annotate etc/TUTORIAL.ro @ 27867:aa784365f0a0

(recursive_edit_1): Cancel busy-cursor.
author Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
date Fri, 25 Feb 2000 14:05:03 +0000 (2000-02-25)
parents a805c458f385
children 695cf19ef79e d7ddb3e565de
Ignore whitespace changes - Everywhere: Within whitespace: At end of lines:
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a805c458f385 Change copyright statement.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
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1 Copyright (c) 1998 Free Software Foundation -*-coding: latin-2;-*-
a805c458f385 Change copyright statement.
Gerd Moellmann <gerd@gnu.org>
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2 Traducere din englez�de Tudor Hulubei <tudor@gnu.org>.
25853
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3 Mul�umiri Aidei Hulubei <aida@chang.pub.ro> pentru corecturi �i sugestii.
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4
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5 A se citi sf�r�itul pentru condi�ii.
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6
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7 Aceast� versiune a fost produs� plec�nd de la versiunea �n limba
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8 englez�, care este
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9 Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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10
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11 Citi�i acum versiunea rom�neasc� a tutorialului de Emacs.
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12
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13 Comenzile Emacs folosesc �n general tasta CONTROL (uneori denumit�
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14 CTRL sau CTL) sau tasta META (uneori denumita EDIT sau ALT). �n loc
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15 s� scriem META sau CONTROL de fiecare dat� c�nd vrem s� prefix�m un
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16 caracter, vom folosi urm�toarele prescurt�ri:
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17
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18 C-<chr> �nseamn� c� �ine�i ap�sat� tasta CONTROL �n timp ce tasta�i
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19 caracterul <chr>. Astfel, C-f �nseamn�: �ine�i ap�sat� tasta
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20 CONTROL �i tasta�i f.
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21
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22 M-<chr> �nseamn� c� �ine�i ap�sat� tasta META, EDIT sau ALT �n timp
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23 ce tasta�i <chr>. Dac� nu exist� tasta META, EDIT sau ALT,
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24 tasta�i <ESC>, ridica�i �i apoi tasta�i caracterul <chr>.
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25 Am notat cu <ESC> tasta ESC.
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26
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27 Observa�ie important�: pentru a termina sesiunea Emacs, tasta�i C-x
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28 C-c. (Dou� caractere.) Caracterele ">>" la marginea din st�nga
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29 reprezint� instruc�iuni pentru a �ncerca o comand�. De exemplu:
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30 <<Liniile goale introduse aici de ini�ializarea comenzii help-with-tutorial>>
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31 >> Acum tasta�i C-v (citirea urm�torului ecran) pentru a v� muta la
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32 urm�torul ecran. (Executa�i aceast� comand� acum, tin�nd ap�sat�
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33 tasta CONTROL �n timp ce tasta�i v). De acum �nainte face�i acest
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34 lucru din nou, de fiecare dat� c�nd termina�i de citit ecranul.
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35
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36 De remarcat c� exist� o zon� de suprapunere de dou� linii c�nd v�
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37 muta�i de la un ecran la altul; ave�i astfel o oarecare continuitate
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38 �n citirea textului.
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39
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40 Primul lucru pe care trebuie s�-l sti�i este cum s� v� deplasa�i din
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41 loc �n loc �n text. �ti�i deja cum s� v� muta�i la urm�torul ecran cu
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42 C-v. Pentru a v� deplasa �napoi un ecran, tasta�i M-v (�ine�i ap�sat�
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43 tasta META �i tasta�i v, sau <ESC> v dac� nu ave�i o tast� META, EDIT,
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44 sau ALT).
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45
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46 >> �ncerca�i s� tasta�i M-v �i apoi C-v de c�teva ori.
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47
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48
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49 * SUMAR
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50 -------
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51
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52 Urm�toarele comenzi sunt utile pentru a vedea ecrane:
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53
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54 C-v avanseaz� un ecran
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55 M-v �napoi un ecran
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56 C-l �terge ecranul �i reafi�eaz� totul pozi�ion�nd textul
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57 de l�ng� cursor �n centrul ecranului. (Este C-L, nu
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58 C-1.)
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59
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60 >> G�si�i cursorul �i �ine�i minte ce text este �n jurul lui.
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61 Apoi tasta�i C-l. G�si�i cursorul din nou �i observa�i c� textul
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62 de l�ng� cursor este acela�i.
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63
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64
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65 * COMENZI DE BAZ� PENTRU CONTROLUL CURSORULUI
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66 ---------------------------------------------
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67
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68 Mutatul ecran cu ecran este util, dar cum v� muta�i la o anumit�
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69 pozi�ie �n textul de pe ecran?
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70
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71 Sunt mai multe modalita�i �n care pute�i face acest lucru. Cel mai
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72 simplu este s� folosi�i comenzile C-p, C-b, C-f �i C-n. Fiecare din
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73 aceste comenzi mut� cursorul o linie sau coloan� �ntr-o anumit�
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74 direc�ie pe ecran. Diagrama urm�toare prezint� aceste patru comenzi
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75 �i arat� direc�iile �n care ele mut� cursorul.
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76
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77 Linia precedent�, C-p
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78 :
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79 :
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80 �napoi, C-b .... Pozi�ia curent� a cursorului .... �nainte, C-f
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81 :
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82 :
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83 Linia urm�toare, C-n
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84
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85 >> Muta�i cursorul la linia din mijlocul diagramei folosind C-n sau
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86 C-p. Tasta�i apoi C-l pentru a vedea �ntreaga diagram� centrat� pe
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87 ecran.
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88
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89 Vi se va p�rea probabil mai simplu s� v� aminti�i aceste comenzi
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90 g�ndindu-v� la semnifica�ia lor �n limba englez�: P pentru previous, N
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91 pentru next, B pentru backward �i F pentru forward. Acestea sunt
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92 comenzile de baz� pentru pozi�ionarea cursorului �i le ve�i folosi tot
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93 timpul, deci ar fi foarte util s� le �nv筐a�i acum.
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94
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95 >> Tasta�i c�teva C-n-uri pentru a aduce cursorul la aceast� linie.
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96
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97 >> Muta�i-v� �n interiorul liniei cu C-f-uri �i apoi �n sus cu
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98 C-p-uri. Urm�ri�i ce face C-p atunci c�nd cursorul este �n
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99 mijlocul liniei.
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100
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101 Fiecare linie se termin� cu un caracter NEWLINE care o separ� de linia
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102 urm�toare. Ultima linie �n fi�ierele dumneavoastr� ar trebui s� aib�
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103 un asemenea caracter la sf�r�it (de�i Emacs-ul nu-l necesit�).
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104
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105 >> �ncerca�i s� tasta�i C-b la �nceputul unei linii. Cursorul ar
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106 trebui s� se mute la sf�r�itul liniei precedente, din cauza
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107 trecerii peste caracterul NEWLINE.
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108
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109 C-f poate s� treac� peste un caracter NEWLINE, la fel ca �i C-b.
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110
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111 >> Tasta�i c�teva C-b-uri, pentru a v� familiariza cu pozi�ia
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112 cursorului. Tasta�i apoi c�teva C-f-uri pentru a v� �ntoarce la
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113 sf�r�itul liniei. �nc� un C-f �i v� ve�i muta la linia urm�toare.
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114
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115 C�nd ajunge�i s� trece�i peste �nceputul sau sf�r�itul ecranului,
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116 textul aflat dincolo de margine intr� �n ecran, permi�ndu-i
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117 Emacs-ului s� mute cursorul la pozi�ia specificat�, f�r� a ie�i din
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118 zona vizibil� (ecran). Aceast� opera�iune se numeste �n limba englez�
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119 "scrolling".
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120
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121 >> �ncerca�i s� muta�i cursorul �n afara p�r�ii de jos a ecranului cu
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122 C-n �i observa�i ce se �ntampl�.
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123
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124 Dac� mutatul caracter cu caracter este lent, pute�i muta cursorul
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125 cuv�nt cu cuv�nt. M-f (META-f) avanseaz� cursorul cu un cuv�nt, iar
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126 M-b mut� cursorul un cuv�nt �napoi.
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127
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128 >> Tasta�i c�teva M-f-uri �i apoi c�teva M-b-uri.
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129
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130 C�nd cursorul este �n mijlocul unui cuv�nt, M-f �l mut� la sf�r�itul
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131 cuv�ntului. C�nd cursorul este �n spa�iul dintre cuvinte, M-f �l mut�
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132 la sf�r�itul cuv�ntului urm�tor. M-b ac�ioneaz� similar, dar �n
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133 direc�ia opus�.
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134
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135 >> Tasta�i M-f �i M-b de c�teva ori, intercalate cu C-f-uri �i
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136 C-b-uri, pentru a observa efectul comenzilor M-f �i M-b din diverse
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137 pozi�ii �n interiorul cuvintelor �i �ntre ele.
