Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/cmdargs.texi @ 40597:8a3401d69e10
(X Resources): Fix typo and syntax.
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date | Thu, 01 Nov 2001 07:00:20 +0000 |
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25829 | 1 @c This is part of the Emacs manual. |
39287 | 2 @c Copyright (C) 1985,86,87,93,94,95,1997,2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25829 | 3 @c See file emacs.texi for copying conditions. |
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4 @node Command Arguments, X Resources, Service, Top |
25829 | 5 @appendix Command Line Arguments |
6 @cindex command line arguments | |
7 @cindex arguments (command line) | |
8 @cindex options (command line) | |
9 @cindex switches (command line) | |
10 @cindex startup (command line arguments) | |
11 | |
12 GNU Emacs supports command line arguments to request various actions | |
13 when invoking Emacs. These are for compatibility with other editors and | |
14 for sophisticated activities. We don't recommend using them for | |
15 ordinary editing. | |
16 | |
17 Arguments starting with @samp{-} are @dfn{options}. Other arguments | |
18 specify files to visit. Emacs visits the specified files while it | |
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19 starts up. The last file name on your command line becomes the |
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20 current buffer; the other files are also visited in other buffers. If |
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21 there are two files, they are both displayed; otherwise the last file |
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22 is displayed along with a buffer list that shows what other buffers |
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23 there are. As with most programs, the special argument @samp{--} says |
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24 that all subsequent arguments are file names, not options, even if |
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25 they start with @samp{-}. |
25829 | 26 |
27 Emacs command options can specify many things, such as the size and | |
28 position of the X window Emacs uses, its colors, and so on. A few | |
29 options support advanced usage, such as running Lisp functions on files | |
30 in batch mode. The sections of this chapter describe the available | |
31 options, arranged according to their purpose. | |
32 | |
33 There are two ways of writing options: the short forms that start with | |
34 a single @samp{-}, and the long forms that start with @samp{--}. For | |
35 example, @samp{-d} is a short form and @samp{--display} is the | |
36 corresponding long form. | |
37 | |
38 The long forms with @samp{--} are easier to remember, but longer to | |
39 type. However, you don't have to spell out the whole option name; any | |
40 unambiguous abbreviation is enough. When a long option takes an | |
41 argument, you can use either a space or an equal sign to separate the | |
42 option name and the argument. Thus, you can write either | |
43 @samp{--display sugar-bombs:0.0} or @samp{--display=sugar-bombs:0.0}. | |
44 We recommend an equal sign because it makes the relationship clearer, | |
45 and the tables below always show an equal sign. | |
46 | |
47 @cindex initial options (command line) | |
48 @cindex action options (command line) | |
49 Most options specify how to initialize Emacs, or set parameters for | |
50 the Emacs session. We call them @dfn{initial options}. A few options | |
51 specify things to do: for example, load libraries, call functions, or | |
38745 | 52 terminate Emacs. These are called @dfn{action options}. These and file |
25829 | 53 names together are called @dfn{action arguments}. Emacs processes all |
54 the action arguments in the order they are written. | |
55 | |
56 @menu | |
57 * Action Arguments:: Arguments to visit files, load libraries, | |
58 and call functions. | |
59 * Initial Options:: Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs. | |
60 * Command Example:: Examples of using command line arguments. | |
61 * Resume Arguments:: Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs. | |
62 * Environment:: Environment variables that Emacs uses. | |
63 @end menu | |
64 | |
65 @node Action Arguments | |
66 @appendixsec Action Arguments | |
67 | |
68 Here is a table of the action arguments and options: | |
69 | |
70 @table @samp | |
71 @item @var{file} | |
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72 @opindex --visit |
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73 @itemx --visit=@var{file} |
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74 @opindex --file |
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75 @itemx --file=@var{file} |
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76 @cindex visiting files, command-line argument |
25829 | 77 Visit @var{file} using @code{find-file}. @xref{Visiting}. |
78 | |
79 @item +@var{linenum} @var{file} | |
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80 @opindex +@var{linenum} |
25829 | 81 Visit @var{file} using @code{find-file}, then go to line number |
82 @var{linenum} in it. | |
83 | |
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84 @item +@var{linenum}:@var{columnnum} @var{file} |
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85 Visit @var{file} using @code{find-file}, then go to line number |
38745 | 86 @var{linenum} and put point at column number @var{columnnum}. |
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87 |
25829 | 88 @need 3000 |
89 @item -l @var{file} | |
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90 @opindex -l |
25829 | 91 @itemx --load=@var{file} |
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92 @opindex --load |
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93 @cindex loading Lisp libraries, command-line argument |
