Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/cmdargs.texi @ 48935:6047d93c991e
(add-to-invisibility-spec): If it was t, start it out at (t).
author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Sun, 22 Dec 2002 22:05:52 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
39287 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,1997,2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
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4 @node Command Arguments, X Resources, Service, Top |
25829 | 5 @appendix Command Line Arguments |
6 @cindex command line arguments | |
7 @cindex arguments (command line) | |
8 @cindex options (command line) | |
9 @cindex switches (command line) | |
10 @cindex startup (command line arguments) | |
11 | |
12 GNU Emacs supports command line arguments to request various actions | |
13 when invoking Emacs. These are for compatibility with other editors and | |
14 for sophisticated activities. We don't recommend using them for | |
15 ordinary editing. | |
16 | |
17 Arguments starting with @samp{-} are @dfn{options}. Other arguments | |
18 specify files to visit. Emacs visits the specified files while it | |
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19 starts up. The last file name on your command line becomes the |
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20 current buffer; the other files are also visited in other buffers. If |
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21 there are two files, they are both displayed; otherwise the last file |
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22 is displayed along with a buffer list that shows what other buffers |
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23 there are. As with most programs, the special argument @samp{--} says |
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24 that all subsequent arguments are file names, not options, even if |
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25 they start with @samp{-}. |
25829 | 26 |
27 Emacs command options can specify many things, such as the size and | |
28 position of the X window Emacs uses, its colors, and so on. A few | |
29 options support advanced usage, such as running Lisp functions on files | |
30 in batch mode. The sections of this chapter describe the available | |
31 options, arranged according to their purpose. | |
32 | |
33 There are two ways of writing options: the short forms that start with | |
34 a single @samp{-}, and the long forms that start with @samp{--}. For | |
35 example, @samp{-d} is a short form and @samp{--display} is the | |
36 corresponding long form. | |
37 | |
38 The long forms with @samp{--} are easier to remember, but longer to | |
39 type. However, you don't have to spell out the whole option name; any | |
40 unambiguous abbreviation is enough. When a long option takes an | |
41 argument, you can use either a space or an equal sign to separate the | |
42 option name and the argument. Thus, you can write either | |
43 @samp{--display sugar-bombs:0.0} or @samp{--display=sugar-bombs:0.0}. | |
44 We recommend an equal sign because it makes the relationship clearer, | |
45 and the tables below always show an equal sign. | |
46 | |
47 @cindex initial options (command line) | |
48 @cindex action options (command line) | |
49 Most options specify how to initialize Emacs, or set parameters for | |
50 the Emacs session. We call them @dfn{initial options}. A few options | |
51 specify things to do: for example, load libraries, call functions, or | |
38745 | 52 terminate Emacs. These are called @dfn{action options}. These and file |
25829 | 53 names together are called @dfn{action arguments}. Emacs processes all |
54 the action arguments in the order they are written. | |
55 | |
56 @menu | |
57 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries, | |
58 and call functions. | |
59 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs. | |
60 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments. | |
61 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs. | |
62 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses. | |
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63 * Display X:: Changing the default display and using remote login. |
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64 * Font X:: Choosing a font for text, under X. |
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65 * Colors:: Choosing display colors. |
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66 * Window Size X:: Start-up window size, under X. |
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67 * Borders X:: Internal and external borders, under X. |
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68 * Title X:: Specifying the initial frame's title. |
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69 * Icons X:: Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X. |
25829 | 70 @end menu |
71 | |
72 @node Action Arguments | |
73 @appendixsec Action Arguments | |
74 | |
75 Here is a table of the action arguments and options: | |
76 | |
77 @table @samp | |
78 @item @var{file} | |
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79 @opindex --visit |
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80 @itemx --visit=@var{file} |
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81 @opindex --file |
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82 @itemx --file=@var{file} |
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83 @cindex visiting files, command-line argument |
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84 @vindex inhibit-startup-buffer-menu |
25829 | 85 Visit @var{file} using @code{find-file}. @xref{Visiting}. |
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86 If you visit several files at startup in this way, Emacs |
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87 also displays a Buffer Menu buffer to show you what files it |
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88 has visited. You can inhibit that by setting @code{inhibit-startup-buffer-menu} to @code{t}. |
25829 | 89 |
90 @item +@var{linenum} @var{file} | |
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91 @opindex +@var{linenum} |
25829 | 92 Visit @var{file} using @code{find-file}, then go to line number |
93 @var{linenum} in it. | |
94 | |
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95 @item +@var{linenum}:@var{columnnum} @var{file} |
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96 Visit @var{file} using @code{find-file}, then go to line number |
38745 | 97 @var{linenum} and put point at column number @var{columnnum}. |
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98 |
25829 | 99 @need 3000 |
100 @item -l @var{file} | |
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101 @opindex -l |
25829 | 102 @itemx --load=@var{file} |
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103 @opindex --load |
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104 @cindex loading Lisp libraries, command-line argument |
25829 | 105 Load a Lisp library named @var{file} with the function @code{load}. |
106 @xref{Lisp Libraries}. The library can be found either in the current | |
107 directory, or in the Emacs library search path as specified | |
29107 | 108 with @env{EMACSLOADPATH} (@pxref{General Variables}). |
25829 | 109 |
110 @item -f @var{function} | |
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111 @opindex -f |
25829 | 112 @itemx --funcall=@var{function} |
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113 @opindex --funcall |
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114 @cindex call Lisp functions, command-line argument |
25829 | 115 Call Lisp function @var{function} with no arguments. |
116 | |
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117 @item --eval=@var{expression} |
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118 @opindex --eval |
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119 @itemx --execute=@var{expression} |
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120 @opindex --execute |
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121 @cindex evaluate expression, command-line argument |
25829 | 122 Evaluate Lisp expression @var{expression}. |
123 | |
124 @item --insert=@var{file} | |
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125 @opindex --insert |
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126 @cindex insert file contents, command-line argument |
25829 | 127 Insert the contents of @var{file} into the current buffer. This is like |
128 what @kbd{M-x insert-file} does. @xref{Misc File Ops}. | |
129 | |
130 @item --kill | |
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131 @opindex --kill |
25829 | 132 Exit from Emacs without asking for confirmation. |
133 @end table | |
134 | |
135 @vindex command-line-args | |
136 The init file can access the values of the action arguments as the | |
137 elements of a list in the variable @code{command-line-args}. The init | |
138 file can override the normal processing of the action arguments, or | |
139 define new ones, by reading and setting this variable. | |
140 | |
141 @node Initial Options | |
142 @appendixsec Initial Options | |
143 | |
144 The initial options specify parameters for the Emacs session. This | |
145 section describes the more general initial options; some other options | |
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146 specifically related to the X Window System appear in the following |
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147 sections. |
25829 | 148 |
149 Some initial options affect the loading of init files. The normal | |
150 actions of Emacs are to first load @file{site-start.el} if it exists, | |
151 then your own init file @file{~/.emacs} if it exists, and finally | |
152 @file{default.el} if it exists; certain options prevent loading of some | |
153 of these files or substitute other files for them. | |
154 | |
155 @table @samp | |
156 @item -t @var{device} | |
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157 @opindex -t |
25829 | 158 @itemx --terminal=@var{device} |
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159 @opindex --terminal |
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160 @cindex device for Emacs terminal I/O |
25829 | 161 Use @var{device} as the device for terminal input and output. |
162 | |
163 @item -d @var{display} | |
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164 @opindex -d |
25829 | 165 @itemx --display=@var{display} |
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166 @opindex --display |
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167 @cindex display for Emacs frame |
25829 | 168 Use the X Window System and use the display named @var{display} to open |
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169 the initial Emacs frame. @xref{Display X}, for more details. |
25829 | 170 |
171 @item -nw | |
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172 @opindex -nw |
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173 @itemx --no-window-system |
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174 @opindex --no-window-system |
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175 @cindex disable window system |
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176 Don't communicate directly with the window system, disregarding the |
40652 | 177 @env{DISPLAY} environment variable even if it is set. This means that |
