-v and M-v are among the
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202 exceptions. When given an argument, they scroll the screen up or down
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203 by that many lines, rather than by a screenfuls. For example, C-u 4
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204 C-v scrolls the screen by 4 lines.
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205
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206 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
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207
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208 This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like
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209 to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.
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210
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211 If you are using X Windows, there should be a tall rectangular area
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212 called a scroll bar at the left hand side of the Emacs window. You
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213 can scroll the text by clicking the mouse in the scroll bar.
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214
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215 >> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
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216 within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position
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217 determined by how high or low you click.
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218
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219 >> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button
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220 pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as
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221 you move the mouse.
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222
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223
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224 * WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
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225 --------------------
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226
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227 If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by
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228 typing C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too
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229 long to execute.
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230
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231 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
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232 a command that you do not want to finish.
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234 >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
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235 Now type C-f. It should move just one character,
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236 because you canceled the argument with C-g.
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237
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238 If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
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239 with a C-g.
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240
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241
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242 * DISABLED COMMANDS
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243 -------------------
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244
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245 Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use
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246 them by accident.
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247
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248 If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message
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249 saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go
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250 ahead and execute the command.
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251
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252 If you really want to try the command, type Space in answer to the
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253 question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the disabled
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254 command, answer the question with "n".
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255
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256 >> Type <ESC> : (which is a disabled command),
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257 then type n to answer the question.
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260 * WINDOWS
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261 ---------
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262
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263 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We will
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264 explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want to
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265 explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic
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266 one-window editing. It is simple:
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268 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
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269
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270 That is Control-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window
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271 which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all
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272 other windows.
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273
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274 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
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275 >> Type Control-h k Control-f.
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276 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
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277 to display documentation on the Control-f command.
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278
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279 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
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281
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282 * INSERTING AND DELETING
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283 ------------------------
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284
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285 If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you
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286 can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
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287 immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
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288 Newline character.
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289
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290 You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delete>.
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291 <Delete> is a key on the keyboard, which may be labeled "Del". In
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292 some cases, the "Backspace" key serves as <Delete>, but not always!
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293
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294 More generally, <Delete> deletes the character immediately before the
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295 current cursor position.
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296
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297 >> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them
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298 by typing <Delete> a few times. Don't worry about this file
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299 being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is
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300 your personal copy of it.
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301
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302 When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line
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303 of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\")
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304 at the right margin indicates a line which has been continued.
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305
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306 >> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting.
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307 You'll see a continuation line appear.
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308
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309 >> Use <Delete>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
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310 line again. The continuation line goes away.
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311
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312 You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.
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313 Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into
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314 one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the
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315 screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.
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316
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317 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delete>. This
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318 merges that line with the previous line.
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319
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320 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
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321
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322 Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
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323 this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts
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324 it several times.
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325
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326 >> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********.
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327
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328 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
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329 Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
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330 as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
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331
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332 <Delete> delete the character just before the cursor
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333 C-d delete the next character after the cursor
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334
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335 M-<Delete> kill the word immediately before the cursor
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336 M-d kill the next word after the cursor
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337
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338 C-k kill from the cursor position to end of line
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339 M-k kill to the end of the current sentence
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340
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341 Notice that <Delete> and C-d vs M-<Delete> and M-d extend the parallel
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342 started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delete> is not really a control
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343 character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e
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344 and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
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345
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346 When you delete more than one character at a time, Emacs saves the
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347 deleted text so that you can bring it back. Bringing back killed text
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348 is called "yanking". You can yank the killed text either at the same
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349 place where it was killed, or at some other place in the text. You
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350 can yank the text several times in order to make multiple copies of
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351 it. The command to yank is C-y.
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352
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353 Note that the difference between "Killing" and "Deleting" something is
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354 that "Killed" things can be yanked back, and "Deleted" things cannot.
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355 Generally, the commands that can remove a lot of text save the text,
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356 while the commands that delete just one character, or just blank lines
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357 and spaces, do not save the deleted text.
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358
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359 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty.
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360 Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.
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361 >> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline
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362 which follows that line.
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363
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364 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
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365 C-k kills the line itself, and make all the other lines move up. C-k
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366 treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND
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367 their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two
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368 lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.