25829 | 94 Load a Lisp library named @var{file} with the function @code{load}. |
95 @xref{Lisp Libraries}. The library can be found either in the current | |
96 directory, or in the Emacs library search path as specified | |
29107 | 97 with @env{EMACSLOADPATH} (@pxref{General Variables}). |
25829 | 98 |
99 @item -f @var{function} | |
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100 @opindex -f |
25829 | 101 @itemx --funcall=@var{function} |
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102 @opindex --funcall |
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103 @cindex call Lisp functions, command-line argument |
25829 | 104 Call Lisp function @var{function} with no arguments. |
105 | |
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106 @item --eval=@var{expression} |
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107 @opindex --eval |
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108 @itemx --execute=@var{expression} |
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109 @opindex --execute |
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110 @cindex evaluate expression, command-line argument |
25829 | 111 Evaluate Lisp expression @var{expression}. |
112 | |
113 @item --insert=@var{file} | |
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114 @opindex --insert |
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115 @cindex insert file contents, command-line argument |
25829 | 116 Insert the contents of @var{file} into the current buffer. This is like |
117 what @kbd{M-x insert-file} does. @xref{Misc File Ops}. | |
118 | |
119 @item --kill | |
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120 @opindex --kill |
25829 | 121 Exit from Emacs without asking for confirmation. |
122 @end table | |
123 | |
124 @vindex command-line-args | |
125 The init file can access the values of the action arguments as the | |
126 elements of a list in the variable @code{command-line-args}. The init | |
127 file can override the normal processing of the action arguments, or | |
128 define new ones, by reading and setting this variable. | |
129 | |
130 @node Initial Options | |
131 @appendixsec Initial Options | |
132 | |
133 The initial options specify parameters for the Emacs session. This | |
134 section describes the more general initial options; some other options | |
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135 specifically related to the X Window System appear in the following |
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136 sections. |
25829 | 137 |
138 Some initial options affect the loading of init files. The normal | |
139 actions of Emacs are to first load @file{site-start.el} if it exists, | |
140 then your own init file @file{~/.emacs} if it exists, and finally | |
141 @file{default.el} if it exists; certain options prevent loading of some | |
142 of these files or substitute other files for them. | |
143 | |
144 @table @samp | |
145 @item -t @var{device} | |
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146 @opindex -t |
25829 | 147 @itemx --terminal=@var{device} |
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148 @opindex --terminal |
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149 @cindex device for Emacs terminal I/O |
25829 | 150 Use @var{device} as the device for terminal input and output. |
151 | |
152 @item -d @var{display} | |
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153 @opindex -d |
25829 | 154 @itemx --display=@var{display} |
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155 @opindex --display |
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156 @cindex display for Emacs frame |
25829 | 157 Use the X Window System and use the display named @var{display} to open |
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158 the initial Emacs frame. @xref{Display X}, for more details. |
25829 | 159 |
160 @item -nw | |
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161 @opindex -nw |
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162 @itemx --no-window-system |
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163 @opindex --no-window-system |
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164 @cindex disable window system |
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165 Don't communicate directly with the window system, disregarding the |
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166 @env{DISPLAY} environment variable even if it is set. This forces Emacs |
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167 to run as if the display were a text-only terminal. |
25829 | 168 |
169 @need 3000 | |
170 @cindex batch mode | |
171 @item -batch | |
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172 @opindex --batch |
25829 | 173 @itemx --batch |
174 Run Emacs in @dfn{batch mode}, which means that the text being edited is | |
175 not displayed and the standard terminal interrupt characters such as | |
176 @kbd{C-z} and @kbd{C-c} continue to have their normal effect. Emacs in | |
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177 batch mode outputs to @code{stderr} only what would normally be displayed |
36875 | 178 in the echo area under program control, and functions which would |
179 normally read from the minibuffer take their input from @code{stdin}. | |
25829 | 180 |
181 Batch mode is used for running programs written in Emacs Lisp from | |
182 shell scripts, makefiles, and so on. Normally the @samp{-l} option | |
183 or @samp{-f} option will be used as well, to invoke a Lisp program | |
184 to do the batch processing. | |
185 | |
38745 | 186 @samp{-batch} implies @samp{-q} (do not load an init file). It also |
187 causes Emacs to exit after processing all the command options. In | |
188 addition, it disables auto-saving except in buffers for which it has | |
189 been explicitly requested. | |