178 Emacs uses the terminal from which it was launched for all its display | |
179 and input. | |
25829 | 180 |
181 @need 3000 | |
182 @cindex batch mode | |
183 @item -batch | |
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184 @opindex --batch |
25829 | 185 @itemx --batch |
186 Run Emacs in @dfn{batch mode}, which means that the text being edited is | |
187 not displayed and the standard terminal interrupt characters such as | |
188 @kbd{C-z} and @kbd{C-c} continue to have their normal effect. Emacs in | |
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189 batch mode outputs to @code{stderr} only what would normally be displayed |
36875 | 190 in the echo area under program control, and functions which would |
191 normally read from the minibuffer take their input from @code{stdin}. | |
25829 | 192 |
193 Batch mode is used for running programs written in Emacs Lisp from | |
194 shell scripts, makefiles, and so on. Normally the @samp{-l} option | |
195 or @samp{-f} option will be used as well, to invoke a Lisp program | |
196 to do the batch processing. | |
197 | |
47323 | 198 @samp{--batch} implies @samp{-q} (do not load an init file). It also |
38745 | 199 causes Emacs to exit after processing all the command options. In |
200 addition, it disables auto-saving except in buffers for which it has | |
201 been explicitly requested. | |
25829 | 202 |
47323 | 203 @item --script @var{file} |
204 @opindex --script | |
205 Run Emacs in batch mode, like @samp{--batch}, and then read and | |
206 execute the Lisp code in @var{file}. | |
207 | |
208 The normal use of this option is in executable script files that run | |
209 Emacs. They can start with this text on the first line | |
210 | |
211 @example | |
212 #!/usr/bin/emacs --script | |
213 @end example | |
214 | |
215 @noindent | |
216 which will invoke Emacs with @samp{--script} and supply the name of | |
217 the script file as @var{file}. Emacs Lisp then treats @samp{#!} as a | |
218 comment delimiter. | |
219 | |
25829 | 220 @item -q |
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221 @opindex -q |
25829 | 222 @itemx --no-init-file |
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223 @opindex --no-init-file |
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224 @cindex bypassing init and site-start file |
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225 @cindex init file, not loading |
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226 @cindex @file{default.el} file, not loading |
25829 | 227 Do not load your Emacs init file @file{~/.emacs}, or @file{default.el} |
38659 | 228 either. When invoked like this, Emacs does not allow saving options |
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229 changed with the @kbd{M-x customize} command and its variants. |
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230 @xref{Easy Customization}. |
25829 | 231 |
232 @item --no-site-file | |
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233 @opindex --no-site-file |
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234 @cindex @file{site-start.el} file, not loading |
25829 | 235 Do not load @file{site-start.el}. The options @samp{-q}, @samp{-u} |
236 and @samp{-batch} have no effect on the loading of this file---this is | |
237 the only option that blocks it. | |
238 | |
45532 | 239 @item --no-splash |
240 @opindex --no-splash | |
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241 @vindex inhibit-startup-message |
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242 Do not display a splash screen on startup; this is equivalent to |
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243 setting the variable @code{inhibit-startup-message} to non-@code{nil}. |
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244 |
25829 | 245 @item -u @var{user} |
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246 @opindex -u |
25829 | 247 @itemx --user=@var{user} |
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248 @opindex --user |
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249 @cindex load init file of another user |
25829 | 250 Load @var{user}'s Emacs init file @file{~@var{user}/.emacs} instead of |
251 your own. | |
252 | |
253 @item --debug-init | |
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254 @opindex --debug-init |
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255 @cindex errors in init file |
25829 | 256 Enable the Emacs Lisp debugger for errors in the init file. |
257 | |
258 @item --unibyte | |
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259 @opindex --unibyte |
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260 @cindex unibyte operation, command-line argument |
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261 Do almost everything with single-byte buffers and strings. |
25829 | 262 All buffers and strings are unibyte unless you (or a Lisp program) |
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263 explicitly ask for a multibyte buffer or string. (Note that Emacs |
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264 always loads Lisp files in multibyte mode, even if @samp{--unibyte} is |
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265 specified; see @ref{Enabling Multibyte}.) Setting the environment |
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266 variable @env{EMACS_UNIBYTE} has the same effect. |
25829 | 267 |
268 @item --multibyte | |
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269 @opindex --multibyte |
29107 | 270 Inhibit the effect of @env{EMACS_UNIBYTE}, so that Emacs |
25829 | 271 uses multibyte characters by default, as usual. |
272 @end table | |
273 | |
274 @node Command Example | |
275 @appendixsec Command Argument Example | |
276 | |
277 Here is an example of using Emacs with arguments and options. It | |
278 assumes you have a Lisp program file called @file{hack-c.el} which, when | |
279 loaded, performs some useful operation on the current buffer, expected | |
280 to be a C program. | |
281 | |
282 @example | |
283 emacs -batch foo.c -l hack-c -f save-buffer >& log | |
284 @end example | |
285 | |
286 @noindent | |
287 This says to visit @file{foo.c}, load @file{hack-c.el} (which makes | |
288 changes in the visited file), save @file{foo.c} (note that | |
289 @code{save-buffer} is the function that @kbd{C-x C-s} is bound to), and | |
290 then exit back to the shell (because of @samp{-batch}). @samp{-batch} | |
291 also guarantees there will be no problem redirecting output to | |
292 @file{log}, because Emacs will not assume that it has a display terminal | |
293 to work with. | |
294 | |
295 @node Resume Arguments | |
296 @appendixsec Resuming Emacs with Arguments | |
297 | |
298 You can specify action arguments for Emacs when you resume it after | |
299 a suspension. To prepare for this, put the following code in your | |
300 @file{.emacs} file (@pxref{Hooks}): | |
301 | |
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302 @c `resume-suspend-hook' is correct. It is the name of a function. |
25829 | 303 @example |
304 (add-hook 'suspend-hook 'resume-suspend-hook) | |
305 (add-hook 'suspend-resume-hook 'resume-process-args) | |
306 @end example | |
307 | |
308 As further preparation, you must execute the shell script | |
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309 @file{emacs.csh} (if you use csh as your shell) or @file{emacs.bash} |
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310 (if you use bash as your shell). These scripts define an alias named |
25829 | 311 @code{edit}, which will resume Emacs giving it new command line |
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312 arguments such as files to visit. The scripts are found in the |
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313 @file{etc} subdirectory of the Emacs distribution. |
25829 | 314 |
315 Only action arguments work properly when you resume Emacs. Initial | |
316 arguments are not recognized---it's too late to execute them anyway. | |
317 | |
318 Note that resuming Emacs (with or without arguments) must be done from | |
319 within the shell that is the parent of the Emacs job. This is why | |
320 @code{edit} is an alias rather than a program or a shell script. It is | |
321 not possible to implement a resumption command that could be run from | |
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322 other subjobs of the shell; there is no way to define a command that could |
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323 be made the value of @env{EDITOR}, for example. Therefore, this feature |
25829 | 324 does not take the place of the Emacs Server feature (@pxref{Emacs |
325 Server}). | |
326 | |
327 The aliases use the Emacs Server feature if you appear to have a | |
328 server Emacs running. However, they cannot determine this with complete | |
329 accuracy. They may think that a server is still running when in | |
330 actuality you have killed that Emacs, because the file | |
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331 @file{/tmp/esrv@dots{}} still exists. If this happens, find that |
25829 | 332 file and delete it. |
333 | |
334 @node Environment | |
335 @appendixsec Environment Variables | |
336 @cindex environment variables | |
337 | |
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338 The @dfn{environment} is a feature of the operating system; it |
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339 consists of a collection of variables with names and values. Each |
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340 variable is called an @dfn{environment variable}; environment variable |
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341 names are case-sensitive, and it is conventional to use upper case |
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342 letters only. The values are all text strings. |
25829 | 343 |
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344 What makes the environment useful is that subprocesses inherit the |
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345 environment automatically from their parent process. This means you |
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346 can set up an environment variable in your login shell, and all the |
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347 programs you run (including Emacs) will automatically see it. |
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348 Subprocesses of Emacs (such as shells, compilers, and version-control |
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349 software) inherit the environment from Emacs, too. |
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350 |
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351 @findex setenv |
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352 @findex getenv |
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353 Inside Emacs, the command @kbd{M-x getenv} gets the value of an |
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354 environment variable. @kbd{M-x setenv} sets a variable in the Emacs |
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355 environment. (Environment variable substitutions with @samp{$} work |
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356 in the value just as in file names; see @ref{File Names with $}.) |
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357 |