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138
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139 Observa�i paralela �ntre C-f �i C-b pe de o parte, �i M-f �i M-b pe de
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140 cealalt� parte. De multe ori, caracterele META sunt folosite pentru
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141 opera�ii referitoare la unit筐ile definite de limbaj (cuvinte, fraze,
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142 paragrafe), �n timp ce caracterele CONTROL opereaz� pe unit筐i de
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143 baz�, care sunt independente de tipul textului editat (caractere,
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144 linii, etc).
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145
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146 Aceast� paralel� se aplic� �i �ntre linii �i fraze: C-a �i C-e mut�
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147 cursorul la �nceputul �i, respectiv sf�r�itul unei linii, �n timp ce
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148 M-a �i M-e �l mut� la �nceputul �i, respectiv sf�r�itul unei fraze.
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149
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150 >> �ncerca�i c�teva C-a-uri, apoi c�teva C-e-uri.
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151 �ncerca�i c�teva M-a-uri, apoi c�teva M-e-uri.
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152
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153 Remarca�i cum repetarea tast�rii lui C-a nu schimb� nimic, �n timp ce
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154 repetarea tast�rii lui M-a mut� cursorul la fraza urm�toare. De�i
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155 aceste opera�ii nu sunt tocmai analoage, fiecare pare natural�.
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156
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157 Pozi�ia cursorului �n text mai este numit� �i "punct" ("point" �n
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158 limba englez�). Cursorul arat� pe ecran pozi�ia punctului �n text.
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159
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160 Opera�iile ce mut� cursorul (inclusiv comenzile ce mut� cursorul
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161 cuv�nt cu cuv�nt sau fraz� cu fraz�) sunt prezentate �n sumarul
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162 urm�tor:
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163
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164 C-f avanseaz� un caracter
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165 C-b �napoi un caracter
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166
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167 M-f avanseaz� un cuv�nt
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168 M-b �napoi un cuv�nt
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169
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170 C-n avanseaz� o linie
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171 C-p �napoi o linie
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172
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173 C-a �napoi la �nceputul liniei
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174 C-e avanseaz� la sf�r�itul liniei
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175
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176 M-a �napoi la �nceputul frazei
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177 M-e avanseaz� la sf�r�itul frazei
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178
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179 >> Exersa�i toate aceste comenzi acum, sunt comenzile cele mai des
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180 folosite.
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181
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182 Dou� alte comenzi importante legate de mutatul cursorului sunt M-<
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183 (META Mai-mic), care mut� cursorul la �nceputul textului, �i M-> (META
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184 Mai-mare), care mut� cursorul la sf�r�itul textului.
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185
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186 Pe majoritatea terminalelor "<" este deasupra virgulei �i deci este
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187 necesar s� ap�sa�i tasta SHIFT �n acela�i timp. Pe aceste terminale
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188 este nevoie s� ap�sa�i SHIFT �i c�nd tasta�i M-<; f�r� tasta SHIFT,
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189 a�i ap�sa M-virgul�.
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190
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191 >> �ncerca�i M-< acum, pentru a v� muta la �nceputul tutorialului.
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192 Folosi�i apoi C-v �n mod repetat pentru a ajunge �napoi aici.
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193
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194 >> �ncerca�i M-> acum, pentru a v� muta la sf�r�itul tutorialului.
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195 Folosi�i apoi M-v repetat pentru a ajunge �napoi aici.
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196
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197 Pute�i de asemenea s� muta�i cursorul cu tastele s�ge�i, dac�
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198 terminalul are asemenea taste. Se recomand� �ns� acomodarea cu C-b,
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199 C-f, C-n �i C-p din trei motive. �n primul r�nd, aceste taste
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200 func�ioneaz� pe toate tipurile de terminale. �n al doilea r�nd, odat�
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201 ce v� obi�nui�i cu Emacs-ul, ve�i remarca faptul c� tastarea lor este
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202 mai rapid� dec�t cea a tastelor s�ge�i (pentru c� nu trebuie s� v�
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203 schimba�i pozi�ia m�inilor pe tastatur�). �n al treilea r�nd, odat�
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204 format obiceiul de a folosi aceste comenzi bazate pe CONTROL,
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205 comenzile avansate de mutat cursorul se �nva� foarte u�or.
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206
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207 Majoritatea comenzilor Emacs accept� un argument numeric; pentru
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208 majoritatea comenzilor, acest argument reprezint� un contor de
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209 repeti�ie. Contorul de repeti�ie se introduce tast�nd C-u, cifrele ce
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210 alc�tuiesc contorul �i apoi comanda. Dac� ave�i tasta META (EDIT sau
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211 ALT), exist� �i o alt� alternativ� pentru a introduce un argument
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212 numeric: tasta�i cifrele �n timp ce �ine�i tasta META ap�sat�. Se
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213 recomand� �ns� folosirea metodei cu C-u, deoarece func�ioneaz� pe
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214 orice terminal.
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215
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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216 De exemplu, C-u 8 C-f avanseaz� cursorul cu opt caractere.
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217
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218 >> �ncerca�i s� folosi�i C-n sau C-p cu un argument numeric pentru a
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219 muta cursorul dintr-o singur� comand� pe o linie apropiat� de
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220 aceasta.
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221
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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222 Majoritatea comenzilor utilizeaz� argumentul numeric ca un contor de
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223 repetitie. Anumite comenzi speciale �l folosesc �nsa �n mod diferit.
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224 C-v si M-v sunt printre aceste excep�ii. C�nd li se d� un argument
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225 numeric, ele mut� ecranul mai sus sau mai jos cu numarul specificat de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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226 linii, nu de ecrane. De exemplu, C-u 4 C-v mut� ecranul cu 4 linii.
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227
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228 >> �ncerca�i s� tasta�i C-u 8 C-v acum.
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229
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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230 Aceast� comand� trebuie s� mute ecranul �n sus cu 8 linii. Dac�
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231 doriti s� �l muta�i �napoi, pute�i s�-i da�i lui M-v un argument
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232 numeric.
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233
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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234 Dac� folosi�i sistemul X Window, exist� probabil o zon� rectangular�
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235 numita "scroll bar" la dreapta ferestrei Emacs-ului. Pute�i deplasa
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236 textul manipul�nd "scroll bar"-ul cu mouse-ul.
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237
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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238 >> �ncerca�i s� ap�sa�i butonul din mijloc al mouse-ului la mijlocul
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239 butonului din scroll bar. Aceasta ar trebui s� mute textul la o
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240 pozi�ie determinat� de c�t de sus sau de jos a�i ap�sat pe scroll
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241 bar.
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242
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243 >> �ncerca�i s� muta�i mouse-ul �n sus �i �n jos �in�nd butonul din
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244 mijloc ap�sat. Ve�i vedea c� textul se deplaseaz� �n sus �i �n jos
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245 corespunz�tor cu mi�carea mouse-ului.
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246
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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247
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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248 * C�ND EMACS-ul ESTE BLOCAT
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249 ---------------------------
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250
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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251 Dac� Emacs-ul �nceteaz� s� v� raspund� la comenzi, �l pute�i opri,
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252 f�r� s� pierde�i modific�rile f�cute p�n� acum, tast�nd C-g. Pute�i
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253 folosi C-g pentru a opri o comand� care dureaz� prea mult.
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254
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255 Pute�i de asemenea folosi C-g pentru a opri introducerea unui argument
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256 numeric sau �nceputul unei comenzi pe care nu dori�i s� o continua�i.
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257
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258 >> Tasta�i C-u 100 pentru a introduce 100 ca un argument numeric, apoi
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259 tasta�i C-g. Tasta�i apoi C-f. Cursorul ar trebui s� se mute un
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260 singur caracter, pentru c� a�i oprit introducerea argumentului
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261 numeric cu C-g.
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262
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263 Dac� a�i tastat un <ESC> din gre�eal�, pute�i s�-l anula�i cu un C-g.
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264
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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265
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266 * COMENZI DEZAFECTATE
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267 ---------------------
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268
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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269 Anumite comenzi sunt dezafectate �n Emacs, �n a�a fel �nc�t
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270 utilizatorii s� nu le poat� folosi din neaten�ie.
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271
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272 Dac� tasta�i una din comenzile dezafectate, Emacs-ul va afi�a un mesaj
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273 spun�nd ce comand� a�i tastat �i �ntreb�ndu-v� dac� dori�i s�
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274 continua�i.
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275
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276 Dac� �ntr-adev�r dori�i s� �ncerca�i comanda respectiv�, tasta�i
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277 SPA�IU. �n mod normal, dac� nu dori�i s� executa�i comanda
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278 dezafectat�, r�spunde�i cu "n".