25829 | 190 |
191 @item -q | |
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192 @opindex -q |
25829 | 193 @itemx --no-init-file |
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194 @opindex --no-init-file |
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195 @cindex bypassing init and site-start file |
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196 @cindex init file, not loading |
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197 @cindex @file{default.el} file, not loading |
25829 | 198 Do not load your Emacs init file @file{~/.emacs}, or @file{default.el} |
38659 | 199 either. When invoked like this, Emacs does not allow saving options |
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200 changed with the @kbd{M-x customize} command and its variants. |
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201 @xref{Easy Customization}. |
25829 | 202 |
203 @item --no-site-file | |
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204 @opindex --no-site-file |
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205 @cindex @file{site-start.el} file, not loading |
25829 | 206 Do not load @file{site-start.el}. The options @samp{-q}, @samp{-u} |
207 and @samp{-batch} have no effect on the loading of this file---this is | |
208 the only option that blocks it. | |
209 | |
210 @item -u @var{user} | |
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211 @opindex -u |
25829 | 212 @itemx --user=@var{user} |
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213 @opindex --user |
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214 @cindex load init file of another user |
25829 | 215 Load @var{user}'s Emacs init file @file{~@var{user}/.emacs} instead of |
216 your own. | |
217 | |
218 @item --debug-init | |
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219 @opindex --debug-init |
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220 @cindex errors in init file |
25829 | 221 Enable the Emacs Lisp debugger for errors in the init file. |
222 | |
223 @item --unibyte | |
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224 @opindex --unibyte |
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225 @cindex unibyte operation, command-line argument |
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226 Do almost everything with single-byte buffers and strings. |
25829 | 227 All buffers and strings are unibyte unless you (or a Lisp program) |
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228 explicitly ask for a multibyte buffer or string. (Note that Emacs |
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229 always loads Lisp files in multibyte mode, even if @samp{--unibyte} is |
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230 specified; see @ref{Enabling Multibyte}.) Setting the environment |
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231 variable @env{EMACS_UNIBYTE} has the same effect. |
25829 | 232 |
233 @item --multibyte | |
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234 @opindex --multibyte |
29107 | 235 Inhibit the effect of @env{EMACS_UNIBYTE}, so that Emacs |
25829 | 236 uses multibyte characters by default, as usual. |
237 @end table | |
238 | |
239 @node Command Example | |
240 @appendixsec Command Argument Example | |
241 | |
242 Here is an example of using Emacs with arguments and options. It | |
243 assumes you have a Lisp program file called @file{hack-c.el} which, when | |
244 loaded, performs some useful operation on the current buffer, expected | |
245 to be a C program. | |
246 | |
247 @example | |
248 emacs -batch foo.c -l hack-c -f save-buffer >& log | |
249 @end example | |
250 | |
251 @noindent | |
252 This says to visit @file{foo.c}, load @file{hack-c.el} (which makes | |
253 changes in the visited file), save @file{foo.c} (note that | |
254 @code{save-buffer} is the function that @kbd{C-x C-s} is bound to), and | |
255 then exit back to the shell (because of @samp{-batch}). @samp{-batch} | |
256 also guarantees there will be no problem redirecting output to | |
257 @file{log}, because Emacs will not assume that it has a display terminal | |
258 to work with. | |
259 | |
260 @node Resume Arguments | |
261 @appendixsec Resuming Emacs with Arguments | |
262 | |
263 You can specify action arguments for Emacs when you resume it after | |
264 a suspension. To prepare for this, put the following code in your | |
265 @file{.emacs} file (@pxref{Hooks}): | |
266 | |
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267 @c `resume-suspend-hook' is correct. It is the name of a function. |
25829 | 268 @example |
269 (add-hook 'suspend-hook 'resume-suspend-hook) | |
270 (add-hook 'suspend-resume-hook 'resume-process-args) | |
271 @end example | |
272 | |
273 As further preparation, you must execute the shell script | |
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274 @file{emacs.csh} (if you use csh as your shell) or @file{emacs.bash} |
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275 (if you use bash as your shell). These scripts define an alias named |
25829 | 276 @code{edit}, which will resume Emacs giving it new command line |
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277 arguments such as files to visit. The scripts are found in the |
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278 @file{etc} subdirectory of the Emacs distribution. |
25829 | 279 |
280 Only action arguments work properly when you resume Emacs. Initial | |
281 arguments are not recognized---it's too late to execute them anyway. | |
282 | |
283 Note that resuming Emacs (with or without arguments) must be done from | |
284 within the shell that is the parent of the Emacs job. This is why | |
285 @code{edit} is an alias rather than a program or a shell script. It is | |
286 not possible to implement a resumption command that could be run from | |
