Mercurial > emacs
annotate lispref/vol2.texi @ 79750:a1e16e813aed
Add 2008 to copyright years.
author | Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org> |
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date | Mon, 07 Jan 2008 08:49:10 +0000 |
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rev | line source |
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1 \input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*- |
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2 @c This file is used for printing the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual |
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3 @c in two volumes. It is a modified version of elisp.texi. |
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4 @c Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1998, 1999, 2001, |
79750 | 5 @c 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
41130 | 6 @c %**start of header |
7 @setfilename elisp | |
8 @settitle GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual: Volume 2 | |
9 @c %**end of header | |
10 | |
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11 @c See two-volume-cross-refs.txt. |
41130 | 12 @tex |
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13 \message{Formatting for two volume edition...Volume 2...} |
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14 % |
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15 % Read special toc file, set up in two-volume.make. |
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16 \gdef\tocreadfilename{elisp2-toc-ready.toc} |
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17 % |
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18 % Don't make outlines, they're not needed and \readdatafile can't pay |
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19 % attention to the special definition above. |
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20 \global\let\pdfmakeoutlines=\relax |
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21 % |
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22 % Start volume 2 chapter numbering at 27; this must be listed as chapno26 |
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23 \global\chapno=26 |
41130 | 24 @end tex |
25 | |
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26 @c Version of the manual and of Emacs. |
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27 @c Please remember to update the edition number in README as well. |
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28 @set VERSION 2.9 |
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29 @set EMACSVER 22 |
41130 | 30 |
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31 @dircategory Emacs |
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32 @direntry |
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33 * Elisp: (elisp). The Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. |
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34 @end direntry |
41130 | 35 |
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36 @c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a |
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37 @c copy of this manual that will be published. the manual should go |
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38 @c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size. |
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39 @set smallbook |
41130 | 40 |
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41 @ifset smallbook |
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42 @smallbook |
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43 @end ifset |
41130 | 44 |
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45 @c per rms and peterb, use 10pt fonts for the main text, mostly to |
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46 @c save on paper cost. |
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47 @c Do this inside @tex for now, so current makeinfo does not complain. |
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48 @tex |
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49 @ifset smallbook |
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50 @fonttextsize 10 |
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51 \global\let\urlcolor=\Black % don't print links in grayscale |
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52 \global\let\linkcolor=\Black |
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53 @end ifset |
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54 \global\hbadness=6666 % don't worry about not-too-underfull boxes |
41130 | 55 @end tex |
56 | |
57 @c Combine indices. | |
58 @synindex cp fn | |
59 @syncodeindex vr fn | |
60 @syncodeindex ky fn | |
61 @syncodeindex pg fn | |
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62 @c We use the "type index" to index new functions and variables. |
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63 @c @syncodeindex tp fn |
41130 | 64 |
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65 @copying |
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66 This is edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual,@* |
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67 corresponding to Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
41130 | 68 |
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69 Copyright @copyright{} 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, |
79750 | 70 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software |
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71 Foundation, Inc. |
41130 | 72 |
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73 @quotation |
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74 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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75 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or |
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76 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the |
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77 Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License,'' with the |
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78 Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual,'' and with the Back-Cover |
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79 Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the |
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80 section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License.'' |
41130 | 81 |
78048 | 82 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You are free to copy and modify |
83 this GNU Manual. Buying copies from GNU Press supports the FSF in | |
84 developing GNU and promoting software freedom.'' | |
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85 @end quotation |
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86 @end copying |
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87 |
41130 | 88 @titlepage |
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89 @title GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual |
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90 @subtitle Volume 2 |
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91 @subtitle For Emacs Version @value{EMACSVER} |
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92 @subtitle Revision @value{VERSION}, June 2007 |
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93 |
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94 @author by Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte, Richard Stallman |
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95 @author and the GNU Manual Group |
41130 | 96 @page |
97 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
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98 @insertcopying |
41130 | 99 |
100 @sp 2 | |
101 Published by the Free Software Foundation @* | |
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102 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor @* |
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103 Boston, MA 02110-1301 @* |
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104 USA @* |
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105 ISBN 1-882114-74-4 |
41130 | 106 |
107 @sp 2 | |
108 Cover art by Etienne Suvasa. | |
109 @end titlepage | |
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110 |
41130 | 111 |
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112 @c Print the tables of contents |
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113 @summarycontents |
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114 @contents |
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115 |
41130 | 116 |
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117 @ifnottex |
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118 @node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir) |
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119 @top Emacs Lisp |
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120 |
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121 This Info file contains edition @value{VERSION} of the GNU Emacs Lisp |
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122 Reference Manual, corresponding to GNU Emacs version @value{EMACSVER}. |
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123 @end ifnottex |
41130 | 124 |
125 @menu | |
126 * Introduction:: Introduction and conventions used. | |
127 | |
128 * Lisp Data Types:: Data types of objects in Emacs Lisp. | |
129 * Numbers:: Numbers and arithmetic functions. | |
130 * Strings and Characters:: Strings, and functions that work on them. | |
131 * Lists:: Lists, cons cells, and related functions. | |
132 * Sequences Arrays Vectors:: Lists, strings and vectors are called sequences. | |
133 Certain functions act on any kind of sequence. | |
134 The description of vectors is here as well. | |
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135 * Hash Tables:: Very fast lookup-tables. |
41130 | 136 * Symbols:: Symbols represent names, uniquely. |
137 | |
138 * Evaluation:: How Lisp expressions are evaluated. | |
139 * Control Structures:: Conditionals, loops, nonlocal exits. | |
140 * Variables:: Using symbols in programs to stand for values. | |
141 * Functions:: A function is a Lisp program | |
142 that can be invoked from other functions. | |
143 * Macros:: Macros are a way to extend the Lisp language. | |
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144 * Customization:: Writing customization declarations. |
41130 | 145 |
146 * Loading:: Reading files of Lisp code into Lisp. | |
147 * Byte Compilation:: Compilation makes programs run faster. | |
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148 * Advising Functions:: Adding to the definition of a function. |
41130 | 149 * Debugging:: Tools and tips for debugging Lisp programs. |
150 | |
151 * Read and Print:: Converting Lisp objects to text and back. | |
152 * Minibuffers:: Using the minibuffer to read input. | |
153 * Command Loop:: How the editor command loop works, | |
154 and how you can call its subroutines. | |
155 * Keymaps:: Defining the bindings from keys to commands. | |
156 * Modes:: Defining major and minor modes. | |
157 * Documentation:: Writing and using documentation strings. | |
158 | |
159 * Files:: Accessing files. | |
160 * Backups and Auto-Saving:: Controlling how backups and auto-save | |
161 files are made. | |
162 * Buffers:: Creating and using buffer objects. | |
163 * Windows:: Manipulating windows and displaying buffers. | |
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164 * Frames:: Making multiple system-level windows. |
41130 | 165 * Positions:: Buffer positions and motion functions. |
166 * Markers:: Markers represent positions and update | |
167 automatically when the text is changed. | |
168 | |
169 * Text:: Examining and changing text in buffers. | |
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170 * Non-ASCII Characters:: Non-ASCII text in buffers and strings. |
41130 | 171 * Searching and Matching:: Searching buffers for strings or regexps. |
172 * Syntax Tables:: The syntax table controls word and list parsing. | |
173 * Abbrevs:: How Abbrev mode works, and its data structures. | |
174 | |
175 * Processes:: Running and communicating with subprocesses. | |
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176 * Display:: Features for controlling the screen display. |
41130 | 177 * System Interface:: Getting the user id, system type, environment |
178 variables, and other such things. | |
179 | |
180 Appendices | |
181 | |
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182 * Antinews:: Info for users downgrading to Emacs 21. |
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183 * GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation |
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184 * GPL:: Conditions for copying and changing GNU Emacs. |
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185 * Tips:: Advice and coding conventions for Emacs Lisp. |
41130 | 186 * GNU Emacs Internals:: Building and dumping Emacs; |
187 internal data structures. | |
188 * Standard Errors:: List of all error symbols. | |
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189 * Standard Buffer-Local Variables:: |
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190 List of variables buffer-local in all buffers. |
41130 | 191 * Standard Keymaps:: List of standard keymaps. |
192 * Standard Hooks:: List of standard hook variables. | |
193 | |
194 * Index:: Index including concepts, functions, variables, | |
195 and other terms. | |
196 | |
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197 @ignore |
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198 * New Symbols:: New functions and variables in Emacs @value{EMACSVER}. |
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199 @end ignore |
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200 |
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201 @c Do NOT modify the following 3 lines! They must have this form to |
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202 @c be correctly identified by `texinfo-multiple-files-update'. In |
