Mercurial > emacs
annotate doc/emacs/msdog.texi @ 102472:58ec78703942
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author | Jason Rumney <jasonr@gnu.org> |
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date | Tue, 10 Mar 2009 15:57:34 +0000 |
parents | e3722b48e6da |
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84259 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
2 @c Copyright (C) 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001, | |
100974 | 3 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
84259 | 4 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
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5 @node Microsoft Windows, Manifesto, Mac OS / GNUstep, Top |
84259 | 6 @appendix Emacs and Microsoft Windows/MS-DOS |
7 @cindex Microsoft Windows | |
8 @cindex MS-Windows, Emacs peculiarities | |
9 | |
10 This section describes peculiarities of using Emacs on Microsoft | |
11 Windows. Some of these peculiarities are also relevant to Microsoft's | |
12 older MS-DOS ``operating system'' (also known as ``MS-DOG''). | |
13 However, Emacs features that are relevant @emph{only} to MS-DOS are | |
14 described in a separate | |
15 @iftex | |
16 manual (@pxref{MS-DOS,,, emacs-xtra, Specialized Emacs Features}). | |
17 @end iftex | |
18 @ifnottex | |
19 section (@pxref{MS-DOS}). | |
20 @end ifnottex | |
21 | |
22 | |
23 The behavior of Emacs on MS-Windows is reasonably similar to what is | |
24 documented in the rest of the manual, including support for long file | |
25 names, multiple frames, scroll bars, mouse menus, and subprocesses. | |
26 However, a few special considerations apply, and they are described | |
27 here. | |
28 | |
29 @menu | |
30 * Text and Binary:: Text files use CRLF to terminate lines. | |
31 * Windows Files:: File-name conventions on Windows. | |
32 * ls in Lisp:: Emulation of @code{ls} for Dired. | |
33 * Windows HOME:: Where Emacs looks for your @file{.emacs}. | |
34 * Windows Keyboard:: Windows-specific keyboard features. | |
35 * Windows Mouse:: Windows-specific mouse features. | |
36 * Windows Processes:: Running subprocesses on Windows. | |
37 * Windows Printing:: How to specify the printer on MS-Windows. | |
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38 * Windows Fonts:: Specifying fonts on MS-Windows. |
84259 | 39 * Windows Misc:: Miscellaneous Windows features. |
40 @ifnottex | |
41 * MS-DOS:: Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as @dfn{MS-DOG}). | |
42 @end ifnottex | |
43 @end menu | |
44 | |
45 @node Text and Binary | |
46 @section Text Files and Binary Files | |
47 @cindex text and binary files on MS-DOS/MS-Windows | |
48 | |
49 GNU Emacs uses newline characters to separate text lines. This is the | |
50 convention used on GNU, Unix, and other Posix-compliant systems. | |
51 | |
52 @cindex end-of-line conversion on MS-DOS/MS-Windows | |
53 By contrast, MS-DOS and MS-Windows normally use carriage-return linefeed, | |
54 a two-character sequence, to separate text lines. (Linefeed is the same | |
55 character as newline.) Therefore, convenient editing of typical files | |
56 with Emacs requires conversion of these end-of-line (EOL) sequences. | |
57 And that is what Emacs normally does: it converts carriage-return | |
58 linefeed into newline when reading files, and converts newline into | |
59 carriage-return linefeed when writing files. The same mechanism that | |
60 handles conversion of international character codes does this conversion | |
61 also (@pxref{Coding Systems}). | |
62 | |
63 @cindex cursor location, on MS-DOS | |
64 @cindex point location, on MS-DOS | |
65 One consequence of this special format-conversion of most files is | |
66 that character positions as reported by Emacs (@pxref{Position Info}) do | |
67 not agree with the file size information known to the operating system. | |
68 | |
69 In addition, if Emacs recognizes from a file's contents that it uses | |
70 newline rather than carriage-return linefeed as its line separator, it | |
71 does not perform EOL conversion when reading or writing that file. | |
72 Thus, you can read and edit files from GNU and Unix systems on MS-DOS | |
73 with no special effort, and they will retain their Unix-style | |
74 end-of-line convention after you edit them. | |
75 | |
76 The mode line indicates whether end-of-line translation was used for | |
77 the current buffer. If MS-DOS end-of-line translation is in use for the | |
78 buffer, the MS-Windows build of Emacs displays a backslash @samp{\} after | |
79 the coding system mnemonic near the beginning of the mode line | |
80 (@pxref{Mode Line}). If no EOL translation was performed, the string | |
81 @samp{(Unix)} is displayed instead of the backslash, to alert you that the | |
82 file's EOL format is not the usual carriage-return linefeed. | |
83 | |
84 @cindex DOS-to-Unix conversion of files | |
85 To visit a file and specify whether it uses DOS-style or Unix-style | |
86 end-of-line, specify a coding system (@pxref{Text Coding}). For | |
87 example, @kbd{C-x @key{RET} c unix @key{RET} C-x C-f foobar.txt} | |
88 visits the file @file{foobar.txt} without converting the EOLs; if some | |
89 line ends with a carriage-return linefeed pair, Emacs will display | |
90 @samp{^M} at the end of that line. Similarly, you can direct Emacs to | |
91 save a buffer in a specified EOL format with the @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f} | |
92 command. For example, to save a buffer with Unix EOL format, type | |
93 @kbd{C-x @key{RET} f unix @key{RET} C-x C-s}. If you visit a file | |
94 with DOS EOL conversion, then save it with Unix EOL format, that | |
95 effectively converts the file to Unix EOL style, like @code{dos2unix}. | |
96 | |
97 @cindex untranslated file system | |
98 @findex add-untranslated-filesystem | |
99 When you use NFS, Samba, or some other similar method to access file | |
100 systems that reside on computers using GNU or Unix systems, Emacs | |
101 should not perform end-of-line translation on any files in these file | |
102 systems---not even when you create a new file. To request this, | |
103 designate these file systems as @dfn{untranslated} file systems by | |
104 calling the function @code{add-untranslated-filesystem}. It takes one | |
105 argument: the file system name, including a drive letter and | |
106 optionally a directory. For example, | |
107 | |
108 @example | |
109 (add-untranslated-filesystem "Z:") | |
110 @end example | |
111 | |
112 @noindent | |
113 designates drive Z as an untranslated file system, and | |
114 | |
115 @example | |
116 (add-untranslated-filesystem "Z:\\foo") | |
117 @end example | |
118 | |
119 @noindent | |
120 designates directory @file{\foo} on drive Z as an untranslated file | |
121 system. | |
122 | |
123 Most often you would use @code{add-untranslated-filesystem} in your | |
124 @file{.emacs} file, or in @file{site-start.el} so that all the users at | |
125 your site get the benefit of it. | |
126 | |
127 @findex remove-untranslated-filesystem | |
128 To countermand the effect of @code{add-untranslated-filesystem}, use | |
129 the function @code{remove-untranslated-filesystem}. This function takes | |
130 one argument, which should be a string just like the one that was used | |
131 previously with @code{add-untranslated-filesystem}. | |
132 | |
133 Designating a file system as untranslated does not affect character | |
134 set conversion, only end-of-line conversion. Essentially, it directs | |
