annotate etc/TUTORIAL @ 22023:8c00a2d112cc

(Fset_buffer_multibyte): Error if marker is put on buffer's marker-chain while we have temporarily put nil there.
author Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
date Mon, 11 May 1998 01:14:36 +0000
parents 98611be1ad61
children ef426e5873e3
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1 Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc; See end for conditions.
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2 You are looking at the Emacs tutorial.
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3
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4 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
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5 CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than
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6 write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations:
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7
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8 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
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9 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
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10 M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>.
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11 If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the
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12 ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key.
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14 Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)
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15 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
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16 try using a command. For instance:
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17 <<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>>
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18 >> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
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19 (go ahead, do it by holding down the control key while typing v).
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20 From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish
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21 reading the screen.
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22
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23 Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen
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24 to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading
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25 the text.
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26
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27 The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place
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28 to place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen,
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29 with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key
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30 and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key).
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31
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32 >> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times.
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34
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35 * SUMMARY
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36 ---------
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37
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38 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
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39
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40 C-v Move forward one screenful
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41 M-v Move backward one screenful
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42 C-l Clear screen and redisplay all the text,
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43 moving the text around the cursor
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44 to the center of the screen.
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45 (That's control-L, not control-1.)
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46
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47 >> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it.
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48 Then type C-l.
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49 Find the cursor again and notice that the same text
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50 is near the cursor now.
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52
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53 * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
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54 ----------------------
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55
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56 Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
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57 move to a specific place within the text on the screen?
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58
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59 There are several ways you can do this. The most basic way is to use
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60 the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. Each of these commands moves the
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61 cursor one row or column in a particular direction on the screen.
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62 Here is a table showing these four commands and shows the directions
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63 they move:
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65 Previous line, C-p
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66 :
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67 :
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68 Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
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69 :
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70 :
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71 Next line, C-n
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73 >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
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74 using C-n or C-p. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram
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75 centered in the screen.
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77 You'll probably find it easy to think of these by letter: P for
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78 previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. These are the
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79 basic cursor positioning commands, and you'll be using them ALL the
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80 time, so it would be of great benefit if you learn them now.
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82 >> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
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84 >> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
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85 See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
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86
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87 Each of text line ends with a Newline character, which serves to
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88 separate it from the following line. The last line in your file ought
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89 to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to have
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90 one).
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91
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92 >> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. It should move to
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93 the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back
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94 across the Newline character.
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95
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96 C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b.
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97
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98 >> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is.
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99 Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line.
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100 Then do one more C-f to move to the following line.
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101
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102 When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
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103 the edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". It
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104 enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text
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105 without moving it off the screen.
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106
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107 >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and
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108 see what happens.
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109
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110 If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f
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111 (Meta-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
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112
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113 >> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.
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114
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115 When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word.
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116 When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the
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117 following word. M-b works likewise in the opposite direction.
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118
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119 >> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's
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120 so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various
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121 places inside and between words.
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123 Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
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124 M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for
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125 operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences,
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126 paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are
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127 independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc).
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128
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129 This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to
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130 the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning
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131 or end of a sentence.
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133 >> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
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134 Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.
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135
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136 See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one
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137 more sentence. Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems
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138 natural.
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140 The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To
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141 paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
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142 the text.
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143
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144 Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the
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145 word and sentence moving commands:
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146
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147 C-f Move forward a character
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148 C-b Move backward a character
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149
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150 M-f Move forward a word
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151 M-b Move backward a word
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152
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153 C-n Move to next line
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154 C-p Move to previous line
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155
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156 C-a Move to beginning of line
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157 C-e Move to end of line
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158
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159 M-a Move back to beginning of sentence
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160 M-e Move forward to end of sentence
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161
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162 >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
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163 These are the most often used commands.
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164
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165 Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (Meta Less-than),
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166 which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (Meta
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167 Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text.
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168
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169 On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the
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170 shift key to type it. On these terminals you must use the shift key
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171 to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
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172
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173 >> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial.
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174 Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here.
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175
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176 >> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial.
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177 Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here.
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178
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179 You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has
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180 arrow keys. We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three
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181 reasons. First, they work on all kinds of terminals. Second, once
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182 you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these Control
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183 characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not
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184 have to move your hands away from touch-typing position). Third, once
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185 you form the habit of using these Control character commands, you can
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186 easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well.