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369
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370 To retrieve the last killed text and put it where the cursor currently
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371 is, type C-y.
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372
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373 >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
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374
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375 Think of C-y as if you were yanking something back that someone took
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376 away from you. Notice that if you do several C-k's in a row, all of
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377 the killed text is saved together, so that one C-y will yank all of
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378 the lines.
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379
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380 >> Do this now, type C-k several times.
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381
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382 Now to retrieve that killed text:
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383
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384 >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
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385 again. You now see how to copy some text.
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386
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387 What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
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388 you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But
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389 the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y
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390 command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
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391 M-Y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y
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392 again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you have
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393 reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to
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394 keep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where
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395 it is.
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396
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397 If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most
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398 recent kill).
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399
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400 >> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
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401 Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
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402 Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
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403 Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until
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404 the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
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405 If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
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406 arguments.
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407
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408
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409 * UNDO
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410 ------
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411
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412 If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a
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413 mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u.
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414
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415 Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
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416 the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one
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417 additional command.
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418
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419 But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do
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420 not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling
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421 command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups
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422 of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to
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423 type to undo insertion of text.)
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424
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425 >> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.
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426
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427 C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u,
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428 but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage of
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429 C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That
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430 is why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_
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431 by typing / while holding down CTRL.
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432
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433 A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count.
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434
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435
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436 * FILES
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437 -------
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438
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439 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
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440 file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
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441 away. You put your editing in a file by "finding" the file. (This is
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442 also called "visiting" the file.)
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443
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444 Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within
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445 Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
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446 However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent
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447 until you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving a
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448 half-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even when
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449 you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
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450 you later decide that your changes were a mistake.
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451
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452 If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
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453 begins and ends with dashes, and contains the string "Emacs:
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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454 TUTORIAL". This part of the screen always shows the name of the file
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455 that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file called
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456 "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs tutorial.
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457 Whatever file you find, that file's name will appear in that precise
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458 spot.
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459
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460 The commands for finding and saving files are unlike the other
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461 commands you have learned in that they consist of two characters.
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462 They both start with the character Control-x. There is a whole series
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463 of commands that start with Control-x; many of them have to do with
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464 files, buffers, and related things. These commands are two, three or
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465 four characters long.
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466
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467 Another thing about the command for finding a file is that you have
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468 to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an argument
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469 from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of the
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470 file). After you type the command
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471
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472 C-x C-f Find a file
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473
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474 Emacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appears
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475 on the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line is called the
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476 minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can use
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477 ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name.
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478
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479 While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input),
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480 you can cancel the command with C-g.
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481
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482 >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer,
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483 and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
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484 minibuffer. So you do not find any file.
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485
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486 When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to
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487 terminate it. Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file
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488 you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is
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489 finished.
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490
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491 In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can
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492 edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent,
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493 type the command
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494
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495 C-x C-s Save the file
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496
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497 This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you
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498 do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
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499 not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the
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500 original file's name.
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501
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502 When saving is finished, Emacs prints the name of the file written.
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503 You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
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504 work if the system should crash.
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505
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506 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
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507 This should print "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
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508
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509 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you
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510 will see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an
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511 operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the
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512 C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen,
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513 type C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental
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514 Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
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515
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516 You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also
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517 find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a
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518 file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then
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519 begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the
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520 file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have
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521 inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an
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522 already existing file.
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523
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524
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525 * BUFFERS
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diff changeset
526 ---------
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527
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528 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
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529 inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with
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530 C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
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diff changeset
531
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532 >> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>.
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diff changeset
533 Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s.
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diff changeset
534 Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>
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diff changeset
535 to come back to the tutorial.
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diff changeset
536
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diff changeset
537 Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer."
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538 Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
539 buffers that current exist in your Emacs job, type
13
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diff changeset
540
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parents:
diff changeset
541 C-x C-b List buffers
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parents:
diff changeset
542
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diff changeset
543 >> Try C-x C-b now.
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parents:
diff changeset
544
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diff changeset
545 See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name
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546 for the file whose contents it holds. Some buffers do not correspond
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diff changeset
547 to files. For example, the buffer named "*Buffer List*" does
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parents:
diff changeset
548 not have any file. It is the buffer which contains the buffer
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parents:
diff changeset
549 list that was made by C-x C-b. ANY text you see in an Emacs window
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550 is always part of some buffer.
