changeset 25853:e96ffe544684

#

--- a/etc/.cvsignore	Sun Oct 03 12:17:04 1999 +0000
+++ b/etc/.cvsignore	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -1,1 +1,3 @@
 fns-*
+*.ps
+*.log

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/3B-MAXMEM	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+Date: Mon, 16 Feb 87 15:04:41 EST
+From: [e-mail] (David Katinsky)
+To: [e-mail]
+Subject: 3b2 procedure to raise MAXMEM
+
+Below is the procedure I followed to allow enough memory for GnuEmacs to run
+on my 3b2/400. The end result of this is that a process can snarf up to 2Mb
+of memory. This can be a bit dangerous on a 2Mb machine, but I tried it and 
+it worked ok.
+
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+In the simplest case, these are the procedures to reconfigure a 3bx kernel.
+
+
+
+1] cd /etc/master.d
+
+`ls` shows the files to be:
+
+README   ctc*     hdelog   idisk    ipc      iuart    kernel   mau
+mem      msg      ports*   prf      sem      shm      stubs    sxt
+sys      xt
+
+2] Edit the file which contains the parameter[s] you wish to change.
+In the following excerpt from /etc/master.d/kernel the value MAXMEM
+was raised from 256 to 1024.
+
+In V.3.0 and later releases, the parameter in question is MAXUMEM
+instead of MAXMEM.
+
+
+	*
+	* The following entries form the tunable parameter table.
+	*
+
+
+	NCALL = 30
+	NPROC = 60
+	NTEXT = 58
+	NCLIST = 188
+	* maxmem is number of pages (2K) was 256 --dmk
+	MAXMEM = 1024
+	MAXUP = 25
+	* hashbuf must be a power of 2
+	NHBUF = 128
+	NPBUF = 8
+
+3] cd /boot
+
+4] mkboot -k KERNEL
+
+5] shutdown -i5 -g0 -y
+
+This will take the machine down and bring it back up into firmware
+mode. When you see that the machine has reached this state, type the
+firmware password (default=mcp). The machine will ask for the name of
+a program to execute. At this prompt enter /etc/system . The machine
+should start to boot and display its configuration data.
+
+
+
[phone]					dmk
+
+						[[e-mail]]
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+
+I do not feel that having the default firmware password is a
+problem... but if you wish to edit it out, feel free.
+
+						dmk
+
+

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/AIX.DUMP	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+The following text was written by someone at IBM to describe an older
+version of the code for dumping on AIX.  It does NOT apply to
+the current version of Emacs.  It is included in case someone
+is curious.
+
+
+I (rms) couldn't understand the code, and I can't fully understand
+this text either.  I rewrote the code to use the same basic
+principles, as far as I understood them, but more cleanly.  This
+rewritten code does not always work.  In fact, the basic method 
+seems to be intrinsically flawed.
+
+Since then, someone else implemented a different way of dumping on
+the RS/6000, which does seem to work.  None of the following
+applies to the way Emacs now dumps on the 6000.  However, the
+current method fails to use shared libraries.  Anyone who might be
+interested in trying to resurrect the previous method might still
+find the following information useful.
+
+
+It seems that the IBM dumping code was simply set up to detect when
+the dumped data cannot be used, and in that case to act approximately
+as if CANNOT_DUMP had been defined all along.  (This is buried in
+paragraph 1.)  It seems simpler just to define CANNOT_DUMP, since
+Emacs is not set up to decide at run time whether there is dumping or
+not, and doing so correctly would be a lot of work.
+
+Note that much of the other information, such as the name and format 
+of the dumped data file, has been changed.
+
+
+		--rms
+
+
+
+        A different approach has been taken to implement the
+"dump/load" feature of GNU Emacs for AIX 3.1.  Traditionally the
+unexec function creates a new a.out executable file which contains
+preloaded Lisp code.  Executing the new a.out file (normally called
+xemacs) provides rapid startup since the standard suite of Lisp code
+is preloaded as part of the executable file.
+
+        AIX 3.1 architecture precludes the use of this technique
+because the dynamic loader cannot guarantee a fixed starting location
+for the process data section.  The loader loads all shared library
+data BEFORE process data.  When a shared library changes its data
+space, the process initial data section address (_data) will change
+and all global process variables are automatically relocated to new
+addresses.  This invalidates the "dumped" Emacs executable which has
+data addresses which are not relocatable and now corrupt.  Emacs would
+fail to execute until rebuilt with the new libraries.
+
+        To circumvent the dynamic loader feature of AIX 3.1, the dump process
+has been modified as follows:
+
+        1) A new executable file is NOT created.  Instead, both pure and
+           impure data are saved by the dump function and automatically
+           reloaded during process initialization.  If any of the saved data
+           is unavailable or invalid, loadup.el will be automatically loaded.
+
+        2) Pure data is defined as a shared memory segment and attached
+           automatically as read-only data during initialization.  This
+           allows the pure data to be a shared resource among all Emacs
+           processes.  The shared memory segment size is PURESIZE bytes.
+           If the shared memory segment is unavailable or invalid, a new
+           shared memory segment is created and the impure data save file
+           is destroyed, forcing loadup.el to be reloaded.
+
+        3) The ipc key used to create and access Emacs shared memory is
+           SHMKEY and can be overridden by the environment symbol EMACSSHMKEY.
+           Only one ipc key is allowed per system.  The environment symbol
+           is provided in case the default ipc key has already been used.
+
+        4) Impure data is written to the ../bin/.emacs.data file by the
+           dump function.  This file contains the process' impure data
+           at the moment of load completion.  During Emacs initialization,
+           the process' data section is expanded and overwritten
+           with the .emacs.data file contents.
+
+        The following are software notes concerning the GNU Emacs dump function under AIX 3.1:
+
+        1) All of the new dump/load code is activated by the #ifdef SHMKEY
+           conditional.
+
+        2) The automatic loading of loadup.el does NOT cause the dump function
+           to be performed.  Therefore once the pure/impure data is discarded,
+           someone must remake Emacs to create the saved data files.  This
+           should only be necessary when Emacs is first installed or whenever
+           AIX is upgraded.
+
+        3) Emacs will exit with an error if executed in a non-X environment
+           and the dump function was performed within a X window.  Therefore
+           the dump function should always be performed in a non-X
+           environment unless the X environment will ALWAYS be available.
+
+        4) Emacs only maintains the lower 24 bits of any data address.  The
+           remaining upper 8 bits are reset by the XPNTR macro whenever any
+           Lisp object is referenced.  This poses a serious problem because
+           pure data is stored in segment 3 (shared memory) and impure data
+           is stored in segment 2 (data).  To reset the upper 8 address bits
+           correctly, XPNTR must guess as to which type of data is represented
+           by the lower 24 address bits.  The technique chosen is based upon
+           the fact that pure data offsets in segment 3 range from
+           0 -> PURESIZE-1, which are relatively small offsets.  Impure data
+           offsets in segment 2 are relatively large (> 0x40000) because they
+           must follow all shared library data.  Therefore XPNTR adds segment
+           3 to each data offset which is small (below PURESIZE) and adds
+           segment 2 to all other offsets.  This algorithm will remain valid
+           as long as a) pure data size remains relatively small and b) process
+           data is loaded after shared library data.
+
+           To eliminate this guessing game, Emacs must preserve the 32-bit
+           address and add additional data object overhead for the object type
+           and garbage collection mark bit.
+
+        5) The data section written to .emacs.data is divided into three
+           areas as shown below.  The file header contains four character
+           pointers which are used during automatic data loading.  The file's
+           contents will only be used if the first three addresses match
+           their counterparts in the current process.  The fourth address is
+           the new data segment address required to hold all of the preloaded
+           data.
+
+
+                        .emacs.data file format
+
+                +---------------------------------------+ \
+                |     address of _data                  |  \
+                +---------------------------------------+   \
+                |     address of _end                   |    \
+                +---------------------------------------+      file header
+                |     address of initial sbrk(0)        |    /
+                +---------------------------------------+   /
+                |     address of final sbrk(0)          |  /
+                +---------------------------------------+ /
+                \                                       \
+                \                                       \
+                      all data to be loaded from
+                      _data to _end
+                \                                       \
+                \                                       \
+                +---------------------------------------+
+                \                                       \
+                \                                       \
+                      all data to be loaded from
+                      initial to final sbrk(0)
+                \                                       \
+                +---------------------------------------+
+
+
+           Sections two and three contain the preloaded data which is
+           restored at locations _data and initial sbrk(0) respectively.
+
+           The reason two separate sections are needed is that process
+           initialization allocates data (via malloc) prior to main()
+           being called.  Therefore _end is several kbytes lower than
+           the address returned by an initial sbrk(0).  This creates a
+           hole in the process data space and malloc will abort if this
+           region is overwritten during the load function.
+
+           One further complication with the malloc'd space is that it
+           is partially empty and must be "consumed" so that data space
+           malloc'd in the future is not assigned to this region.  The malloc
+           function distributed with Emacs anticipates this problem but the
+           AIX 3.1 version does not.  Therefore, repeated malloc calls are
+           needed to exhaust this initial malloc space.  How do you know
+           when malloc has exhausted its free memory?  You don't!  So the
+           code must repeatedly call malloc for each buffer size and
+           detect when a new memory page has been allocated.  Once the new
+           memory page is allocated, you can calculate the number of free
+           buffers in that page and request exactly that many more.  Future
+           malloc requests will now be added at the top of a new memory page.
+
+           One final point - the initial sbrk(0) is the value of sbrk(0)
+           after all of the above malloc hacking has been performed.
+
+
+        The following Emacs dump/load issues need to be addressed:
+
+        1) Loadup.el exits with an error message because the xemacs and
+           emacs-xxx files are not created during the dump function.
+
+           Loadup.el should be changed to check for the new .emacs.data
+           file.
+
+        2) Dump will only support one .emacs.data file for the entire
+           system.  This precludes the ability to allow each user to
+           define his/her own "dumped" Emacs.
+
+           Add an environment symbol to override the default .emacs.data
+           path.
+
+        3) An error message "error in init file" is displayed out of
+           startup.el when the dumped Emacs is invoked by a non-root user.
+           Although all of the preloaded Lisp code is present, the important
+           purify-flag has not been set back to Qnil - precluding the
+           loading of any further Lisp code until the flag is manually
+           reset.
+
+           The problem appears to be an access violation which will go
+           away if the read-write access modes to all of the files are
+           changed to rw-.
+
+        4) In general, all file access modes should be changed from
+           rw-r--r-- to rw-rw-rw-.  They are currently setup to match
+           standard AIX access modes.
+
+        5) The dump function is not invoked when the automatic load of
+           loadup.el is performed.
+
+           Perhaps the command arguments array should be expanded with
+           "dump" added to force an automatic dump.
+
+        6) The automatic initialization function alloc_shm will delete
+           the shared memory segment and .emacs.data file if the "dump"
+           command argument is found in ANY argument position.  The
+           dump function will only take place in loadup.el if "dump"
+           is the third or fourth command argument.
+
+           Change alloc_shm to live by loadup.el rules.
+

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/BABYL	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+Format of Version 5 Babyl Files:
+
+Warning:
+
+    This was written Tuesday, 12 April 1983 (by Eugene Ciccarelli),
+based on looking at a particular Babyl file and recalling various
+issues.  Therefore it is not guaranteed to be complete, but it is a
+start, and I will try to point the reader to various Babyl functions
+that will serve to clarify certain format questions.
+
+    Also note that this file will not contain control-characters,
+but instead have two-character sequences starting with Uparrow.
+Unless otherwise stated, an Uparrow <character> is to be read as
+Control-<character>, e.g. ^L is a Control-L.
+
+Versions:
+
+    First, note that each Babyl file contains in its BABYL OPTIONS
+section the version for the Babyl file format.  In principle, the
+format can be changed in any way as long as we increment the format
+version number; then programs can support both old and new formats.
+
+    In practice, version 5 is the only format version used, and the
+previous versions have been obsolete for so long that Emacs does not
+support them.
+
+
+Overall Babyl File Structure:
+
+    A Babyl file consists of a BABYL OPTIONS section followed by
+0 or more message sections.  The BABYL OPTIONS section starts
+with the line "BABYL OPTIONS:".  Message sections start with
+Control-Underscore Control-L Newline.  Each section ends
+with a Control-Underscore.  (That is also the first character
+of the starter for the next section, if any.)  Thus, a three
+message Babyl file looks like:
+
+BABYL OPTIONS:
+...the stuff within the Babyl Options section...
+^_^L
+...the stuff within the 1st message section...
+^_^L
+...the stuff within the 2nd message section...
+^_^L
+...the stuff within the last message section...
+^_
+
+    Babyl is tolerant about some whitespace at the end of the
+file -- the file may end with the final ^_ or it may have some
+whitespace, e.g. a newline, after it.
+
+
+The BABYL OPTIONS Section:
+
+    Each Babyl option is specified on one line (thus restricting
+string values these options can currently have).  Values are
+either numbers or strings.  The format is name, colon, and the
+value, with whitespace after the colon ignored, e.g.:
+
+Mail: ~/special-inbox
+
+    Unrecognized options are ignored.
+
+    Here are those options and the kind of values currently expected:
+
+    MAIL		Filename, the input mail file for this
+			Babyl file.  You may also use several file names
+			separated by commas.
+    Version		Number.  This should always be 5.
+    Labels		String, list of labels, separated by commas.
+
+
+Message Sections:
+
+    A message section contains one message and information
+associated with it.  The first line is the "status line", which
+contains a bit (0 or 1 character) saying whether the message has
+been reformed yet, and a list of the labels attached to this
+message.  Certain labels, called basic labels, are built into
+Babyl in a fundamental way, and are separated in the status line
+for convenience of operation.  For example, consider the status
+line:
+
+1, answered,, zval, bug,
+
+    The 1 means this message has been reformed.  This message is
+labeled "answered", "zval", and "bug".  The first, "answered", is
+a basic label, and the other two are user labels.  The basic
+labels come before the double-comma in the line.  Each label is
+preceded by ", " and followed by ",".  (The last basic label is
+in fact followed by ",,".)  If this message had no labels at all,
+it would look like:
+
+1,,
+
+    Or, if it had two basic labels, "answered" and "deleted", it
+would look like:
+
+1, answered, deleted,, zval, bug,
+
+    The & Label Babyl Message knows which are the basic labels.
+Currently they are:  deleted, unseen, recent, and answered.
+
+    After the status line comes the original header if any.
+Following that is the EOOH line, which contains exactly the
+characters "*** EOOH ***" (which stands for "end of original
+header").  Note that the original header, if a network format
+header, includes the trailing newline.  And finally, following the
+EOOH line is the visible message, header and text.  For example,
+here is a complete message section, starting with the message
+starter, and ending with the terminator:
+
+^_^L
+1,, wordab, eccmacs,
+Date: 11 May 1982 21:40-EDT
+From: Eugene C. Ciccarelli <ECC at MIT-AI>
+Subject: notes
+To: ECC at MIT-AI
+
+*** EOOH ***
+Date: Tuesday, 11 May 1982  21:40-EDT
+From: Eugene C. Ciccarelli <ECC>
+To:   ECC
+Re:   notes
+
+Remember to pickup check at cashier's office, and deposit it
+soon.  Pay rent.
+^_
+
+;;; Babyl File BNF:
+
+;;; Overall Babyl file structure:
+
+
+Babyl-File	::= Babyl-Options-Section  (Message-Section)*
+
+
+;;; Babyl Options section:
+
+
+Babyl-Options-Section
+		::= "BABYL OPTIONS:" newline (Babyl-Option)* Terminator
+
+Babyl-Option	::= Option-Name ":" Horiz-Whitespace BOptValue newline
+
+BOptValue	::= Number | 1-Line-String
+
+
+
+;;; Message section:
+
+
+Message-Section	::= Message-Starter  Status-Line  Orig-Header
+		    EOOH-Line  Message  Terminator
+
+Message-Starter	::= "^L" newline
+
+Status-Line	::= Bit-Char  ","  (Basic-Label)* "," (User-Label)* newline
+
+Basic-Label	::= Space  BLabel-Name  ","
+
+User-Label	::= Space  ULabel-Name  ","
+
+EOOH-Line	::= "*** EOOH ***" newline
+
+Message		::= Visible-Header  Message-Text
+
+
+;;; Utilities:
+
+Terminator	::= "^_"
+
+Horiz-Whitespace
+		::= (Space | Tab)*
+
+Bit-Char	::= "0" | "1"

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/CENSORSHIP	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+		Censoring my Software
+		   Richard Stallman
+			[From Datamation, 1 March 1996]
+
+
+Last summer, a few clever legislators proposed a bill to "prohibit
+pornography" on the Internet.  Last fall, right-wing Christians made
+this cause their own.  Last week, President Clinton signed the bill,
+and we lost the freedom of the press for the public library of the
+future.  This week, I'm censoring GNU Emacs.
+
+No, GNU Emacs does not contain pornography.  It is a software package,
+an award-winning extensible and programmable text editor.  But the law
+that was passed applies to far more than pornography.  It prohibits
+"indecent" speech, which can include anything from famous poems, to
+masterpieces hanging in the Louvre, to advice about safe sex...to
+software.
+
+Naturally, there was a lot of opposition to this bill.  Not only from
+people who use the Internet, and people who appreciate erotica, but
+from everyone who cares about freedom of the press.
+
+But every time we tried to tell the public what was at stake, the
+forces of censorship responded with a lie: they told the public that
+the issue was simply pornography.  By embedding this lie as a
+presupposition in their statements about the issue, they succeeded in
+misinforming the public.  So here I am, censoring my software.
+
+You see, Emacs contains a version of the famous "doctor program",
+a.k.a. Eliza, originally developed by Professor Weizenbaum at MIT.
+This is the program that imitates a Rogerian psychotherapist.  The
+user talks to the program, and the program responds--by playing back
+the user's own statements, and by recognizing a long list of
+particular words.
+
+The Emacs doctor program was set up to recognize many common curse
+words, and respond with an appropriately cute message such as, "Would
+you please watch your tongue?" or "Let's not be vulgar."  In order to
+do this, it had to have a list of curse words.  That means the source
+code for the program was indecent.
+
+Because of the censorship law, I had to remove this feature.  (I
+replaced it with a message announcing that the program has been
+censored for your protection.)  The new version of the doctor doesn't
+recognize the indecent words.  If you curse at it, it curses right
+back to you--for lack of knowing better.
+
+Now that people are facing the threat of two years in prison for
+indecent network postings, it would be helpful if they could access
+precise rules via the Internet for how to avoid imprisonment.
+However, this is impossible.  The rules would have to mention the
+forbidden words, so posting them on the Internet would be against the
+rules.
+
+Of course, I'm making an assumption about just what "indecent" means.
+I have to do this, because nobody knows for sure.  The most obvious
+possibile meaning is the meaning it has for television, so I'm using
+that as a tentative assumption.  However, there is a good chance that
+our courts will reject that interpretation of the law as
+unconstitutional.
+
+We can hope that the courts will recognize the Internet as a medium of
+publication like books and magazines.  If they do, they will entirely
+reject any law prohibiting "indecent" publications on the Internet.
+
+What really worries me is that the courts might take a muddled
+in-between escape route--by choosing another interpretation of
+"indecent", one that permits the doctor program or a statement of the
+decency rules, but prohibits some of the books that children can
+browse through in the public library and the bookstore.  Over the
+years, as the Internet replaces the public library and the bookstore,
+some of our freedom of the press will be lost.
+
+Just a few weeks ago, another country imposed censorship on the
+Internet.  That was China.  We don't think well of China in this
+country--its government doesn't respect basic freedoms.  But how well
+does our government respect them?  And do you care enough to preserve
+them here?
+
+If you care, stay in touch with the Voters Telecommunications Watch.
+Look in their Web site http://www.vtw.org/ for background information
+and political action recommendations.  Censorship won in February, but
+we can beat it in November.
+
+
+Copyright 1996 Richard Stallman
+Verbatim copying and distribution is permitted in any medium
+provided this notice is preserved.

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/CHARSETS	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#########################
+## LIST OF CHARSETS
+## Each line corresponds to one charset.
+## The following attributes are listed in this order
+## separated by a colon `:' in one line.
+##	CHARSET-SYMBOL-NAME,
+##	CHARSET-ID,
+##	DIMENSION (1 or 2)
+##	CHARS (94 or 96)
+##	BYTES (of multibyte form: 1, 2, 3, or 4),
+##	WIDTH (occupied column numbers: 1 or 2),
+##	DIRECTION (0:left-to-right, 1:right-to-left),
+##	ISO-FINAL-CHAR (character code of ISO-2022's final character)
+##	ISO-GRAPHIC-PLANE (ISO-2022's graphic plane, 0:GL, 1:GR)
+##	DESCRIPTION (describing string of the charset)
+tibetan-1-column:241:2:94:4:1:0:56:0:Tibetan 1 column glyph
+tibetan:252:2:94:4:2:0:55:0:Tibetan characters
+lao:167:1:94:3:1:0:49:0:Lao characters (ISO10646 0E80..0EDF)
+indian-1-column:240:2:94:4:1:0:54:0:Indian charset for 2-column width glypps
+indian-2-column:251:2:94:4:2:0:53:0:Indian charset for 2-column width glyphs
+indian-is13194:225:1:94:3:2:0:53:1:Generic Indian charset for data exchange with IS 13194
+ascii-right-to-left:166:1:94:3:1:1:66:0:ASCII (left half of ISO8859-1) with right-to-left direction
+chinese-cns11643-7:250:2:94:4:2:0:77:0:CNS11643 Plane 7 Chinese Traditional
+chinese-cns11643-6:249:2:94:4:2:0:76:0:CNS11643 Plane 6 Chinese Traditional
+chinese-cns11643-5:248:2:94:4:2:0:75:0:CNS11643 Plane 5 Chinese Traditional
+chinese-cns11643-4:247:2:94:4:2:0:74:0:CNS11643 Plane 4 Chinese Traditional
+chinese-cns11643-3:246:2:94:4:2:0:73:0:CNS11643 Plane 3 Chinese Traditional
+ethiopic:245:2:94:4:2:0:51:0:Ethiopic characters
+arabic-2-column:224:1:94:3:2:1:52:0:Arabic 2-column
+arabic-1-column:165:1:94:3:1:1:51:0:Arabic 1-column
+arabic-digit:164:1:94:3:1:0:50:0:Arabic digit
+vietnamese-viscii-upper:163:1:96:3:1:0:50:1:VISCII1.1 upper-case
+vietnamese-viscii-lower:162:1:96:3:1:0:49:1:VISCII1.1 lower-case
+ipa:161:1:96:3:1:0:48:1:IPA (International Phonetic Association)
+chinese-sisheng:160:1:94:3:1:0:48:0:SiSheng characters for PinYin/ZhuYin
+chinese-big5-2:153:2:94:3:2:0:49:0:Big5 Level-2 Chinese traditional
+chinese-big5-1:152:2:94:3:2:0:48:0:Big5 Level-1 Chinese traditional
+chinese-cns11643-2:150:2:94:3:2:0:72:0:CNS11643 Plane 2 Chinese traditional
+chinese-cns11643-1:149:2:94:3:2:0:71:0:CNS11643 Plane 1 Chinese traditional
+japanese-jisx0212:148:2:94:3:2:0:68:0:JISX0212 Japanese supplement
+korean-ksc5601:147:2:94:3:2:0:67:0:KSC5601 Korean Hangul and Hanja
+japanese-jisx0208:146:2:94:3:2:0:66:0:JISX0208.1983/1990 Japanese Kanji
+chinese-gb2312:145:2:94:3:2:0:65:0:GB2312 Chinese simplified
+japanese-jisx0208-1978:144:2:94:3:2:0:64:0:JISX0208.1978 Japanese Kanji (so called "old JIS")
+latin-iso8859-9:141:1:96:2:1:0:77:1:ISO8859-9 (Latin-5)
+cyrillic-iso8859-5:140:1:96:2:1:0:76:1:ISO8859-5 (Cyrillic)
+latin-jisx0201:138:1:94:2:1:0:74:0:JISX0201.1976 Japanese Roman
+katakana-jisx0201:137:1:94:2:1:0:73:1:JISX0201.1976 Japanese Kana
+hebrew-iso8859-8:136:1:96:2:1:1:72:1:ISO8859-8 (Hebrew)
+arabic-iso8859-6:135:1:96:2:1:1:71:1:ISO8859-6 (Arabic)
+greek-iso8859-7:134:1:96:2:1:0:70:1:ISO8859-7 (Greek)
+thai-tis620:133:1:96:2:1:0:84:1:TIS620.2529 (Thai)
+latin-iso8859-4:132:1:96:2:1:0:68:1:ISO8859-4 (Latin-4)
+latin-iso8859-3:131:1:96:2:1:0:67:1:ISO8859-3 (Latin-3)
+latin-iso8859-2:130:1:96:2:1:0:66:1:ISO8859-2 (Latin-2)
+latin-iso8859-1:129:1:96:2:1:0:65:1:ISO8859-1 (Latin-1)
+ascii:000:1:94:1:1:0:66:0:ASCII (ISO646 IRV)

