Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/info.texi @ 46205:6676ac71682b
Update mouse button info.
Don't give the names of Emacs commands that the characters run.
Clarify what SPC and DEL do.
Clarify the description of the minibuffer.
Wording change for completion.
Explain Mouse-2 better.
author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Sun, 07 Jul 2002 11:31:31 +0000 |
parents | 6291099daba6 |
children | ba6de43c41d7 |
rev | line source |
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25839 | 1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
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2 @comment %**start of header |
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3 @setfilename info.info |
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4 @settitle Info |
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5 @syncodeindex fn cp |
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6 @syncodeindex vr cp |
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7 @syncodeindex ky cp |
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8 @comment %**end of header |
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9 @comment $Id: info.texi,v 1.23 2002/04/26 11:56:35 eliz Exp $ |
25839 | 10 |
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11 @dircategory Texinfo documentation system |
25839 | 12 @direntry |
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13 * Info: (info). How to use the documentation browsing system. |
25839 | 14 @end direntry |
15 | |
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16 @ifinfo |
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17 This file describes how to use Info, the on-line, menu-driven GNU |
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18 documentation system. |
25839 | 19 |
43992 | 20 Copyright (C) 1989, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001, 2002 |
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21 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25839 | 22 |
23 | |
32315 | 24 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
25 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or | |
26 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no | |
27 Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU | |
28 Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the | |
29 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation | |
30 License'' in the Emacs manual. | |
25839 | 31 |
32315 | 32 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
33 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
34 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
25839 | 35 |
32315 | 36 This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free |
37 Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document | |
38 separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the | |
39 license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license. | |
25839 | 40 @end ifinfo |
41 | |
42 @titlepage | |
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43 @title Info |
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44 @subtitle The online, hyper-text GNU documentation system |
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45 @author Brian Fox |
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46 @author and the GNU Texinfo community |
25839 | 47 @page |
48 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
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49 Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 92, 93, 96, 97, 98, 99, 2000, 2001 |
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50 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25839 | 51 @sp 2 |
52 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
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53 59 Temple Place - Suite 330 @* |
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54 Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA. |
25839 | 55 |
32315 | 56 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
57 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or | |
58 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no | |
59 Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU | |
60 Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the | |
61 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation | |
62 License'' in the Emacs manual. | |
25839 | 63 |
32315 | 64 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
65 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
66 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
25839 | 67 |
32315 | 68 This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free |
69 Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document | |
70 separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the | |
71 license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license. | |
25839 | 72 @end titlepage |
73 | |
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74 @ifnottex |
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75 @node Top |
25839 | 76 @top Info: An Introduction |
77 | |
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78 The GNU Project distributes most of its on-line manuals in the |
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79 @dfn{Info format}, which you read using an @dfn{Info reader}. You are |
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80 probably using an Info reader to read this now. |
25839 | 81 |
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82 @ifinfo |
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83 If you are new to the Info reader and want to learn how to use it, |
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84 type the command @kbd{h} now. It brings you to a programmed |
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85 instruction sequence. |
25839 | 86 |
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87 To read about expert-level Info commands, type @kbd{n} twice. This |
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88 brings you to @cite{Info for Experts}, skipping over the `Getting |
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89 Started' chapter. |
25839 | 90 @end ifinfo |
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91 @end ifnottex |
25839 | 92 |
93 @menu | |
94 * Getting Started:: Getting started using an Info reader. | |
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95 * Expert Info:: Info commands for experts. |
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96 * Creating an Info File:: How to make your own Info file. |
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97 * Index:: An index of topics, commands, and variables. |
25839 | 98 @end menu |
99 | |
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100 @node Getting Started, Expert Info, Top, Top |
25839 | 101 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
102 @chapter Getting Started | |
103 | |
104 This first part of the Info manual describes how to get around inside | |
105 of Info. The second part of the manual describes various advanced | |
106 Info commands, and how to write an Info as distinct from a Texinfo | |
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107 file. The third part briefly explains how to generate Info files from |
25839 | 108 Texinfo files. |
109 | |
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110 @ifnotinfo |
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111 This manual is primarily designed for browsing with an Info reader |
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112 program on a computer, so that you can try Info commands while reading |
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113 about them. Reading it on paper or with an HTML browser is less |
25839 | 114 effective, since you must take it on faith that the commands described |
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115 really do what the manual says. By all means go through this manual |
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116 now that you have it; but please try going through the on-line version |
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117 as well. |
25839 | 118 |
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119 @cindex Info reader, how to invoke |
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120 @cindex entering Info |
25839 | 121 There are two ways of looking at the online version of this manual: |
122 | |
123 @enumerate | |
124 @item | |
125 Type @code{info} at your shell's command line. This approach uses a | |
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126 stand-alone program designed just to read Info files. |
25839 | 127 |
128 @item | |
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129 Type @code{emacs} at the command line; then type @kbd{C-h i} |
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130 (@kbd{Control-h}, followed by @kbd{i}). This approach uses the Info |
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131 mode of the Emacs program, an editor with many other capabilities. |
25839 | 132 @end enumerate |
133 | |
134 In either case, then type @kbd{mInfo} (just the letters), followed by | |
135 @key{RET}---the ``Return'' or ``Enter'' key. At this point, you should | |
136 be ready to follow the instructions in this manual as you read them on | |
137 the screen. | |
138 @c FIXME! (pesch@cygnus.com, 14 dec 1992) | |
139 @c Is it worth worrying about what-if the beginner goes to somebody | |
140 @c else's Emacs session, which already has an Info running in the middle | |
141 @c of something---in which case these simple instructions won't work? | |
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142 @end ifnotinfo |
25839 | 143 |
144 @menu | |
145 * Help-Small-Screen:: Starting Info on a Small Screen | |
146 * Help:: How to use Info | |
147 * Help-P:: Returning to the Previous node | |
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148 * Help-^L:: The Space, DEL, B and ^L commands. |
25839 | 149 * Help-M:: Menus |
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150 * Help-Xref:: Following cross-references |
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151 * Help-Int:: Some intermediate Info commands |
25839 | 152 * Help-Q:: Quitting Info |
153 @end menu | |
154 | |
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155 @node Help-Small-Screen |
25839 | 156 @section Starting Info on a Small Screen |
157 | |
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158 @ifnotinfo |
25839 | 159 (In Info, you only see this section if your terminal has a small |
160 number of lines; most readers pass by it without seeing it.) | |
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161 @end ifnotinfo |
25839 | 162 |
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163 @cindex small screen, moving around |
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164 Since your terminal has a relatively small number of lines on its |
25839 | 165 screen, it is necessary to give you special advice at the beginning. |
166 | |
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167 If you see the text @samp{--All----} near the bottom right corner |
25839 | 168 of the screen, it means the entire text you are looking at fits on the |
169 screen. If you see @samp{--Top----} instead, it means that there is | |
170 more text below that does not fit. To move forward through the text | |
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171 and see another screen full, press @key{SPC}, the Space bar. To move |
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172 back up, press the key labeled @samp{Backspace} or @samp{DEL} (on some |
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173 keyboards, this key might be labeled @samp{Delete}). |
25839 | 174 |
175 @ifinfo | |
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176 Here are 40 lines of junk, so you can try @key{SPC} and @key{DEL} and |
25839 | 177 see what they do. At the end are instructions of what you should do |
178 next. | |
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179 |
25839 | 180 @format |
181 This is line 20 | |
182 This is line 21 | |
183 This is line 22 | |
184 This is line 23 | |
185 This is line 24 | |
186 This is line 25 | |
187 This is line 26 | |
188 This is line 27 | |
189 This is line 28 | |
190 This is line 29 | |
191 This is line 30 | |
192 This is line 31 | |
193 This is line 32 | |
194 This is line 33 | |
195 This is line 34 | |
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197 This is line 36 | |
198 This is line 37 | |
199 This is line 38 | |
200 This is line 39 | |
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202 This is line 41 | |
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212 This is line 51 | |
213 This is line 52 | |
214 This is line 53 | |
215 This is line 54 | |
216 This is line 55 | |
217 This is line 56 | |
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218 This is line 57 |
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219 This is line 58 |
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220 This is line 59 |
25839 | 221 @end format |
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222 |
25839 | 223 If you have managed to get here, go back to the beginning with |
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224 @kbd{DEL} (or @key{BACKSPACE}), and come back here again, then you |
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225 understand the about the @samp{Space} and @samp{Backspace} keys. So |
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226 now type an @kbd{n} ---just one character; don't type the quotes and |
