Mercurial > emacs
annotate etc/TUTORIAL @ 22311:599c0971ae49
(Finsert_file_contents): Fix char signedness mismatches.
author | Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org> |
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date | Mon, 01 Jun 1998 03:32:52 +0000 |
parents | 98611be1ad61 |
children | ef426e5873e3 |
rev | line source |
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13 | 1 Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc; See end for conditions. |
2 You are looking at the Emacs tutorial. | |
3 | |
14019 | 4 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled |
5 CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than | |
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6 write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations: |
13 | 7 |
8 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr> | |
9 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f. | |
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10 M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>. |
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11 If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the |
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12 ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key. |
13 | 13 |
14 Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.) | |
15 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to | |
16 try using a command. For instance: | |
17 <<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>> | |
18 >> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen. | |
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19 (go ahead, do it by holding down the control key while typing v). |
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20 From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish |
13 | 21 reading the screen. |
22 | |
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23 Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen |
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24 to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading |
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25 the text. |
13 | 26 |
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27 The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place |
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28 to place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen, |
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29 with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key |
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30 and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key). |
13 | 31 |
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32 >> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times. |
13 | 33 |
34 | |
1375 | 35 * SUMMARY |
36 --------- | |
13 | 37 |
38 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls: | |
39 | |
40 C-v Move forward one screenful | |
41 M-v Move backward one screenful | |
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42 C-l Clear screen and redisplay all the text, |
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43 moving the text around the cursor |
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44 to the center of the screen. |
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45 (That's control-L, not control-1.) |
13 | 46 |
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47 >> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it. |
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48 Then type C-l. |
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49 Find the cursor again and notice that the same text |
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50 is near the cursor now. |
13 | 51 |
52 | |
1375 | 53 * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL |
54 ---------------------- | |
13 | 55 |
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56 Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you |
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57 move to a specific place within the text on the screen? |
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58 |
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59 There are several ways you can do this. The most basic way is to use |
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60 the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. Each of these commands moves the |
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61 cursor one row or column in a particular direction on the screen. |
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62 Here is a table showing these four commands and shows the directions |
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63 they move: |
13 | 64 |
65 Previous line, C-p | |
66 : | |
67 : | |
68 Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f | |
69 : | |
70 : | |
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71 Next line, C-n |
13 | 72 |
73 >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram | |
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74 using C-n or C-p. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram |
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75 centered in the screen. |
13 | 76 |
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77 You'll probably find it easy to think of these by letter: P for |
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78 previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. These are the |
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79 basic cursor positioning commands, and you'll be using them ALL the |
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80 time, so it would be of great benefit if you learn them now. |
13 | 81 |
82 >> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line. | |
83 | |
84 >> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's. | |
85 See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line. | |
86 | |
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87 Each of text line ends with a Newline character, which serves to |
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88 separate it from the following line. The last line in your file ought |
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89 to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to have |
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90 one). |
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91 |
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92 >> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. It should move to |
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93 the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back |
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94 across the Newline character. |
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95 |
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96 C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b. |
13 | 97 |
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98 >> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is. |
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99 Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line. |
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100 Then do one more C-f to move to the following line. |
13 | 101 |
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102 When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond |
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103 the edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". It |
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104 enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text |
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105 without moving it off the screen. |
13 | 106 |
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107 >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and |
13 | 108 see what happens. |
109 | |
110 If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f | |
111 (Meta-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word. | |
112 | |
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113 >> Type a few M-f's and M-b's. |
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114 |
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115 When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word. |
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116 When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the |
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117 following word. M-b works likewise in the opposite direction. |
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118 |
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119 >> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's |
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120 so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various |
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121 places inside and between words. |
13 | 122 |
123 Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and | |
124 M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for | |
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125 operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences, |
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126 paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are |
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127 independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc). |
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128 |
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129 This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to |
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130 the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning |
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131 or end of a sentence. |
13 | 132 |
133 >> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's. | |
134 Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's. | |
135 | |
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136 See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one |
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137 more sentence. Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems |
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138 natural. |
13 | 139 |
140 The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To | |
141 paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in | |
142 the text. | |
143 | |
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144 Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the |