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/CODINGS	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+#########################
+## LIST OF CODING SYSTEMS
+## Each line corresponds to one coding system
+## Format of a line is:
+##   NAME:TYPE:MNEMONIC:EOL:FLAGS:DOCSTRING,
+## where
+##  TYPE = nil (no conversion), t (auto conversion),
+##         0 (Mule internal), 1 (SJIS), 2 (ISO2022), 3 (BIG5), or 4 (CCL)
+##  EOL = 0 (LF), 1 (CRLF), 2 (CR), or 3 (Automatic detection)
+##  FLAGS =
+##    if TYPE = 2 then
+##      comma (`,') separated data of the followings:
+##        G0, G1, G2, G3, SHORT-FORM, ASCII-EOL, ASCII-CNTL, SEVEN,
+##        LOCKING-SHIFT, SINGLE-SHIFT, USE-ROMAN, USE-OLDJIS, NO-ISO6429
+##    else if TYPE = 4 then
+##      comma (`,') separated CCL programs for read and write
+##    else
+##      0
+##
+no-conversion:nil:=:0:0:Do no conversion
+undecided:t:+:3:0:Detect coding-system automatically
+hz:0:z:3:0:Codins-system of Hz/ZW used for Chinese (GB).
+emacs-mule:0:=:3:0:Internal coding system used in a buffer.
+shift_jis:1:S:3:0:Coding-system of Shift-JIS used in Japan.
+sjis:1:S:3:0:Coding-system of Shift-JIS used in Japan.
+euc-japan-1990:2:E:3:ascii,japanese-jisx0208,katakana-jisx0201,japanese-jisx0212,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0:Coding-system of Japanese EUC (Extended Unix Code).
+iso-2022-lock:2:i:3:(ascii,t),-2,-1,-1,0,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0:ISO-2022 coding system using Locking-Shift for 96-charset.
+iso-2022-ss2-7:2:I:3:(ascii,t),-1,-2,-1,1,1,1,1,0,1,0,0,0:ISO-2022 coding system using SS2 for 96-charset in 7-bit code.
+iso-2022-ss2-8:2:I:3:(ascii,t),-1,-2,-1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0:ISO-2022 coding system using SS2 for 96-charset in 8-bit code.
+iso-2022-cjk:2:I:3:(ascii,t),(nil,korean-ksc5601,chinese-gb2312,chinese-cns11643-1,t),(nil,chinese-cns11643-2),(nil,chinese-cns11643-3,chinese-cns11643-4,chinese-cns11643-5,chinese-cns11643-6,chinese-cns11643-7),1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0:Mixture of ISO-2022-JP, ISO-2022-KR, and ISO-2022-CN
+cn-gb-2312:2:C:3:(ascii,t),chinese-gb2312,chinese-sisheng,-1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0:Coding-system of Chinese EUC (so called GB Encoding).
+lao:2:T:3:(ascii,t),(lao,t),-1,-1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0:Coding-system used for ASCII(MSB=0) & LAO(MSB=1).
+iso-2022-jp-1978-irv:2:J:3:(ascii,t),-1,-1,-1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0:Coding-system used for old jis terminal.
+junet:2:J:3:(ascii,t),-1,-1,-1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0:Coding system based on ISO2022 7-bit encoding.
+tis620:2:T:3:(ascii,t),(thai-tis620,t),-1,-1,0,1,0,0,0,0,0,0,0:Coding-system used for ASCII(MSB=0) & TIS620(MSB=1).
+euc-japan:2:E:3:ascii,japanese-jisx0208,katakana-jisx0201,japanese-jisx0212,1,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0:Coding-system of Japanese EUC (Extended Unix Code).
+iso-2022-int-1:2:I:3:(ascii,t),(korean-ksc5601,t),-1,-1,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0:ISO-2022-INT-1
+euc-china:2:C:3:(ascii,t),chinese-gb2312,chinese-sisheng,-1,0,1,1,0,0,1,0,0,0:Coding-system of Chinese EUC (so called GB Encoding).
+old-jis:2:J:3:(ascii,t),-1,-1,-1,1,1,1,1,0,0,1,1,0:Coding-system used for old jis terminal.
+iso-2022-7:2:J:3:(ascii,t),-1,-1,-1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0:Coding system based on ISO2022 7-bit encoding.
+iso-2022-cn:2:C:3:ascii,(nil,chinese-gb2312,chinese-cns11643-1),(nil,chinese-cns11643-2),(nil,chinese-cns11643-3,chinese-cns11643-4,chinese-cns11643-5,chinese-cns11643-6,chinese-cns11643-7),0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0:Coding system ISO-2022-CN for Chinese (GB and CNS character sets).
+ctext:2:X:3:(ascii,t),(latin-iso8859-1,t),-1,-1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0:MIME ISO-8859-1 Compound Text Encoding.
+iso-2022-jp:2:J:3:(ascii,t),-1,-1,-1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0,0:Coding system based on ISO2022 7-bit encoding.
+iso-2022-kr:2:k:3:ascii,(nil,korean-ksc5601),-1,-1,0,1,1,1,1,0,0,0,0:MIME ISO-2022-KR
+iso-2022-cn-ext:2:C:3:ascii,(nil,chinese-gb2312,chinese-cns11643-1),(nil,chinese-cns11643-2),(nil,chinese-cns11643-3,chinese-cns11643-4,chinese-cns11643-5,chinese-cns11643-6,chinese-cns11643-7),0,1,1,1,1,1,0,0,0:Coding system ISO-2022-CN for Chinese (GB and CNS character sets).
+iso-8859-1:2:X:3:(ascii,t),(latin-iso8859-1,t),-1,-1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0:MIME ISO-8859-1 Compound Text Encoding.
+iso-8859-2:2:2:3:(ascii,t),(latin-iso8859-2,t),-1,-1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0:MIME ISO-8859-2
+iso-8859-3:2:3:3:(ascii,t),(latin-iso8859-3,t),-1,-1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0:MIME ISO-8859-3
+iso-8859-4:2:4:3:(ascii,t),(latin-iso8859-4,t),-1,-1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0:MIME ISO-8859-4
+iso-8859-5:2:5:3:(ascii,t),(cyrillic-iso8859-5,t),-1,-1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0:MIME ISO-8859-5
+iso-8859-7:2:7:3:(ascii,t),(greek-iso8859-7,t),-1,-1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0:MIME ISO-8859-7
+iso-8859-8:2:8:3:(ascii,t),(hebrew-iso8859-8,t),-1,-1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,1:MIME ISO-8859-8
+iso-8859-9:2:9:3:(ascii,t),(latin-iso8859-9,t),-1,-1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0:MIME ISO-8859-9
+euc-kr:2:K:3:(ascii,t),korean-ksc5601,-1,-1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0:Coding-system of Korean EUC (Extended Unix Code).
+euc-korea:2:K:3:(ascii,t),korean-ksc5601,-1,-1,0,1,1,0,0,0,0,0,0:Coding-system of Korean EUC (Extended Unix Code).
+cn-big5:3:B:3:0:Coding-system of BIG5.
+big5:3:B:3:0:Coding-system of BIG5.
+viscii:4:V:3: 3 106 e ffffff0b 100 0 1 19c6 3 4 19c7 19e7 7 8 9 a b c d e f 10 11 12 13 19d6 15 16 17 18 19db 1a 1b 1c 1d 19dc 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f 19d5 19a1 19a2 19a3 19a4 19a5 19a6 19a7 19a8 19a9 19aa 19ab 19ac 19ad 19ae 19af 19b0 19b1 19b2 19b5 19fe 19be 19b6 19b7 19b8 19f6 19f7 19ef 19fc 19fb 19f8 19cf 19f5 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 192a 192b 192c 192d 192e 192f 1930 1931 1932 19de 19bd 1935 1936 1937 1938 19f1 19d1 19d7 19d8 193d 193e 19df 19e0 19e1 19e2 19e3 19e4 19e5 1946 1947 19e8 19e9 19ea 19eb 19ec 19ed 19ee 194f 19f0 1951 19f2 19f3 19f4 1955 1956 1957 1958 19f9 19fa 195b 195c 19fd 195e 195f 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 196a 196b 196c 196d 196e 196f 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 197a 197b 197c 197d 197e 19e6 fffefd0c 16, 1 121 e 41b 10 80 fffffc07 fffffb0c 41b 15 9a fffff707 fffff60c 881d 12 a2 e 4017 80 ffffef0b 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 aa ab ac ad ae af b0 b1 b2 0 0 b5 b6 b7 b8 0 0 0 0 bd be 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 c6 c7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 cf 0 d1 0 0 0 d5 d6 d7 d8 0 0 db dc 0 de df e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 e8 e9 ea eb ec ed ee ef f0 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 fa fb fc fd fe 0 ffff6d0c 881b 12 a3 e 4017 80 ffff660b 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f 90 91 92 0 0 93 96 97 98 0 0 0 0 b4 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9f 0 ba 0 0 0 80 14 bb bc 0 0 19 1e 0 b3 bf c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 ff 6 c8 c9 ca cb cc cd ce 9b d0 b9 d2 d3 d4 a0 99 9a 9e d9 da 9d 9c dd 94 0 fffee40c fffee307 fffee20c 16:Coding-system used for VISCII 1.1.
+koi8:4:K:3: 3 106 e ffffff0b 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f 20 20 20 e71 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 e21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 e6e e50 e51 e66 e54 e55 e64 e53 e65 e58 e59 e5a e5b e5c e5d e5e e5f e6f e60 e61 e62 e63 e56 e52 e6c e6b e57 e68 e6d e69 e67 e6a e4e e30 e31 e46 e34 e35 e44 e33 e45 e38 e39 e3a e3b e3c e3d e3e e3f e4f e40 e41 e42 e43 e36 e32 e4c e4b e37 e48 e4d e49 e47 e4a fffefd0c 16, 1 6e e 41b 15 8c fffffc07 fffffb0c e 4017 a0 fffff70b 60 20 b3 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 e1 e2 f7 e7 e4 e5 f6 fa e9 ea eb ec ed ee ef f0 f2 f3 f4 f5 e6 e8 e3 fe fb fd ff f9 f8 fc e0 f1 c1 c2 d7 c7 c4 c5 d6 da c9 ca cb cc cd ce cf d0 d2 d3 d4 d5 c6 c8 c3 de db dd df d9 d8 dc c0 d1 20 a3 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ffff950c 16:Coding-system used for KOI8.
+koi8-r:4:K:3: 3 106 e ffffff0b 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f 20 20 20 e71 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 e21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 e6e e50 e51 e66 e54 e55 e64 e53 e65 e58 e59 e5a e5b e5c e5d e5e e5f e6f e60 e61 e62 e63 e56 e52 e6c e6b e57 e68 e6d e69 e67 e6a e4e e30 e31 e46 e34 e35 e44 e33 e45 e38 e39 e3a e3b e3c e3d e3e e3f e4f e40 e41 e42 e43 e36 e32 e4c e4b e37 e48 e4d e49 e47 e4a fffefd0c 16, 1 6e e 41b 15 8c fffffc07 fffffb0c e 4017 a0 fffff70b 60 20 b3 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 e1 e2 f7 e7 e4 e5 f6 fa e9 ea eb ec ed ee ef f0 f2 f3 f4 f5 e6 e8 e3 fe fb fd ff f9 f8 fc e0 f1 c1 c2 d7 c7 c4 c5 d6 da c9 ca cb cc cd ce cf d0 d2 d3 d4 d5 c6 c8 c3 de db dd df d9 d8 dc c0 d1 20 a3 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ffff950c 16:Coding-system used for KOI8.
+alternativnyj:4:A:3: 3 106 e ffffff0b 100 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f e30 e31 e32 e33 e34 e35 e36 e37 e38 e39 e3a e3b e3c e3d e3e e3f e40 e41 e42 e43 e44 e45 e46 e47 e48 e49 e4a e4b e4c e4d e4e e4f e50 e51 e52 e53 e54 e55 e56 e57 e58 e59 e5a e5b e5c e5d e5e e5f 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 e60 e61 e62 e63 e64 e65 e66 e67 e68 e69 e6a e6b e6c e6d e6e e6f e21 e71 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 e70 fffefd0c 16, 1 6e e 41b 15 8c fffffc07 fffffb0c e 4017 a0 fffff70b 60 20 f0 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 9a 9b 9c 9d 9e 9f a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9 aa ab ac ad ae af e0 e1 e2 e3 e4 e5 e6 e7 e8 e9 ea eb ec ed ee ef ff f1 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ffff950c 16:Coding-system used for Alternativnyj
+vscii:4:V:3: 3 106 e ffffff0b 100 0 19fa 19f8 3 19d7 19d8 19e6 7 8 9 a b c d e f 10 19d1 19df 19cf 19d6 19db 19fd 19dc 18 19 1a 1b 1c 1d 1e 1f 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 4a 4b 4c 4d 4e 4f 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 5a 5b 5c 5d 5e 5f 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 7a 7b 7c 7d 7e 7f 19e0 19e4 19e3 19e1 19d5 19a3 19a7 19e8 19eb 19a8 19e9 19a9 19ae 19ec 19ef 19ee 19ed 19b8 19f2 19f6 19f5 19f3 19f7 19b5 19b6 19b7 19de 19be 19fe 19f9 19fc 19fb a0 19e5 19e2 19ea 19f4 19bd 19df 19f0 1965 1962 196a 1974 193e 1979 1970 19a2 c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 1960 1964 1963 1961 1955 19c6 1922 1946 1947 1921 19c7 19a1 19a5 19a6 19e7 19a5 19ab 1923 1925 1926 1967 1924 1927 1968 19ac 196b 1928 1969 1929 192b 192c 192d 192a 192e 196c 196f 19ad 19aa 19b0 196e 196d 1938 1972 19b1 1976 1975 1973 1977 1930 1931 1932 192f 1935 1936 1937 195e 193e 197e 1979 19b2 197c 197b 197a 1978 1957 1958 1966 1951 1971 194f 1956 195b 197d 195c 19af fffefd0c 16, 1 121 e 41b 10 80 fffffc07 fffffb0c 41b 15 9a fffff707 fffff60c 881d 12 a2 e 4017 80 ffffef0b 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 be bb c6 ca c7 c8 cb cf d1 d5 d2 d3 d4 d6 e8 e5 e6 e7 0 0 e9 ea eb de 0 0 0 0 0 ed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 bc bd 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 fa 0 f8 0 0 0 b9 fb f5 f6 0 0 fc fe 0 ec 0 b5 b8 a9 b7 b6 a8 f7 c9 cc d0 aa ce d7 dd dc d8 ae f9 df e3 ab e2 e1 e4 f4 ef f3 f2 f1 fd ee 0 ffff6d0c 881b 12 a3 e 4017 80 ffff660b 80 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 8a 8b 8c 8d 8e 8f 90 91 92 0 0 93 96 97 98 0 0 0 0 b4 95 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9f 0 ba 0 0 0 80 14 bb bc 0 0 19 1e 0 b3 bf c0 c1 c2 c3 c4 c5 ff 6 c8 c9 ca cb cc cd ce 9b d0 b9 d2 d3 d4 a0 99 9a 9e d9 da 9d 9c dd 94 0 fffee40c fffee307 fffee20c 16:Coding-system used for VSCII-1.
+############################
+## LIST OF CODING CATEGORIES (ordered by priority)
+## CATEGORY:CODING-SYSTEM
+##
+coding-category-iso-7:iso-2022-7
+coding-category-iso-8-1:iso-8859-1
+coding-category-iso-8-2:iso-8859-1
+coding-category-iso-else:iso-2022-lock
+coding-category-emacs-mule:emacs-mule
+coding-category-sjis:sjis
+coding-category-big5:big5
+coding-category-binary:no-conversion

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/ChangeLog	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,975 @@
[phone]  Richard Stallman  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* Version 20.4 released.
+
[phone]  Karl Heuer  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* yow.lines: Fix indentation.  Fix typo.
+
[phone]  Dave Love  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* MORE.STUFF: Revamped.
+
[phone]  Dave Love  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* FAQ: Merge posted updates.
+
[phone]  Dave Love  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* FAQ: Somewhat edited copy of the most recently posted version.
+
[phone]  Kenichi Handa  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* MACHINES (NEC EWS4800): New section.
+
[phone]  Karl Heuer  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* TUTORIAL: Use C-x C-l, not M-:, as example of disabled command.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* Version 20.3 released.
+
+	* TUTORIAL.ro: New file.
+
[phone]  Ken'ichi Handa  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* TUTORIAL.sl: Renamed back to the original.
+
[phone]  Kenichi Handa  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* TUTORIAL.cs: Renamed from TUTORIAL.cz.
+	* TUTORIAL.ja: Renamed from TUTORIAL.jp.
+	* TUTORIAL.ka: Renamed from TUTORIAL.kr.
+	* TUTORIAL.sk: Renamed from TUTORIAL.sl.
+
[phone]  Kenichi Handa  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* TUTORIAL.jp: Re-translated for the latest TUTORIAL.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* TUTORIAL.sl: New file.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* Version 20.2 released.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* Version 20.1 released.
+
[phone]  Ken'ichi Handa  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* CODINGS, CHARSETS: New files.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* Version 19.33 released.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* Version 19.32 released.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* refcard.ps: File obtained from someone else;
+	it was generated badly here.
+
[phone]  Karl Heuer  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* Version 19.31 released.
+
[phone]  Karl Heuer  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* TUTORIAL: Rephrase the first page to fit on a standard tty screen.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* emacs.bash: Use >|.
+
[phone]  Geoff Voelker  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* rgb.txt: New file.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* Version 19.30 released.
+
[phone]  Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* gnus-tut.txt: New file.
+
[phone]  David J. MacKenzie  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* Rename termcap to termcap.src, the historical name for an
+	uninstalled termcap file.
+
[phone]  Eric S. Raymond  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* termcap.dat, termcap.ucb: deleted and replaced.
+
+	* termcap: New termcap file from the ncurses project; bigger,
+	better, brighter, does away with waxy yellow buildup.  Email
+	me at [e-mail] if you have any trouble with this.
+
+	* README: Changed to track above change.
+
[phone]  Karl Heuer  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* TUTORIAL: Delete reference to ALT.  Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
+
[phone]  Karl Heuer  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* Makefile (maintainer-clean): Renamed from realclean.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* tpu-doc.el: File moved to etc dir and renamed.
+
[phone]  Boris Goldowsky  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* enriched.doc: Rewritten and simplified.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* Makefile (eterm): New rule.
+	(TIC): New variable.
+
+	* e/eterm, e/eterm.ti: New files.
+
[phone]  Boris Goldowsky  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* enriched.doc: New file.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  <[e-mail]>
+
+	* Version 19.26 released.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  ([e-mail])
+
+	* TUTORIAL: Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  ([e-mail])
+
+	* Version 19.25 released.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  ([e-mail])
+
+	* Version 19.24 released.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  ([e-mail])
+
+	* Version 19.23 released.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  ([e-mail])
+
+	* Makefile (clean): Delete DOC*.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  ([e-mail])
+
+	* Version 19.22 released.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  ([e-mail])
+
+	* Version 19.21 released.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  ([e-mail])
+
+	* Version 19.20 released.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  ([e-mail])
+
+	* Version 19.19 released.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  ([e-mail])
+
+	* Version 19.18 released.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+	* Version 19.16 released.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+	* version 19.15 released.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+	* Version 19.14 released.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+        Bring mumbleclean targets into conformance with GNU coding standards.
+	* Makefile (distclean): Don't remove backup and autosave files.
+	These are easy to get rid of in other ways, and a pain to lose.
+	(mostlyclean, realclean): New targets.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+	* Version 19.13 released.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  ([e-mail])
+
+	* Version 19.10 released.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+	* Version 19.9 released.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+	* Version 19.8 released.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+        * Version 19.7 released.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+	* MACHINES: Mention Linux.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+	* MACHINES: Add section for NeXT, from Thorsten Ohl.
+
[phone]  Eric S. Raymond  ([e-mail])
+
+	* NEWS: Documented picture-mode improvements.
+
[phone]  Eric S. Raymond  ([e-mail])
+
+	* NEWS: Described the new properties of arrow keys and
+	next-line-add-newlines.  Fixed up the GUD description, it was
+	out of date.  This file referenced LNEWS when it should have
+	said news.texi; fixed.
+
+	news.texi: invocation-name now exists.
+
[phone]  Eric S. Raymond  ([e-mail])
+
+	* MORE.STUFF: Added.
+
[phone]  Eric S. Raymond  ([e-mail])
+
+	* NEWS: Preserved jimb's last change (documenting kill on
+	read-only buffers).
+	
+	Added documentation on new info features.
+
[phone]  Eric S. Raymond  ([e-mail])
+
+	* spook.lines:	Alpha-sorted this, and added some new hot buttons
+	for the 1990s.
+
[phone]  Eric S. Raymond  ([e-mail])
+
+	* MACHINES: Deleted some VMS caveats. If the src and lisp
+	ChangeLogs are correct,	dired and mail and process control are now
+	fully supported.
+
+	* NEWS: Added finder news.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  ([e-mail])
+
+	* NEWS: Changed.
+
[phone]  Eric S. Raymond  ([e-mail])
+
+	* sex.6: Added 900-line support
+
+	* NEWS: Added news about the package finder.
+
[phone]  Eric S. Raymond  ([e-mail])
+
+	* MACHINES: `Last updated 10 Feb 1992.' was obviously wrong, so
+	I nuked it.  Let the file mod date serve.  Merged in APOLLO and
+	SUNBUG files.  Changed references to 18.* to past tense.
+
+	* emacs.names: merged into JOKES.  I faked a mail header from the
+	Unknown User to delimit the first (unheaded) bit.
+
+	* Makefile (relock, unlock): New productions.
+
[phone]  Eric S. Raymond  ([e-mail])
+
+	Augean-stable cleaning time.  Partly to save space, but mostly to
+	reduce the dizzying amount of *stuff* confronting someone exploring
+	the Emacs distribution, I have the following changes in the etc
+	directory:
+
+	* CHARACTERS: merged into TO-DO file under the heading "Long Range:"
+
+	* DIFF, CCADIFF and GOSDIFF: merged into a new outline file titled
+	OTHER.EMACSES.  The present names don't really convey anything.
+	Various key bindings and feature descriptions have been updated.
+
+	* NICKLES.WORTH.  Nuked.  This is copyrighted material that could land
+	FSF in hot water.
+
+	* INTERVAL.IDEAS:  Nuked.  RMS's thinking, and indeed the
+	implementation of intervals, have progressed way beyond this.
+
+	* RCP:  Nuked.  It no longer said anything but "Ooops, sorry!"
+
+	* ED.WORSHIP, GNU.JOKES: merged into a mailbox called JOKES.
+	Future jokes can accumulate there.
+
+	* DISTRIB: the actual domestic order form is now ORDERS.USA.
+	The DISTRIB text now mentions 19.
+
+	* ORDERS.USA: created.  This is just the order form.  DISTRIB
+	has a pointer to it at the beginning.
+
+	* EUROPE: renamed to ORDERS.EUROPE.  DISTRIB now has a pointer
+	to it at the beginning.
+
+	* OOOONEWS, OOOONEWS: Nuked.  It's version  19 --- nobody needs the
+	version 15 and 17 files anymore.
+
+	All files marked "Nuked" have actually been moved to =-prefixed
+	names as per convention.  Originals of all files merged still
+	exist with =-names.
+
[phone]  Eric S. Raymond  ([e-mail])
+
+	* XENIX: nuked (moved to =XENIX).  The hackery it describes is
+	no longer necessary in the presence of 19's function-key-map
+	feature; I've added an explanation to the beginning of the file.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+	* MACHINES: Update description of SYSVr3 and r4 support, due to
+	Eric Raymond's changes.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+	* MACHINES: Mention that you have to edit the configure script
+	when you add support for a new machine, to get it to recognize the
+	configuration name.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+	* MACHINES: Converted to use GCC-style configuration names,
+	instead of listing m/*.h and s/*.h files.  All knowledge of m/ and
+	s/ files now lives in ../configure.
+
[phone]  Roland McGrath  ([e-mail])
+
+	* NEWS: Document included tags tables.
+
[phone]  Eric S. Raymond  ([e-mail])
+
+	* Corrected the news about VC to reflect reality.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+	* etags.1: New file, from Richard K. Pixley at Cygnus.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+	* Makefile: Most of the contents of this file were only relevant
+	to things in `../lib-src'; removed all but the `distclean' and
+	`clean' targets.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+	* COPYING: Got June 1991 version of the GPL here.
+
+	* ChangeLog: Since the old etc contents have been split into etc
+	and lib-src, the old etc's ChangeLog has been duplicated in the
+	new etc and lib-src.  That means that each contains complete and
+	coherent information, although each contains extraneous
+	information.	 
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+	* lib-src/etags.c: "--no-warning" option renamed to "--no-warn",
+	to be consistent with other GNU programs, like makeinfo.
+
+	* lib-src/Makefile: Renamed to Makefile.in; the configure script
+	will edit this to produce Makefile.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+	* etags.c (print_help, print_version): New functions.
+	(main): Options added to support them.
+
+	* etags.c (longopts): New array of long names for the options.
+	(main): Recognize them.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+	* etags.c (C_entries): Removed comment saying that \" in a string
+	isn't recognized as magic, because it is correctly handled.
+
+	* getopt.c, getopt.h: New files, from GNU C library.
+	* etags.c: Rewritten to use getopt.
+	#include "getopt.h".
+	(file_num): Variable deleted; its role is now played by getopt's
+	optind.
+	(main): Argument processing loop rewritten to call getopt to get
+	next option.  Options which take parameters (-o and -i) rewritten
+	to get parameter from optarg instead of argv[1].  Filename
+	preprocessing loop and update command changed similarly.
+	* Makefile (etags, ctags): Depend on and link with getopt.h,
+	getopt.o, and getopt1.o.
+	(getopt.o, getopt1.o): New targets for the GNU getopt routines.
+
+	* etags.c (outfflag): Variable deleted; it is non-zero iff outfile
+	is non-zero.
+
+	(main): In the argument processing loop, the 'goto next_arg'
+	statements are breaking out of the switch statement in exactly the
+	same way that a simple 'break' statement would; replace the gotos
+	with breaks, and remove the label.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  ([e-mail])
+
+	* etags.c (C_entries): Clear tydef and next_token_is_func at start.
+	(consider_token): Move next_token_is_func to global.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+	* Makefile: Conform with GNU coding standards:
+	(mostlyclean): New target, synonymous with clean.
+	(TAGS, check): New targets.
+	(INSTALL, INSTALLFLAGS): New variables.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+    	* lib-src/Makefile, etc/MACHINES, etc/NEWS: Changed references to
+	`config.emacs' to `configure'.
+
+	* lib-src/Makefile: Adjusted for renaming of share-lib to etc.
+	* etc/MACHINES: Same.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  ([e-mail])
+
+	* movemail.c (main): Allow tempname to be as long as necessary,
+	instead of limiting it to 39 characters.
+
+	* movemail.c (main): Move declaration of buf from top of function
+	to local block surrounding the copy loop.  This makes it less
+	likely to be confused with the buf used by the code which checks the
+	permissions on outname's directory.
+
[phone]  Jim Kingdon  ([e-mail])
+
+	* SERVICE: Remove my entry.
+
[phone]  David J. MacKenzie  ([e-mail])
+
+	* Makefile (emacstool, nemacstool, xvetool): Use ${CFLAGS}, not
+	hardcoded -g.
+
+	* movemail.c (xmalloc): Return char *, not int.
+	(main) [!MAIL_USE_FLOCK]: Add a new conditional, MAIL_UNLINK_SPOOL,
+	that is off by default -- normally don't unlink the mail spool
+	file, just empty it.  Pass creat mode 0600, not 0666.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  (jimb at pogo.cs.oberlin.edu)
+
+	* Makefile (../arch-lib): Depend on ${EXECUTABLES}.
+	(all): Instead of here.
+	(install): Don't use the -s option, since people need symbols to
+	debug code.
+
[phone]  (Eric Youngdale at [e-mail])
+
+	* etags-vmslib.c (fn_exp): Add type cast.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  ([e-mail])
+
+	* movemail.c: Changes in comments.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  (jimb at pogo.cs.oberlin.edu)
+
+	* Makefile: Make the distclean target erase the DOC files from
+	../share-lib and the executables from ../arch-lib.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  (jimb at pogo.cs.oberlin.edu)
+
+	* emacsclient.c: #include <sys/stat.h>
+	(main): Do declare statbfr.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at mole.gnu.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* emacsserver.c, emacsclient.c [BSD]: Use either /tmp or ~
+	for the socket, depending on SERVER_HOME_DIR.
+	If using /tmp, put host name in the socket name.
+
+	* movemail.c (pfatal_and_delete): New function.
+	(main, popmail): Use it.
+	(popmail): Close output before deleting messages.
+	Check for error on close and on fsync.
+	Use `fatal' where appropriate.
+	(main): Remove (void).
+
+	* aixcc.lex: New file.  Not officially part of Emacs.
+	* Makefile: Rules for that.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  (jimb at pogo.gnu.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* yow.c (main): Rename all references to PATH_EXEC to PATH_DATA.
+
+	* etags.c (main): Properly cast call to alloca that initializes
+	included_files.
+
[phone]  Roland McGrath  ([e-mail])
+
+	* etags.c (files_are_tag_tables): Remove global var.
+	(process_file): Don't test it.  Also remove hack checking for a
+	file named "TAGS".
+	(main): -i now takes an arg which is the name of a file to include.
+	Collect these names and emit include tags for them after processing
+	all the argument files.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at mole.gnu.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* wakeup.c: Terminate if parent goes away.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at mole.gnu.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c (C_entries): Process token before handling end of line.
+	When inner loops reach end of line, just back up.
+	Let the real end of line processing happen in just one place.
+	(consider_token):  Likewise.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  (jimb at geech.gnu.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c (TEX_mode): Skip comments while scanning the text to see
+	which escape character this file uses.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at mole.gnu.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* emacsserver.c [USG]: Terminate if msgrcv fails.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at mole.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* emacsserver.c [BSD]: Check for errors on stdin after scanf.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  (jimb at churchy.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* make-docfile: Find the arguments to a C function correctly,
+	by not ignoring the character that read_c_string returns.  Don't
+	even try to find argument names for functions that take MANY
+	or UNEVALLED arguments, since they're a figment of the docstring's
+	imagination.
+
[phone]  Jim Blandy  (jimb at churchy.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* make-docfile: Read the .elc files generated by the new byte
+	compiler.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at mole.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* refcard.tex: Use cm fonts, not am, in multi-column mode.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at mole.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* movemail.c (mbx_delimit_begin): Put space before `unseen'.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at mole.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* Makefile (install*): No need to install wakeup.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at mole.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* Makefile (install*): Install emacsclient like etags.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at mole.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* movemail.c (error): Handle 3 args.
+	(main): Don't check input access if using pop.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at mole.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c (find_entries): Check for numbers after Scheme suffix.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at mole.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* termcap.dat (vt200-80): Fix ke and ks to frob flag 1.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at mole.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* Makefile (nemacstool, xvetool): New targets.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at mole.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* emacsclient.c: Include errno.h and define related variables.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at mole.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* emacsclient.c: Change usage message.
+
[phone]  David Lawrence  (tale at pogo.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* emacs.1:  Add break before -nw option.
+
[phone]  David J. MacKenzie  (djm at apple-gunkies)
+
+	* qsort.c: Replace with GNU version.
+
[phone]  David J. MacKenzie  (djm at apple-gunkies)
+
+	* wakeup.c: New program replacing loadst.c.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* emacsclient.c [USG]: Pass msgsnd only 4 args.
+
[phone]  David J. MacKenzie  (djm at pogo.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c: Rename `flag' variables for what they do instead of
+	which option character sets them.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* loadst.c (main): Conditional to get load average on Apollo.
+
[phone]  Joseph Arceneaux  (jla at churchy.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* emacsserver.c: Set the permission on the socket to 0600.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* emacsclient.c [BSD]: Print clean message for failing getwd.
+
[phone]  David Lawrence  (tale at pogo.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* getdate.y: Use the getdate.y from GNU tar for timer.
+
[phone]  Jim Kingdon  (kingdon at pogo.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* emacsclient.c (main): Don't put brackets around "filename" in
+	usage message.  It isn't optional.
+
[phone]  Joseph Arceneaux  (jla at churchy.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c (getit):  Recognize '$' as beginning identifiers.
+
[phone]  David Lawrence  (tale at pogo.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* emacsserver.c: Renamed from server.c.
+	* Makefile: Reference emacsserver rather than server.
+	* MACHINES: Doc fix for new emacsserver name.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* emacsclient.c: Print program name in error messages.
+
[phone]  David Lawrence  (tale at cocoa-puffs)
+
+	* timer.c, getdate.y (new files) and Makefile:
+	  Sub-process support for run-at-time in timer.el.
+	  Doesn't yet work correctly for USG. 
+
[phone]  Jim Kingdon  (kingdon at pogo)
+
+	* MACHINES: Add HP 300 running BSD.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* yow.c: Dynamically allocate buffer; skip header before random
+	choice to avoid bias toward first item.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c (readline): Separate out init of `pend'.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c: Undo changes relating to isgoodhdr.
+
[phone]  Mosur Mohan  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c (isgoodhdr): New macro.
+	(_gdh, notgdh): New variable used by that.
+	(init): Initialize _gdh.
+	(find_entries): Set header_file.
+	(consider_token): Use isgoodhdr if in header file.
+
+	* etags.c (total_size_of_entries):
+	Was miscalculating by 1 in rewritten case.
+
+	* etags.c (PAS_funcs): One arg to pfnote was missing.
+
[phone]  Joseph Arceneaux  (jla at spiff)
+
+	* MACHINES: Change for the ULTRIX entry.
+
[phone]  Joseph Arceneaux  (jla at spiff)
+
+	* etags.c (process_file): If file is not regular, return.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* loadst.c (main): Handle FIXUP_KERNEL_SYMBOL_ADDR.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* loadst.c (load_average): If HAVE_GETLOADAVG, use getloadavg.
+	(main): If HAVE_GETLOADAVG, don't call `nlist'.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c (consider_token): Allow any number of typespec keywords
+	after `typedef', before new type name.
+	(enum sym_type): Add st_C_typespec.
+	(C_create_stab): Put typespec kwds in table.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at apple-gunkies.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c (main): Don't depend on name invoked by.
+	If CTAGS is not defined, assume it is ETAGS.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c (L_funcs): Allow package name in define construct,
+	as in (foo::defmumble name-defined ...).
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c (find_entries): Stupid bug testing for C filename suffixes.
+
+	* Makefile (yow): Depends on ../src/paths.h.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at apple-gunkies.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c: Fix compilation by moving Pascal after Fortran.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* movemail.c [USG]: Define F_OK, etc., if not found in header.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* hexl.c: New file, supports hexl-mode.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* movemail.c: New compilation flag MAIL_USE_MMDF.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* emacsclient.c: Use BSD code whenever HAVE_SOCKETS.
+	* server.c: Likewise.
+
+	* make-docfile.c (scan_c_file): Output argument names at end of string.
+	(write_c_args): New subroutine.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* movemail.c: Report failure of flock.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c (find_entries): Allow multi-letter extensions for fortran.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* loadst.c: on bsd4.3, use gettimeofday instead of CPUSTATES.
+
[phone]  Jeff Peck  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* emacstool.c: setenv IN_EMACSTOOL=t, TERM=sun, TERMCAP=.
+
+	* emacsstool.1: update to document environment variables.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c (PAS_funcs): New function by Mosur Mohan.
+
+	* movemail.c: On sysv, include unistd.h.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* b2m.c: New file.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c: Prolog support from Sunichirou Sugou
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* Makefile (clean): New target.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* fakemail.c (put_line): Break header lines at 79 cols.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c: Greatly rewritten by Sam Kendall for C++ support and for
+	multiple tags per line.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* movemail.c: Check access before doing real work.
+	Check that outfile is in a writable directory.
+	On fatal error, delete the lock file.
+
[phone]  Richard Mlynarik  (mly at rice-chex.ai.mit.edu)
+
+        * env.c:  Add decl for my-index
+        * etags.c (file-entries): .oak => scheme
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* movemail.c: Use `access' to check input and output files.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* emacsclient.c (main): Ignore all of CWD before first slash.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c (readline): Double linebuffer->size outside the xrealloc.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* server.c, emacsclient.c: Don't try to use gid_t; it isn't defined.
+	* server.c: chmod the socket to 0700.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* fakemail.c (main): Let env var FAKEMAILER override pgm to run.
+	(add_field): Delete comments and turn `<', `>' to spaces
+	in header lines.
+	(USE_FAKEMAIL): New customization macro says to make fakemail
+	not be a no-op even on a BSD system.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c (consider_token): Skip comments just like whitespace.
+	Notice `struct', etc. and set strtag for those tokens.
+	Return 1 for the token following `struct' if an open-brace follows it.
+	(C_entries): Special handling of token following `struct'
+	needed because we have probably advanced to the following line
+	to find the `{'.
+	(main): New option `T' sets tflag and strflag.
+	Set both of them by default if eflags.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* movemail.c: Do fsync before closing output.
+
[phone]  Richard Mlynarik  (mly at pickled-brain.ai.mit.edu)
+
+        * movemail.c:  Better error message when can't create tempname.
+        This file needs a great deal of extra error-checking and lucid reporting...
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c: Support assembler code for .s and .a files.
+	(getit): Allow underscore in a tag.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* movemail.c: Close output and check errors before deleting input.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at apple-gunkies.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* emacsclient.c [SYSVIPC]: Compute cwd only once; decide properly
+	whether to prefix it.  Handle line number args.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at gluteus.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c (main): default setting of eflag was backwards.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c: New option -i.  -f renamed -o.
+	`-' as input file means read input file names from stdin.
+	-i spec'd or input file named TAGS means the input file is another
+	tag table; output an "include" line for it.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* Makefile: New vars DESTDIR, BINDIR, LIBDIR, MANDIR, MANEXT.
+	New targets install, install.sysv, install.xenix.
+	This makefile is now responsible for installing executables
+	and documentation from this directory into system directories.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at corn-chex.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* server.c, emacsclient.c (main): Compute socket name from euid.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* emacsclient.c: Args like +DIGITS are passed through unchanged.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* server.c: If both BSD and HAVE_SYSVIPC, use the latter.
+	* emacsclient.c: Likewise.
+	In the HAVE_SYSVIPC alternative, if BSD, use getwd instead of getcwd.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c: Handle `typedef struct foo {' ([e-mail]).
+	(istoken) New string-comparison macro.
+	(consider_token): New arg `level'.  New state `tag_ok' in `tydef'.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c: Changes for VMS.
+	Always define ETAGS on VMS.
+	Define macros GOOD and BAD for success and failure exit codes.
+	(begtk, intk): Allow `$' in identifiers
+	(main): Don't support -B, -F or -u on VMS.
+	Alternate loop for scanning filename arguments.
+	(system): Delete definition of this function.
+
+	* etags-vmslib.c (system): Undefine this; VMS now provides it.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at sugar-bombs.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* loadst.c: Prevent multiple-def errors on BSD and BSD4_3
+	around include of param.h.  (Like fns.c.)
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at frosted-flakes.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* loadst.c (load_average): Move load-average code to this new fn.
+	Add conditionals to compute load ave on UMAX.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at lucky-charms.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* loadst.c: Change DK_HEADER_FILE to DKSTAT_HEADER_FILE
+	with opposite sense.
+
[phone]  Chris Hanson  (cph at kleph)
+
+	* emacsclient.c: Delete references to unused variable `out'.  This
+	caused a bus error when used under hp-ux.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at frosted-flakes.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* loadst.c: Control dk.h conditional with DK_HEADER_FILE.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at rice-krispies.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c (find_entries): `.t' or `.sch' means scheme code.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at frosted-flakes.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* loadst.c: Add BSD4_3 conditional for file dk.h instead of dkstat.h.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at frosted-flakes.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* movemail.c: #undef close, since config can #define it on V.3.
+	* emacsclient.c, fakemail.c, loadst.c, server.c: likewise.
+
[phone]  Richard Stallman  (rms at lucky-charms.ai.mit.edu)
+
+	* etags.c (TEX_mode, etc.): Remove superfluous backslashes from
+	invalid escape sequences such as `\{'.
+
+	* loadst.c: Add `sequent' conditional for file dk.h.
+
[phone]  Richard M. Stallman  (rms at wilson)
+
+	* server.c [not BSD and not HAVE_SYSVIPC]: fix error message.
+
+	* loadst.c (main) [XENIX]: use /usr/spool/mail, not /usr/mail.