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279
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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280 >> Tasta�i <ESC> : (care este o comand� dezafectat�), apoi tasta�i n
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281 ca r�spuns la �ntrebarea pus� de Emacs.
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282
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283
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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284 * FERESTRE
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285 ----------
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286
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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287 Emacs-ul poate avea mai multe ferestre, fiecare afi財nd propriul s�u
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288 text. Vom explica mai t�rziu tehnicile de folosire a ferestrelor
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289 multiple. Acum vrem s� explic�m cum s� �nchide�i ferestrele care ar
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290 putea apare ca rezultat al afi冴rii unor documenta�ii sau rezultate
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291 specifice anumitor comenzi. Este simplu:
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292
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293 C-x 1 o singur� fereastr� (adic� �nchide toate celelalte
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294 ferestre).
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295
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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296 Asta �nseamn� CONTROL-x urmat de cifra 1. C-x 1 m�re�te fereastra
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297 care con�ine cursorul p�n� c�nd ocup� �ntregul ecran. Toate celelalte
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298 ferestre sunt distruse.
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299
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300 >> Muta�i cursorul la aceast� linie �i tasta�i C-u 0 C-l.
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301
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302 >> Tasta�i C-h k C-f. Observa�i cum aceast� fereastr� se mic�oreaz�,
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303 �n timp ce o nou� fereastr� apare, afi財nd documenta�ia comenzii
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304 C-f.
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305
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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306 >> Tasta�i C-x 1 �i observa�i cum noua fereastr� dispare.
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307
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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308
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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309 * INTRODUCEREA �I �TERGEREA
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310 ---------------------------
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311
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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312 Dac� vre�i s� introduce�i text, pur �i simplu tasta�i textul dorit.
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313 Caracterele pe care le pute�i vedea, cum ar fi A, 7, *, etc. sunt
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314 interpretate de Emacs ca text �i introduse imediat. Tasta�i <Return>
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315 (tasta mai este etichetat� <Enter> uneori) pentru a introduce un
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316 caracter NEWLINE.
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317
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318 Pute�i �terge ultimul caracter pe care l-a�i introdus tast�nd
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319 <Delete>. <Delete> este o tast� pe tastatur� etichetat� "Del" sau
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320 "Delete". �n unele cazuri tasta "Backspace" poate ac�iona ca
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321 <Delete>, dar nu �ntotdeauna!
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322
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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323 Mai general, <Delete> �terge caracterul dinaintea pozi�iei curente a
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324 cursorului.
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325
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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326 >> Executa�i urm�toarele opera�ii acum - tasta�i c�teva caractere,
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327 apoi �terge�i-le tast�nd <Delete> de c�teva ori. Nu v� teme�i c�
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328 ve�i schimba acest fi�ier; nu ve�i altera versiunea principal� a
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329 tutorialului. Aceasta este copia dumneavoastr� personal�.
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330
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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331 C�nd o linie de text devine prea mare pentru a putea fi reprezentat�
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332 pe o linie de ecran, linia de text este continuat� pe urm�toarea linie
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333 de pe ecran. Un caracter backslash ("\") la marginea din dreapta
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334 indic� o linie care a fost continuat�.
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335
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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336 >> Introduce�i text p�n� c�nd dep禳i�i cu c�teva caractere marginea
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337 din dreapta a ecranului. Ve�i observa apari�ia liniei de
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338 continuare.
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339
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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340 >> Folosi�i <Delete>-uri pentru a �terge textul p�n� c�nd linia �ncape
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341 din nou pe o linie de ecran. Linia de continuare va disp�rea.
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342
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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343 Pute�i �terge un caracter NEWLINE ca pe orice alt caracter. �tergerea
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344 unui NEWLINE dintre dou� linii concateneaza cele dou� linii. Dac�
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345 linia rezultat� este prea lung� pentru a fi afi�at� pe ecran, va fi
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346 afi�at� cu o linie de continuare.
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347
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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348 >> Muta�i cursorul la �nceputul unei linii �i tasta�i <Delete>.
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349 Aceasta concateneaz� linia curent� cu cea precedent�.
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350
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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351 >> Tasta�i <Return> pentru a reintroduce caracterul NEWLINE �ters.
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352
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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353 A�a cum v� reaminti�i, majoritatea comenzilor Emacs pot primi un
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354 argument numeric ce ac�ioneaz� ca un contor de repeti�ie; introducerea
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355 caracterelor ascult� acelea�i reguli. Un argument numeric dat unui
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parents:
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356 caracter duce la introducerea caracterului respectiv de num�rul
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357 specificat de ori.
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358
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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359 >> �ncerca�i asta acum - tasta�i C-u 8 * pentru a introduce ********.
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360
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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361 A�i �nv筐at acum metodele elementare de tastat �i corectat erori �n
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362 Emacs. Pute�i de asemenea �terge cuvinte sau linii. Acesta este un
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
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363 sumar al opera�iilor de �tergere.
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364
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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365 <Delete> �terge caracterul de dinaintea cursorului
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366 C-d �terge caracterul de dup� cursor
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367
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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368 M-<Delete> �terge cuv�ntul de dinaintea cursorului
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parents:
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369 M-d �terge cuv�ntul de dup� cursor
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370
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parents:
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371 C-k �terge de la pozi�ia curent� p�n� la sf�r�itul
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parents:
diff changeset
372 liniei
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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373 M-k �terge de la pozi�ia curent� p�n� la sf�r�itul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
374 frazei
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375
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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376 De remarcat c� <Delete> �i C-d versus M-<Delete> �i M-d extind
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377 paralela �nceput� de C-f �i M-f (<Delete> nu este cu adev�rat un
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parents:
diff changeset
378 caracter bazat pe CONTROL, dar nu o s� ne ocup�m de asta acum). C-k
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379 �i M-k sunt ca C-e �i M-e, �ntr-un fel, dac� facem o paralel� �ntre
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parents:
diff changeset
380 linii �i fraze.
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parents:
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381
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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382 C�nd �terge�i mai mult de un caracter la un moment dat, Emacs-ul
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parents:
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383 p�streaz� intern textul distrus �n a�a fel �nc�t �l pute�i restaura.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
384 Termenul folosit de Emacs pentru opera�iunea de restaurare a textului
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parents:
diff changeset
385 distrus este "yanking". Pute�i restaura textul distrus fie �n acela�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
386 loc, fie �n alt loc �n fi�ier. Pute�i de asemenea restaura textul de
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parents:
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387 mai multe ori pentru a face mai multe copii. Comanda de restaurare
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parents:
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388 este C-y.