135 Emacs to create new files with the Unix-style convention of using | |
136 newline at the end of a line. @xref{Coding Systems}. | |
137 | |
138 @vindex file-name-buffer-file-type-alist | |
139 @cindex binary files, on MS-DOS/MS-Windows | |
140 Some kinds of files should not be converted at all, because their | |
141 contents are not really text. Therefore, Emacs on MS-Windows distinguishes | |
142 certain files as @dfn{binary files}. (This distinction is not part of | |
143 MS-Windows; it is made by Emacs only.) Binary files include executable | |
144 programs, compressed archives, etc. Emacs uses the file name to decide | |
145 whether to treat a file as binary: the variable | |
146 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} defines the file-name patterns | |
147 that indicate binary files. If a file name matches one of the patterns | |
148 for binary files (those whose associations are of the type | |
149 @code{(@var{pattern} . t)}, Emacs reads and writes that file using the | |
150 @code{no-conversion} coding system (@pxref{Coding Systems}) which turns | |
151 off @emph{all} coding-system conversions, not only the EOL conversion. | |
152 @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist} also includes file-name patterns | |
153 for files which are known to be Windows-style text files with | |
154 carriage-return linefeed EOL format, such as @file{CONFIG.SYS}; Emacs | |
155 always writes those files with Windows-style EOLs. | |
156 | |
157 If a file which belongs to an untranslated file system matches one of | |
158 the file-name patterns in @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist}, the | |
159 EOL conversion is determined by @code{file-name-buffer-file-type-alist}. | |
160 | |
161 @node Windows Files | |
162 @section File Names on MS-Windows | |
163 @cindex file names on MS-Windows | |
164 | |
165 MS-Windows and MS-DOS normally use a backslash, @samp{\}, to | |
166 separate name units within a file name, instead of the slash used on | |
167 other systems. Emacs on MS-DOS/MS-Windows permits use of either slash or | |
168 backslash, and also knows about drive letters in file names. | |
169 | |
170 @cindex file-name completion, on MS-Windows | |
171 On MS-DOS/MS-Windows, file names are case-insensitive, so Emacs by | |
172 default ignores letter-case in file names during completion. | |
173 | |
174 @vindex w32-get-true-file-attributes | |
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175 The variable @code{w32-get-true-file-attributes} controls whether |
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176 Emacs should issue additional system calls to determine more |
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177 accurately file attributes in primitives like @code{file-attributes} |
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178 and @code{directory-files-and-attributes}. These additional calls are |
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179 needed to report correct file ownership, link counts and file types |
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180 for special files such as pipes. Without these system calls, file |
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181 ownership will be attributed to the current user, link counts will be |
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182 always reported as 1, and special files will be reported as regular |
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183 files. |
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184 |
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185 If the value of this variable is @code{local} (the default), Emacs |
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186 will issue these additional system calls only for files on local fixed |
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187 drives. Any other non-@code{nil} value means do this even for |
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188 removable and remote volumes, where this could potentially slow down |
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189 Dired and other related features. The value of @code{nil} means never |
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190 issue those system calls. Non-@code{nil} values are only useful on |
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191 NTFS volumes, which support hard links and file security. |
84259 | 192 |
193 @node ls in Lisp | |
194 @section Emulation of @code{ls} on MS-Windows | |
195 @cindex Dired, and MS-Windows/MS-DOS | |
196 @cindex @code{ls} emulation | |
197 | |
198 Dired normally uses the external program @code{ls} (or its close | |
199 work-alike) to produce the directory listing displayed in Dired | |
200 buffers (@pxref{Dired}). However, MS-Windows and MS-DOS systems don't | |
201 come with such a program, although several ports of @sc{gnu} @code{ls} | |
202 are available. Therefore, Emacs on those systems @emph{emulates} | |
203 @code{ls} in Lisp, by using the @file{ls-lisp.el} package. While | |
204 @file{ls-lisp.el} provides a reasonably full emulation of @code{ls}, | |
205 there are some options and features peculiar to that emulation; | |
206 @iftex | |
207 for more details, see the documentation of the variables whose names | |
208 begin with @code{ls-lisp}. | |
209 @end iftex | |
210 @ifnottex | |
211 they are described in this section. | |
212 | |
213 The @code{ls} emulation supports many of the @code{ls} switches, but | |
214 it doesn't support all of them. Here's the list of the switches it | |
215 does support: @option{-A}, @option{-a}, @option{-B}, @option{-C}, | |
216 @option{-c}, @option{-i}, @option{-G}, @option{-g}, @option{-R}, | |
217 @option{-r}, @option{-S}, @option{-s}, @option{-t}, @option{-U}, | |
218 @option{-u}, and @option{-X}. The @option{-F} switch is partially | |
219 supported (it appends the character that classifies the file, but does | |
220 not prevent symlink following). | |
221 | |
222 @vindex ls-lisp-use-insert-directory-program | |
223 On MS-Windows and MS-DOS, @file{ls-lisp.el} is preloaded when Emacs | |
224 is built, so the Lisp emulation of @code{ls} is always used on those | |
225 platforms. If you have a ported @code{ls}, setting | |
226 @code{ls-lisp-use-insert-directory-program} to a non-@code{nil} value | |
227 will revert to using an external program named by the variable | |
228 @code{insert-directory-program}. | |
229 | |
230 @vindex ls-lisp-ignore-case | |
231 By default, @file{ls-lisp.el} uses a case-sensitive sort order for | |
232 the directory listing it produces; this is so the listing looks the | |
233 same as on other platforms. If you wish that the files be sorted in | |
234 case-insensitive order, set the variable @code{ls-lisp-ignore-case} to | |
235 a non-@code{nil} value. | |
236 | |
237 @vindex ls-lisp-dirs-first | |
238 By default, files and subdirectories are sorted together, to emulate | |
239 the behavior of @code{ls}. However, native MS-Windows/MS-DOS file | |
240 managers list the directories before the files; if you want that | |
241 behavior, customize the option @code{ls-lisp-dirs-first} to a | |
242 non-@code{nil} value. | |
243 | |
244 @vindex ls-lisp-verbosity | |
245 The variable @code{ls-lisp-verbosity} controls the file attributes | |
246 that @file{ls-lisp.el} displays. The value should be a list that | |
247 contains one or more of the symbols @code{links}, @code{uid}, and | |
248 @code{gid}. @code{links} means display the count of different file | |