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187
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188 Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this
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189 serves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat count
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190 is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command. If
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191 you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another alternative way
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192 to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the
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193 META key. We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on
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194 any terminal.
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195
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196 For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
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197
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198 >> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
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199 to a line near this one with just one command.
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200
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201 Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count. Certain
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202 exceptional commands use it differently. C-v and M-v are among the
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203 exceptions. When given an argument, they scroll the screen up or down
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204 by that many lines, rather than by a screenfuls. For example, C-u 4
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205 C-v scrolls the screen by 4 lines.
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206
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207 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
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208
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209 This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like
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210 to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.
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211
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212 If you are using X Windows, there should be a tall rectangular area
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213 called a scroll bar at the left hand side of the Emacs window. You
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214 can scroll the text by clicking the mouse in the scroll bar.
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215
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216 >> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
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217 within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position
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218 determined by how high or low you click.
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219
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220 >> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button
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221 pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as
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222 you move the mouse.
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223
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224
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225 * WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
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226 --------------------
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227
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228 If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by
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229 typing C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too
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230 long to execute.
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231
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232 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
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233 a command that you do not want to finish.
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235 >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
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236 Now type C-f. It should move just one character,
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237 because you canceled the argument with C-g.
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238
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239 If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
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240 with a C-g.
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241
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242
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243 * DISABLED COMMANDS
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244 -------------------
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245
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246 Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use
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247 them by accident.
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248
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249 If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message
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250 saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go
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251 ahead and execute the command.
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252
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253 If you really want to try the command, type Space in answer to the
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254 question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the disabled
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255 command, answer the question with "n".
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256
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257 >> Type <ESC> : (which is a disabled command),
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258 then type n to answer the question.
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260
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261 * WINDOWS
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262 ---------
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263
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264 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We will
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265 explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want to
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266 explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic
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267 one-window editing. It is simple:
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269 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
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270
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271 That is Control-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window
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272 which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all
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273 other windows.
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274
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275 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
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276 >> Type Control-h k Control-f.
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277 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
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278 to display documentation on the Control-f command.
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279
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280 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
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281
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282 This command is unlike the other commands you have learned in that it
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283 consists of two characters. It starts with the character Control-x.
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284 There is a whole series of commands that start with Control-x; many of
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285 them have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things.
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286 These commands are two, three or four characters long.
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287
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288
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289 * INSERTING AND DELETING
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290 ------------------------
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291
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292 If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you
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293 can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
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294 immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
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295 Newline character.
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296
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297 You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delete>.
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298 <Delete> is a key on the keyboard, which may be labeled "Del". In
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299 some cases, the "Backspace" key serves as <Delete>, but not always!
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300
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301 More generally, <Delete> deletes the character immediately before the
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302 current cursor position.
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303
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304 >> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them
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305 by typing <Delete> a few times. Don't worry about this file
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306 being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is
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307 your personal copy of it.
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308
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309 When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line
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310 of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\")
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311 at the right margin indicates a line which has been continued.
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312
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313 >> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting.
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314 You'll see a continuation line appear.
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315
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316 >> Use <Delete>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
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317 line again. The continuation line goes away.
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318
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319 You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.
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320 Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into
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321 one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the
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322 screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.
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323
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324 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delete>. This
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325 merges that line with the previous line.
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326
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327 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
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328
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329 Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
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330 this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts
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331 it several times.
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332
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333 >> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********.
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334
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335 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
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336 Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
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337 as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
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338
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339 <Delete> delete the character just before the cursor
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340 C-d delete the next character after the cursor
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341
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342 M-<Delete> kill the word immediately before the cursor
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343 M-d kill the next word after the cursor
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344
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345 C-k kill from the cursor position to end of line
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346 M-k kill to the end of the current sentence
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347
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348 Notice that <Delete> and C-d vs M-<Delete> and M-d extend the parallel
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349 started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delete> is not really a control
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350 character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e
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351 and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
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352
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353 When you delete more than one character at a time, Emacs saves the
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354 deleted text so that you can bring it back. Bringing back killed text
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355 is called "yanking". You can yank the killed text either at the same
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356 place where it was killed, or at some other place in the text. You
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357 can yank the text several times in order to make multiple copies of
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358 it. The command to yank is C-y.