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145 word and sentence moving commands: |
13 | 146 |
147 C-f Move forward a character | |
148 C-b Move backward a character | |
149 | |
150 M-f Move forward a word | |
151 M-b Move backward a word | |
152 | |
153 C-n Move to next line | |
154 C-p Move to previous line | |
155 | |
156 C-a Move to beginning of line | |
157 C-e Move to end of line | |
158 | |
159 M-a Move back to beginning of sentence | |
160 M-e Move forward to end of sentence | |
161 | |
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162 >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice. |
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163 These are the most often used commands. |
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164 |
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165 Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (Meta Less-than), |
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166 which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (Meta |
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167 Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text. |
13 | 168 |
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169 On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the |
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170 shift key to type it. On these terminals you must use the shift key |
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171 to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma. |
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172 |
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173 >> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial. |
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174 Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here. |
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175 |
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176 >> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial. |
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177 Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here. |
13 | 178 |
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179 You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has |
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180 arrow keys. We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three |
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181 reasons. First, they work on all kinds of terminals. Second, once |
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182 you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these Control |
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183 characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not |
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184 have to move your hands away from touch-typing position). Third, once |
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185 you form the habit of using these Control character commands, you can |
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186 easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well. |
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187 |
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188 Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this |
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189 serves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat count |
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190 is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command. If |
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191 you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another alternative way |
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192 to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the |
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193 META key. We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on |
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194 any terminal. |
13 | 195 |
196 For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters. | |
197 | |
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198 >> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor |
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199 to a line near this one with just one command. |
13 | 200 |
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201 Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count. Certain |
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202 exceptional commands use it differently. C-v and M-v are among the |
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203 exceptions. When given an argument, they scroll the screen up or down |
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204 by that many lines, rather than by a screenfuls. For example, C-u 4 |
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205 C-v scrolls the screen by 4 lines. |
13 | 206 |
207 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now. | |
208 | |
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209 This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like |
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210 to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v. |
13 | 211 |
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212 If you are using X Windows, there should be a tall rectangular area |
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213 called a scroll bar at the left hand side of the Emacs window. You |
2863 | 214 can scroll the text by clicking the mouse in the scroll bar. |
215 | |
216 >> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area | |
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217 within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position |
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218 determined by how high or low you click. |
2863 | 219 |
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220 >> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button |
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221 pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as |
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222 you move the mouse. |
2863 | 223 |
13 | 224 |
1375 | 225 * WHEN EMACS IS HUNG |
226 -------------------- | |
13 | 227 |
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228 If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by |
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229 typing C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too |
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230 long to execute. |
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231 |
13 | 232 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of |
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233 a command that you do not want to finish. |
13 | 234 |
235 >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g. | |
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236 Now type C-f. It should move just one character, |
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237 because you canceled the argument with C-g. |
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238 |
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239 If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it |
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240 with a C-g. |
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241 |
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242 |
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243 * DISABLED COMMANDS |
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244 ------------------- |
13 | 245 |
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246 Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use |
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247 them by accident. |
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248 |
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249 If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message |
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250 saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go |
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251 ahead and execute the command. |
13 | 252 |
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253 If you really want to try the command, type Space in answer to the |
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254 question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the disabled |
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255 command, answer the question with "n". |
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256 |
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257 >> Type <ESC> : (which is a disabled command), |
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258 then type n to answer the question. |
13 | 259 |
260 | |
1375 | 261 * WINDOWS |
262 --------- | |
13 | 263 |
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264 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We will |
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265 explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want to |
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266 explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic |
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267 one-window editing. It is simple: |
13 | 268 |
269 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows). | |
270 | |
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271 That is Control-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window |
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272 which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all |
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273 other windows. |
13 | 274 |
275 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l. | |
276 >> Type Control-h k Control-f. | |
277 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears | |
278 to display documentation on the Control-f command. | |
279 | |
280 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear. | |
281 | |
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282 This command is unlike the other commands you have learned in that it |
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283 consists of two characters. It starts with the character Control-x. |
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284 There is a whole series of commands that start with Control-x; many of |
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285 them have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things. |
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286 These commands are two, three or four characters long. |