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parents:
diff changeset
389
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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390 Diferen�a dintre "distrugerea" �i "�tergerea" unei por�iuni din text
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parents:
diff changeset
391 este aceea ca por�iunile de text "distruse" pot fi restaurate, �n timp
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
392 ce por�iunile de text "�terse", nu. �n general, comenzile care
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
393 distrug por�iuni semnificative din text, p�streaz� intern textul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
394 respectiv, �n timp ce comenzile care �terg doar un caracter, linii
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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395 goale sau spa�ii, nu fac acest lucru.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
396
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
397 >> Muta�i cursorul la �nceputul unei linii care nu este goal�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
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398 Tasta�i apoi C-k pentru a distruge textul de pe linia respectiv�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
399 >> Tasta�i C-k o a doua oar�. Ve�i observa distrugerea caracterului
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
400 NEWLINE de la sf�r�itul liniei.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
401
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
402 Dup� cum vede�i, un singur C-k distruge con�inutul liniei, iar un al
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
403 doilea C-k distruge linia �ns禳i, fac�nd toate celelalte linii s� se
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
404 mute �n sus. C-k trateaz� un argument numeric �n mod special:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
405 distruge num�rul specificat de linii �i con�inutul lor. Aceast�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
406 comportare nu este doar o simpl� repeti�ie. C-u 2 C-k distruge dou�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
407 linii �i NEWLINE-urile de dup� ele; tast�nd C-k de dou� ori nu
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
408 ob�ine�i acela�i rezultat.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
409
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
410 Pentru a extrage ultimul text distrus �i a-l plasa la pozi�ia curent�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
411 a cursorului, tasta�i C-y.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
412
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
413 >> Tasta�i C-y pentru a restaura textul distrus anterior.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
414
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
415 G�nditi-v� la C-y ca �i cum a�i recupera ceva ce v-a fost luat.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
416 Observa�i c� dac� executa�i mai multe C-k-uri la r�nd, tot textul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
417 distrus este stocat �ntr-o singur� bucat�, �n a�a fel �nc�t un singur
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
418 C-y va restaura toate liniile.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
419
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
420 >> Tasta�i acum C-k de c�teva ori.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
421
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
422 Acum �ncerca�i s� restaura�i textul distrus:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
423
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
424 >> Tasta�i C-y. Muta�i apoi cursorul c�teva linii mai jos �i tasta�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
425 C-y din nou. Ve�i vedea cum se copiaz� por�iuni de text.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
426
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
427 Ce face�i dac� ave�i por�iuni de text pe care vre�i s� le restaura�i,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
428 dar �ntre timp distruge�i o alt� por�iune de text? C-y va restaura
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
429 por�iunea de text care a fost distrus� cel mai recent. Cu toate
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
430 acestea, textul distrus anterior nu este pierdut. Pute�i s�-l
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
431 restaura�i folosind comanda M-y. Dup� ce a�i executat C-y pentru a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
432 ob�ine textul cel mai recent distrus, tast�nd M-y ve�i �nlocui textul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
433 ce tocmai a fost restaurat cu textul distrus �naintea lui. Tast�nd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
434 M-y de mai multe ori pute�i ob�ine por�iuni de text distrus din ce �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
435 ce mai vechi. Odat� ajun�i la textul care v� intereseaz�, pute�i s�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
436 continua�i editarea f�r� s� mai face�i nimic special, las�nd textul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
437 restaurat �n pozi�ia �n care se g�se�te.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
438
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
439 Dac� tasta�i M-y de suficient de multe ori, ve�i ajunge �n cele din
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
440 urm� la punctul de plecare (textul distrus cel mai de cur�nd).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
441
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
442 >> Distruge�i o linie, muta�i-v� pu�in �n jurul ei, distruge�i o alt�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
443 linie. Executa�i apoi C-y pentru a ob�ine �napoi cea de-a doua
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
444 linie distrus�. Executa�i apoi M-y �i ve�i constata c� este
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
445 �nlocuit� de prima linie distrus�. Executa�i mai multe M-y-uri �i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
446 observa�i ce ob�ine�i. Continua�i s� le executa�i p�n� c�nd a doua
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
447 linie apare din nou, etc. Dac� dori�i, pute�i �ncerca s�-i da�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
448 comenzii M-y argumente numerice pozitive �i negative.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
449
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
450
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
451 * ANULARE
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
452 ---------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
453
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
454 Dac� face�i o schimbare �n text, �i apoi constata�i c� a�i gre�it,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
455 pute�i anula schimbarea cu comanda de anulare, C-x u.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
456
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
457 �n mod normal, C-x u anuleaz� schimb�rile f�cute de o comand�; dac�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
458 repeta�i C-x u de c�teva ori la r�nd, fiecare nou� repeti�ie anuleaz�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
459 �nc� o comand�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
460
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
461 Exist� �ns� dou� excep�ii: comenzile care nu schimb� textul nu sunt
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
462 luate �n considerare (acestea includ comenzile de mutat cursorul �i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
463 cele de "scrolling"), iar caracterele introduse individual sunt
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
464 tratate �n grupuri de maxim 20. (Motiva�ia din spatele acestei
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
465 abord�ri este aceea de a reduce num�rul de C-x u-uri pe care trebuie
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
466 s� le tasta�i pentru anularea inser�rilor de text).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
467
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
468 >> Distruge�i linia aceasta cu C-k, apoi tasta�i C-x u; linia ar
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
469 trebui s� reapar�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
470
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
471 C-_ este o alt� comand� de anulare; func�ioneaz� exact ca �i C-x u,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
472 dar este mai u�or de tastat de mai multe ori la r�nd. Dezavantajul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
473 lui C-_ este c� pe anumite tastaturi nu este clar cum trebuie tastat.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
474 Din acest motiv exist� C-x u. Pe unele terminale se poate s� tasta�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
475 C-_ tast�nd "/" �n timp ce �ine�i ap�sat� tasta CONTROL.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
476
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
477 Un argument numeric la C-_ sau C-x u ac�ioneaz� ca un contor de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
478 repeti�ie.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
479
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
480
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
481 * FI�IERE
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
482 ---------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
483
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
484 Pentru a face permanente modific�rile din textul pe care �l edita�i,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
485 trebuie s�-l stoca�i (salva�i) �ntr-un fi�ier. Altminteri,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
486 modific�rile se vor pierde �n momentul p�r�sirii Emacs-ului. Pune�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
487 textul �ntr-un fi�ier "deschiz�nd" (sau "vizit�nd") fi�ierul.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
488
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
489 Deschiderea unui fi�ier �nseamn� c� pute�i vedea con�inutul fi�ierului
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
490 �n Emacs. Este ca �i cum a�i edita chiar fi�ierul, singura diferen�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
491 fiind aceea c� schimb�rile nu devin permanente p�n� c�nd nu �l
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
492 "salva�i" ("save" �n limba englez�). Se evit� astfel existen�a �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
493 sistem a unor fi�iere incomplet modificate atunci c�nd nu dori�i acest
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
494 lucru. Chiar �i c�nd salva�i fi�ierul, Emacs-ul p�streaz� fi�ierul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
495 ini�ial (cu un nume schimbat) �n a�a fel �nc�t s�-l pute�i recupera �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
496 cazul �n care decide�i c� modific�rile efectuate au fost gre�ite.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
497
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
498 Aproape de marginea de jos a ecranului ve�i observa o linie care
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
499 �ncepe �i se termin� cu minusuri, �i con�ine �irul "--:-- TUTORIAL.ro"
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
500 sau ceva �n genul acesta. Aceast� parte a ecranului arat� �ntotdeauna
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
501 numele fi�ierului pe care �l vizita�i. Acum vizita�i fi�ierul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
502 "TUTORIAL.ro" care este copia dumneavoastr� de �ncerc�ri a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
503 tutorialului �n limba rom�n�. Orice fi�ier a�i edita, numele acelui
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
504 fi�ier va ap�rea �n pozi�ia respectiv�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
505
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
506 Comenzile pentru g�sirea �i salvarea fi�ierelor sunt diferite de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
507 celelalte comenzi pe care le-a�i �nv筐at, �n sensul c� sunt compuse
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
508 din dou� caractere. Am�ndou� �ncep cu caracterul C-x. Exist� o
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
509 �ntreag� serie de comenzi care �ncep cu C-x; multe dintre ele sunt
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
510 legate de fi�iere, buffere �i alte lucruri �nrudite. Aceste comenzi
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
511 sunt compuse din dou�, trei sau patru caractere.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
512
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
513 Comenzii de deschidere a unui fi�ier trebuie s� �i spune�i numele
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
514 fi�ierului dorit. Spunem despre comand� ca "cite�te un argument de la
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
515 terminal" (�n acest caz, argumentul este numele fi�ierului). Dup� ce
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
516 tasta�i comanda
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
517
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
518 C-x C-f (deschide un fi�ier)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
519
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
520 Emacs-ul v� va cere s� introduce�i numele fi�ierului. Numele pe care
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
521 �l tasta�i apare pe ultima linie a ecranului. Aceast� linie se
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
522 numeste "minibuffer" c�nd este folosit� pentru acest tip de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
523 introducere. Comenzile normale de editare �n Emacs pot fi folosite �i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
524 pentru editarea numelui fi�ierului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
525
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
526 �n timp ce introduce�i numele fi�ierului (sau orice alt tip de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
527 introducere de date �n minibuffer), pute�i anula comanda cu C-g.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
528
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
529 >> Tasta�i C-x C-f, apoi tasta�i C-g. Aceasta anuleaz� minibuffer-ul,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
530 �i, de asemenea, anuleaz� comanda C-x C-f care �l folosea. �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
531 concluzie, nu ve�i mai deschide nici un fi�ier.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
532
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
533 C�nd a�i terminat de introdus numele fi�ierului, tasta�i <Return>