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358 The way to set environment variables outside of Emacs depends on the |
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359 operating system, and especially the shell that you are using. For |
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360 example, here's how to set the environment variable @env{ORGANIZATION} |
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361 to @samp{not very much} using Bash: |
25829 | 362 |
363 @example | |
364 export ORGANIZATION="not very much" | |
365 @end example | |
366 | |
367 @noindent | |
368 and here's how to do it in csh or tcsh: | |
369 | |
370 @example | |
371 setenv ORGANIZATION "not very much" | |
372 @end example | |
373 | |
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374 When Emacs is using the X Window System, various environment |
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375 variables that control X work for Emacs as well. See the X |
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376 documentation for more information. |
25829 | 377 |
378 @menu | |
379 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use. | |
380 * Misc Variables:: Certain system-specific variables. | |
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381 * MS-Windows Registry:: An alternative to the environment on MS-Windows. |
25829 | 382 @end menu |
383 | |
384 @node General Variables | |
385 @appendixsubsec General Variables | |
386 | |
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387 Here is an alphabetical list of specific environment variables that |
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388 have special meanings in Emacs, giving the name of each variable and |
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389 its meaning. Most of these variables are also used by some other |
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390 programs. Emacs does not require any of these environment variables |
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391 to be set, but it uses their values if they are set. |
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392 |
29107 | 393 @table @env |
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394 @item CDPATH |
25829 | 395 Used by the @code{cd} command to search for the directory you specify, |
396 when you specify a relative directory name. | |
397 @item EMACS_UNIBYTE | |
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398 @cindex unibyte operation, environment variable |
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399 Defining this environment variable with a nonempty value directs Emacs |
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400 to do almost everything with single-byte buffers and strings. It is |
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401 equivalent to using the @samp{--unibyte} command-line option on each |
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402 invocation. @xref{Initial Options}. |
25829 | 403 @item EMACSDATA |
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404 Directory for the architecture-independent files that come with Emacs. |
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405 This is used to initialize the Lisp variable @code{data-directory}. |
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406 @item EMACSDOC |
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407 Directory for the documentation string file, |
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408 @file{DOC-@var{emacsversion}}. This is used to initialize the Lisp |
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409 variable @code{doc-directory}. |
25829 | 410 @item EMACSLOADPATH |
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411 A colon-separated list of directories@footnote{ |
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412 Here and below, whenever we say ``colon-separated list of directories'', |
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413 it pertains to Unix and GNU/Linux systems. On MS-DOS and MS-Windows, |
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414 the directories are separated by semi-colons instead, since DOS/Windows |
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415 file names might include a colon after a drive letter.} |
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416 to search for Emacs Lisp files---used to initialize @code{load-path}. |
25829 | 417 @item EMACSPATH |
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418 A colon-separated list of directories to search for executable |
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419 files---used to initialize @code{exec-path}. |
25829 | 420 @item ESHELL |
29107 | 421 Used for shell-mode to override the @env{SHELL} environment variable. |
25829 | 422 @item HISTFILE |
423 The name of the file that shell commands are saved in between logins. | |
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424 This variable defaults to @file{~/.bash_history} if you use Bash, to |
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425 @file{~/.sh_history} if you use ksh, and to @file{~/.history} |
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426 otherwise. |
25829 | 427 @item HOME |
428 The location of the user's files in the directory tree; used for | |
429 expansion of file names starting with a tilde (@file{~}). On MS-DOS, it | |
430 defaults to the directory from which Emacs was started, with @samp{/bin} | |
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431 removed from the end if it was present. On Windows, the default value |
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432 of @env{HOME} is @file{C:/}, the root directory of drive @file{C:}. |
25829 | 433 @item HOSTNAME |
434 The name of the machine that Emacs is running on. | |
435 @item INCPATH | |
436 A colon-separated list of directories. Used by the @code{complete} package | |
437 to search for files. | |
438 @item INFOPATH | |
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439 A colon-separated list of directories in which to search for Info files. |
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440 @item LC_ALL |
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441 @itemx LC_COLLATE |
25829 | 442 @itemx LC_CTYPE |
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443 @itemx LC_MESSAGES |
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444 @itemx LC_MONETARY |
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445 @itemx LC_NUMERIC |
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446 @itemx LC_TIME |
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447 @itemx LANG |
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448 The user's preferred locale. The locale has six categories, specified |
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449 by the environment variables @env{LC_COLLATE} for sorting, |
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450 @env{LC_CTYPE} for character encoding, @env{LC_MESSAGES} for system |
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451 messages, @env{LC_MONETARY} for monetary formats, @env{LC_NUMERIC} for |
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452 numbers, and @env{LC_TIME} for dates and times. If one of these |
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453 variables is not set, the category defaults to the value of the |
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454 @env{LANG} environment variable, or to the default @samp{C} locale if |
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455 @env{LANG} is not set. But if @env{LC_ALL} is specified, it overrides |
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456 the settings of all the other locale environment variables. |
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457 |
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458 On MS-Windows, if @env{LANG} is not already set in the environment |
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459 when Emacs starts, Emacs sets it based on the system-wide default |
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460 language, which you can set in the @samp{Regional Settings} Control Panel |
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461 on some versions of MS-Windows. |
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462 |
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463 The value of the @env{LC_CTYPE} category is |
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464 matched against entries in @code{locale-language-names}, |
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465 @code{locale-charset-language-names}, and |
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466 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, to select a default language |
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467 environment and coding system. @xref{Language Environments}. |
25829 | 468 @item LOGNAME |
29107 | 469 The user's login name. See also @env{USER}. |
25829 | 470 @item MAIL |
471 The name of the user's system mail inbox. | |
472 @item MAILRC | |
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473 Name of file containing mail aliases. (The default is |
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474 @file{~/.mailrc}.) |
25829 | 475 @item MH |
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476 Name of setup file for the mh system. (The default is @file{~/.mh_profile}.) |
25829 | 477 @item NAME |
478 The real-world name of the user. | |
479 @item NNTPSERVER | |
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480 The name of the news server. Used by the mh and Gnus packages. |
25829 | 481 @item ORGANIZATION |
482 The name of the organization to which you belong. Used for setting the | |
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483 `Organization:' header in your posts from the Gnus package. |
25829 | 484 @item PATH |
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485 A colon-separated list of directories in which executables reside. This |
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486 is used to initialize the Emacs Lisp variable @code{exec-path}. |
25829 | 487 @item PWD |
488 If set, this should be the default directory when Emacs was started. | |
489 @item REPLYTO | |
490 If set, this specifies an initial value for the variable | |
491 @code{mail-default-reply-to}. @xref{Mail Headers}. | |
492 @item SAVEDIR | |
493 The name of a directory in which news articles are saved by default. | |
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494 Used by the Gnus package. |
25829 | 495 @item SHELL |
496 The name of an interpreter used to parse and execute programs run from | |
497 inside Emacs. | |
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498 @cindex background mode, on @command{xterm} |
25829 | 499 @item TERM |
38745 | 500 The type of the terminal that Emacs is using. This variable must be |
25829 | 501 set unless Emacs is run in batch mode. On MS-DOS, it defaults to |
502 @samp{internal}, which specifies a built-in terminal emulation that | |
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503 handles the machine's own display. If the value of @env{TERM} indicates |
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504 that Emacs runs in non-windowed mode from @command{xterm} or a similar |
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505 terminal emulator, the background mode defaults to @samp{light}, and |