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551
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552 >> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
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parents:
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553
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diff changeset
554 If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
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parents:
diff changeset
555 this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,
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parents:
diff changeset
556 in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's
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diff changeset
557 buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
558 but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
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parents:
diff changeset
559 file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
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parents:
diff changeset
560 it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have
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parents:
diff changeset
561
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diff changeset
562 C-x s Save some buffers
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parents:
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563
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564 C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have
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565 not saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the
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diff changeset
566 buffer.
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567
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568 >> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
569 It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
570 Answer yes to the question by typing "y".
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parents:
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571
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
572 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
573 ---------------------------
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parents:
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574
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parents:
diff changeset
575 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
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576 on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with
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diff changeset
577 the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors:
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parents:
diff changeset
578
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diff changeset
579 C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character.
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parents:
diff changeset
580 M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
581
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parents:
diff changeset
582 These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
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diff changeset
583 commands you have already learned about. You have already seen two of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
584 them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save. Another
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
585 example is the command to end the Emacs session--this is the command
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
586 C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing changes you have made; C-x C-c
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diff changeset
587 offers to save each changed file before it kills the Emacs.)
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parents:
diff changeset
588
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4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
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589 C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
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590 back to the same Emacs session afterward.
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591
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592 On systems which allow it, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns
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parents: 15443
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593 to the shell but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most common
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594 shells, you can resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'.
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595
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diff changeset
596 On systems which do not implement suspending, C-z creates a subshell
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597 running under Emacs to give you the chance to run other programs and
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diff changeset
598 return to Emacs afterward; it does not truly "exit" from Emacs. In
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599 this case, the shell command `exit' is the usual way to get back to
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diff changeset
600 Emacs from the subshell.
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601
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602 The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also
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603 the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
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604 programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
605 how to cope with suspension of Emacs. In ordinary circumstances,
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parents: 15443
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606 though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs
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607 with C-z instead of exiting Emacs.
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608
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609 There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
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610
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611 C-x C-f Find file.
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612 C-x C-s Save file.
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613 C-x C-b List buffers.
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614 C-x C-c Quit Emacs.
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615 C-x u Undo.
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616
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617 Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
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618 frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An
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diff changeset
619 example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one
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620 string with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the
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621 bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the
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622 command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and
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623 Emacs will complete the name. End the command name with <Return>.
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624
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625 The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be
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626 replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each
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627 argument with <Return>.
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628
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629 >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
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630 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
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631
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632 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
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parents: 15443
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633 the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred,
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634 after the initial position of the cursor.
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635
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636
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637 * AUTO SAVE
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
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638 -----------
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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639
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
640 When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
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parents: 9560
diff changeset
641 they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from
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diff changeset
642 this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
643 you are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
644 the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
645 file's name is "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way,
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
646 Emacs deletes its auto save file.
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
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647
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
648 If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
649 finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
650 save file) and then typing M-x recover file<return>. When it asks for
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parents: 9560
diff changeset
651 confirmation, type yes<return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
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parents: 9560
diff changeset
652 data.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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653
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
654
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655 * ECHO AREA
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577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
656 -----------
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657
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658 If Emacs sees that you are typing commands slowly it shows them to you
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parents:
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659 at the bottom of the screen in an area called the "echo area." The echo
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660 area contains the bottom line of the screen.
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661
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
662
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parents: 15443
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663 * MODE LINE
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
664 -----------
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665
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666 The line immediately above the echo area it is called the "mode line".
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667 The mode line says something like this:
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668
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
669 --**-Emacs: TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
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670
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671 This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
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672 the text you are editing.
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parents:
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673
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674 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
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675 found. -NN%-- indicates your current position in the text; it means
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676 that NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the
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677 top of the file is on the screen, it will say --Top-- instead of
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
678 --00%--. If the bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say
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parents: 15443
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679 --Bot--. If you are looking at text so small that all of it fits on
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
680 the screen, the mode line says --All--.
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681
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diff changeset
682 The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
683 Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows
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diff changeset
684 no stars, just dashes.