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/DEBUG	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+Debugging GNU Emacs
+Copyright (c) 1985 Richard M. Stallman.
+
+   Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
+   of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
+   copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
+   and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
+   for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
+
+   Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
+   of this document, or of portions of it,
+   under the above conditions, provided also that they
+   carry prominent notices stating who last changed them.
+
+On 4.2 you will probably find that dbx does not work for
+debugging GNU Emacs.  For one thing, dbx does not keep the
+inferior process's terminal modes separate from its own.
+For another, dbx does not put the inferior in a separate
+process group, which makes trouble when an inferior uses
+interrupt input, which GNU Emacs must do on 4.2.
+
+dbx has also been observed to have other problems,
+such as getting incorrect values for register variables
+in stack frames other than the innermost one.
+
+The Emacs distribution now contains GDB, the new source-level
+debugger for the GNU system.  GDB works for debugging Emacs.
+GDB currently runs on vaxes under 4.2 and on Sun 2 and Sun 3
+systems.
+
+
+** Some useful techniques
+
+`Fsignal' is a very useful place to stop in.
+All Lisp errors go through there.
+
+It is useful, when debugging, to have a guaranteed way
+to return to the debugger at any time.  If you are using
+interrupt-driven input, which is the default, then Emacs is using
+RAW mode and the only way you can do it is to store
+the code for some character into the variable stop_character:
+
+    set stop_character = 29
+
+makes Control-] (decimal code 29) the stop character.
+Typing Control-] will cause immediate stop.  You cannot
+use the set command until the inferior process has been started.
+Put a breakpoint early in `main', or suspend the Emacs,
+to get an opportunity to do the set command.
+
+If you are using cbreak input (see the Lisp function set-input-mode),
+then typing Control-g will cause a SIGINT, which will return control
+to the debugger immediately unless you have done
+
+    ignore 3  (in dbx)
+or  handle 3 nostop noprint  (in gdb)
+
+You will note that most of GNU Emacs is written to avoid
+declaring a local variable in an inner block, even in
+cases where using one would be the cleanest thing to do.
+This is because dbx cannot access any of the variables
+in a function which has even one variable defined in an
+inner block.  A few functions in GNU Emacs do have variables
+in inner blocks, only because I wrote them before realizing
+that dbx had this problem and never rewrote them to avoid it.
+
+I believe that GDB does not have such a problem.
+
+
+** Examining Lisp object values.
+
+When you have a live process to debug, and it has not encountered a
+fatal error, you can use the GDB command `pr'.  First print the value
+in the ordinary way, with the `p' command.  Then type `pr' with no
+arguments.  This calls a subroutine which uses the Lisp printer.
+
+If you can't use this command, either because the process can't run
+a subroutine or because the data is invalid, you can fall back on
+lower-level commands.
+
+Use the `xtype' command to print out the data type of the last data
+value.  Once you know the data type, use the command that corresponds
+to that type.  Here are these commands:
+
+    xint xptr xwindow xmarker xoverlay xmiscfree xintfwd xboolfwd xobjfwd
+    xbufobjfwd xkbobjfwd xbuflocal xbuffer xsymbol xstring xvector xframe
+    xwinconfig xcompiled xcons xcar xcdr xsubr xprocess xfloat xscrollbar
+
+Each one of them applies to a certain type or class of types.
+(Some of these types are not visible in Lisp, because they exist only
+internally.)
+
+Each x... command prints some information about the value, and
+produces a GDB value (subsequently available in $) through which you
+can get at the rest of the contents.
+
+In general, most of the rest of the contents will be addition Lisp
+objects which you can examine in turn with the x... commands.
+
+** If GDB does not run and your debuggers can't load Emacs.
+
+On some systems, no debugger can load Emacs with a symbol table,
+perhaps because they all have fixed limits on the number of symbols
+and Emacs exceeds the limits.  Here is a method that can be used
+in such an extremity.  Do
+
+    nm -n temacs > nmout
+    strip temacs
+    adb temacs
+    0xd:i
+    0xe:i
+    14:i
+    17:i
+    :r -l loadup   (or whatever)
+
+It is necessary to refer to the file `nmout' to convert
+numeric addresses into symbols and vice versa.
+
+It is useful to be running under a window system.
+Then, if Emacs becomes hopelessly wedged, you can create
+another window to do kill -9 in.  kill -ILL is often
+useful too, since that may make Emacs dump core or return
+to adb.
+
+
+** Debugging incorrect screen updating.
+
+To debug Emacs problems that update the screen wrong, it is useful
+to have a record of what input you typed and what Emacs sent to the
+screen.  To make these records, do
+
+(open-dribble-file "~/.dribble")
+(open-termscript "~/.termscript")
+
+The dribble file contains all characters read by Emacs from the
+terminal, and the termscript file contains all characters it sent to
+the terminal.  The use of the directory `~/' prevents interference
+with any other user.
+
+If you have irreproducible display problems, put those two expressions
+in your ~/.emacs file.  When the problem happens, exit the Emacs that
+you were running, kill it, and rename the two files.  Then you can start
+another Emacs without clobbering those files, and use it to examine them.

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/JOKES	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,642 @@
+From:  Don Chiasson <[e-mail]>
+Subject: Some gnu jokes
+To: [e-mail], [e-mail], [e-mail]
+cc: [e-mail]
+Message-ID: <[e-mail]>
+
+     Richard M. Stallman (RMS, widely known for creating EMACS) is writing
+a UNIX clone called GNU (which means Gnu's Not Unix--a recursive acronym).
+This seems to open the way to a whole gnu class of jokes.  For example:
+
+Q:  What do you call a person who hacks while wearing no clothes?
+A:  A gnudist.
+
+Q:  What do you call an eligible young hacker?
+A:  Gnubile.
+
+Q:  What is a hacker's favorite candy?
+A:  Gnugat.   (Though it contains little gnutrition.)
+
+Q:  What do you call a computer filled with air?
+A:  Gnumatic.
+
+Q:  What do you call a novice hacker who keeps pestering you 
+    with foolish questions?
+A:  A gnuisance.
+
+Q:  What do you call a subtle, clever hack in the favorite language?
+A:  A gnuanCe.
+
+Q:  What do you use a supercomputer for?
+A:  Gnumerical analysis.
+
+Q:  What do you call a hacker who collects coins?
+A:  A gnumismatist.
+
+     Well, there are more, just too gnumerous to tell all at once.  I think
+I'd better go before someone starts firing gnuclear weapons at me.
+		Don
+
+From: [e-mail] (Patrick J. LoPresti)
+Message-ID: <[e-mail]>
+Sender: [e-mail] (News system)
+Subject: The True Path (long)
+Date: 11 Jul 91 03:17:31 GMT
+Path: ai-lab!mintaka!olivea!samsung!zaphod.mps.ohio-state.edu!think.com!snorkelwacker.mit.edu!bloom-picayune.mit.edu!athena.mit.edu!patl
+Newsgroups: alt.religion.emacs,alt.slack
+Organization: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
+Lines: 95
+Xref: ai-lab alt.religion.emacs:244 alt.slack:1935
+
+When I log into my Xenix system with my 110 baud teletype, both vi
+*and* Emacs are just too damn slow.  They print useless messages like,
+'C-h for help' and '"foo" File is read only'.  So I use the editor
+that doesn't waste my VALUABLE time.
+
+Ed, man!  !man ed
+
+ED(1)               UNIX Programmer's Manual                ED(1)
+
+NAME
+     ed - text editor
+
+SYNOPSIS
+     ed [ - ] [ -x ] [ name ]
+DESCRIPTION
+     Ed is the standard text editor.
+---
+
+Computer Scientists love ed, not just because it comes first
+alphabetically, but because it's the standard.  Everyone else loves ed
+because it's ED!
+
+"Ed is the standard text editor."
+
+And ed doesn't waste space on my Timex Sinclair.  Just look:
+
+-rwxr-xr-x  1 root          24 Oct 29  1929 /bin/ed
+-rwxr-xr-t  4 root     1310720 Jan  1  1970 /usr/ucb/vi
+-rwxr-xr-x  1 root  5.89824e37 Oct 22  1990 /usr/bin/emacs
+
+Of course, on the system *I* administrate, vi is symlinked to ed.
+Emacs has been replaced by a shell script which 1) Generates a syslog
+message at level LOG_EMERG; 2) reduces the user's disk quota by 100K;
+and 3) RUNS ED!!!!!!
+
+"Ed is the standard text editor."
+
+Let's look at a typical novice's session with the mighty ed:
+
+golem> ed
+
+?
+help
+?
+?
+?
+quit
+?
+exit
+?
+bye
+?
+hello? 
+?
+eat flaming death
+?
+^C
+?
+^C
+?
+^D
+?
+
+---
+Note the consistent user interface and error reportage.  Ed is
+generous enough to flag errors, yet prudent enough not to overwhelm
+the novice with verbosity.
+
+"Ed is the standard text editor."
+
+Ed, the greatest WYGIWYG editor of all.
+
+ED IS THE TRUE PATH TO NIRVANA!  ED HAS BEEN THE CHOICE OF EDUCATED
+AND IGNORANT ALIKE FOR CENTURIES!  ED WILL NOT CORRUPT YOUR PRECIOUS
+BODILY FLUIDS!!  ED IS THE STANDARD TEXT EDITOR!  ED MAKES THE SUN
+SHINE AND THE BIRDS SING AND THE GRASS GREEN!!
+
+When I use an editor, I don't want eight extra KILOBYTES of worthless
+help screens and cursor positioning code!  I just want an EDitor!!
+Not a "viitor".  Not a "emacsitor".  Those aren't even WORDS!!!! ED!
+ED! ED IS THE STANDARD!!!
+
+TEXT EDITOR.
+
+When IBM, in its ever-present omnipotence, needed to base their
+"edlin" on a UNIX standard, did they mimic vi?  No.  Emacs?  Surely
+you jest.  They chose the most karmic editor of all.  The standard.
+
+Ed is for those who can *remember* what they are working on.  If you
+are an idiot, you should use Emacs.  If you are an Emacs, you should
+not be vi.  If you use ED, you are on THE PATH TO REDEMPTION.  THE
+SO-CALLED "VISUAL" EDITORS HAVE BEEN PLACED HERE BY ED TO TEMPT THE
+FAITHLESS.  DO NOT GIVE IN!!!  THE MIGHTY ED HAS SPOKEN!!!
+
+?
+
+From: The Unknown User <[e-mail]>
+Subject: EMACS -- What does it mean?
+To: mit-prep![e-mail]
+
+EMACS belongs in <sys/errno.h>: Editor too big!
+
+
+Escape-Meta-Alt-Control-Shift
+
+
+From: harvard!topaz!BLUE!BRAIL@mit-eddie
+Date: 9 Sep 85 17:25:27 EDT
+Subject: EMACS -- What does it mean?
+To: mit-prep![e-mail]
+
+	EMACS may stand for "Editing MACroS," but some friends of mine
+suggested some more creative definitions. Here they are. Anyone have
+any additions?
+
+--------
+Eight
+Megabytes
+And
+Constantly
+Swapping
+
+Even a
+Master of
+Arts
+Comes 
+Simpler
+
+Emacs
+Manuals
+Are 
+Cryptic and
+Surreal
+
+Energetic
+Merchants
+Always
+Cultivate
+Sales
+
+Each
+Manual's
+Audience is
+Completely
+Stupified
+
+Emacs
+Means
+A
+Crappy
+Screen
+
+Eventually
+Munches
+All
+Computer
+Storage
+
+Even 
+My 
+Aunt
+Crashes the
+System
+
+Eradication of 
+Memory
+Accomplished with
+Complete
+Simplicity
+
+Elsewhere
+Maybe
+Alternative
+Civilizations
+Survive
+
+Egregious
+Managers
+Actively
+Court
+Stallman
+
+Esoteric
+Malleability
+Always
+Considered
+Silly
+
+Emacs
+Manuals
+Always
+Cause
+Senility
+
+Easily
+Maintained with the
+Assistance of
+Chemical
+Solutions
+
+EMACS
+MACRO
+ACTED
+CREDO
+SODOM
+
+Edwardian
+Manifestation of
+All
+Colonial
+Sins
+
+Generally
+Not
+Used
+
+Except by
+Middle
+Aged
+Computer
+Scientists
+
+Extended
+Macros
+Are
+Considered
+Superfluous
+
+Every
+Mode
+Accelerates
+Creation of
+Software
+
+Elsewhere
+Maybe
+All
+Commands are
+Simple
+
+Emacs
+May
+Allow
+Customised
+Screwups
+
+Excellent
+Manuals
+Are
+Clearly
+Suppressed
+
+Emetic
+Macros
+Assault
+Core and
+Segmentation
+
+Embarrassed
+Manual-Writer
+Accused of
+Communist
+Subversion
+
+Extensibility and 
+Modifiability
+Aggravate
+Confirmed
+Simpletons
+
+Emacs
+May
+Annihilate
+Command
+Structures
+
+Easily
+Mangles,
+Aborts,
+Crashes and
+Stupifies
+
+Extraneous
+Macros
+And
+Commands
+Stink
+
+Exceptionally
+Mediocre
+Algorithm for
+Computer
+Scientists
+
+EMACS
+Makes no
+Allowances
+Considering its
+Stiff price
+
+Equine
+Mammals
+Are
+Considerably
+Smaller
+
+Embarrassingly
+Mundane
+Advertising
+Cuts
+Sales
+
+Every
+Moron
+Assumes
+CCA is
+Superior
+
+Exceptionally
+Mediocre
+Autocratic
+Control
+System
+
+EMACS
+May
+Alienate
+Clients and
+Supporters
+
+Excavating
+Mayan
+Architecture
+Comes
+Simpler
+
+Erasing 
+Minds
+Allows 
+Complete
+Submission
+
+Every
+Male
+Adolescent
+Craves
+Sex
+
+Elephantine
+Memory
+Absolutely
+Considered
+Sine que non
+
+Emacs 
+Makers
+Are
+Crazy
+Sickos
+
+Eenie-Meenie-Miney-Mo-
+Macros
+Are
+Completely
+Slow
+
+Experience the
+Mildest
+Ad
+Campaign ever
+Seen
+
+Emacs
+Makefiles
+Annihilate
+C-
+Shells
+
+Eradication of
+Memory
+Accomplished with
+Complete
+Simplicity
+
+Emetic
+Macros
+Assault
+Core and
+Segmentation
+
+Epileptic
+MLisp
+Aggravates
+Compiler
+Seizures
+
+Eleven thousand
+Monkeys
+Asynchronously
+Crank out these
+Slogans
+-------
+
+
+From: ihnss!warren@mit-eddie (Warren Montgomery)
+Newsgroups: net.emacs
+Subject: Re: EMACS -- What does it mean?
+Date: Tue, 10-Sep-85 09:14:24 EDT
+Organization: AT&T Bell Labs, Naperville, IL
+Apparently-To: emacs-netnews-distribution@mit-prep
+
+Someone at a luncheon suggested it meant:
+
+Evenings,
+Mornings,
+And a 
+Couple of
+Saturdays
+
+(In reference to the odd hours that went into the creation of my
+implementation).
+
+-- 
+
+	Warren Montgomery
+	ihnss!warren
+	IH ((312)-979) x2494
+
+Date: Wed, 18 Sep 85 10:11:04 edt
+From: inmet![e-mail] (Leonard H. Tower Jr.) <inmet!tower@cca-unix>
+Subject: Re: EMACS -- What does it mean?
+To: [e-mail]
+
+Received: by inmet.uucp (4.12/inmet) id AA02199; Wed, 18 Sep 85 09:10:17 edt
+Date: Wed, 18 Sep 85 09:10:17 edt
+Message-Id: <[e-mail]>
+Uucp-Paths: {bellcore,ima,ihnp4}!inmet!tower
+Arpa-Path: ima!inmet![e-mail]
+Organization: 	Intermetrics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
+Home: 	36 Porter Street, Somerville, MA  02143, USA   [phone]
+/* Written  6:48 pm  Sep 14, 1985 by gml@ssc-vax in inmet:net.emacs */
+/* ---------- "Re: EMACS -- What does it mean?" ---------- */
+Pleeeeeeeze!!!  Nice try on the meaning of EMACS.  I believe the
+correct acronym is:
+
+Emacs 
+Makes
+All 
+Computing 
+Simple
+
+Thank you, and Good Night
+/* End of text from inmet:net.emacs */
+
+From: ho95e!wcs@mit-eddie (Bill.Stewart.4K435.x0705)
+Newsgroups: net.emacs
+Subject: Re: EMACS -- What does it mean?
+Date: Thu, 26-Sep-85 21:43:54 EDT
+Organization: AT&T Bell Labs, Holmdel NJ
+Apparently-To: emacs-netnews-distribution@mit-prep
+
+> > very interesting, but what does GNU stand for ?
+> GNU = Gnu's Not UNIX. There is also MINCE, for Mince Is Not a Complete Emacs.
+> More recursive acronyms, anyone?
+Many people have also seen FINE Is Not Emacs, but the one that has
+character is THief Isn't Even Fine.
+-- 
+## Bill Stewart, AT&T Bell Labs, Holmdel NJ 1-201-949-0705 ihnp4!ho95c!wcs
+
+Path: mit-eddie!think!harvard!bbnccv!bbncca!linus!decvax!mcnc!ncsu!uvacs!edison!ta2
+From: edison!ta2@mit-eddie (tom allebrandi)
+Newsgroups: net.emacs
+Subject: Re: Re: EMACS -- What does it mean?
+Date: Sun, 29-Sep-85 18:11:55 EDT
+Organization: General Electric's Mountain Resort
+Apparently-To: emacs-netnews-distribution@mit-prep
+
+> GNU = Gnu's Not UNIX. There is also MINCE, for Mince Is Not a Complete Emacs.
+> 
+> More recursive acronyms, anyone?
+> 
+
+For the DEC-system-10/20: FINE - Fine Is Not Emacs.....
+
+-- 
+...............
+tom allebrandi 2, general electric aco, charlottesville, va
+{decvax,duke}!mcnc!ncsu!uvacs!edison!ta2
+box 8106, charlottesville, va, 22906
+[phone]
+...............
+
+Date: Wed, 16 Oct 85 01:38:12 edt
+From: inmet!tower (Leonard H. Tower Jr.) <inmet!tower@cca-unix>
+Subject: more names
+To: [e-mail]
+
+Received: by inmet.uucp (4.12/inmet) id AA12997; Tue, 15 Oct 85 22:31:39 edt
+Date: Tue, 15 Oct 85 22:31:39 edt
+Message-Id: <[e-mail]>
+Uucp-Paths: {bellcore,ima,ihnp4}!inmet!tower
+Arpa-Path: ima!inmet![e-mail]
+Organization: 	Intermetrics, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
+Home: 	36 Porter Street, Somerville, MA  02143, USA   [phone]
+/* Written 12:20 pm  Oct 14, 1985 by [e-mail] in inmet:net.emacs */
+
+
+SINE:	Sine Is Not Emacs
+	(MIT Architecture Machine Group)
+
+EINE:	Eine is Not Emacs
+	(MIT Lisp Machine)
+
+ZWEI:	Zwei Was Eine Initially
+	("rev2" of EINE)
+
+--
+Rich $alz	{mit-eddie, ihnp4!inmet, wjh12, cca, datacube} !mirror!rs
+Mirror Systems	2067 Massachusetts Ave.
[phone]	Cambridge, MA, 02140
+/* End of text from inmet:net.emacs */
+
+Path: mit-eddie!genrad!panda!talcott!harvard!seismo!gatech!ulysses!pajb
+From: ulysses!pajb@mit-eddie (Paul Bennett)
+Newsgroups: net.emacs
+Subject: Here we go again ...
+Date: Sat, 19-Oct-85 17:26:49 EDT
+Organization: AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill
+Apparently-To: emacs-netnews-distribution@mit-prep
+
+
+> EINE:	Eine is Not Emacs
+> 	(MIT Lisp Machine)
+>
+> ZWEI:	Zwei Was Eine Initially
+>	("rev2" of EINE)
+
+DREI:	DREI - Really Emacs Inside
+	(Exists only in my head)
+
+From: [e-mail] (Noah Friedman)
+Sender: [e-mail]
+To: [e-mail], [e-mail]
+Subject: etc/emacs.names
+Date: Fri, 9 Oct 92 00:54:57 edt
+
+The following should be added:
+
+
+Emacs
+Makes
+A
+Computer
+Slow
+
+From: [e-mail] (Olaf Titz)
+Newsgroups: alt.religion.emacs
+Subject: Re: what emacs stands for
+Date: 12 Oct 92 19:29:32 GMT
+
+Emacs Masquerades As Comfortable Shell
+Ever Made A Control-key Setup?
+Emacs: My Alternative Computer Story
+Emacs Made Almost Completely Screwed
+       (by extensive use of M-x global-unset-key)
+Emacs Macht Alle Computer Schoen 
+       (deutsch)  (=Emacs makes all computers beautiful)
+Each Mail A Continued Surprise
+Every Mode Acknowledges Customized Strokes 
+       (keystrokes, of course :-)
+Eating Memory And Cycle-Sucking
+Everyday Material Almost Compiled Successfully
+
+now enough bashing for today :-)
+
+
+From: [e-mail]
+To: [e-mail]
+Subject: missing from etc/emacs.names
+Date: Thu, 20 May 93 02:21:27 edt
+
+
+Elvis
+Masterminds
+All
+Computer
+Software
+
+Just so you boys know the score.
+
+Thank you very Much,
+The King