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506 Emacs will choose colors that are appropriate for a light background. |
25829 | 507 @item TERMCAP |
508 The name of the termcap library file describing how to program the | |
29107 | 509 terminal specified by the @env{TERM} variable. This defaults to |
25829 | 510 @file{/etc/termcap}. |
511 @item TMPDIR | |
512 Used by the Emerge package as a prefix for temporary files. | |
513 @item TZ | |
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514 This specifies the current time zone and possibly also daylight |
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515 saving time information. On MS-DOS, if @env{TZ} is not set in the |
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516 environment when Emacs starts, Emacs defines a default value as |
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517 appropriate for the country code returned by DOS. On MS-Windows, Emacs |
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518 does not use @env{TZ} at all. |
25829 | 519 @item USER |
29107 | 520 The user's login name. See also @env{LOGNAME}. On MS-DOS, this |
25829 | 521 defaults to @samp{root}. |
522 @item VERSION_CONTROL | |
523 Used to initialize the @code{version-control} variable (@pxref{Backup | |
524 Names}). | |
525 @end table | |
526 | |
527 @node Misc Variables | |
528 @appendixsubsec Miscellaneous Variables | |
529 | |
530 These variables are used only on particular configurations: | |
531 | |
29107 | 532 @table @env |
25829 | 533 @item COMSPEC |
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534 On MS-DOS and MS-Windows, the name of the command interpreter to use |
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535 when invoking batch files and commands internal to the shell. On MS-DOS |
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536 this is also used to make a default value for the @env{SHELL} environment |
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537 variable. |
25829 | 538 |
539 @item NAME | |
29107 | 540 On MS-DOS, this variable defaults to the value of the @env{USER} |
25829 | 541 variable. |
542 | |
543 @item TEMP | |
544 @itemx TMP | |
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545 On MS-DOS and MS-Windows, these specify the name of the directory for |
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546 storing temporary files in. |
25829 | 547 |
548 @item EMACSTEST | |
549 On MS-DOS, this specifies a file to use to log the operation of the | |
550 internal terminal emulator. This feature is useful for submitting bug | |
551 reports. | |
552 | |
553 @item EMACSCOLORS | |
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554 On MS-DOS, this specifies the screen colors. It is useful to set them |
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555 this way, since otherwise Emacs would display the default colors |
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556 momentarily when it starts up. |
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557 |
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558 The value of this variable should be the two-character encoding of the |
25829 | 559 foreground (the first character) and the background (the second |
560 character) colors of the default face. Each character should be the | |
561 hexadecimal code for the desired color on a standard PC text-mode | |
39267 | 562 display. For example, to get blue text on a light gray background, |
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563 specify @samp{EMACSCOLORS=17}, since 1 is the code of the blue color and |
39267 | 564 7 is the code of the light gray color. |
25829 | 565 |
566 The PC display usually supports only eight background colors. However, | |
567 Emacs switches the DOS display to a mode where all 16 colors can be used | |
568 for the background, so all four bits of the background color are | |
569 actually used. | |
570 | |
571 @item WINDOW_GFX | |
572 Used when initializing the Sun windows system. | |
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573 |
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574 @item PRELOAD_WINSOCK |
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575 On MS-Windows, if you set this variable, Emacs will load and initialize |
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576 the network library at startup, instead of waiting until the first |
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577 time it is required. |
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578 |
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579 @item emacs_dir |
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580 On MS-Windows, @env{emacs_dir} is a special environment variable, which |
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581 indicates the full path of the directory in which Emacs is installed. |
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582 If Emacs is installed in the standard directory structure, it |
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583 calculates this value automatically. It is not much use setting this |
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584 variable yourself unless your installation is non-standard, since |
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585 unlike other environment variables, it will be overridden by Emacs at |
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586 startup. When setting other environment variables, such as |
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587 @env{EMACSLOADPATH}, you may find it useful to use @env{emacs_dir} |
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588 rather than hard-coding an absolute path. This allows multiple |
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589 versions of Emacs to share the same environment variable settings, and |
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590 it allows you to move the Emacs installation directory, without |
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591 changing any environment or registry settings. |
25829 | 592 @end table |
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593 |
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594 @node MS-Windows Registry |
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595 @appendixsubsec The MS-Windows System Registry |
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596 @pindex addpm, MS-Windows installation program |
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597 @cindex registry, setting environment variables and resources on MS-Windows |
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598 |
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599 On MS-Windows, the installation program @command{addpm.exe} adds values |
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600 for @env{emacs_dir}, @env{EMACSLOADPATH}, @env{EMACSDATA}, |
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601 @env{EMACSPATH}, @env{EMACSDOC}, @env{SHELL} and @env{TERM} to the |
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602 @file{HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE} section of the system registry, under |
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603 @file{/Software/GNU/Emacs}. It does this because there is no standard |
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604 place to set environment variables across different versions of |
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605 Windows. Running @command{addpm.exe} is no longer strictly |
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606 necessary in recent versions of Emacs, but if you are upgrading from |
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607 an older version, running @command{addpm.exe} ensures that you do not have |
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608 older registry entries from a previous installation, which may not be |
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609 compatible with the latest version of Emacs. |
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610 |
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611 When Emacs starts, as well as checking the environment, it also checks |
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612 the System Registry for those variables and for @env{HOME}, @env{LANG} |
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613 and @env{PRELOAD_WINSOCK}. |
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614 |
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615 To determine the value of those variables, Emacs goes through the |
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616 following procedure. First, the environment is checked. If the |
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617 variable is not found there, Emacs looks for registry keys by that |
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618 name under @file{/Software/GNU/Emacs}; first in the |
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619 @file{HKEY_CURRENT_USER} section of the registry, and if not found |
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620 there, in the @file{HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE} section. Finally, if Emacs |
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621 still cannot determine the values, compiled-in defaults are used. |
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622 |
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623 In addition to the environment variables above, you can also add many |
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624 of the settings which on X belong in the @file{.Xdefaults} file |
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625 (@pxref{X Resources}) to the @file{/Software/GNU/Emacs} registry key. |
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626 Settings you add to the @file{HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE} section will affect |
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627 all users of the machine. Settings you add to the |
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628 @file{HKEY_CURRENT_USER} section will only affect you, and will |
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629 override machine wide settings. |
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630 |
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631 @node Display X |
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632 @appendixsec Specifying the Display Name |
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633 @cindex display name (X Window System) |
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634 @cindex @env{DISPLAY} environment variable |
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635 |
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636 The environment variable @env{DISPLAY} tells all X clients, including |
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637 Emacs, where to display their windows. Its value is set by default |
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638 in ordinary circumstances, when you start an X server and run jobs |
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639 locally. Occasionally you may need to specify the display yourself; for |
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640 example, if you do a remote login and want to run a client program |