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diff changeset
685
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diff changeset
686 The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
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diff changeset
687 editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
688 what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode".
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diff changeset
689
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690 Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
691 editing different languages and or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
692 Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active,
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
693 and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
694 "Fundamental" is now.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
695
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diff changeset
696 Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example,
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diff changeset
697 there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
698 programming language has a different idea of what a comment should
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
699 look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Each
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diff changeset
700 major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
701 switchto that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to
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diff changeset
702 switch to Fundamental mode.
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703
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704 If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, you
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parents:
diff changeset
705 should probably use Text Mode.
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parents:
diff changeset
706 >> Type M-x text-mode<Return>.
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parents:
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707
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708 Don't worry, none of the commands you have learned changes Emacs in
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diff changeset
709 any great way. But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat
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diff changeset
710 apostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode,
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diff changeset
711 M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators.
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parents:
diff changeset
712
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diff changeset
713 Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands
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diff changeset
714 do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit
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diff changeset
715 differently.
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diff changeset
716
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diff changeset
717 To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
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718
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719 >> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
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parents:
diff changeset
720 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
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parents:
diff changeset
721 >> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.
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parents:
diff changeset
722
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parents:
diff changeset
723 Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
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diff changeset
724 Minor modes are not to the major modes, just minor modifications of
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
725 them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off by itself, independent
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
726 of all other minor modes, and independent of your major mode. So you
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
727 can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any combination of
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diff changeset
728 several minor modes.
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parents:
diff changeset
729
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diff changeset
730 One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing English
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
731 text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs breaks the line
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
732 in between words automatically whenever you insert text and make a
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
733 line that is too wide.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
734
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
735 You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
736 When the mode is on, you can turn it off by doing M-x
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
737 auto-fill-mode<Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns it on,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
738 and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
739 command "toggles the mode".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
740
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
741 >> Type M-x auto-fill-mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf "
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
742 over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
743 spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
744
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
745 The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
746 with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
747 as a numeric argument.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
748
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
749 >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
750 Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
751 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
752 C-x f again.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
753
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
754 If you makes changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
755 does not re-fill it for you.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
756 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (Meta-q) with the cursor inside
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
757 that paragraph.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
758
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
759 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
760
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
761 * SEARCHING
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
762 -----------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
763
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
764 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
765 characters or words) either forward through the text or backward
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
766 through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command;
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
767 it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
768
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
769 The Emacs search command is different from the search commands
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
770 of most editors, in that it is "incremental". This means that the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
771 search happens while you type in the string to search for.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
772
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
773 The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
774 for reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
775
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
776 When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
777 a prompt in the echo area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
778 called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
779 you want to search for. <RET> terminates a search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
780
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
781 >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
782 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
783 character to notice what happens to the cursor.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
784 Now you have searched for "cursor", once.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
785 >> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
786 >> Now type <Delete> four times and see how the cursor moves.
4190
023ddd6f5c2b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 2863
diff changeset
787 >> Type <RET> to terminate the search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
788
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
789 Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
790 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
791 go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
792 occurrence exists Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
793 "failing", C-g would also terminate the search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
794
8128
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
795 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
796 see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operating
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
797 system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
798 letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
799 Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
800 Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
801
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
802 If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delete>,
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
803 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
804 and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
805 instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
806 occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
807 to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delete>. This erases
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
808 the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
809 the first occurrence of "c".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
810
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
811 If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
812 character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
813 a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
814
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
815 The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
816 string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
817 something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
818 have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
819 the search is reversed.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
820
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
821
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
822 * MULTIPLE WINDOWS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
823 ------------------
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
824
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
825 One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
826 window on the screen at the same time.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
827
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
828 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
829
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
830 >> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
831 Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
832
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
833 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
834 (If you do not have a real Meta key, type ESC C-v.)
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
835
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
836 >> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
837 >> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
838 Keep reading these directions in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
839
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
840 >> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
841 The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
842
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
843 You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
844 window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
845 shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
846 window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window".
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
847
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
848 The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
849 window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
850 the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
851 through the other window sequentially with C-M-v.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
852
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
853 C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
854 META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CTRL and META while
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
855 typing v. It does not matter whether CTRL or META "comes first,"
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
856 because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type.