249 names that are associated with (a.k.a.@: @dfn{links to}) the file's | |
250 data; this is only useful on NTFS volumes. @code{uid} means display | |
251 the numerical identifier of the user who owns the file. @code{gid} | |
252 means display the numerical identifier of the file owner's group. The | |
253 default value is @code{(links uid gid)} i.e.@: all the 3 optional | |
254 attributes are displayed. | |
255 | |
256 @vindex ls-lisp-emulation | |
257 The variable @code{ls-lisp-emulation} controls the flavour of the | |
258 @code{ls} emulation by setting the defaults for the 3 options | |
259 described above: @code{ls-lisp-ignore-case}, | |
260 @code{ls-lisp-dirs-first}, and @code{ls-lisp-verbosity}. The value of | |
261 this option can be one of the following symbols: | |
262 | |
263 @table @code | |
264 @item GNU | |
265 @itemx nil | |
266 Emulate @sc{gnu} systems; this is the default. This sets | |
267 @code{ls-lisp-ignore-case} and @code{ls-lisp-dirs-first} to | |
268 @code{nil}, and @code{ls-lisp-verbosity} to @code{(links uid gid)}. | |
269 @item UNIX | |
270 Emulate Unix systems. Like @code{GNU}, but sets | |
271 @code{ls-lisp-verbosity} to @code{(links uid)}. | |
272 @item MacOS | |
273 Emulate MacOS. Sets @code{ls-lisp-ignore-case} to @code{t}, and | |
274 @code{ls-lisp-dirs-first} and @code{ls-lisp-verbosity} to @code{nil}. | |
275 @item MS-Windows | |
276 Emulate MS-Windows. Sets @code{ls-lisp-ignore-case} and | |
277 @code{ls-lisp-dirs-first} to @code{t}, and @code{ls-lisp-verbosity} to | |
278 @code{(links)} on Windows NT/2K/XP/2K3 and to @code{nil} on Windows 9X. | |
279 Note that the default emulation is @emph{not} @code{MS-Windows}, even | |
280 on Windows, since many users of Emacs on those platforms prefer the | |
281 @sc{gnu} defaults. | |
282 @end table | |
283 | |
284 @noindent | |
285 Any other value of @code{ls-lisp-emulation} means the same as | |
286 @code{GNU}. Note that this option needs to be set @emph{before} | |
287 @file{ls-lisp.el} is loaded, which means that on MS-Windows and MS-DOS | |
288 you will have to set the value from your @file{.emacs} file and then | |
289 restart Emacs, since @file{ls-lisp.el} is preloaded. | |
290 | |
291 @vindex ls-lisp-support-shell-wildcards | |
292 The variable @code{ls-lisp-support-shell-wildcards} controls how | |
293 file-name patterns are supported: if it is non-@code{nil} (the | |
294 default), they are treated as shell-style wildcards; otherwise they | |
295 are treated as Emacs regular expressions. | |
296 | |
297 @vindex ls-lisp-format-time-list | |
298 The variable @code{ls-lisp-format-time-list} defines how to format | |
299 the date and time of files. @emph{The value of this variable is | |
300 ignored}, unless Emacs cannot determine the current locale. (However, | |
301 if the value of @code{ls-lisp-use-localized-time-format} is | |
302 non-@code{nil}, Emacs obeys @code{ls-lisp-format-time-list} even if | |
303 the current locale is available; see below.) | |
304 | |
305 The value of @code{ls-lisp-format-time-list} is a list of 2 strings. | |
306 The first string is used if the file was modified within the current | |
307 year, while the second string is used for older files. In each of | |
308 these two strings you can use @samp{%}-sequences to substitute parts | |
309 of the time. For example: | |
310 @lisp | |
311 ("%b %e %H:%M" "%b %e %Y") | |
312 @end lisp | |
313 | |
314 @noindent | |
315 Note that the strings substituted for these @samp{%}-sequences depend | |
316 on the current locale. @xref{Time Parsing,,, elisp, The Emacs Lisp | |
317 Reference Manual}, for more about format time specs. | |
318 | |
319 @vindex ls-lisp-use-localized-time-format | |
320 Normally, Emacs formats the file time stamps in either traditional | |
321 or ISO-style time format. However, if the value of the variable | |
322 @code{ls-lisp-use-localized-time-format} is non-@code{nil}, Emacs | |
323 formats file time stamps according to what | |
324 @code{ls-lisp-format-time-list} specifies. The @samp{%}-sequences in | |
325 @code{ls-lisp-format-time-list} produce locale-dependent month and day | |
326 names, which might cause misalignment of columns in Dired display. | |
327 @end ifnottex | |
328 | |
329 @node Windows HOME | |
330 @section HOME Directory on MS-Windows | |
331 @cindex @code{HOME} directory on MS-Windows | |
332 | |
333 The Windows equivalent of the @code{HOME} directory is the | |
334 @dfn{user-specific application data directory}. The actual location | |
335 depends on your Windows version and system configuration; typical values | |
336 are @file{C:\Documents and Settings\@var{username}\Application Data} on | |
337 Windows 2K/XP and later, and either @file{C:\WINDOWS\Application Data} | |
338 or @file{C:\WINDOWS\Profiles\@var{username}\Application Data} on the | |
339 older Windows 9X/ME systems. | |
340 | |
341 @cindex init file @file{.emacs} on MS-Windows | |
342 The home directory is where your init file @file{.emacs} is stored. | |
343 When Emacs starts, it first checks whether the environment variable | |
344 @env{HOME} is set. If it is, it looks for the init file in the | |
345 directory pointed by @env{HOME}. If @env{HOME} is not defined, Emacs | |
346 checks for an existing @file{.emacs} file in @file{C:\}, the root | |
347 directory of drive @file{C:}@footnote{ | |
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348 The check in @file{C:\} is for compatibility with older versions of Emacs, |
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349 which didn't check the application data directory. |
84259 | 350 }. If there's no such file in @file{C:\}, Emacs next uses the Windows |
351 system calls to find out the exact location of your application data | |
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352 directory. If that system call fails, Emacs falls back to @file{C:\}. |
84259 | 353 |
354 Whatever the final place is, Emacs sets the value of the @env{HOME} | |
355 environment variable to point to it, and it will use that location for | |
356 other files and directories it normally creates in the user's home | |
357 directory. | |
358 | |
359 You can always find out where Emacs thinks is your home directory's | |
360 location by typing @kbd{C-x d ~/ @key{RET}}. This should present the | |
361 list of files in the home directory, and show its full name on the | |
362 first line. Likewise, to visit your init file, type @kbd{C-x C-f | |
363 ~/.emacs @key{RET}}. | |
364 | |
365 @cindex @file{_emacs} init file, MS-Windows | |
366 Because MS-DOS does not allow file names with leading dots, and | |
367 because older Windows systems made it hard to create files with such | |
368 names, the Windows port of Emacs supports an alternative name | |
369 @file{_emacs} as a fallback, if such a file exists in the home | |
370 directory, whereas @file{.emacs} does not. | |
371 | |
372 @node Windows Keyboard | |
373 @section Keyboard Usage on MS-Windows | |
374 @cindex keyboard, MS-Windows | |
375 | |
376 This section describes the Windows-specific features related to | |
377 keyboard input in Emacs. | |
378 | |
379 @cindex MS-Windows keyboard shortcuts | |
380 Many key combinations (known as ``keyboard shortcuts'') that have | |
381 conventional uses in MS-Windows programs conflict with traditional | |
382 Emacs key bindings. (These Emacs key bindings were established years | |
383 before Microsoft was founded.) Examples of conflicts include | |