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
534 pentru a-l �ncheia. Dup� aceasta, comanda C-x C-f �ncepe s� lucreze
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
535 �i deschide fi�ierul pe care l-a�i ales. Minibuffer-ul dispare c�nd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
536 comanda C-x C-f se termin�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
537
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
538 Dup� c�teva momente, con�inutul fi�ierului apare pe ecran �i �l pute�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
539 edita. C�nd doriti s� face�i schimb�rile permanente, tasta�i comanda
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
540
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
541 C-x C-s (salveaz� fi�ierul)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
542
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
543 Aceasta copiaz� textul din Emacs �ntr-un fi�ier. Prima oar� c�nd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
544 face�i acest lucru, Emacs-ul redenume�te fi�ierul ini�ial �n a�a fel
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
545 �nc�t s� nu se piard�. Noul nume este creat prin ad�ugarea
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
546 caracterului "~" la numele ini�ial.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
547
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
548 C�nd opera�iunea de salvare este terminat�, Emacs-ul afi�eaz� numele
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
549 fi�ierului salvat. Se recomand� salvarea la intervale relativ mici,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
550 pentru a nu pierde prea mult� munc� �n cazul unei eventuale bloc�ri a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
551 sistemului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
552
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
553 >> Tasta�i C-x C-s, pentru a salva copia tutorialului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
554 Aceasta ar trebui s� afi�eze "Wrote ...TUTORIAL.ro" la marginea de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
555 jos a ecranului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
556
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
557 OBSERVA�IE: �n unele sisteme, tastarea comenzii C-x C-s va bloca
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
558 ecranul �i nu ve�i mai primi nici un de r�spuns din partea Emacs-ului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
559 Aceasta indic� faptul c� o facilitate a sistemului de operare numit�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
560 "controlul fluxului" ("flow control" �n limba englez�) intercepteaz�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
561 C-s, nelas�ndu-l s� ajung� la Emacs. Pentru deblocarea ecranului,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
562 tasta�i C-q. Pute�i g�si detalii referitoare la aceast� a�a-numit�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
563 "facilitate" �n sec�iunea "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search"
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
564 din manualul Emacs-ului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
565
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
566 Pute�i deschide un fi�ier existent, pentru a-l vedea sau edita.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
567 Pute�i de asemenea deschide un fi�ier care nu exist�. Aceasta este
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
568 modalitatea �n care crea�i noi fi�iere cu Emacs-ul: deschide�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
569 fi�ierul (care va fi gol ini�ial), apoi �ncepe�i s� introduce�i text
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
570 �n el. C�nd �i ve�i cere s� "salveze" fi�ierul, Emacs-ul va crea
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
571 fi�ierul cu textul pe care l-a�i introdus. De acum �nainte pute�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
572 considera c� edita�i un fi�ier existent.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
573
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
574
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
575 * BUFFERE
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
576 ---------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
577
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
578 Dac� deschide�i un al doilea fi�ier cu C-x C-f, primul va continua s�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
579 existe �n Emacs. Pute�i s� v� muta�i �napoi la el deschiz�ndu-l din
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
580 nou cu C-x C-f. �n acest fel pute�i avea un num�r destul de mare de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
581 fi�iere deschise �n Emacs.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
582
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
583 >> Crea�i un fi�ier numit "foo" tast�nd C-x C-f foo <Return>.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
584 Introduce�i un text oarecare, edita�i-l, apoi salva�i "foo" tast�nd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
585 C-x C-s. �n cele din urm�, tasta�i C-x C-f TUTORIAL.ro <Return>
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
586 pentru a v� �ntoarce la tutorial.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
587
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
588 Emacs-ul stocheaz� textul fiec�rui fi�ier �ntr-un obiect numit
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
589 "buffer". Deschiderea unui fi�ier creeaz� un nou buffer �n Emacs.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
590 Pentru a vedea o list� a bufferelor existente �n Emacs, tasta�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
591
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
592 C-x C-b (lista de buffere)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
593
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
594 >> �ncerca�i C-x C-b acum.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
595
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
596 Observa�i cum fiecare buffer are un nume �i, uneori, un nume de fi�ier
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
597 corespunz�tor fi�ierului al c�rui con�inut este men�inut �n buffer-ul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
598 respectiv. Unele buffere nu corespund nici unui fi�ier. De exemplu,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
599 buffer-ul numit "*Buffer List*" nu are nici un fi�ier asociat. Este
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
600 buffer-ul care con�ine lista de buffere �i a fost creat de comanda C-x
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
601 C-b. Orice text pe care �l vede�i �ntr-o fereastr� a Emacs-ului este
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
602 �ntotdeauna parte dintr-un buffer.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
603
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
604 >> Tasta�i C-x 1 pentru a sc�pa de lista de buffere.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
605
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
606 Dac� face�i schimb�ri �n textul unui fi�ier, apoi deschide�i un alt
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
607 fi�ier, primul fi�ier nu este salvat. Schimb�rile efectuate r�m�n �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
608 Emacs, �n buffer-ul asociat acelui fi�ier. Crearea sau editarea
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
609 buffer-ului celui de-al doilea fi�ier nu are nici un efect asupra
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
610 buffer-ului primului fi�ier. Acest lucru este foarte util, dar
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
611 �nseamn� c� ave�i nevoie de o modalitate convenabil� de a salva
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
612 buffer-ul primului fi�ier. Ar fi obositor s� fie necesar s� v� muta�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
613 �napoi la el cu C-x C-f pentru a-l putea salva cu C-x C-s. Din acest
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
614 motiv exist� comanda:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
615
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
616 C-x s salveaz� ni�te buffere
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
617
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
618 C-x s v� �ntreab� despre fiecare buffer care con�ine modific�ri (�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
619 care nu a fost salvat) dac� dori�i s�-l salva�i.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
620
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
621 >> Introduce�i o linie de text, apoi tasta�i C-x s.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
622 Ar trebui s� v� �ntrebe dac� s� salveze buffer-ul TUTORIAL.ro.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
623 Raspunde�i "da" la �ntrebare tast�nd "y".
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
624
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
625
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
626 * EXTINDEREA SETULUI DE COMENZI
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
627 -------------------------------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
628
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
629 Exist� mult mai multe comenzi Emacs dec�t combina�ii de taste bazate
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
630 pe CONTROL �i META. Solu�ia �n Emacs este folosirea comenzilor
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
631 eXtinse. Acestea sunt de dou� feluri:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
632
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
633 C-x eXtinde un caracter; urmat� de un caracter
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
634 M-x eXtinde un nume; urmat� de un nume lung
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
635
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
636 Acestea sunt comenzi care sunt utile �n general, dar folosite mai rar
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
637 dec�t comenzile despre care a�i �nv筐at p�n� acum. A�i v�zut deja
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
638 dou� dintre ele: comanda de deschis fi�iere (C-x C-f) �i comanda de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
639 salvat fi�iere (C-x C-s). Un alt exemplu este comanda de p�r�sit
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
640 Emacs-ul: C-x C-c. (Nu v� teme�i c� ve�i pierde schimb�ri f�cute �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
641 fi�iere; �nainte de a termina sesiunea curent� Emacs, C-x C-c v� va
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
642 �ntreba dac� dori�i s� salva�i fi�ierele modificate.)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
643
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
644 C-z este comanda cu care pute�i ie�i din Emacs *temporar* - astfel
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
645 �nc�t s� pute�i s� v� �ntoarce�i la aceea�i sesiune Emacs mai t�rziu.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
646
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
647 Pe sistemele unde este posibil, C-z "suspend�" Emacs-ul; asta �nseamn�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
648 c�, de�i v� ve�i �ntoarce la prompt-ul shell-ului, Emacs-ul nu a fost
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
649 distrus. �n shell-urile (interpretoarele de comenzi Unix) cele mai
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
650 uzuale pute�i reactiva Emacs-ul cu comanda `fg' sau `%emacs'.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
651
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
652 Pe sistemele care nu implementeaz� mecanismele de suspendare, C-z
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
653 creeaz� un subshell care ruleaz� sub Emacs pentru a v� oferi
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
654 posibilitatea de a rula alte programe �i de a v� �ntoarce la Emacs mai
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
655 t�rziu; pe aceste sisteme C-z nu iese cu adev�rat din Emacs - comanda
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
656 `exit' la promptul subshell-ului este modalitatea uzual� de a v�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
657 �ntoarce �n Emacs.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
658
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
659 �n general C-x C-c se folose�te �nainte de p�r�sirea sistemului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
660 Pute�i folosi aceast� comand� �i pentru a ie�i din instan�e de Emacs
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
661 lansate de programe de citit mail sau alte utilitare, deoarece acestea
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
662 s-ar putea s� nu fie capabile s� foloseasc� facilita�ile de suspendare
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
663 ale Emacs-ului. �n mod normal �ns�, dac� nu sunte�i pe cale s�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
664 p�r�si�i sistemul, este mai bine s� suspenda�i Emacs-ul cu C-z dec�t
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
665 s� ie�i�i complet cu C-x C-c.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
666
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
667 Emacs-ul are multe comenzi prefixate cu C-x. Aceasta este lista celor
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
668 pe care le-a�i �nv筐at p�n� acum:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
669
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
670 C-x C-f deschide un fi�ier
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
671 C-x C-s salveaz� fi�ierul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
672 C-x C-b listeaz� bufferele
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
673 C-x C-c p�r�se�te Emacs-ul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
674 C-x u anuleaz�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
675
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
676 Comenzile eXtinse cu nume sunt comenzile care sunt folosite �i mai rar
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
677 sau comenzile care sunt folosite numai �n anumite moduri. Un exemplu
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
678 este comanda replace-string (�nlocuie�te-�ir) care �nlocuie�te global
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
679 toate apari�iile unui �ir de caractere cu alt �ir de caractere. C�nd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
680 tasta�i M-x, Emacs-ul afi�eaz� pe ultima linie de pe ecran "M-x" �i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
681 pute�i introduce numele comenzii - �n cazul nostru "replace-string".