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359
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360 Note that the difference between "Killing" and "Deleting" something is
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361 that "Killed" things can be yanked back, and "Deleted" things cannot.
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362 Generally, the commands that can remove a lot of text save the text,
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363 while the commands that delete just one character, or just blank lines
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364 and spaces, do not save the deleted text.
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365
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366 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty.
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367 Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.
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368 >> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline
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369 which follows that line.
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370
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371 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
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372 C-k kills the line itself, and make all the other lines move up. C-k
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373 treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND
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374 their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two
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375 lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.
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376
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377 To retrieve the last killed text and put it where the cursor currently
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378 is, type C-y.
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379
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380 >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
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381
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382 Think of C-y as if you were yanking something back that someone took
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383 away from you. Notice that if you do several C-k's in a row, all of
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384 the killed text is saved together, so that one C-y will yank all of
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385 the lines.
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386
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387 >> Do this now, type C-k several times.
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388
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389 Now to retrieve that killed text:
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390
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391 >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
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392 again. You now see how to copy some text.
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393
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394 What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
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395 you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But
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396 the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y
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397 command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
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398 M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y
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399 again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you have
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400 reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to
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401 keep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where
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402 it is.
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403
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404 If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most
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405 recent kill).
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406
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407 >> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
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408 Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
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409 Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
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410 Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until
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411 the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
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412 If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
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413 arguments.
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414
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415
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577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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416 * UNDO
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417 ------
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418
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419 If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a
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420 mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u.
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421
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422 Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
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423 the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one
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424 additional command.
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425
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426 But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do
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427 not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling
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428 command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups
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429 of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to
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430 type to undo insertion of text.)
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431
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432 >> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.
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433
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434 C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u,
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435 but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage of
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436 C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That
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437 is why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_
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438 by typing / while holding down CONTROL.
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439
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440 A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count.
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441
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442
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parents: 477
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443 * FILES
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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444 -------
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445
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446 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
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447 file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
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25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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448 away. In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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449 before you enter the text. (This is also called "visiting" the file.)
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450
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451 Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within
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452 Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
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453 However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent
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454 until you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving a
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455 half-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even when
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456 you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
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457 you later decide that your changes were a mistake.
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458
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459 If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
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460 begins and ends with dashes, and starts with "--:-- TUTORIAL" or
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461 something like that. This part of the screen normally shows the name
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462 of the file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file
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463 called "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs
e254e01f3113 Mode line format has changed.
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464 tutorial. When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name will
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465 appear in that precise spot.
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466
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467 One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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468 have to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an
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469 argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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470 the file). After you type the command
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471
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472 C-x C-f Find a file
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473
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474 Emacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appears
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475 on the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line is called the
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476 minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can use
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477 ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name.
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478
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479 While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input),
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480 you can cancel the command with C-g.
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481
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482 >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer,
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483 and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
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484 minibuffer. So you do not find any file.
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485
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486 When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to
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487 terminate it. Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file
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488 you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is
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489 finished.
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490
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491 In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can
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492 edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent,
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493 type the command
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494
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495 C-x C-s Save the file
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496
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497 This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you
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498 do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
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499 not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the
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500 original file's name.
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501
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502 When saving is finished, Emacs prints the name of the file written.
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503 You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
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504 work if the system should crash.
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505
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506 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
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507 This should print "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
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508
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509 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
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510 will see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
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511 operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
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512 C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen,
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
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513 type C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
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514 Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
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515
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516 You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also
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517 find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a
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518 file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then
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519 begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the
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diff changeset
520 file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have
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diff changeset
521 inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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522 already existing file.
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523
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524
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diff changeset
525 * BUFFERS
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diff changeset
526 ---------
13
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527
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528 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
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diff changeset
529 inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
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530 C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
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parents:
diff changeset
531
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
532 >> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
533 Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
534 Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
535 to come back to the tutorial.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
536
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
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537 Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer".
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
538 Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
539 buffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type
13
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parents:
diff changeset
540
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parents:
diff changeset
541 C-x C-b List buffers
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
542
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
543 >> Try C-x C-b now.