384 @kbd{C-c}, @kbd{C-x}, @kbd{C-z}, @kbd{C-a}, and @kbd{W-@key{SPC}}. | |
385 You can redefine some of them with meanings more like the MS-Windows | |
386 meanings by enabling CUA Mode (@pxref{CUA Bindings}). | |
387 | |
388 @kindex F10 @r{(MS-Windows)} | |
389 @cindex menu bar access using keyboard @r{(MS-Windows)} | |
390 The @key{F10} key on Windows activates the menu bar in a way that | |
391 makes it possible to use the menus without a mouse. In this mode, the | |
392 arrow keys traverse the menus, @key{RET} selects a highlighted menu | |
393 item, and @key{ESC} closes the menu. | |
394 | |
395 @iftex | |
396 @inforef{Windows Keyboard, , emacs}, for information about additional | |
397 Windows-specific variables in this category. | |
398 @end iftex | |
399 @ifnottex | |
400 @vindex w32-alt-is-meta | |
401 @cindex @code{Alt} key (MS-Windows) | |
402 By default, the key labeled @key{Alt} is mapped as the @key{META} | |
403 key. If you wish it to produce the @code{Alt} modifier instead, set | |
404 the variable @code{w32-alt-is-meta} to a @code{nil} value. | |
405 | |
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406 @findex w32-register-hot-key |
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407 @findex w32-unregister-hot-key |
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408 MS-Windows reserves certain key combinations, such as |
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409 @kbd{Alt-@key{TAB}}, for its own use. These key combinations are |
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410 intercepted by the system before Emacs can see them. You can use the |
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411 @code{w32-register-hot-key} function to allow a key sequence to be |
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412 seen by Emacs instead of being grabbed by Windows. This functions |
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413 registers a key sequence as a @dfn{hot key}, overriding the special |
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414 meaning of that key sequence for Windows. (MS-Windows is told that |
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415 the key sequence is a hot key only when one of the Emacs windows has |
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416 focus, so that the special keys still have their usual meaning for |
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417 other Windows applications.) |
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418 |
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419 The argument to @code{w32-register-hot-key} must be a single key, |
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420 with or without modifiers, in vector form that would be acceptable to |
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421 @code{define-key}. The meta modifier is interpreted as the @key{ALT} |
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422 key if @code{w32-alt-is-meta} is @code{t} (the default), and the hyper |
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423 modifier is always interpreted as the Windows key (usually labeled |
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424 with @key{start} and the Windows logo). If the function succeeds in |
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425 registering the key sequence, it returns the hotkey ID, a number; |
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426 otherwise it returns @code{nil}. |
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427 |
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428 @kindex M-TAB@r{, (MS-Windows)} |
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429 @cindex @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} vs @kbd{Alt-@key{TAB}} (MS-Windows) |
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430 @cindex @kbd{Alt-@key{TAB}} vs @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} (MS-Windows) |
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431 For example, @code{(w32-register-hot-key [M-tab])} lets you use |
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432 @kbd{M-TAB} normally in Emacs, for instance, to complete the word or |
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433 symbol at point at top level, or to complete the current search string |
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434 against previously sought strings during incremental search. |
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435 |
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436 The function @code{w32-unregister-hot-key} reverses the effect of |
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437 @code{w32-register-hot-key} for its argument key sequence. |
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438 |
84259 | 439 @vindex w32-capslock-is-shiftlock |
440 By default, the @key{CapsLock} key only affects normal character | |
441 keys (it converts lower-case characters to their upper-case | |
442 variants). However, if you set the variable | |
443 @code{w32-capslock-is-shiftlock} to a non-@code{nil} value, the | |
444 @key{CapsLock} key will affect non-character keys as well, as if you | |
445 pressed the @key{Shift} key while typing the non-character key. | |
446 | |
447 @vindex w32-enable-caps-lock | |
448 If the variable @code{w32-enable-caps-lock} is set to a @code{nil} | |
449 value, the @key{CapsLock} key produces the symbol @code{capslock} | |
450 instead of the shifted version of they keys. The default value is | |
451 @code{t}. | |
452 | |
453 @vindex w32-enable-num-lock | |
454 @cindex keypad keys (MS-Windows) | |
455 Similarly, if @code{w32-enable-num-lock} is @code{nil}, the | |
456 @key{NumLock} key will produce the symbol @code{kp-numlock}. The | |
457 default is @code{t}, which causes @key{NumLock} to work as expected: | |
458 toggle the meaning of the keys on the numeric keypad. | |
459 @end ifnottex | |
460 | |
461 @vindex w32-apps-modifier | |
462 The variable @code{w32-apps-modifier} controls the effect of the | |
463 @key{Apps} key (usually located between the right @key{Alt} and the | |
464 right @key{Ctrl} keys). Its value can be one of the symbols | |
465 @code{hyper}, @code{super}, @code{meta}, @code{alt}, @code{control}, | |
466 or @code{shift} for the respective modifier, or @code{nil} to appear | |
467 as the key @code{apps}. The default is @code{nil}. | |
468 | |
469 @vindex w32-lwindow-modifier | |
470 @vindex w32-rwindow-modifier | |
471 @vindex w32-scroll-lock-modifier | |
472 The variable @code{w32-lwindow-modifier} determines the effect of | |
473 the left Windows key (usually labeled with @key{start} and the Windows | |
474 logo). If its value is @code{nil} (the default), the key will produce | |
475 the symbol @code{lwindow}. Setting it to one of the symbols | |
476 @code{hyper}, @code{super}, @code{meta}, @code{alt}, @code{control}, | |
477 or @code{shift} will produce the respective modifier. A similar | |
478 variable @code{w32-rwindow-modifier} controls the effect of the right | |
479 Windows key, and @code{w32-scroll-lock-modifier} does the same for the | |
480 @key{ScrLock} key. If these variables are set to @code{nil}, the | |
481 right Windows key produces the symbol @code{rwindow} and @key{ScrLock} | |
482 produces the symbol @code{scroll}. | |
483 | |
484 @vindex w32-pass-alt-to-system | |
485 @cindex Windows system menu | |
486 @cindex @code{Alt} key invokes menu (Windows) | |
