Mercurial > emacs
annotate doc/emacs/emacs.texi @ 103495:553e282e658d EMACS_PRETEST_23_0_95
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author | Chong Yidong <cyd@stupidchicken.com> |
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date | Fri, 19 Jun 2009 17:10:49 +0000 |
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3 @setfilename ../../info/emacs |
84236 | 4 @settitle GNU Emacs Manual |
5 | |
6 @c The edition number appears in several places in this file | |
7 @set EDITION Sixteenth | |
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8 @set EMACSVER 23.0.95 |
84236 | 9 |
10 @copying | |
11 This is the @value{EDITION} edition of the @cite{GNU Emacs Manual},@* | |
12 updated for Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. | |
13 | |
14 Copyright @copyright{} 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, | |
100974 | 15 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 |
87903 | 16 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
84236 | 17 |
18 @quotation | |
19 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document | |
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20 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or |
84236 | 21 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
22 Invariant Sections being ``The GNU Manifesto,'' ``Distribution'' and | |
23 ``GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE,'' with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU | |
24 Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the | |
25 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation | |
26 License.'' | |
27 | |
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28 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to copy and |
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29 modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in |
84236 | 30 developing GNU and promoting software freedom.'' |
31 @end quotation | |
32 @end copying | |
33 | |
34 @dircategory Emacs | |
35 @direntry | |
36 * Emacs: (emacs). The extensible self-documenting text editor. | |
37 @end direntry | |
38 | |
39 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a | |
40 @c copy of this manual that will be published. The manual should go | |
41 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size. | |
42 @c set smallbook | |
43 | |
44 @ifset smallbook | |
45 @smallbook | |
46 @end ifset | |
47 | |
48 @c per rms and peterb, use 10pt fonts for the main text, mostly to | |
49 @c save on paper cost. | |
50 @c Do this inside @tex for now, so current makeinfo does not complain. | |
51 @tex | |
52 @ifset smallbook | |
53 @fonttextsize 10 | |
54 @set EMACSVER 22 | |
55 \global\let\urlcolor=\Black % don't print links in grayscale | |
56 \global\let\linkcolor=\Black | |
57 @end ifset | |
58 \global\hbadness=6666 % don't worry about not-too-underfull boxes | |
59 @end tex | |
60 | |
61 @defcodeindex op | |
62 @synindex pg cp | |
63 | |
64 @iftex | |
65 @kbdinputstyle code | |
66 | |
67 @shorttitlepage GNU Emacs Manual | |
68 @end iftex | |
69 | |
70 @titlepage | |
71 @sp 6 | |
72 @center @titlefont{GNU Emacs Manual} | |
73 @sp 4 | |
74 @center @value{EDITION} Edition, Updated for Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER}. | |
75 @sp 5 | |
76 @center Richard Stallman | |
77 @page | |
78 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
79 @insertcopying | |
80 | |
81 @sp 2 | |
82 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
83 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor @* | |
84 Boston, MA 02110-1301 USA @* | |
85 ISBN 1-882114-86-8 | |
86 | |
87 @sp 2 | |
88 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
89 | |
90 @end titlepage | |
91 | |
92 | |
93 @summarycontents | |
94 @contents | |
95 | |
96 | |
97 @ifnottex | |
98 @node Top, Distrib, (dir), (dir) | |
99 @top The Emacs Editor | |
100 | |
101 Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time | |
102 display editor. This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and | |
103 some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version | |
104 @value{EMACSVER}. | |
105 | |
106 @ifinfo | |
107 To learn more about the Info documentation system, type @kbd{h}, and | |
108 Emacs will take you to a programmed instruction sequence for the Info | |
109 commands. | |
110 @end ifinfo | |
111 | |
112 For information on extending Emacs, see @ref{Top, Emacs Lisp,, elisp, The | |
113 Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}. | |
114 @end ifnottex | |
115 | |
116 @ignore | |
117 These subcategories have been deleted for simplicity | |
118 and to avoid conflicts. | |
119 Completion | |
120 Backup Files | |
121 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters | |
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122 Tags |
84236 | 123 Text Mode |
124 Outline Mode | |
125 @TeX{} Mode | |
126 Formatted Text | |
127 Shell Command History | |
128 | |
129 The ones for Dired and Rmail have had the items turned into :: items | |
130 to avoid conflicts. | |
131 Also Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
132 and Sending Mail and Registers and Minibuffer. | |
133 @end ignore | |
134 | |
102081 | 135 @insertcopying |
136 | |
84236 | 137 @menu |
138 * Distrib:: How to get the latest Emacs distribution. | |
139 * Copying:: The GNU General Public License gives you permission | |
140 to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms; | |
141 it also explains that there is no warranty. | |
142 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. | |
143 * Intro:: An introduction to Emacs concepts. | |
85114 | 144 * Glossary:: Terms used in this manual. |
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145 * Antinews:: Information about Emacs version 22. |
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146 * Mac OS / GNUstep:: Using Emacs under Mac OS and GNUstep. |
84236 | 147 * Microsoft Windows:: Using Emacs on Microsoft Windows and MS-DOS. |
148 * Manifesto:: What's GNU? Gnu's Not Unix! | |
149 * Acknowledgments:: Major contributors to GNU Emacs. | |
150 | |
151 Indexes (each index contains a large menu) | |
152 * Key Index:: An item for each standard Emacs key sequence. | |
153 * Option Index:: An item for every command-line option. | |
154 * Command Index:: An item for each command name. | |
155 * Variable Index:: An item for each documented variable. | |
156 * Concept Index:: An item for each concept. | |
157 | |
158 Important General Concepts | |
159 * Screen:: How to interpret what you see on the screen. | |
160 * User Input:: Kinds of input events (characters, buttons, | |
161 function keys). | |
162 * Keys:: Key sequences: what you type to request one | |
163 editing action. | |
164 * Commands:: Named functions run by key sequences to do editing. | |
165 * Entering Emacs:: Starting Emacs from the shell. | |
166 * Exiting:: Stopping or killing Emacs. | |
167 * Emacs Invocation:: Hairy startup options. | |
168 | |
169 Fundamental Editing Commands | |
170 * Basic:: The most basic editing commands. | |
171 * Minibuffer:: Entering arguments that are prompted for. | |
172 * M-x:: Invoking commands by their names. | |
173 * Help:: Commands for asking Emacs about its commands. | |
174 | |
175 Important Text-Changing Commands | |
176 * Mark:: The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text. | |
177 * Killing:: Killing (cutting) text. | |
178 * Yanking:: Recovering killed text. Moving text. (Pasting.) | |
179 * Accumulating Text:: Other ways of copying text. | |
180 * Rectangles:: Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen. | |
181 * Registers:: Saving a text string or a location in the buffer. | |
182 * Display:: Controlling what text is displayed. | |
183 * Search:: Finding or replacing occurrences of a string. | |
184 * Fixit:: Commands especially useful for fixing typos. | |
185 * Keyboard Macros:: A keyboard macro records a sequence of | |
186 keystrokes to be replayed with a single command. | |
187 | |
188 Major Structures of Emacs | |
189 * Files:: All about handling files. | |
190 * Buffers:: Multiple buffers; editing several files at once. | |
191 * Windows:: Viewing two pieces of text at once. | |
192 * Frames:: Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows. | |
193 * International:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} character sets (the MULE features). | |
194 | |
195 Advanced Features | |
196 * Major Modes:: Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ... | |
197 * Indentation:: Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines. | |
198 * Text:: Commands and modes for editing English. | |
199 * Programs:: Commands and modes for editing programs. | |
200 * Building:: Compiling, running and debugging programs. | |
201 * Maintaining:: Features for maintaining large programs. | |
202 * Abbrevs:: How to define text abbreviations to reduce | |
203 the number of characters you must type. | |
204 @ifnottex | |
205 * Picture Mode:: Editing pictures made up of characters using | |
206 the quarter-plane screen model. | |
207 @end ifnottex | |
208 * Sending Mail:: Sending mail in Emacs. | |
209 * Rmail:: Reading mail in Emacs. | |
210 * Dired:: You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it. | |
211 * Calendar/Diary:: The calendar and diary facilities. | |
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212 * Document View:: Viewing PDF, PS and DVI files. |
84236 | 213 * Gnus:: How to read netnews with Emacs. |
214 * Shell:: Executing shell commands from Emacs. | |
215 * Emacs Server:: Using Emacs as an editing server for @code{mail}, etc. | |