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641 remotely, displaying on your local screen. |
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642 |
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643 With Emacs, the main reason people change the default display is to |
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644 let them log into another system, run Emacs on that system, but have the |
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645 window displayed at their local terminal. You might need to log in |
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646 to another system because the files you want to edit are there, or |
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647 because the Emacs executable file you want to run is there. |
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648 |
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649 The syntax of the @env{DISPLAY} environment variable is |
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650 @samp{@var{host}:@var{display}.@var{screen}}, where @var{host} is the |
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651 host name of the X Window System server machine, @var{display} is an |
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652 arbitrarily-assigned number that distinguishes your server (X terminal) |
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653 from other servers on the same machine, and @var{screen} is a |
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654 rarely-used field that allows an X server to control multiple terminal |
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655 screens. The period and the @var{screen} field are optional. If |
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656 included, @var{screen} is usually zero. |
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657 |
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658 For example, if your host is named @samp{glasperle} and your server is |
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659 the first (or perhaps the only) server listed in the configuration, your |
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660 @env{DISPLAY} is @samp{glasperle:0.0}. |
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661 |
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662 You can specify the display name explicitly when you run Emacs, either |
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663 by changing the @env{DISPLAY} variable, or with the option @samp{-d |
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664 @var{display}} or @samp{--display=@var{display}}. Here is an example: |
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665 |
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666 @smallexample |
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667 emacs --display=glasperle:0 & |
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668 @end smallexample |
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669 |
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670 You can inhibit the direct use of the window system and GUI with the |
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671 @samp{-nw} option. It tells Emacs to display using ordinary ASCII on |
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672 its controlling terminal. This is also an initial option. |
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673 |
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674 Sometimes, security arrangements prevent a program on a remote system |
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675 from displaying on your local system. In this case, trying to run Emacs |
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676 produces messages like this: |
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677 |
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678 @smallexample |
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679 Xlib: connection to "glasperle:0.0" refused by server |
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680 @end smallexample |
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681 |
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682 @noindent |
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683 You might be able to overcome this problem by using the @command{xhost} |
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684 command on the local system to give permission for access from your |
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685 remote machine. |
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686 |
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687 @node Font X |
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688 @appendixsec Font Specification Options |
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689 @cindex font name (X Window System) |
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690 |
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691 By default, Emacs displays text in the font named @samp{9x15}, which |
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692 makes each character nine pixels wide and fifteen pixels high. You can |
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693 specify a different font on your command line through the option |
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694 @samp{-fn @var{name}} (or @samp{--font}, which is an alias for |
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695 @samp{-fn}). |
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696 |
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697 @table @samp |
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698 @item -fn @var{name} |
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699 @opindex -fn |
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700 @itemx --font=@var{name} |
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701 @opindex --font |
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702 @cindex specify default font from the command line |
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703 Use font @var{name} as the default font. |
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704 @end table |
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705 |
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706 Under X, each font has a long name which consists of eleven words or |
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707 numbers, separated by dashes. Some fonts also have shorter |
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708 nicknames---@samp{9x15} is such a nickname. You can use either kind of |
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709 name. You can use wildcard patterns for the font name; then Emacs lets |
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710 X choose one of the fonts that match the pattern. Here is an example, |
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711 which happens to specify the font whose nickname is @samp{6x13}: |
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712 |
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713 @smallexample |
44326 | 714 emacs -fn \ |
715 "-misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-*-*-*-c-60-iso8859-1" & | |
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716 @end smallexample |
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717 |
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718 @noindent |
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719 You can also specify the font in your @file{.Xdefaults} file: |
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720 |
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721 @smallexample |
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722 emacs.font: -misc-fixed-medium-r-semicondensed--13-*-*-*-c-60-iso8859-1 |
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723 @end smallexample |
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724 |
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725 A long font name has the following form: |
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726 |
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727 @smallexample |
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728 -@var{maker}-@var{family}-@var{weight}-@var{slant}-@var{widthtype}-@var{style}@dots{} |
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729 @dots{}-@var{pixels}-@var{height}-@var{horiz}-@var{vert}-@var{spacing}-@var{width}-@var{charset} |
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730 @end smallexample |
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731 |
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732 @table @var |
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733 @item maker |
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734 This is the name of the font manufacturer. |
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735 @item family |
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736 This is the name of the font family---for example, @samp{courier}. |
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737 @item weight |
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738 This is normally @samp{bold}, @samp{medium} or @samp{light}. Other |
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739 words may appear here in some font names. |
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740 @item slant |
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741 This is @samp{r} (roman), @samp{i} (italic), @samp{o} (oblique), |
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742 @samp{ri} (reverse italic), or @samp{ot} (other). |
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743 @item widthtype |
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744 This is normally @samp{condensed}, @samp{extended}, @samp{semicondensed} |
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745 or @samp{normal}. Other words may appear here in some font names. |
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746 @item style |
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747 This is an optional additional style name. Usually it is empty---most |
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748 long font names have two hyphens in a row at this point. |
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749 @item pixels |
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750 This is the font height, in pixels. |
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751 @item height |
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752 This is the font height on the screen, measured in tenths of a printer's |
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753 point---approximately 1/720 of an inch. In other words, it is the point |
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754 size of the font, times ten. For a given vertical resolution, |
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755 @var{height} and @var{pixels} are proportional; therefore, it is common |
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756 to specify just one of them and use @samp{*} for the other. |
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757 @item horiz |
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758 This is the horizontal resolution, in pixels per inch, of the screen for |