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227 don't type the Return key afterward--- to get to the normal start of |
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228 the course. |
25839 | 229 @end ifinfo |
230 | |
231 @node Help, Help-P, Help-Small-Screen, Getting Started | |
232 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
233 @section How to use Info | |
234 | |
235 You are talking to the program Info, for reading documentation. | |
236 | |
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237 @cindex node, in Info documents |
25839 | 238 Right now you are looking at one @dfn{Node} of Information. |
239 A node contains text describing a specific topic at a specific | |
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240 level of detail. This node's topic is ``how to use Info''. The mode |
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241 line says that this is node @samp{Help} in the file @file{info}. |
25839 | 242 |
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243 @cindex header of Info node |
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244 The top line of a node is its @dfn{header}. This node's header |
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245 (look at it now) says that the @samp{Next} node after this one is the |
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246 node called @samp{Help-P}. An advanced Info command lets you go to |
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247 any node whose name you know. In the stand-alone Info reader program, |
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248 the header line shows the names of this node and the info file as |
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249 well. In Emacs, the header line is duplicated in a special typeface, |
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250 and the duplicate remains at the top of the window all the time even |
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251 if you scroll through the node. |
25839 | 252 |
253 Besides a @samp{Next}, a node can have a @samp{Previous} or an | |
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254 @samp{Up} links, or both. As you can see, this node has all of these |
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255 links. |
25839 | 256 |
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257 @kindex n @r{(Info mode)} |
25839 | 258 Now it is time to move on to the @samp{Next} node, named @samp{Help-P}. |
259 | |
260 @format | |
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261 >> Type @kbd{n} to move there. Type just one character; |
25839 | 262 do not type the quotes and do not type a @key{RET} afterward. |
263 @end format | |
264 | |
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265 @noindent |
25839 | 266 @samp{>>} in the margin means it is really time to try a command. |
267 | |
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268 @format |
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269 >> If you have a mouse, and if you already practiced typing @kbd{n} |
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270 to get to the next node, click now with the middle mouse button on |
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271 the @samp{Next} link to do the same ``the mouse way''. |
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272 @end format |
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273 |
25839 | 274 @node Help-P, Help-^L, Help, Getting Started |
275 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
276 @section Returning to the Previous node | |
277 | |
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278 @kindex p @r{(Info mode)} |
25839 | 279 This node is called @samp{Help-P}. The @samp{Previous} node, as you see, |
280 is @samp{Help}, which is the one you just came from using the @kbd{n} | |
281 command. Another @kbd{n} command now would take you to the next | |
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282 node, @samp{Help-^L}. |
25839 | 283 |
284 @format | |
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285 >> But do not type @kbd{n} yet. First, try the @kbd{p} command, |
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286 or click the middle mouse button on the @samp{Prev} link. That |
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287 takes you to the @samp{Previous} node. Then use @kbd{n} to return here. |
25839 | 288 @end format |
289 | |
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290 If you read this in Emacs, you will see an @samp{Info} item in the |
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291 menu bar, close to its right edge. Clicking the mouse on the |
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292 @samp{Info} menu-bar item opens a menu of commands which include |
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293 @samp{Next} and @samp{Prev} (and also some others which you didn't yet |
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294 learn about). |
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295 |
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296 This all probably seems insultingly simple so far, but @emph{please |
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297 don't} start skimming. Things will get complicated soon enough! |
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298 Also, please do not try a new command until you are told it is time |
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299 to. You could make Info skip past an important warning that was |
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300 coming up. |
25839 | 301 |
302 @format | |
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303 >> Now do an @kbd{n}, or click the middle mouse button on the @samp{Next} |
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304 link, to get to the node @samp{Help-^L} and learn more. |
25839 | 305 @end format |
306 | |
307 @node Help-^L, Help-M, Help-P, Getting Started | |
308 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
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309 @section The Space, DEL, B and ^L commands. |
25839 | 310 |
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311 This node's mode line tells you that you are now at node |
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312 @samp{Help-^L}, and the header line tells you that @kbd{p} would get |
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313 you back to @samp{Help-P}. The node's title is highlighted and may be |
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314 underlined as well; it says what the node is about. |
25839 | 315 |
316 This is a big node and it does not all fit on your display screen. | |
317 You can tell that there is more that is not visible because you | |
318 can see the string @samp{--Top-----} rather than @samp{--All----} near | |
319 the bottom right corner of the screen. | |
320 | |
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321 @kindex SPC @r{(Info mode)} |
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322 @kindex DEL @r{(Info mode)} |
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323 @kindex BACKSPACE @r{(Info mode)} |
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324 @findex Info-scroll-up |
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325 @findex Info-scroll-down |
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326 The @key{SPC}, @key{BACKSPACE} (or @key{DEL})@footnote{The key which |
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327 we call ``Backspace or DEL'' in this manual is labeled differently on |
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328 different keyboards. Look for a key which is a little ways above the |
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329 @key{ENTER} or @key{RET} key and which you normally use outside Emacs |
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330 to erase the character before the cursor, i.e.@: the character you |
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331 typed last. It might be labeled @samp{Backspace} or @samp{<-} or |
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332 @samp{DEL}, or sometimes @samp{Delete}.} and @kbd{b} commands exist to |
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333 allow you to ``move around'' in a node that does not all fit on the |
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334 screen at once. @key{SPC} moves forward, to show what was below the |
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335 bottom of the screen. @key{DEL} or @key{BACKSPACE} moves backward, to |
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336 show what was above the top of the screen (there is not anything above |
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337 the top until you have typed some spaces). |
25839 | 338 |
339 @format | |
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340 >> Now try typing a @key{SPC} (afterward, type a @key{BACKSPACE} to |
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341 return here). |
25839 | 342 @end format |
343 | |
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344 When you type the @key{SPC}, the two lines that were at the bottom of |
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345 the screen appear at the top, followed by more lines. @key{DEL} or |
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346 @key{BACKSPACE} takes the two lines from the top and moves them to the |
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347 bottom, @emph{usually}, but if there are not a full screen's worth of |
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348 lines above them they may not make it all the way to the bottom. |
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349 |
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350 If you are reading this in Emacs, note that the header line is |
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351 always visible, never scrolling off the display. That way, you can |
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352 always see the @samp{Next}, @samp{Prev}, and @samp{Up} links, and you |
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353 can conveniently go to one of these links at any time by |
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354 clicking the middle mouse button on the link. |
25839 | 355 |
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356 @cindex reading Info documents top to bottom |
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357 @cindex Info documents as tutorials |
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358 @key{SPC} and @key{DEL} not only move forward and backward through |
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359 the current node. They also move between nodes. @key{SPC} at the end |
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360 of a node moves to the next node; @key{DEL} (or @key{BACKSPACE}) at |
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361 the beginning of a node moves to the previous node. In effect, these |
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362 commands scroll through all the nodes in an Info file as a single |
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363 logical sequence. You can read an entire manual top to bottom by just |
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364 typing @key{SPC}, and move backward through the entire manual from |
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365 bottom to top by typing @key{DEL} (or @key{BACKSPACE}). |
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366 |
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367 In this sequence, a node's subnodes appear following their parent. |
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368 If a node has a menu, @key{SPC} takes you into the subnodes listed in |
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369 the menu, one by one. Once you reach the end of a node, and have seen |
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370 all of its subnodes, @key{SPC} takes you to the next node or to the |
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371 parent's next node. |
25839 | 372 |
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373 @kindex PAGEUP @r{(Info mode)} |
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374 @kindex PAGEDOWN @r{(Info mode)} |
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375 Many keyboards nowadays have two scroll keys labeled @samp{PageUp} |
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376 and @samp{PageDown} (or maybe @samp{Prior} and @samp{Next}). If your |
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377 keyboard has these keys, you can use them to move forward and backward |
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378 through the text of one node, like @key{SPC} and @key{BACKSPACE} (or |
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379 @key{DEL}). However, @key{PAGEUP} and @key{PAGEDOWN} keys never |
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380 scroll beyond the beginning or the end of the current node. |
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381 |
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382 @kindex C-l @r{(Info mode)} |
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383 If your screen is ever garbaged, you can tell Info to display it |
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384 again by typing @kbd{C-l} (@kbd{Control-L}, that is---hold down |