216 * Printing:: Printing hardcopies of buffers or regions. | |
217 * Sorting:: Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs. | |
218 * Narrowing:: Restricting display and editing to a portion | |
219 of the buffer. | |
220 * Two-Column:: Splitting apart columns to edit them | |
221 in side-by-side windows. | |
222 * Editing Binary Files::Using Hexl mode to edit binary files. | |
223 * Saving Emacs Sessions:: Saving Emacs state from one session to the next. | |
224 * Recursive Edit:: A command can allow you to do editing | |
225 "within the command". This is called a | |
226 "recursive editing level". | |
227 * Emulation:: Emulating some other editors with Emacs. | |
228 * Hyperlinking:: Following links in buffers. | |
229 * Dissociated Press:: Dissociating text for fun. | |
230 * Amusements:: Various games and hacks. | |
231 * Customization:: Modifying the behavior of Emacs. | |
232 * X Resources:: X resources for customizing Emacs. | |
233 | |
234 Recovery from Problems | |
235 * Quitting:: Quitting and aborting. | |
236 * Lossage:: What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning. | |
237 * Bugs:: How and when to report a bug. | |
238 * Contributing:: How to contribute improvements to Emacs. | |
239 * Service:: How to get help for your own Emacs needs. | |
240 | |
241 @c Do NOT modify the following 3 lines! They must have this form to | |
242 @c be correctly identified by `texinfo-multiple-files-update'. In | |
243 @c particular, the detailed menu header line MUST be identical to the | |
244 @c value of `texinfo-master-menu-header'. See texnfo-upd.el. | |
245 | |
246 @detailmenu | |
247 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- | |
248 --------------------------------- | |
249 | |
250 Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones | |
251 already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
252 | |
253 The Organization of the Screen | |
254 | |
255 * Point:: The place in the text where editing commands operate. | |
256 * Echo Area:: Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen. | |
257 * Mode Line:: Interpreting the mode line. | |
258 * Menu Bar:: How to use the menu bar. | |
259 | |
260 Basic Editing Commands | |
261 | |
262 * Inserting Text:: Inserting text by simply typing it. | |
263 * Moving Point:: How to move the cursor to the place where you want to | |
264 change something. | |
265 * Erasing:: Deleting and killing text. | |
266 * Basic Undo:: Undoing recent changes in the text. | |
267 * Basic Files:: Visiting, creating, and saving files. | |
268 * Basic Help:: Asking what a character does. | |
269 * Blank Lines:: Commands to make or delete blank lines. | |
270 * Continuation Lines:: Lines too wide for the screen. | |
271 * Position Info:: What page, line, row, or column is point on? | |
272 * Arguments:: Numeric arguments for repeating a command. | |
273 * Repeating:: A short-cut for repeating the previous command. | |
274 | |
275 The Minibuffer | |
276 | |
277 * Minibuffer File:: Entering file names with the minibuffer. | |
278 * Minibuffer Edit:: How to edit in the minibuffer. | |
279 * Completion:: An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input. | |
280 * Minibuffer History:: Reusing recent minibuffer arguments. | |
281 * Repetition:: Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer. | |
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282 * Passwords:: Entering passwords in the echo area. |
84236 | 283 |
284 Completion | |
285 | |
286 * Example: Completion Example. Examples of using completion. | |
287 * Commands: Completion Commands. A list of completion commands. | |
288 * Strict Completion:: Different types of completion. | |
289 * Options: Completion Options. Options for completion. | |
290 | |
291 Help | |
292 | |
293 * Help Summary:: Brief list of all Help commands. | |
294 * Key Help:: Asking what a key does in Emacs. | |
295 * Name Help:: Asking about a command, variable or function name. | |
296 * Apropos:: Asking what pertains to a given topic. | |
297 * Help Mode:: Special features of Help mode and Help buffers. | |
298 * Library Keywords:: Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics). | |
299 * Language Help:: Help relating to international language support. | |
300 * Misc Help:: Other help commands. | |
301 * Help Files:: Commands to display pre-written help files. | |
302 * Help Echo:: Help on active text and tooltips (`balloon help') | |
303 | |
304 The Mark and the Region | |
305 | |
306 * Setting Mark:: Commands to set the mark. | |
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307 * Marking Objects:: Commands to put region around textual units. |
84236 | 308 * Using Region:: Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region. |
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309 * Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there. |
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310 * Global Mark Ring:: Previous mark positions in various buffers. |
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311 * Shift Selection:: Using shifted cursor motion keys. |
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312 * Persistent Mark:: Keeping the mark active all the time. |
84236 | 313 |
314 Killing and Moving Text | |
315 | |
316 * Deletion:: Commands for deleting small amounts of text and | |
317 blank areas. | |
318 * Killing by Lines:: How to kill entire lines of text at one time. | |
319 * Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and | |
320 syntactic units such as words and sentences. | |
321 * CUA Bindings:: Using @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-v} for copy | |
322 and paste, with enhanced rectangle support. | |
323 | |
324 Yanking | |
325 | |
326 * Kill Ring:: Where killed text is stored. Basic yanking. | |
327 * Appending Kills:: Several kills in a row all yank together. | |
328 * Earlier Kills:: Yanking something killed some time ago. | |
329 | |
330 Registers | |
331 | |
332 * RegPos:: Saving positions in registers. | |
333 * RegText:: Saving text in registers. | |
334 * RegRect:: Saving rectangles in registers. | |
335 * RegConfig:: Saving window configurations in registers. | |
336 * RegNumbers:: Numbers in registers. | |
337 * RegFiles:: File names in registers. | |
338 * Bookmarks:: Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent. | |
339 | |
340 Controlling the Display | |
341 | |
342 * Scrolling:: Moving text up and down in a window. | |
343 * Auto Scrolling:: Redisplay scrolls text automatically when needed. | |
344 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving text left and right in a window. | |
345 * Follow Mode:: Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one. | |
346 * Faces:: How to change the display style using faces. | |
347 * Standard Faces:: Emacs' predefined faces. | |
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348 * Temporary Face Changes:: Commands to temporarily modify the default text face |
84236 | 349 * Font Lock:: Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces. |
350 * Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight. | |
351 * Fringes:: Enabling or disabling window fringes. | |
352 * Displaying Boundaries:: Displaying top and bottom of the buffer. | |
353 * Useless Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace. | |
354 * Selective Display:: Hiding lines with lots of indentation. | |
355 * Optional Mode Line:: Optional mode line display features. | |
356 * Text Display:: How text characters are normally displayed. | |
357 * Cursor Display:: Features for displaying the cursor. | |
358 * Line Truncation:: Truncating lines to fit the screen width instead | |
359 of continuing them to multiple screen lines. | |
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360 * Visual Line Mode:: Word wrap and screen line-based editing. |
84236 | 361 * Display Custom:: Information on variables for customizing display. |
362 | |
363 Searching and Replacement | |
364 | |
365 * Incremental Search:: Search happens as you type the string. | |
366 * Nonincremental Search:: Specify entire string and then search. | |
367 * Word Search:: Search for sequence of words. | |
368 * Regexp Search:: Search for match for a regexp. | |
369 * Regexps:: Syntax of regular expressions. | |
370 * Regexp Backslash:: Regular expression constructs starting with `\'. | |
371 * Regexp Example:: A complex regular expression explained. | |
372 * Search Case:: To ignore case while searching, or not. | |
373 * Replace:: Search, and replace some or all matches. | |
374 * Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp. | |
375 | |
376 Incremental Search | |
377 | |
378 * Basic Isearch:: Basic incremental search commands. | |
379 * Repeat Isearch:: Searching for the same string again. | |
380 * Error in Isearch:: When your string is not found. | |
381 * Special Isearch:: Special input in incremental search. | |
382 * Isearch Yank:: Commands that grab text into the search string | |
383 or else edit the search string. | |
384 * Isearch Scroll:: Scrolling during an incremental search. | |
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385 * Isearch Minibuffer:: Incremental search of the minibuffer history. |
84236 | 386 * Slow Isearch:: Incremental search features for slow terminals. |
387 | |
388 Replacement Commands | |
389 | |
390 * Unconditional Replace:: Replacing all matches for a string. | |
391 * Regexp Replace:: Replacing all matches for a regexp. | |
392 * Replacement and Case:: How replacements preserve case of letters. | |
393 * Query Replace:: How to use querying. | |