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/LPF	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+	   Protect Your Freedom to Write Programs
+	   Join the League for Programming Freedom
+	       (Version of February 3, 1994)
+
+Ten years ago, programmers were allowed to write programs using all
+the techniques they knew, and providing whatever features they felt
+were useful.  This is no longer the case.  New monopolies, known as
+software patents and interface copyrights, have taken away our freedom
+of expression and our ability to do a good job.
+
+"Look and feel" lawsuits attempt to monopolize well-known command
+languages; some have succeeded.  Copyrights on command languages
+enforce gratuitous incompatibility, close opportunities for
+competition, and stifle incremental improvements.
+
+Software patents are even more dangerous; they make every design
+decision in the development of a program carry a risk of a lawsuit,
+with draconian pretrial seizure.  It is difficult and expensive to
+find out whether the techniques you consider using are patented; it is
+impossible to find out whether they will be patented in the future.
+
+The League for Programming Freedom is a grass-roots organization of
+professors, students, businessmen, programmers and users dedicated to
+bringing back the freedom to write programs.  The League is not
+opposed to the legal system that Congress expressly established for
+software--copyright on individual programs.  Our aim is to reverse the
+recent changes that prevent programmers from doing their work.
+
+The League works to abolish the new monopolies by publishing articles,
+talking with public officials, denouncing egregious offenders, and
+filing amicus curiae briefs, most notably against Lotus in its suit
+against Borland.  We testified twice at the recent Patent Office
+hearings on software patents.  We welcome suggestions for other
+activities, as well as help in carrying them out.
+
+Membership dues in the League are $42 per year for programmers,
+managers and professionals; $10.50 for students; $21 for others.
+Please give more if you can.  The League's funds will be used for
+filing briefs; for printing handouts, buttons and signs; whatever will
+persuade the courts, the legislators, and the people.  You may not get
+anything personally for your dues--except for the freedom to write
+programs.  The League is a non-profit corporation, but not considered
+a tax-exempt charity.  However, for those self-employed in software,
+the dues can be a business expense.
+
+The League needs both activist members and members who only pay their
+dues.  We also greatly need additional corporate members; contact us
+for information.
+
+If you have any questions, please write to the League, phone
++1 617 621 7084, or send Internet mail to [e-mail].
+
+		       Chris Hofstader, President
+		       Dean Anderson, Secretary
+		       Aubrey Jaffer, Treasurer
+
+Chris Hofstader can be reached at [phone]; FAX [phone].
+To join, please send a check and the following information to:
+
+    League for Programming Freedom
+    1 Kendall Square #143
+    P.O.Box 9171
+    Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
+
+(Outside the US, please send a check in US dollars on a bank 
+having a US correspondent bank, to save us check cashing fees.)
+
+Your name:
+
+
+The address for League mailings, a few each year; please indicate
+whether it is your home address or your work address:
+
+
+
+The company you work for, and your position:
+
+
+Your phone numbers (home, work or both):
+
+
+Your email address, so we can contact you for demonstrations or for
+writing letters.  (If you don't want us to contact you for these
+things, please say so, but please give us your email address anyway
+so we can save paper and postage by sending you the newsletter by email.)
+
+
+Is there anything about you which would enable your endorsement of the
+LPF to impress the public?  For example, if you are or have been a
+professor or an executive, or have written software that has a good
+reputation, please tell us.
+
+
+
+Would you like to help with LPF activities?
+
+
+
+
+The corporate charter of the League for Programming Freedom states:
+
+    The purpose of the corporation is to engage in the following
+    activities:
+
+    1. To determine the existence of, and warn the public about
+    restrictions and monopolies on classes of computer programs where such
+    monopolies prevent or restrict the right to develop certain types of
+    computer programs.
+
+    2. To develop countermeasures and initiatives, in the public interest,
+    effective to block or otherwise prevent or restrain such monopolistic
+    activities including education, research, publications, public
+    assembly, legislative testimony, and intervention in court proceedings
+    involving public interest issues (as a friend of the court).
+
+    3. To engage in any business or other activity in service of and
+    related to the foregoing paragraphs that lawfully may be carried on
+    by a corporation organized under Chapter 180 of the Massachusetts
+    General Laws.
+
+The officers and directors of the League will be elected annually by
+the members.

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/MH-E-NEWS	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+User-visible changes to mh-e in version 5.0 from 4.1.
+
+   Note: This being a major release, there are many internal changes.
+This document lists only changes to the external interfaces of mh-e.
+
+   When upgrading, you must either explicitly reload the new versions of
+all mh-e files that are already loaded or restart your Emacs.
+
+   mh-e 5.0.1 contains minor changes from mh-e 5.0 to integrate it with
+Emacs 19.29.
+
+   mh-e 5.0.2 contains additional minor changes to integrate it with
+reporter.el (requires reporter.el version 3.1c or later) and Emacs
+19.30.  The mh-goto-msg function is much faster, which also speeds up
+several other operations.
+
+Major Changes and New Features in mh-e
+======================================
+
+   The emphasis for this release has been on consistency and
+documentation.  Many documentation strings were enhanced.
+Documentation strings were changed to comments for internal functions
+and variables.
+
+   There is now proper documentation in the form of a 75-page users
+manual.  The Texinfo source is mh-e.texi; the formatted Info document
+is mh-e.info.
+
+   There is a new command `mh-update-sequences', which updates MH's
+idea of what messages are in the Unseen sequence and what is the current
+folder and message.  `mh-quit' calls it.  While `mh-execute-commands'
+has always done this updating as a side effect, the new function is
+faster.
+
+   The MH profile entry "Inbox:" is supported.
+
+   If the show-buffer is modified, the user is queried before mh-e
+reuses the buffer to show a different message.  This buffer is also
+auto-saved and backed up correctly.
+
+   `mh-store-buffer' is significantly more robust.  It now handles
+messages created by a wide variety of packaging software.  The status
+message for `uudecode' includes the name of the file created.  An error
+is signaled if the subprocess exits with a non-zero status.
+
+   `mh-search-folder' behaves predictably, adding messages found to the
+`search' sequence.  It correctly handles the case of no messages found.
+
+   `mh-burst-digest' (`M-b') now only rescans the part of the folder
+affected by the burst.  It is now much faster in a large folder.
+
+New mh-e Hooks and Customization Variables
+==========================================
+
+   `mh-default-folder-for-message-function': new name for the old
+`mh-msg-folder-hook', which wasn't a hook.  The old name was confusing,
+leading people to think they could use `add-hook' with it, when
+actually `setq' is the correct way.
+
+   `mh-sortm-args': When this variable is used has changed.  Now
+`mh-sortm-args' is passed if there IS a prefix argument to
+`mh-sort-folder'.  The assumption is that for arguments you normally
+want, you would specify them in an MH profile entry.
+
+   `mh-mhn-args': new hook, a list of additional arguments to pass to
+the `mhn' program if `mh-edit-mhn' is given a prefix argument.
+
+   `mh-edit-mhn-hook': new hook called by `mh-edit-mhn', the function
+that formats MIME messages.
+
+   `mh-folder-list-change-hook': new hook, called whenever the cached
+list of folders, `mh-folder-list', is changed.
+
+   `mh-find-path-hook': new hook, called when entering mh-e.
+
+   `mh-repl-formfile': new variable, used to change the format file
+used by `mh-reply' from the default of "replcomps".
+
+   New variables to customize the scan format and notating:
+`mh-note-deleted', `mh-note-refiled', `mh-note-seq', `mh-note-cur',
+`mh-note-copied', `mh-note-printed'.
+
+Key Binding Changes in mh-e
+===========================
+
+   `RET' runs `mh-show' for consistency with the Finder and Info.  The
+old binding `.' still works, but `RET' is now the standard binding.
+
+   `M-<' now runs `mh-first-msg' for consistency with `M->', which runs
+`mh-last-msg'.
+
+   `C-c C-f C-d' in MH-Letter mode moves to a Dcc: header field.
+
+   `C-c C-f C-r' in MH-Letter mode moves to a From: header field.
+
+   `g' is now the standard binding for `mh-goto-msg'.  The old binding
+`j' still works.
+
+Other Improvements and Changes to mh-e
+======================================
+
+   `mh-lpr-command-format' no longer passes the "-p" argument to `lpr'
+by default.  The mail header typically has the date anyway.
+
+   When prompting for a sequence name, if no sequences have been used
+yet, mh-e will offer the first sequence the current message is in.
+
+   The patterns of more mailers are recognized by
+`mh-extract-rejected-mail'.
+
+   `mh-insert-prefix-string' no longer wraps the call to the
+`mail-citation-hook' function in a `save-excursion' so the hook writer
+can choose whether to leave point at the beginning or the end of the
+yanked text.
+
+   `mh-write-msg-to-file': The prompt now refers to "message" or
+"message body" depending on which will be written.  (This is controlled
+by a prefix argument.)  The file defaults to the last-used file instead
+of supplying only the directory name.
+
+   mh-e uses message ranges when running MH commands.  Thus "rmm 1 2 3
+4 6" is now "rmm 1-4 6".  This change makes it less likely to overflow
+system argument list limits, and it might be faster, too.
+
+Bug Fixes to mh-e
+=================
+
+   mh-e's idea of the unseen sequence now stays in sync with MH's
+better.
+
+   Functions that are supposed to find fields in the message header no
+longer look in the message body.
+
+   mh-e would sometimes fail to remove the "%" from a scan line when the
+message was removed from a sequence if the message was also in the
+Previous sequence.
+
+   The variable `mh-inc-prog' is now correctly used in all places.
+
+   `mh-pipe-msg' runs the process in the correct directory.
+
+   A partially scanned folder will no longer lose the "/select"
+annotation when you execute marked deletes and refiles with `x'.
+

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/MH-E-ONEWS	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+This file is automatically generated from news-mh-e.txinfo.  Do not edit.
+
+User-visible changes to mh-e in version 4.0 from 3.8
+
+Note: there are many internal changes to mh-e in this release.  If you
+have the previous version loaded into your Emacs, you will probably not
+be able to load this version on top of it.
+
+
+New Features in mh-e
+====================
+
+Background folder collection.  The first time you are prompted for a
+folder, you must wait while mh-e collects the names of all existing
+folders.  Now however, if you abort, collecting will continue in the
+background, and you can do something else in Emacs until the collection
+completes.  Normally, mh-e will begin collecting folders names in the
+background when you first load it; you can disable this feature by
+setting `mh-auto-folder-collect' to nil.
+
+There is support for composing MIME messages using the `mhn' program
+from MH 6.8.  See the documentation string for mh-edit-mhn.  (While
+composing a letter, type `C-h k C-c C-e'.)  See also mhn(1).  There is
+as yet no support for reading MIME messages.
+
+`mh-show', typically on `.', repositions to the start of the message if
+the message is already visible.  It used to do nothing in this case.
+
+The function `mh-unshar-msg' is renamed `mh-store-msg'.  It now does
+uudecoding, too.  Someday it should do MIME.  It remembers the last
+directory you used and offers it as the default for next time.
+
+New function `mh-header-display', on `,', displays the message with all
+headers, including those normally not displayed.  Type `.' to display
+the message normally again.
+
+New function `mh-list-sequences' lists the sequences in use in the
+current folder.
+
+New function `mh-version' displays version information about MH and
+mh-e.  Please use the output in bug reports.
+
+`mh-quit' now burys the folder buffer and show buffer.
+
+
+New mh-e hooks and customization variables
+==========================================
+
+`mh-pick-mode-hook': new hook called by new mode `mh-pick-mode'.  The
+pick buffer didn't used to have its own mode.  Another advantage of
+`mh-pick-mode' is that `C-h m' works in the pick buffer.
+
+`mail-citation-hook': new variable for supercite.
+
+`mh-refile-msg-hook': new hook called by `mh-refile-msg' (and
+`mh-refile-or-write-again' when refiling).
+
+`mh-msg-folder-hook': new hook used by `mh-refile-msg' and `mh-to-fcc'
+to provide a default folder for user prompt.
+
+`mh-show-hook': new hook called by `mh-show'.
+
+`mh-delete-msg-hook': new hook called by `mh-delete-msg'.
+
+`mh-show-mode-hook': new hook called by new mode `mh-show-mode' for
+`show-' buffers.
+
+`mh-comp-formfile': new variable so can customize `components' file.
+
+`mh-sortm-args': new variable, a list of extra arguments to be passed to
+sortm by `mh-sort-folder'.  Give an argument to `mh-sort-folder' to
+suppress this behavior.
+
+`mh-send-prog': new variable so can customize name of `send' program in
+case of name conflicts.
+
+`mh-scan-prog': new variable so can customize name of `scan' program to
+generate custom effects.
+
+`mh-inc-prog': new variable so can customize name of `inc' program to do
+fancy management of incoming messages.
+
+`mh-forwarded-letter-subject': new function used by `mh-forward' to
+compute the Subject line of the new message.  It is a small function
+which can be replaced by the user for customization.  Uses the new
+variable `mh-forward-subject-format', which allows some simple
+customizations without rewriting even `mh-forwarded-letter-subject'.
+
+`mh-new-draft-cleaned-headers': new variable, header lines removed by
+`mh-edit-again' and `mh-extract-rejected-mail' before offering a message
+as a new draft.
+
+`mh-signature-file-name': new variable used by `mh-insert-signature' to
+so can customize name of the file to insert.
+
+`mh-read-address': new function called to read all To: and Cc:
+addresses.
+
+`mh-msg-folder-hook': new hook used by `mh-refile-msg' and `mh-to-fcc'
+to provide a default folder for user prompt.
+
+
+Key binding changes in mh-e
+===========================
+
+`,' runs new function `mh-header-display'.  It is like `.' but it
+displays *all* the headers.
+
+`M-#' runs the new function `mh-delete-seq'.  One used to have to type
+`C-u M-%' to delete a sequence.
+
+`<' no longer does `mh-first-msg', but `M->' now does `mh-last-msg'.
+This allows first and last to be consistent (`>' was taken) and is more
+likely to be discovered by chance anyway.
+
+`M-d' runs `mh-redistribute', `r' runs `mh-reply' (on the theory that
+the more commonly used function should be easier to type, and the
+obscure action of redistributing can be harder to type).
+
+`M-o' changed to `C-o' (`mh-write-msg-to-file').  It was interfering
+with arrow keys for some people.
+
+`M-n' now runs `mh-store-msg' (formerly `mh-unshar-msg').
+
+`b' no longer runs `mh-quit'; use `q' instead.  `b' may be used in a
+future version for something else.
+
+
+Minor improvements to mh-e
+==========================
+
+The mh-e code is now divided into multiple Emacs Lisp files, so it
+starts up faster because Emacs doesn't have to load all of it at once.
+(This change also makes it easier for the maintainer to manage things.)
+
+When searching for the directory containing the MH programs, search the
+user's PATH in addition to the built-in directories, to increase the
+chance of finding the MH programs.
+
+The subject for a forwarded message no longer has ugly square brackets
+around it.
+
+The name of the folder is no longer appears twice in the show buffer
+mode line.
+
+When typing a folder name in the minibuffer, parent folders complete to
+the trailing slash (/), for easier typing of subfolders.
+
+The folder buffer mode name changed from `mh-e scan' or `mh-e show' to
+`MH-Folder', which makes the hook name easier to guess.  Added
+`mh-showing' to `minor-mode-alist' so there is still an indication in
+the mode line of whether messages will be shown automatically.
+
+`mh-rename-seq' does completion on the old sequence name.
+
+If called by a user who has never used MH on this system before, mh-e
+runs the MH program `install-mh' to get them set up.
+
+Undo history for previous messages is not kept to avoid wasting memory.
+
+The internal temp buffer used by mh-e has `buffer-offer-save' explicitly
+nil.  This change benefits people who change the `buffer-offer-save'
+default.
+
+
+Bug fixes to mh-e
+=================
+
+`mh-to-field': don't bomb if no To: field.
+
+`mh-get-new-mail': restore annotations, e.g., cur, even if no new mail.
+
+`mh-rename-seq': verify that the new seq name was accepted by `mark'
+before updating state.
+
+`mh-internal-seq': the Previous sequence is not notated, since it would
+notate everything scanned.
+
+`mh-read-draft': don't call `find-file-noselect' so an `auto-mode-alist'
+doesn't trigger `mh-letter-mode-hook' twice.  Faster, too.
+
+`mh-show': If user moves onto a message that doesn't exist, don't leave
+the cursor in the show pane.
+
+`mh-delete-scan-msgs': use `equal', not `=', on the result of
+`mh-get-msg-num', since it may be nil.
+
+`mh-get-field': do anchored search so searching for `reply-to:' doesn't
+find `in-reply-to:'.
+
+`mh-widen': do nothing if not narrowed.
+
+`mh-clean-message-header': find end of headers even if no body.
+