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parents:
diff changeset
544
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diff changeset
545 See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
546 for the file whose contents it holds. Some buffers do not correspond
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
547 to files. For example, the buffer named "*Buffer List*" does
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
548 not have any file. It is the buffer which contains the buffer
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
549 list that was made by C-x C-b. ANY text you see in an Emacs window
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diff changeset
550 is always part of some buffer.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
551
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parents:
diff changeset
552 >> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
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parents:
diff changeset
553
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parents:
diff changeset
554 If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
555 this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,
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parents:
diff changeset
556 in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's
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parents:
diff changeset
557 buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
558 but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
559 file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
560 it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
561
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parents:
diff changeset
562 C-x s Save some buffers
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parents:
diff changeset
563
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diff changeset
564 C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
565 not saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
566 buffer.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
567
16730
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
568 >> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
569 It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
570 Answer yes to the question by typing "y".
13
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parents:
diff changeset
571
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
572 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
573 ---------------------------
13
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parents:
diff changeset
574
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parents:
diff changeset
575 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
576 on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with
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parents:
diff changeset
577 the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors:
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
578
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
579 C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
580 M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
581
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parents:
diff changeset
582 These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
16730
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
583 commands you have already learned about. You have already seen two of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
584 them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save. Another
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
585 example is the command to end the Emacs session--this is the command
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
586 C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing changes you have made; C-x C-c
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
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587 offers to save each changed file before it kills the Emacs.)
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588
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589 C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
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590 back to the same Emacs session afterward.
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591
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592 On systems which allow it, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns
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parents: 15443
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593 to the shell but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most common
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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594 shells, you can resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'.
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595
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
596 On systems which do not implement suspending, C-z creates a subshell
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597 running under Emacs to give you the chance to run other programs and
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diff changeset
598 return to Emacs afterward; it does not truly "exit" from Emacs. In
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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599 this case, the shell command `exit' is the usual way to get back to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
600 Emacs from the subshell.
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diff changeset
601
4217123670e2 Better info about C-z vs C-x C-c.
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parents: 8128
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602 The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also
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parents: 8128
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603 the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
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604 programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
605 how to cope with suspension of Emacs. In ordinary circumstances,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
606 though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs
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607 with C-z instead of exiting Emacs.
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parents:
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608
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609 There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
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610
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611 C-x C-f Find file.
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612 C-x C-s Save file.
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parents:
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613 C-x C-b List buffers.
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614 C-x C-c Quit Emacs.
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615 C-x u Undo.
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616
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617 Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
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618 frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An
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diff changeset
619 example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one
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620 string with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
621 bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the
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parents: 15443
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622 command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
623 Emacs will complete the name. End the command name with <Return>.
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624
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diff changeset
625 The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
626 replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each
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627 argument with <Return>.
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628
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629 >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
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parents:
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630 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
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631
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632 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
633 the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
634 after the initial position of the cursor.
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635
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636
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637 * AUTO SAVE
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
638 -----------
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
639
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
640 When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
641 they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
642 this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
643 you are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
644 the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
645 file's name is "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way,
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
646 Emacs deletes its auto save file.
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
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diff changeset
647
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
648 If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
649 finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
21494
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
650 save file) and then typing M-x recover file<Return>. When it asks for
34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 21296
diff changeset
651 confirmation, type yes<Return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
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diff changeset
652 data.
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
653
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
654
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655 * ECHO AREA
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
656 -----------
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657
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parents:
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658 If Emacs sees that you are typing commands slowly it shows them to you
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34dea67e7854 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 21296
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659 at the bottom of the screen in an area called the "echo area". The echo
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660 area contains the bottom line of the screen.
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661
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
662
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
663 * MODE LINE
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
664 -----------
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665
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666 The line immediately above the echo area it is called the "mode line".
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diff changeset
667 The mode line says something like this:
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668
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parents: 19772
diff changeset
669 --:** TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
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670
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671 This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
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diff changeset
672 the text you are editing.
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parents:
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673
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674 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
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parents: 15443
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675 found. -NN%-- indicates your current position in the text; it means
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
676 that NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
677 top of the file is on the screen, it will say --Top-- instead of
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
678 --00%--. If the bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
679 --Bot--. If you are looking at text so small that all of it fits on
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
680 the screen, the mode line says --All--.
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681
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parents:
diff changeset
682 The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
683 Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
684 no stars, just dashes.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
685
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parents:
diff changeset
686 The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
16730
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
687 editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
688 what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode".