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
857
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
858 If you do not have a real META key, and you use ESC instead, the order
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
859 does matter: you must type ESC followed by CTRL-v; CTRL-ESC v will not
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
860 work. This is because ESC is a character in its own right, not a
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
861 modifier key.
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
862
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
863 >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
864
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
865 (If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
866 of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
867 window--the window I am already in.")
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
868
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
869 You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
870 use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
871 change. You can find a file in each window independently.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
872
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
873 Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 34
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874 things:
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875
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876 >> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
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877 End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom
476
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878 window. The cursor goes there, too.
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879
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880 >> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
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881 the bottom window.
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882
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883
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884 * RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
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885 --------------------------
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886
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887 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
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888 level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
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889 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For
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890 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
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891
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892 To get out of the recursive editing level, type ESC ESC ESC. That is
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
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893 an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for eliminating
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
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894 extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
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895
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896 >> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type ESC ESC ESC to get out.
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897
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898 You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is
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899 because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the
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900 recursive editing level.
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901
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902
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903 * GETTING MORE HELP
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904 -------------------
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905
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906 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
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907 get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that
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908 it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want
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909 to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features.
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910 Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs
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911 commands. These "help" commands all start with the character
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912 Control-h, which is called "the Help character".
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913
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914 To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a
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915 character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost,
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916 type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
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917 If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just
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918 type C-g to cancel it.
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919
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920 (Some sites rebind the character C-h. They really should not do this
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921 as a blanket measure, so complain to the system administrator.
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922 Meanwhile, if C-h does not display a message about help at the bottom
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923 of the screen, try typing M-x help RET instead.)
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c78bae220849 Advise about case where C-h is rebound.
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924
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925 The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, a c, and a
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926 command character or sequence, and Emacs displays a very brief
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927 description of the command.
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928
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929 >> Type C-h c Control-p.
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930 The message should be something like
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931
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932 C-p runs the command previous-line
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933
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934 This tells you the "name of the function". Function names are used
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935 mainly for customizing and extending Emacs. But since function names
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936 are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as
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937 very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you
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938 have already learned.
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939
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940 Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
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diff changeset
941 EDIT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
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diff changeset
942
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943 To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
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944
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945 >> Type C-h k Control-p.
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946
477
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947 This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
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diff changeset
948 name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the
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diff changeset
949 output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have
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950 to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring
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951 to the help text, and then type C-x 1.
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952
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953 Here are some other useful C-h options:
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954
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955 C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the
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956 function.
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957
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958 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
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959 This prints all the information Emacs has about the
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960 function which implements the C-p command.
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diff changeset
961
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962 C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
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963 all the commands whose names contain that keyword.
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964 These commands can all be invoked with Meta-x.
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965 For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one
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966 or two character sequence runs the same command.
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967
477
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968 >> Type C-h a file<Return>.
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969
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970 This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file"
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diff changeset
971 in their names. You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
972 beside the corresponding command names such as find-file.
477
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diff changeset
973
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
974 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times.
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diff changeset
975
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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976 >> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.
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diff changeset
977
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978
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979 * CONCLUSION
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980 ------------
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diff changeset
981
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diff changeset
982 Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell
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983 temporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z.
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diff changeset
984
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diff changeset
985 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
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parents:
diff changeset
986 you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
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parents:
diff changeset
987
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parents:
diff changeset
988
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diff changeset
989 COPYING
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diff changeset
990 -------
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parents:
diff changeset
991
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diff changeset
992 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
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parents:
diff changeset
993 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
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parents:
diff changeset
994
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diff changeset
995 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
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parents:
diff changeset
996 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
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parents:
diff changeset
997
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998 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation
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diff changeset
999
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diff changeset
1000 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
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parents:
diff changeset
1001 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
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parents:
diff changeset
1002 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
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parents:
diff changeset
1003 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
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parents:
diff changeset
1004 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
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parents:
diff changeset
1005
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parents:
diff changeset
1006 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
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parents:
diff changeset
1007 of this document, or of portions of it,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1008 under the above conditions, provided also that they
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1009 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
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parents:
diff changeset
1010
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1011 The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the
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diff changeset
1012 same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of
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diff changeset
1013 GNU Emacs to your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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1014 ("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!