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/NEWS	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,6740 @@
+GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes.  23 Jan 1999
+Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+See the end for copying conditions.
+
+Please send Emacs bug reports to [e-mail].
+For older news, see the file ONEWS.
+
+
+* Changes in Emacs 21.1
+
+** Faces and frame parameters.
+
+There are four new faces `scroll-bar', `border', `cursor' and `mouse'.
+Setting the frame parameters `scroll-bar-foreground' and
+`scroll-bar-background' sets foreground and background color of face
+`scroll-bar' and vice versa.  Setting frame parameter `border-color'
+sets the background color of face `border' and vice versa.  Likewise
+for frame parameters `cursor-color' and face `cursor', and frame
+parameter `mouse-color' and face `mouse'.
+
+Changing frame parameter `font' sets font-related attributes of the
+`default' face and vice versa.  Setting frame parameters
+`foreground-color' or `background-color' sets the colors of the 
+`default' face and vice versa.
+
+** New frame parameter `screen-gamma' for gamma correction.
+
+The new frame parameter `screen-gamma' specifies gamma-correction for
+colors.  Its value may be nil, the default, in which case no gamma
+correction occurs, or a number > 0, usually a float, that specifies
+the screen gamma of a frame's display.
+
+PC monitors usually have a screen gamma of 2.2.  smaller values result
+in darker colors.  You might want to try a screen gamma of 1.5 for LCD
+color displays.  The viewing gamma Emacs uses is 0.4545. (1/2.2).
+
+The X resource name of this parameter is `screenGamma', class
+`ScreenGamma'.
+
+** Emacs has a new redisplay engine.
+
+The new redisplay handles characters of variable width and height.
+Italic text can be used without redisplay problems.  Fonts containing
+oversized characters, i.e. characters larger than the logical height
+of a font can be used.  Images of various formats can be displayed in
+the text.
+
+** Emacs has a new face implementation.
+
+The new faces no longer fundamentally use X font names to specify the
+font.  Instead, each face has several independent attributes--family,
+height, width, weight and slant--that it may or may not specify.
+These attributes can be merged from various faces, and then together
+specify a font.
+
+Faces are supported on terminals that can display color or fonts.
+These terminal capabilities are auto-detected.  Details can be found
+under Lisp changes, below.
+
+** New default font is Courier 12pt.
+
+** When using a windowing terminal, Emacs window now has a cursor of
+its own.  When the window is selected, the cursor is solid; otherwise,
+it is hollow.
+
+** Bitmap areas to the left and right of windows are used to display
+truncation marks, continuation marks, overlay arrows and alike.  The
+foreground, background, and stipple of these areas can be changed by
+customizing face `fringe'.
+
+** The mode line under X is now drawn with shadows by default.  You
+can change its appearance by modifying the face `modeline'.
+
+** LessTif support.
+
+Emacs now runs with LessTif (see <http://www.lesstif.org>).  You will
+need a version 0.88.1 or later.
+
+** Toolkit scroll bars.
+
+Emacs now uses toolkit scrollbars if available.  When configured for
+LessTif/Motif, it will use that toolkit's scrollbar.  Otherwise, when
+configured for Lucid and Athena widgets, it will use the Xaw3d scroll
+bar if Xaw3d is available.  You can turn off the use of toolkit scroll
+bars by specifying `--with-toolkit-scroll-bars=no' when configuring
+Emacs.
+
+When you encounter problems with the Xaw3d scroll bar, watch out how
+Xaw3d is compiled on your system.  If the Makefile generated from
+Xaw3d's Imakefile contains a `-DNARROWPROTO' compiler option, and your
+Emacs system configuration file `s/your-system.h' does not contain a
+define for NARROWPROTO, you might consider adding it.  Take
+`s/freebsd.h' as an example.
+
+Alternatively, if you don't have access to the Xaw3d source code, take
+a look at your system's imake configuration file, for example in the
+directory `/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/config' (paths are different on
+different systems).  You will find files `*.cf' there.  If your
+system's cf-file contains a line like `#define NeedWidePrototypes NO',
+add a `#define NARROWPROTO' to your Emacs system configuration file.
+
+The reason for this is that one Xaw3d function uses `double' or
+`float' function parameters depending on the setting of NARROWPROTO.
+This is not a problem when Imakefiles are used because each system's
+image configuration file contains the necessary information.  Since
+Emacs doesn't use imake, this has do be done manually.
+
+** Toggle buttons and radio buttons in menus.
+
+When compiled with LessTif (or Motif) support, Emacs uses toolkit
+widgets for radio and toggle buttons in menus.  When configured for
+Lucid, Emacs draws radio buttons and toggle buttons similar to Motif.
+
+** Highlighting of trailing whitespace.
+
+When `show-trailing-whitespace' is non-nil, Emacs displays trailing
+whitespace in the face `trailing-whitespace'.  Trailing whitespace is
+defined as spaces or tabs at the end of a line.  To avoid busy
+highlighting when entering new text, trailing whitespace is not
+displayed if point is at the end of the line containing the
+whitespace.
+
+** Busy-cursor.
+
+Emacs can optionally display a busy-cursor under X.  You can turn the
+display on or off by customizing group `cursor'.
+
+** Blinking cursor
+
+M-x blink-cursor-mode toggles a blinking cursor under X and on
+terminals having terminal capabilities `vi', `vs', and `ve'.  Blinking
+and related parameters like frequency and delay can be customized in
+the group `cursor'.
+
+** New font-lock support mode `jit-lock-mode'.
+
+This support mode is roughly equivalent to `lazy-lock' but is
+generally faster.  It supports stealth and deferred fontification.
+See the documentation of the function `jit-lock-mode' for more
+details.
+
+Font-lock uses jit-lock-mode as default support mode, so you don't
+have to do anything to activate it.
+
+** Tabs and variable-width text.
+
+Tabs are now displayed with stretch properties; the width of a tab is
+defined as a multiple of the normal character width of a frame, and is
+independent of the fonts used in the text where the tab appears.
+Thus, tabs can be used to line up text in different fonts.
+
+** Enhancements of the Lucid menu bar
+
+*** The Lucid menu bar now supports the resource "margin".
+
+	emacs.pane.menubar.margin: 5
+
+The default margin is 4 which makes the menu bar appear like the Motif
+one.
+
+*** Arrows that indicate sub-menus are now drawn with shadows, like in
+Motif.
+
+** Hscrolling in C code.
+
+Horizontal scrolling now happens automatically.
+
+** Tool bar support.
+
+Emacs supports a tool bar at the top of a frame under X.  For details
+how to define a tool bar, see the page describing Lisp-level changes.
+
+** Mouse-sensitive mode line.
+
+Different parts of the mode line under X have been made
+mouse-sensitive.  Moving the mouse to a mouse-sensitive part in the mode
+line changes the appearance of the mouse pointer to an arrow, and help
+about available mouse actions is displayed either in the echo area, or
+in the tooltip window if you have enabled one.
+
+Currently, the following actions have been defined:
+
+- Mouse-1 on the buffer name in the mode line switches between two
+buffers.
+
+- Mouse-2 on the buffer-name switches to the next buffer, and
+M-mouse-2 switches to the previous buffer in the buffer list.
+
+- Mouse-3 on the buffer-name displays a buffer menu.
+
+- Mouse-1 on the read-only status in the mode line (`%' or `*')
+toggles the read-only status.
+
+- Mouse-3 on the mode name display a minor-mode menu.
+
+** LessTif/Motif file selection dialog.
+
+When Emacs is configured to use LessTif or Motif, reading a file name
+from a menu will pop up a file selection dialog if `use-dialogs' is
+non-nil.
+
+** Emacs can display faces on TTY frames.
+
+Emacs automatically detects terminals that are able to display colors.
+Faces with a weight greater than normal are displayed extra-bright, if
+the terminal supports it.  Faces with a weight less than normal and
+italic faces are displayed dimmed, if the terminal supports it.
+Underlined faces are displayed underlined if possible.  Other face
+attributes like overlines, strike-throught, box are ignored.
+
+** Sound support
+
+Emacs supports playing sound files on GNU/Linux and the free BSDs
+(Voxware driver and native BSD driver, aka as Luigi's driver).
+Currently supported file formats are RIFF-WAVE (*.wav) and Sun Audio
+(*.au).  You must configure Emacs with the option `--with-sound=yes'
+to enable sound support.
+
+** A new variable, backup-by-copying-when-privileged-mismatch, gives
+the highest file uid for which backup-by-copying-when-mismatch will be
+forced on.  The assumption is that uids less than or equal to this
+value are special uids (root, bin, daemon, etc.--not real system
+users) and that files owned by these users should not change ownership,
+even if your system policy allows users other than root to edit them.
+
+The default is 200; set the variable to nil to disable the feature.
+
+** A block cursor can be drawn as wide as the glyph under it under X.
+
+As an example: if a block cursor is over a tab character, it will be
+drawn as wide as that tab on the display.  To do this, set
+`x-stretch-cursor' to a non-nil value.
+
+** Empty display lines at the end of a buffer may be marked with a
+bitmap (this is similar to the tilde displayed by vi).
+
+This behavior is activated by setting the buffer-local variable
+`indicate-empty-lines' to a non-nil value.  The default value of this
+variable is found in `default-indicate-empty-lines'.
+
+** There is a new "aggressive" scrolling method.
+
+When scrolling up because point is above the window start, if the
+value of the buffer-local variable `scroll-up-aggessively' is a
+number, Emacs chooses a new window start so that point ends up that
+fraction of the window's height from the bottom of the window.
+
+When scrolling down because point is below the window end, if the
+value of the buffer-local variable `scroll-down-aggessively' is a
+number, Emacs chooses a new window start so that point ends up that
+fraction of the window's height from the top of the window.
+
+** The rectangle commands now avoid inserting undesirable spaces,
+notably at the end of lines.
+
+All these functions have been rewritten to avoid inserting unwanted
+spaces, and an optional prefix now allows them to behave the old way.
+
+** The new command M-x query-replace-regexp-eval acts like
+query-replace-regexp, but takes a Lisp expression which is evaluated
+after each match to get the replacement text.
+
+** Emacs now resizes mini-windows if appropriate.
+
+If a message is longer than one line, or mini-buffer contents are
+longer than one line, Emacs now resizes the mini-window unless it is
+on a frame of its own.  You can control the maximum mini-window size
+by setting the following variable:
+
+- User option: max-mini-window-height
+
+Maximum height for resizing mini-windows.  If a float, it specifies a
+fraction of the mini-window frame's height.  If an integer, it
+specifies a number of lines.  If nil, don't resize.
+
+Default is 0.25.
+
+** Changes to RefTeX mode
+
+*** RefTeX has new support for index generation.  Index entries can be
+    created with `C-c <', with completion available on index keys.
+    Pressing `C-c /' indexes the word at the cursor with a default
+    macro.  `C-c >' compiles all index entries into an alphabetically
+    sorted *Index* buffer which looks like the final index.  Entries
+    can be edited from that buffer.
+
+*** Label and citation key selection now allow to select several
+    items and reference them together (use `m' to mark items, `a' or
+    `A' to use all marked entries).
+
+*** reftex.el has been split into a number of smaller files to reduce
+    memory use when only a part of RefTeX is being used.
+
+*** a new command `reftex-view-crossref-from-bibtex' (bound to `C-c &'
+    in BibTeX-mode) can be called in a BibTeX database buffer in order
+    to show locations in LaTeX documents where a particular entry has
+    been cited.
+
+** The M-x time-stamp command (most commonly used on write-file-hooks)
+has the following new features:
+
+*** The patterns for finding the time stamp and for updating a pattern
+may match text spanning multiple lines.  For example, some people like
+to have the filename and date on separate lines.  The new variable
+time-stamp-inserts-lines controls the matching for multi-line patterns.
+
+*** More than one time stamp can be updated in the same file.  This
+feature is useful if you need separate time stamps in a program source
+file to both include in formatted documentation and insert in the
+compiled binary.  The same time-stamp will be written at each matching
+pattern.  The variable time-stamp-count enables this new feature; it
+defaults to 1.
+
+** Tooltips.
+
+Tooltips are small X windows displaying a help string at the current
+mouse position.  To use them, use the Lisp package `tooltip' which you
+can access via the user option `tooltip-mode'.
+
+Tooltips also provides support for GUD debugging.  If activated,
+variable values can be displayed in tooltips by pointing at them with
+the mouse in source buffers.  You can customize various aspects of the
+tooltip display in the group `tooltip'.
+
+** Customize changes
+
+*** Customize now supports comments about customized items.  Use the
+`State' menu to add comments.
+
+*** The new option `custom-buffer-done-function' says whether to kill
+Custom buffers when you've done with them or just bury them (the
+default).
+
+** New features in evaluation commands
+
+The commands to evaluate Lisp expressions, such as C-M-x in Lisp
+modes, C-j in Lisp Interaction mode, and M-:, now bind the variables
+print-level, print-length, and debug-on-error based on the
+customizable variables eval-expression-print-level,
+eval-expression-print-length, and eval-expression-debug-on-error.
+
+** syntax tables now understand nested comments.
+To declare a comment syntax as allowing nesting, just add an `n'
+modifier to either of the characters of the comment end and the comment
+start sequences.
+
+** Dired changes
+
+*** New variable `dired-recursive-deletes' determines if the delete
+command will delete non-empty directories recursively.  The default
+is, delete only empty directories.
+
+*** New variable `dired-recursive-copies' determines if the copy
+command will copy directories recursively.  The default is, do not
+copy directories recursively.
+
+** The variable mail-specify-envelope-from controls whether to
+use the -f option when sending mail.
+
+** In Isearch mode, mouse-2 in the echo area now yanks the current
+selection into the search string rather than giving an error.
+
+** New modes and packages
+
+*** 5x5.el is a simple puzzle game.
+
+*** hl-line.el provides a minor mode to highlight the current line.
+
+*** ansi-color.el translates ANSI terminal escapes into text-properties.
+
+*** delphi.el provides a major mode for editing the Delphi (Object
+Pascal) language.
+
+*** quickurl.el provides a simple method of inserting a URL based on
+the text at point.
+
+*** sql.el provides an interface to SQL data bases.
+
+*** whitespace.el ???
+
+** Withdrawn packages
+
+*** mldrag.el has been removed.  mouse.el provides the same
+functionality with aliases for the mldrag functions.
+
+* Lisp changes in Emacs 21.1 (see following page for display-related features)
+
+Note that +++ before an item means the Lisp manual has been updated.
+--- means that I have decided it does not need to be in the Lisp manual.
+When you add a new item, please add it without either +++ or ---
+so I will know I still need to look at it -- rms.
+
+** New function `propertize'
+
+The new function `propertize' can be used to conveniently construct
+strings with text properties.
+
+- Function: propertize STRING &rest PROPERTIES
+
+Value is a copy of STRING with text properties assigned as specified
+by PROPERTIES.  PROPERTIES is a sequence of pairs PROPERTY VALUE, with
+PROPERTY being the name of a text property and VALUE being the
+specified value of that property.  Example:
+
+  (propertize "foo" 'face 'bold 'read-only t)
+
++++
+** push and pop macros.
+
+A simple version of the push and pop macros of Common Lisp
+is now defined in Emacs Lisp.  These macros allow only symbols
+as the place that holds the list to be changed.
+
+(push NEWELT LISTNAME)  add NEWELT to the front of LISTNAME's value.
+(pop LISTNAME)          return first elt of LISTNAME, and remove it
+			(thus altering the value of LISTNAME).
+
++++
+** Regular expressions now support Posix character classes such
+as [:alpha:], [:space:] and so on.
+
+[:digit:]  matches 0 through 9
+[:cntrl:]  matches ASCII control characters
+[:xdigit:]  matches 0 through 9, a through f and A through F.
+[:blank:]  matches space and tab only
+[:graph:]  matches graphic characters--everything except ASCII control chars,
+	   space, and DEL.
+[:print:]  matches printing characters--everything except ASCII control chars
+	   and DEL.
+[:alnum:]  matches letters and digits.
+	   (But at present, for multibyte characters,
+	    it matches anything that has word syntax.)
+[:alpha:]  matches letters.
+	   (But at present, for multibyte characters,
+	    it matches anything that has word syntax.)
+[:ascii:]  matches ASCII (unibyte) characters.
+[:nonascii:]  matches non-ASCII (multibyte) characters.
+[:lower:]  matches anything lower-case.
+[:punct:]  matches punctuation.
+	   (But at present, for multibyte characters,
+	    it matches anything that has non-word syntax.)
+[:space:]  matches anything that has whitespace syntax.
+[:upper:]  matches anything upper-case.
+[:word:]   matches anything that has word syntax.
+
++++
+** Emacs now has built-in hash tables.
+
+The following functions are defined for hash tables:
+
+- Function: make-hash-table ARGS
+
+The argument list ARGS consists of keyword/argument pairs.  All arguments
+are optional.  The following arguments are defined:
+
+:test TEST
+
+TEST must be a symbol specifying how to compare keys.  Default is `eql'.
+Predefined are `eq', `eql' and `equal'.  If TEST is not predefined,
+it must have been defined with `define-hash-table-test'.
+
+:size SIZE
+
+SIZE must be an integer > 0 giving a hint to the implementation how
+many elements will be put in the hash table.  Default size is 65.
+
+:rehash-size REHASH-SIZE
+
+REHASH-SIZE specifies by how much to grow a hash table once it becomes
+full.  If REHASH-SIZE is an integer, add that to the hash table's old
+size to get the new size.  Otherwise, REHASH-SIZE must be a float >
+1.0, and the new size is computed by multiplying REHASH-SIZE with the
+old size.  Default rehash size is 1.5.
+
+:rehash-threshold THRESHOLD
+
+THRESHOLD must be a float > 0 and <= 1.0 specifying when to resize the
+hash table.  It is resized when the ratio of (number of entries) /
+(size of hash table) is >= THRESHOLD.  Default threshold is 0.8.
+
+:weakness WEAK
+
+WEAK must be either nil, one of the symbols `key, `value', or t.
+Entries are removed from weak tables during garbage collection if
+their key and/or value are not referenced elsewhere outside of the
+hash table.  Default are non-weak hash tables.
+
+- Function: makehash &optional TEST
+
+Similar to make-hash-table, but only TEST can be specified.
+
+- Function: hash-table-p TABLE
+
+Returns non-nil if TABLE is a hash table object.
+
+- Function: copy-hash-table TABLE
+
+Returns a copy of TABLE.  Only the table itself is copied, keys and
+values are shared.
+
+- Function: hash-table-count TABLE
+
+Returns the number of entries in TABLE.
+
+- Function: hash-table-rehash-size TABLE
+
+Returns the rehash size of TABLE.
+
+- Function: hash-table-rehash-threshold TABLE
+
+Returns the rehash threshold of TABLE.
+
+- Function: hash-table-rehash-size TABLE
+
+Returns the size of TABLE.
+
+- Function: hash-table-rehash-test TABLE
+
+Returns the test TABLE uses to compare keys.
+
+- Function: hash-table-weakness TABLE
+
+Returns the weakness specified for TABLE.
+
+- Function: clrhash TABLE
+
+Clear TABLE.
+
+- Function: gethash KEY TABLE &optional DEFAULT
+
+Look up KEY in TABLE and return its associated VALUE or DEFAULT if
+not found.
+
+- Function: puthash KEY VALUE TABLE 
+
+Associate KEY with VALUE in TABLE.  If KEY is already associated with
+another value, replace the old value with VALUE.
+
+- Function: remhash KEY TABLE
+
+Remove KEY from TABLE if it is there.
+
+- Function: maphash FUNCTION TABLE
+
+Call FUNCTION for all elements in TABLE.  FUNCTION must take two
+arguments KEY and VALUE.
+
+- Function: sxhash OBJ
+
+Return a hash code for Lisp object OBJ.
+
+- Function: define-hash-table-test NAME TEST-FN HASH-FN
+
+Define a new hash table test named NAME.  If NAME is specified as
+a test in `make-hash-table', the table created will use TEST-FN for
+comparing keys, and HASH-FN to compute hash codes for keys.  Test 
+and hash function are stored as symbol property `hash-table-test'
+of NAME with a value of (TEST-FN HASH-FN).
+
+TEST-FN must take two arguments and return non-nil if they are the same.
+
+HASH-FN must take one argument and return an integer that is the hash
+code of the argument.  The function should use the whole range of
+integer values for hash code computation, including negative integers.
+
+Example: The following creates a hash table whose keys are supposed to
+be strings that are compared case-insensitively.
+
+  (defun case-fold-string= (a b)
+    (compare-strings a nil nil b nil nil t))
+
+  (defun case-fold-string-hash (a)
+    (sxhash (upcase a)))
+
+  (define-hash-table-test 'case-fold 'case-fold-string= 
+                          'case-fold-string-hash))
+
+  (make-hash-table :test 'case-fold)
+
++++
+** The Lisp reader handles circular structure.
+
+It now works to use the #N= and #N# constructs to represent
+circular structures.  For example, #1=(a . #1#) represents
+a cons cell which is its own cdr.
+
++++
+** The Lisp printer handles circular structure.
+
+If you bind print-circle to a non-nil value, the Lisp printer outputs
+#N= and #N# constructs to represent circular and shared structure.
+
+You can also do several calls to print functions using a common
+set of #N= constructs; here is how.
+
+  (let ((print-circle t)
+        (print-continuous-numbering t)
+        print-number-table)
+    (print1 ...)
+    (print1 ...)
+    ...)
+
++++
+** If the second argument to `move-to-column' is anything but nil or
+t, that means replace a tab with spaces if necessary to reach the
+specified column, but do not add spaces at the end of the line if it
+is too short to reach that column.
+
++++
+** perform-replace has a new feature:  the REPLACEMENTS argument may
+now be a cons cell (FUNCTION . DATA).  This means to call FUNCTION
+after each match to get the replacement text.  FUNCTION is called with
+two arguments: DATA, and the number of replacements already made.
+
+If the FROM-STRING contains any upper-case letters,
+perform-replace also turns off `case-fold-search' temporarily
+and inserts the replacement text without altering case in it.
+
++++
+** The function buffer-size now accepts an optional argument
+to specify which buffer to return the size of.
+
++++
+** The calendar motion commands now run the normal hook
+calendar-move-hook after moving point.
+
++++
+** The new variable small-temporary-file-directory specifies a
+directory to use for creating temporary files that are likely to be
+small.  (Certain Emacs features use this directory.)  If
+small-temporary-file-directory is nil, they use
+temporary-file-directory instead.
+
++++
+** The variable `inhibit-modification-hooks', if non-nil, inhibits all
+the hooks that track changes in the buffer.  This affects
+`before-change-functions' and `after-change-functions', as well as
+hooks attached to text properties and overlay properties.
+
++++
+** assoc-delete-all is a new function that deletes all the
+elements of an alist which have a particular value as the car.
+
++++
+** make-temp-file provides a more reliable way to create a temporary file.
+
+make-temp-file is used like make-temp-name, except that it actually
+creates the file before it returns.  This prevents a timing error,
+ensuring that no other job can use the same name for a temporary file.
+
++++
+** New exclusive-open feature in `write-region'
+
+The optional seventh arg is now called MUSTBENEW.  If non-nil, it insists
+on a check for an existing file with the same name.  If MUSTBENEW
+is `excl', that means to get an error if the file already exists;
+never overwrite. If MUSTBENEW is neither nil nor `excl', that means
+ask for confirmation before overwriting, but do go ahead and
+overwrite the file if the user gives confirmation.
+
+If the MUSTBENEW argument in `write-region' is `excl',
+that means to use a special feature in the `open' system call
+to get an error if the file exists at that time.
+The error reported is `file-already-exists'.
+
++++
+** Function `format' now handles text properties.
+
+Text properties of the format string are applied to the result string.
+If the result string is longer than the format string, text properties
+ending at the end of the format string are extended to the end of the
+result string.
+
+Text properties from string arguments are applied to the result
+string where arguments appear in the result string.
+
+Example:
+
+  (let ((s1 "hello, %s")
+        (s2 "world"))
+     (put-text-property 0 (length s1) 'face 'bold s1)
+     (put-text-property 0 (length s2) 'face 'italic s2)
+     (format s1 s2)
+
+results in a bold-face string with an italic `world' at the end.
+
++++
+** Messages can now be displayed with text properties.
+
+Text properties are handled as described above for function `format'.
+The following example displays a bold-face message with an italic
+argument in it.
+
+  (let ((msg "hello, %s!")
+        (arg "world"))
+     (put-text-property 0 (length msg) 'face 'bold msg)
+     (put-text-property 0 (length arg) 'face 'italic arg)
+     (message msg arg))
+
++++
+** Sound support
+
+Emacs supports playing sound files on GNU/Linux and the free BSDs
+(Voxware driver and native BSD driver, aka as Luigi's driver).
+
+Currently supported file formats are RIFF-WAVE (*.wav) and Sun Audio
+(*.au).  You must configure Emacs with the option `--with-sound=yes'
+to enable sound support.
+
+Sound files can be played by calling (play-sound SOUND).  SOUND is a
+list of the form `(sound PROPERTY...)'.  The function is only defined
+when sound support is present for the system on which Emacs runs.  The
+functions runs `play-sound-functions' with one argument which is the
+sound to play, before playing the sound.
+
+The following sound properties are supported:
+
+- `:file FILE'
+
+FILE is a file name.  If FILE isn't an absolute name, it will be
+searched relative to `data-directory'.
+
+- `:volume VOLUME'
+
+VOLUME must be an integer in the range 0..100 or a float in the range
+0..1.  This property is optional.
+
+Other properties are ignored.
+
+** `multimedia' is a new Finder keyword and Custom group.
+
+* New Lisp-level Display features in Emacs 21.1
+
+Note that +++ before an item means the Lisp manual has been updated.
+--- means that I have decided it does not need to be in the Lisp manual.
+When you add a new item, please add it without either +++ or ---
+so I will know I still need to look at it -- rms.
+
+** New face implementation.
+
+Emacs faces have been reimplemented from scratch.  They don't use XLFD
+font names anymore and face merging now works as expected.
+
++++
+*** New faces.
+
+Each face can specify the following display attributes:
+
+   1. Font family or fontset alias name.
+   
+   2. Relative proportionate width, aka character set width or set
+   width (swidth), e.g. `semi-compressed'.
+   
+   3. Font height in 1/10pt
+   
+   4. Font weight, e.g. `bold'.
+   
+   5. Font slant, e.g. `italic'.
+   
+   6. Foreground color.
+   
+   7. Background color.
+
+   8. Whether or not characters should be underlined, and in what color.
+
+   9. Whether or not characters should be displayed in inverse video.
+
+   10. A background stipple, a bitmap.
+
+   11. Whether or not characters should be overlined, and in what color.
+
+   12. Whether or not characters should be strike-through, and in what
+   color.
+
+   13. Whether or not a box should be drawn around characters, its
+   color, the width of the box lines, and 3D appearance.
+
+Faces are frame-local by nature because Emacs allows to define the
+same named face (face names are symbols) differently for different
+frames.  Each frame has an alist of face definitions for all named
+faces.  The value of a named face in such an alist is a Lisp vector
+with the symbol `face' in slot 0, and a slot for each each of the face
+attributes mentioned above.
+
+There is also a global face alist `face-new-frame-defaults'.  Face
+definitions from this list are used to initialize faces of newly
+created frames.
+   
+A face doesn't have to specify all attributes.  Those not specified
+have a nil value.  Faces specifying all attributes are called
+`fully-specified'.
+
++++
+*** Face merging.
+
+The display style of a given character in the text is determined by
+combining several faces.  This process is called `face merging'.  Any
+aspect of the display style that isn't specified by overlays or text
+properties is taken from the `default' face.  Since it is made sure
+that the default face is always fully-specified, face merging always
+results in a fully-specified face.
+
++++
+*** Face realization.
+
+After all face attributes for a character have been determined by
+merging faces of that character, that face is `realized'.  The
+realization process maps face attributes to what is physically
+available on the system where Emacs runs.  The result is a `realized
+face' in form of an internal structure which is stored in the face
+cache of the frame on which it was realized.
+
+Face realization is done in the context of the charset of the
+character to display because different fonts and encodings are used
+for different charsets.  In other words, for characters of different
+charsets, different realized faces are needed to display them.
+
+Except for composite characters, faces are always realized for a
+specific character set and contain a specific font, even if the face
+being realized specifies a fontset.  The reason is that the result of
+the new font selection stage is better than what can be done with
+statically defined font name patterns in fontsets.
+
+In unibyte text, Emacs' charsets aren't applicable; function
+`char-charset' reports ASCII for all characters, including those >
+0x7f.  The X registry and encoding of fonts to use is determined from
+the variable `face-default-registry' in this case.  The variable is
+initialized at Emacs startup time from the font the user specified for
+Emacs.
+
+Currently all unibyte text, i.e. all buffers with
+`enable-multibyte-characters' nil are displayed with fonts of the same
+registry and encoding `face-default-registry'.  This is consistent
+with the fact that languages can also be set globally, only.
+
+++++
+**** Clearing face caches.
+
+The Lisp function `clear-face-cache' can be called to clear face caches
+on all frames.  If called with a non-nil argument, it will also unload
+unused fonts.
+
++++
+*** Font selection.
+   
+Font selection tries to find the best available matching font for a
+given (charset, face) combination.  This is done slightly differently
+for faces specifying a fontset, or a font family name.
+
+If the face specifies a fontset name, that fontset determines a
+pattern for fonts of the given charset.  If the face specifies a font
+family, a font pattern is constructed.  Charset symbols have a
+property `x-charset-registry' for that purpose that maps a charset to
+an XLFD registry and encoding in the font pattern constructed.
+
+Available fonts on the system on which Emacs runs are then matched
+against the font pattern.  The result of font selection is the best
+match for the given face attributes in this font list.
+
+Font selection can be influenced by the user.
+
+The user can specify the relative importance he gives the face
+attributes width, height, weight, and slant by setting
+face-font-selection-order (faces.el) to a list of face attribute