394 | |
395 Commands for Fixing Typos | |
396 | |
397 * Undo:: Full details of Emacs undo commands. | |
398 * Transpose:: Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists... | |
399 * Fixing Case:: Correcting case of last word entered. | |
400 * Spelling:: Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer. | |
401 | |
402 Keyboard Macros | |
403 | |
404 * Basic Keyboard Macro:: Defining and running keyboard macros. | |
405 * Keyboard Macro Ring:: Where previous keyboard macros are saved. | |
406 * Keyboard Macro Counter:: Inserting incrementing numbers in macros. | |
407 * Keyboard Macro Query:: Making keyboard macros do different things each time. | |
408 * Save Keyboard Macro:: Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files. | |
409 * Edit Keyboard Macro:: Editing keyboard macros. | |
410 * Keyboard Macro Step-Edit:: Interactively executing and editing a keyboard | |
411 macro. | |
412 | |
413 File Handling | |
414 | |
415 * File Names:: How to type and edit file-name arguments. | |
416 * Visiting:: Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file. | |
417 * Saving:: Saving makes your changes permanent. | |
418 * Reverting:: Reverting cancels all the changes not saved. | |
419 * Autorevert:: Auto Reverting non-file buffers. | |
420 * Auto Save:: Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data. | |
421 * File Aliases:: Handling multiple names for one file. | |
422 * Directories:: Creating, deleting, and listing file directories. | |
423 * Comparing Files:: Finding where two files differ. | |
424 * Diff Mode:: Editing diff output. | |
425 * Misc File Ops:: Other things you can do on files. | |
426 * Compressed Files:: Accessing compressed files. | |
427 * File Archives:: Operating on tar, zip, jar etc. archive files. | |
428 * Remote Files:: Accessing files on other sites. | |
429 * Quoted File Names:: Quoting special characters in file names. | |
430 * File Name Cache:: Completion against a list of files you often use. | |
431 * File Conveniences:: Convenience Features for Finding Files. | |
432 * Filesets:: Handling sets of files. | |
433 | |
434 Saving Files | |
435 | |
436 * Save Commands:: Commands for saving files. | |
437 * Backup:: How Emacs saves the old version of your file. | |
438 * Customize Save:: Customizing the saving of files. | |
439 * Interlocking:: How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing | |
440 of one file by two users. | |
441 * File Shadowing:: Copying files to "shadows" automatically. | |
442 * Time Stamps:: Emacs can update time stamps on saved files. | |
443 | |
444 Backup Files | |
445 | |
446 * Names: Backup Names. How backup files are named. | |
447 * Deletion: Backup Deletion. Emacs deletes excess numbered backups. | |
448 * Copying: Backup Copying. Backups can be made by copying or renaming. | |
449 | |
450 Auto-Saving: Protection Against Disasters | |
451 | |
452 * Files: Auto Save Files. The file where auto-saved changes are | |
453 actually made until you save the file. | |
454 * Control: Auto Save Control. Controlling when and how often to auto-save. | |
455 * Recover:: Recovering text from auto-save files. | |
456 | |
457 Using Multiple Buffers | |
458 | |
459 * Select Buffer:: Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one. | |
460 * List Buffers:: Getting a list of buffers that exist. | |
461 * Misc Buffer:: Renaming; changing read-onliness; copying text. | |
462 * Kill Buffer:: Killing buffers you no longer need. | |
463 * Several Buffers:: How to go through the list of all buffers | |
464 and operate variously on several of them. | |
465 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer. | |
466 * Buffer Convenience:: Convenience and customization features for | |
467 buffer handling. | |
468 | |
469 Multiple Windows | |
470 | |
471 * Basic Window:: Introduction to Emacs windows. | |
472 * Split Window:: New windows are made by splitting existing windows. | |
473 * Other Window:: Moving to another window or doing something to it. | |
474 * Pop Up Window:: Finding a file or buffer in another window. | |
475 * Force Same Window:: Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected | |
476 window rather than in another window. | |
477 * Change Window:: Deleting windows and changing their sizes. | |
478 * Window Convenience:: Convenience functions for window handling. | |
479 | |
480 Frames and Graphical Displays | |
481 | |
482 * Cut and Paste:: Mouse commands for cut and paste. | |
483 * Mouse References:: Using the mouse to select an item from a list. | |
484 * Menu Mouse Clicks:: Mouse clicks that bring up menus. | |
485 * Mode Line Mouse:: Mouse clicks on the mode line. | |
486 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents. | |
487 * Frame Commands:: Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames. | |
488 * Speedbar:: How to make and use a speedbar frame. | |
489 * Multiple Displays:: How one Emacs job can talk to several displays. | |
490 * Special Buffer Frames:: You can make certain buffers have their own frames. | |
491 * Frame Parameters:: Changing the colors and other modes of frames. | |
492 * Scroll Bars:: How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them. | |
493 * Wheeled Mice:: Using mouse wheels for scrolling. | |
494 * Drag and Drop:: Using drag and drop to open files and insert text. | |
495 * Menu Bars:: Enabling and disabling the menu bar. | |
496 * Tool Bars:: Enabling and disabling the tool bar. | |
497 * Dialog Boxes:: Controlling use of dialog boxes. | |
498 * Tooltips:: Showing "tooltips", AKA "balloon help" for active text. | |
499 * Mouse Avoidance:: Moving the mouse pointer out of the way. | |
500 * Non-Window Terminals:: Multiple frames on terminals that show only one. | |
501 * Text-Only Mouse:: Using the mouse in text-only terminals. | |
502 | |
503 International Character Set Support | |
504 | |
505 * International Chars:: Basic concepts of multibyte characters. | |
506 * Enabling Multibyte:: Controlling whether to use multibyte characters. | |
507 * Language Environments:: Setting things up for the language you use. | |
508 * Input Methods:: Entering text characters not on your keyboard. | |
509 * Select Input Method:: Specifying your choice of input methods. | |
510 * Coding Systems:: Character set conversion when you read and | |
511 write files, and so on. | |
512 * Recognize Coding:: How Emacs figures out which conversion to use. | |
513 * Specify Coding:: Specifying a file's coding system explicitly. | |
514 * Output Coding:: Choosing coding systems for output. | |
515 * Text Coding:: Choosing conversion to use for file text. | |
516 * Communication Coding:: Coding systems for interprocess communication. | |
517 * File Name Coding:: Coding systems for file @emph{names}. | |
518 * Terminal Coding:: Specifying coding systems for converting | |
519 terminal input and output. | |
520 * Fontsets:: Fontsets are collections of fonts | |
521 that cover the whole spectrum of characters. | |
522 * Defining Fontsets:: Defining a new fontset. | |
523 * Undisplayable Characters::When characters don't display. | |
524 * Unibyte Mode:: You can pick one European character set | |
525 to use without multibyte characters. | |
526 * Charsets:: How Emacs groups its internal character codes. | |
527 | |
528 Major Modes | |
529 | |
530 * Choosing Modes:: How major modes are specified or chosen. | |
531 | |
532 Indentation | |
533 | |
534 * Indentation Commands:: Various commands and techniques for indentation. | |
535 * Tab Stops:: You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then | |
536 indent to the next tab stop when you want to. | |
537 * Just Spaces:: You can request indentation using just spaces. | |
538 | |
539 Commands for Human Languages | |
540 | |
541 * Words:: Moving over and killing words. | |
542 * Sentences:: Moving over and killing sentences. | |
543 * Paragraphs:: Moving over paragraphs. | |
544 * Pages:: Moving over pages. | |
545 * Filling:: Filling or justifying text. | |
546 * Case:: Changing the case of text. | |
547 * Text Mode:: The major modes for editing text files. | |
548 * Outline Mode:: Editing outlines. | |
549 * TeX Mode:: Editing input to the formatter TeX. | |
550 * HTML Mode:: Editing HTML, SGML, and XML files. | |
551 * Nroff Mode:: Editing input to the formatter nroff. | |
552 * Formatted Text:: Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion. | |
553 * Text Based Tables:: Editing text-based tables in WYSIWYG fashion. | |
554 | |
555 Filling Text | |
556 | |
557 * Auto Fill:: Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically. | |
558 * Refill:: Keeping paragraphs filled. | |
559 * Fill Commands:: Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines. | |
560 * Fill Prefix:: Filling paragraphs that are indented | |
561 or in a comment, etc. | |
562 * Adaptive Fill:: How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically. | |
563 * Longlines:: Editing text with very long lines. | |
564 | |
565 Outline Mode | |
566 | |
567 * Format: Outline Format. What the text of an outline looks like. | |
568 * Motion: Outline Motion. Special commands for moving through | |
569 outlines. | |
570 * Visibility: Outline Visibility. Commands to control what is visible. | |
571 * Views: Outline Views. Outlines and multiple views. | |
572 * Foldout:: Folding means zooming in on outlines. | |
573 | |
574 @TeX{} Mode | |
575 | |
576 * Editing: TeX Editing. Special commands for editing in TeX mode. | |
577 * LaTeX: LaTeX Editing. Additional commands for LaTeX input files. | |
578 * Printing: TeX Print. Commands for printing part of a file with TeX. | |