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385 @key{CTRL} and type @kbd{L} or @kbd{l}). |
25839 | 386 |
387 @format | |
388 >> Type @kbd{C-l} now. | |
389 @end format | |
390 | |
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391 @kindex b @r{(Info mode)} |
25839 | 392 To move back to the beginning of the node you are on, you can type |
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393 the @key{BACKSPACE} key (or @key{DEL}) many times. You can also type |
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394 @kbd{b} just once. @kbd{b} stands for ``beginning.'' |
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395 |
25839 | 396 @format |
397 >> Try that now. (We have put in enough verbiage to push this past | |
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398 the first screenful, but screens are so big nowadays that perhaps it |
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399 isn't enough. You may need to shrink your Emacs or Info window.) |
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400 Then come back, by typing @key{SPC} one or more times. |
25839 | 401 @end format |
402 | |
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403 If your screen is very tall, all of this node might fit at once. In |
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404 that case, @kbd{b} won't do anything. But you could observe the |
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405 effect of the @kbd{b} key if you use a smaller window. |
25839 | 406 |
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407 @kindex ? @r{(Info mode)} |
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408 @findex Info-summary |
25839 | 409 You have just learned a considerable number of commands. If you |
410 want to use one but have trouble remembering which, you should type | |
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411 a @kbd{?} (in Emacs it runs the @code{Info-summary} command) which |
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412 displays a brief list of commands. When you are finished looking at |
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413 the list, make it go away by typing a @key{SPC} repeatedly. |
25839 | 414 |
415 @format | |
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416 >> Type a @key{?} now. Press @key{SPC} to see consecutive screenfuls of |
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417 the list until finished. Then type @key{SPC} several times, until |
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418 it goes away. |
25839 | 419 @end format |
420 | |
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421 (If you are using the stand-alone Info reader, type @kbd{C-x 0} to |
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422 return here, that is---press and hold @key{CTRL}, type an @kbd{x}, |
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423 then release @key{CTRL} and @kbd{x}, and press @kbd{0}---a zero, not |
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424 the letter ``o''.) |
25839 | 425 |
426 From now on, you will encounter large nodes without warning, and | |
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427 will be expected to know how to use @key{SPC} and @key{BACKSPACE} to |
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428 move around in them without being told. Since not all terminals have |
25839 | 429 the same size screen, it would be impossible to warn you anyway. |
430 | |
431 @format | |
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432 >> Now type @kbd{n}, or click the middle mouse button on the @samp{Next} link, |
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433 to see the description of the @kbd{m} command. |
25839 | 434 @end format |
435 | |
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436 @node Help-M, Help-Xref, Help-^L, Getting Started |
25839 | 437 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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438 @section Menus and the @kbd{m} command |
25839 | 439 |
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440 @cindex menus in an Info document |
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441 @cindex Info menus |
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442 With only the @kbd{n} (next) and @kbd{p} (previous) commands for |
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443 moving between nodes, nodes are restricted to a linear sequence. |
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444 Menus allow a branching structure. A menu is a list of other nodes |
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445 you can move to. It is actually just part of the text of the node |
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446 formatted specially so that Info can interpret it. The beginning of a |
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447 menu is always identified by a line which starts with @samp{* Menu:}. |
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448 A node contains a menu if and only if it has a line in it which starts |
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449 that way. The only menu you can use at any moment is the one in the |
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450 node you are in. To use a menu in any other node, you must move to |
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451 that node first. |
25839 | 452 |
453 After the start of the menu, each line that starts with a @samp{*} | |
454 identifies one subtopic. The line usually contains a brief name | |
455 for the subtopic (followed by a @samp{:}), the name of the node that talks | |
456 about that subtopic, and optionally some further description of the | |
457 subtopic. Lines in the menu that do not start with a @samp{*} have no | |
458 special meaning---they are only for the human reader's benefit and do | |
459 not define additional subtopics. Here is an example: | |
460 | |
461 @example | |
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462 * Foo: Node about FOO. This tells about FOO. |
25839 | 463 @end example |
464 | |
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465 The subtopic name is Foo, and the node describing it is @samp{Node |
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466 about FOO}. The rest of the line is just for the reader's |
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467 Information. [[ But this line is not a real menu item, simply because |
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468 there is no line above it which starts with @samp{* Menu:}.]] |
25839 | 469 |
470 When you use a menu to go to another node (in a way that will be | |
471 described soon), what you specify is the subtopic name, the first | |
472 thing in the menu line. Info uses it to find the menu line, extracts | |
473 the node name from it, and goes to that node. The reason that there | |
474 is both a subtopic name and a node name is that the node name must be | |
475 meaningful to the computer and may therefore have to be ugly looking. | |
476 The subtopic name can be chosen just to be convenient for the user to | |
477 specify. Often the node name is convenient for the user to specify | |
478 and so both it and the subtopic name are the same. There is an | |
479 abbreviation for this: | |
480 | |
481 @example | |
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482 * Foo:: This tells about FOO. |
25839 | 483 @end example |
484 | |
485 @noindent | |
486 This means that the subtopic name and node name are the same; they are | |
487 both @samp{Foo}. | |
488 | |
489 @format | |
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490 >> Now use @key{SPC} to find the menu in this node, then come back to |
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491 the front with a @kbd{b} and some @key{SPC}s. As you see, a menu is |
25839 | 492 actually visible in its node. If you cannot find a menu in a node |
493 by looking at it, then the node does not have a menu and the | |
494 @kbd{m} command is not available. | |
495 @end format | |
496 | |
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497 If you keep typing @key{SPC} once the menu appears on the screen, it |
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498 will move to another node (the first one in the menu). If that |
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499 happens, type @key{BACKSPACE} to come back. |
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500 |
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501 @kindex m @r{(Info mode)} |
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502 The command to go to one of the subnodes is @kbd{m}. This is very |
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503 different from the commands you have used: it is a command that |
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504 prompts you for more input. |
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505 |
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506 The Info commands you know do not need additional input; when you |
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507 type one of them, Info processes it instantly and then is ready for |
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508 another command. The @kbd{m} command is different: it needs to know |
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509 the @dfn{name of the subtopic}. Once you have typed @kbd{m}, Info |
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510 tries to read the subtopic name. |
25839 | 511 |
512 Now look for the line containing many dashes near the bottom of the | |
513 screen. There is one more line beneath that one, but usually it is | |
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514 blank. When it is blank, Info is ready for a command, such as @kbd{n} |
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515 or @kbd{b} or @key{SPC} or @kbd{m}. If that line contains text ending |
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516 in a colon, it means Info is reading more input for the last command. |
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517 You can't type an Info command then, because Info is trying to read |
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518 input, not commands. You must either give the input and finish the |
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519 command you started, or type @kbd{Control-g} to cancel the command. |
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520 When you have done one of those things, the input entry line becomes |
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521 blank again. Then you can type Info commands again. |
25839 | 522 |
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523 @findex Info-menu |
25839 | 524 The command to go to a subnode via a menu is @kbd{m}. After you type |
525 the @kbd{m}, the line at the bottom of the screen says @samp{Menu item: }. | |
526 You must then type the name of the subtopic you want, and end it with | |
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527 a @key{RET}. In Emacs, @kbd{m} runs the command @code{Info-menu}. |
25839 | 528 |
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529 @cindex abbreviating Info subnodes |
25839 | 530 You can abbreviate the subtopic name. If the abbreviation is not |
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531 unique, the first matching subtopic is chosen. Some menus put |
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532 the shortest possible abbreviation for each subtopic name in capital |
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533 letters, so you can see how much you need to type. It does not |
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534 matter whether you use upper case or lower case when you type the |
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535 subtopic. You should not put any spaces at the end, or inside of the |
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536 item name, except for one space where a space appears in the item in |
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537 the menu. |
25839 | 538 |
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539 @cindex completion of Info node names |
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540 You can also use the @dfn{completion} feature to help enter the |
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541 subtopic name. If you type the @key{TAB} key after entering part of a |
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542 name, it will fill in more of the name---as much as Info can deduce |
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543 from the part you have entered. |
25839 | 544 |
545 If you move the cursor to one of the menu subtopic lines, then you do | |
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546 not need to type the argument: you just type a @key{RET}, and it |
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547 stands for the subtopic of the line you are on. You can also click |
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548 the middle mouse button directly on the subtopic line to go there. |
25839 | 549 |
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550 Here is a menu to give you a chance to practice. This menu gives you |
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551 three ways of going to one place, Help-FOO: |
25839 | 552 |
553 @menu | |
554 * Foo: Help-FOO. A node you can visit for fun. | |
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555 * Bar: Help-FOO. We have made two ways to get to the same place. |