+names.  The default is (:width :height :weight :slant), and means
+that font selection first tries to find a good match for the font
+width specified by a face, then---within fonts with that width---tries
+to find a best match for the specified font height, etc.
+
+Setting `face-alternative-font-family-alist' allows the user to
+specify alternative font families to try if a family specified by a
+face doesn't exist.
+
++++
+**** Scalable fonts
+
+Emacs can make use of scalable fonts but doesn't do so by default,
+since the use of too many or too big scalable fonts may crash XFree86
+servers.
+
+To enable scalable font use, set the variable
+`scalable-fonts-allowed'.  A value of nil, the default, means nver use
+scalable fonts.  A value of t means any scalable font may be used.
+Otherwise, the value must be a list of regular expressions.  A
+scalable font may then be used if it matches a regular expression from
+that list.  Example:
+
+  (setq scalable-fonts-allowed '("muleindian-2$"))
+
+allows the use of scalable fonts with registry `muleindian-2'.
+
++++
+*** Functions and variables related to font selection.
+
+- Function: x-family-fonts &optional FAMILY FRAME
+
+Return a list of available fonts of family FAMILY on FRAME.  If FAMILY
+is omitted or nil, list all families.  Otherwise, FAMILY must be a
+string, possibly containing wildcards `?' and `*'.
+
+If FRAME is omitted or nil, use the selected frame.  Each element of
+the result is a vector [FAMILY WIDTH POINT-SIZE WEIGHT SLANT FIXED-P
+FULL REGISTRY-AND-ENCODING].  FAMILY is the font family name.
+POINT-SIZE is the size of the font in 1/10 pt.  WIDTH, WEIGHT, and
+SLANT are symbols describing the width, weight and slant of the font.
+These symbols are the same as for face attributes.  FIXED-P is non-nil
+if the font is fixed-pitch.  FULL is the full name of the font, and
+REGISTRY-AND-ENCODING is a string giving the registry and encoding of
+the font.  The result list is sorted according to the current setting
+of the face font sort order.
+
+- Function: x-font-family-list 
+
+Return a list of available font families on FRAME.  If FRAME is
+omitted or nil, use the selected frame.  Value is a list of conses
+(FAMILY . FIXED-P) where FAMILY is a font family, and FIXED-P is
+non-nil if fonts of that family are fixed-pitch.
+
+- Variable: font-list-limit
+
+Limit for font matching.  If an integer > 0, font matching functions
+won't load more than that number of fonts when searching for a
+matching font.  The default is currently 100.
+
++++
+*** Setting face attributes.
+
+For the most part, the new face implementation is interface-compatible
+with the old one.  Old face attribute related functions are now
+implemented in terms of the new functions `set-face-attribute' and
+`face-attribute'.
+
+Face attributes are identified by their names which are keyword
+symbols.  All attributes can be set to `unspecified'.
+
+The following attributes are recognized:
+
+`:family'
+
+VALUE must be a string specifying the font family, e.g. ``courier'',
+or a fontset alias name.  If a font family is specified, wild-cards `*'
+and `?' are allowed.
+
+`:width'
+
+VALUE specifies the relative proportionate width of the font to use.
+It must be one of the symbols `ultra-condensed', `extra-condensed',
+`condensed', `semi-condensed', `normal', `semi-expanded', `expanded',
+`extra-expanded', or `ultra-expanded'.
+
+`:height'
+
+VALUE must be an integer specifying the height of the font to use in
+1/10 pt.
+
+`:weight'
+
+VALUE specifies the weight of the font to use.  It must be one of the
+symbols `ultra-bold', `extra-bold', `bold', `semi-bold', `normal',
+`semi-light', `light', `extra-light', `ultra-light'.
+
+`:slant'
+
+VALUE specifies the slant of the font to use.  It must be one of the
+symbols `italic', `oblique', `normal', `reverse-italic', or
+`reverse-oblique'.
+
+`:foreground', `:background'
+
+VALUE must be a color name, a string.
+
+`:underline'
+
+VALUE specifies whether characters in FACE should be underlined.  If
+VALUE is t, underline with foreground color of the face.  If VALUE is
+a string, underline with that color.  If VALUE is nil, explicitly
+don't underline.
+
+`:overline'
+
+VALUE specifies whether characters in FACE should be overlined.  If
+VALUE is t, overline with foreground color of the face.  If VALUE is a
+string, overline with that color.  If VALUE is nil, explicitly don't
+overline.
+
+`:strike-through'
+
+VALUE specifies whether characters in FACE should be drawn with a line
+striking through them.  If VALUE is t, use the foreground color of the
+face.  If VALUE is a string, strike-through with that color.  If VALUE
+is nil, explicitly don't strike through.
+
+`:box'
+
+VALUE specifies whether characters in FACE should have a box drawn
+around them.  If VALUE is nil, explicitly don't draw boxes.  If
+VALUE is t, draw a box with lines of width 1 in the foreground color
+of the face.  If VALUE is a string, the string must be a color name,
+and the box is drawn in that color with a line width of 1.  Otherwise,
+VALUE must be a property list of the form `(:line-width WIDTH
+:color COLOR :style STYLE)'.  If a keyword/value pair is missing from
+the property list, a default value will be used for the value, as
+specified below.  WIDTH specifies the width of the lines to draw; it
+defaults to 1.  COLOR is the name of the color to draw in, default is
+the foreground color of the face for simple boxes, and the background
+color of the face for 3D boxes.  STYLE specifies whether a 3D box
+should be draw.  If STYLE is `released-button', draw a box looking
+like a released 3D button.  If STYLE is `pressed-button' draw a box
+that appears like a pressed button.  If STYLE is nil, the default if
+the property list doesn't contain a style specification, draw a 2D
+box.
+
+`:inverse-video'
+
+VALUE specifies whether characters in FACE should be displayed in
+inverse video. VALUE must be one of t or nil.
+
+`:stipple'
+
+If VALUE is a string, it must be the name of a file of pixmap data.
+The directories listed in the `x-bitmap-file-path' variable are
+searched.  Alternatively, VALUE may be a list of the form (WIDTH
+HEIGHT DATA) where WIDTH and HEIGHT are the size in pixels, and DATA
+is a string containing the raw bits of the bitmap.  VALUE nil means
+explicitly don't use a stipple pattern.
+
+For convenience, attributes `:family', `:width', `:height', `:weight',
+and `:slant' may also be set in one step from an X font name:
+
+`:font'
+
+Set font-related face attributes from VALUE.  VALUE must be a valid
+XLFD font name.  If it is a font name pattern, the first matching font
+is used--this is for compatibility with the behavior of previous
+versions of Emacs.
+
+For compatibility with Emacs 20, keywords `:bold' and `:italic' can
+be used to specify that a bold or italic font should be used.  VALUE
+must be t or nil in that case.  A value of `unspecified' is not allowed."
+
+Please see also the documentation of `set-face-attribute' and
+`defface'.
+
+*** Face attributes and X resources
+
+The following X resource names can be used to set face attributes
+from X resources:
+
+  Face attribute	X resource		class
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------
+  :family		attributeFamily .	Face.AttributeFamily
+  :width		attributeWidth		Face.AttributeWidth
+  :height		attributeHeight		Face.AttributeHeight
+  :weight		attributeWeight		Face.AttributeWeight
+  :slant		attributeSlant		Face.AttributeSlant
+   foreground		attributeForeground	Face.AttributeForeground
+  :background		attributeBackground .	Face.AttributeBackground
+  :overline		attributeOverline	Face.AttributeOverline
+  :strike-through	attributeStrikeThrough	Face.AttributeStrikeThrough
+  :box			attributeBox		Face.AttributeBox
+  :underline		attributeUnderline	Face.AttributeUnderline
+  :inverse-video	attributeInverse	Face.AttributeInverse
+  :stipple		attributeStipple	Face.AttributeStipple
+	or		attributeBackgroundPixmap 
+						Face.AttributeBackgroundPixmap
+  :font			attributeFont		Face.AttributeFont
+  :bold			attributeBold		Face.AttributeBold
+  :italic		attributeItalic .	Face.AttributeItalic
+  :font			attributeFont		Face.AttributeFont
+
++++
+*** Text property `face'.
+
+The value of the `face' text property can now be a single face
+specification or a list of such specifications.  Each face
+specification can be
+
+1. A symbol or string naming a Lisp face.
+
+2. A property list of the form (KEYWORD VALUE ...) where each
+   KEYWORD is a face attribute name, and VALUE is an appropriate value
+   for that attribute.  Please see the doc string of `set-face-attribute'
+   for face attribute names.
+
+3. Conses of the form (FOREGROUND-COLOR . COLOR) or
+   (BACKGROUND-COLOR . COLOR) where COLOR is a color name.  This is
+   for compatibility with previous Emacs versions.
+
++++
+** Support functions for colors on text-only terminals.
+
+The function `face-register-tty-color' can be used to define colors
+for use on TTY frames.  It maps a color name to a color number on the
+terminal.  Emacs defines a couple of default color mappings by
+default.  You can get defined colors with a call to
+`tty-defined-colors'.  The function `face-clear-tty-colors' can be
+used to clear the mapping table.
+
++++
+** The minibuffer prompt is now actually inserted in the minibuffer.
+This makes it possible to scroll through the prompt, if you want to.
+
+A number of functions such as forward-word, forward-sentence,
+forward-paragraph, and beginning-of-line, stop moving when they
+come to the boundary between the prompt and the actual contents.
+The function erase-buffer does not delete the prompt.
+
+The function minubuffer-prompt-end returns the current position of the
+end of the minibuffer prompt, if the minibuffer is current.
+Otherwise, it returns zero.
+
+The function buffer-string does not return the portion of the
+mini-buffer belonging to the prompt; buffer-substring does.
+
++++
+** Image support.
+
+Emacs can now display images.  Images are inserted into text by giving
+strings or buffer text a `display' text property containing one of
+(AREA IMAGE) or IMAGE.  The display of the `display' property value
+replaces the display of the characters having that property.
+
+If the property value has the form (AREA IMAGE), AREA must be one of
+`(margin left-margin)', `(margin right-margin)' or `(margin nil)'.  If
+AREA is `(margin nil)', IMAGE will be displayed in the text area of a
+window, otherwise it will be displayed in the left or right marginal
+area.
+
+IMAGE is an image specification.
+
+*** Image specifications
+
+Image specifications are lists of the form `(image PROPS)' where PROPS
+is a property list whose keys are keyword symbols.  Each
+specifications must contain a property `:type TYPE' with TYPE being a
+symbol specifying the image type, e.g. `xbm'.
+
+The following is a list of properties all image types share.
+
+`:ascent ASCENT'
+
+ASCENT must be a number in the range 0..100, and specifies the percentage
+of the image's height to use for its ascent.  Default is 50.
+
+`:margin MARGIN'
+
+MARGIN must be a number >= 0 specifying how many pixels to put as 
+margin around the image.  Default is 0.
+
+`:relief RELIEF'
+
+RELIEF is analogous to the `:relief' attribute of faces.  Puts a relief
+around an image.
+
+`:algorithm ALGO'
+
+Apply an image algorithm to the image before displaying it.  ALGO must
+be a symbol specifying the algorithm.  Currently only `laplace' is
+supported which applies a Laplace edge detection algorithm to an image
+which is intended to display images "disabled."
+
+`:heuristic-mask BG'
+
+If BG is not nil, build a clipping mask for the image, so that the
+background of a frame is visible behind the image.  If BG is t,
+determine the background color of the image by looking at the 4
+corners of the image, assuming the most frequently occuring color from
+the corners is the background color of the image.  Otherwise, BG must
+be a list `(RED GREEN BLUE)' specifying the color to assume for the
+background of the image.
+
+`:file FILE'
+
+Load image from FILE.  If FILE is not absolute after expanding it,
+search for the image in `data-directory'.  Some image types support
+building images from data.  When this is done, no `:file' property
+may be present in the image specification.
+
+
+*** Supported image types
+
+**** XBM, iamge type `xbm'.
+
+XBM images don't require an external library.  Additional image
+properties supported are
+
+`:foreground FG'
+
+FG must be a string specifying the image foreground color.  Default
+is the frame's foreground.
+
+`:background FG'
+
+BG must be a string specifying the image foreground color.  Default is
+the frame's background color.
+
+XBM images can be constructed from data instead of file.  In this
+case, the image specification must contain the following properties
+instead of a `:file' property.
+
+`:width WIDTH'
+
+WIDTH specifies the width of the image in pixels.
+
+`:height HEIGHT'
+
+HEIGHT specifies the height of the image in pixels.
+
+`:data DATA'
+
+DATA must be either
+
+   1. a string large enough to hold the bitmap data, i.e. it must
+   have a size >= (WIDTH + 7) / 8 * HEIGHT
+
+   2. a bool-vector of size >= WIDTH * HEIGHT
+
+   3. a vector of strings or bool-vectors, one for each line of the
+   bitmap.
+
+**** XPM, image type `xpm'
+
+XPM images require the external library `libXpm', package
+`xpm-3.4k.tar.gz', version 3.4k or later.  Make sure the library is
+found when Emacs is configured by supplying appropriate paths via
+`--x-includes' and `--x-libraries'.
+
+Additional image properties supported are:
+
+`:color-symbols SYMBOLS'
+
+SYMBOLS must be a list of pairs (NAME . COLOR), with NAME being the
+name of color as it appears in an XPM file, and COLOR being an X color
+name.
+
+XPM images can be built from memory instead of files.  In that case,
+add a `:data' property instead of a `:file' property.
+
+`:data DATA'
+
+DATA must be a string containing an XPM image.  The contents of the 
+string are of the same format as that of XPM files.
+
+The XPM library uses libz in its implementation so that it is able
+to display compressed images.
+
+**** PBM, image type `pbm'
+
+PBM images don't require an external library.  Color, gray-scale and
+mono images are supported.  There are no additional image properties
+defined.
+
+**** JPEG, image type `jpeg'
+
+Support for JPEG images requires the external library `libjpeg',
+package `jpegsrc.v6a.tar.gz', or later.  There are no additional image
+properties defined.
+
+**** TIFF, image type `tiff'
+
+Support for TIFF images requires the external library `libtiff',
+package `tiff-v3.4-tar.gz', or later.  There are no additional image
+properties defined.
+
+**** GIF, image type `gif'
+
+Support for GIF images requires the external library `libungif', package
+`libungif-4.1.0', or later.
+
+Additional image properties supported are:
+
+`:index INDEX'
+
+INDEX must be an integer >= 0.  Load image number INDEX from a
+multi-image GIF file.  An error is signalled if INDEX is too large.
+
+This could be used to implement limited support for animated GIFs.
+For example, the following function displays a multi-image GIF file
+at point-min in the current buffer, switching between sub-images
+every 0.1 seconds.
+
+(defun show-anim (file max)
+  "Display multi-image GIF file FILE which contains MAX subimages."
+  (display-anim (current-buffer) file 0 max t))
+
+(defun display-anim (buffer file idx max first-time)
+  (when (= idx max)
+    (setq idx 0))
+  (let ((img (create-image file nil :index idx)))
+    (save-excursion
+      (set-buffer buffer)
+      (goto-char (point-min))
+      (unless first-time (delete-char 1))
+      (insert-image img "x"))
+    (run-with-timer 0.1 nil 'display-anim buffer file (1+ idx) max nil)))
+
+**** PNG, image type `png'
+
+Support for PNG images requires the external library `libpng',
+package `libpng-1.0.2.tar.gz', or later.  There are no additional image
+properties defined.
+
+**** Ghostscript, image type `postscript'.
+
+Additional image properties supported are:
+
+`:pt-width WIDTH'
+
+WIDTH is width of the image in pt (1/72 inch).  WIDTH must be an
+integer.  This is an required property.
+
+`:pt-height HEIGHT'
+
+HEIGHT specifies the height of the image in pt (1/72 inch).  HEIGHT
+must be an integer.  This is an required property.
+
+`:bounding-box BOX'
+
+BOX must be a list or vector of 4 integers giving the bounding box of
+the PS image, analogous to the `BoundingBox' comment found in PS
+files.  This is an required property.
+
+Part of the Ghostscript interface is implemented in Lisp.  See
+lisp/gs.el.
+
+*** Lisp interface.
+
+The variable `image-types' contains a list of those image types 
+which are supported in the current configuration.  
+
+Images are stored in an image cache and removed from the cache when
+they haven't been displayed for `image-cache-eviction-delay seconds.
+The function `clear-image-cache' can be used to clear the image cache
+manually.
+
+*** Simplified image API, image.el
+
+The new Lisp package image.el contains functions that simplify image
+creation and putting images into text.  The function `create-image'
+can be used to create images.  The macro `defimage' can be used to
+define an image based on available image types.  The functions
+`put-image' and `insert-image' can be used to insert an image into a
+buffer.
+
++++
+** Display margins.
+
+Windows can now have margins which are used for special text
+and images.
+
+To give a window margins, either set the buffer-local variables
+`left-margin-width' and `right-margin-width', or call
+`set-window-margins'.  The function `window-margins' can be used to
+obtain the current settings.  To make `left-margin-width' and
+`right-margin-width' take effect, you must set them before displaying
+the buffer in a window, or use `set-window-buffer' to force an update
+of the display margins.
+
+You can put text in margins by giving it a `display' text property
+containing a pair of the form `(LOCATION . VALUE)', where LOCATION is
+one of `left-margin' or `right-margin' or nil.  VALUE can be either a
+string, an image specification or a stretch specification (see later
+in this file).
+
++++
+** Help display
+
+Emacs displays short help messages in the echo area, when the mouse
+moves over a tool-bar item or a piece of text that has a text property
+`help-echo'.  This feature also applies to strings in the mode line
+that have a `help-echo' property.
+
+The value of the `help-echo' property must be a string.  For tool-bar
+items, their key definition is used to determine the help to display.
+If their definition contains a property `:help FORM', FORM is
+evaluated to determine the help string.  Otherwise, the caption of the
+tool-bar item is used.
+
+The hook `show-help-function' can be set to a function that displays
+help differently.  For example, enabling a tooltip window causes the
+help display to appear there instead of in the echo area.
+
++++
+** Vertical fractional scrolling.
+
+The display of text in windows can be scrolled smoothly in pixels.
+This is useful, for example, for making parts of large images visible.
+
+The function `window-vscroll' returns the current value of vertical
+scrolling, a non-negative fraction of the canonical character height.
+The function `set-window-vscroll' can be used to set the vertical
+scrolling value.  Here is an example of how these function might be
+used.
+
+  (global-set-key [A-down] 
+    #'(lambda () 
+        (interactive)
+	(set-window-vscroll (selected-window) 
+                            (+ 0.5 (window-vscroll)))))
+  (global-set-key [A-up] 
+    #'(lambda ()
+	(interactive)
+	(set-window-vscroll (selected-window) 
+	                    (- (window-vscroll) 0.5)))))
+
++++
+** New hook `fontification-functions'.
+
+Functions from `fontification-functions' are called from redisplay
+when it encounters a region of text that is not yet fontified.  This
+variable automatically becomes buffer-local when set.  Each function
+is called with one argument, POS.
+
+At least one of the hook functions should fontify one or more
+characters starting at POS in the current buffer.  It should mark them
+as fontified by giving them a non-nil value of the `fontified' text
+property.  It may be reasonable for these functions to check for the
+`fontified' property and not put it back on, but they do not have to.
+
++++
+** Tool bar support.
+
+Emacs supports a tool bar at the top of a frame under X.  The frame
+parameter `tool-bar-lines' (X resource "toolBar", class "ToolBar")
+controls how may lines to reserve for the tool bar.  A zero value
+suppresses the tool bar.  If the value is non-zero and
+`auto-resize-tool-bars' is non-nil the tool bar's size will be changed
+automatically so that all tool bar items are visible.
+
+*** Tool bar item definitions
+
+Tool bar items are defined using `define-key' with a prefix-key
+`tool-bar'.  For example `(define-key global-map [tool-bar item1] ITEM)'
+where ITEM is a list `(menu-item CAPTION BINDING PROPS...)'.
+   
+CAPTION is the caption of the item, If it's not a string, it is
+evaluated to get a string.  The caption is currently not displayed in
+the tool bar, but it is displayed if the item doesn't have a `:help'
+property (see below).
+   
+BINDING is the tool bar item's binding.  Tool bar items with keymaps as
+binding are currently ignored.
+
+The following properties are recognized:
+
+`:enable FORM'.
+   
+FORM is evaluated and specifies whether the tool bar item is enabled
+or disabled.
+   
+`:visible FORM'
+   
+FORM is evaluated and specifies whether the tool bar item is displayed.
+   
+`:filter FUNCTION'
+
+FUNCTION is called with one parameter, the same list BINDING in which
+FUNCTION is specified as the filter.  The value FUNCTION returns is
+used instead of BINDING to display this item.
+   
+`:button (TYPE SELECTED)'
+
+TYPE must be one of `:radio' or `:toggle'.  SELECTED is evaluated
+and specifies whether the button is selected (pressed) or not.
+   
+`:image IMAGES'
+
+IMAGES is either a single image specification or a vector of four
+image specifications.  If it is a vector, this table lists the
+meaning of each of the four elements:
+
+   Index	Use when item is
+   ----------------------------------------
+     0		enabled and selected
+     1		enabled and deselected
+     2		disabled and selected
+     3		disabled and deselected
+   
+`:help HELP-STRING'.
+   
+Gives a help string to display for the tool bar item.  This help
+is displayed when the mouse is moved over the item.
+
+*** Tool-bar-related variables.
+
+If `auto-resize-tool-bar' is non-nil, the tool bar will automatically
+resize to show all defined tool bar items.  It will never grow larger
+than 1/4 of the frame's size.
+
+If `auto-raise-tool-bar-buttons' is non-nil, tool bar buttons will be 
+raised when the mouse moves over them.
+
+You can add extra space between tool bar items by setting
+`tool-bar-button-margin' to a positive integer specifying a number of
+pixels.  Default is 1.
+
+You can change the shadow thickness of tool bar buttons by setting
+`tool-bar-button-relief' to an integer.  Default is 3.
+
+*** Tool-bar clicks with modifiers.
+
+You can bind commands to clicks with control, shift, meta etc. on
+a tool bar item.  If 
+
+  (define-key global-map [tool-bar shell]
+    '(menu-item "Shell" shell
+		:image (image :type xpm :file "shell.xpm")))
+
+is the original tool bar item definition, then
+
+  (define-key global-map [tool-bar S-shell] 'some-command)
+
+makes a binding to run `some-command' for a shifted click on the same
+item.
+
+** Mode line changes.
+
++++
+*** Mouse-sensitive mode line.
+
+The mode line can be made mouse-sensitive by displaying strings there
+that have a `local-map' text property.  There are three ways to display
+a string with a `local-map' property in the mode line.
+
+1. The mode line spec contains a variable whose string value has
+a `local-map' text property.
+
+2. The mode line spec contains a format specifier (e.g. `%12b'), and
+that format specifier has a `local-map' property.
+
+3. The mode line spec contains a list containing `:eval FORM'.  FORM
+is evaluated.  If the result is a string, and that string has a
+`local-map' property.
+
+The same mechanism is used to determine the `face' and `help-echo'
+properties of strings in the mode line.  See `bindings.el' for an
+example.
+
++++
+*** You can suppress mode-line display by setting the buffer-local
+variable mode-line-format to nil.
+
++++
+*** A headerline can now be displayed at the top of a window.
+
+This mode line's contents are controlled by the new variable
+`header-line-format' and `default-header-line-format' which are
+completely analogous to `mode-line-format' and
+`default-mode-line-format'.  A value of nil means don't display a top
+line.
+
+The appearance of top mode lines is controlled by the face
+`header-line'.
+
+The function `coordinates-in-window-p' returns `header-line' for a
+position in the header-line.
+
++++
+** Text property `display'
+
+The `display' text property is used to insert images into text, and
+also control other aspects of how text displays.  The value of the
+`display' property should be a display specification, as described
+below, or a list or vector containing display specifications.
+
+*** Variable width and height spaces
+
+To display a space of fractional width or height, use a display
+specification of the form `(LOCATION STRECH)'.  If LOCATION is
+`(margin left-margin)', the space is displayed in the left marginal
+area, if it is `(margin right-margin)', it is displayed in the right
+marginal area, and if LOCATION is `(margin nil)' the space is
+displayed in the text.  In the latter case you can also use the
+simpler form STRETCH as property value.
+
+The stretch specification STRETCH itself is a list of the form `(space
+PROPS)', where PROPS is a property list which can contain the
+properties described below.
+
+The display of the fractional space replaces the display of the
+characters having the `display' property.
+
+- :width WIDTH
+
+Specifies that the space width should be WIDTH times the normal
+character width.  WIDTH can be an integer or floating point number.
+
+- :relative-width FACTOR
+
+Specifies that the width of the stretch should be computed from the
+first character in a group of consecutive characters that have the
+same `display' property.  The computation is done by multiplying the
+width of that character by FACTOR.
+
+- :align-to HPOS
+
+Specifies that the space should be wide enough to reach HPOS.  The
+value HPOS is measured in units of the normal character width.
+
+Exactly one of the above properties should be used.
+
+- :height HEIGHT
+
+Specifies the height of the space, as HEIGHT, measured in terms of the
+normal line height.
+
+- :relative-height FACTOR
+
+The height of the space is computed as the product of the height
+of the text having the `display' property and FACTOR.
+
+- :ascent ASCENT
+
+Specifies that ASCENT percent of the height of the stretch should be
+used for the ascent of the stretch, i.e. for the part above the
+baseline.  The value of ASCENT must be a non-negative number less or
+equal to 100.
+
+You should not use both `:height' and `:relative-height' together.
+
+*** Images
+
+A display specification for an image has the form `(LOCATION
+. IMAGE)', where IMAGE is an image specification.  The image replaces,
+in the display, the characters having this display specification in
+their `display' text property.  If LOCATION is `(margin left-margin)',
+the image will be displayed in the left marginal area, if it is
+`(margin right-margin)' it will be displayed in the right marginal
+area, and if LOCATION is `(margin nil)' the image will be displayed in
+the text.  In the latter case you can also use the simpler form IMAGE
+as display specification.
+
+*** Other display properties
+
+- :space-width FACTOR
+
+Specifies that space characters in the text having that property
+should be displayed FACTOR times as wide as normal; FACTOR must be an
+integer or float.
+
+- :height HEIGHT
+
+Display text having this property in a font that is smaller or larger.
+
+If HEIGHT is a list of the form `(+ N)', where N is an integer, that
+means to use a font that is N steps larger.  If HEIGHT is a list of
+the form `(- N)', that means to use a font that is N steps smaller.  A
+``step'' is defined by the set of available fonts; each size for which
+a font is available counts as a step.
+
+If HEIGHT is a number, that means to use a font that is HEIGHT times
+as tall as the frame's default font.
+
+If HEIGHT is a symbol, it is called as a function with the current
+height as argument.  The function should return the new height to use.
+
+Otherwise, HEIGHT is evaluated to get the new height, with the symbol
+`height' bound to the current specified font height.
+
+- :raise FACTOR
+
+FACTOR must be a number, specifying a multiple of the current
+font's height.  If it is positive, that means to display the characters
+raised.  If it is negative, that means to display them lower down.  The
+amount of raising or lowering is computed without taking account of the
+`:height' subproperty.
+
+*** Conditional display properties
+
+All display specifications can be conditionalized.  If a specification
+has the form `(:when CONDITION . SPEC)', the specification SPEC
+applies only when CONDITION yields a non-nil value when evaluated.
+During evaluattion, point is temporarily set to the end position of
+the text having the `display' property.
+
+The normal specification consisting of SPEC only is equivalent to
+`(:when t SPEC)'.
+
++++
+** New menu separator types.
+
+Emacs now supports more than one menu separator type.  Menu items with
+item names consisting of dashes only (including zero dashes) are
+treated like before.  In addition, the following item names are used
+to specify other menu separator types.
+
+- `--no-line' or `--space', or `--:space', or `--:noLine'
+
+No separator lines are drawn, but a small space is inserted where the
+separator occurs.
+
+- `--single-line' or `--:singleLine'
+
+A single line in the menu's foreground color.
+
+- `--double-line' or `--:doubleLine'
+
+A double line in the menu's foreground color.
+
+- `--single-dashed-line' or `--:singleDashedLine'
+
+A single dashed line in the menu's foreground color.
+
+- `--double-dashed-line' or `--:doubleDashedLine'
+
+A double dashed line in the menu's foreground color.
+
+- `--shadow-etched-in' or `--:shadowEtchedIn'
+
+A single line with 3D sunken appearance.  This is the the form
+displayed for item names consisting of dashes only.
+
+- `--shadow-etched-out' or `--:shadowEtchedOut'
+
+A single line with 3D raised appearance.
+
+- `--shadow-etched-in-dash' or `--:shadowEtchedInDash'
+
+A single dashed line with 3D sunken appearance.
+
+- `--shadow-etched-out-dash' or `--:shadowEtchedOutDash'
+
+A single dashed line with 3D raise appearance.
+
+- `--shadow-double-etched-in' or `--:shadowDoubleEtchedIn'
+
+Two lines with 3D sunken appearance.
+
+- `--shadow-double-etched-out' or `--:shadowDoubleEtchedOut'
+
+Two lines with 3D raised appearance.
+
+- `--shadow-double-etched-in-dash' or `--:shadowDoubleEtchedInDash'
+
+Two dashed lines with 3D sunken appearance.
+
+- `--shadow-double-etched-out-dash' or `--:shadowDoubleEtchedOutDash'
+
+Two dashed lines with 3D raised appearance.
+
+Under LessTif/Motif, the last four separator types are displayed like
+the corresponding single-line separators.
+
++++
+** New frame parameters for scroll bar colors.
+
+The new frame parameters `scroll-bar-foreground' and
+`scroll-bar-background' can be used to change scroll bar colors.
+Their value must be either a color name, a string, or nil to specify
+that scroll bars should use a default color.  For toolkit scroll bars,
+default colors are toolkit specific.  For non-toolkit scroll bars, the
+default background is the background color of the frame, and the
+default foreground is black.
+
+The X resource name of these parameters are `scrollBarForeground'
+(class ScrollBarForeground) and `scrollBarBackground' (class
+`ScrollBarBackground').
+
+Setting these parameters overrides toolkit specific X resource
+settings for scroll bar colors.
+
++++
+** You can set `redisplay-dont-pause' to a non-nil value to prevent
+display updates from being interrupted when input is pending.
+
+---
+** Changing a window's width may now change its window start if it
+starts on a continuation line.  The new window start is computed based
+on the window's new width, starting from the start of the continued
+line as the start of the screen line with the minimum distance from