487 Emacs compiled as a native Windows application normally turns off | |
488 the Windows feature that tapping the @key{ALT} key invokes the Windows | |
489 menu. The reason is that the @key{ALT} serves as @key{META} in Emacs. | |
490 When using Emacs, users often press the @key{META} key temporarily and | |
491 then change their minds; if this has the effect of bringing up the | |
492 Windows menu, it alters the meaning of subsequent commands. Many | |
493 users find this frustrating. | |
494 | |
495 You can re-enable Windows' default handling of tapping the @key{ALT} | |
496 key by setting @code{w32-pass-alt-to-system} to a non-@code{nil} | |
497 value. | |
498 | |
499 @ifnottex | |
500 @vindex w32-pass-lwindow-to-system | |
501 @vindex w32-pass-rwindow-to-system | |
502 The variables @code{w32-pass-lwindow-to-system} and | |
503 @code{w32-pass-rwindow-to-system} determine whether the respective | |
504 keys are passed to Windows or swallowed by Emacs. If the value is | |
505 @code{nil}, the respective key is silently swallowed by Emacs, | |
506 otherwise it is passed to Windows. The default is @code{t} for both | |
507 of these variables. Passing each of these keys to Windows produces | |
508 its normal effect: for example, @kbd{@key{Lwindow}} opens the | |
509 @code{Start} menu, etc.@footnote{ | |
510 Some combinations of the ``Windows'' keys with other keys are caught | |
511 by Windows at low level in a way that Emacs currently cannot prevent. | |
512 For example, @kbd{@key{Lwindow} r} always pops up the Windows | |
513 @samp{Run} dialog. Customizing the value of | |
514 @code{w32-phantom-key-code} might help in some cases, though.} | |
515 | |
516 @vindex w32-recognize-altgr | |
517 @kindex AltGr @r{(MS-Windows)} | |
518 @cindex AltGr key (MS-Windows) | |
519 The variable @code{w32-recognize-altgr} controls whether the | |
520 @key{AltGr} key (if it exists on your keyboard), or its equivalent, | |
521 the combination of the right @key{Alt} and left @key{Ctrl} keys | |
522 pressed together, is recognized as the @key{AltGr} key. The default | |
523 is @code{t}, which means these keys produce @code{AltGr}; setting it | |
524 to @code{nil} causes @key{AltGr} or the equivalent key combination to | |
525 be interpreted as the combination of @key{CTRL} and @key{META} | |
526 modifiers. | |
527 @end ifnottex | |
528 | |
529 @node Windows Mouse | |
530 @section Mouse Usage on MS-Windows | |
531 @cindex mouse, and MS-Windows | |
532 | |
533 This section describes the Windows-specific variables related to | |
534 mouse. | |
535 | |
536 @vindex w32-mouse-button-tolerance | |
537 @cindex simulation of middle mouse button | |
538 The variable @code{w32-mouse-button-tolerance} specifies the | |
539 time interval, in milliseconds, for faking middle mouse button press | |
540 on 2-button mice. If both mouse buttons are depressed within this | |
541 time interval, Emacs generates a middle mouse button click event | |
542 instead of a double click on one of the buttons. | |
543 | |
544 @vindex w32-pass-extra-mouse-buttons-to-system | |
545 If the variable @code{w32-pass-extra-mouse-buttons-to-system} is | |
546 non-@code{nil}, Emacs passes the fourth and fifth mouse buttons to | |
547 Windows. | |
548 | |
549 @vindex w32-swap-mouse-buttons | |
550 The variable @code{w32-swap-mouse-buttons} controls which of the 3 | |
551 mouse buttons generates the @kbd{mouse-2} events. When it is | |
552 @code{nil} (the default), the middle button generates @kbd{mouse-2} | |
553 and the right button generates @kbd{mouse-3} events. If this variable | |
554 is non-@code{nil}, the roles of these two buttons are reversed. | |
555 | |
556 @node Windows Processes | |
557 @section Subprocesses on Windows 9X/ME and Windows NT/2K/XP | |
558 @cindex subprocesses on MS-Windows | |
559 | |
560 @cindex DOS applications, running from Emacs | |
561 Emacs compiled as a native Windows application (as opposed to the DOS | |
562 version) includes full support for asynchronous subprocesses. | |
563 In the Windows version, synchronous and asynchronous subprocesses work | |
564 fine on both | |
565 Windows 9X/ME and Windows NT/2K/XP as long as you run only 32-bit Windows | |
566 applications. However, when you run a DOS application in a subprocess, | |
567 you may encounter problems or be unable to run the application at all; | |
568 and if you run two DOS applications at the same time in two | |
569 subprocesses, you may have to reboot your system. | |
570 | |
571 Since the standard command interpreter (and most command line utilities) | |
572 on Windows 9X are DOS applications, these problems are significant when | |
573 using that system. But there's nothing we can do about them; only | |
574 Microsoft can fix them. | |
575 | |
576 If you run just one DOS application subprocess, the subprocess should | |
577 work as expected as long as it is ``well-behaved'' and does not perform | |
578 direct screen access or other unusual actions. If you have a CPU | |
579 monitor application, your machine will appear to be 100% busy even when | |
580 the DOS application is idle, but this is only an artifact of the way CPU | |
581 monitors measure processor load. | |
582 | |
583 You must terminate the DOS application before you start any other DOS | |
584 application in a different subprocess. Emacs is unable to interrupt or | |
585 terminate a DOS subprocess. The only way you can terminate such a | |
586 subprocess is by giving it a command that tells its program to exit. | |
587 | |
588 If you attempt to run two DOS applications at the same time in separate | |
589 subprocesses, the second one that is started will be suspended until the | |
590 first one finishes, even if either or both of them are asynchronous. | |
591 | |
592 @cindex kill DOS application | |
593 If you can go to the first subprocess, and tell it to exit, the second | |
594 subprocess should continue normally. However, if the second subprocess | |
595 is synchronous, Emacs itself will be hung until the first subprocess | |
596 finishes. If it will not finish without user input, then you have no | |
597 choice but to reboot if you are running on Windows 9X. If you are | |
598 running on Windows NT/2K/XP, you can use a process viewer application to kill | |
599 the appropriate instance of NTVDM instead (this will terminate both DOS | |
600 subprocesses). | |
601 | |
602 If you have to reboot Windows 9X in this situation, do not use the | |
603 @code{Shutdown} command on the @code{Start} menu; that usually hangs the | |
604 system. Instead, type @kbd{CTL-ALT-@key{DEL}} and then choose | |
605 @code{Shutdown}. That usually works, although it may take a few minutes | |
606 to do its job. | |
607 | |
608 @vindex w32-quote-process-args | |
609 The variable @code{w32-quote-process-args} controls how Emacs quotes | |
610 the process arguments. Non-@code{nil} means quote with the @code{"} | |
611 character. If the value is a character, use that character to escape | |
612 any quote characters that appear; otherwise chose a suitable escape | |
613 character based on the type of the program. | |
614 | |
615 @ifnottex | |
616 @findex w32-shell-execute | |
617 The function @code{w32-shell-execute} can be useful for writing | |
618 customized commands that run MS-Windows applications registered to | |
619 handle a certain standard Windows operation for a specific type of | |
620 document or file. This function is a wrapper around the Windows | |
621 @code{ShellExecute} API. See the MS-Windows API documentation for | |