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
682 Pute�i s� tasta�i doar "repl s<TAB>" �i Emacs-ul va completa numele.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
683 Termina�i comanda cu <Return>.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
684
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
685 Comanda replace-string necesit� dou� argumente - �irul ce va fi
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
686 �nlocuit �i �irul �nlocuitor. La sf�r�itul introducerii fiec�rui
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
687 argument trebuie s� tasta�i <Return>.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
688
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
689 >> Muta�i cursorul pe linia goal� care se g�seste dou� linii mai jos.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
690 Tasta�i apoi M-x repl s<Return>modificat<Return>alterat<Return>.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
691
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
692 Observa�i modul �n care aceast� linie s-a modificat: a�i �nlocuit
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
693 toate apari�iile cuv�ntului s-c-h-i-m-b-a-t cu "alterat", dup�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
694 pozi�ia ini�ial� a cursorului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
695
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
696
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
697 * SALVARE AUTOMAT�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
698 ------------------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
699
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
700 Dac� a�i facut schimb�ri �ntr-un fi�ier, dar nu le-a�i salvat, aceste
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
701 schimb�ri se pot pierde �n cazul �n care sistemul se blocheaz�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
702 Pentru a v� proteja munca, Emacs-ul salveaz� periodic un fi�ier de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
703 "autosalvare" pentru fiecare fi�ier pe care �l edita�i. Acest fi�ier
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
704 are un "#" la �nceput �i unul la sf�r�it; de exemplu, dac� fi�ierul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
705 dumneavoastr� se numeste "hello.c", fi�ierul de autosalvare
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
706 corespunz�tor se va numi "#hello.c#". C�nd salva�i fi�ierul �n mod
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
707 normal, Emacs-ul �terge fi�ierul de autosalvare.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
708
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
709 �n cazul unei c�deri a sistemului, pute�i s� v� recupera�i fi�ierul de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
710 autosalvare deschiz�nd fi�ierul �n mod normal (fi�ierul pe care �l
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
711 edita�i, nu pe cel de autosalvare) �i tast�nd dup� aceea M-x recover
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
712 file<Return>. C�nd vi se cere confirmarea, tasta�i yes<Return> pentru
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
713 a continua �i a recupera fi�ierul.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
714
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
715
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
716 * ZONA DE ECOU
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
717 --------------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
718
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
719 Dac� Emacs-ul observ� c� tasta�i comenzile �ncet, vi le va ar�ta la
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
720 marginea de jos a ecranului �ntr-o zona numit� "zona de ecou". Zona
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
721 de ecou con�ine cea mai de jos linie a ecranului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
722
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
723
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
724 * LINIA DE MOD
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
725 --------------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
726
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
727 Linia de deasupra zonei de ecou se nume�te "linia de mod" ("mode line"
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
728 �n limba englez�). Linia de mod con�ine ceva de genul:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
729
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
730 --**-Emacs: TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
731
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
732 Aceast� linie prezint� informa�ii utile despre starea Emacs-ului �i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
733 despre textul pe care �l edita�i.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
734
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
735 Sti�i deja ce �nseamn� numele fi�ierului - este fi�ierul pe care l-a�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
736 deschis. -NN%-- indic� pozi�ia curent� a cursorului �n text - NN la
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
737 sut� din text este deasupra primei linii de pe ecran. Dac� �nceputul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
738 fi�ierului este vizibil pe ecran, ve�i vedea --Top-- �n loc de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
739 --00%--. Dac� sf�r�itul fi�ierului este vizibil pe ecran, ve�i vedea
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
740 --Bot-- (de la "bottom" �n limba englez�). Dac� fi�ierul este at�t de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
741 mic, �nc�t �ncape �n �ntregime pe ecran, pe linia de mod ve�i vedea
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
742 --All--.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
743
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
744 Stelele de la �nceputul liniei de mod semnalizeaz� existen�a unor
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
745 modific�ri nesalvate �n text. Imediat dup� deschiderea fi�ierului,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
746 por�iunea respectiv� din linia de mod nu con�ine nici o stea, doar
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
747 minusuri.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
748
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
749 Por�iunea din�untrul parantezelor v� spune modul de editare curent.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
750 Modul implicit este "Fundamental", modul pe care �l folosi�i chiar
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
751 acum. Este un exemplu de "mod major".
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
752
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
753 Emacs-ul are multe moduri majore. Unele dintre ele sunt destinate
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
754 edit�rii diferitelor limbaje �i/sau tipuri de text, cum ar fi modul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
755 Lisp, modul Text, etc. Numai un mod major poate fi activ la un moment
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
756 dat �i numele s�u va fi �ntotdeauna acolo unde este "Fundamental"
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
757 acum.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
758
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
759 Fiecare mod major schimb� comportamentul unor comenzi. De exemplu
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
760 exist� comenzi pentru crearea comentariilor �ntr-un program, dar, cum
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
761 fiecare limbaj de programare are o idee diferit� despre felul cum ar
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
762 trebui s� arate un comentariu, fiecare mod major trebuie s� le
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
763 introduc� �ntr-un alt fel. Exist� c�te o comand� asociat� fiec�rui
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
764 mod major - aceasta este modalitatea de a schimba modul major. De
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
765 exemplu, M-x fundamental-mode este comanda cu care poate fi ales modul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
766 "Fundamental".
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
767
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
768 Dac� edita�i text �n limba rom�n�, cum ar fi de exemplu acest fi�ier,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
769 ar trebui probabil s� folosi�i modul Text.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
770
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
771 >> Tasta�i M-x text-mode<Return>.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
772
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
773 Nu v� temeti, nici una din comenzile pe care le-a�i �nv筐at p�n� acum
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
774 nu schimb� Emacs-ul prea mult. Pute�i observa acum c� M-f �i M-b
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
775 trateaz� apostrofurile ca parte din cuvinte. �nainte, �n modul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
776 Fundamental, M-f �i M-b tratau apostrofurile ca separatoare de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
777 cuvinte.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
778
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
779 Modurile majore opereaz� schimb�ri subtile, ca cea descris� mai sus.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
780 Majoritatea comenzilor execut� aceea�i opera�ie �n fiecare mod major,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
781 dar func�ioneaz� pu�in diferit.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
782
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
783 Pentru a vedea documenta�ia referitoare la modul major curent, tasta�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
784 C-h m.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
785
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
786 >> Folosi�i C-u C-v o dat� sau de mai multe ori pentru a aduce aceast�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
787 linie aproape de �nceputul ecranului. Tasta�i C-h m ca s� afla�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
788 diferen�ele dintre modul Text �i modul Fundamental. Tasta�i C-x 1
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
789 pentru a �terge documenta�ia de pe ecran.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
790
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
791 Modurile majore se numesc "majore" pentru c� exist� �i moduri minore.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
792 Modurile minore sunt ajust�ri minore ale modurilor majore. Fiecare
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
793 mod minor poate fi activat sau dezactivat separat, independent de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
794 celelalte moduri minore �i independent de modul major curent. Pute�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
795 s� nu folosi�i nici un mod minor, un mod minor sau orice combina�ie de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
796 moduri minore.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
797
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
798 Un mod minor care este foarte util, �n mod special c�nd edita�i text,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
799 este modul "Auto Fill". C�nd acest mod este activat, Emacs-ul sparge
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
800 automat liniile la spa�iul dintre cuvinte de fiecare dat� c�nd
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
801 introduc�nd text crea�i o linie care este prea lung�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
802
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
803 Pute�i activa modul "Auto Fill" execut�nd M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
804 C�nd acest mod este activat, �l pute�i dezactiva execut�nd aceea�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
805 comand�. Dac� modul este dezactivat, aceast� comand� �l activeaz�,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
806 c�nd este activat, comanda �l dezactiveaz�. Se spune c� aceast�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
807 comand� inverseaz� modul.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
808
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
809 >> Tasta�i M-x auto-fill-mode<Return> acum. Introduce�i apoi o linie
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
810 con�in�nd "asdf " de mai multe ori, p�n� c�nd linia se sparge �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
811 dou�. Trebuie s� pune�i spa�ii �ntre cuvinte pentru c� Auto Fill
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
812 sparge linia numai la spa�ii.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
813
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
814 Marginea este stabilit� �n mod normal la 70 de caractere, dar pute�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
815 schimba aceast� valoare cu comanda C-x f. Introduce�i valoarea dorit�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
816 ca argument numeric pentru C-x f.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
817
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
818 >> Tasta�i C-x f cu 20 ca argument numeric. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
819 Introduce�i apoi un text oarecare �i observa�i cum Emacs-ul umple
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
820 linii de maximum 20 de caractere. Restaura�i marginea la 70 de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
821 caractere folosind din nou C-x f.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
822
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
823 Dac� face�i schimb�ri �n mijlocul unui paragraf, modul Auto Fill nu
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
824 rearanjeaz� paragraful. Pentru a face acest lucru, trebuie s� tasta�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
825 M-q (META-q) cu cursorul pozi�ionat �n�untrul paragrafului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
826
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
827 >> Muta�i cursorul �n paragraful precedent �i tasta�i M-q.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
828
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
829
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
830 * C�UTARE
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
831 ---------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
832
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
833 Emacs-ul poate caut� �iruri (grupuri continue de caractere sau
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
834 cuvinte) fie �nainte, fie �napoi (fa� de pozi�ia curent� a cursorului
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
835 �n text). C�utarea unui �ir este o opera�ie ce mut� cursorul;
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
836 cursorul este mutat �n pozi�ia corespunz�toare urm�toarei apari�ii a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
837 �irului �n text.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
838
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
839 C�utarea este diferit� �n Emacs fa� de majoritatea editoarelor,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
840 deoarece este "incremental�". Asta �nseamn� c� execu�ia opera�iunii
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
841 de c�utare se face �n timp ce tasta�i �irul de c�utat.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
842
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
843 Comanda ce ini�iaz� c�utarea este C-s pentru c�utare �nainte �i C-r
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
844 pentru c�utare �napoi. A�TEPTA�I! Nu le �ncerca�i acum.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
845
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
846 C�nd tasta�i C-s ve�i remarca faptul c� �irul "I-search" apare ca
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
847 prompt �n zona de ecou. Aceasta v� spune c� Emacs-ul este �n modul de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
848 c�utare incremental�, a�tept�nd ca dumneavoastr� s� introduce�i �irul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
849 pe care dori�i s�-l c�uta�i. C�utarea poate fi terminat� cu <Return>.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
850
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
851 >> Tasta�i acum C-s pentru a porni o c�utare. �NCET, c�te o singur�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
852 liter� la un moment dat, tasta�i cuv�ntul "cursor", f�c�nd o pauz�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
853 dup� fiecare caracter tastat ca s� observa�i ce se �ntampl� cu
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
854 cursorul. Acum a�i terminat de c�utat prima apari�ie a cuv�ntului
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
855 "cursor".