+the original window start.
+
+---
+** The variable `hscroll-step' and the functions
+`hscroll-point-visible' and `hscroll-window-column' have been removed
+now that proper horizontal scrolling is implemented.
+
++++
+** Windows can now be made fixed-width and/or fixed-height.
+
+A window is fixed-size if its buffer has a buffer-local variable
+`window-size-fixed' whose value is not nil.  A value of `height' makes
+windows fixed-height, a value of `width' makes them fixed-width, any
+other non-nil value makes them both fixed-width and fixed-height.
+
+The following code makes all windows displaying the current buffer
+fixed-width and fixed-height.
+
+  (set (make-local-variable 'window-size-fixed) t)
+
+A call to enlarge-window on a window gives an error if that window is
+fixed-width and it is tried to change the window's width, or if the
+window is fixed-height, and it is tried to change its height.  To
+change the size of a fixed-size window, bind `window-size-fixed'
+temporarily to nil, for example
+
+  (let ((window-size-fixed nil))
+     (enlarge-window 10))
+
+Likewise, an attempt to split a fixed-height window vertically, 
+or a fixed-width window horizontally results in a error.
+
+* Changes in Emacs 20.4
+
+** Init file may be called .emacs.el.
+
+You can now call the Emacs init file `.emacs.el'.
+Formerly the name had to be `.emacs'.  If you use the name
+`.emacs.el', you can byte-compile the file in the usual way.
+
+If both `.emacs' and `.emacs.el' exist, the latter file
+is the one that is used.
+
+** shell-command, and shell-command-on-region, now return
+the exit code of the command (unless it is asynchronous).
+Also, you can specify a place to put the error output,
+separate from the command's regular output.
+Interactively, the variable shell-command-default-error-buffer
+says where to put error output; set it to a buffer name.
+In calls from Lisp, an optional argument ERROR-BUFFER specifies
+the buffer name.
+
+When you specify a non-nil error buffer (or buffer name), any error
+output is inserted before point in that buffer, with \f\n to separate
+it from the previous batch of error output.  The error buffer is not
+cleared, so error output from successive commands accumulates there.
+
+** Setting the default value of enable-multibyte-characters to nil in
+the .emacs file, either explicitly using setq-default, or via Custom,
+is now essentially equivalent to using --unibyte: all buffers
+created during startup will be made unibyte after loading .emacs.
+
+** C-x C-f now handles the wildcards * and ? in file names.  For
+example, typing C-x C-f c*.c RET visits all the files whose names
+match c*.c.  To visit a file whose name contains * or ?, add the
+quoting sequence /: to the beginning of the file name.
+
+** The M-x commands keep-lines, flush-lines and count-matches
+now have the same feature as occur and query-replace:
+if the pattern contains any upper case letters, then
+they never ignore case.
+
+** The end-of-line format conversion feature previously mentioned
+under `* Emacs 20.1 changes for MS-DOS and MS-Windows' actually
+applies to all operating systems.  Emacs recognizes from the contents
+of a file what convention it uses to separate lines--newline, CRLF, or
+just CR--and automatically converts the contents to the normal Emacs
+convention (using newline to separate lines) for editing.  This is a
+part of the general feature of coding system conversion.
+
+If you subsequently save the buffer, Emacs converts the text back to
+the same format that was used in the file before.
+
+You can turn off end-of-line conversion by setting the variable
+`inhibit-eol-conversion' to non-nil, e.g. with Custom in the MULE group.
+
+** The character set property `prefered-coding-system' has been
+renamed to `preferred-coding-system', for the sake of correct spelling.
+This is a fairly internal feature, so few programs should be affected.
+
+** Mode-line display of end-of-line format is changed.
+The indication of the end-of-line format of the file visited by a
+buffer is now more explicit when that format is not the usual one for
+your operating system.  For example, the DOS-style end-of-line format
+is displayed as "(DOS)" on Unix and GNU/Linux systems.  The usual
+end-of-line format is still displayed as a single character (colon for
+Unix, backslash for DOS and Windows, and forward slash for the Mac).
+
+The values of the variables eol-mnemonic-unix, eol-mnemonic-dos,
+eol-mnemonic-mac, and eol-mnemonic-undecided, which are strings,
+control what is displayed in the mode line for each end-of-line
+format.  You can now customize these variables.
+
+** In the previous version of Emacs, tar-mode didn't work well if a
+filename contained non-ASCII characters.  Now this is fixed.  Such a
+filename is decoded by file-name-coding-system if the default value of
+enable-multibyte-characters is non-nil.
+
+** The command temp-buffer-resize-mode toggles a minor mode
+in which temporary buffers (such as help buffers) are given
+windows just big enough to hold the whole contents.
+
+** If you use completion.el, you must now run the function
+dynamic-completion-mode to enable it.  Just loading the file
+doesn't have any effect.
+
+** In Flyspell mode, the default is now to make just one Ispell process,
+not one per buffer.
+
+** If you use iswitchb but do not call (iswitchb-default-keybindings) to
+use the default keybindings, you will need to add the following line:
+  (add-hook 'minibuffer-setup-hook 'iswitchb-minibuffer-setup)
+
+** Auto-show mode is no longer enabled just by loading auto-show.el.
+To control it, set `auto-show-mode' via Custom or use the
+`auto-show-mode' command.
+
+** Handling of X fonts' ascent/descent parameters has been changed to
+avoid redisplay problems.  As a consequence, compared with previous
+versions the line spacing and frame size now differ with some font
+choices, typically increasing by a pixel per line.  This change
+occurred in version 20.3 but was not documented then.
+
+** If you select the bar cursor style, it uses the frame's
+cursor-color, rather than the cursor foreground pixel.
+
+** In multibyte mode, Rmail decodes incoming MIME messages using the
+character set specified in the message.  If you want to disable this
+feature, set the variable rmail-decode-mime-charset to nil.
+
+** Not new, but not mentioned previously in NEWS: when you use #! at
+the beginning of a file to make it executable and specify an
+interpreter program, Emacs looks on the second line for the -*- mode
+and variable specification, as well as on the first line.
+
+** Support for IBM codepage encoding of non-ASCII characters.
+
+The new command M-x codepage-setup creates a special coding system
+that can be used to convert text between a specific IBM codepage and
+one of the character sets built into Emacs which matches that
+codepage.  For example, codepage 850 corresponds to Latin-1 character
+set, codepage 855 corresponds to Cyrillic-ISO character set, etc.
+
+Windows codepages 1250, 1251 and some others, where Windows deviates
+from the corresponding ISO character set, are also supported.
+
+IBM box-drawing characters and other glyphs which don't have
+equivalents in the corresponding ISO character set, are converted to
+a character defined by dos-unsupported-char-glyph on MS-DOS, and to
+`?' on other systems.
+
+IBM codepages are widely used on MS-DOS and MS-Windows, so this
+feature is most useful on those platforms, but it can also be used on
+Unix.
+
+Emacs compiled for MS-DOS automatically loads the support for the
+current codepage when it starts.
+
+** Mail changes
+
+*** The new variable default-sendmail-coding-system specifies the
+default way to encode outgoing mail.  This has higher priority than
+default-buffer-file-coding-system but has lower priority than
+sendmail-coding-system and the local value of
+buffer-file-coding-system.
+
+You should not set this variable manually.  Instead, set
+sendmail-coding-system to specify a fixed encoding for all outgoing
+mail.
+
+*** When you try to send a message that contains non-ASCII characters,
+if the coding system specified by those variables doesn't handle them,
+Emacs will ask you to select a suitable coding system while showing a
+list of possible coding systems.
+
+** CC Mode changes
+
+*** c-default-style can now take an association list that maps major
+modes to style names.  When this variable is an alist, Java mode no
+longer hardcodes a setting to "java" style.  See the variable's
+docstring for details.
+
+*** It's now possible to put a list as the offset on a syntactic
+symbol.  The list is evaluated recursively until a non-nil offset is
+found.  This is useful to combine several lineup functions to act in a
+prioritized order on a single line.  However, none of the supplied
+lineup functions use this feature currently.
+
+*** New syntactic symbol catch-clause, which is used on the "catch" and
+"finally" lines in try-catch constructs in C++ and Java.
+
+*** New cleanup brace-catch-brace on c-cleanup-list, which does for
+"catch" lines what brace-elseif-brace does for "else if" lines.
+
+*** The braces of Java anonymous inner classes are treated separately
+from the braces of other classes in auto-newline mode.  Two new
+symbols inexpr-class-open and inexpr-class-close may be used on
+c-hanging-braces-alist to control the automatic newlines used for
+anonymous classes.
+
+*** Support for the Pike language added, along with new Pike specific
+syntactic symbols: inlambda, lambda-intro-cont
+
+*** Support for Java anonymous classes via new syntactic symbol
+inexpr-class.  New syntactic symbol inexpr-statement for Pike
+support and gcc-style statements inside expressions.  New lineup
+function c-lineup-inexpr-block.
+
+*** New syntactic symbol brace-entry-open which is used in brace lists
+(i.e. static initializers) when a list entry starts with an open
+brace.  These used to be recognized as brace-list-entry's.
+c-electric-brace also recognizes brace-entry-open braces
+(brace-list-entry's can no longer be electrified).
+
+*** New command c-indent-line-or-region, not bound by default.
+
+*** `#' is only electric when typed in the indentation of a line.
+
+*** Parentheses are now electric (via the new command c-electric-paren)
+for auto-reindenting lines when parens are typed.
+
+*** In "gnu" style, inline-open offset is now set to zero.
+
+*** Uniform handling of the inclass syntactic symbol.  The indentation
+associated with it is now always relative to the class opening brace.
+This means that the indentation behavior has changed in some
+circumstances, but only if you've put anything besides 0 on the
+class-open syntactic symbol (none of the default styles do that).
+
+** Gnus changes.
+
+*** New functionality for using Gnus as an offline newsreader has been
+added.  A plethora of new commands and modes have been added.  See the
+Gnus manual for the full story.
+
+*** The nndraft backend has returned, but works differently than
+before.  All Message buffers are now also articles in the nndraft
+group, which is created automatically.
+
+*** `gnus-alter-header-function' can now be used to alter header
+values.
+
+*** `gnus-summary-goto-article' now accept Message-ID's.
+
+*** A new Message command for deleting text in the body of a message
+outside the region: `C-c C-v'.
+
+*** You can now post to component group in nnvirtual groups with
+`C-u C-c C-c'.
+
+*** `nntp-rlogin-program' -- new variable to ease customization.
+
+*** `C-u C-c C-c' in `gnus-article-edit-mode' will now inhibit
+re-highlighting of the article buffer.
+
+*** New element in `gnus-boring-article-headers' -- `long-to'.
+
+*** `M-i' symbolic prefix command.  See the section "Symbolic
+Prefixes" in the Gnus manual for details.
+
+*** `L' and `I' in the summary buffer now take the symbolic prefix
+`a' to add the score rule to the "all.SCORE" file.
+
+*** `gnus-simplify-subject-functions' variable to allow greater
+control over simplification.
+
+*** `A T' -- new command for fetching the current thread.
+
+*** `/ T' -- new command for including the current thread in the
+limit.
+
+*** `M-RET' is a new Message command for breaking cited text.
+
+*** \\1-expressions are now valid in `nnmail-split-methods'.
+
+*** The `custom-face-lookup' function has been removed.  
+If you used this function in your initialization files, you must
+rewrite them to use `face-spec-set' instead.
+
+*** Cancelling now uses the current select method.  Symbolic prefix
+`a' forces normal posting method.
+
+*** New command to translate M******** sm*rtq**t*s into proper text
+-- `W d'.
+
+*** For easier debugging of nntp, you can set `nntp-record-commands'
+to a non-nil value.
+
+*** nntp now uses ~/.authinfo, a .netrc-like file, for controlling
+where and how to send AUTHINFO to NNTP servers.
+
+*** A command for editing group parameters from the summary buffer
+has been added.
+
+*** A history of where mails have been split is available.
+
+*** A new article date command has been added -- `article-date-iso8601'.
+
+*** Subjects can be simplified when threading by setting
+`gnus-score-thread-simplify'.
+
+*** A new function for citing in Message has been added --
+`message-cite-original-without-signature'.
+
+*** `article-strip-all-blank-lines' -- new article command.
+
+*** A new Message command to kill to the end of the article has
+been added.
+
+*** A minimum adaptive score can be specified by using the
+`gnus-adaptive-word-minimum' variable.
+
+*** The "lapsed date" article header can be kept continually
+updated by the `gnus-start-date-timer' command.
+
+*** Web listserv archives can be read with the nnlistserv backend.
+
+*** Old dejanews archives can now be read by nnweb.
+
+*** `gnus-posting-styles' has been re-activated.
+
+** Changes to TeX and LaTeX mode
+
+*** The new variable `tex-start-options-string' can be used to give
+options for the TeX run.  The default value causes TeX to run in
+nonstopmode.  For an interactive TeX run set it to nil or "".
+
+*** The command `tex-feed-input' sends input to the Tex Shell.  In a
+TeX buffer it is bound to the keys C-RET, C-c RET, and C-c C-m (some
+of these keys may not work on all systems).  For instance, if you run
+TeX interactively and if the TeX run stops because of an error, you
+can continue it without leaving the TeX buffer by typing C-RET.
+
+*** The Tex Shell Buffer is now in `compilation-shell-minor-mode'.
+All error-parsing commands of the Compilation major mode are available
+but bound to keys that don't collide with the shell.  Thus you can use
+the Tex Shell for command line executions like a usual shell.
+
+*** The commands `tex-validate-region' and `tex-validate-buffer' check
+the matching of braces and $'s.  The errors are listed in a *Occur*
+buffer and you can use C-c C-c or mouse-2 to go to a particular
+mismatch.
+
+** Changes to RefTeX mode
+
+*** The table of contents buffer can now also display labels and
+file boundaries in addition to sections. Use `l', `i', and `c' keys.
+
+*** Labels derived from context (the section heading) are now
+lowercase by default.  To make the label legal in LaTeX, latin-1
+characters will lose their accent.  All Mule characters will be
+removed from the label.
+
+*** The automatic display of cross reference information can also use
+a window instead of the echo area.  See variable `reftex-auto-view-crossref'.
+
+*** kpsewhich can be used by RefTeX to find TeX and BibTeX files.  See the
+customization group `reftex-finding-files'.
+
+*** The option `reftex-bibfile-ignore-list' has been renamed to
+`reftex-bibfile-ignore-regexps' and indeed can be fed with regular
+expressions. 
+
+*** Multiple Selection buffers are now hidden buffers.
+
+** New/deleted modes and packages
+
+*** The package snmp-mode.el provides major modes for editing SNMP and
+SNMPv2 MIBs.  It has entries on `auto-mode-alist'.
+
+*** The package sql.el provides a major mode, M-x sql-mode, for
+editing SQL files, and M-x sql-interactive-mode for interacting with
+SQL interpreters.  It has an entry on `auto-mode-alist'.
+
+*** M-x highlight-changes-mode provides a minor mode displaying buffer
+changes with a special face.
+
+*** ispell4.el has been deleted.  It got in the way of ispell.el and
+this was hard to fix reliably.  It has long been obsolete -- use
+Ispell 3.1 and ispell.el.
+
+* MS-DOS changes in Emacs 20.4
+
+** Emacs compiled for MS-DOS now supports MULE features better.
+This includes support for display of all ISO 8859-N character sets,
+conversion to and from IBM codepage encoding of non-ASCII characters,
+and automatic setup of the MULE environment at startup.  For details,
+check out the section `MS-DOS and MULE' in the manual.
+
+The MS-DOS installation procedure automatically configures and builds
+Emacs with input method support if it finds an unpacked Leim
+distribution when the config.bat script is run.
+
+** Formerly, the value of lpr-command did not affect printing on
+MS-DOS unless print-region-function was set to nil, but now it
+controls whether an external program is invoked or output is written
+directly to a printer port.  Similarly, in the previous version of
+Emacs, the value of ps-lpr-command did not affect PostScript printing
+on MS-DOS unless ps-printer-name was set to something other than a
+string (eg. t or `pipe'), but now it controls whether an external
+program is used.  (These changes were made so that configuration of
+printing variables would be almost identical across all platforms.)
+
+** In the previous version of Emacs, PostScript and non-PostScript
+output was piped to external programs, but because most print programs
+available for MS-DOS and MS-Windows cannot read data from their standard
+input, on those systems the data to be output is now written to a
+temporary file whose name is passed as the last argument to the external
+program.
+
+An exception is made for `print', a standard program on Windows NT,
+and `nprint', a standard program on Novell Netware.  For both of these
+programs, the command line is constructed in the appropriate syntax
+automatically, using only the value of printer-name or ps-printer-name
+as appropriate--the value of the relevant `-switches' variable is
+ignored, as both programs have no useful switches.
+
+** The value of the variable dos-printer (cf. dos-ps-printer), if it has
+a value, overrides the value of printer-name (cf. ps-printer-name), on
+MS-DOS and MS-Windows only.  This has been true since version 20.3, but
+was not documented clearly before.
+
+** All the Emacs games now work on MS-DOS terminals.
+This includes Tetris and Snake.
+
+* Lisp changes in Emacs 20.4
+
+** New functions line-beginning-position and line-end-position
+return the position of the beginning or end of the current line.
+They both accept an optional argument, which has the same
+meaning as the argument to beginning-of-line or end-of-line.
+
+** find-file and allied functions now have an optional argument
+WILDCARD.  If this is non-nil, they do wildcard processing,
+and visit all files that match the wildcard pattern.
+
+** Changes in the file-attributes function.
+
+*** The file size returned by file-attributes may be an integer or a float.
+It is an integer if the size fits in a Lisp integer, float otherwise.
+
+*** The inode number returned by file-attributes may be an integer (if
+the number fits in a Lisp integer) or a cons cell containing two
+integers.
+
+** The new function directory-files-and-attributes returns a list of
+files in a directory and their attributes.  It accepts the same
+arguments as directory-files and has similar semantics, except that
+file names and attributes are returned.
+
+** The new function file-attributes-lessp is a helper function for
+sorting the list generated by directory-files-and-attributes.  It
+accepts two arguments, each a list of a file name and its atttributes.
+It compares the file names of each according to string-lessp and
+returns the result.
+
+** The new function file-expand-wildcards expands a wildcard-pattern
+to produce a list of existing files that match the pattern.
+
+** New functions for base64 conversion:
+
+The function base64-encode-region converts a part of the buffer
+into the base64 code used in MIME.  base64-decode-region
+performs the opposite conversion.  Line-breaking is supported
+optionally.
+
+Functions base64-encode-string and base64-decode-string do a similar
+job on the text in a string.  They return the value as a new string.
+
+**
+The new function process-running-child-p
+will tell you if a subprocess has given control of its
+terminal to its own child process.
+
+** interrupt-process and such functions have a new feature:
+when the second argument is `lambda', they send a signal
+to the running child of the subshell, if any, but if the shell
+itself owns its terminal, no signal is sent.
+
+** There are new widget types `plist' and `alist' which can
+be used for customizing variables whose values are plists or alists.
+
+** easymenu.el Now understands `:key-sequence' and `:style button'.
+:included is an alias for :visible.
+
+easy-menu-add-item now understands the values returned by
+easy-menu-remove-item and easy-menu-item-present-p.  This can be used
+to move or copy menu entries.
+
+** Multibyte editing changes
+
+*** The definitions of sref and char-bytes are changed.  Now, sref is
+an alias of aref and char-bytes always returns 1.  This change is to
+make some Emacs Lisp code which works on 20.2 and earlier also
+work on the latest Emacs.  Such code uses a combination of sref and
+char-bytes in a loop typically as below:
+	(setq char (sref str idx)
+	      idx (+ idx (char-bytes idx)))
+The byte-compiler now warns that this is obsolete.
+
+If you want to know how many bytes a specific multibyte character
+(say, CH) occupies in a multibyte buffer, use this code:
+	(charset-bytes (char-charset ch))
+
+*** In multibyte mode, when you narrow a buffer to some region, and the
+region is preceded or followed by non-ASCII codes, inserting or
+deleting at the head or the end of the region may signal this error:
+
+    Byte combining across boundary of accessible buffer text inhibitted
+
+This is to avoid some bytes being combined together into a character
+across the boundary.
+
+*** The functions find-charset-region and find-charset-string include
+`unknown' in the returned list in the following cases:
+    o The current buffer or the target string is unibyte and
+      contains 8-bit characters.
+    o The current buffer or the target string is multibyte and
+      contains invalid characters.
+
+*** The functions decode-coding-region and encode-coding-region remove
+text properties of the target region.  Ideally, they should correctly
+preserve text properties, but for the moment, it's hard.  Removing
+text properties is better than preserving them in a less-than-correct
+way.
+
+*** prefer-coding-system sets EOL conversion of default coding systems.
+If the argument to prefer-coding-system specifies a certain type of
+end of line conversion, the default coding systems set by
+prefer-coding-system will specify that conversion type for end of line.
+
+*** The new function thai-compose-string can be used to properly
+compose Thai characters in a string.
+
+** The primitive `define-prefix-command' now takes an optional third
+argument NAME, which should be a string.  It supplies the menu name
+for the created keymap.  Keymaps created in order to be displayed as
+menus should always use the third argument.
+
+** The meanings of optional second arguments for read-char,
+read-event, and read-char-exclusive are flipped.  Now the second
+arguments are INHERIT-INPUT-METHOD.  These functions use the current
+input method (if any) if and only if INHERIT-INPUT-METHOD is non-nil.
+
+** The new function clear-this-command-keys empties out the contents
+of the vector that (this-command-keys) returns.  This is useful in
+programs that read passwords, to prevent the passwords from echoing
+inadvertently as part of the next command in certain cases.
+
+** The new macro `with-temp-message' displays a temporary message in
+the echo area, while executing some Lisp code.  Like `progn', it
+returns the value of the last form, but it also restores the previous
+echo area contents.
+
+   (with-temp-message MESSAGE &rest BODY)
+
+** The function `require' now takes an optional third argument
+NOERROR.  If it is non-nil, then there is no error if the
+requested feature cannot be loaded.
+
+** In the function modify-face, an argument of (nil) for the
+foreground color, background color or stipple pattern
+means to clear out that attribute.  
+
+** The `outer-window-id' frame property of an X frame
+gives the window number of the outermost X window for the frame.
+
+** Temporary buffers made with with-output-to-temp-buffer are now
+read-only by default, and normally use the major mode Help mode
+unless you put them in some other non-Fundamental mode before the
+end of with-output-to-temp-buffer.
+
+** The new functions gap-position and gap-size return information on
+the gap of the current buffer.
+
+** The new functions position-bytes and byte-to-position provide a way
+to convert between character positions and byte positions in the
+current buffer.
+
+** vc.el defines two new macros, `edit-vc-file' and `with-vc-file', to
+facilitate working with version-controlled files from Lisp programs.
+These macros check out a given file automatically if needed, and check
+it back in after any modifications have been made.
+
+* Installation Changes in Emacs 20.3
+
+** The default value of load-path now includes most subdirectories of
+the site-specific directories /usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp and
+/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/site-lisp, in addition to those
+directories themselves.  Both immediate subdirectories and
+subdirectories multiple levels down are added to load-path.
+
+Not all subdirectories are included, though.  Subdirectories whose
+names do not start with a letter or digit are excluded.
+Subdirectories named RCS or CVS are excluded.  Also, a subdirectory
+which contains a file named `.nosearch' is excluded.  You can use
+these methods to prevent certain subdirectories from being searched.
+
+Emacs finds these subdirectories and adds them to load-path when it
+starts up.  While it would be cleaner to find the subdirectories each
+time Emacs loads a file, that would be much slower.
+
+This feature is an incompatible change.  If you have stored some Emacs
+Lisp files in a subdirectory of the site-lisp directory specifically
+to prevent them from being used, you will need to rename the
+subdirectory to start with a non-alphanumeric character, or create a
+`.nosearch' file in it, in order to continue to achieve the desired
+results.
+
+** Emacs no longer includes an old version of the C preprocessor from
+GCC.  This was formerly used to help compile Emacs with C compilers
+that had limits on the significant length of an identifier, but in
+fact we stopped supporting such compilers some time ago.
+
+* Changes in Emacs 20.3
+
+** The new command C-x z (repeat) repeats the previous command
+including its argument.  If you repeat the z afterward,
+it repeats the command additional times; thus, you can
+perform many repetitions with one keystroke per repetition.
+
+** Emacs now supports "selective undo" which undoes only within a
+specified region.  To do this, set point and mark around the desired
+region and type C-u C-x u (or C-u C-_).  You can then continue undoing
+further, within the same region, by repeating the ordinary undo
+command C-x u or C-_.  This will keep undoing changes that were made
+within the region you originally specified, until either all of them
+are undone, or it encounters a change which crosses the edge of that
+region.
+
+In Transient Mark mode, undoing when a region is active requests
+selective undo.
+
+** If you specify --unibyte when starting Emacs, then all buffers are
+unibyte, except when a Lisp program specifically creates a multibyte
+buffer.  Setting the environment variable EMACS_UNIBYTE has the same
+effect.  The --no-unibyte option overrides EMACS_UNIBYTE and directs
+Emacs to run normally in multibyte mode.
+
+The option --unibyte does not affect the reading of Emacs Lisp files,
+though.  If you want a Lisp file to be read in unibyte mode, use
+-*-unibyte: t;-*- on its first line.  That will force Emacs to
+load that file in unibyte mode, regardless of how Emacs was started.
+
+** toggle-enable-multibyte-characters no longer has a key binding and
+no longer appears in the menu bar.  We've realized that changing the
+enable-multibyte-characters variable in an existing buffer is
+something that most users not do.
+
+** You can specify a coding system to use for the next cut or paste
+operations through the window system with the command C-x RET X.
+The coding system can make a difference for communication with other
+applications.
+
+C-x RET x specifies a coding system for all subsequent cutting and
+pasting operations.
+
+** You can specify the printer to use for commands that do printing by
+setting the variable `printer-name'.  Just what a printer name looks
+like depends on your operating system.  You can specify a different
+printer for the Postscript printing commands by setting
+`ps-printer-name'.
+
+** Emacs now supports on-the-fly spell checking by the means of a
+minor mode.  It is called M-x flyspell-mode.  You don't have to remember
+any other special commands to use it, and you will hardly notice it
+except when you make a spelling error.  Flyspell works by highlighting
+incorrect words as soon as they are completed or as soon as the cursor
+hits a new word.
+
+Flyspell mode works with whichever dictionary you have selected for
+Ispell in Emacs.  In TeX mode, it understands TeX syntax so as not
+to be confused by TeX commands.
+
+You can correct a misspelled word by editing it into something
+correct.  You can also correct it, or accept it as correct, by
+clicking on the word with Mouse-2; that gives you a pop-up menu
+of various alternative replacements and actions.
+
+Flyspell mode also proposes "automatic" corrections.  M-TAB replaces
+the current misspelled word with a possible correction.  If several
+corrections are made possible, M-TAB cycles through them in
+alphabetical order, or in order of decreasing likelihood if
+flyspell-sort-corrections is nil.
+
+Flyspell mode also flags an error when a word is repeated, if
+flyspell-mark-duplications-flag is non-nil.
+
+** Changes in input method usage.
+
+Now you can use arrow keys (right, left, down, up) for selecting among
+the alternatives just the same way as you do by C-f, C-b, C-n, and C-p
+respectively.
+
+You can use the ENTER key to accept the current conversion.
+
+If you type TAB to display a list of alternatives, you can select one
+of the alternatives with Mouse-2.
+
+The meaning of the variable `input-method-verbose-flag' is changed so
+that you can set it to t, nil, `default', or `complex-only'.
+
+  If the value is nil, extra guidance is never given.
+
+  If the value is t, extra guidance is always given.
+
+  If the value is `complex-only', extra guidance is always given only
+  when you are using complex input methods such as chinese-py.
+
+  If the value is `default' (this is the default), extra guidance is
+  given in the following case: 
+    o When you are using a complex input method.
+    o When you are using a simple input method but not in the minibuffer.
+
+If you are using Emacs through a very slow line, setting
+input-method-verbose-flag to nil or to complex-only is a good choice,
+and if you are using an input method you are not familiar with,
+setting it to t is helpful.
+
+The old command select-input-method is now called set-input-method.
+
+In the language environment "Korean", you can use the following
+keys:
+	Shift-SPC	toggle-korean-input-method
+	C-F9		quail-hangul-switch-symbol-ksc
+	F9		quail-hangul-switch-hanja
+These key bindings are canceled when you switch to another language
+environment.
+
+** The minibuffer history of file names now records the specified file
+names, not the entire minibuffer input.  For example, if the
+minibuffer starts out with /usr/foo/, you might type in /etc/passwd to
+get
+
+     /usr/foo//etc/passwd
+
+which stands for the file /etc/passwd.
+
+Formerly, this used to put /usr/foo//etc/passwd in the history list.
+Now this puts just /etc/passwd in the history list.
+
+** If you are root, Emacs sets backup-by-copying-when-mismatch to t
+at startup, so that saving a file will be sure to preserve
+its owner and group.
+