622 more details. | |
623 @end ifnottex | |
624 | |
625 @node Windows Printing | |
626 @section Printing and MS-Windows | |
627 | |
628 Printing commands, such as @code{lpr-buffer} (@pxref{Printing}) and | |
629 @code{ps-print-buffer} (@pxref{PostScript}) work in MS-DOS and | |
630 MS-Windows by sending the output to one of the printer ports, if a | |
631 Posix-style @code{lpr} program is unavailable. The same Emacs | |
632 variables control printing on all systems, but in some cases they have | |
633 different default values on MS-DOS and MS-Windows. | |
634 | |
635 Emacs on Windows automatically determines your default printer and | |
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636 sets the variable @code{printer-name} to that printer's name. But in |
84259 | 637 some rare cases this can fail, or you may wish to use a different |
638 printer from within Emacs. The rest of this section explains how to | |
639 tell Emacs which printer to use. | |
640 | |
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641 @vindex printer-name@r{, (MS-DOS/MS-Windows)} |
84259 | 642 If you want to use your local printer, then set the Lisp variable |
643 @code{lpr-command} to @code{""} (its default value on Windows) and | |
644 @code{printer-name} to the name of the printer port---for example, | |
645 @code{"PRN"}, the usual local printer port or @code{"LPT2"}, or | |
646 @code{"COM1"} for a serial printer. You can also set | |
647 @code{printer-name} to a file name, in which case ``printed'' output | |
648 is actually appended to that file. If you set @code{printer-name} to | |
649 @code{"NUL"}, printed output is silently discarded (sent to the system | |
650 null device). | |
651 | |
652 You can also use a printer shared by another machine by setting | |
653 @code{printer-name} to the UNC share name for that printer---for | |
654 example, @code{"//joes_pc/hp4si"}. (It doesn't matter whether you use | |
655 forward slashes or backslashes here.) To find out the names of shared | |
656 printers, run the command @samp{net view} from the command prompt to | |
657 obtain a list of servers, and @samp{net view @var{server-name}} to see | |
658 the names of printers (and directories) shared by that server. | |
659 Alternatively, click the @samp{Network Neighborhood} icon on your | |
660 desktop, and look for machines which share their printers via the | |
661 network. | |
662 | |
663 @cindex @samp{net use}, and printing on MS-Windows | |
664 @cindex networked printers (MS-Windows) | |
665 If the printer doesn't appear in the output of @samp{net view}, or | |
666 if setting @code{printer-name} to the UNC share name doesn't produce a | |
667 hardcopy on that printer, you can use the @samp{net use} command to | |
668 connect a local print port such as @code{"LPT2"} to the networked | |
669 printer. For example, typing @kbd{net use LPT2: \\joes_pc\hp4si}@footnote{ | |
670 Note that the @samp{net use} command requires the UNC share name to be | |
671 typed with the Windows-style backslashes, while the value of | |
672 @code{printer-name} can be set with either forward- or backslashes.} | |
673 causes Windows to @dfn{capture} the @code{LPT2} port and redirect the | |
674 printed material to the printer connected to the machine @code{joes_pc}. | |
675 After this command, setting @code{printer-name} to @code{"LPT2"} | |
676 should produce the hardcopy on the networked printer. | |
677 | |
678 With some varieties of Windows network software, you can instruct | |
679 Windows to capture a specific printer port such as @code{"LPT2"}, and | |
680 redirect it to a networked printer via the @w{@code{Control | |
681 Panel->Printers}} applet instead of @samp{net use}. | |
682 | |
683 If you set @code{printer-name} to a file name, it's best to use an | |
684 absolute file name. Emacs changes the working directory according to | |
685 the default directory of the current buffer, so if the file name in | |
686 @code{printer-name} is relative, you will end up with several such | |
687 files, each one in the directory of the buffer from which the printing | |
688 was done. | |
689 | |
690 If the value of @code{printer-name} is correct, but printing does | |
691 not produce the hardcopy on your printer, it is possible that your | |
692 printer does not support printing plain text (some cheap printers omit | |
693 this functionality). In that case, try the PostScript print commands, | |
694 described below. | |
695 | |
696 @findex print-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
697 @findex print-region @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
698 @vindex lpr-headers-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
699 The commands @code{print-buffer} and @code{print-region} call the | |
700 @code{pr} program, or use special switches to the @code{lpr} program, to | |
701 produce headers on each printed page. MS-DOS and MS-Windows don't | |
702 normally have these programs, so by default, the variable | |
703 @code{lpr-headers-switches} is set so that the requests to print page | |
704 headers are silently ignored. Thus, @code{print-buffer} and | |
705 @code{print-region} produce the same output as @code{lpr-buffer} and | |
706 @code{lpr-region}, respectively. If you do have a suitable @code{pr} | |
707 program (for example, from GNU Coreutils), set | |
708 @code{lpr-headers-switches} to @code{nil}; Emacs will then call | |
709 @code{pr} to produce the page headers, and print the resulting output as | |
710 specified by @code{printer-name}. | |
711 | |
712 @vindex print-region-function @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
713 @cindex lpr usage under MS-DOS | |
714 @vindex lpr-command @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
715 @vindex lpr-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
716 Finally, if you do have an @code{lpr} work-alike, you can set the | |
717 variable @code{lpr-command} to @code{"lpr"}. Then Emacs will use | |
718 @code{lpr} for printing, as on other systems. (If the name of the | |
719 program isn't @code{lpr}, set @code{lpr-command} to specify where to | |
720 find it.) The variable @code{lpr-switches} has its standard meaning | |
721 when @code{lpr-command} is not @code{""}. If the variable | |
722 @code{printer-name} has a string value, it is used as the value for the | |
723 @code{-P} option to @code{lpr}, as on Unix. | |
724 | |
725 @findex ps-print-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
726 @findex ps-spool-buffer @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
727 @vindex ps-printer-name @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
728 @vindex ps-lpr-command @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
729 @vindex ps-lpr-switches @r{(MS-DOS)} | |
730 A parallel set of variables, @code{ps-lpr-command}, | |
731 @code{ps-lpr-switches}, and @code{ps-printer-name} (@pxref{PostScript | |
732 Variables}), defines how PostScript files should be printed. These | |
733 variables are used in the same way as the corresponding variables | |
734 described above for non-PostScript printing. Thus, the value of | |
735 @code{ps-printer-name} is used as the name of the device (or file) to | |
736 which PostScript output is sent, just as @code{printer-name} is used | |
737 for non-PostScript printing. (There are two distinct sets of | |
738 variables in case you have two printers attached to two different | |
739 ports, and only one of them is a PostScript printer.) | |
740 | |