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287 other subjobs of the shell; there is no way to define a command that could |
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288 be made the value of @env{EDITOR}, for example. Therefore, this feature |
25829 | 289 does not take the place of the Emacs Server feature (@pxref{Emacs |
290 Server}). | |
291 | |
292 The aliases use the Emacs Server feature if you appear to have a | |
293 server Emacs running. However, they cannot determine this with complete | |
294 accuracy. They may think that a server is still running when in | |
295 actuality you have killed that Emacs, because the file | |
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296 @file{/tmp/esrv@dots{}} still exists. If this happens, find that |
25829 | 297 file and delete it. |
298 | |
299 @node Environment | |
300 @appendixsec Environment Variables | |
301 @cindex environment variables | |
302 | |
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303 The @dfn{environment} is a feature of the operating system; it |
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304 consists of a collection of variables with names and values. Each |
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305 variable is called an @dfn{environment variable}; environment variable |
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306 names are case-sensitive, and it is conventional to use upper case |
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307 letters only. The values are all text strings. |
25829 | 308 |
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309 What makes the environment useful is that subprocesses inherit the |
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310 environment automatically from their parent process. This means you |
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311 can set up an environment variable in your login shell, and all the |
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312 programs you run (including Emacs) will automatically see it. |
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313 Subprocesses of Emacs (such as shells, compilers, and version-control |
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314 software) inherit the environment from Emacs, too. |
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315 |
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316 @findex setenv |
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317 @findex getenv |
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318 Inside Emacs, the command @kbd{M-x getenv} gets the value of an |
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319 environment variable. @kbd{M-x setenv} sets a variable in the Emacs |
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320 environment. The way to set environment variables outside of Emacs |
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321 depends on the operating system, and especially the shell that you are |
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322 using. For example, here's how to set the environment variable |
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323 @env{ORGANIZATION} to @samp{not very much} using Bash: |
25829 | 324 |
325 @example | |
326 export ORGANIZATION="not very much" | |
327 @end example | |
328 | |
329 @noindent | |
330 and here's how to do it in csh or tcsh: | |
331 | |
332 @example | |
333 setenv ORGANIZATION "not very much" | |
334 @end example | |
335 | |
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336 When Emacs is uses the X Window System, it inherits the use |
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337 of a large number of environment variables from the X libraries. See |
25829 | 338 the X documentation for more information. |
339 | |
340 @menu | |
341 * General Variables:: Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use. | |
342 * Misc Variables:: Certain system-specific variables. | |
343 @end menu | |
344 | |
345 @node General Variables | |
346 @appendixsubsec General Variables | |
347 | |
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348 Here is an alphabetical list of specific environment variables that |
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349 have special meanings in Emacs, giving the name of each variable and |
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350 its meaning. Most of these variables are also used by some other |
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351 programs. Emacs does not require any of these environment variables |
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352 to be set, but it uses their values if they are set. |
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353 |
29107 | 354 @table @env |
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355 @item CDPATH |
25829 | 356 Used by the @code{cd} command to search for the directory you specify, |
357 when you specify a relative directory name. | |
358 @item EMACS_UNIBYTE | |
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359 @cindex unibyte operation, environment variable |
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360 Defining this environment variable with a nonempty value directs Emacs |
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361 to do almost everything with single-byte buffers and strings. It is |
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362 equivalent to using the @samp{--unibyte} command-line option on each |
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363 invocation. @xref{Initial Options}. |
25829 | 364 @item EMACSDATA |
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365 Directory for the architecture-independent files that come with Emacs. |
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366 This is used to initialize the Lisp variable @code{data-directory}. |