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203 @c particular, the detailed menu header line MUST be identical to the |
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204 @c value of `texinfo-master-menu-header'. See texnfo-upd.el. |
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205 |
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206 @detailmenu |
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207 --- The Detailed Node Listing --- |
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208 --------------------------------- |
41130 | 209 |
210 Here are other nodes that are inferiors of those already listed, | |
211 mentioned here so you can get to them in one step: | |
212 | |
213 Introduction | |
214 | |
215 * Caveats:: Flaws and a request for help. | |
216 * Lisp History:: Emacs Lisp is descended from Maclisp. | |
217 * Conventions:: How the manual is formatted. | |
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218 * Version Info:: Which Emacs version is running? |
41130 | 219 * Acknowledgements:: The authors, editors, and sponsors of this manual. |
220 | |
221 Conventions | |
222 | |
223 * Some Terms:: Explanation of terms we use in this manual. | |
224 * nil and t:: How the symbols @code{nil} and @code{t} are used. | |
225 * Evaluation Notation:: The format we use for examples of evaluation. | |
226 * Printing Notation:: The format we use for examples that print output. | |
227 * Error Messages:: The format we use for examples of errors. | |
228 * Buffer Text Notation:: The format we use for buffer contents in examples. | |
229 * Format of Descriptions:: Notation for describing functions, variables, etc. | |
230 | |
231 Format of Descriptions | |
232 | |
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233 * A Sample Function Description:: A description of an imaginary |
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234 function, @code{foo}. |
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235 * A Sample Variable Description:: A description of an imaginary |
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236 variable, @code{electric-future-map}. |
41130 | 237 |
238 Lisp Data Types | |
239 | |
240 * Printed Representation:: How Lisp objects are represented as text. | |
241 * Comments:: Comments and their formatting conventions. | |
242 * Programming Types:: Types found in all Lisp systems. | |
243 * Editing Types:: Types specific to Emacs. | |
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244 * Circular Objects:: Read syntax for circular structure. |
41130 | 245 * Type Predicates:: Tests related to types. |
246 * Equality Predicates:: Tests of equality between any two objects. | |
247 | |
248 Programming Types | |
249 | |
250 * Integer Type:: Numbers without fractional parts. | |
251 * Floating Point Type:: Numbers with fractional parts and with a large range. | |
252 * Character Type:: The representation of letters, numbers and | |
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253 control characters. |
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254 * Symbol Type:: A multi-use object that refers to a function, |
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255 variable, property list, or itself. |
41130 | 256 * Sequence Type:: Both lists and arrays are classified as sequences. |
257 * Cons Cell Type:: Cons cells, and lists (which are made from cons cells). | |
258 * Array Type:: Arrays include strings and vectors. | |
259 * String Type:: An (efficient) array of characters. | |
260 * Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays. | |
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261 * Char-Table Type:: One-dimensional sparse arrays indexed by characters. |
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262 * Bool-Vector Type:: One-dimensional arrays of @code{t} or @code{nil}. |
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263 * Hash Table Type:: Super-fast lookup tables. |
41130 | 264 * Function Type:: A piece of executable code you can call from elsewhere. |
265 * Macro Type:: A method of expanding an expression into another | |
266 expression, more fundamental but less pretty. | |
267 * Primitive Function Type:: A function written in C, callable from Lisp. | |
268 * Byte-Code Type:: A function written in Lisp, then compiled. | |
269 * Autoload Type:: A type used for automatically loading seldom-used | |
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270 functions. |
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271 |
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272 Character Type |
41130 | 273 |
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274 * Basic Char Syntax:: Syntax for regular characters. |
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275 * General Escape Syntax:: How to specify characters by their codes. |
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276 * Ctl-Char Syntax:: Syntax for control characters. |
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277 * Meta-Char Syntax:: Syntax for meta-characters. |
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278 * Other Char Bits:: Syntax for hyper-, super-, and alt-characters. |
41130 | 279 |
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280 Cons Cell and List Types |
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281 |
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282 * Box Diagrams:: Drawing pictures of lists. |
41130 | 283 * Dotted Pair Notation:: An alternative syntax for lists. |
284 * Association List Type:: A specially constructed list. | |
285 | |
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286 String Type |
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287 |
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288 * Syntax for Strings:: How to specify Lisp strings. |
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289 * Non-ASCII in Strings:: International characters in strings. |
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290 * Nonprinting Characters:: Literal unprintable characters in strings. |
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291 * Text Props and Strings:: Strings with text properties. |
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292 |
41130 | 293 Editing Types |
294 | |
295 * Buffer Type:: The basic object of editing. | |
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296 * Marker Type:: A position in a buffer. |
41130 | 297 * Window Type:: What makes buffers visible. |
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298 * Frame Type:: Windows subdivide frames. |
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299 * Window Configuration Type:: Recording the way a frame is subdivided. |
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300 * Frame Configuration Type:: Recording the status of all frames. |
41130 | 301 * Process Type:: A process running on the underlying OS. |
302 * Stream Type:: Receive or send characters. | |
303 * Keymap Type:: What function a keystroke invokes. | |
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304 * Overlay Type:: How an overlay is represented. |
41130 | 305 |
306 Numbers | |
307 | |
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308 * Integer Basics:: Representation and range of integers. |
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309 * Float Basics:: Representation and range of floating point. |
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310 * Predicates on Numbers:: Testing for numbers. |
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311 * Comparison of Numbers:: Equality and inequality predicates. |
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312 * Numeric Conversions:: Converting float to integer and vice versa. |
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313 * Arithmetic Operations:: How to add, subtract, multiply and divide. |
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314 * Rounding Operations:: Explicitly rounding floating point numbers. |
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315 * Bitwise Operations:: Logical and, or, not, shifting. |
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316 * Math Functions:: Trig, exponential and logarithmic functions. |
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317 * Random Numbers:: Obtaining random integers, predictable or not. |
41130 | 318 |
319 Strings and Characters | |
320 | |
321 * String Basics:: Basic properties of strings and characters. | |
322 * Predicates for Strings:: Testing whether an object is a string or char. | |
323 * Creating Strings:: Functions to allocate new strings. | |
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324 * Modifying Strings:: Altering the contents of an existing string. |
41130 | 325 * Text Comparison:: Comparing characters or strings. |
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326 * String Conversion:: Converting characters to strings and vice versa. |
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327 * Formatting Strings:: @code{format}: Emacs's analogue of @code{printf}. |
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328 * Case Conversion:: Case conversion functions. |
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329 * Case Tables:: Customizing case conversion. |
41130 | 330 |
331 Lists | |
332 | |
333 * Cons Cells:: How lists are made out of cons cells. | |
334 * List-related Predicates:: Is this object a list? Comparing two lists. | |
335 * List Elements:: Extracting the pieces of a list. | |
336 * Building Lists:: Creating list structure. | |
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337 * List Variables:: Modifying lists stored in variables. |
41130 | 338 * Modifying Lists:: Storing new pieces into an existing list. |
339 * Sets And Lists:: A list can represent a finite mathematical set. | |
340 * Association Lists:: A list can represent a finite relation or mapping. | |
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341 * Rings:: Managing a fixed-size ring of objects. |
41130 | 342 |
343 Modifying Existing List Structure | |
344 | |
345 * Setcar:: Replacing an element in a list. | |
346 * Setcdr:: Replacing part of the list backbone. | |
347 This can be used to remove or add elements. | |
348 * Rearrangement:: Reordering the elements in a list; combining lists. | |
349 | |
350 Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors | |
351 | |
352 * Sequence Functions:: Functions that accept any kind of sequence. | |
353 * Arrays:: Characteristics of arrays in Emacs Lisp. | |
354 * Array Functions:: Functions specifically for arrays. | |
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355 * Vectors:: Special characteristics of Emacs Lisp vectors. |
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356 * Vector Functions:: Functions specifically for vectors. |
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357 * Char-Tables:: How to work with char-tables. |
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358 * Bool-Vectors:: How to work with bool-vectors. |
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359 |
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360 Hash Tables |
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361 |
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362 * Creating Hash:: Functions to create hash tables. |
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363 * Hash Access:: Reading and writing the hash table contents. |
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364 * Defining Hash:: Defining new comparison methods |
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365 * Other Hash:: Miscellaneous. |
41130 | 366 |
367 Symbols | |
368 | |
369 * Symbol Components:: Symbols have names, values, function definitions | |
370 and property lists. | |
371 * Definitions:: A definition says how a symbol will be used. | |
372 * Creating Symbols:: How symbols are kept unique. | |
373 * Property Lists:: Each symbol has a property list | |
374 for recording miscellaneous information. | |
375 | |
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376 Property Lists |
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377 |
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378 * Plists and Alists:: Comparison of the advantages of property |
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379 lists and association lists. |
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380 * Symbol Plists:: Functions to access symbols' property lists. |
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381 * Other Plists:: Accessing property lists stored elsewhere. |
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382 |
41130 | 383 Evaluation |
384 | |
385 * Intro Eval:: Evaluation in the scheme of things. | |
386 * Forms:: How various sorts of objects are evaluated. | |
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387 * Quoting:: Avoiding evaluation (to put constants in |
41130 | 388 the program). |
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389 * Eval:: How to invoke the Lisp interpreter explicitly. |
41130 | 390 |
391 Kinds of Forms | |
392 | |
393 * Self-Evaluating Forms:: Forms that evaluate to themselves. | |
394 * Symbol Forms:: Symbols evaluate as variables. | |
395 * Classifying Lists:: How to distinguish various sorts of list forms. | |
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396 * Function Indirection:: When a symbol appears as the car of a list, |
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397 we find the real function via the symbol. |
41130 | 398 * Function Forms:: Forms that call functions. |
399 * Macro Forms:: Forms that call macros. | |
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400 * Special Forms:: "Special forms" are idiosyncratic primitives, |
41130 | 401 most of them extremely important. |
402 * Autoloading:: Functions set up to load files | |
403 containing their real definitions. | |
404 | |
405 Control Structures | |
406 | |
407 * Sequencing:: Evaluation in textual order. | |
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408 * Conditionals:: @code{if}, @code{cond}, @code{when}, @code{unless}. |
41130 | 409 * Combining Conditions:: @code{and}, @code{or}, @code{not}. |