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741 @cindex Ghostscript, use for PostScript printing |
84259 | 742 The default value of the variable @code{ps-lpr-command} is @code{""}, |
743 which causes PostScript output to be sent to the printer port specified | |
744 by @code{ps-printer-name}, but @code{ps-lpr-command} can also be set to | |
745 the name of a program which will accept PostScript files. Thus, if you | |
746 have a non-PostScript printer, you can set this variable to the name of | |
747 a PostScript interpreter program (such as Ghostscript). Any switches | |
748 that need to be passed to the interpreter program are specified using | |
749 @code{ps-lpr-switches}. (If the value of @code{ps-printer-name} is a | |
750 string, it will be added to the list of switches as the value for the | |
751 @code{-P} option. This is probably only useful if you are using | |
752 @code{lpr}, so when using an interpreter typically you would set | |
753 @code{ps-printer-name} to something other than a string so it is | |
754 ignored.) | |
755 | |
756 For example, to use Ghostscript for printing on the system's default | |
757 printer, put this in your @file{.emacs} file: | |
758 | |
759 @example | |
760 (setq ps-printer-name t) | |
761 (setq ps-lpr-command "D:/gs6.01/bin/gswin32c.exe") | |
762 (setq ps-lpr-switches '("-q" "-dNOPAUSE" "-dBATCH" | |
763 "-sDEVICE=mswinpr2" | |
764 "-sPAPERSIZE=a4")) | |
765 @end example | |
766 | |
767 @noindent | |
768 (This assumes that Ghostscript is installed in the | |
769 @file{D:/gs6.01} directory.) | |
770 | |
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771 @node Windows Fonts |
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772 @section Specifying Fonts on MS-Windows |
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773 @cindex font specification (MS Windows) |
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774 |
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775 Starting with Emacs 23, fonts are specified by their name, size |
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776 and optional properties. The format for specifying fonts comes from the |
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777 fontconfig library used in modern Free desktops: |
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778 |
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779 @example |
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780 [Family[-PointSize]][:Option1=Value1[:Option2=Value2[...]]] |
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781 @end example |
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782 |
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783 The old XLFD based format is also supported for backwards compatibility. |
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784 |
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785 Emacs 23 supports a number of backends. Currently, the @code{gdi} |
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786 and @code{uniscribe} font backends are supported on Windows. The |
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787 @code{gdi} font backend is available on all versions of Windows, and |
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788 supports all fonts that are natively supported by Windows. The |
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789 @code{uniscribe} font backend is available on Windows 2000 and later, |
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790 and supports Truetype and Opentype fonts. Some languages requiring |
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791 complex layout can only be properly supported by the uniscribe |
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792 backend. By default, both backends are enabled if supported, with |
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793 @code{uniscribe} taking priority over @code{gdi}. |
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794 |
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795 @cindex font properties (MS Windows) |
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796 @noindent |
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797 Optional properties common to all font backends on MS-Windows are: |
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798 |
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799 @table @code |
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800 |
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801 @vindex font-weight-table @r{(MS-Windows)} |
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802 @item weight |
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803 Specifies the weight of the font. Special values @code{light}, |
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804 @code{medium}, @code{demibold}, @code{bold}, and @code{black} can be specified |
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805 without @code{weight=} (e.g., @kbd{Courier New-12:bold}). Otherwise, |
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806 the weight should be a numeric value between 100 and 900, or one of the |
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807 named weights in @code{font-weight-table}. If unspecified, a regular font |
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808 is assumed. |
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809 |
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810 @vindex font-slant-table @r{(MS-Windows)} |
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811 @item slant |
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812 Specifies whether the font is italic. Special values |
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813 @code{roman}, @code{italic} and @code{oblique} can be specified |
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814 without @code{slant=} (e.g., @kbd{Courier New-12:italic}). |
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815 Otherwise, the slant should be a numeric value, or one of the named |
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816 slants in @code{font-slant-table}. On Windows, any slant above 150 is |
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817 treated as italics, and anything below as roman. |
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818 |
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819 @item family |
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820 Specifies the font family, but normally this will be specified |
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821 at the start of the font name. |
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822 |
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823 @item pixelsize |
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824 Specifies the font size in pixels. This can be used instead |
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825 of the point size specified after the family name. |
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826 |
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827 @item adstyle |
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828 Specifies additional style information for the font. |
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829 On MS-Windows, the values @code{mono}, @code{sans}, @code{serif}, |
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830 @code{script} and @code{decorative} are recognized. These are most useful |