579 * Misc: TeX Misc. Customization of TeX mode, and related features. | |
580 | |
581 Editing Formatted Text | |
582 | |
583 * Requesting Formatted Text:: Entering and exiting Enriched mode. | |
584 * Hard and Soft Newlines:: There are two different kinds of newlines. | |
585 * Editing Format Info:: How to edit text properties. | |
586 * Faces: Format Faces. Bold, italic, underline, etc. | |
587 * Color: Format Colors. Changing the color of text. | |
588 * Indent: Format Indentation. Changing the left and right margins. | |
589 * Justification: Format Justification. | |
590 Centering, setting text flush with the | |
591 left or right margin, etc. | |
592 * Other: Format Properties. The "special" text properties submenu. | |
593 * Forcing Enriched Mode:: How to force use of Enriched mode. | |
594 | |
595 Editing Text-based Tables | |
596 | |
597 * Table Definition:: What is a text based table. | |
598 * Table Creation:: How to create a table. | |
599 * Table Recognition:: How to activate and deactivate tables. | |
600 * Cell Commands:: Cell-oriented commands in a table. | |
601 * Cell Justification:: Justifying cell contents. | |
602 * Row Commands:: Manipulating rows of table cell. | |
603 * Column Commands:: Manipulating columns of table cell. | |
604 * Fixed Width Mode:: Fixing cell width. | |
605 * Table Conversion:: Converting between plain text and tables. | |
606 * Measuring Tables:: Analyzing table dimension. | |
607 * Table Misc:: Table miscellany. | |
608 | |
609 Editing Programs | |
610 | |
611 * Program Modes:: Major modes for editing programs. | |
612 * Defuns:: Commands to operate on major top-level parts | |
613 of a program. | |
614 * Program Indent:: Adjusting indentation to show the nesting. | |
615 * Parentheses:: Commands that operate on parentheses. | |
616 * Comments:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. | |
617 * Documentation:: Getting documentation of functions you plan to call. | |
618 * Hideshow:: Displaying blocks selectively. | |
619 * Symbol Completion:: Completion on symbol names of your program or language. | |
620 * Glasses:: Making identifiersLikeThis more readable. | |
621 * Misc for Programs:: Other Emacs features useful for editing programs. | |
622 * C Modes:: Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C, | |
623 Java, and Pike modes. | |
624 * Asm Mode:: Asm mode and its special features. | |
625 * Fortran:: Fortran mode and its special features. | |
626 | |
627 Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns | |
628 | |
629 * Left Margin Paren:: An open-paren or similar opening delimiter | |
630 starts a defun if it is at the left margin. | |
631 * Moving by Defuns:: Commands to move over or mark a major definition. | |
632 * Imenu:: Making buffer indexes as menus. | |
633 * Which Function:: Which Function mode shows which function you are in. | |
634 | |
635 Indentation for Programs | |
636 | |
637 * Basic Indent:: Indenting a single line. | |
638 * Multi-line Indent:: Commands to reindent many lines at once. | |
639 * Lisp Indent:: Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented. | |
640 * C Indent:: Extra features for indenting C and related modes. | |
641 * Custom C Indent:: Controlling indentation style for C and related modes. | |
642 | |
643 Commands for Editing with Parentheses | |
644 | |
645 * Expressions:: Expressions with balanced parentheses. | |
646 * Moving by Parens:: Commands for moving up, down and across | |
647 in the structure of parentheses. | |
648 * Matching:: Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open. | |
649 | |
650 Manipulating Comments | |
651 | |
652 * Comment Commands:: Inserting, killing, and aligning comments. | |
653 * Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments. | |
654 * Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features. | |
655 | |
656 Documentation Lookup | |
657 | |
658 * Info Lookup:: Looking up library functions and commands | |
659 in Info files. | |
660 * Man Page:: Looking up man pages of library functions and commands. | |
661 * Lisp Doc:: Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc. | |
662 | |
663 C and Related Modes | |
664 | |
665 * Motion in C:: Commands to move by C statements, etc. | |
666 * Electric C:: Colon and other chars can automatically reindent. | |
667 * Hungry Delete:: A more powerful DEL command. | |
668 * Other C Commands:: Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros, | |
669 and other neat features. | |
670 | |
671 Compiling and Testing Programs | |
672 | |
673 * Compilation:: Compiling programs in languages other | |
674 than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.). | |
675 * Compilation Mode:: The mode for visiting compiler errors. | |
676 * Compilation Shell:: Customizing your shell properly | |
677 for use in the compilation buffer. | |
678 * Grep Searching:: Searching with grep. | |
679 * Flymake:: Finding syntax errors on the fly. | |
680 * Debuggers:: Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs. | |
681 * Executing Lisp:: Various modes for editing Lisp programs, | |
682 with different facilities for running | |
683 the Lisp programs. | |
684 * Lisp Libraries:: Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs. | |
685 * Lisp Eval:: Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs. | |
686 * Lisp Interaction:: Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer. | |
687 * External Lisp:: Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp. | |
688 | |
689 Running Debuggers Under Emacs | |
690 | |
691 * Starting GUD:: How to start a debugger subprocess. | |
692 * Debugger Operation:: Connection between the debugger and source buffers. | |
693 * Commands of GUD:: Key bindings for common commands. | |
694 * GUD Customization:: Defining your own commands for GUD. | |
695 * GDB Graphical Interface:: An enhanced mode that uses GDB features to | |
696 implement a graphical debugging environment through | |
697 Emacs. | |
698 | |
699 Maintaining Large Programs | |
700 | |
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701 * Version Control:: Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS). |
84236 | 702 * Change Log:: Maintaining a change history for your program. |
94293 | 703 * Tags:: Go directly to any function in your program in one |
84236 | 704 command. Tags remembers which file it is in. |
705 * Emerge:: A convenient way of merging two versions of a program. | |
706 | |
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707 Version Control |
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708 |
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709 * Introduction to VC:: How version control works in general. |
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710 * VC Mode Line:: How the mode line shows version control status. |
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711 * Basic VC Editing:: How to edit a file under version control. |
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712 * Old Revisions:: Examining and comparing old revisions of files. |
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713 * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently. |
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714 * Branches:: Multiple lines of development. |
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715 * Remote Repositories:: Efficient access to remote CVS servers. |
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716 * Revision Tags:: Symbolic names for revisions |
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717 * Miscellaneous VC:: Various other commands and features of VC. |
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718 * Customizing VC:: Variables that change VC's behavior. |
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719 |
84236 | 720 Tags Tables |
721 | |
722 * Tag Syntax:: Tag syntax for various types of code and text files. | |
723 * Create Tags Table:: Creating a tags table with @code{etags}. | |
724 * Etags Regexps:: Create arbitrary tags using regular expressions. | |
725 * Select Tags Table:: How to visit a tags table. | |
726 * Find Tag:: Commands to find the definition of a specific tag. | |
727 * Tags Search:: Using a tags table for searching and replacing. | |
728 * List Tags:: Listing and finding tags defined in a file. | |
729 | |
730 Abbrevs | |
731 | |
732 * Abbrev Concepts:: Fundamentals of defined abbrevs. | |
733 * Defining Abbrevs:: Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed. | |
734 * Expanding Abbrevs:: Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion. | |
735 * Editing Abbrevs:: Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs. | |
736 * Saving Abbrevs:: Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session. | |
737 * Dynamic Abbrevs:: Abbreviations for words already in the buffer. | |
738 * Dabbrev Customization:: What is a word, for dynamic abbrevs. Case handling. | |
739 | |
740 @ifnottex | |
741 Editing Pictures | |
742 | |
743 * Basic Picture:: Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode. | |
744 * Insert in Picture:: Controlling direction of cursor motion | |
745 after "self-inserting" characters. | |
746 * Tabs in Picture:: Various features for tab stops and indentation. | |
747 * Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles. | |
748 @end ifnottex | |
749 | |
750 Sending Mail | |
751 | |
752 * Mail Format:: Format of the mail being composed. | |
753 * Mail Headers:: Details of permitted mail header fields. | |
754 * Mail Aliases:: Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses. | |