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759 which the font is intended. |
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760 @item vert |
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761 This is the vertical resolution, in pixels per inch, of the screen for |
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762 which the font is intended. Normally the resolution of the fonts on |
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763 your system is the right value for your screen; therefore, you normally |
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764 specify @samp{*} for this and @var{horiz}. |
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765 @item spacing |
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766 This is @samp{m} (monospace), @samp{p} (proportional) or @samp{c} |
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767 (character cell). |
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768 @item width |
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769 This is the average character width, in pixels, multiplied by ten. |
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770 @item charset |
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771 This is the character set that the font depicts. |
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772 Normally you should use @samp{iso8859-1}. |
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773 @end table |
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774 |
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775 @cindex listing system fonts |
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776 You will probably want to use a fixed-width default font---that is, |
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777 a font in which all characters have the same width. Any font with |
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778 @samp{m} or @samp{c} in the @var{spacing} field of the long name is a |
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779 fixed-width font. Here's how to use the @command{xlsfonts} program to |
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780 list all the fixed-width fonts available on your system: |
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781 |
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782 @example |
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783 xlsfonts -fn '*x*' | egrep "^[0-9]+x[0-9]+" |
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784 xlsfonts -fn '*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-m*' |
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785 xlsfonts -fn '*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-*-c*' |
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786 @end example |
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787 |
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788 @noindent |
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789 To see what a particular font looks like, use the @command{xfd} command. |
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790 For example: |
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791 |
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792 @example |
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793 xfd -fn 6x13 |
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794 @end example |
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795 |
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796 @noindent |
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797 displays the entire font @samp{6x13}. |
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798 |
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799 While running Emacs, you can set the font of the current frame |
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800 (@pxref{Frame Parameters}) or for a specific kind of text |
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801 (@pxref{Faces}). |
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802 |
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803 @node Colors |
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804 @appendixsec Window Color Options |
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805 @cindex color of window |
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806 @cindex text colors, from command line |
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807 |
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808 @findex list-colors-display |
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809 @cindex available colors |
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810 On a color display, you can specify which color to use for various |
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811 parts of the Emacs display. To find out what colors are available on |
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812 your system, type @kbd{M-x list-colors-display}, or press |
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813 @kbd{C-Mouse-2} and select @samp{Display Colors} from the pop-up menu. |
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814 If you do not specify colors, on windowed displays the default for the |
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815 background is white and the default for all other colors is black. On a |
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816 monochrome display, the foreground is black, the background is white, |
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817 and the border is gray if the display supports that. On terminals, the |
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818 background is usually black and the foreground is white. |
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819 |
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820 Here is a list of the command-line options for specifying colors: |
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821 |
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822 @table @samp |
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823 @item -fg @var{color} |
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824 @opindex -fg |
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825 @itemx --foreground-color=@var{color} |
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826 @opindex --foreground-color |
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827 @cindex foreground color, command-line argument |
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828 Specify the foreground color. @var{color} should be a standard color |
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829 name, or a numeric specification of the color's red, green, and blue |
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830 components as in @samp{#4682B4} or @samp{RGB:46/82/B4}. |
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831 @item -bg @var{color} |
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832 @opindex -bg |
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833 @itemx --background-color=@var{color} |
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834 @opindex --background-color |
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835 @cindex background color, command-line argument |
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836 Specify the background color. |
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837 @item -bd @var{color} |
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838 @opindex -bd |
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839 @itemx --border-color=@var{color} |
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840 @opindex --border-color |
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841 @cindex border color, command-line argument |
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842 Specify the color of the border of the X window. |
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843 @item -cr @var{color} |
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844 @opindex -cr |
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845 @itemx --cursor-color=@var{color} |
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846 @opindex --cursor-color |
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847 @cindex cursor color, command-line argument |
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848 Specify the color of the Emacs cursor which indicates where point is. |
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849 @item -ms @var{color} |
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850 @opindex -ms |
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851 @itemx --mouse-color=@var{color} |
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852 @opindex --mouse-color |
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853 @cindex mouse pointer color, command-line argument |
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854 Specify the color for the mouse cursor when the mouse is in the Emacs window. |
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855 @item -r |
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856 @opindex -r |
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857 @itemx -rv |
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858 @opindex -rv |
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859 @itemx --reverse-video |
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860 @opindex --reverse-video |
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861 @cindex reverse video, command-line argument |
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862 Reverse video---swap the foreground and background colors. |
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863 @item --color=@var{mode} |
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864 @opindex --color |
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865 @cindex standard colors on a character terminal |
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866 For a character terminal only, specify the mode of color support. The |
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867 parameter @var{mode} can be one of the following: |
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868 @table @samp |
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869 @item never |
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870 @itemx no |
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871 Don't use colors even if the terminal's capabilities specify color |
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872 support. |
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873 @item default |
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874 @itemx auto |
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875 Same as when @option{--color} is not used at all: Emacs detects at |
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876 startup whether the terminal supports colors, and if it does, turns on |
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877 colored display. |
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878 @item always |
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879 @itemx yes |
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880 @itemx ansi8 |