410 * Iteration:: @code{while} loops. | |
411 * Nonlocal Exits:: Jumping out of a sequence. | |
412 | |
413 Nonlocal Exits | |
414 | |
415 * Catch and Throw:: Nonlocal exits for the program's own purposes. | |
416 * Examples of Catch:: Showing how such nonlocal exits can be written. | |
417 * Errors:: How errors are signaled and handled. | |
418 * Cleanups:: Arranging to run a cleanup form if an | |
419 error happens. | |
420 | |
421 Errors | |
422 | |
423 * Signaling Errors:: How to report an error. | |
424 * Processing of Errors:: What Emacs does when you report an error. | |
425 * Handling Errors:: How you can trap errors and continue execution. | |
426 * Error Symbols:: How errors are classified for trapping them. | |
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427 * Standard Errors:: List of all error symbols. |
41130 | 428 |
429 Variables | |
430 | |
431 * Global Variables:: Variable values that exist permanently, everywhere. | |
432 * Constant Variables:: Certain "variables" have values that never change. | |
433 * Local Variables:: Variable values that exist only temporarily. | |
434 * Void Variables:: Symbols that lack values. | |
435 * Defining Variables:: A definition says a symbol is used as a variable. | |
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436 * Tips for Defining:: Things you should think about when you |
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437 define a variable. |
41130 | 438 * Accessing Variables:: Examining values of variables whose names |
439 are known only at run time. | |
440 * Setting Variables:: Storing new values in variables. | |
441 * Variable Scoping:: How Lisp chooses among local and global values. | |
442 * Buffer-Local Variables:: Variable values in effect only in one buffer. | |
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443 * Future Local Variables:: New kinds of local values we might add some day. |
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444 * File Local Variables:: Handling local variable lists in files. |
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445 * Variable Aliases:: Variables that are aliases for other variables. |
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446 * Variables with Restricted Values:: Non-constant variables whose value can |
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447 @emph{not} be an arbitrary Lisp object. |
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448 * Standard Buffer-Local Variables:: |
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449 List of variables buffer-local in all buffers. |
41130 | 450 |
451 Scoping Rules for Variable Bindings | |
452 | |
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453 * Scope:: Scope means where in the program a value |
41130 | 454 is visible. Comparison with other languages. |
455 * Extent:: Extent means how long in time a value exists. | |
456 * Impl of Scope:: Two ways to implement dynamic scoping. | |
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457 * Using Scoping:: How to use dynamic scoping carefully and |
41130 | 458 avoid problems. |
459 | |
460 Buffer-Local Variables | |
461 | |
462 * Intro to Buffer-Local:: Introduction and concepts. | |
463 * Creating Buffer-Local:: Creating and destroying buffer-local bindings. | |
464 * Default Value:: The default value is seen in buffers | |
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465 that don't have their own buffer-local values. |
41130 | 466 |
467 Functions | |
468 | |
469 * What Is a Function:: Lisp functions vs primitives; terminology. | |
470 * Lambda Expressions:: How functions are expressed as Lisp objects. | |
471 * Function Names:: A symbol can serve as the name of a function. | |
472 * Defining Functions:: Lisp expressions for defining functions. | |
473 * Calling Functions:: How to use an existing function. | |
474 * Mapping Functions:: Applying a function to each element of a list, etc. | |
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475 * Anonymous Functions:: Lambda-expressions are functions with no names. |
41130 | 476 * Function Cells:: Accessing or setting the function definition |
477 of a symbol. | |
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478 * Obsolete Functions:: Declaring functions obsolete. |
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479 * Inline Functions:: Defining functions that the compiler will open code. |
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480 * Function Safety:: Determining whether a function is safe to call. |
41130 | 481 * Related Topics:: Cross-references to specific Lisp primitives |
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482 that have a special bearing on how |
41130 | 483 functions work. |
484 | |
485 Lambda Expressions | |
486 | |
487 * Lambda Components:: The parts of a lambda expression. | |
488 * Simple Lambda:: A simple example. | |
489 * Argument List:: Details and special features of argument lists. | |
490 * Function Documentation:: How to put documentation in a function. | |
491 | |
492 Macros | |
493 | |
494 * Simple Macro:: A basic example. | |
495 * Expansion:: How, when and why macros are expanded. | |
496 * Compiling Macros:: How macros are expanded by the compiler. | |
497 * Defining Macros:: How to write a macro definition. | |
498 * Backquote:: Easier construction of list structure. | |
499 * Problems with Macros:: Don't evaluate the macro arguments too many times. | |
500 Don't hide the user's variables. | |
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501 * Indenting Macros:: Specifying how to indent macro calls. |
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502 |
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503 Common Problems Using Macros |
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504 |
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505 * Wrong Time:: Do the work in the expansion, not in the macro. |
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506 * Argument Evaluation:: The expansion should evaluate each macro arg once. |
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507 * Surprising Local Vars:: Local variable bindings in the expansion |
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508 require special care. |
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509 * Eval During Expansion:: Don't evaluate them; put them in the expansion. |
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510 * Repeated Expansion:: Avoid depending on how many times expansion is done. |
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511 |
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512 Writing Customization Definitions |
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513 |
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514 * Common Keywords:: Common keyword arguments for all kinds of |
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515 customization declarations. |
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516 * Group Definitions:: Writing customization group definitions. |
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517 * Variable Definitions:: Declaring user options. |
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518 * Customization Types:: Specifying the type of a user option. |
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519 |
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520 Customization Types |
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521 |
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522 * Simple Types:: Simple customization types: sexp, integer, number, |
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523 string, file, directory, alist. |
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524 * Composite Types:: Build new types from other types or data. |
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525 * Splicing into Lists:: Splice elements into list with @code{:inline}. |
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526 * Type Keywords:: Keyword-argument pairs in a customization type. |
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527 * Defining New Types:: Give your type a name. |
41130 | 528 |
529 Loading | |
530 | |
531 * How Programs Do Loading:: The @code{load} function and others. | |
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532 * Load Suffixes:: Details about the suffixes that @code{load} tries. |
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533 * Library Search:: Finding a library to load. |
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534 * Loading Non-ASCII:: Non-@acronym{ASCII} characters in Emacs Lisp files. |
41130 | 535 * Autoload:: Setting up a function to autoload. |
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536 * Repeated Loading:: Precautions about loading a file twice. |
41130 | 537 * Named Features:: Loading a library if it isn't already loaded. |
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538 * Where Defined:: Finding which file defined a certain symbol. |
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539 * Unloading:: How to "unload" a library that was loaded. |
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540 * Hooks for Loading:: Providing code to be run when |
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541 particular libraries are loaded. |
41130 | 542 |
543 Byte Compilation | |
544 | |
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545 * Speed of Byte-Code:: An example of speedup from byte compilation. |
41130 | 546 * Compilation Functions:: Byte compilation functions. |
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547 * Docs and Compilation:: Dynamic loading of documentation strings. |
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548 * Dynamic Loading:: Dynamic loading of individual functions. |
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549 * Eval During Compile:: Code to be evaluated when you compile. |
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550 * Compiler Errors:: Handling compiler error messages. |
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551 * Byte-Code Objects:: The data type used for byte-compiled functions. |
41130 | 552 * Disassembly:: Disassembling byte-code; how to read byte-code. |
553 | |
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554 Advising Emacs Lisp Functions |
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555 |
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556 * Simple Advice:: A simple example to explain the basics of advice. |
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557 * Defining Advice:: Detailed description of @code{defadvice}. |
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558 * Around-Advice:: Wrapping advice around a function's definition. |
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559 * Computed Advice:: ...is to @code{defadvice} as @code{fset} is to @code{defun}. |
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560 * Activation of Advice:: Advice doesn't do anything until you activate it. |
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561 * Enabling Advice:: You can enable or disable each piece of advice. |
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562 * Preactivation:: Preactivation is a way of speeding up the |
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563 loading of compiled advice. |
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564 * Argument Access in Advice:: How advice can access the function's arguments. |
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565 * Advising Primitives:: Accessing arguments when advising a primitive. |
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566 * Combined Definition:: How advice is implemented. |
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567 |
41130 | 568 Debugging Lisp Programs |
569 | |
570 * Debugger:: How the Emacs Lisp debugger is implemented. | |
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571 * Edebug:: A source-level Emacs Lisp debugger. |
41130 | 572 * Syntax Errors:: How to find syntax errors. |
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573 * Test Coverage:: Ensuring you have tested all branches in your code. |
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574 * Compilation Errors:: How to find errors that show up in |
41130 | 575 byte compilation. |
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576 |
41130 | 577 The Lisp Debugger |
578 | |
579 * Error Debugging:: Entering the debugger when an error happens. | |
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580 * Infinite Loops:: Stopping and debugging a program that doesn't exit. |
41130 | 581 * Function Debugging:: Entering it when a certain function is called. |
582 * Explicit Debug:: Entering it at a certain point in the program. | |
583 * Using Debugger:: What the debugger does; what you see while in it. | |
584 * Debugger Commands:: Commands used while in the debugger. | |
585 * Invoking the Debugger:: How to call the function @code{debug}. | |
586 * Internals of Debugger:: Subroutines of the debugger, and global variables. | |
587 | |
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588 Edebug |
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589 |
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590 * Using Edebug:: Introduction to use of Edebug. |
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591 * Instrumenting:: You must instrument your code |
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592 in order to debug it with Edebug. |
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593 * Edebug Execution Modes:: Execution modes, stopping more or less often. |
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594 * Jumping:: Commands to jump to a specified place. |
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595 * Edebug Misc:: Miscellaneous commands. |
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596 * Breaks:: Setting breakpoints to make the program stop. |
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597 * Trapping Errors:: Trapping errors with Edebug. |
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598 * Edebug Views:: Views inside and outside of Edebug. |