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
856 >> Tasta�i C-s din nou, pentru a c�uta urm�toarea apari�ie a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
857 cuv�ntului "cursor".
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
858 >> Tasta�i acum <Delete> de patru ori �i observa�i mi�carea
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
859 cursorului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
860 >> Tasta�i <Return> pentru a termina c�utarea.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
861
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
862 A�i observat ce s-a �ntamplat? �n timpul unei c�ut�ri incrementale
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
863 Emacs-ul �ncearc� s� se pozi�ioneze pe prima apari�ie a �irului pe
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
864 care l-a�i introdus p�n� �n momentul respectiv. Dac� vre�i s� v�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
865 pozi�iona�i pe urm�toarea apari�ie a cuv�ntului "cursor", nu trebuie
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
866 dec�t s� tasta�i C-s �nc� o dat�. Dac� nu mai exist� o alt� apari�ie,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
867 Emacs-ul va emite un sunet �i v� va anun�a c� opera�iunea de c�utare a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
868 e�uat ("failed" �n limba englez�). C-g este o alt� metod� de a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
869 termina c�utarea.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
870
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
871 OBSERVA�IE: Pe unele sisteme, C-s va bloca ecranul �i nu ve�i mai
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
872 primi nici un r�spuns de la Emacs. Aceasta indic� faptul c� o
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
873 "facilitate" a sistemului de operare numit� "controlul fluxului"
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
874 ("flow control" �n limba englez�) intercepteaz� caracterul C-s �i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
875 acesta nu mai ajunge la Emacs. Pentru deblocarea ecranului, ap�sa�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
876 C-q. Pute�i g�si detalii referitoare la aceast� a�a-numit�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
877 "facilitate" �n sec�iunea "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search"
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
878 din manualul Emacs-ului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
879
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
880 Dac� sunte�i �n mijlocul unei c�ut�ri incrementale �i tasta�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
881 <Delete>, ve�i observa c� ultimul caracter �n c�utarea incremental�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
882 este �ters �i c�utarea se �ntoarce la pozi�ia anterioar�. De exemplu,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
883 s� presupunem c� a�i tastat "c", pentru a c�uta prima apari�ie a lui
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
884 "c". Dac� tasta�i "u", cursorul se va muta la prima apari�ie a lui
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
885 "cu". Tasta�i acum <Delete>. Aceasta va �terge "u"-ul din �irul de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
886 c�utare �i cursorul se va muta �napoi la prima apari�ie a lui "c".
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
887
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
888 C�utarea incremental� poate fi terminat� prin tastarea unui caracter
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
889 bazat pe CONTROL sau META (cu c�teva excep�ii - caracterele care sunt
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
890 specifice c�ut�rii, cum ar fi C-s �i C-r).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
891
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
892 C-s �ncepe o c�utare care inspecteaz� textul de DUP� pozi�ia curent� a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
893 cursorului. Dac� dori�i s� c�uta�i �n textul dinaintea pozi�iei
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
894 curente a cursorului, folosi�i C-r. Toat� discu�ia referitoare la C-s
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
895 se aplic� �i comenzii C-r, cu men�iunea c� direc�ia de c�utare este
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
896 invers�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
897
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
898
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
899 * FERESTRE MULTIPLE
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
900 -------------------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
901
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
902 Una dintre facilit筐ile importante ale Emacs-ului este aceea de a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
903 afi�a pe ecran mai multe ferestre simultan.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
904
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
905 >> Muta�i cursorul pe aceast� linie �i tasta�i C-u 0 C-l.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
906
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
907 >> Tasta�i acum C-x 2 pentru a �mp�r�i ecranul �n dou� ferestre.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
908 Am�ndou� ferestrele vor afi�a acest tutorial. Cursorul va r�mane
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
909 �n fereastra din partea de sus a ecranului.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
910
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
911 >> Tasta�i C-M-v pentru a mi�ca textul din fereastra de jos.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
912 (Dac� nu ave�i o tast� META, tasta�i ESC C-v.)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
913
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
914 >> Tasta�i C-x o ("o" de la "other" - "cealalt�" �n limba
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
915 englez�) pentru a muta cursorul �n fereastra de jos.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
916
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
917 >> Tasta�i C-v �i M-v �n fereastra de jos pentru a muta textul.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
918 Continua�i s� citi�i aceste instruc�iuni �n fereastra de sus.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
919
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
920 >> Tasta�i C-x o din nou pentru a muta cursorul �napoi �n fereastra de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
921 sus. Cursorul va fi plasat �n locul unde a fost anterior.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
922
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
923 Pute�i continua s� folosi�i C-x o pentru a v� muta �ntre ferestre.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
924 Fiecare fereastr� are propria ei pozi�ie a cursorului, dar numai o
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
925 fereastr� arat� cursorul la un moment dat. Toate opera�iile normale
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
926 de editare au efect �n fereastra �n care se g�se�te cursorul -
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
927 fereastra respectiv� se nume�te "fereastra selectat�".
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
928
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
929 Comanda C-M-v este foarte util� c�nd edita�i text �ntr-o fereastr� �i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
930 folosi�i cealalt� fereastr� pentru a citi documenta�ii. Pute�i �ine
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
931 �ntotdeauna cursorul �n fereastra �n care edita�i, �n timp ce avansa�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
932 textul din cealalt� fereastr� cu C-M-v.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
933
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
934 C-M-v este un exemplu de caracter CONTROL-META. Dac� ave�i o tast�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
935 META, pute�i tasta C-M-v �in�nd ap�sate �i CONTROL �i META c�nd tasta�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
936 v. Nu conteaz� care dintre CONTROL sau META este ap�sat� mai �nt�i,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
937 pentru c� am�ndou� ac�ioneaz� prin modificarea caracterului pe care �l
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
938 tasta�i.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
939
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
940 Dac� nu ave�i o tast� META �i folosi�i ESC �n loc, ordinea este
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
941 important�: trebuie s� tasta�i ESC urmat de CONTROL-v; CONTROL-ESC v
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
942 nu va func�iona, din cauza faptului c� ESC este un caracter de sine
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
943 st�t�tor, nu un modificator.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
944
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
945 >> Tasta�i C-x 1 (�n fereastra de sus) ca s� renun�a�i la fereastra
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
946 de jos.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
947
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
948 (Dac� a�i tastat C-x 1 �n fereastra de jos, aceast� comand� va �nchide
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
949 fereastra de sus. G�ndi�i-v� la ea a�a "P�streaz� doar o fereastr� -
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
950 cea �n care sunt acum.")