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287 |
13 | 288 |
1375 | 289 * INSERTING AND DELETING |
290 ------------------------ | |
13 | 291 |
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292 If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you |
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293 can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted |
13 | 294 immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a |
295 Newline character. | |
296 | |
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297 You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delete>. |
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298 <Delete> is a key on the keyboard, which may be labeled "Del". In |
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299 some cases, the "Backspace" key serves as <Delete>, but not always! |
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300 |
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301 More generally, <Delete> deletes the character immediately before the |
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302 current cursor position. |
13 | 303 |
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304 >> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them |
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305 by typing <Delete> a few times. Don't worry about this file |
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306 being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is |
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307 your personal copy of it. |
13 | 308 |
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309 When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line |
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310 of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\") |
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311 at the right margin indicates a line which has been continued. |
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312 |
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313 >> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting. |
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314 You'll see a continuation line appear. |
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315 |
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316 >> Use <Delete>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen |
13 | 317 line again. The continuation line goes away. |
318 | |
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319 You can delete a Newline character just like any other character. |
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320 Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into |
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321 one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the |
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322 screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line. |
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323 |
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324 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delete>. This |
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325 merges that line with the previous line. |
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326 |
13 | 327 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted. |
328 | |
329 Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count; | |
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330 this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts |
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331 it several times. |
13 | 332 |
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333 >> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********. |
13 | 334 |
335 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in | |
336 Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines | |
337 as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations: | |
338 | |
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339 <Delete> delete the character just before the cursor |
13 | 340 C-d delete the next character after the cursor |
341 | |
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342 M-<Delete> kill the word immediately before the cursor |
13 | 343 M-d kill the next word after the cursor |
344 | |
345 C-k kill from the cursor position to end of line | |
346 M-k kill to the end of the current sentence | |
347 | |
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348 Notice that <Delete> and C-d vs M-<Delete> and M-d extend the parallel |
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349 started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delete> is not really a control |
13 | 350 character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e |
351 and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences. | |
352 | |
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353 When you delete more than one character at a time, Emacs saves the |
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354 deleted text so that you can bring it back. Bringing back killed text |
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355 is called "yanking". You can yank the killed text either at the same |
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356 place where it was killed, or at some other place in the text. You |
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357 can yank the text several times in order to make multiple copies of |
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358 it. The command to yank is C-y. |
13 | 359 |
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360 Note that the difference between "Killing" and "Deleting" something is |
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361 that "Killed" things can be yanked back, and "Deleted" things cannot. |
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362 Generally, the commands that can remove a lot of text save the text, |
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363 while the commands that delete just one character, or just blank lines |
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364 and spaces, do not save the deleted text. |
13 | 365 |
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366 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty. |
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367 Then type C-k to kill the text on that line. |
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368 >> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline |
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369 which follows that line. |
13 | 370 |
371 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second | |
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372 C-k kills the line itself, and make all the other lines move up. C-k |
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373 treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND |
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374 their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two |
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375 lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that. |
13 | 376 |
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377 To retrieve the last killed text and put it where the cursor currently |
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378 is, type C-y. |
13 | 379 |
380 >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back. | |
381 | |
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382 Think of C-y as if you were yanking something back that someone took |
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383 away from you. Notice that if you do several C-k's in a row, all of |
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384 the killed text is saved together, so that one C-y will yank all of |
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385 the lines. |
13 | 386 |
387 >> Do this now, type C-k several times. | |
388 | |
389 Now to retrieve that killed text: | |
390 | |
391 >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y | |
392 again. You now see how to copy some text. | |
393 | |
394 What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then | |
395 you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But | |
396 the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y | |
397 command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing | |
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398 M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y |
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399 again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you have |
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400 reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to |
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401 keep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where |
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402 it is. |
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403 |
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404 If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most |
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405 recent kill). |
13 | 406 |
407 >> Kill a line, move around, kill another line. | |
408 Then do C-y to get back the second killed line. | |
409 Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line. | |
410 Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until | |
411 the second kill line comes back, and then a few more. | |
412 If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative | |
413 arguments. | |
414 | |
415 | |
1375 | 416 * UNDO |
417 ------ | |
13 | 418 |
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419 If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a |
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420 mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u. |
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421 |
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422 Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat |
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423 the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one |
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424 additional command. |
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425 |
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426 But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do |
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427 not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling |
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428 command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups |
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429 of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to |
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430 type to undo insertion of text.) |
13 | 431 |
432 >> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear. | |
433 | |
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434 C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u, |
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435 but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage of |
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436 C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That |
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437 is why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_ |
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438 by typing / while holding down CONTROL. |
13 | 439 |
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440 A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count. |
13 | 441 |
442 | |
1375 | 443 * FILES |
444 ------- | |
13 | 445 |
446 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a | |
447 file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes | |
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448 away. In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file |
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449 before you enter the text. (This is also called "visiting" the file.) |
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450 |
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451 Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within |
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452 Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself. |
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453 However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent |
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454 until you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving a |
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455 half-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even when |
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456 you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case |
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457 you later decide that your changes were a mistake. |
13 | 458 |
459 If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that | |
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460 begins and ends with dashes, and starts with "--:-- TUTORIAL" or |
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461 something like that. This part of the screen normally shows the name |
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462 of the file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file |
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463 called "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs |
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464 tutorial. When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name will |
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465 appear in that precise spot. |
13 | 466 |
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467 One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you |
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468 have to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an |
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469 argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of |
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470 the file). After you type the command |
13 | 471 |
472 C-x C-f Find a file | |
473 | |
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474 Emacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appears |
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475 on the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line is called the |
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476 minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can use |
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477 ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name. |
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478 |
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479 While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input), |
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480 you can cancel the command with C-g. |
13 | 481 |
482 >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer, | |
483 and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the | |
484 minibuffer. So you do not find any file. | |
485 | |
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486 When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to |
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487 terminate it. Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file |
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488 you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is |
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489 finished. |
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490 |
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491 In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can |
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492 edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent, |
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493 type the command |
13 | 494 |
495 C-x C-s Save the file | |
496 | |
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497 This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you |
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498 do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is |
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499 not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the |
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500 original file's name. |
13 | 501 |
502 When saving is finished, Emacs prints the name of the file written. | |
503 You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much | |
504 work if the system should crash. | |
505 | |
506 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial. | |
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507 This should print "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen. |
13 | 508 |
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509 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you |
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510 will see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an |
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511 operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the |
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512 C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, |
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513 type C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental |
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514 Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature". |
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515 |
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516 You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also |
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517 find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a |
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518 file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then |
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519 begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the |
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520 file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have |
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521 inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an |
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522 already existing file. |
13 | 523 |
524 | |
1375 | 525 * BUFFERS |
526 --------- | |
13 | 527 |
528 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains | |
529 inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with | |
530 C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs. | |
531 | |
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532 >> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>. |
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533 Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s. |
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534 Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return> |
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535 to come back to the tutorial. |
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536 |
21494 | 537 Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer". |
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538 Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the |
21494 | 539 buffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type |
13 | 540 |
541 C-x C-b List buffers | |
542 | |
543 >> Try C-x C-b now. | |
544 | |
545 See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name | |
546 for the file whose contents it holds. Some buffers do not correspond | |
547 to files. For example, the buffer named "*Buffer List*" does | |
548 not have any file. It is the buffer which contains the buffer | |
549 list that was made by C-x C-b. ANY text you see in an Emacs window | |
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550 is always part of some buffer. |
13 | 551 |
552 >> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list. | |
553 | |
554 If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file, | |
555 this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs, | |
556 in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's | |
557 buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful, | |
558 but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first | |
559 file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to | |
560 it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have | |
561 | |
562 C-x s Save some buffers | |
563 | |
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564 C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have |
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565 not saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the |
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566 buffer. |
13 | 567 |
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568 >> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s. |