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599 * Edebug Eval:: Evaluating expressions within Edebug. |
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600 * Eval List:: Expressions whose values are displayed |
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601 each time you enter Edebug. |
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602 * Printing in Edebug:: Customization of printing. |
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603 * Trace Buffer:: How to produce trace output in a buffer. |
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604 * Coverage Testing:: How to test evaluation coverage. |
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605 * The Outside Context:: Data that Edebug saves and restores. |
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606 * Edebug and Macros:: Specifying how to handle macro calls. |
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607 * Edebug Options:: Option variables for customizing Edebug. |
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608 |
41130 | 609 Debugging Invalid Lisp Syntax |
610 | |
611 * Excess Open:: How to find a spurious open paren or missing close. | |
612 * Excess Close:: How to find a spurious close paren or missing open. | |
613 | |
614 Reading and Printing Lisp Objects | |
615 | |
616 * Streams Intro:: Overview of streams, reading and printing. | |
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617 * Input Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
41130 | 618 input streams. |
619 * Input Functions:: Functions to read Lisp objects from text. | |
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620 * Output Streams:: Various data types that can be used as |
41130 | 621 output streams. |
622 * Output Functions:: Functions to print Lisp objects as text. | |
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623 * Output Variables:: Variables that control what the printing |
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624 functions do. |
41130 | 625 |
626 Minibuffers | |
627 | |
628 * Intro to Minibuffers:: Basic information about minibuffers. | |
629 * Text from Minibuffer:: How to read a straight text string. | |
630 * Object from Minibuffer:: How to read a Lisp object or expression. | |
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631 * Minibuffer History:: Recording previous minibuffer inputs |
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632 so the user can reuse them. |
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633 * Initial Input:: Specifying initial contents for the minibuffer. |
41130 | 634 * Completion:: How to invoke and customize completion. |
635 * Yes-or-No Queries:: Asking a question with a simple answer. | |
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636 * Multiple Queries:: Asking a series of similar questions. |
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637 * Reading a Password:: Reading a password from the terminal. |
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638 * Minibuffer Commands:: Commands used as key bindings in minibuffers. |
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639 * Minibuffer Contents:: How such commands access the minibuffer text. |
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640 * Minibuffer Windows:: Operating on the special minibuffer windows. |
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641 * Recursive Mini:: Whether recursive entry to minibuffer is allowed. |
41130 | 642 * Minibuffer Misc:: Various customization hooks and variables. |
643 | |
644 Completion | |
645 | |
646 * Basic Completion:: Low-level functions for completing strings. | |
647 (These are too low level to use the minibuffer.) | |
648 * Minibuffer Completion:: Invoking the minibuffer with completion. | |
649 * Completion Commands:: Minibuffer commands that do completion. | |
650 * High-Level Completion:: Convenient special cases of completion | |
651 (reading buffer name, file name, etc.) | |
652 * Reading File Names:: Using completion to read file names. | |
653 * Programmed Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
654 | |
655 Command Loop | |
656 | |
657 * Command Overview:: How the command loop reads commands. | |
658 * Defining Commands:: Specifying how a function should read arguments. | |
659 * Interactive Call:: Calling a command, so that it will read arguments. | |
660 * Command Loop Info:: Variables set by the command loop for you to examine. | |
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661 * Adjusting Point:: Adjustment of point after a command. |
41130 | 662 * Input Events:: What input looks like when you read it. |
663 * Reading Input:: How to read input events from the keyboard or mouse. | |
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664 * Special Events:: Events processed immediately and individually. |
41130 | 665 * Waiting:: Waiting for user input or elapsed time. |
666 * Quitting:: How @kbd{C-g} works. How to catch or defer quitting. | |
667 * Prefix Command Arguments:: How the commands to set prefix args work. | |
668 * Recursive Editing:: Entering a recursive edit, | |
669 and why you usually shouldn't. | |
670 * Disabling Commands:: How the command loop handles disabled commands. | |
671 * Command History:: How the command history is set up, and how accessed. | |
672 * Keyboard Macros:: How keyboard macros are implemented. | |
673 | |
674 Defining Commands | |
675 | |
676 * Using Interactive:: General rules for @code{interactive}. | |
677 * Interactive Codes:: The standard letter-codes for reading arguments | |
678 in various ways. | |
679 * Interactive Examples:: Examples of how to read interactive arguments. | |
680 | |
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681 Input Events |
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682 |
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683 * Keyboard Events:: Ordinary characters--keys with symbols on them. |
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684 * Function Keys:: Function keys--keys with names, not symbols. |
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685 * Mouse Events:: Overview of mouse events. |
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686 * Click Events:: Pushing and releasing a mouse button. |
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687 * Drag Events:: Moving the mouse before releasing the button. |
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688 * Button-Down Events:: A button was pushed and not yet released. |
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689 * Repeat Events:: Double and triple click (or drag, or down). |
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690 * Motion Events:: Just moving the mouse, not pushing a button. |
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691 * Focus Events:: Moving the mouse between frames. |
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692 * Misc Events:: Other events the system can generate. |
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693 * Event Examples:: Examples of the lists for mouse events. |
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694 * Classifying Events:: Finding the modifier keys in an event symbol. |
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695 * Accessing Events:: Functions to extract info from events. |
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696 * Strings of Events:: Special considerations for putting |
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697 keyboard character events in a string. |
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698 |
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699 Reading Input |
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700 |
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701 * Key Sequence Input:: How to read one key sequence. |
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702 * Reading One Event:: How to read just one event. |
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703 * Event Mod:: How Emacs modifies events as they are read. |
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704 * Invoking the Input Method:: How reading an event uses the input method. |
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705 * Quoted Character Input:: Asking the user to specify a character. |
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706 * Event Input Misc:: How to reread or throw away input events. |
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707 |
41130 | 708 Keymaps |
709 | |
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710 * Key Sequences:: Key sequences as Lisp objects. |
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711 * Keymap Basics:: Basic concepts of keymaps. |
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712 * Format of Keymaps:: What a keymap looks like as a Lisp object. |
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713 * Creating Keymaps:: Functions to create and copy keymaps. |
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714 * Inheritance and Keymaps:: How one keymap can inherit the bindings |
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715 of another keymap. |
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716 * Prefix Keys:: Defining a key with a keymap as its definition. |
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717 * Active Keymaps:: How Emacs searches the active keymaps |
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718 for a key binding. |
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719 * Searching Keymaps:: A pseudo-Lisp summary of searching active maps. |
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720 * Controlling Active Maps:: Each buffer has a local keymap |
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721 to override the standard (global) bindings. |
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722 A minor mode can also override them. |
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723 * Key Lookup:: How extracting elements from keymaps works. |
41130 | 724 * Functions for Key Lookup:: How to request key lookup. |
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725 * Changing Key Bindings:: Redefining a key in a keymap. |
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726 * Remapping Commands:: A keymap can translate one command to another. |
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727 * Translation Keymaps:: Keymaps for translating sequences of events. |
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728 * Key Binding Commands:: Interactive interfaces for redefining keys. |
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729 * Scanning Keymaps:: Looking through all keymaps, for printing help. |
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730 * Menu Keymaps:: A keymap can define a menu for X |
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731 or for use from the terminal. |
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732 * Standard Keymaps:: List of standard keymaps. |
41130 | 733 |
734 Major and Minor Modes | |
735 | |
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736 * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that |
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737 provides hooks. |
41130 | 738 * Major Modes:: Defining major modes. |
739 * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes. | |
740 * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line. | |
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741 * Imenu:: How a mode can provide a menu |
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742 of definitions in the buffer. |
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743 * Font Lock Mode:: How modes can highlight text according to syntax. |
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744 * Desktop Save Mode:: How modes can have buffer state saved between |
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745 Emacs sessions. |
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746 |
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747 Menu Keymaps |
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748 |
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749 * Defining Menus:: How to make a keymap that defines a menu. |
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750 * Mouse Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the mouse. |
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751 * Keyboard Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the keyboard. |
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752 * Menu Example:: Making a simple menu. |
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753 * Menu Bar:: How to customize the menu bar. |
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754 * Tool Bar:: A tool bar is a row of images. |
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755 * Modifying Menus:: How to add new items to a menu. |
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756 |
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757 Defining Menus |
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758 |
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759 * Simple Menu Items:: A simple kind of menu key binding, |
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760 limited in capabilities. |
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761 * Extended Menu Items:: More powerful menu item definitions |
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762 let you specify keywords to enable |
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763 various features. |
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764 * Menu Separators:: Drawing a horizontal line through a menu. |
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765 * Alias Menu Items:: Using command aliases in menu items. |
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766 |
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767 Major and Minor Modes |
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768 |
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769 * Hooks:: How to use hooks; how to write code that provides hooks. |