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881 Turn on the color support unconditionally, and use color commands |
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882 specified by the ANSI escape sequences for the 8 standard colors. |
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883 @item @var{num} |
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884 Use color mode for @var{num} colors. If @var{num} is -1, turn off |
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885 color support (equivalent to @samp{never}); if it is 0, use the |
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886 default color support for this terminal (equivalent to @samp{auto}); |
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887 otherwise use an appropriate standard mode for @var{num} colors. If |
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888 there is no mode that supports @var{num} colors, Emacs acts as if |
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889 @var{num} were 0, i.e.@: it uses the terminal's default color support |
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890 mode. |
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891 @end table |
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892 If @var{mode} is omitted, it defaults to @var{ansi8}. |
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893 @end table |
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894 |
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895 For example, to use a coral mouse cursor and a slate blue text cursor, |
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896 enter: |
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897 |
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898 @example |
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899 emacs -ms coral -cr 'slate blue' & |
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900 @end example |
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901 |
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902 You can reverse the foreground and background colors through the |
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903 @samp{-rv} option or with the X resource @samp{reverseVideo}. |
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904 |
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905 The @samp{-fg}, @samp{-bg}, and @samp{-rv} options function on |
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906 text-only terminals as well as on window systems. |
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907 |
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908 @node Window Size X |
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909 @appendixsec Options for Window Size and Position |
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910 @cindex geometry of Emacs window |
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911 @cindex position and size of Emacs frame |
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912 @cindex width and height of Emacs frame |
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913 @cindex specifying fullscreen for Emacs frame |
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914 |
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915 Here is a list of the command-line options for specifying size and |
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916 position of the initial Emacs frame: |
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917 |
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918 @table @samp |
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919 @item -g @var{width}x@var{height}@r{[@{}+-@r{@}}@var{xoffset}@r{@{}+-@r{@}}@var{yoffset}@r{]]} |
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920 @opindex -g |
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921 Specify the size @var{width} and @var{height} (measured in character |
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922 columns and lines), and positions @var{xoffset} and @var{yoffset} |
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923 (measured in pixels). This applies to all frames. |
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924 |
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925 @item --geometry=@var{width}x@var{height}@r{[@{}+-@r{@}}@var{xoffset}@r{@{}+-@r{@}}@var{yoffset}@r{]]} |
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926 @opindex --geometry |
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927 This is another way of writing the same thing. |
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928 |
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929 @item -fs |
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930 @opindex -fs |
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931 @itemx --fullscreen |
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932 @opindex --fullscreen |
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933 @cindex fullscreen, command-line argument |
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934 Specify that width and height shall be the size of the screen. |
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935 |
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|
936 @item -fh |
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937 @opindex -fh |
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938 @itemx --fullheight |
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939 @opindex --fullheight |
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940 @cindex fullheight, command-line argument |
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941 Specify that the height shall be the height of the screen. |
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942 |
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943 @item -fw |
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944 @opindex -fw |
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945 @itemx --fullwidth |
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946 @opindex --fullwidth |
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947 @cindex fullwidth, command-line argument |
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948 Specify that the width shall be the width of the screen. |
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949 @end table |
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950 |
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951 |
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952 @noindent |
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953 In the @samp{--geometry} option, @code{@r{@{}+-@r{@}}} means either a plus |
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954 sign or a minus sign. A plus |
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955 sign before @var{xoffset} means it is the distance from the left side of |
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956 the screen; a minus sign means it counts from the right side. A plus |
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957 sign before @var{yoffset} means it is the distance from the top of the |
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958 screen, and a minus sign there indicates the distance from the bottom. |
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959 The values @var{xoffset} and @var{yoffset} may themselves be positive or |
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960 negative, but that doesn't change their meaning, only their direction. |
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961 |
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962 Emacs uses the same units as @command{xterm} does to interpret the geometry. |
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963 The @var{width} and @var{height} are measured in characters, so a large font |
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964 creates a larger frame than a small font. (If you specify a proportional |
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965 font, Emacs uses its maximum bounds width as the width unit.) The |
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966 @var{xoffset} and @var{yoffset} are measured in pixels. |
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967 |
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968 You do not have to specify all of the fields in the geometry |
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969 specification. If you omit both @var{xoffset} and @var{yoffset}, the |
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970 window manager decides where to put the Emacs frame, possibly by |
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|
971 letting you place it with the mouse. For example, @samp{164x55} |
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972 specifies a window 164 columns wide, enough for two ordinary width |
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973 windows side by side, and 55 lines tall. |
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974 |
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975 The default width for Emacs is 80 characters and the default height is |
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976 40 lines. You can omit either the width or the height or both. If |
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977 you start the geometry with an integer, Emacs interprets it as the |
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978 width. If you start with an @samp{x} followed by an integer, Emacs |
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979 interprets it as the height. Thus, @samp{81} specifies just the width; |
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980 @samp{x45} specifies just the height. |
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981 |
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982 If you start with @samp{+} or @samp{-}, that introduces an offset, |
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983 which means both sizes are omitted. Thus, @samp{-3} specifies the |
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984 @var{xoffset} only. (If you give just one offset, it is always |
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985 @var{xoffset}.) @samp{+3-3} specifies both the @var{xoffset} and the |
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986 @var{yoffset}, placing the frame near the bottom left of the screen. |
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987 |
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988 You can specify a default for any or all of the fields in |
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989 @file{.Xdefaults} file, and then override selected fields with a |
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990 @samp{--geometry} option. |
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991 |
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992 Since the mode line and the echo area occupy the last 2 lines of the |
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993 frame, the height of the initial text window is 2 less than the height |
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|
994 specified in your geometry. In non-X-toolkit versions of Emacs, the |
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995 menu bar also takes one line of the specified number. But in the X |
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|