25839 | 556 * Help-FOO:: And yet another! |
557 @end menu | |
558 | |
559 @format | |
560 >> Now type just an @kbd{m} and see what happens: | |
561 @end format | |
562 | |
563 Now you are ``inside'' an @kbd{m} command. Commands cannot be used | |
564 now; the next thing you will type must be the name of a subtopic. | |
565 | |
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566 You can change your mind about doing the @kbd{m} by typing |
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567 @kbd{Control-g}. |
25839 | 568 |
569 @format | |
570 >> Try that now; notice the bottom line clear. | |
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571 @end format |
25839 | 572 |
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573 @format |
25839 | 574 >> Then type another @kbd{m}. |
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575 @end format |
25839 | 576 |
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577 @format |
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578 >> Now type @kbd{BAR}, the item name. Do not type @key{RET} yet. |
25839 | 579 @end format |
580 | |
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581 While you are typing the item name, you can use the @key{DEL} (or |
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582 @key{BACKSPACE}) key to cancel one character at a time if you make a |
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583 mistake. |
25839 | 584 |
585 @format | |
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586 >> Press @key{DEL} to cancel the @samp{R}. You could type another @kbd{R} |
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587 to replace it. But you do not have to, since @samp{BA} is a valid |
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588 abbreviation. |
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589 @end format |
25839 | 590 |
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591 @format |
25839 | 592 >> Now you are ready to go. Type a @key{RET}. |
593 @end format | |
594 | |
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595 After visiting @samp{Help-FOO}, you should return here. |
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596 |
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597 Another way to move to the menu subtopic lines and between them is |
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598 to type @key{TAB}. Each time you type a @key{TAB}, you move to the |
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599 next subtopic line. To move to a previous subtopic line, type |
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600 @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}---that is, press and hold the @key{META} key and then |
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601 press @key{TAB}. (On some keyboards, the @key{META} key might be labeled |
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602 @samp{Alt}.) |
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603 |
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604 Once you move cursor to a subtopic line, press @key{RET} to go to |
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605 that subtopic's node. |
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606 |
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607 @cindex mouse support in Info mode |
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608 @kindex Mouse-2 @r{(Info mode)} |
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609 If your terminal supports a mouse, you have yet another way of going |
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610 to a subtopic. Move your mouse pointer to the subtopic line, |
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611 somewhere between the beginning @samp{*} and the colon @samp{:} which |
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612 ends the subtopic's brief name. You will see the subtopic's name |
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613 change its appearance (usually, its background color will change), and |
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614 the shape of the mouse pointer will change if your platform supports |
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615 that. After a while, if you leave the mouse on that spot, a small |
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616 window will pop up, saying ``Mouse-2: go to that node'', or the same |
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617 message may appear at the bottom of the screen. |
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618 |
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619 @kbd{Mouse-2} is the second button of your mouse counting from the |
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620 left---the middle button on a 3-button mouse. (On a 2-button mouse, |
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621 you may have to press both buttons together to ``press the middle |
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622 button''.) The message tells you pressing @kbd{Mouse-2} with the |
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623 current position of the mouse pointer (on subtopic in the menu) will |
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624 go to that subtopic. |
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625 |
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626 @findex Info-mouse-follow-nearest-node |
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627 More generally, @kbd{Mouse-2} in an Info buffer finds the nearest |
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628 link to another node and goes there. For example, near a cross |
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629 reference it acts like @kbd{f}, in a menu it acts like @kbd{m}, on the |
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630 node's header line it acts like @kbd{n}, @kbd{p}, or @kbd{u}, etc. At |
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631 end of the node's text @kbd{Mouse-2} moves to the next node, or up if |
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632 there's no next node. |
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633 |
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634 Here is another way to get to Help-FOO, a menu. You can ignore this |
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635 if you want, or else try it by typing @key{TAB} and then @key{RET}, or |
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636 clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} on it (but then please come back to here). |
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637 |
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638 @menu |
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639 * Help-FOO:: |
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640 @end menu |
25839 | 641 |
642 @format | |
643 >> Type @kbd{n} to see more commands. | |
644 @end format | |
645 | |
646 @node Help-FOO, , , Help-M | |
647 @subsection The @kbd{u} command | |
648 | |
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649 Congratulations! This is the node @samp{Help-FOO}. It has an @samp{Up} |
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650 pointer @samp{Help-M}, the node you just came from via the @kbd{m} |
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651 command. This is the usual convention---the nodes you reach from a menu |
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652 have @samp{Up} nodes that lead back to the menu. Menus move Down in the |
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653 tree, and @samp{Up} moves Up. @samp{Previous}, on the other hand, is |
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654 usually used to ``stay on the same level but go backwards''. |
25839 | 655 |
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656 @kindex u @r{(Info mode)} |
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657 @findex Info-up |
25839 | 658 You can go back to the node @samp{Help-M} by typing the command |
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659 @kbd{u} for ``Up'' (the Emacs command run by @kbd{u} is |
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660 @code{Info-up}). That puts you at the @emph{front} of the node---to |
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661 get back to where you were reading you have to type some @key{SPC}s. |
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662 (Some Info readers, such as the one built into Emacs, put you at the |
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663 same place where you were reading in @samp{Help-M}.) |
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664 |
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665 Another way to go Up is to click @kbd{Mouse-2} on the @samp{Up} |
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666 pointer shown in the header line (provided that you have a mouse). |
25839 | 667 |
668 @format | |
669 >> Now type @kbd{u} to move back up to @samp{Help-M}. | |
670 @end format | |
671 | |
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672 @node Help-Xref, Help-Int, Help-M, Getting Started |
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673 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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674 @section Following Cross-References |
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675 |
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676 @cindex cross references in Info documents |
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677 In Info documentation, you will see many @dfn{cross references}. |
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678 Cross references look like this: @xref{Help-Cross, Cross}. That text |
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679 is a real, live cross reference, whose name is @samp{Cross} and which |
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680 points to the node named @samp{Help-Cross}. |
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681 |
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682 @kindex f @r{(Info mode)} |
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683 @findex Info-follow-reference |
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684 There are two ways to follow a cross reference. You can move the |
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685 cursor to it and press @key{RET}, just as in a menu. @key{RET} |
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686 follows the cross reference that the cursor is on. Or you can type |
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687 @kbd{f} and then specify the name of the cross reference (in this |
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688 case, @samp{Cross}) as an argument. In Emacs Info, @kbd{f} runs |
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689 @code{Info-follow-reference}, |
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690 |
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691 In the @kbd{f} command, you select the cross reference with its |
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692 name, so it does not matter where the cursor was. If the cursor is on |
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693 or near a cross reference, @kbd{f} suggests that reference name in |
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694 parentheses as the default; typing @key{RET} will follow that |
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695 reference. However, if you type a different reference name, @kbd{f} |
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696 will follow the other reference which has that name. |
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697 |
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698 @format |
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699 >> Type @kbd{f}, followed by @kbd{Cross}, and then @key{RET}. |
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700 @end format |
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701 |
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702 As you enter the reference name, you can use the @key{DEL} (or |
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703 @key{BACKSPACE}) key to edit your input. If you change your mind |
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704 about following any reference, you can use @kbd{Control-g} to cancel |
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705 the command. Completion is available in the @kbd{f} command; you can |
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706 complete among all the cross reference names in the current node by |
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707 typing a @key{TAB}. |
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708 |
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709 To get a list of all the cross references in the current node, you |
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710 can type @kbd{?} after an @kbd{f}. The @kbd{f} continues to await a |
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711 cross reference name even after displaying the list, so if you don't |
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712 actually want to follow a reference, you should type a @kbd{Control-g} |
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713 to cancel the @kbd{f}. |
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714 |
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715 @format |