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770 * Major Modes:: Defining major modes. |
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771 * Minor Modes:: Defining minor modes. |
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772 * Mode Line Format:: Customizing the text that appears in the mode line. |
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773 * Imenu:: How a mode can provide a menu |
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774 of definitions in the buffer. |
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775 * Font Lock Mode:: How modes can highlight text according to syntax. |
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776 * Desktop Save Mode:: How modes can have buffer state saved between |
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777 Emacs sessions. |
41130 | 778 |
779 Major Modes | |
780 | |
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781 * Major Mode Basics:: |
41130 | 782 * Major Mode Conventions:: Coding conventions for keymaps, etc. |
783 * Example Major Modes:: Text mode and Lisp modes. | |
784 * Auto Major Mode:: How Emacs chooses the major mode automatically. | |
785 * Mode Help:: Finding out how to use a mode. | |
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786 * Derived Modes:: Defining a new major mode based on another major |
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787 mode. |
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788 * Generic Modes:: Defining a simple major mode that supports |
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789 comment syntax and Font Lock mode. |
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790 * Mode Hooks:: Hooks run at the end of major mode functions. |
41130 | 791 |
792 Minor Modes | |
793 | |
794 * Minor Mode Conventions:: Tips for writing a minor mode. | |
795 * Keymaps and Minor Modes:: How a minor mode can have its own keymap. | |
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796 * Defining Minor Modes:: A convenient facility for defining minor modes. |
41130 | 797 |
798 Mode Line Format | |
799 | |
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800 * Mode Line Basics:: |
41130 | 801 * Mode Line Data:: The data structure that controls the mode line. |
802 * Mode Line Variables:: Variables used in that data structure. | |
803 * %-Constructs:: Putting information into a mode line. | |
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804 * Properties in Mode:: Using text properties in the mode line. |
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805 * Header Lines:: Like a mode line, but at the top. |
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806 * Emulating Mode Line:: Formatting text as the mode line would. |
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807 |
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808 Font Lock Mode |
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809 |
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810 * Font Lock Basics:: Overview of customizing Font Lock. |
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811 * Search-based Fontification:: Fontification based on regexps. |
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812 * Customizing Keywords:: Customizing search-based fontification. |
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813 * Other Font Lock Variables:: Additional customization facilities. |
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814 * Levels of Font Lock:: Each mode can define alternative levels |
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815 so that the user can select more or less. |
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816 * Precalculated Fontification:: How Lisp programs that produce the buffer |
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817 contents can also specify how to fontify it. |
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818 * Faces for Font Lock:: Special faces specifically for Font Lock. |
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819 * Syntactic Font Lock:: Fontification based on syntax tables. |
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820 * Setting Syntax Properties:: Defining character syntax based on context |
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821 using the Font Lock mechanism. |
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822 * Multiline Font Lock:: How to coerce Font Lock into properly |
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823 highlighting multiline constructs. |
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824 |
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825 Multiline Font Lock Constructs |
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826 |
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827 * Font Lock Multiline:: Marking multiline chunks with a text property |
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828 * Region to Fontify:: Controlling which region gets refontified |
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829 after a buffer change. |
41130 | 830 |
831 Documentation | |
832 | |
833 * Documentation Basics:: Good style for doc strings. | |
834 Where to put them. How Emacs stores them. | |
835 * Accessing Documentation:: How Lisp programs can access doc strings. | |
836 * Keys in Documentation:: Substituting current key bindings. | |
837 * Describing Characters:: Making printable descriptions of | |
838 non-printing characters and key sequences. | |
839 * Help Functions:: Subroutines used by Emacs help facilities. | |
840 | |
841 Files | |
842 | |
843 * Visiting Files:: Reading files into Emacs buffers for editing. | |
844 * Saving Buffers:: Writing changed buffers back into files. | |
845 * Reading from Files:: Reading files into other buffers. | |
846 * Writing to Files:: Writing new files from parts of buffers. | |
847 * File Locks:: Locking and unlocking files, to prevent | |
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848 simultaneous editing by two people. |
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849 * Information about Files:: Testing existence, accessibility, size of files. |
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850 * Changing Files:: Renaming files, changing protection, etc. |
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851 * File Names:: Decomposing and expanding file names. |
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852 * Contents of Directories:: Getting a list of the files in a directory. |
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853 * Create/Delete Dirs:: Creating and Deleting Directories. |
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854 * Magic File Names:: Defining "magic" special handling |
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855 for certain file names. |
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856 * Format Conversion:: Conversion to and from various file formats. |
41130 | 857 |
858 Visiting Files | |
859 | |
860 * Visiting Functions:: The usual interface functions for visiting. | |
861 * Subroutines of Visiting:: Lower-level subroutines that they use. | |
862 | |
863 Information about Files | |
864 | |
865 * Testing Accessibility:: Is a given file readable? Writable? | |
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866 * Kinds of Files:: Is it a directory? A symbolic link? |
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867 * Truenames:: Eliminating symbolic links from a file name. |
41130 | 868 * File Attributes:: How large is it? Any other names? Etc. |
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869 * Locating Files:: How to find a file in standard places. |
41130 | 870 |
871 File Names | |
872 | |
873 * File Name Components:: The directory part of a file name, and the rest. | |
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874 * Relative File Names:: Some file names are relative to a |
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875 current directory. |
41130 | 876 * Directory Names:: A directory's name as a directory |
877 is different from its name as a file. | |
878 * File Name Expansion:: Converting relative file names to absolute ones. | |
879 * Unique File Names:: Generating names for temporary files. | |
880 * File Name Completion:: Finding the completions for a given file name. | |
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881 * Standard File Names:: If your package uses a fixed file name, |
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882 how to handle various operating systems simply. |
41130 | 883 |
884 Backups and Auto-Saving | |
885 | |
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886 * Backup Files:: How backup files are made; how their names |
41130 | 887 are chosen. |
888 * Auto-Saving:: How auto-save files are made; how their | |
889 names are chosen. | |
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890 * Reverting:: @code{revert-buffer}, and how to customize |
41130 | 891 what it does. |
892 | |
893 Backup Files | |
894 | |
895 * Making Backups:: How Emacs makes backup files, and when. | |
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896 * Rename or Copy:: Two alternatives: renaming the old file |
41130 | 897 or copying it. |
898 * Numbered Backups:: Keeping multiple backups for each source file. | |
899 * Backup Names:: How backup file names are computed; customization. | |
900 | |
901 Buffers | |
902 | |
903 * Buffer Basics:: What is a buffer? | |
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904 * Current Buffer:: Designating a buffer as current |
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905 so primitives will access its contents. |
41130 | 906 * Buffer Names:: Accessing and changing buffer names. |
907 * Buffer File Name:: The buffer file name indicates which file | |
908 is visited. | |
909 * Buffer Modification:: A buffer is @dfn{modified} if it needs to be saved. | |
910 * Modification Time:: Determining whether the visited file was changed | |
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911 ``behind Emacs's back''. |
41130 | 912 * Read Only Buffers:: Modifying text is not allowed in a |
913 read-only buffer. | |
914 * The Buffer List:: How to look at all the existing buffers. | |
915 * Creating Buffers:: Functions that create buffers. | |
916 * Killing Buffers:: Buffers exist until explicitly killed. | |
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917 * Indirect Buffers:: An indirect buffer shares text with some |
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918 other buffer. |
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919 * Buffer Gap:: The gap in the buffer. |
41130 | 920 |
921 Windows | |
922 | |
923 * Basic Windows:: Basic information on using windows. | |
924 * Splitting Windows:: Splitting one window into two windows. | |
925 * Deleting Windows:: Deleting a window gives its space to other windows. | |
926 * Selecting Windows:: The selected window is the one that you edit in. | |
927 * Cyclic Window Ordering:: Moving around the existing windows. | |
928 * Buffers and Windows:: Each window displays the contents of a buffer. | |
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929 * Displaying Buffers:: Higher-level functions for displaying a buffer |
41130 | 930 and choosing a window for it. |
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931 * Choosing Window:: How to choose a window for displaying a buffer. |
41130 | 932 * Window Point:: Each window has its own location of point. |
933 * Window Start:: The display-start position controls which text | |
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934 is on-screen in the window. |
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935 * Textual Scrolling:: Moving text up and down through the window. |
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936 * Vertical Scrolling:: Moving the contents up and down on the window. |
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937 * Horizontal Scrolling:: Moving the contents sideways on the window. |
41130 | 938 * Size of Window:: Accessing the size of a window. |
939 * Resizing Windows:: Changing the size of a window. | |
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940 * Coordinates and Windows:: Converting coordinates to windows. |
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941 * Window Tree:: The layout and sizes of all windows in a frame. |
41130 | 942 * Window Configurations:: Saving and restoring the state of the screen. |
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943 * Window Hooks:: Hooks for scrolling, window size changes, |
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944 redisplay going past a certain point, |
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945 or window configuration changes. |
41130 | 946 |
947 Frames | |
948 | |
949 * Creating Frames:: Creating additional frames. | |
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950 * Multiple Displays:: Creating frames on other displays. |
41130 | 951 * Frame Parameters:: Controlling frame size, position, font, etc. |
952 * Frame Titles:: Automatic updating of frame titles. | |
953 * Deleting Frames:: Frames last until explicitly deleted. | |
954 * Finding All Frames:: How to examine all existing frames. | |
955 * Frames and Windows:: A frame contains windows; | |
956 display of text always works through windows. | |
957 * Minibuffers and Frames:: How a frame finds the minibuffer to use. | |
958 * Input Focus:: Specifying the selected frame. | |
959 * Visibility of Frames:: Frames may be visible or invisible, or icons. | |
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960 * Raising and Lowering:: Raising a frame makes it hide other windows; |
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961 lowering it puts it underneath the others. |
41130 | 962 * Frame Configurations:: Saving the state of all frames. |
963 * Mouse Tracking:: Getting events that say when the mouse moves. | |
964 * Mouse Position:: Asking where the mouse is, or moving it. | |
965 * Pop-Up Menus:: Displaying a menu for the user to select from. | |
966 * Dialog Boxes:: Displaying a box to ask yes or no. | |