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367 @item EMACSDOC |
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368 Directory for the documentation string file, |
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369 @file{DOC-@var{emacsversion}}. This is used to initialize the Lisp |
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370 variable @code{doc-directory}. |
25829 | 371 @item EMACSLOADPATH |
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372 A colon-separated list of directories@footnote{ |
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373 Here and below, whenever we say ``colon-separated list of directories'', |
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374 it pertains to Unix and GNU/Linux systems. On MS-DOS and MS-Windows, |
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375 the directories are separated by semi-colons instead, since DOS/Windows |
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376 file names might include a colon after a drive letter.} |
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377 to search for Emacs Lisp files---used to initialize @code{load-path}. |
25829 | 378 @item EMACSPATH |
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379 A colon-separated list of directories to search for executable |
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380 files---used to initialize @code{exec-path}. |
25829 | 381 @item ESHELL |
29107 | 382 Used for shell-mode to override the @env{SHELL} environment variable. |
25829 | 383 @item HISTFILE |
384 The name of the file that shell commands are saved in between logins. | |
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385 This variable defaults to @file{~/.bash_history} if you use Bash, to |
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386 @file{~/.sh_history} if you use ksh, and to @file{~/.history} |
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387 otherwise. |
25829 | 388 @item HOME |
389 The location of the user's files in the directory tree; used for | |
390 expansion of file names starting with a tilde (@file{~}). On MS-DOS, it | |
391 defaults to the directory from which Emacs was started, with @samp{/bin} | |
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392 removed from the end if it was present. On Windows, the default value |
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393 of @code{HOME} is @file{C:/}, the root directory of drive @file{C:}. |
25829 | 394 @item HOSTNAME |
395 The name of the machine that Emacs is running on. | |
396 @item INCPATH | |
397 A colon-separated list of directories. Used by the @code{complete} package | |
398 to search for files. | |
399 @item INFOPATH | |
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400 A colon-separated list of directories in which to search for Info files. |
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401 @item LC_ALL |
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402 @itemx LC_COLLATE |
25829 | 403 @itemx LC_CTYPE |
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404 @itemx LC_MESSAGES |
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405 @itemx LC_MONETARY |
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406 @itemx LC_NUMERIC |
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407 @itemx LC_TIME |
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408 @itemx LANG |
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409 The user's preferred locale. The locale has six categories, specified |
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410 by the environment variables @env{LC_COLLATE} for sorting, |
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411 @env{LC_CTYPE} for character encoding, @env{LC_MESSAGES} for system |
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412 messages, @env{LC_MONETARY} for monetary formats, @env{LC_NUMERIC} for |
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413 numbers, and @env{LC_TIME} for dates and times. If one of these |
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414 variables is not set, the category defaults to the value of the |
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415 @env{LANG} environment variable, or to the default @samp{C} locale if |
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416 @env{LANG} is not set. But if @env{LC_ALL} is specified, it overrides |
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417 the settings of all the other locale environment variables. |
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418 |
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419 The value of the LC_CTYPE category is |
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420 matched against entries in @code{locale-language-names}, |
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421 @code{locale-charset-language-names}, and |
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422 @code{locale-preferred-coding-systems}, to select a default language |
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423 environment and coding system. @xref{Language Environments}. |
25829 | 424 @item LOGNAME |
29107 | 425 The user's login name. See also @env{USER}. |
25829 | 426 @item MAIL |
427 The name of the user's system mail inbox. | |
428 @item MAILRC | |
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429 Name of file containing mail aliases. (The default is |
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430 @file{~/.mailrc}.) |
25829 | 431 @item MH |
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432 Name of setup file for the mh system. (The default is @file{~/.mh_profile}.) |
25829 | 433 @item NAME |
434 The real-world name of the user. | |
435 @item NNTPSERVER | |
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436 The name of the news server. Used by the mh and Gnus packages. |