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
689
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
690 Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for
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parents: 16730
diff changeset
691 editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
692 Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active,
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
693 and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
694 "Fundamental" is now.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
695
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
696 Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example,
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
697 there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
698 programming language has a different idea of what a comment should
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
699 look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
700 major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can
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parents: 16730
diff changeset
701 switch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to
16730
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
702 switch to Fundamental mode.
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parents:
diff changeset
703
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parents:
diff changeset
704 If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, you
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
705 should probably use Text Mode.
21494
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parents: 21296
diff changeset
706 >> Type M-x text mode<Return>.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
707
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
708 Don't worry, none of the commands you have learned changes Emacs in
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
709 any great way. But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
710 apostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
711 M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
712
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diff changeset
713 Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
714 do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
715 differently.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
716
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
717 To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
718
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parents:
diff changeset
719 >> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
720 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
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parents:
diff changeset
721 >> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
722
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
723 Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
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parents: 16730
diff changeset
724 Minor modes are alternatives not to the major modes, just minor
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
725 modifications of them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off by
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
726 itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
727 major mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
728 combination of several minor modes.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
729
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
730 One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing English
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
731 text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs breaks the line
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
732 in between words automatically whenever you insert text and make a
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
733 line that is too wide.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
734
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
735 You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto fill mode<Return>.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
736 When the mode is on, you can turn it off by doing M-x
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
737 auto fill mode<Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns it on,
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
738 and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
739 command "toggles the mode".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
740
21593
98611be1ad61 Use spaces, not dashes, in M-x command.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 21494
diff changeset
741 >> Type M-x auto fill mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf "
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
742 over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
743 spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
744
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
745 The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
746 with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
747 as a numeric argument.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
748
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
749 >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
750 Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
751 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
752 C-x f again.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
753
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
754 If you makes changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
755 does not re-fill it for you.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
756 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (Meta-q) with the cursor inside
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
757 that paragraph.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
758
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
759 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
760
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
761 * SEARCHING
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
762 -----------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
763
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
764 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
765 characters or words) either forward through the text or backward
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
766 through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command;
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
767 it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
768
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
769 The Emacs search command is different from the search commands
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
770 of most editors, in that it is "incremental". This means that the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
771 search happens while you type in the string to search for.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
772
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
773 The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
774 for reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
775
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
776 When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
777 a prompt in the echo area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
778 called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
779 you want to search for. <Return> terminates a search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
780
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
781 >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
782 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
783 character to notice what happens to the cursor.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
784 Now you have searched for "cursor", once.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
785 >> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
786 >> Now type <Delete> four times and see how the cursor moves.
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
787 >> Type <Return> to terminate the search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
788
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
789 Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
790 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
791 go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
792 occurrence exists Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
793 "failing", C-g would also terminate the search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
794
8128
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
795 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
796 see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operating
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
797 system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
798 letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
799 Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
800 Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
801
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
802 If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delete>,
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
803 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
804 and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
805 instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
806 occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
807 to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delete>. This erases
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
808 the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
809 the first occurrence of "c".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
810
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
811 If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
812 character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
813 a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
814
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
815 The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
816 string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
817 something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
818 have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
819 the search is reversed.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
820
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
821
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
822 * MULTIPLE WINDOWS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
823 ------------------
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
824
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
825 One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
826 window on the screen at the same time.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
827
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
828 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
829
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
830 >> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
831 Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
832
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
833 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
834 (If you do not have a real Meta key, type ESC C-v.)
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
835
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
836 >> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
837 >> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
838 Keep reading these directions in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
839
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
840 >> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
841 The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
842
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
843 You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
844 window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
845 shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
846 window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window".
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
847
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
848 The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
849 window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
850 the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
851 through the other window sequentially with C-M-v.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
852
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
853 C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
854 META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META while
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
855 typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first,"
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
856 because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type.
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
857
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
858 If you do not have a real META key, and you use ESC instead, the order
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
859 does matter: you must type ESC followed by Control-v, because
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
860 Control-ESC v will not work. This is because ESC is a character in
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 20125
diff changeset
861 its own right, not a modifier key.
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
862
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
863 >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
864
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
865 (If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
866 of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
867 window--the window I am already in.")
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
868
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
869 You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
870 use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
871 change. You can find a file in each window independently.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
872
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873 Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
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874 things:
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875
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876 >> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
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diff changeset
877 End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom
476
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878 window. The cursor goes there, too.