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967 * Pointer Shape:: Specifying the shape of the mouse pointer. |
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968 * Window System Selections::Transferring text to and from other windows. |
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969 * Drag and Drop:: Internals of Drag-and-Drop implementation. |
41130 | 970 * Color Names:: Getting the definitions of color names. |
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971 * Text Terminal Colors:: Defining colors for text-only terminals. |
41130 | 972 * Resources:: Getting resource values from the server. |
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973 * Display Feature Testing:: Determining the features of a terminal. |
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974 |
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975 Frame Parameters |
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976 |
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977 * Parameter Access:: How to change a frame's parameters. |
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978 * Initial Parameters:: Specifying frame parameters when you make a frame. |
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979 * Window Frame Parameters:: List of frame parameters for window systems. |
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980 * Size and Position:: Changing the size and position of a frame. |
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981 * Geometry:: Parsing geometry specifications. |
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982 |
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983 Window Frame Parameters |
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984 |
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985 * Basic Parameters:: Parameters that are fundamental. |
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986 * Position Parameters:: The position of the frame on the screen. |
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987 * Size Parameters:: Frame's size. |
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988 * Layout Parameters:: Size of parts of the frame, and |
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989 enabling or disabling some parts. |
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990 * Buffer Parameters:: Which buffers have been or should be shown. |
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991 * Management Parameters:: Communicating with the window manager. |
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992 * Cursor Parameters:: Controlling the cursor appearance. |
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993 * Color Parameters:: Colors of various parts of the frame. |
41130 | 994 |
995 Positions | |
996 | |
997 * Point:: The special position where editing takes place. | |
998 * Motion:: Changing point. | |
999 * Excursions:: Temporary motion and buffer changes. | |
1000 * Narrowing:: Restricting editing to a portion of the buffer. | |
1001 | |
1002 Motion | |
1003 | |
1004 * Character Motion:: Moving in terms of characters. | |
1005 * Word Motion:: Moving in terms of words. | |
1006 * Buffer End Motion:: Moving to the beginning or end of the buffer. | |
1007 * Text Lines:: Moving in terms of lines of text. | |
1008 * Screen Lines:: Moving in terms of lines as displayed. | |
1009 * List Motion:: Moving by parsing lists and sexps. | |
1010 * Skipping Characters:: Skipping characters belonging to a certain set. | |
1011 | |
1012 Markers | |
1013 | |
1014 * Overview of Markers:: The components of a marker, and how it relocates. | |
1015 * Predicates on Markers:: Testing whether an object is a marker. | |
1016 * Creating Markers:: Making empty markers or markers at certain places. | |
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1017 * Information from Markers::Finding the marker's buffer or character |
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1018 position. |
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1019 * Marker Insertion Types:: Two ways a marker can relocate when you |
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1020 insert where it points. |
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1021 * Moving Markers:: Moving the marker to a new buffer or position. |
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1022 * The Mark:: How "the mark" is implemented with a marker. |
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1023 * The Region:: How to access "the region". |
41130 | 1024 |
1025 Text | |
1026 | |
1027 * Near Point:: Examining text in the vicinity of point. | |
1028 * Buffer Contents:: Examining text in a general fashion. | |
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1029 * Comparing Text:: Comparing substrings of buffers. |
41130 | 1030 * Insertion:: Adding new text to a buffer. |
1031 * Commands for Insertion:: User-level commands to insert text. | |
1032 * Deletion:: Removing text from a buffer. | |
1033 * User-Level Deletion:: User-level commands to delete text. | |
1034 * The Kill Ring:: Where removed text sometimes is saved for | |
1035 later use. | |
1036 * Undo:: Undoing changes to the text of a buffer. | |
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1037 * Maintaining Undo:: How to enable and disable undo information. |
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1038 How to control how much information is kept. |
41130 | 1039 * Filling:: Functions for explicit filling. |
1040 * Margins:: How to specify margins for filling commands. | |
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1041 * Adaptive Fill:: Adaptive Fill mode chooses a fill prefix |
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1042 from context. |
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1043 * Auto Filling:: How auto-fill mode is implemented to break lines. |
41130 | 1044 * Sorting:: Functions for sorting parts of the buffer. |
1045 * Columns:: Computing horizontal positions, and using them. | |
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1046 * Indentation:: Functions to insert or adjust indentation. |
41130 | 1047 * Case Changes:: Case conversion of parts of the buffer. |
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1048 * Text Properties:: Assigning Lisp property lists to text characters. |
41130 | 1049 * Substitution:: Replacing a given character wherever it appears. |
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1050 * Transposition:: Swapping two portions of a buffer. |
41130 | 1051 * Registers:: How registers are implemented. Accessing |
1052 the text or position stored in a register. | |
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1053 * Base 64:: Conversion to or from base 64 encoding. |
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1054 * MD5 Checksum:: Compute the MD5 "message digest"/"checksum". |
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1055 * Atomic Changes:: Installing several buffer changes "atomically". |
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1056 * Change Hooks:: Supplying functions to be run when text is changed. |
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1057 |
41130 | 1058 The Kill Ring |
1059 | |
1060 * Kill Ring Concepts:: What text looks like in the kill ring. | |
1061 * Kill Functions:: Functions that kill text. | |
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1062 * Yanking:: How yanking is done. |
41130 | 1063 * Yank Commands:: Commands that access the kill ring. |
1064 * Low-Level Kill Ring:: Functions and variables for kill ring access. | |
1065 * Internals of Kill Ring:: Variables that hold kill-ring data. | |
1066 | |
1067 Indentation | |
1068 | |
1069 * Primitive Indent:: Functions used to count and insert indentation. | |
1070 * Mode-Specific Indent:: Customize indentation for different modes. | |
1071 * Region Indent:: Indent all the lines in a region. | |
1072 * Relative Indent:: Indent the current line based on previous lines. | |
1073 * Indent Tabs:: Adjustable, typewriter-like tab stops. | |
1074 * Motion by Indent:: Move to first non-blank character. | |
1075 | |
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1076 Text Properties |
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1077 |
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1078 * Examining Properties:: Looking at the properties of one character. |
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1079 * Changing Properties:: Setting the properties of a range of text. |
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1080 * Property Search:: Searching for where a property changes value. |
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1081 * Special Properties:: Particular properties with special meanings. |
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1082 * Format Properties:: Properties for representing formatting of text. |
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1083 * Sticky Properties:: How inserted text gets properties from |
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1084 neighboring text. |
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1085 * Saving Properties:: Saving text properties in files, and reading |
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1086 them back. |
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1087 * Lazy Properties:: Computing text properties in a lazy fashion |
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1088 only when text is examined. |
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1089 * Clickable Text:: Using text properties to make regions of text |
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1090 do something when you click on them. |
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1091 * Links and Mouse-1:: How to make @key{Mouse-1} follow a link. |
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1092 * Fields:: The @code{field} property defines |
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1093 fields within the buffer. |
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1094 * Not Intervals:: Why text properties do not use |
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1095 Lisp-visible text intervals. |
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1096 |
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1097 Non-ASCII Characters |
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1098 |
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1099 * Text Representations:: Unibyte and multibyte representations |
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1100 * Converting Representations:: Converting unibyte to multibyte and vice versa. |
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1101 * Selecting a Representation:: Treating a byte sequence as unibyte or multi. |
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1102 * Character Codes:: How unibyte and multibyte relate to |
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1103 codes of individual characters. |
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1104 * Character Sets:: The space of possible character codes |
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1105 is divided into various character sets. |
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1106 * Chars and Bytes:: More information about multibyte encodings. |
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1107 * Splitting Characters:: Converting a character to its byte sequence. |
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1108 * Scanning Charsets:: Which character sets are used in a buffer? |
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1109 * Translation of Characters:: Translation tables are used for conversion. |
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1110 * Coding Systems:: Coding systems are conversions for saving files. |
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1111 * Input Methods:: Input methods allow users to enter various |
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1112 non-ASCII characters without special keyboards. |
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1113 * Locales:: Interacting with the POSIX locale. |
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1114 |
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1115 Coding Systems |
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1116 |
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1117 * Coding System Basics:: Basic concepts. |
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1118 * Encoding and I/O:: How file I/O functions handle coding systems. |
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1119 * Lisp and Coding Systems:: Functions to operate on coding system names. |
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1120 * User-Chosen Coding Systems:: Asking the user to choose a coding system. |
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1121 * Default Coding Systems:: Controlling the default choices. |
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1122 * Specifying Coding Systems:: Requesting a particular coding system |
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1123 for a single file operation. |
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1124 * Explicit Encoding:: Encoding or decoding text without doing I/O. |
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1125 * Terminal I/O Encoding:: Use of encoding for terminal I/O. |
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1126 * MS-DOS File Types:: How DOS "text" and "binary" files |
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1127 relate to coding systems. |
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1128 |
41130 | 1129 Searching and Matching |
1130 | |
1131 * String Search:: Search for an exact match. | |
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1132 * Searching and Case:: Case-independent or case-significant searching. |
41130 | 1133 * Regular Expressions:: Describing classes of strings. |
1134 * Regexp Search:: Searching for a match for a regexp. | |
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1135 * POSIX Regexps:: Searching POSIX-style for the longest match. |