755 * Mail Mode:: Special commands for editing mail being composed. | |
756 * Mail Amusements:: Distract the NSA's attention; add a fortune to a msg. | |
757 * Mail Methods:: Using alternative mail-composition methods. | |
758 | |
759 Reading Mail with Rmail | |
760 | |
761 * Rmail Basics:: Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use. | |
762 * Rmail Scrolling:: Scrolling through a message. | |
763 * Rmail Motion:: Moving to another message. | |
764 * Rmail Deletion:: Deleting and expunging messages. | |
765 * Rmail Inbox:: How mail gets into the Rmail file. | |
766 * Rmail Files:: Using multiple Rmail files. | |
767 * Rmail Output:: Copying message out to files. | |
768 * Rmail Labels:: Classifying messages by labeling them. | |
769 * Rmail Attributes:: Certain standard labels, called attributes. | |
770 * Rmail Reply:: Sending replies to messages you are viewing. | |
771 * Rmail Summary:: Summaries show brief info on many messages. | |
772 * Rmail Sorting:: Sorting messages in Rmail. | |
773 * Rmail Display:: How Rmail displays a message; customization. | |
774 * Rmail Coding:: How Rmail handles decoding character sets. | |
775 * Rmail Editing:: Editing message text and headers in Rmail. | |
776 * Rmail Digest:: Extracting the messages from a digest message. | |
777 * Rmail Rot13:: Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code. | |
778 * Movemail:: More details of fetching new mail. | |
779 * Remote Mailboxes:: Retrieving Mail from Remote Mailboxes. | |
780 * Other Mailbox Formats:: Retrieving Mail from Local Mailboxes in | |
781 Various Formats | |
782 | |
783 Dired, the Directory Editor | |
784 | |
785 * Dired Enter:: How to invoke Dired. | |
786 * Dired Navigation:: How to move in the Dired buffer. | |
787 * Dired Deletion:: Deleting files with Dired. | |
788 * Flagging Many Files:: Flagging files based on their names. | |
789 * Dired Visiting:: Other file operations through Dired. | |
790 * Marks vs Flags:: Flagging for deletion vs marking. | |
791 * Operating on Files:: How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc. | |
792 either one file or several files. | |
793 * Shell Commands in Dired:: Running a shell command on the marked files. | |
794 * Transforming File Names:: Using patterns to rename multiple files. | |
795 * Comparison in Dired:: Running `diff' by way of Dired. | |
796 * Subdirectories in Dired:: Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer. | |
797 * Subdir Switches:: Subdirectory switches in Dired. | |
798 * Subdirectory Motion:: Moving across subdirectories, and up and down. | |
799 * Hiding Subdirectories:: Making subdirectories visible or invisible. | |
800 * Dired Updating:: Discarding lines for files of no interest. | |
801 * Dired and Find:: Using `find' to choose the files for Dired. | |
802 * Wdired:: Operating on files by editing the Dired buffer. | |
803 * Image-Dired:: Viewing image thumbnails in Dired | |
804 * Misc Dired Features:: Various other features. | |
805 | |
806 The Calendar and the Diary | |
807 | |
808 * Calendar Motion:: Moving through the calendar; selecting a date. | |
809 * Scroll Calendar:: Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen. | |
810 * Counting Days:: How many days are there between two dates? | |
811 * General Calendar:: Exiting or recomputing the calendar. | |
812 * Writing Calendar Files:: Writing calendars to files of various formats. | |
813 * Holidays:: Displaying dates of holidays. | |
814 * Sunrise/Sunset:: Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset. | |
815 * Lunar Phases:: Displaying phases of the moon. | |
816 * Other Calendars:: Converting dates to other calendar systems. | |
817 * Diary:: Displaying events from your diary. | |
818 * Appointments:: Reminders when it's time to do something. | |
819 * Importing Diary:: Converting diary events to/from other formats. | |
820 * Daylight Saving:: How to specify when daylight saving time is active. | |
821 * Time Intervals:: Keeping track of time intervals. | |
822 * Advanced Calendar/Diary Usage:: Advanced Calendar/Diary customization. | |
823 | |
824 Movement in the Calendar | |
825 | |
826 * Calendar Unit Motion:: Moving by days, weeks, months, and years. | |
827 * Move to Beginning or End:: Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years. | |
828 * Specified Dates:: Moving to the current date or another | |
829 specific date. | |
830 | |
831 Conversion To and From Other Calendars | |
832 | |
833 * Calendar Systems:: The calendars Emacs understands | |
834 (aside from Gregorian). | |
835 * To Other Calendar:: Converting the selected date to various calendars. | |
836 * From Other Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in another calendar. | |
837 * Mayan Calendar:: Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar. | |
838 | |
839 The Diary | |
840 | |
841 * Displaying the Diary:: Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates. | |
842 * Format of Diary File:: Entering events in your diary. | |
843 * Date Formats:: Various ways you can specify dates. | |
844 * Adding to Diary:: Commands to create diary entries. | |
845 * Special Diary Entries:: Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc. | |
846 | |
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847 Document View |
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848 |
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849 * Navigation:: Navigation inside DocView buffers. |
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850 * Searching:: Searching inside documents. |
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851 * Slicing:: Specifing which part of pages should be displayed. |
100090 | 852 * Conversion:: Influencing and triggering conversion. |
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853 |
84236 | 854 Gnus |
855 | |
856 * Buffers of Gnus:: The group, summary, and article buffers. | |
857 * Gnus Startup:: What you should know about starting Gnus. | |
858 * Summary of Gnus:: A short description of the basic Gnus commands. | |
859 | |
860 Running Shell Commands from Emacs | |
861 | |
862 * Single Shell:: How to run one shell command and return. | |
863 * Interactive Shell:: Permanent shell taking input via Emacs. | |
864 * Shell Mode:: Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell. | |
865 * Shell Prompts:: Two ways to recognize shell prompts. | |
866 * Shell History:: Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer. | |
867 * Directory Tracking:: Keeping track when the subshell changes directory. | |
868 * Shell Options:: Options for customizing Shell mode. | |
869 * Terminal emulator:: An Emacs window as a terminal emulator. | |
870 * Term Mode:: Special Emacs commands used in Term mode. | |
871 * Paging in Term:: Paging in the terminal emulator. | |
872 * Remote Host:: Connecting to another computer. | |
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873 * Serial Terminal:: Connecting to a serial port. |
84236 | 874 |
875 Using Emacs as a Server | |
876 | |
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877 * Invoking emacsclient:: Connecting to the Emacs server. |
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878 * emacsclient Options:: Emacs client startup options. |
84236 | 879 |
880 Printing Hard Copies | |
881 | |
882 * PostScript:: Printing buffers or regions as PostScript. | |
883 * PostScript Variables:: Customizing the PostScript printing commands. | |
884 * Printing Package:: An optional advanced printing interface. | |
885 | |
886 Hyperlinking and Navigation Features | |
887 | |
888 * Browse-URL:: Following URLs. | |
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889 * Goto Address mode:: Activating URLs. |
84236 | 890 * FFAP:: Finding files etc. at point. |
891 | |
892 Customization | |
893 | |
894 * Minor Modes:: Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on | |
895 independently of any others. | |
896 * Easy Customization:: Convenient way to browse and change user options. | |
897 * Variables:: Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables | |
898 to decide what to do; by setting variables, | |
899 you can control their functioning. | |
900 * Key Bindings:: The keymaps say what command each key runs. | |
901 By changing them, you can "redefine keys". | |
902 * Syntax:: The syntax table controls how words and | |
903 expressions are parsed. | |
904 * Init File:: How to write common customizations in the | |
905 @file{.emacs} file. | |
906 | |
907 Variables | |
908 | |
909 * Examining:: Examining or setting one variable's value. | |
910 * Hooks:: Hook variables let you specify programs for parts | |
911 of Emacs to run on particular occasions. | |
912 * Locals:: Per-buffer values of variables. | |
913 * File Variables:: How files can specify variable values. | |
914 | |
915 Customizing Key Bindings | |
916 | |
917 * Keymaps:: Generalities. The global keymap. | |
918 * Prefix Keymaps:: Keymaps for prefix keys. | |
919 * Local Keymaps:: Major and minor modes have their own keymaps. | |
920 * Minibuffer Maps:: The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps. | |
921 * Rebinding:: How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently. | |
922 * Init Rebinding:: Rebinding keys with your init file, @file{.emacs}. | |
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923 * Modifier Keys:: Using modifier keys in key bindings. |
84236 | 924 * Function Keys:: Rebinding terminal function keys. |
925 * Named ASCII Chars:: Distinguishing @key{TAB} from @kbd{C-i}, and so on. | |
926 * Mouse Buttons:: Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs. | |