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716 >> Type @kbd{f?} to get a list of the cross references in this node. Then |
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717 type a @kbd{Control-g} and see how the @samp{f} gives up. |
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718 @end format |
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719 |
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720 The @key{TAB} and @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} key, which move between menu |
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721 items in a menu, also move between cross references outside of menus. |
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722 |
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723 @node Help-Int, Help-Q, Help-Xref, Getting Started |
25839 | 724 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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725 @section Some intermediate Info commands |
25839 | 726 |
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727 The introductory course is almost over; please continue |
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728 a little longer to learn some intermediate-level commands. |
25839 | 729 |
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730 Most Info files have an index, which is actually a large node that |
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731 contains nothing but a menu. The menu has one menu item for each |
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732 topic listed in the index. You can find the index node from the main |
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733 menu of the file, with the @kbd{m} command; then you can use the |
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734 @kbd{m} command again in the index node to go to the node that |
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735 describes the topic. |
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736 |
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737 There is also a short-cut Info command, @kbd{i}, which does all of |
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738 that for you. It searches the index for a given topic (a string) and |
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739 goes to the node which is listed in the index for that topic. |
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740 @xref{Info Search}, for a full explanation. |
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741 |
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742 @kindex l @r{(Info mode)} |
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743 @findex Info-last |
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744 @cindex going back in Info mode |
25839 | 745 If you have been moving around to different nodes and wish to |
746 retrace your steps, the @kbd{l} command (@kbd{l} for @dfn{last}) will | |
747 do that, one node-step at a time. As you move from node to node, Info | |
748 records the nodes where you have been in a special history list. The | |
749 @kbd{l} command revisits nodes in the history list; each successive | |
750 @kbd{l} command moves one step back through the history. | |
751 | |
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752 If you have been following directions, an @kbd{l} command now will get |
25839 | 753 you back to @samp{Help-M}. Another @kbd{l} command would undo the |
754 @kbd{u} and get you back to @samp{Help-FOO}. Another @kbd{l} would undo | |
755 the @kbd{m} and get you back to @samp{Help-M}. | |
756 | |
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757 In Emacs, @kbd{l} runs the command @code{Info-last}. |
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758 |
25839 | 759 @format |
760 >> Try typing three @kbd{l}'s, pausing in between to see what each | |
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761 @kbd{l} does. Then follow directions again and you will end up |
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762 back here. |
25839 | 763 @end format |
764 | |
765 Note the difference between @kbd{l} and @kbd{p}: @kbd{l} moves to | |
766 where @emph{you} last were, whereas @kbd{p} always moves to the node | |
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767 which the header says is the @samp{Previous} node (from this node, the |
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768 @samp{Prev} link leads to @samp{Help-M}). |
25839 | 769 |
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770 @kindex d @r{(Info mode)} |
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771 @findex Info-directory |
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772 @cindex go to Directory node |
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773 The @kbd{d} command (@code{Info-directory} in Emacs) gets you |
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774 instantly to the Directory node. This node, which is the first one |
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775 you saw when you entered Info, has a menu which leads (directly or |
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776 indirectly, through other menus), to all the nodes that exist. The |
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777 Directory node lists all the manuals and other Info documents that |
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778 are, or could be, installed on your system. |
25839 | 779 |
780 @format | |
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781 >> Try doing a @kbd{d}, then do an @kbd{l} to return here (yes, |
25839 | 782 @emph{do} return). |
783 @end format | |
784 | |
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785 @kindex t @r{(Info mode)} |
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786 @findex Info-top-node |
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787 @cindex go to Top node |
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788 The @kbd{t} command moves to the @samp{Top} node of the manual. |
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789 This is useful if you want to browse the manual's main menu, or select |
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790 some specific top-level menu item. The Emacs command run by @kbd{t} |
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791 is @code{Info-top-node}. |
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792 |
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793 Clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} on or near a cross reference also follows the |
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794 reference. You can see that the cross reference is mouse-sensitive by |
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795 moving the mouse pointer to the reference and watching how the |
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796 underlying text and the mouse pointer change in response. |
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797 |
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798 @format |
25839 | 799 >> Now type @kbd{n} to see the last node of the course. |
800 @end format | |
801 | |
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802 @xref{Expert Info}, for more advanced Info features. |
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803 |
25839 | 804 @c If a menu appears at the end of this node, remove it. |
805 @c It is an accident of the menu updating command. | |
806 | |
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807 @node Expert Info |
25839 | 808 @chapter Info for Experts |
809 | |
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810 This chapter describes various Info commands for experts. (If you |
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811 are using a stand-alone Info reader, there are additional commands |
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812 specific to it, which are documented in several chapters of @ref{Top,, |
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813 GNU Info, info-stnd, GNU Info}.) |
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814 |
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815 This chapter also explains how to write an Info as distinct from a |
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816 Texinfo file. (However, in most cases, writing a Texinfo file is |
44877 | 817 better, since you can use it to make a printed manual or produce other |
818 formats, such as HTML and DocBook, as well as for generating Info | |
819 files.) @xref{Top,, Overview of Texinfo, texinfo, Texinfo: The GNU | |
820 Documentation Format}.) | |
25839 | 821 |
822 @menu | |
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823 * Advanced:: Advanced Info commands: g, s, e, and 1 - 5. |
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824 * Info Search:: How to search Info documents for specific subjects. |
25839 | 825 * Add:: Describes how to add new nodes to the hierarchy. |
826 Also tells what nodes look like. | |
827 * Menus:: How to add to or create menus in Info nodes. | |
828 * Cross-refs:: How to add cross-references to Info nodes. | |
829 * Tags:: How to make tags tables for Info files. | |
830 * Checking:: Checking an Info File | |
831 * Emacs Info Variables:: Variables modifying the behavior of Emacs Info. | |
832 @end menu | |
833 | |
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834 @node Advanced, Info Search, , Expert Info |
25839 | 835 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
836 @section Advanced Info Commands | |
837 | |
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838 Here are some more Info commands that make it easier to move around. |
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839 |
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840 @unnumberedsubsec @kbd{g} goes to a node by name |
25839 | 841 |
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842 @kindex g @r{(Info mode)} |
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843 @findex Info-goto-node |
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844 @cindex go to a node by name |
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845 If you know a node's name, you can go there by typing @kbd{g}, the |
25839 | 846 name, and @key{RET}. Thus, @kbd{gTop@key{RET}} would go to the node |
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847 called @samp{Top} in this file. (This is equivalent to @kbd{t}, see |
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848 @ref{Help-Int}.) @kbd{gAdvanced@key{RET}} would come back here. |
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849 @kbd{g} in Emacs runs the command @code{Info-goto-node}. |
25839 | 850 |
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851 Unlike @kbd{m}, @kbd{g} does not allow the use of abbreviations. |
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852 But it does allow completion, so you can type @key{TAB} to complete a |
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853 partial node name. |
25839 | 854 |
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855 @cindex go to another Info file |
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856 To go to a node in another file, you can include the file name in the |
25839 | 857 node name by putting it at the front, in parentheses. Thus, |
858 @kbd{g(dir)Top@key{RET}} would go to the Info Directory node, which is | |
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859 the node @samp{Top} in the Info file @file{dir}. Likewise, |
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860 @kbd{g(emacs)Top@key{RET}} goes to the top node of the Emacs manual. |
25839 | 861 |
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862 The node name @samp{*} specifies the whole file. So you can look at |
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863 all of the current file by typing @kbd{g*@key{RET}} or all of any |
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864 other file with @kbd{g(@var{filename})@key{RET}}. |
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865 |
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866 @unnumberedsubsec @kbd{1} -- @kbd{9} choose a menu subtopic by its number |
25839 | 867 |
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868 @kindex 1 @r{through} 9 @r{(Info mode)} |
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869 @findex Info-nth-menu-item |
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870 @cindex select @var{n}'th menu item |
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871 If you begrudge each character of type-in which your system requires, |
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872 you might like to use the commands @kbd{1}, @kbd{2}, @kbd{3}, @kbd{4}, |
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873 @dots{}, @kbd{9}. They are short for the @kbd{m} command together |
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874 with a name of a menu subtopic. @kbd{1} goes through the first item |
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875 in the current node's menu; @kbd{2} goes through the second item, etc. |
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876 In the stand-alone reader, @kbd{0} goes through the last menu item; |
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877 this is so you need not count how many entries are there. In Emacs, |
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878 the digit keys run the command @code{Info-nth-menu-item}. |
25839 | 879 |
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880 If your display supports multiple fonts, and you are using Emacs' |