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831 as a fallback with the font family left unspecified. |
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832 |
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833 @vindex w32-charset-info-alist |
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834 @item registry |
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835 Specifies the character set registry that the font is |
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836 expected to cover. Most Truetype and Opentype fonts will be unicode fonts |
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837 that cover several national character sets, but you can narrow down the |
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838 selection of fonts to those that support a particular character set by |
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839 using a specific registry from @code{w32-charset-info-alist} here. |
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840 |
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841 @item spacing |
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842 Specifies how the font is spaced. The @code{p} spacing specifies |
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843 a proportional font, and @code{m} or @code{c} specify a monospaced font. |
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844 |
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845 @item foundry |
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846 Not used on Windows, but for informational purposes and to |
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847 prevent problems with code that expects it to be set, is set internally to |
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848 @code{raster} for bitmapped fonts, @code{outline} for scalable fonts, |
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849 or @code{unknown} if the type cannot be determined as one of those. |
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850 @end table |
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851 |
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852 @cindex font properties (MS Windows gdi backend) |
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853 Options specific to @code{GDI} fonts: |
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854 |
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855 @table @code |
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856 |
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857 @cindex font scripts (MS Windows) |
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858 @cindex font unicode subranges (MS Windows) |
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859 @item script |
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860 Specifies a unicode subrange the font should support. |
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861 |
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862 The following scripts are recognized on Windows: @code{latin}, @code{greek}, |
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863 @code{coptic}, @code{cyrillic}, @code{armenian}, @code{hebrew}, @code{arabic}, |
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864 @code{syriac}, @code{nko}, @code{thaana}, @code{devanagari}, @code{bengali}, |
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865 @code{gurmukhi}, @code{gujarati}, @code{oriya}, @code{tamil}, @code{telugu}, |
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866 @code{kannada}, @code{malayam}, @code{sinhala}, @code{thai}, @code{lao}, |
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867 @code{tibetan}, @code{myanmar}, @code{georgian}, @code{hangul}, |
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868 @code{ethiopic}, @code{cherokee}, @code{canadian-aboriginal}, @code{ogham}, |
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869 @code{runic}, @code{khmer}, @code{mongolian}, @code{symbol}, @code{braille}, |
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870 @code{han}, @code{ideographic-description}, @code{cjk-misc}, @code{kana}, |
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871 @code{bopomofo}, @code{kanbun}, @code{yi}, @code{byzantine-musical-symbol}, |
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872 @code{musical-symbol}, and @code{mathematical}. |
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873 |
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874 @cindex font antialiasing (MS Windows) |
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875 @item antialias |
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876 Specifies the antialiasing to use for the font. The value @code{none} |
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877 means no antialiasing, @code{standard} means use standard antialiasing, |
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878 @code{subpixel} means use subpixel antialiasing (known as Cleartype on Windows), |
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879 and @code{natural} means use subpixel antialiasing with adjusted spacing between |
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880 letters. If unspecified, the font will use the system default antialiasing. |
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881 @end table |
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882 |
84259 | 883 @node Windows Misc |
884 @section Miscellaneous Windows-specific features | |
885 | |
886 This section describes miscellaneous Windows-specific features. | |
887 | |
888 @vindex w32-use-visible-system-caret | |
889 @cindex screen reader software, MS-Windows | |
890 The variable @code{w32-use-visible-system-caret} is a flag that | |
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891 determines whether to make the system caret visible. The default when |
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892 no screen reader software is in use is @code{nil}, which means Emacs |
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893 draws its own cursor to indicate the position of point. A |
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894 non-@code{nil} value means Emacs will indicate point location by the |
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895 system caret; this facilitates use of screen reader software, and is |
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896 the default when such software is detected when running Emacs. |
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897 When this variable is non-@code{nil}, other variables affecting the |
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898 cursor display have no effect. |
84259 | 899 |
900 @iftex | |
901 @inforef{Windows Misc, , emacs}, for information about additional | |
902 Windows-specific variables in this category. | |
903 @end iftex | |
904 | |
905 @ifnottex | |
906 @vindex w32-grab-focus-on-raise | |
907 @cindex frame focus policy, MS-Windows | |
908 The variable @code{w32-grab-focus-on-raise}, if set to a | |
909 non-@code{nil} value causes a frame to grab focus when it is raised. | |
910 The default is @code{t}, which fits well with the Windows default | |
911 click-to-focus policy. | |
912 @end ifnottex | |
913 | |
914 @ifnottex | |
915 @include msdog-xtra.texi | |
916 @end ifnottex | |
917 | |
918 @ignore | |
919 arch-tag: f39d2590-5dcc-4318-88d9-0eb73ca10fa2 | |
920 @end ignore |