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569 It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL. |
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570 Answer yes to the question by typing "y". |
13 | 571 |
1375 | 572 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET |
573 --------------------------- | |
13 | 574 |
575 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put | |
576 on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with | |
577 the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors: | |
578 | |
579 C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character. | |
580 M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name. | |
581 | |
582 These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the | |
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583 commands you have already learned about. You have already seen two of |
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584 them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save. Another |
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585 example is the command to end the Emacs session--this is the command |
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586 C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing changes you have made; C-x C-c |
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587 offers to save each changed file before it kills the Emacs.) |
13 | 588 |
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589 C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go |
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590 back to the same Emacs session afterward. |
13 | 591 |
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592 On systems which allow it, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns |
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593 to the shell but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most common |
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594 shells, you can resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'. |
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595 |
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596 On systems which do not implement suspending, C-z creates a subshell |
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597 running under Emacs to give you the chance to run other programs and |
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598 return to Emacs afterward; it does not truly "exit" from Emacs. In |
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599 this case, the shell command `exit' is the usual way to get back to |
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600 Emacs from the subshell. |
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601 |
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602 The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also |
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603 the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling |
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604 programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know |
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605 how to cope with suspension of Emacs. In ordinary circumstances, |
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606 though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs |
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607 with C-z instead of exiting Emacs. |
13 | 608 |
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609 There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned: |
13 | 610 |
611 C-x C-f Find file. | |
612 C-x C-s Save file. | |
613 C-x C-b List buffers. | |
614 C-x C-c Quit Emacs. | |
615 C-x u Undo. | |
616 | |
617 Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less | |
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618 frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An |
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619 example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one |
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620 string with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the |
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621 bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the |
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622 command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and |
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623 Emacs will complete the name. End the command name with <Return>. |
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624 |
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625 The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be |
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626 replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each |
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627 argument with <Return>. |
13 | 628 |
629 >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one. | |
630 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>. | |
631 | |
632 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced | |
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633 the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred, |
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634 after the initial position of the cursor. |
13 | 635 |
636 | |
10698 | 637 * AUTO SAVE |
638 ----------- | |
639 | |
640 When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet, | |
641 they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from | |
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642 this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that |
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643 you are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and |
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644 the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save |
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645 file's name is "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way, |
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646 Emacs deletes its auto save file. |
10698 | 647 |
648 If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by | |
649 finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto | |
21494 | 650 save file) and then typing M-x recover file<Return>. When it asks for |
651 confirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save | |
10698 | 652 data. |
653 | |
654 | |
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655 * ECHO AREA |
1375 | 656 ----------- |
13 | 657 |
658 If Emacs sees that you are typing commands slowly it shows them to you | |
21494 | 659 at the bottom of the screen in an area called the "echo area". The echo |
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660 area contains the bottom line of the screen. |
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661 |
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662 |
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663 * MODE LINE |
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664 ----------- |
13 | 665 |
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666 The line immediately above the echo area it is called the "mode line". |
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667 The mode line says something like this: |
13 | 668 |
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669 --:** TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%---------------- |
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670 |
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671 This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and |
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672 the text you are editing. |
13 | 673 |
674 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have | |
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675 found. -NN%-- indicates your current position in the text; it means |
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676 that NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the |
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677 top of the file is on the screen, it will say --Top-- instead of |
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678 --00%--. If the bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say |
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679 --Bot--. If you are looking at text so small that all of it fits on |
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680 the screen, the mode line says --All--. |
13 | 681 |
682 The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text. | |
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683 Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows |
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684 no stars, just dashes. |
13 | 685 |
686 The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what | |
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687 editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is |
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688 what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode". |
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689 |
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690 Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for |
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691 editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode, |
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692 Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active, |
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693 and its name can always be found in the mode line just where |
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694 "Fundamental" is now. |
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695 |
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696 Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example, |
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697 there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each |
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698 programming language has a different idea of what a comment should |
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699 look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Each |
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700 major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can |
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701 switch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to |
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702 switch to Fundamental mode. |
13 | 703 |