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881 Info mode to read Info files, the @samp{*} for the fifth menu item |
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882 stands out, either in color or in some other attribute, such as |
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883 underline, and so is the @samp{*} for the ninth item; this makes it |
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884 easy to see at a glance which number to use for an item. |
25839 | 885 |
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886 Some terminals don't support colors or underlining. If you need to |
25839 | 887 actually count items, it is better to use @kbd{m} instead, and specify |
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888 the name, or use @key{TAB} to quickly move between menu items. |
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889 |
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890 @unnumberedsubsec @kbd{e} makes Info document editable |
25839 | 891 |
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892 @kindex e @r{(Info mode)} |
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893 @findex Info-edit |
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894 @cindex edit Info document |
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895 The Info command @kbd{e} changes from Info mode to an ordinary |
25839 | 896 Emacs editing mode, so that you can edit the text of the current node. |
897 Type @kbd{C-c C-c} to switch back to Info. The @kbd{e} command is allowed | |
898 only if the variable @code{Info-enable-edit} is non-@code{nil}. | |
899 | |
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900 The @kbd{e} command only works in Emacs, where it runs the command |
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901 @code{Info-edit}. The stand-alone Info reader doesn't allow you to |
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902 edit the Info file, so typing @kbd{e} there goes to the end of the |
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903 current node. |
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904 |
44785
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905 @node Info Search, Add, Advanced, Expert Info |
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906 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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907 @section How to search Info documents for specific subjects |
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908 |
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909 @cindex searching Info documents |
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910 @cindex Info document as a reference |
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911 The commands which move between and inside nodes allow you to read |
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912 the entire manual or its large portions. But what if you need to find |
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913 some information in the manual as fast as you can, and you don't know |
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914 or don't remember in what node to look for it? This need arises when |
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915 you use a manual as a @dfn{reference}, or when it is impractical to |
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916 read the entire manual before you start using the programs it |
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917 describes. |
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918 |
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919 Info has powerful searching facilities that let you find things |
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920 quickly. You can search either the manual indices or its text. |
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921 |
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922 @kindex i @r{(Info mode)} |
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923 @findex Info-index |
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924 Since most subjects related to what the manual describes should be |
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925 indexed, you should try the index search first. The @kbd{i} command |
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926 prompts you for a subject and then looks up that subject in the |
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927 indices. If it finds an index entry with the subject you typed, it |
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928 goes to the node to which that index entry points. You should browse |
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929 through that node to see whether the issue you are looking for is |
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930 described there. If it isn't, type @kbd{,} one or more times to go |
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931 through additional index entries which match your subject. |
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932 |
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933 The @kbd{i} command finds all index entries which include the string |
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934 you typed @emph{as a substring}. For each match, Info shows in the |
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935 echo area the full index entry it found. Often, the text of the full |
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936 index entry already gives you enough information to decide whether it |
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937 is relevant to what you are looking for, so we recommend that you read |
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938 what Emacs shows in the echo are before looking at the node it |
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939 displays. |
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940 |
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941 Since @kbd{i} looks for a substring, you can search for subjects even |
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942 if you are not sure how they are spelled in the index. For example, |
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943 suppose you want to find something that is pertinent to commands which |
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944 complete partial input (e.g., when you type @key{TAB}). If you want |
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945 to catch index entries that refer to ``complete'', ``completion'', and |
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946 ``completing'', you could type @kbd{icomplet@key{RET}}. |
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947 |
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948 Info documents which describe programs should index the commands, |
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949 options, and key sequences that the program provides. If you are |
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950 looking for a description of a command, an option, or a key, just type |
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951 their names when @kbd{i} prompts you for a topic. For example, if you |
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952 want to read the description of what the @kbd{C-f} key does, type |
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953 @kbd{iC-f@key{RET}}. Here @kbd{C-f} are 3 literal characters |
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954 @samp{C}, @samp{-}, and @samp{f}, not the ``Control-f'' command key |
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955 you type inside Emacs to run the command bound to @kbd{C-f}. |
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956 |
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957 In Emacs, @kbd{i} runs the command @code{Info-index}. |
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958 |
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959 @kindex s @r{(Info mode)} |
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960 @findex Info-search |
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961 The @kbd{s} command allows you to search a whole file for a string. |
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962 It switches to the next node if and when that is necessary. You |
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963 type @kbd{s} followed by the string to search for, terminated by |
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964 @key{RET}. To search for the same string again, just @kbd{s} followed |
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965 by @key{RET} will do. The file's nodes are scanned in the order |
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966 they are in in the file, which has no necessary relationship to the |
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967 order that they may be in the tree structure of menus and @samp{next} |
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968 pointers. But normally the two orders are not very different. In any |
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969 case, you can always do a @kbd{b} to find out what node you have |
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970 reached, if the header is not visible (this can happen, because @kbd{s} |
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971 puts your cursor at the occurrence of the string, not at the beginning |
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972 of the node). |
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973 |
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974 @kindex M-s @r{(Info mode)} |
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975 In Emacs, @kbd{Meta-s} is equivalent to @kbd{s}. That is for |
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976 compatibility with other GNU packages that use @kbd{M-s} for a similar |
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977 kind of search command. Both @kbd{s} and @kbd{M-s} run in Emacs the |
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978 command @code{Info-search}. |
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979 |
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980 |
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981 @node Add, Menus, Info Search, Expert Info |
25839 | 982 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
983 @section Adding a new node to Info | |
984 | |
985 To add a new topic to the list in the Info directory, you must: | |
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986 |
25839 | 987 @enumerate |
988 @item | |
989 Create some nodes, in some file, to document that topic. | |
990 @item | |
991 Put that topic in the menu in the directory. @xref{Menus, Menu}. | |
992 @end enumerate | |
993 | |
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994 Usually, the way to create the nodes is with Texinfo (@pxref{Top,, |
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995 Overview of Texinfo, texinfo, Texinfo: The GNU Documentation Format}); |
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996 this has the advantage that you can also make a printed manual or HTML |
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997 from them. You would use the @samp{@@dircategory} and |
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998 @samp{@@direntry} commands to put the manual into the Info directory. |
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999 However, if you want to edit an Info file manually and install it |
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1000 manually, here is how. |
25839 | 1001 |
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1002 @cindex node delimiters |
25839 | 1003 The new node can live in an existing documentation file, or in a new |
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1004 one. It must have a @samp{^_} character before it (invisible to the |
25839 | 1005 user; this node has one but you cannot see it), and it ends with either |
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1006 a @samp{^_}, a @samp{^L} (``formfeed''), or the end of file.@footnote{If |
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1007 you put in a @samp{^L} to end a new node, be sure that there is a |
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1008 @samp{^_} after it to start the next one, since @samp{^L} cannot |
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1009 @emph{start} a node. Also, a nicer way to make a node boundary be a |
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1010 page boundary as well is to put a @samp{^L} @emph{right after} the |
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1011 @samp{^_}.} |
25839 | 1012 |
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1013 The @samp{^_} starting a node must be followed by a newline or a |
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1014 @samp{^L} newline, after which comes the node's header line. The |
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1015 header line must give the node's name (by which Info finds it), and |
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1016 state the names of the @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous}, and @samp{Up} |
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1017 nodes (if there are any). As you can see, this node's @samp{Up} node |