25829 | 437 @item ORGANIZATION |
438 The name of the organization to which you belong. Used for setting the | |
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439 `Organization:' header in your posts from the Gnus package. |
25829 | 440 @item PATH |
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441 A colon-separated list of directories in which executables reside. This |
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442 is used to initialize the Emacs Lisp variable @code{exec-path}. |
25829 | 443 @item PWD |
444 If set, this should be the default directory when Emacs was started. | |
445 @item REPLYTO | |
446 If set, this specifies an initial value for the variable | |
447 @code{mail-default-reply-to}. @xref{Mail Headers}. | |
448 @item SAVEDIR | |
449 The name of a directory in which news articles are saved by default. | |
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450 Used by the Gnus package. |
25829 | 451 @item SHELL |
452 The name of an interpreter used to parse and execute programs run from | |
453 inside Emacs. | |
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454 @cindex background mode, on @code{xterm} |
25829 | 455 @item TERM |
38745 | 456 The type of the terminal that Emacs is using. This variable must be |
25829 | 457 set unless Emacs is run in batch mode. On MS-DOS, it defaults to |
458 @samp{internal}, which specifies a built-in terminal emulation that | |
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459 handles the machine's own display. If the value of @env{TERM} indicates |
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460 that Emacs runs in non-windowed mode from @code{xterm} or a similar |
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461 terminal emulator, the background mode defaults to @samp{light}, and |
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462 Emacs will choose colors that are appropriate for a light background. |
25829 | 463 @item TERMCAP |
464 The name of the termcap library file describing how to program the | |
29107 | 465 terminal specified by the @env{TERM} variable. This defaults to |
25829 | 466 @file{/etc/termcap}. |
467 @item TMPDIR | |
468 Used by the Emerge package as a prefix for temporary files. | |
469 @item TZ | |
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470 This specifies the current time zone and possibly also daylight |
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471 saving time information. On MS-DOS, if @code{TZ} is not set in the |
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472 environment when Emacs starts, Emacs defines a default value as |
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473 appropriate for the country code returned by DOS. On MS-Windows, Emacs |
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474 does not use @code{TZ} at all. |
25829 | 475 @item USER |
29107 | 476 The user's login name. See also @env{LOGNAME}. On MS-DOS, this |
25829 | 477 defaults to @samp{root}. |
478 @item VERSION_CONTROL | |
479 Used to initialize the @code{version-control} variable (@pxref{Backup | |
480 Names}). | |
481 @end table | |
482 | |
483 @node Misc Variables | |
484 @appendixsubsec Miscellaneous Variables | |
485 | |
486 These variables are used only on particular configurations: | |
487 | |
29107 | 488 @table @env |
25829 | 489 @item COMSPEC |
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490 On MS-DOS and MS-Windows, the name of the command interpreter to use |
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491 when invoking batch files and commands internal to the shell. On MS-DOS |
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492 this is also used to make a default value for the @env{SHELL} environment |
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493 variable. |
25829 | 494 |
495 @item NAME | |
29107 | 496 On MS-DOS, this variable defaults to the value of the @env{USER} |
25829 | 497 variable. |
498 | |
499 @item TEMP | |
500 @itemx TMP | |
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501 On MS-DOS and MS-Windows, these specify the name of the directory for |
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502 storing temporary files in. |
25829 | 503 |
504 @item EMACSTEST | |
505 On MS-DOS, this specifies a file to use to log the operation of the | |
506 internal terminal emulator. This feature is useful for submitting bug | |
507 reports. | |
508 | |
509 @item EMACSCOLORS | |
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510 On MS-DOS, this specifies the screen colors. It is useful to set them |
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511 this way, since otherwise Emacs would display the default colors |
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512 momentarily when it starts up. |
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513 |
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514 The value of this variable should be the two-character encoding of the |
25829 | 515 foreground (the first character) and the background (the second |
516 character) colors of the default face. Each character should be the | |
517 hexadecimal code for the desired color on a standard PC text-mode | |
39267 | 518 display. For example, to get blue text on a light gray background, |
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519 specify @samp{EMACSCOLORS=17}, since 1 is the code of the blue color and |
39267 | 520 7 is the code of the light gray color. |
25829 | 521 |
522 The PC display usually supports only eight background colors. However, | |
523 Emacs switches the DOS display to a mode where all 16 colors can be used | |
524 for the background, so all four bits of the background color are | |
525 actually used. | |
526 | |
527 @item WINDOW_GFX | |
528 Used when initializing the Sun windows system. | |
529 @end table |