704 If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, you | |
705 should probably use Text Mode. | |
21494 | 706 >> Type M-x text mode<Return>. |
13 | 707 |
708 Don't worry, none of the commands you have learned changes Emacs in | |
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709 any great way. But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat |
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|
710 apostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode, |
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|
711 M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators. |
13 | 712 |
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713 Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands |
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714 do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit |
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715 differently. |
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716 |
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717 To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m. |
13 | 718 |
719 >> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen. | |
720 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode. | |
721 >> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen. | |
722 | |
723 Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes. | |
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724 Minor modes are alternatives not to the major modes, just minor |
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725 modifications of them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off by |
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726 itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your |
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727 major mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any |
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728 combination of several minor modes. |
13 | 729 |
730 One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing English | |
731 text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs breaks the line | |
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732 in between words automatically whenever you insert text and make a |
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733 line that is too wide. |
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734 |
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735 You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto fill mode<Return>. |
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736 When the mode is on, you can turn it off by doing M-x |
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737 auto fill mode<Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns it on, |
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738 and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that the |
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739 command "toggles the mode". |
13 | 740 |
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741 >> Type M-x auto fill mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf " |
13 | 742 over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in |
743 spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces. | |
744 | |
745 The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it | |
746 with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want | |
747 as a numeric argument. | |
748 | |
749 >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f). | |
750 Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20 | |
751 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using | |
752 C-x f again. | |
753 | |
754 If you makes changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode | |
755 does not re-fill it for you. | |
756 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (Meta-q) with the cursor inside | |
757 that paragraph. | |
758 | |
759 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q. | |
760 | |
1375 | 761 * SEARCHING |
762 ----------- | |
13 | 763 |
764 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous | |
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765 characters or words) either forward through the text or backward |
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766 through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command; |
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767 it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears. |
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768 |
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769 The Emacs search command is different from the search commands |
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770 of most editors, in that it is "incremental". This means that the |
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771 search happens while you type in the string to search for. |
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772 |
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773 The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r |
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774 for reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now. |
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775 |
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776 When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as |
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777 a prompt in the echo area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is |
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778 called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that |
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779 you want to search for. <Return> terminates a search. |
13 | 780 |
781 >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time, | |
782 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each | |
783 character to notice what happens to the cursor. | |
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784 Now you have searched for "cursor", once. |
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785 >> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor". |
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786 >> Now type <Delete> four times and see how the cursor moves. |
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787 >> Type <Return> to terminate the search. |
13 | 788 |
789 Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to | |
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790 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To |
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791 go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such |
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792 occurrence exists Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently |
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793 "failing", C-g would also terminate the search. |
13 | 794 |
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795 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will |
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796 see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operating |
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797 system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not |
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798 letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q. |
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799 Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the |
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800 Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature". |
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801 |
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802 If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delete>, |
13 | 803 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased |
804 and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For | |
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805 instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first |
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806 occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move |
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807 to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delete>. This erases |
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808 the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to |
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809 the first occurrence of "c". |
13 | 810 |
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811 If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta |
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812 character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in |
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813 a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated. |
13 | 814 |
815 The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search | |
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816 string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for |
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817 something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we |
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818 have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of |
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819 the search is reversed. |
13 | 820 |
821 | |
1375 | 822 * MULTIPLE WINDOWS |
823 ------------------ | |
476 | 824 |
825 One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one | |
826 window on the screen at the same time. | |
827 | |
828 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l. | |
829 | |
830 >> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows. | |
831 Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window. | |
832 | |
833 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window. | |
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834 (If you do not have a real Meta key, type ESC C-v.) |
476 | 835 |
836 >> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window. | |
837 >> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it. | |
838 Keep reading these directions in the top window. | |
839 | |
840 >> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window. | |
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841 The cursor in the top window is just where it was before. |
476 | 842 |
843 You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each | |
844 window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually | |