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1018 is the node @samp{Expert Info}. The @samp{Next} node is @samp{Menus}. |
25839 | 1019 |
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1020 @cindex node header line format |
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1021 @cindex format of node headers |
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1022 The keywords @dfn{Node}, @dfn{Next}, @dfn{Previous}, and @dfn{Up} |
25839 | 1023 may appear in any order, anywhere in the header line, but the |
1024 recommended order is the one in this sentence. Each keyword must be | |
1025 followed by a colon, spaces and tabs, and then the appropriate name. | |
1026 The name may be terminated with a tab, a comma, or a newline. A space | |
1027 does not end it; node names may contain spaces. The case of letters | |
1028 in the names is insignificant. | |
1029 | |
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1030 @cindex node name format |
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1031 @cindex Directory node |
25839 | 1032 A node name has two forms. A node in the current file is named by |
1033 what appears after the @samp{Node: } in that node's first line. For | |
1034 example, this node's name is @samp{Add}. A node in another file is | |
1035 named by @samp{(@var{filename})@var{node-within-file}}, as in | |
1036 @samp{(info)Add} for this node. If the file name starts with ``./'', | |
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1037 then it is relative to the current directory; otherwise, it is |
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1038 relative starting from the standard directory for Info files of your |
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1039 site. The name @samp{(@var{filename})Top} can be abbreviated to just |
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1040 @samp{(@var{filename})}. By convention, the name @samp{Top} is used |
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1041 for the ``highest'' node in any single file---the node whose @samp{Up} |
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1042 points out of the file. The @samp{Directory} node is @file{(dir)}, it |
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1043 points to a file @file{dir} which holds a large menu listing all the |
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1044 Info documents installed on your site. The @samp{Top} node of a |
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1045 document file listed in the @samp{Directory} should have an @samp{Up: |
25839 | 1046 (dir)} in it. |
1047 | |
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1048 @cindex unstructured documents |
25839 | 1049 The node name @kbd{*} is special: it refers to the entire file. |
1050 Thus, @kbd{g*} shows you the whole current file. The use of the | |
1051 node @kbd{*} is to make it possible to make old-fashioned, | |
1052 unstructured files into nodes of the tree. | |
1053 | |
1054 The @samp{Node:} name, in which a node states its own name, must not | |
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1055 contain a file name, since when Info searches for a node, it does not |
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1056 expect a file name to be there. The @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous} and |
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1057 @samp{Up} names may contain them. In this node, since the @samp{Up} |
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1058 node is in the same file, it was not necessary to use one. |
25839 | 1059 |
1060 Note that the nodes in this file have a file name in the header | |
1061 line. The file names are ignored by Info, but they serve as comments | |
1062 to help identify the node for the user. | |
1063 | |
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1064 @node Menus, Cross-refs, Add, Expert Info |
25839 | 1065 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
1066 @section How to Create Menus | |
1067 | |
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1068 Any node in the Info hierarchy may have a @dfn{menu}---a list of subnodes. |
25839 | 1069 The @kbd{m} command searches the current node's menu for the topic which it |
1070 reads from the terminal. | |
1071 | |
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1072 @cindex menu and menu entry format |
25839 | 1073 A menu begins with a line starting with @samp{* Menu:}. The rest of the |
1074 line is a comment. After the starting line, every line that begins | |
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1075 with a @samp{* } lists a single topic. The name of the topic--what |
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1076 the user must type at the @kbd{m}'s command prompt to select this |
25839 | 1077 topic---comes right after the star and space, and is followed by a |
1078 colon, spaces and tabs, and the name of the node which discusses that | |
1079 topic. The node name, like node names following @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous} | |
1080 and @samp{Up}, may be terminated with a tab, comma, or newline; it may also | |
1081 be terminated with a period. | |
1082 | |
1083 If the node name and topic name are the same, then rather than | |
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1084 giving the name twice, the abbreviation @samp{* @var{name}::} may be |
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1085 used (and should be used, whenever possible, as it reduces the visual |
25839 | 1086 clutter in the menu). |
1087 | |
1088 It is considerate to choose the topic names so that they differ | |
1089 from each other very near the beginning---this allows the user to type | |
1090 short abbreviations. In a long menu, it is a good idea to capitalize | |
1091 the beginning of each item name which is the minimum acceptable | |
1092 abbreviation for it (a long menu is more than 5 or so entries). | |
1093 | |
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1094 The nodes listed in a node's menu are called its ``subnodes'', and it |
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1095 is their ``superior''. They should each have an @samp{Up:} pointing at |
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1096 the superior. It is often useful to arrange all or most of the subnodes |
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1097 in a sequence of @samp{Next} and @samp{Previous} pointers so that |
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1098 someone who wants to see them all need not keep revisiting the Menu. |
25839 | 1099 |
1100 The Info Directory is simply the menu of the node @samp{(dir)Top}---that | |
1101 is, node @samp{Top} in file @file{.../info/dir}. You can put new entries | |
1102 in that menu just like any other menu. The Info Directory is @emph{not} the | |
1103 same as the file directory called @file{info}. It happens that many of | |
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1104 Info's files live in that file directory, but they do not have to; and |
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1105 files in that directory are not automatically listed in the Info |
25839 | 1106 Directory node. |
1107 | |
1108 Also, although the Info node graph is claimed to be a ``hierarchy'', | |
1109 in fact it can be @emph{any} directed graph. Shared structures and | |
1110 pointer cycles are perfectly possible, and can be used if they are | |
1111 appropriate to the meaning to be expressed. There is no need for all | |
1112 the nodes in a file to form a connected structure. In fact, this file | |
1113 has two connected components. You are in one of them, which is under | |
1114 the node @samp{Top}; the other contains the node @samp{Help} which the | |
1115 @kbd{h} command goes to. In fact, since there is no garbage | |
1116 collector, nothing terrible happens if a substructure is not pointed | |
1117 to, but such a substructure is rather useless since nobody can | |
1118 ever find out that it exists. | |
1119 | |
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1120 @node Cross-refs, Tags, Menus, Expert Info |
25839 | 1121 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
1122 @section Creating Cross References | |
1123 | |
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1124 @cindex cross reference format |
25839 | 1125 A cross reference can be placed anywhere in the text, unlike a menu |
1126 item which must go at the front of a line. A cross reference looks | |
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1127 like a menu item except that it has @samp{*note} instead of @samp{*}. |
25839 | 1128 It @emph{cannot} be terminated by a @samp{)}, because @samp{)}'s are |
1129 so often part of node names. If you wish to enclose a cross reference | |
1130 in parentheses, terminate it with a period first. Here are two | |
1131 examples of cross references pointers: | |
1132 | |
1133 @example | |
1134 *Note details: commands. (See *note 3: Full Proof.) | |
1135 @end example | |
1136 | |
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1137 @noindent |
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1138 @emph{These are just examples.} The places they ``lead to'' do not |
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1139 really exist! |
25839 | 1140 |
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1141 @menu |
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1142 * Help-Cross:: Target of a cross-reference. |
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1143 @end menu |
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1144 |
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1145 |
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1146 @node Help-Cross, , , Cross-refs |
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1147 @subsection The node reached by the cross reference in Info |
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1148 |
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1149 This is the node reached by the cross reference named @samp{Cross}. |
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1150 |
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1151 While this node is specifically intended to be reached by a cross |
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1152 reference, most cross references lead to nodes that ``belong'' |
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1153 someplace else far away in the structure of an Info document. So you |
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1154 cannot expect this node to have a @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous} or |
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1155 @samp{Up} links pointing back to where you came from. In general, the |
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1156 @kbd{l} (el) command is the only way to get back there. |
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1157 |
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1158 @format |
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1159 >> Type @kbd{l} to return to the node where the cross reference was. |
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1160 @end format |
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1161 |
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1162 @node Help-Q, , Help-Int, Getting Started |
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1163 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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1164 @section Quitting Info |
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1165 |
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1166 @kindex q @r{(Info mode)} |
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1167 @findex Info-exit |
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1168 @cindex quitting Info mode |
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1169 To get out of Info, back to what you were doing before, type @kbd{q} |
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1170 for @dfn{Quit}. This runs @code{Info-exit} in Emacs. |
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1171 |
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1172 This is the end of the basic course on using Info. You have learned |
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1173 how to move in an Info document, and how to follow menus and cross |
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1174 references. This makes you ready for reading manuals top to bottom, |
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1175 as new users should do when they learn a new package. |
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1176 |
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1177 Another set of Info commands is useful when you need to find |
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1178 something quickly in a manual---that is, when you need to use a manual |
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1179 as a reference rather than as a tutorial. We urge you to learn |
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1180 these search commands as well. If you want to do that now, follow this |
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1181 cross reference to @ref{Info Search}. |
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1182 |
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1183 Yet another set of commands are meant for experienced users; you can |
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1184 find them by looking in the Directory node for documentation on Info. |