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1136 * Match Data:: Finding out which part of the text matched, |
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1137 after a string or regexp search. |
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1138 * Search and Replace:: Commands that loop, searching and replacing. |
41130 | 1139 * Standard Regexps:: Useful regexps for finding sentences, pages,... |
1140 | |
1141 Regular Expressions | |
1142 | |
1143 * Syntax of Regexps:: Rules for writing regular expressions. | |
1144 * Regexp Example:: Illustrates regular expression syntax. | |
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1145 * Regexp Functions:: Functions for operating on regular expressions. |
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1146 |
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1147 Syntax of Regular Expressions |
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1148 |
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1149 * Regexp Special:: Special characters in regular expressions. |
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1150 * Char Classes:: Character classes used in regular expressions. |
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1151 * Regexp Backslash:: Backslash-sequences in regular expressions. |
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1152 |
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1153 The Match Data |
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1154 |
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1155 * Replacing Match:: Replacing a substring that was matched. |
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1156 * Simple Match Data:: Accessing single items of match data, |
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1157 such as where a particular subexpression started. |
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1158 * Entire Match Data:: Accessing the entire match data at once, as a list. |
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1159 * Saving Match Data:: Saving and restoring the match data. |
41130 | 1160 |
1161 Syntax Tables | |
1162 | |
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1163 * Syntax Basics:: Basic concepts of syntax tables. |
41130 | 1164 * Syntax Descriptors:: How characters are classified. |
1165 * Syntax Table Functions:: How to create, examine and alter syntax tables. | |
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1166 * Syntax Properties:: Overriding syntax with text properties. |
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1167 * Motion and Syntax:: Moving over characters with certain syntaxes. |
41130 | 1168 * Parsing Expressions:: Parsing balanced expressions |
1169 using the syntax table. | |
1170 * Standard Syntax Tables:: Syntax tables used by various major modes. | |
1171 * Syntax Table Internals:: How syntax table information is stored. | |
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1172 * Categories:: Another way of classifying character syntax. |
41130 | 1173 |
1174 Syntax Descriptors | |
1175 | |
1176 * Syntax Class Table:: Table of syntax classes. | |
1177 * Syntax Flags:: Additional flags each character can have. | |
1178 | |
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1179 Parsing Expressions |
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1180 |
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1181 * Motion via Parsing:: Motion functions that work by parsing. |
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1182 * Position Parse:: Determining the syntactic state of a position. |
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1183 * Parser State:: How Emacs represents a syntactic state. |
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1184 * Low-Level Parsing:: Parsing across a specified region. |
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1185 * Control Parsing:: Parameters that affect parsing. |
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1186 |
41130 | 1187 Abbrevs And Abbrev Expansion |
1188 | |
1189 * Abbrev Mode:: Setting up Emacs for abbreviation. | |
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1190 * Abbrev Tables:: Creating and working with abbrev tables. |
41130 | 1191 * Defining Abbrevs:: Specifying abbreviations and their expansions. |
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1192 * Abbrev Files:: Saving abbrevs in files. |
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1193 * Abbrev Expansion:: Controlling expansion; expansion subroutines. |
41130 | 1194 * Standard Abbrev Tables:: Abbrev tables used by various major modes. |
1195 | |
1196 Processes | |
1197 | |
1198 * Subprocess Creation:: Functions that start subprocesses. | |
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1199 * Shell Arguments:: Quoting an argument to pass it to a shell. |
41130 | 1200 * Synchronous Processes:: Details of using synchronous subprocesses. |
1201 * Asynchronous Processes:: Starting up an asynchronous subprocess. | |
1202 * Deleting Processes:: Eliminating an asynchronous subprocess. | |
1203 * Process Information:: Accessing run-status and other attributes. | |
1204 * Input to Processes:: Sending input to an asynchronous subprocess. | |
1205 * Signals to Processes:: Stopping, continuing or interrupting | |
1206 an asynchronous subprocess. | |
1207 * Output from Processes:: Collecting output from an asynchronous subprocess. | |
1208 * Sentinels:: Sentinels run when process run-status changes. | |
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1209 * Query Before Exit:: Whether to query if exiting will kill a process. |
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1210 * Transaction Queues:: Transaction-based communication with subprocesses. |
41130 | 1211 * Network:: Opening network connections. |
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1212 * Network Servers:: Network servers let Emacs accept net connections. |
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1213 * Datagrams:: UDP network connections. |
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1214 * Low-Level Network:: Lower-level but more general function |
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1215 to create connections and servers. |
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1216 * Misc Network:: Additional relevant functions for network connections. |
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1217 * Byte Packing:: Using bindat to pack and unpack binary data. |
41130 | 1218 |
1219 Receiving Output from Processes | |
1220 | |
1221 * Process Buffers:: If no filter, output is put in a buffer. | |
1222 * Filter Functions:: Filter functions accept output from the process. | |
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1223 * Decoding Output:: Filters can get unibyte or multibyte strings. |
41130 | 1224 * Accepting Output:: How to wait until process output arrives. |
1225 | |
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1226 Low-Level Network Access |
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1227 |
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1228 * Proc: Network Processes. Using @code{make-network-process}. |
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1229 * Options: Network Options. Further control over network connections. |
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1230 * Features: Network Feature Testing. |
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1231 Determining which network features work on |
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1232 the machine you are using. |
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1233 |
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1234 Packing and Unpacking Byte Arrays |
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1235 |
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1236 * Bindat Spec:: Describing data layout. |
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1237 * Bindat Functions:: Doing the unpacking and packing. |
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1238 * Bindat Examples:: Samples of what bindat.el can do for you! |
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1239 |
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1240 Emacs Display |
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1241 |
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1242 * Refresh Screen:: Clearing the screen and redrawing everything on it. |
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1243 * Forcing Redisplay:: Forcing redisplay. |
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1244 * Truncation:: Folding or wrapping long text lines. |
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1245 * The Echo Area:: Displaying messages at the bottom of the screen. |
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1246 * Warnings:: Displaying warning messages for the user. |
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1247 * Invisible Text:: Hiding part of the buffer text. |
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1248 * Selective Display:: Hiding part of the buffer text (the old way). |
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1249 * Temporary Displays:: Displays that go away automatically. |
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1250 * Overlays:: Use overlays to highlight parts of the buffer. |
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1251 * Width:: How wide a character or string is on the screen. |
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1252 * Line Height:: Controlling the height of lines. |
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1253 * Faces:: A face defines a graphics style |
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1254 for text characters: font, colors, etc. |
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1255 * Fringes:: Controlling window fringes. |
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1256 * Scroll Bars:: Controlling vertical scroll bars. |
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1257 * Display Property:: Enabling special display features. |
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1258 * Images:: Displaying images in Emacs buffers. |
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1259 * Buttons:: Adding clickable buttons to Emacs buffers. |
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1260 * Abstract Display:: Emacs' Widget for Object Collections. |
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1261 * Blinking:: How Emacs shows the matching open parenthesis. |
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1262 * Usual Display:: The usual conventions for displaying nonprinting chars. |
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1263 * Display Tables:: How to specify other conventions. |
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1264 * Beeping:: Audible signal to the user. |
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1265 * Window Systems:: Which window system is being used. |
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1266 |
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1267 The Echo Area |
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1268 |
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1269 * Displaying Messages:: Explicitly displaying text in the echo area. |
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1270 * Progress:: Informing user about progress of a long operation. |
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1271 * Logging Messages:: Echo area messages are logged for the user. |
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1272 * Echo Area Customization:: Controlling the echo area. |
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1273 |
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1274 Reporting Warnings |
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1275 |
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1276 * Warning Basics:: Warnings concepts and functions to report them. |
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1277 * Warning Variables:: Variables programs bind to customize their warnings. |
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1278 * Warning Options:: Variables users set to control display of warnings. |
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1279 |
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1280 Overlays |
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1281 |
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1282 * Managing Overlays:: Creating and moving overlays. |
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1283 * Overlay Properties:: How to read and set properties. |
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1284 What properties do to the screen display. |
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1285 * Finding Overlays:: Searching for overlays. |
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1286 |
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1287 Faces |
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1288 |
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1289 * Defining Faces:: How to define a face with @code{defface}. |
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1290 * Face Attributes:: What is in a face? |
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1291 * Attribute Functions:: Functions to examine and set face attributes. |
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1292 * Displaying Faces:: How Emacs combines the faces specified for |
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1293 a character. |
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1294 * Font Selection:: Finding the best available font for a face. |
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1295 * Face Functions:: How to define and examine faces. |
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1296 * Auto Faces:: Hook for automatic face assignment. |
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1297 * Font Lookup:: Looking up the names of available fonts |
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1298 and information about them. |