927 * Disabling:: Disabling a command means confirmation is required | |
928 before it can be executed. This is done to protect | |
929 beginners from surprises. | |
930 | |
931 The Init File, @file{~/.emacs} | |
932 | |
933 * Init Syntax:: Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp. | |
934 * Init Examples:: How to do some things with an init file. | |
935 * Terminal Init:: Each terminal type can have an init file. | |
936 * Find Init:: How Emacs finds the init file. | |
937 * Init Non-ASCII:: Using non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in an init file. | |
938 | |
939 Dealing with Emacs Trouble | |
940 | |
941 * DEL Does Not Delete:: What to do if @key{DEL} doesn't delete. | |
942 * Stuck Recursive:: `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses. | |
943 * Screen Garbled:: Garbage on the screen. | |
944 * Text Garbled:: Garbage in the text. | |
945 * Memory Full:: How to cope when you run out of memory. | |
946 * After a Crash:: Recovering editing in an Emacs session that crashed. | |
947 * Emergency Escape:: Emergency escape--- | |
948 What to do if Emacs stops responding. | |
949 * Total Frustration:: When you are at your wits' end. | |
950 | |
951 Reporting Bugs | |
952 | |
953 * Bug Criteria:: Have you really found a bug? | |
954 * Understanding Bug Reporting:: How to report a bug effectively. | |
955 * Checklist:: Steps to follow for a good bug report. | |
956 * Sending Patches:: How to send a patch for GNU Emacs. | |
957 | |
958 Command Line Arguments for Emacs Invocation | |
959 | |
960 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries, | |
961 and call functions. | |
962 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs. | |
963 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments. | |
964 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs. | |
965 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses. | |
966 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login. | |
967 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X. | |
968 * Colors:: Choosing display colors. | |
969 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X. | |
970 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X. | |
971 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title. | |
972 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X. | |
973 * Misc X:: Other display options. | |
974 | |
975 Environment Variables | |
976 | |
977 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use. | |
978 * Misc Variables:: Certain system specific variables. | |
979 * MS-Windows Registry:: An alternative to the environment on MS-Windows. | |
980 | |
981 X Options and Resources | |
982 | |
983 * Resources:: Using X resources with Emacs (in general). | |
984 * Table of Resources:: Table of specific X resources that affect Emacs. | |
985 * Face Resources:: X resources for customizing faces. | |
986 * Lucid Resources:: X resources for Lucid menus. | |
987 * LessTif Resources:: X resources for LessTif and Motif menus. | |
988 * GTK resources:: Resources for GTK widgets. | |
989 | |
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990 Emacs and Mac OS / GNUstep |
84236 | 991 |
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992 * Mac / GNUstep Basics:: Basic Emacs usage in Mac OS. |
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993 * Mac / GNUstep Events:: How window system events are handled. |
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994 * Mac / GNUstep Customization:: Customizations in Mac OS |
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995 * GNUstep Support:: Details on status of GNUstep support |
84236 | 996 |
997 Emacs and Microsoft Windows/MS-DOS | |
998 | |
999 * Text and Binary:: Text files use CRLF to terminate lines. | |
1000 * Windows Files:: File-name conventions on Windows. | |
1001 * ls in Lisp:: Emulation of @code{ls} for Dired. | |
1002 * Windows HOME:: Where Emacs looks for your @file{.emacs}. | |
1003 * Windows Keyboard:: Windows-specific keyboard features. | |
1004 * Windows Mouse:: Windows-specific mouse features. | |
1005 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows. | |
1006 * Windows Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-Windows. | |
1007 * Windows Misc:: Miscellaneous Windows features. | |
1008 * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as @dfn{MS-DOG}). | |
1009 @end detailmenu | |
1010 @end menu | |
1011 | |
1012 @iftex | |
1013 @unnumbered Preface | |
1014 | |
1015 This manual documents the use and simple customization of the Emacs | |
1016 editor. Simple Emacs customizations do not require you to be a | |
1017 programmer, but if you are not interested in customizing, you can | |
1018 ignore the customization hints. | |
1019 | |
1020 This is primarily a reference manual, but can also be used as a | |
1021 primer. If you are new to Emacs, we recommend you start with | |
1022 the on-line, learn-by-doing tutorial, before reading the manual. To | |
1023 run the tutorial, start Emacs and type @kbd{C-h t}. The tutorial | |
1024 describes commands, tells you when to try them, and explains the | |
1025 results. | |
1026 | |
1027 On first reading, just skim chapters 1 and 2, which describe the | |
1028 notational conventions of the manual and the general appearance of the | |
1029 Emacs display screen. Note which questions are answered in these | |
1030 chapters, so you can refer back later. After reading chapter 4, you | |
1031 should practice the commands shown there. The next few chapters | |
1032 describe fundamental techniques and concepts that are used constantly. | |
1033 You need to understand them thoroughly, so experiment with them | |
1034 until you are fluent. | |
1035 | |
1036 Chapters 14 through 19 describe intermediate-level features that are | |
1037 useful for many kinds of editing. Chapter 20 and following chapters | |
1038 describe optional but useful features; read those chapters when you | |
1039 need them. | |
1040 | |
1041 Read the Trouble chapter if Emacs does not seem to be working | |
1042 properly. It explains how to cope with several common problems | |
1043 (@pxref{Lossage}), as well as when and how to report Emacs bugs | |
1044 (@pxref{Bugs}). | |
1045 | |
1046 To find the documentation of a particular command, look in the index. | |
1047 Keys (character commands) and command names have separate indexes. | |
1048 There is also a glossary, with a cross reference for each term. | |
1049 | |
1050 This manual is available as a printed book and also as an Info file. | |
1051 The Info file is for on-line perusal with the Info program, which is | |
1052 the principal means of accessing on-line documentation in the GNU | |
1053 system. Both the Emacs Info file and an Info reader are included with | |
1054 GNU Emacs. The Info file and the printed book contain substantially | |
1055 the same text and are generated from the same source files, which are | |
1056 also distributed with GNU Emacs. | |
1057 | |
1058 GNU Emacs is a member of the Emacs editor family. There are many | |
1059 Emacs editors, all sharing common principles of organization. For | |
1060 information on the underlying philosophy of Emacs and the lessons | |
1061 learned from its development, see @cite{Emacs, the Extensible, | |
1062 Customizable Self-Documenting Display Editor}, available from | |
1063 @url{ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/pdf/AIM-519A.pdf}. | |
1064 | |
1065 This edition of the manual is intended for use with GNU Emacs | |
97142 | 1066 installed on GNU and Unix systems. GNU Emacs can also be used on |
84236 | 1067 MS-DOS (also called MS-DOG), Microsoft Windows, and Macintosh systems. |
97142 | 1068 Those systems use different file name syntax; in addition |
1069 MS-DOS does not support all GNU Emacs features. @xref{Microsoft | |
84236 | 1070 Windows}, for information about using Emacs on Windows. |
97142 | 1071 @xref{Mac OS}, for information about using Emacs on Macintosh. |
84236 | 1072 @end iftex |
1073 | |
1074 @node Distrib, Intro, Top, Top | |
1075 @unnumbered Distribution | |
1076 | |
1077 GNU Emacs is @dfn{free software}; this means that everyone is free to | |
1078 use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions. GNU Emacs | |
1079 is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are | |
1080 restrictions on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed | |
1081 to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. | |
1082 What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing | |
1083 any version of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise | |
1084 conditions are found in the GNU General Public License that comes with | |
1085 Emacs and also appears in this manual@footnote{This manual is itself | |
102081 | 1086 covered by the GNU Free Documentation License (see the reverse title |
1087 page in the printed manual or view the full source for online formats | |
1088 to see the precise conditions). This license is similar in spirit to | |
1089 the General Public License, but is more suitable for documentation. | |
1090 @xref{GNU Free Documentation License}.}. @xref{Copying}. | |
84236 | 1091 |
1092 One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it. | |
1093 You need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; | |
1094 just copy it. If you have access to the Internet, you can get the | |
1095 latest distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see | |
1096 @url{http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs} on our website for more | |
1097 information. | |