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1185 Finding them will be a good exercise in using Info in the usual |
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1186 manner. |
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1187 |
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1188 @format |
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1189 >> Type @kbd{d} to go to the Info directory node; then type |
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1190 @kbd{mInfo} and Return, to get to the node about Info and |
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1191 see what other help is available. |
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1192 @end format |
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1193 |
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1194 |
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1195 @node Tags, Checking, Cross-refs, Expert Info |
25839 | 1196 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
1197 @section Tags Tables for Info Files | |
1198 | |
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1199 @cindex tags tables in info files |
25839 | 1200 You can speed up the access to nodes of a large Info file by giving |
1201 it a tags table. Unlike the tags table for a program, the tags table for | |
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1202 an Info file lives inside the file itself and is used |
25839 | 1203 automatically whenever Info reads in the file. |
1204 | |
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1205 @findex Info-tagify |
25839 | 1206 To make a tags table, go to a node in the file using Emacs Info mode and type |
1207 @kbd{M-x Info-tagify}. Then you must use @kbd{C-x C-s} to save the | |
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1208 file. Info files produced by the @code{makeinfo} command that is part |
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1209 of the Texinfo package always have tags tables to begin with. |
25839 | 1210 |
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1211 @cindex stale tags tables |
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1212 @cindex update Info tags table |
25839 | 1213 Once the Info file has a tags table, you must make certain it is up |
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1214 to date. If you edit an Info file directly (as opposed to editing its |
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1215 Texinfo source), and, as a result of deletion of text, any node moves back |
25839 | 1216 more than a thousand characters in the file from the position |
1217 recorded in the tags table, Info will no longer be able to find that | |
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1218 node. To update the tags table, use the @code{Info-tagify} command |
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1219 again. |
25839 | 1220 |
1221 An Info file tags table appears at the end of the file and looks like | |
1222 this: | |
1223 | |
1224 @example | |
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1225 ^_^L |
25839 | 1226 Tag Table: |
1227 File: info, Node: Cross-refs^?21419 | |
1228 File: info, Node: Tags^?22145 | |
1229 ^_ | |
1230 End Tag Table | |
1231 @end example | |
1232 | |
1233 @noindent | |
1234 Note that it contains one line per node, and this line contains | |
1235 the beginning of the node's header (ending just after the node name), | |
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1236 a @samp{DEL} character, and the character position in the file of the |
25839 | 1237 beginning of the node. |
1238 | |
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1239 |
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1240 @node Checking, Emacs Info Variables, Tags, Expert Info |
25839 | 1241 @section Checking an Info File |
1242 | |
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1243 When creating an Info file, it is easy to forget the name of a node when |
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1244 you are making a pointer to it from another node. If you put in the |
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1245 wrong name for a node, this is not detected until someone tries to go |
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1246 through the pointer using Info. Verification of the Info file is an |
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1247 automatic process which checks all pointers to nodes and reports any |
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1248 pointers which are invalid. Every @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous}, and |
25839 | 1249 @samp{Up} is checked, as is every menu item and every cross reference. In |
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1250 addition, any @samp{Next} which does not have a @samp{Previous} pointing |
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1251 back is reported. Only pointers within the file are checked, because |
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1252 checking pointers to other files would be terribly slow. But those are |
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1253 usually few. |
25839 | 1254 |
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1255 @findex Info-validate |
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1256 To check an Info file, do @kbd{M-x Info-validate} while looking at any |
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1257 node of the file with Emacs Info mode. |
25839 | 1258 |
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1259 @node Emacs Info Variables, , Checking, Expert Info |
25839 | 1260 @section Emacs Info-mode Variables |
1261 | |
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1262 The following variables may modify the behavior of Info-mode in Emacs; |
25839 | 1263 you may wish to set one or several of these variables interactively, or |
1264 in your @file{~/.emacs} init file. @xref{Examining, Examining and Setting | |
1265 Variables, Examining and Setting Variables, emacs, The GNU Emacs | |
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1266 Manual}. The stand-alone Info reader program has its own set of |
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1267 variables, described in @ref{Variables,, Manipulating Variables, |
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1268 info-stnd, GNU Info}. |
25839 | 1269 |
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1270 @vtable @code |
25839 | 1271 @item Info-directory-list |
1272 The list of directories to search for Info files. Each element is a | |
29307 | 1273 string (directory name) or @code{nil} (try default directory). If not |
1274 initialized Info uses the environment variable @env{INFOPATH} to | |
1275 initialize it, or @code{Info-default-directory-list} if there is no | |
1276 @env{INFOPATH} variable in the environment. | |
1277 | |
42914 | 1278 If you wish to customize the Info directory search list for both Emacs |
1279 info and stand-alone Info, it is best to set the @env{INFOPATH} | |
1280 environment variable, since that applies to both programs. | |
1281 | |
29307 | 1282 @item Info-additional-directory-list |
1283 A list of additional directories to search for Info documentation files. | |
1284 These directories are not searched for merging the @file{dir} file. | |
25839 | 1285 |
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1286 @item Info-fontify |
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1287 When set to a non-@code{nil} value, enables highlighting of Info |
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1288 files. The default is @code{t}. You can change how the highlighting |
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1289 looks by customizing the faces @code{info-node}, @code{info-menu-5}, |
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1290 @code{info-xref}, @code{info-header-xref}, @code{info-header-node}, |
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1291 @code{info-title-@var{n}-face} (where @var{n} is the level of the |
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1292 section, a number between 1 and 4), and @code{info-menu-header}. To |
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1293 customize a face, type @kbd{M-x customize-face @key{RET} @var{face} |
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1294 @key{RET}}, where @var{face} is one of the face names listed here. |
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1295 |
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1296 @item Info-use-header-line |
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1297 If non-@code{nil}, Emacs puts in the Info buffer a header line showing |
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1298 the @samp{Next}, @samp{Prev}, and @samp{Up} links. A header line does |
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1299 not scroll with the rest of the buffer, making these links always |
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1300 visible. |
29307 | 1301 |
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1302 @item Info-scroll-prefer-subnodes |
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1303 If set to a non-@code{nil} value, @key{SPC} and @key{BACKSPACE} (or |
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1304 @key{DEL}) keys in a menu visit subnodes of the current node before |
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1305 scrolling to its end or beginning, respectively. For example, if the |
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1306 node's menu appears on the screen, the next @key{SPC} moves to a |
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1307 subnode indicated by the following menu item. Setting this option to |
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1308 @code{nil} results in behavior similar to the stand-alone Info reader |
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1309 program, which visits the first subnode from the menu only when you |
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1310 hit the end of the current node. The default is @code{t}. |
25839 | 1311 |
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1312 @item Info-enable-active-nodes |
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1313 When set to a non-@code{nil} value, allows Info to execute Lisp code |
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1314 associated with nodes. The Lisp code is executed when the node is |
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1315 selected. The Lisp code to be executed should follow the node |
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1316 delimiter (the @samp{DEL} character) and an @samp{execute: } tag, like |
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1317 this: |
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1318 |
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1319 @example |
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1320 ^_execute: (message "This is an active node!") |
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1321 @end example |
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1322 |
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1323 @item Info-enable-edit |
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1324 Set to @code{nil}, disables the @samp{e} (@code{Info-edit}) command. A |
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1325 non-@code{nil} value enables it. @xref{Add, Edit}. |
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1326 @end vtable |
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1327 |
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1328 |
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1329 @node Creating an Info File |
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1330 @chapter Creating an Info File from a Texinfo File |
25839 | 1331 |
1332 @code{makeinfo} is a utility that converts a Texinfo file into an Info | |
1333 file; @code{texinfo-format-region} and @code{texinfo-format-buffer} are | |
1334 GNU Emacs functions that do the same. | |
1335 | |
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1336 @xref{Top,, Overview of Texinfo, texinfo, Texinfo: The GNU |
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1337 Documentation Format}, to learn how to write a Texinfo file. |
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1338 |
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1339 @xref{Creating an Info File,,, texinfo, Texinfo: The GNU Documentation |
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1340 Format}, to learn how to create an Info file from a Texinfo file. |
25839 | 1341 |
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1342 @xref{Installing an Info File,,, texinfo, Texinfo: The GNU |
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1343 Documentation Format}, to learn how to install an Info file after you |
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1344 have created one. |
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1345 |
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1346 @node Index |
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1347 @unnumbered Index |
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1348 |
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1349 This is an alphabetical listing of all the commands, variables, and |
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1350 topics discussed in this document. |
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1351 |
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1352 @printindex cp |
25839 | 1353 |
1354 @bye |