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1299 * Fontsets:: A fontset is a collection of fonts |
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1300 that handle a range of character sets. |
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1301 |
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1302 Fringes |
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1303 |
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1304 * Fringe Size/Pos:: Specifying where to put the window fringes. |
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1305 * Fringe Indicators:: Displaying indicator icons in the window fringes. |
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1306 * Fringe Cursors:: Displaying cursors in the right fringe. |
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1307 * Fringe Bitmaps:: Specifying bitmaps for fringe indicators. |
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1308 * Customizing Bitmaps:: Specifying your own bitmaps to use in the fringes. |
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1309 * Overlay Arrow:: Display of an arrow to indicate position. |
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1310 |
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1311 The @code{display} Property |
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1312 |
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1313 * Specified Space:: Displaying one space with a specified width. |
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1314 * Pixel Specification:: Specifying space width or height in pixels. |
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1315 * Other Display Specs:: Displaying an image; magnifying text; moving it |
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1316 up or down on the page; adjusting the width |
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1317 of spaces within text. |
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1318 * Display Margins:: Displaying text or images to the side of |
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1319 the main text. |
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1320 |
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1321 Images |
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1322 |
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1323 * Image Descriptors:: How to specify an image for use in @code{:display}. |
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1324 * XBM Images:: Special features for XBM format. |
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1325 * XPM Images:: Special features for XPM format. |
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1326 * GIF Images:: Special features for GIF format. |
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1327 * PostScript Images:: Special features for PostScript format. |
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1328 * Other Image Types:: Various other formats are supported. |
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1329 * Defining Images:: Convenient ways to define an image for later use. |
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1330 * Showing Images:: Convenient ways to display an image once |
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1331 it is defined. |
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1332 * Image Cache:: Internal mechanisms of image display. |
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1333 |
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1334 Buttons |
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1335 |
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1336 * Button Properties:: Button properties with special meanings. |
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1337 * Button Types:: Defining common properties for classes of buttons. |
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1338 * Making Buttons:: Adding buttons to Emacs buffers. |
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1339 * Manipulating Buttons:: Getting and setting properties of buttons. |
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1340 * Button Buffer Commands:: Buffer-wide commands and bindings for buttons. |
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1341 |
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1342 Abstract Display |
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1343 |
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1344 * Abstract Display Functions:: Functions in the Ewoc package. |
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1345 * Abstract Display Example:: Example of using Ewoc. |
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1346 |
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1347 Display Tables |
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1348 |
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1349 * Display Table Format:: What a display table consists of. |
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1350 * Active Display Table:: How Emacs selects a display table to use. |
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1351 * Glyphs:: How to define a glyph, and what glyphs mean. |
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1352 |
41130 | 1353 Operating System Interface |
1354 | |
1355 * Starting Up:: Customizing Emacs start-up processing. | |
1356 * Getting Out:: How exiting works (permanent or temporary). | |
1357 * System Environment:: Distinguish the name and kind of system. | |
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1358 * User Identification:: Finding the name and user id of the user. |
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1359 * Time of Day:: Getting the current time. |
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1360 * Time Conversion:: Converting a time from numeric form to a string, or |
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1361 to calendrical data (or vice versa). |
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1362 * Time Parsing:: Converting a time from numeric form to text |
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1363 and vice versa. |
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1364 * Processor Run Time:: Getting the run time used by Emacs. |
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1365 * Time Calculations:: Adding, subtracting, comparing times, etc. |
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1366 * Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function at a certain time. |
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1367 * Idle Timers:: Setting a timer to call a function when Emacs has |
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1368 been idle for a certain length of time. |
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1369 * Terminal Input:: Accessing and recording terminal input. |
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1370 * Terminal Output:: Controlling and recording terminal output. |
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1371 * Sound Output:: Playing sounds on the computer's speaker. |
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1372 * X11 Keysyms:: Operating on key symbols for X Windows |
41130 | 1373 * Batch Mode:: Running Emacs without terminal interaction. |
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1374 * Session Management:: Saving and restoring state with X Session Management. |
41130 | 1375 |
1376 Starting Up Emacs | |
1377 | |
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1378 * Startup Summary:: Sequence of actions Emacs performs at start-up. |
41130 | 1379 * Init File:: Details on reading the init file (@file{.emacs}). |
1380 * Terminal-Specific:: How the terminal-specific Lisp file is read. | |
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1381 * Command-Line Arguments:: How command-line arguments are processed, |
41130 | 1382 and how you can customize them. |
1383 | |
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1384 Getting Out of Emacs |
41130 | 1385 |
1386 * Killing Emacs:: Exiting Emacs irreversibly. | |
1387 * Suspending Emacs:: Exiting Emacs reversibly. | |
1388 | |
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1389 Terminal Input |
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1390 |
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1391 * Input Modes:: Options for how input is processed. |
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1392 * Recording Input:: Saving histories of recent or all input events. |
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1393 |
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1394 Tips and Conventions |
41130 | 1395 |
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1396 * Coding Conventions:: Conventions for clean and robust programs. |
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1397 * Key Binding Conventions:: Which keys should be bound by which programs. |
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1398 * Programming Tips:: Making Emacs code fit smoothly in Emacs. |
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1399 * Compilation Tips:: Making compiled code run fast. |
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1400 * Warning Tips:: Turning off compiler warnings. |
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1401 * Documentation Tips:: Writing readable documentation strings. |
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1402 * Comment Tips:: Conventions for writing comments. |
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1403 * Library Headers:: Standard headers for library packages. |
41130 | 1404 |
1405 GNU Emacs Internals | |
1406 | |
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1407 * Building Emacs:: How the dumped Emacs is made. |
41130 | 1408 * Pure Storage:: A kludge to make preloaded Lisp functions sharable. |
1409 * Garbage Collection:: Reclaiming space for Lisp objects no longer used. | |
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1410 * Memory Usage:: Info about total size of Lisp objects made so far. |
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1411 * Writing Emacs Primitives:: Writing C code for Emacs. |
41130 | 1412 * Object Internals:: Data formats of buffers, windows, processes. |
1413 | |
1414 Object Internals | |
1415 | |
1416 * Buffer Internals:: Components of a buffer structure. | |
1417 * Window Internals:: Components of a window structure. | |
1418 * Process Internals:: Components of a process structure. | |
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1419 @end detailmenu |
41130 | 1420 @end menu |
1421 | |
1422 @c include intro.texi | |
1423 @c include objects.texi | |
1424 @c include numbers.texi | |
1425 @c include strings.texi | |
1426 | |
1427 @c include lists.texi | |
1428 @c include sequences.texi | |
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1429 @c include hash.texi |
41130 | 1430 @c include symbols.texi |
1431 @c include eval.texi | |
1432 | |
1433 @c include control.texi | |
1434 @c include variables.texi | |
1435 @c include functions.texi | |
1436 @c include macros.texi | |
1437 | |
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1438 @c include customize.texi |
41130 | 1439 @c include loading.texi |
1440 @c include compile.texi | |
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1441 @c include advice.texi |
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1442 |
41130 | 1443 @c include debugging.texi |
1444 @c include streams.texi | |
1445 @c include minibuf.texi | |
1446 @c include commands.texi | |
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1447 |
41130 | 1448 @c include keymaps.texi |
1449 @c include modes.texi | |
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1450 @c include help.texi |
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1451 @c include files.texi |
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1452 |
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1453 @c include backups.texi |
41130 | 1454 |
1455 @c ================ Beginning of Volume 2 ================ | |
1456 @include buffers.texi | |
1457 @include windows.texi | |
1458 @include frames.texi | |
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1459 |
41130 | 1460 @include positions.texi |
1461 @include markers.texi | |
1462 @include text.texi | |
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1463 @include nonascii.texi |
41130 | 1464 |
1465 @include searching.texi | |
1466 @include syntax.texi | |
1467 @include abbrevs.texi | |
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1468 @include processes.texi |
41130 | 1469 |
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1470 @include display.texi |
41130 | 1471 @include os.texi |
1472 | |
1473 @c MOVE to Emacs Manual: include misc-modes.texi | |
1474 | |
1475 @c appendices | |
1476 | |
1477 @c REMOVE this: include non-hacker.texi | |
1478 | |
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1479 @include anti.texi |
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1480 @include doclicense.texi |
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1481 @include gpl.texi |
41130 | 1482 @include tips.texi |
1483 @include internals.texi | |
1484 @include errors.texi | |
1485 @include locals.texi | |
1486 @include maps.texi | |
1487 @include hooks.texi | |
1488 | |
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1489 @include index.texi |
41130 | 1490 |
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1491 @ignore |
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1492 @node New Symbols, , Index, Top |
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1493 @unnumbered New Symbols Since the Previous Edition |
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1494 |
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1495 @printindex tp |
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1496 @end ignore |
41130 | 1497 |
1498 @bye | |
1499 | |
1500 | |
1501 These words prevent "local variables" above from confusing Emacs. | |
52401 | 1502 |
1503 @ignore | |
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1504 arch-tag: dfdbecf8-fec2-49c1-8427-3e8ac8b0b849 |
52401 | 1505 @end ignore |