1098 | |
1099 You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer. Computer | |
1100 manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that apply to | |
1101 everyone else. These terms require them to give you the full sources, | |
1102 including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit you to | |
1103 redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual terms of the | |
1104 General Public License. In other words, the program must be free for you | |
1105 when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer. | |
1106 | |
1107 You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software | |
1108 Foundation. This is a convenient and reliable way to get a copy; it is | |
1109 also a good way to help fund our work. We also sell hardcopy versions | |
1110 of this manual and @cite{An Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp}, | |
1111 by Robert J. Chassell. You can find an order form on our web site at | |
1112 @url{http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html}. For further information, | |
1113 write to | |
1114 | |
1115 @display | |
1116 Free Software Foundation | |
1117 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor | |
1118 Boston, MA 02110-1301 | |
1119 USA | |
1120 @end display | |
1121 | |
1122 The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's | |
1123 purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our | |
1124 existing programs including GNU Emacs. | |
1125 | |
1126 If you find GNU Emacs useful, please @strong{send a donation} to the | |
1127 Free Software Foundation to support our work. Donations to the Free | |
1128 Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US. If you use GNU Emacs | |
1129 at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation. If | |
1130 company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you | |
1131 might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation | |
1132 occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates. | |
1133 | |
1134 @iftex | |
1135 @node Acknowledgments, Intro, Distrib, Top | |
1136 @unnumberedsec Acknowledgments | |
1137 | |
1138 Contributors to GNU Emacs include Jari Aalto, Per Abrahamsen, Tomas | |
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1139 Abrahamsson, Jay K.@: Adams, Michael Albinus, Nagy Andras, Ralf |
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1140 Angeli, Joe Arceneaux, Miles Bader, David Bakhash, Juanma Barranquero, |
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1141 Eli Barzilay, Steven L.@: Baur, Jay Belanger, Alexander L.@: Belikoff, |
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1142 Boaz Ben-Zvi, Karl Berry, Anna M.@: Bigatti, Ray Blaak, Jim Blandy, |
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1143 Johan Bockg@aa{}rd, Per Bothner, Terrence Brannon, Frank Bresz, Peter |
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1144 Breton, Emmanuel Briot, Kevin Broadey, Vincent Broman, David M.@: |
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1145 Brown, Georges Brun-Cottan, Joe Buehler, W@l{}odek Bzyl, Bill |
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1146 Carpenter, Per Cederqvist, Hans Chalupsky, Chong Yidong, Chris Chase, |
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1147 Bob Chassell, Andrew Choi, Sacha Chua, James Clark, Mike Clarkson, |
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1148 Glynn Clements, Andrew Csillag, Doug Cutting, Mathias Dahl, Satyaki |
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1149 Das, Michael DeCorte, Gary Delp, Matthieu Devin, Eri Ding, Jan |
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1150 Dj@"{a}rv, Carsten Dominik, Scott Draves, Benjamin Drieu, Viktor |
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1151 Dukhovni, John Eaton, Rolf Ebert, Paul Eggert, Stephen Eglen, |
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1152 Torbj@"orn Einarsson, Tsugutomo Enami, Hans Henrik Eriksen, Michael |
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1153 Ernst, Ata Etemadi, Frederick Farnbach, Oscar Figueiredo, Fred Fish, |
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1154 Karl Fogel, Gary Foster, Romain Francoise, Noah Friedman, Andreas |
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1155 Fuchs, Hallvard Furuseth, Keith Gabryelski, Peter S.@: Galbraith, |
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1156 Kevin Gallagher, Kevin Gallo, Juan Le@'{o}n Lahoz |
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1157 Garc@'{@dotless{i}}a, Howard Gayle, Stephen Gildea, Julien Gilles, |
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1158 David Gillespie, Bob Glickstein, Deepak Goel, Boris Goldowsky, |
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1159 Michelangelo Grigni, Odd Gripenstam, Kai Gro@ss{}johann, Michael |
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1160 Gschwind, Henry Guillaume, Doug Gwyn, Ken'ichi Handa, Lars Hansen, |
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1161 Chris Hanson, K. Shane Hartman, John Heidemann, Jon K.@: Hellan, |
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1162 Jesper Harder, Magnus Henoch, Markus Heritsch, Karl Heuer, Manabu |
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1163 Higashida, Anders Holst, Jeffrey C.@: Honig, Tassilo Horn, Kurt |
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1164 Hornik, Tom Houlder, Joakim Hove, Denis Howe, Lars Ingebrigtsen, |
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1165 Andrew Innes, Seiichiro Inoue, Pavel Janik, Paul Jarc, Ulf Jasper, |
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1166 Michael K. Johnson, Kyle Jones, Terry Jones, Simon Josefsson, Arne |
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1167 J@o{}rgensen, Tomoji Kagatani, Brewster Kahle, Lute Kamstra, David |
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1168 Kastrup, David Kaufman, Henry Kautz, Taichi Kawabata, Howard Kaye, |
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1169 Michael Kifer, Richard King, Peter Kleiweg, Shuhei Kobayashi, Pavel |
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1170 Kobiakov, Larry K.@: Kolodney, David M.@: Koppelman, Koseki Yoshinori, |
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1171 Robert Krawitz, Sebastian Kremer, Ryszard Kubiak, Geoff Kuenning, |
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1172 David K@aa{}gedal, Daniel LaLiberte, Mario Lang, Aaron Larson, James |
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1173 R.@: Larus, Vinicius Jose Latorre, Werner Lemberg, Frederic Lepied, |
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1174 Peter Liljenberg, Lars Lindberg, Chris Lindblad, Anders Lindgren, |
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1175 Thomas Link, Juri Linkov, Francis Litterio, Emilio C. Lopes, Károly |
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1176 LÅ‘rentey, Dave Love, Sascha L@"{u}decke, Eric Ludlam, Alan Mackenzie, |
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1177 Christopher J.@: Madsen, Neil M.@: Mager, Ken Manheimer, Bill Mann, |
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1178 Brian Marick, Simon Marshall, Bengt Martensson, Charlie Martin, Thomas |
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1179 May, Roland McGrath, Will Mengarini, David Megginson, Ben A. Mesander, |
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1180 Wayne Mesard, Brad Miller, Lawrence Mitchell, Richard Mlynarik, Gerd |
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1181 Moellmann, Stefan Monnier, Morioka Tomohiko, Keith Moore, Glenn |
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1182 Morris, Diane Murray, Sen Nagata, Erik Naggum, Thomas Neumann, |
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1183 Thien-Thi Nguyen, Mike Newton, Jurgen Nickelsen, Dan Nicolaescu, |
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1184 Hrvoje Niksic, Jeff Norden, Andrew Norman, Alexandre Oliva, Bob Olson, |
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1185 Michael Olson, Takaaki Ota, Pieter E.@: J.@: Pareit, David Pearson, |
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1186 Jeff Peck, Damon Anton Permezel, Tom Perrine, William M.@: Perry, Per |
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1187 Persson, Jens Petersen, Daniel Pfeiffer, Richard L.@: Pieri, Fred |
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1188 Pierresteguy, Christian Plaunt, David Ponce, Francesco A.@: Potorti, |
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1189 Michael D. Prange, Mukesh Prasad, Ken Raeburn, Marko Rahamaa, Ashwin |
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1190 Ram, Eric S. Raymond, Paul Reilly, Edward M. Reingold, Alex Rezinsky, |
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1191 Rob Riepel, David Reitter, Adrian Robert, Nick Roberts, Roland B.@: |
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1192 Roberts, John Robinson, Danny Roozendaal, William Rosenblatt, |
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1193 Guillermo J.@: Rozas, Martin Rudalics, Ivar Rummelhoff, Jason Rumney, |
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1194 Wolfgang Rupprecht, Kevin Ryde, James B. Salem, Masahiko Sato, Jorgen |
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1195 Schaefer, Holger Schauer, William Schelter, Ralph Schleicher, Gregor |
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1196 Schmid, Michael Schmidt, Ronald S. Schnell, Philippe Schnoebelen, Jan |