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879
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880 >> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
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881 the bottom window.
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882
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883
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884 * RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
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diff changeset
885 --------------------------
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886
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887 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
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888 level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
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889 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For
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890 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
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parents:
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891
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7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
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892 To get out of the recursive editing level, type ESC ESC ESC. That is
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
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parents: 15291
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893 an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for eliminating
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
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parents: 15291
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894 extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
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parents:
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895
15443
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
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896 >> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type ESC ESC ESC to get out.
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897
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898 You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is
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899 because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the
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900 recursive editing level.
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901
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902
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903 * GETTING MORE HELP
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diff changeset
904 -------------------
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905
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906 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
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907 get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that
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908 it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want
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909 to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features.
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910 Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs
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911 commands. These "help" commands all start with the character
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912 Control-h, which is called "the Help character".
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913
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914 To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a
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915 character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost,
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916 type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
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917 If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
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parents: 4190
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918 type C-g to cancel it.
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919
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diff changeset
920 (Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h. They really
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parents: 17128
diff changeset
921 should not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you have
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diff changeset
922 grounds to complain to the system administrator. Meanwhile, if C-h
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
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parents: 17128
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923 does not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, try
21296
25db4bc0e67e *** empty log message ***
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parents: 20125
diff changeset
924 typing the F1 key or M-x help <Return> instead.)
6597
c78bae220849 Advise about case where C-h is rebound.
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parents: 6276
diff changeset
925
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6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
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926 The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, the character c, and
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
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parents: 17128
diff changeset
927 a command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very brief
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928 description of the command.
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929
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930 >> Type C-h c Control-p.
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931 The message should be something like
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diff changeset
932
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933 C-p runs the command previous-line
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934
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935 This tells you the "name of the function". Function names are used
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diff changeset
936 mainly for customizing and extending Emacs. But since function names
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
937 are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
938 very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you
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diff changeset
939 have already learned.
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940
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941 Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
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6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
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diff changeset
942 EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
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parents:
diff changeset
943
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diff changeset
944 To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
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diff changeset
945
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diff changeset
946 >> Type C-h k Control-p.
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diff changeset
947
477
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diff changeset
948 This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
949 name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
950 output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have
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parents: 476
diff changeset
951 to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring
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diff changeset
952 to the help text, and then type C-x 1.
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diff changeset
953
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954 Here are some other useful C-h options:
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diff changeset
955
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956 C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the
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diff changeset
957 function.
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diff changeset
958
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959 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
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960 This prints all the information Emacs has about the
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2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
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parents: 4190
diff changeset
961 function which implements the C-p command.
13
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diff changeset
962
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963 C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
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diff changeset
964 all the commands whose names contain that keyword.
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diff changeset
965 These commands can all be invoked with Meta-x.
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parents:
diff changeset
966 For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one
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967 or two character sequence which runs the same command.
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diff changeset
968
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
969 >> Type C-h a file<Return>.
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diff changeset
970
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diff changeset
971 This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file"
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
972 in their names. You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
973 beside the corresponding command names such as find-file.
477
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 476
diff changeset
974
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 476
diff changeset
975 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times.
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 476
diff changeset
976
ab9a55b26bd4 *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
977 >> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.
13
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diff changeset
978
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diff changeset
979
1375
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diff changeset
980 * CONCLUSION
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diff changeset
981 ------------
13
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parents:
diff changeset
982
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diff changeset
983 Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell
16730
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diff changeset
984 temporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
985
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parents:
diff changeset
986 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
987 you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
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parents:
diff changeset
988
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parents:
diff changeset
989
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diff changeset
990 COPYING
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parents:
diff changeset
991 -------
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parents:
diff changeset
992
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parents:
diff changeset
993 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
994 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
995
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parents:
diff changeset
996 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
997 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
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parents:
diff changeset
998
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diff changeset
999 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation
13
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parents:
diff changeset
1000
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parents:
diff changeset
1001 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
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parents:
diff changeset
1002 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1003 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1004 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1005 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1006
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parents:
diff changeset
1007 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1008 of this document, or of portions of it,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1009 under the above conditions, provided also that they
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1010 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
1011
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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diff changeset
1012 The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1013 same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1014 GNU Emacs to your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
1015 ("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!