845 shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the | |
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846 window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window". |
476 | 847 |
848 The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one | |
849 window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep | |
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850 the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance |
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851 through the other window sequentially with C-M-v. |
476 | 852 |
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853 C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real |
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854 META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META while |
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855 typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first," |
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856 because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type. |
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857 |
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858 If you do not have a real META key, and you use ESC instead, the order |
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859 does matter: you must type ESC followed by Control-v, because |
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860 Control-ESC v will not work. This is because ESC is a character in |
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861 its own right, not a modifier key. |
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862 |
476 | 863 >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window. |
864 | |
865 (If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid | |
866 of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one | |
867 window--the window I am already in.") | |
868 | |
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869 You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If you |
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870 use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not |
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871 change. You can find a file in each window independently. |
476 | 872 |
873 Here is another way to use two windows to display two different | |
874 things: | |
875 | |
876 >> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files. | |
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877 End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom |
476 | 878 window. The cursor goes there, too. |
879 | |
880 >> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete | |
881 the bottom window. | |
882 | |
883 | |
1375 | 884 * RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS |
885 -------------------------- | |
13 | 886 |
887 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing | |
888 level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line, | |
889 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For | |
890 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental). | |
891 | |
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892 To get out of the recursive editing level, type ESC ESC ESC. That is |
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893 an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for eliminating |
7a3398850d94
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|
894 extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer. |
13 | 895 |
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896 >> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type ESC ESC ESC to get out. |
13 | 897 |
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898 You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is |
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899 because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the |
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900 recursive editing level. |
13 | 901 |
902 | |
1375 | 903 * GETTING MORE HELP |
904 ------------------- | |
13 | 905 |
906 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to | |
907 get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that | |
908 it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want | |
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909 to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features. |
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910 Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs |
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911 commands. These "help" commands all start with the character |
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912 Control-h, which is called "the Help character". |
13 | 913 |
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914 To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a |
13 | 915 character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost, |
916 type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give. | |
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917 If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just |
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918 type C-g to cancel it. |
13 | 919 |
18579 | 920 (Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h. They really |
921 should not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you have | |
922 grounds to complain to the system administrator. Meanwhile, if C-h | |
923 does not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, try | |
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924 typing the F1 key or M-x help <Return> instead.) |
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925 |
18579 | 926 The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, the character c, and |
927 a command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very brief | |
13 | 928 description of the command. |
929 | |
930 >> Type C-h c Control-p. | |
931 The message should be something like | |
932 | |
933 C-p runs the command previous-line | |
934 | |
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935 This tells you the "name of the function". Function names are used |
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936 mainly for customizing and extending Emacs. But since function names |
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937 are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as |
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938 very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you |
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939 have already learned. |
13 | 940 |
941 Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or | |
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942 EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c. |
13 | 943 |
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944 To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c. |
13 | 945 |
946 >> Type C-h k Control-p. | |
947 | |
477 | 948 This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its |
949 name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the | |
950 output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have | |
951 to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring | |
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952 to the help text, and then type C-x 1. |
13 | 953 |
954 Here are some other useful C-h options: | |
955 | |
956 C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the | |
957 function. | |
958 | |
959 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>. | |
960 This prints all the information Emacs has about the | |
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961 function which implements the C-p command. |
13 | 962 |
963 C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list | |
964 all the commands whose names contain that keyword. | |
965 These commands can all be invoked with Meta-x. | |
966 For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one | |
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967 or two character sequence which runs the same command. |
13 | 968 |
477 | 969 >> Type C-h a file<Return>. |
970 | |
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971 This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file" |
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972 in their names. You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed |
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973 beside the corresponding command names such as find-file. |
477 | 974 |
975 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times. | |
976 | |
977 >> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window. | |
13 | 978 |
979 | |
1375 | 980 * CONCLUSION |
981 ------------ | |
13 | 982 |
983 Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell | |
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984 temporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z. |
13 | 985 |
986 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if | |
987 you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain! | |
988 | |
989 | |
990 COPYING | |
991 ------- | |
992 | |
993 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials | |
994 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs. | |
995 | |
996 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and | |
997 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions: | |
998 | |
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999 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation |
13 | 1000 |
1001 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies | |
1002 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the | |
1003 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved, | |
1004 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission | |
1005 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice. | |
1006 | |
1007 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions | |
1008 of this document, or of portions of it, | |
1009 under the above conditions, provided also that they | |
1010 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them. | |
1011 | |
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1012 The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the |
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1013 same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of |
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1014 GNU Emacs to your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism |
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1015 ("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software! |