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
951
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
952 Nu este nevoie s� afisa�i acela�i buffer �n ambele ferestre. Dac�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
953 folosi�i C-x C-f pentru a deschide un fi�ier �ntr-o fereastr�,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
954 cealalt� fereastr� nu se schimb�. Pute�i deschide un fi�ier diferit
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
955 �n fiecare fereastr�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
956
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
957 O alt� modalitate de a folosi dou� ferestre ca s� afi�a�i lucruri
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
958 diferite:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
959
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
960 >> Tasta�i C-x 4 C-f apoi numele unui fi�ier. Termina�i comanda
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
961 cu <Return> Observa�i c� fi�ierul specificat apare �n fereastra de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
962 jos. Cursorul la fel.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
963
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
964 >> Tasta�i C-x o pentru a v� muta �n fereastra de sus, apoi tasta�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
965 C-x 1 pentru a �terge fereastra de jos.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
966
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
967
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
968 * NIVELURI DE EDITARE RECURSIV�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
969 -------------------------------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
970
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
971 Uneori ve�i intra �n ceea ce se numeste un "nivel de editare
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
972 recursiv�". Acesta este indicat de prezen�a unor paranteze drepte �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
973 linia de mod �n jurul numelui modului major. De exemplu, s-ar putea
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
974 s� vede�i [(Fundamental)] �n loc de (Fundamental).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
975
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
976 Pentru a ie�i din nivelul de editare recursiv�, tasta�i ESC ESC ESC.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
977 Aceasta este o comand� de ie�ire de uz general. O pute�i folosi �i ca
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
978 s� ie�i�i din minibuffer sau ca s� elimina�i ferestrele �n plus.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
979
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
980 >> Tasta�i M-x pentru a intra �n minibuffer; tasta�i apoi ESC ESC ESC
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
981 ca s� ie�i�i.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
982
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
983 Nu pute�i folosi C-g pentru a ie�i dintr-un nivel de editare recursiv�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
984 deoarece comanda C-g este folosit� pentru a anula comenzi �i argumente
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
985 �n�untrul unui nivel de editare recursiv�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
986
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
987
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
988 * CUM PUTE�I OB�INE MAI MULTE INFORMA�II
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
989 ----------------------------------------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
990
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
991 �n acest tutorial am �ncercat s� furniz�m suficiente informa�ii pentru
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
992 a face primii pa�i �n Emacs. Exist� at�t de multe comenzi �n Emacs
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
993 �nc�t ar fi imposibil s� le explic�m pe toate aici. S-ar putea �ns�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
994 s� dori�i s� �nva�a�i mai multe despre Emacs, deoarece ofer� foarte
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
995 multe facilita�i interesante. Exist� comenzi pentru a citi
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
996 documenta�ia despre comenzile Emacs-ului. Aceste comenzi ajut�toare
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
997 sunt prefixate cu caracterul C-h, denumit �i "caracterul de ajutor".
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
998
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
999 Pentru a folosi aceste facilit筐i de ajutor, tasta�i caracterul C-h,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1000 apoi un caracter ce specific� tipul de ajutor de care ave�i nevoie.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1001 �n cazul �n care sunte�i nel�murit, tasta�i C-h ? �i Emacs-ul v� va
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1002 spune ce fel de ajutor v� poate oferi. Dac� a�i tastat C-h �i v�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1003 r�zg�ndi�i (nu mai dori�i ajutor) pute�i tasta C-g pentru a anula
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1004 comanda.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1005
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1006 (Anumite site-uri remapeaz� caracterul C-h. Nu ar trebui s� fac� asta
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1007 orbe�te pentru to�i utilizatorii - ave�i motiv s� v� pl�nge�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1008 administratorului de sistem. �ntre timp, dac� C-h nu afi�eaz� un
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1009 mesaj despre ajutor la marginea de jos a ecranului, �ncerca�i M-x
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1010 help<Return> �n loc.)
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1011
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1012 Comanda elementar� de ajutor este C-h c. Tasta�i C-h, apoi caracterul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1013 c �i o comand� alc�tuit� dintr-un caracter sau secven� de caractere
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1014 �i Emacs-ul va afi�a o scurt� descriere a comenzii.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1015
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1016 >> Tasta�i C-h c C-p.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1017
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1018 Mesajul ar trebui s� fie ceva de genul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1019
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1020 C-p runs the command previous-line
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1021
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1022 Aceasta v� spune "numele func�iei". Numele de func�ii sunt folosite
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1023 �n principal pentru a adapta �i extinde Emacs-ul, dar, cum numele
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1024 func�iilor sunt alese �n a�a fel �nc�t s� indice actiunea comenzii
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1025 respective, ele pot servi ca o documenta�ie foarte scurt�, suficient�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1026 ca s� v� aminteasc� de comenzi pe care le-a�i �nv筐at deja.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1027
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1028 Comenzile formate din mai multe caractere (cum ar fi C-x C-s) �i (dac�
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1029 nu ave�i o tasta META, EDIT sau ALT) <ESC> v sunt de asemenea permise
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1030 dup� C-h c.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1031
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1032 Pentru a ob�ine mai multe informa�ii despre o comand�, folosi�i C-h k
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1033 �n loc de C-h c.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1034
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1035 >> Tasta�i C-h k C-p.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1036
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1037 Aceast� comand� afi�eaz� documenta�ia �i numele func�iei �ntr-o
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1038 fereastr� separat�. C�nd termina�i de citit, tasta�i q pentru a
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1039 o elimina. Nu trebuie s� face�i acest lucru imediat. Pute�i edita
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1040 o vreme, citind textul din fereastra de ajutor.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1041
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1042 C�teva comenzi C-h utile:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1043
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1044 C-h f descrie o func�ie al c�rei nume trebuie s�-l
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1045 introduce�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1046
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1047 >> �ncerca�i s� tasta�i C-h f previous-line<Return>.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1048 Aceasta afi�eaz� toat� informa�ia pe care o are Emacs-ul despre
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1049 func�ia ce implementeaz� comanda C-p.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1050
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1051 C-h a Command Apropos. Tasta�i un cuv�nt cheie �i Emacs-ul va
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1052 lista toate func�iile �i variabilele ale c�ror nume
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1053 con�in acel cuv�nt cheie. La st�nga comenzilor care
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1054 pot fi invocate cu M-x va fi afi�at� o stelu�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1055 Pentru unele comenzi, Command Apropos va lista o
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1056 secven� de unul sau dou� caractere ce execut� aceea�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1057 comand�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1058
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1059 >> Tasta�i C-h a fi�ier<Return>.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1060
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1061 Aceasta afi�eaz� �ntr-o alt� ferastr� o list� a tuturor comenzilor M-x
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1062 al c�ror nume con�ine "fi�ier". Ve�i vedea caractere-comand� de genul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1063 C-x C-f listate l�ng� comanda nume corespunz�toare (find-file).
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1064
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1065 >> Tasta�i C-M-v ca s� deplasa�i con�inutul ferestrei de ajutor.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1066 Face�i acest lucru de c�teva ori.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1067
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1068 >> Tasta�i C-x 1 pentu a �terge fereastra de ajutor.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1069
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1070
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1071 * CONCLUZII
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1072 -----------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1073
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1074 �ine�i minte, pentru a ie�i permanent din Emacs, folosi�i C-x C-c.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1075 Pentru a ie�i temporar �ntr-un shell (�n a�a fel �nc�t s� v� pute�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1076 �ntoarce la Emacs mai t�rziu) folosi�i C-z.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1077
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1078 Acest tutorial a fost organizat �n a�a fel �nc�t s� fie pe �n�elesul
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1079 noilor utilizatori - nu v� sfii�i s� v� pl�nge�i autorilor dac� gasi�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1080 ceva neclar!
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1081
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1082
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1083 COPIERE
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1084 -------
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1085
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1086 Acest tutorial este rezultatul prelucr�rii unei serii lungi de
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1087 tutoriale pentru Emacs derivate din cel scris de Stuart Cracraft
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1088 pentru versiunea ini�ial� de Emacs.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1089
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1090 Cu scopul evit�rii oric�ror confuzii datorate traducerii, las �n
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1091 continuare no�ita de copyright original� �n limba englez�.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1092
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1093 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1094 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1095
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1096 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1097
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1098 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1099 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1100 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1101 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1102 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1103
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1104 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1105 of this document, or of portions of it,
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1106 under the above conditions, provided also that they
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1107 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1108
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1109 Condi�iile de copiere a Emacs-ului sunt mai complexe, dar �n acela�i
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1110 spirit. Citi�i fi�ierul COPYING �i apoi distribui�i prietenilor copii
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1111 ale Emacs-ului. Contribui�i la eliminarea obstruc�ionismului software
Dave Love <fx@gnu.org>
parents:
diff changeset
1112 folosind, scriind �i distribuind free software!