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1197 Schormann, Alex Schroeder, Stephen Schoef, Raymond Scholz, Andreas |
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1198 Schwab, Randal Schwartz, Oliver Seidel, Manuel Serrano, Hovav Shacham, |
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1199 Stanislav Shalunov, Marc Shapiro, Richard Sharman, Olin Shivers, Espen |
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1200 Skoglund, Rick Sladkey, Lynn Slater, Chris Smith, David Smith, Paul |
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1201 D.@: Smith, Andre Spiegel, Michael Staats, William Sommerfeld, Michael |
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1202 Staats, Reiner Steib, Sam Steingold, Ake Stenhoff, Peter Stephenson, |
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1203 Ken Stevens, Jonathan Stigelman, Martin Stjernholm, Kim F.@: Storm, |
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1204 Steve Strassman, Olaf Sylvester, Naoto Takahashi, Steven Tamm, |
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1205 Jean-Philippe Theberge, Jens T.@: Berger Thielemann, Spencer Thomas, |
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1206 Jim Thompson, Luc Teirlinck, Tom Tromey, Enami Tsugutomo, Eli |
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1207 Tziperman, Daiki Ueno, Masanobu Umeda, Rajesh Vaidheeswarran, Neil |
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1208 W.@: Van Dyke, Didier Verna, Ulrik Vieth, Geoffrey Voelker, Johan |
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1209 Vromans, Inge Wallin, John Paul Wallington, Colin Walters, Barry |
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1210 Warsaw, Morten Welinder, Joseph Brian Wells, Rodney Whitby, John |
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1211 Wiegley, Ed Wilkinson, Mike Williams, Bill Wohler, Steven A. Wood, |
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1212 Dale R.@: Worley, Francis J.@: Wright, Felix S. T. Wu, Tom Wurgler, |
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1213 Katsumi Yamaoka, Yamamoto Mitsuharu, Masatake Yamato, Jonathan Yavner, |
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1214 Ryan Yeske, Ilya Zakharevich, Milan Zamazal, Victor Zandy, Eli |
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1215 Zaretskii, Jamie Zawinski, Shenghuo Zhu, Ian T.@: Zimmermann, Reto |
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1216 Zimmermann, Neal Ziring, Teodor Zlatanov, and Detlev Zundel. |
84236 | 1217 @end iftex |
1218 | |
1219 @node Intro, Glossary, Distrib, Top | |
1220 @unnumbered Introduction | |
1221 | |
1222 You are reading about GNU Emacs, the GNU incarnation of the | |
1223 advanced, self-documenting, customizable, extensible editor Emacs. | |
1224 (The `G' in `GNU' is not silent.) | |
1225 | |
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1226 We call Emacs @dfn{advanced} because it can do much more than simple |
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1227 insertion and deletion of text. It can control subprocesses, indent |
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1228 programs automatically, show two or more files at once, and more. |
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1229 Emacs editing commands operate in terms of characters, words, lines, |
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1230 sentences, paragraphs, and pages, as well as expressions and comments |
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1231 in various programming languages. |
84236 | 1232 |
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1233 @dfn{Self-documenting} means that at any time you can use special |
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1234 commands, known as @dfn{help commands}, to find out what your options |
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1235 are, or to find out what any command does, or to find all the |
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1236 commands that pertain to a given topic. @xref{Help}. |
84236 | 1237 |
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1238 @dfn{Customizable} means that you can easily alter the behavior of |
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1239 Emacs commands in simple ways. For instance, if you use a programming |
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1240 language in which comments start with @samp{<**} and end with |
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1241 @samp{**>}, you can tell the Emacs comment manipulation commands to |
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1242 use those strings (@pxref{Comments}). To take another example, you |
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1243 can rebind the basic cursor motion commands (up, down, left and right) |
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1244 to any keys on the keyboard that you find comfortable. |
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1245 @xref{Customization}. |
84236 | 1246 |
1247 @dfn{Extensible} means that you can go beyond simple customization | |
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1248 and create entirely new commands. New commands are simply programs |
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1249 written in the Lisp language, which are run by Emacs's own Lisp |
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1250 interpreter. Existing commands can even be redefined in the middle of |
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1251 an editing session, without having to restart Emacs. Most of the |
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1252 editing commands in Emacs are written in Lisp; the few exceptions |
84236 | 1253 could have been written in Lisp but use C instead for efficiency. |
1254 Writing an extension is programming, but non-programmers can use it | |
1255 afterwards. @xref{Top, Emacs Lisp Intro, Preface, eintr, An | |
1256 Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp}, if you want to learn Emacs | |
1257 Lisp programming. | |
1258 | |
1259 @include screen.texi | |
1260 @include commands.texi | |
1261 @include entering.texi | |
1262 @include basic.texi | |
1263 @include mini.texi | |
1264 @include m-x.texi | |
1265 @include help.texi | |
1266 @include mark.texi | |
1267 @include killing.texi | |
1268 @include regs.texi | |
1269 @include display.texi | |
1270 @include search.texi | |
1271 @include fixit.texi | |
1272 @include kmacro.texi | |
1273 @include files.texi | |
1274 @include buffers.texi | |
1275 @include windows.texi | |
1276 @include frames.texi | |
1277 @include mule.texi | |
1278 @include major.texi | |
1279 @include indent.texi | |
1280 @include text.texi | |
1281 @include programs.texi | |
1282 @include building.texi | |
1283 @include maintaining.texi | |
1284 @include abbrevs.texi | |
1285 @ifnottex | |
1286 @include picture-xtra.texi | |
1287 @end ifnottex | |
1288 @include sending.texi | |
1289 @include rmail.texi | |
1290 @include dired.texi | |
1291 @include calendar.texi | |
1292 @include misc.texi | |
1293 @include custom.texi | |
1294 @include trouble.texi | |
1295 | |
1296 @node Copying, GNU Free Documentation License, Service, Top | |
1297 @appendix GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE | |
1298 @include gpl.texi | |
1299 | |
1300 @node GNU Free Documentation License, Emacs Invocation, Copying, Top | |
1301 @appendix GNU Free Documentation License | |
1302 @include doclicense.texi | |
1303 | |
1304 @include cmdargs.texi | |
1305 @include xresources.texi | |
1306 | |
1307 @include anti.texi | |
1308 @include macos.texi | |
1309 @include msdog.texi | |
1310 @include gnu.texi | |
1311 @include glossary.texi | |
1312 @ifnottex | |
1313 @include ack.texi | |
1314 @end ifnottex | |
1315 | |
1316 @c The Option Index is produced only in the on-line version, | |
1317 @c because the index entries related to command-line options | |
1318 @c tend to point to the same pages and all begin with a dash. | |
1319 @c This, and the need to keep the node links consistent, are | |
1320 @c the reasons for the funky @iftex/@ifnottex dance below. | |
1321 @c The Option Index is _not_ before Key Index, because that | |
1322 @c would require changes in the glossary.texi's @node line. | |
1323 @c It is not after Concept Index for similar reasons. | |
1324 | |
1325 @iftex | |
1326 @node Key Index, Command Index, Glossary, Top | |
1327 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index | |
1328 @printindex ky | |
1329 @end iftex | |
1330 | |
1331 @ifnottex | |
1332 @node Key Index, Option Index, Glossary, Top | |
1333 @unnumbered Key (Character) Index | |
1334 @printindex ky | |
1335 | |
1336 @node Option Index, Command Index, Key Index, Top | |
1337 @unnumbered Command-Line Options Index | |
1338 @printindex op | |
1339 | |
1340 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Option Index, Top | |
1341 @unnumbered Command and Function Index | |
1342 @printindex fn | |
1343 @end ifnottex | |
1344 | |
1345 @iftex | |
1346 @node Command Index, Variable Index, Key Index, Top | |
1347 @unnumbered Command and Function Index | |
1348 @printindex fn | |
1349 @end iftex | |
1350 | |
1351 @node Variable Index, Concept Index, Command Index, Top | |
1352 @unnumbered Variable Index | |
1353 @printindex vr | |
1354 | |
1355 @node Concept Index, Acknowledgments, Variable Index, Top | |
1356 @unnumbered Concept Index | |
1357 @printindex cp | |
1358 | |
1359 @bye | |
1360 | |
1361 @ignore | |
1362 arch-tag: ed48740a-410b-46ea-9387-c9a9252a3392 | |
1363 @end ignore |