996 toolkit version, the menu bar is additional and does not count against |
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997 the specified height. The tool bar, if present, is also additional. |
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998 |
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999 Enabling or disabling the menu bar or tool bar alters the amount of |
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1000 space available for ordinary text. Therefore, if Emacs starts up with |
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1001 a tool bar (which is the default), and handles the geometry |
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|
1002 specification assuming there is a tool bar, and then your |
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1003 @file{~/.emacs} file disables the tool bar, you will end up with a |
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1004 frame geometry different from what you asked for. To get the intended |
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1005 size with no tool bar, use an X resource to specify ``no tool bar'' |
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1006 (@pxref{Table of Resources});then Emacs will already know there's no |
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1007 tool bar when it processes the specified geometry. |
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1008 |
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1009 When using one of @samp{--fullscreen}, @samp{--fullwidth} or |
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1010 @samp{--fullheight} there may be some space around the frame |
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1011 anyway. That is because Emacs rounds the sizes so they are an |
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1012 even number of character heights and widths. |
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1013 |
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1014 Some window managers have options that can make them ignore both |
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1015 program-specified and user-specified positions (sawfish is one). |
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1016 If these are set, Emacs fails to position the window correctly. |
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1017 |
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1018 @node Borders X |
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1019 @appendixsec Internal and External Borders |
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1020 @cindex borders (X Window System) |
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1021 |
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1022 An Emacs frame has an internal border and an external border. The |
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1023 internal border is an extra strip of the background color around the |
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1024 text portion of the frame. Emacs itself draws the internal border. |
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1025 The external border is added by the window manager outside the frame; |
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1026 depending on the window manager you use, it may contain various boxes |
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1027 you can click on to move or iconify the window. |
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|
1028 |
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1029 @table @samp |
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1030 @item -ib @var{width} |
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1031 @opindex -ib |
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1032 @itemx --internal-border=@var{width} |
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1033 @opindex --internal-border |
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1034 @cindex border width, command-line argument |
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1035 Specify @var{width} as the width of the internal border, in pixels. |
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1036 |
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1037 @item -bw @var{width} |
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1038 @opindex -bw |
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1039 @itemx --border-width=@var{width} |
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1040 @opindex --border-width |
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1041 Specify @var{width} as the width of the main border, in pixels. |
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1042 @end table |
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|
1043 |
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1044 When you specify the size of the frame, that does not count the |
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1045 borders. The frame's position is measured from the outside edge of the |
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1046 external border. |
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|
1047 |
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1048 Use the @samp{-ib @var{n}} option to specify an internal border |
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1049 @var{n} pixels wide. The default is 1. Use @samp{-bw @var{n}} to |
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1050 specify the width of the external border (though the window manager may |
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1051 not pay attention to what you specify). The default width of the |
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1052 external border is 2. |
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1053 |
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1054 @node Title X |
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1055 @appendixsec Frame Titles |
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1056 |
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1057 An Emacs frame may or may not have a specified title. The frame |
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1058 title, if specified, appears in window decorations and icons as the |
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1059 name of the frame. If an Emacs frame has no specified title, the |
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1060 default title has the form @samp{@var{invocation-name}@@@var{machine}} |
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1061 (if there is only one frame) or the selected window's buffer name (if |
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1062 there is more than one frame). |
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1063 |
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1064 You can specify a title for the initial Emacs frame with a command |
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1065 line option: |
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|
1066 |
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1067 @table @samp |
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1068 @item -title @var{title} |
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1069 @opindex --title |
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1070 @itemx --title=@var{title} |
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1071 @itemx -T @var{title} |
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1072 @opindex -T |
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1073 @cindex frame title, command-line argument |
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|
1074 Specify @var{title} as the title for the initial Emacs frame. |
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|
1075 @end table |
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|
1076 |
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|
1077 The @samp{--name} option (@pxref{Resources}) also specifies the title |
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1078 for the initial Emacs frame. |
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|
1079 |
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1080 @node Icons X |
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1081 @appendixsec Icons |
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1082 @cindex icons (X Window System) |
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1083 |
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1084 Most window managers allow the user to ``iconify'' a frame, removing |
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1085 it from sight, and leaving a small, distinctive ``icon'' window in its |
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1086 place. Clicking on the icon window makes the frame itself appear again. |
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1087 If you have many clients running at once, you can avoid cluttering up |
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1088 the screen by iconifying most of the clients. |
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1089 |
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1090 @table @samp |
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1091 @item -i |
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1092 @opindex -i |
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1093 @itemx --icon-type |
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1094 @opindex --icon-type |
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1095 @cindex Emacs icon, a gnu |
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1096 Use a picture of a gnu as the Emacs icon. |
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1097 |
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1098 @item -iconic |
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1099 @opindex --iconic |
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1100 @itemx --iconic |
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1101 @cindex start iconified, command-line argument |
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1102 Start Emacs in iconified state. |
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1103 @end table |
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1104 |
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1105 The @samp{-i} or @samp{--icon-type} option tells Emacs to use an icon |
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1106 window containing a picture of the GNU gnu. If omitted, Emacs lets the |
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1107 window manager choose what sort of icon to use---usually just a small |
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1108 rectangle containing the frame's title. |
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1109 |
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1110 The @samp{-iconic} option tells Emacs to begin running as an icon, |
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1111 rather than showing a frame right away. In this situation, the icon |
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1112 is the only indication that Emacs has started; the text frame doesn't |
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1113 appear until you deiconify it. |