+** find-func.el can now also find the place of definition of Emacs
+Lisp variables in user-loaded libraries.
+
+** C-x r t (string-rectangle) now deletes the existing rectangle
+contents before inserting the specified string on each line.
+
+** There is a new command delete-whitespace-rectangle
+which deletes whitespace starting from a particular column
+in all the lines on a rectangle.  The column is specified
+by the left edge of the rectangle.
+
+** You can now store a number into a register with C-u NUMBER C-x r n REG,
+increment it by INC with C-u INC C-x r + REG (to increment by one, omit
+C-u INC), and insert it in the buffer with C-x r g REG.  This is useful
+for writing keyboard macros.
+
+** The new command M-x speedbar displays a frame in which directories,
+files, and tags can be displayed, manipulated, and jumped to.  The
+frame defaults to 20 characters in width, and is the same height as
+the frame that it was started from.  Some major modes define
+additional commands for the speedbar, including Rmail, GUD/GDB, and
+info.
+
+** query-replace-regexp is now bound to C-M-%.
+
+** In Transient Mark mode, when the region is active, M-x
+query-replace and the other replace commands now operate on the region
+contents only.
+
+** M-x write-region, when used interactively, now asks for
+confirmation before overwriting an existing file.  When you call
+the function from a Lisp program, a new optional argument CONFIRM
+says whether to ask for confirmation in this case.
+
+** If you use find-file-literally and the file is already visited
+non-literally, the command asks you whether to revisit the file
+literally.  If you say no, it signals an error.
+
+** Major modes defined with the "derived mode" feature
+now use the proper name for the mode hook: WHATEVER-mode-hook.
+Formerly they used the name WHATEVER-mode-hooks, but that is
+inconsistent with Emacs conventions.
+
+** shell-command-on-region (and shell-command) reports success or
+failure if the command produces no output.
+
+** Set focus-follows-mouse to nil if your window system or window
+manager does not transfer focus to another window when you just move
+the mouse.
+
+** mouse-menu-buffer-maxlen has been renamed to
+mouse-buffer-menu-maxlen to be consistent with the other related
+function and variable names.
+
+** The new variable auto-coding-alist specifies coding systems for
+reading specific files.  This has higher priority than
+file-coding-system-alist.
+
+** If you set the variable unibyte-display-via-language-environment to
+t, then Emacs displays non-ASCII characters are displayed by
+converting them to the equivalent multibyte characters according to
+the current language environment.  As a result, they are displayed
+according to the current fontset.
+
+** C-q's handling of codes in the range 0200 through 0377 is changed.
+
+The codes in the range 0200 through 0237 are inserted as one byte of
+that code regardless of the values of nonascii-translation-table and
+nonascii-insert-offset.
+
+For the codes in the range 0240 through 0377, if
+enable-multibyte-characters is non-nil and nonascii-translation-table
+nor nonascii-insert-offset can't convert them to valid multibyte
+characters, they are converted to Latin-1 characters.
+
+** If you try to find a file that is not read-accessible, you now get
+an error, rather than an empty buffer and a warning.
+
+** In the minibuffer history commands M-r and M-s, an upper case
+letter in the regular expression forces case-sensitive search.
+
+** In the *Help* buffer, cross-references to commands and variables
+are inferred and hyperlinked.  Use C-h m in Help mode for the relevant
+command keys.
+
+** M-x apropos-command, with a prefix argument, no longer looks for
+user option variables--instead it looks for noninteractive functions.
+
+Meanwhile, the command apropos-variable normally searches for
+user option variables; with a prefix argument, it looks at
+all variables that have documentation.
+
+** When you type a long line in the minibuffer, and the minibuffer
+shows just one line, automatically scrolling works in a special way
+that shows you overlap with the previous line of text.  The variable
+minibuffer-scroll-overlap controls how many characters of overlap
+it should show; the default is 20.
+
+Meanwhile, Resize Minibuffer mode is still available; in that mode,
+the minibuffer grows taller (up to a point) as needed to show the whole
+of your input.
+
+** The new command M-x customize-changed-options lets you customize
+all the options whose meanings or default values have changed in
+recent Emacs versions.  You specify a previous Emacs version number as
+argument, and the command creates a customization buffer showing all
+the customizable options which were changed since that version.
+Newly added options are included as well.
+
+If you don't specify a particular version number argument,
+then the customization buffer shows all the customizable options
+for which Emacs versions of changes are recorded.
+
+This function is also bound to the Changed Options entry in the
+Customize menu.
+
+** When you run M-x grep with a prefix argument, it figures out
+the tag around point and puts that into the default grep command.
+
+** The new command M-* (pop-tag-mark) pops back through a history of
+buffer positions from which M-. or other tag-finding commands were
+invoked.
+
+** The new variable comment-padding specifies the number of spaces
+that `comment-region' will insert before the actual text of the comment.
+The default is 1.
+
+** In Fortran mode the characters `.', `_' and `$' now have symbol
+syntax, not word syntax.  Fortran mode now supports `imenu' and has
+new commands fortran-join-line (M-^) and fortran-narrow-to-subprogram
+(C-x n d).  M-q can be used to fill a statement or comment block
+sensibly.
+
+** GUD now supports jdb, the Java debugger, and pdb, the Python debugger.
+
+** If you set the variable add-log-keep-changes-together to a non-nil
+value, the command `C-x 4 a' will automatically notice when you make
+two entries in one day for one file, and combine them.
+
+** You can use the command M-x diary-mail-entries to mail yourself a
+reminder about upcoming diary entries.  See the documentation string
+for a sample shell script for calling this function automatically
+every night.
+
+** All you need to do, to enable use of the Desktop package, is to set
+the variable desktop-enable to t with Custom.
+
+** There is no need to do anything special, now, to enable Gnus to
+read and post multi-lingual articles.
+
+** Outline mode has now support for showing hidden outlines when
+doing an isearch.  In order for this to happen search-invisible should
+be set to open (the default).  If an isearch match is inside a hidden
+outline the outline is made visible.  If you continue pressing C-s and
+the match moves outside the formerly invisible outline, the outline is
+made invisible again. 
+
+** Mail reading and sending changes
+
+*** The Rmail e command now switches to displaying the whole header of
+the message before it lets you edit the message.  This is so that any
+changes you make in the header will not be lost if you subsequently
+toggle.
+
+*** The w command in Rmail, which writes the message body into a file,
+now works in the summary buffer as well.  (The command to delete the
+summary buffer is now Q.)  The default file name for the w command, if
+the message has no subject, is stored in the variable
+rmail-default-body-file.
+
+*** Most of the commands and modes that operate on mail and netnews no
+longer depend on the value of mail-header-separator.  Instead, they
+handle whatever separator the buffer happens to use.
+
+*** If you set mail-signature to a value which is not t, nil, or a string,
+it should be an expression.  When you send a message, this expression
+is evaluated to insert the signature.
+
+*** The new Lisp library feedmail.el (version 8) enhances processing of
+outbound email messages.  It works in coordination with other email
+handling packages (e.g., rmail, VM, gnus) and is responsible for
+putting final touches on messages and actually submitting them for
+transmission.  Users of the emacs program "fakemail" might be
+especially interested in trying feedmail.
+
+feedmail is not enabled by default.  See comments at the top of
+feedmail.el for set-up instructions.  Among the bigger features
+provided by feedmail are:
+
+**** you can park outgoing messages into a disk-based queue and
+stimulate sending some or all of them later (handy for laptop users);
+there is also a queue for draft messages
+
+**** you can get one last look at the prepped outbound message and
+be prompted for confirmation
+
+**** does smart filling of address headers
+
+**** can generate a MESSAGE-ID: line and a DATE: line; the date can be
+the time the message was written or the time it is being sent; this
+can make FCC copies more closely resemble copies that recipients get
+
+**** you can specify an arbitrary function for actually transmitting
+the message; included in feedmail are interfaces for /bin/[r]mail,
+/usr/lib/sendmail, and elisp smtpmail; it's easy to write a new
+function for something else (10-20 lines of elisp)
+
+** Dired changes
+
+*** The Dired function dired-do-toggle, which toggles marked and unmarked
+files, is now bound to "t" instead of "T".
+
+*** dired-at-point has been added to ffap.el.  It allows one to easily
+run Dired on the directory name at point.
+
+*** Dired has a new command: %g.  It searches the contents of
+files in the directory and marks each file that contains a match
+for a specified regexp.
+
+** VC Changes
+
+*** New option vc-ignore-vc-files lets you turn off version control
+conveniently.
+
+*** VC Dired has been completely rewritten.  It is now much
+faster, especially for CVS, and works very similar to ordinary
+Dired.
+
+VC Dired is invoked by typing C-x v d and entering the name of the
+directory to display.  By default, VC Dired gives you a recursive
+listing of all files at or below the given directory which are
+currently locked (for CVS, all files not up-to-date are shown).
+
+You can change the listing format by setting vc-dired-recurse to nil,
+then it shows only the given directory, and you may also set
+vc-dired-terse-display to nil, then it shows all files under version
+control plus the names of any subdirectories, so that you can type `i'
+on such lines to insert them manually, as in ordinary Dired.
+
+All Dired commands operate normally in VC Dired, except for `v', which
+is redefined as the version control prefix.  That means you may type
+`v l', `v =' etc. to invoke `vc-print-log', `vc-diff' and the like on
+the file named in the current Dired buffer line.  `v v' invokes
+`vc-next-action' on this file, or on all files currently marked.
+
+The new command `v t' (vc-dired-toggle-terse-mode) allows you to
+toggle between terse display (only locked files) and full display (all
+VC files plus subdirectories).  There is also a special command, 
+`* l', to mark all files currently locked.
+
+Giving a prefix argument to C-x v d now does the same thing as in
+ordinary Dired: it allows you to supply additional options for the ls
+command in the minibuffer, to fine-tune VC Dired's output.
+
+*** Under CVS, if you merge changes from the repository into a working
+file, and CVS detects conflicts, VC now offers to start an ediff
+session to resolve them.
+
+Alternatively, you can use the new command `vc-resolve-conflicts' to
+resolve conflicts in a file at any time.  It works in any buffer that
+contains conflict markers as generated by rcsmerge (which is what CVS
+uses as well).
+
+*** You can now transfer changes between branches, using the new
+command vc-merge (C-x v m).  It is implemented for RCS and CVS.  When
+you invoke it in a buffer under version-control, you can specify
+either an entire branch or a pair of versions, and the changes on that
+branch or between the two versions are merged into the working file.
+If this results in any conflicts, they may be resolved interactively,
+using ediff.
+
+** Changes in Font Lock
+
+*** The face and variable previously known as font-lock-reference-face
+are now called font-lock-constant-face to better reflect their typical
+use for highlighting constants and labels.  (Its face properties are
+unchanged.)  The variable font-lock-reference-face remains for now for
+compatibility reasons, but its value is font-lock-constant-face.
+
+** Frame name display changes
+
+*** The command set-frame-name lets you set the name of the current
+frame.  You can use the new command select-frame-by-name to select and
+raise a frame; this is mostly useful on character-only terminals, or
+when many frames are invisible or iconified.
+
+*** On character-only terminal (not a window system), changing the
+frame name is now reflected on the mode line and in the Buffers/Frames
+menu.
+
+** Comint (subshell) changes
+
+*** In Comint modes, the commands to kill, stop or interrupt a
+subjob now also kill pending input.  This is for compatibility
+with ordinary shells, where the signal characters do this.
+
+*** There are new commands in Comint mode.
+
+C-c C-x fetches the "next" line from the input history;
+that is, the line after the last line you got.
+You can use this command to fetch successive lines, one by one.
+
+C-c SPC accumulates lines of input.  More precisely, it arranges to
+send the current line together with the following line, when you send
+the following line.
+
+C-c C-a if repeated twice consecutively now moves to the process mark,
+which separates the pending input from the subprocess output and the
+previously sent input.
+
+C-c M-r now runs comint-previous-matching-input-from-input;
+it searches for a previous command, using the current pending input
+as the search string.
+
+*** New option compilation-scroll-output can be set to scroll
+automatically in compilation-mode windows.
+
+** C mode changes
+
+*** Multiline macros are now handled, both as they affect indentation,
+and as recognized syntax.  New syntactic symbol cpp-macro-cont is
+assigned to second and subsequent lines of a multiline macro
+definition. 
+
+*** A new style "user" which captures all non-hook-ified
+(i.e. top-level) .emacs file variable settings and customizations.
+Style "cc-mode" is an alias for "user" and is deprecated.  "gnu"
+style is still the default however.
+
+*** "java" style now conforms to Sun's JDK coding style.
+
+*** There are new commands c-beginning-of-defun, c-end-of-defun which
+are alternatives which you could bind to C-M-a and C-M-e if you prefer
+them.  They do not have key bindings by default.
+
+*** New and improved implementations of M-a (c-beginning-of-statement)
+and M-e (c-end-of-statement).
+
+*** C++ namespace blocks are supported, with new syntactic symbols
+namespace-open, namespace-close, and innamespace.
+
+*** File local variable settings of c-file-style and c-file-offsets
+makes the style variables local to that buffer only.
+
+*** New indentation functions c-lineup-close-paren,
+c-indent-one-line-block, c-lineup-dont-change.
+
+*** Improvements (hopefully!) to the way CC Mode is loaded.  You
+should now be able to do a (require 'cc-mode) to get the entire
+package loaded properly for customization in your .emacs file.  A new
+variable c-initialize-on-load controls this and is t by default.
+
+** Changes to hippie-expand.
+
+*** New customization variable `hippie-expand-dabbrev-skip-space'. If 
+non-nil, trailing spaces may be included in the abbreviation to search for,
+which then gives the same behavior as the original `dabbrev-expand'.
+
+*** New customization variable `hippie-expand-dabbrev-as-symbol'. If
+non-nil, characters of syntax '_' is considered part of the word when
+expanding dynamically.
+
+*** New customization variable `hippie-expand-no-restriction'. If
+non-nil, narrowed buffers are widened before they are searched.
+
+*** New customization variable `hippie-expand-only-buffers'. If
+non-empty, buffers searched are restricted to the types specified in
+this list. Useful for example when constructing new special-purpose
+expansion functions with `make-hippie-expand-function'.
+
+*** Text properties of the expansion are no longer copied.
+
+** Changes in BibTeX mode.
+
+*** Any titleword matching a regexp in the new variable
+bibtex-autokey-titleword-ignore (case sensitive) is ignored during
+automatic key generation.  This replaces variable
+bibtex-autokey-titleword-first-ignore, which only checked for matches
+against the first word in the title.
+
+*** Autokey generation now uses all words from the title, not just
+capitalized words.  To avoid conflicts with existing customizations,
+bibtex-autokey-titleword-ignore is set up such that words starting with
+lowerkey characters will still be ignored.  Thus, if you want to use 
+lowercase words from the title, you will have to overwrite the
+bibtex-autokey-titleword-ignore standard setting. 
+
+*** Case conversion of names and title words for automatic key
+generation is more flexible.  Variable bibtex-autokey-preserve-case is
+replaced by bibtex-autokey-titleword-case-convert and
+bibtex-autokey-name-case-convert.
+
+** Changes in vcursor.el.
+
+*** Support for character terminals is available: there is a new keymap
+and the vcursor will appear as an arrow between buffer text.  A
+variable `vcursor-interpret-input' allows input from the vcursor to be
+entered exactly as if typed.  Numerous functions, including
+`vcursor-compare-windows', have been rewritten to improve consistency
+in the selection of windows and corresponding keymaps.
+
+*** vcursor options can now be altered with M-x customize under the
+Editing group once the package is loaded.
+
+*** Loading vcursor now does not define keys by default, as this is
+generally a bad side effect.  Use M-x customize to set
+vcursor-key-bindings to t to restore the old behaviour.
+
+*** vcursor-auto-disable can be `copy', which turns off copying from the
+vcursor, but doesn't disable it, after any non-vcursor command.
+
+** Ispell changes.
+
+*** You can now spell check comments and strings in the current 
+buffer with M-x ispell-comments-and-strings.  Comments and strings 
+are identified by syntax tables in effect.
+
+*** Generic region skipping implemented.
+A single buffer can be broken into a number of regions where text will
+and will not be checked.  The definitions of the regions can be user
+defined.  New applications and improvements made available by this
+include: 
+
+    o URLs are automatically skipped
+    o EMail message checking is vastly improved.
+
+*** Ispell can highlight the erroneous word even on non-window terminals.
+
+** Changes to RefTeX mode
+
+RefTeX has been updated in order to make it more usable with very
+large projects (like a several volume math book).  The parser has been
+re-written from scratch.  To get maximum speed from RefTeX, check the
+section `Optimizations' in the manual.
+
+*** New recursive parser.
+
+The old version of RefTeX created a single large buffer containing the
+entire multifile document in order to parse the document.  The new
+recursive parser scans the individual files.
+
+*** Parsing only part of a document.
+    
+Reparsing of changed document parts can now be made faster by enabling
+partial scans.  To use this feature, read the documentation string of
+the variable `reftex-enable-partial-scans' and set the variable to t.
+
+    (setq reftex-enable-partial-scans t)
+
+*** Storing parsing information in a file.
+
+This can improve startup times considerably.  To turn it on, use
+
+    (setq reftex-save-parse-info t)
+
+*** Using multiple selection buffers
+
+If the creation of label selection buffers is too slow (this happens
+for large documents), you can reuse these buffers by setting
+
+    (setq reftex-use-multiple-selection-buffers t)
+
+*** References to external documents.
+
+The LaTeX package `xr' allows to cross-reference labels in external
+documents.  RefTeX can provide information about the external
+documents as well.  To use this feature, set up the \externaldocument
+macros required by the `xr' package and rescan the document with
+RefTeX.  The external labels can then be accessed with the `x' key in
+the selection buffer provided by `reftex-reference' (bound to `C-c )').
+The `x' key also works in the table of contents buffer.
+
+*** Many more labeled LaTeX environments are recognized by default.
+
+The builtin command list now covers all the standard LaTeX commands,
+and all of the major packages included in the LaTeX distribution.
+
+Also, RefTeX now understands the \appendix macro and changes
+the enumeration of sections in the *toc* buffer accordingly.
+
+*** Mouse support for selection and *toc* buffers
+
+The mouse can now be used to select items in the selection and *toc*
+buffers.  See also the new option `reftex-highlight-selection'.
+
+*** New keymaps for selection and table of contents modes.
+
+The selection processes for labels and citation keys, and the table of
+contents buffer now have their own keymaps: `reftex-select-label-map',
+`reftex-select-bib-map', `reftex-toc-map'.  The selection processes
+have a number of new keys predefined.  In particular, TAB lets you
+enter a label with completion.  Check the on-the-fly help (press `?'
+at the selection prompt) or read the Info documentation to find out
+more.
+
+*** Support for the varioref package
+
+The `v' key in the label selection buffer toggles \ref versus \vref.
+
+*** New hooks
+
+Three new hooks can be used to redefine the way labels, references,
+and citations are created. These hooks are
+`reftex-format-label-function', `reftex-format-ref-function',
+`reftex-format-cite-function'.
+
+*** Citations outside LaTeX
+
+The command `reftex-citation' may also be used outside LaTeX (e.g. in
+a mail buffer).  See the Info documentation for details.
+
+*** Short context is no longer fontified.
+
+The short context in the label menu no longer copies the
+fontification from the text in the buffer.  If you prefer it to be
+fontified, use
+
+   (setq reftex-refontify-context t)
+
+** file-cache-minibuffer-complete now accepts a prefix argument.
+With a prefix argument, it does not try to do completion of
+the file name within its directory; it only checks for other
+directories that contain the same file name.
+
+Thus, given the file name Makefile, and assuming that a file
+Makefile.in exists in the same directory, ordinary
+file-cache-minibuffer-complete will try to complete Makefile to
+Makefile.in and will therefore never look for other directories that
+have Makefile.  A prefix argument tells it not to look for longer
+names such as Makefile.in, so that instead it will look for other
+directories--just as if the name were already complete in its present
+directory.
+
+** New modes and packages
+
+*** There is a new alternative major mode for Perl, Cperl mode.
+It has many more features than Perl mode, and some people prefer
+it, but some do not.
+
+*** There is a new major mode, M-x vhdl-mode, for editing files of VHDL
+code.
+
+*** M-x which-function-mode enables a minor mode that displays the
+current function name continuously in the mode line, as you move
+around in a buffer.
+
+Which Function mode is effective in major modes which support Imenu.
+
+*** Gametree is a major mode for editing game analysis trees.  The author
+uses it for keeping notes about his postal Chess games, but it should
+be helpful for other two-player games as well, as long as they have an
+established system of notation similar to Chess.
+
+*** The new minor mode checkdoc-minor-mode provides Emacs Lisp
+documentation string checking for style and spelling.  The style
+guidelines are found in the Emacs Lisp programming manual.
+
+*** The net-utils package makes some common networking features
+available in Emacs.  Some of these functions are wrappers around
+system utilities (ping, nslookup, etc); others are implementations of
+simple protocols (finger, whois) in Emacs Lisp.  There are also
+functions to make simple connections to TCP/IP ports for debugging and
+the like.
+
+*** highlight-changes-mode is a minor mode that uses colors to
+identify recently changed parts of the buffer text.
+
+*** The new package `midnight' lets you specify things to be done
+within Emacs at midnight--by default, kill buffers that you have not
+used in a considerable time.  To use this feature, customize
+the user option `midnight-mode' to t.
+
+*** The file generic-x.el defines a number of simple major modes.
+
+  apache-generic-mode: For Apache and NCSA httpd configuration files
+  samba-generic-mode: Samba configuration files
+  fvwm-generic-mode: For fvwm initialization files
+  x-resource-generic-mode: For X resource files
+  hosts-generic-mode: For hosts files (.rhosts, /etc/hosts, etc)
+  mailagent-rules-generic-mode: For mailagent .rules files
+  javascript-generic-mode: For JavaScript files
+  vrml-generic-mode: For VRML files
+  java-manifest-generic-mode: For Java MANIFEST files
+  java-properties-generic-mode: For Java property files
+  mailrc-generic-mode: For .mailrc files
+
+  Platform-specific modes:
+
+  prototype-generic-mode: For Solaris/Sys V prototype files
+  pkginfo-generic-mode: For Solaris/Sys V pkginfo files
+  alias-generic-mode: For C shell alias files
+  inf-generic-mode: For MS-Windows INF files
+  ini-generic-mode: For MS-Windows INI files
+  reg-generic-mode: For MS-Windows Registry files
+  bat-generic-mode: For MS-Windows BAT scripts
+  rc-generic-mode: For MS-Windows Resource files
+  rul-generic-mode: For InstallShield scripts
+
+* Lisp changes in Emacs 20.3 since the Emacs Lisp Manual was published
+
+** If you want a Lisp file to be read in unibyte mode,
+use -*-unibyte: t;-*- on its first line.
+That will force Emacs to read that file in unibyte mode.
+Otherwise, the file will be loaded and byte-compiled in multibyte mode.
+
+Thus, each lisp file is read in a consistent way regardless of whether
+you started Emacs with --unibyte, so that a Lisp program gives
+consistent results regardless of how Emacs was started.
+
+** The new function assoc-default is useful for searching an alist,
+and using a default value if the key is not found there.  You can
+specify a comparison predicate, so this function is useful for
+searching comparing a string against an alist of regular expressions.
+
+** The functions unibyte-char-to-multibyte and
+multibyte-char-to-unibyte convert between unibyte and multibyte
+character codes, in a way that is appropriate for the current language
+environment.
+
+** The functions read-event, read-char and read-char-exclusive now
+take two optional arguments.  PROMPT, if non-nil, specifies a prompt
+string.  SUPPRESS-INPUT-METHOD, if non-nil, says to disable the
+current input method for reading this one event.
+
+** Two new variables print-escape-nonascii and print-escape-multibyte
+now control whether to output certain characters as
+backslash-sequences.  print-escape-nonascii applies to single-byte
+non-ASCII characters; print-escape-multibyte applies to multibyte
+characters.  Both of these variables are used only when printing
+in readable fashion (prin1 uses them, princ does not).
+
+* Lisp changes in Emacs 20.3 before the Emacs Lisp Manual was published
+
+** Compiled Emacs Lisp files made with the modified "MBSK" version
+of Emacs 20.2 do not work in Emacs 20.3.
+
+** Buffer positions are now measured in characters, as they were
+in Emacs 19 and before.  This means that (forward-char 1)
+always increases point by 1.
+
+The function chars-in-region now just subtracts its arguments.  It is
+considered obsolete.  The function char-boundary-p has been deleted.
+
+See below for additional changes relating to multibyte characters.
+
+** defcustom, defface and defgroup now accept the keyword `:version'.
+Use this to specify in which version of Emacs a certain variable's
+default value changed.  For example,
+
+   (defcustom foo-max 34 "*Maximum number of foo's allowed."
+     :type 'integer
+     :group 'foo
+     :version "20.3")
+
+   (defgroup foo-group nil "The foo group."  
+     :version "20.3")
+
+If an entire new group is added or the variables in it have the
+default values changed, then just add a `:version' to that group. It
+is recommended that new packages added to the distribution contain a
+`:version' in the top level group.
+
+This information is used to control the customize-changed-options command.
+
+** It is now an error to change the value of a symbol whose name
+starts with a colon--if it is interned in the standard obarray.
+
+However, setting such a symbol to its proper value, which is that
+symbol itself, is not an error.  This is for the sake of programs that
+support previous Emacs versions by explicitly setting these variables
+to themselves.
+
+If you set the variable keyword-symbols-constant-flag to nil,
+this error is suppressed, and you can set these symbols to any
+values whatever.
+
+** There is a new debugger command, R.
+It evaluates an expression like e, but saves the result
+in the buffer *Debugger-record*.
+
+** Frame-local variables.
+
+You can now make a variable local to various frames.  To do this, call
+the function make-variable-frame-local; this enables frames to have
+local bindings for that variable.
+
+These frame-local bindings are actually frame parameters: you create a
+frame-local binding in a specific frame by calling
+modify-frame-parameters and specifying the variable name as the
+parameter name.
+
+Buffer-local bindings take precedence over frame-local bindings.
+Thus, if the current buffer has a buffer-local binding, that binding is
+active; otherwise, if the selected frame has a frame-local binding,
+that binding is active; otherwise, the default binding is active.
+
+It would not be hard to implement window-local bindings, but it is not
+clear that this would be very useful; windows tend to come and go in a
+very transitory fashion, so that trying to produce any specific effect
+through a window-local binding would not be very robust.
+
+** `sregexq' and `sregex' are two new functions for constructing
+"symbolic regular expressions."  These are Lisp expressions that, when
+evaluated, yield conventional string-based regexps.  The symbolic form
+makes it easier to construct, read, and maintain complex patterns.
+See the documentation in sregex.el.
+
+** parse-partial-sexp's return value has an additional element which
+is used to pass information along if you pass it to another call to
+parse-partial-sexp, starting its scan where the first call ended.
+The contents of this field are not yet finalized.
+
+** eval-region now accepts a fourth optional argument READ-FUNCTION.
+If it is non-nil, that function is used instead of `read'.
+
+** unload-feature by default removes the feature's functions from
+known hooks to avoid trouble, but a package providing FEATURE can
+define a hook FEATURE-unload-hook to be run by unload-feature instead.
+
+** read-from-minibuffer no longer returns the argument DEFAULT-VALUE
+when the user enters empty input.  It now returns the null string, as
+it did in Emacs 19.  The default value is made available in the
+history via M-n, but it is not applied here as a default.
+
+The other, more specialized minibuffer-reading functions continue to
+return the default value (not the null string) when the user enters
+empty input.
+
+** The new variable read-buffer-function controls which routine to use
+for selecting buffers.  For example, if you set this variable to
+`iswitchb-read-buffer', iswitchb will be used to read buffer names.
+Other functions can also be used if they accept the same arguments as
+`read-buffer' and return the selected buffer name as a string.
+
+** The new function read-passwd reads a password from the terminal,
+echoing a period for each character typed.  It takes three arguments:
+a prompt string, a flag which says "read it twice to make sure", and a
+default password to use if the user enters nothing.
+
+** The variable fill-nobreak-predicate gives major modes a way to
+specify not to break a line at certain places.  Its value is a
+function which is called with no arguments, with point located at the
+place where a break is being considered.  If the function returns
+non-nil, then the line won't be broken there.
+
+** window-end now takes an optional second argument, UPDATE.
+If this is non-nil, then the function always returns an accurate
+up-to-date value for the buffer position corresponding to the
+end of the window, even if this requires computation.
+
+** other-buffer now takes an optional argument FRAME
+which specifies which frame's buffer list to use.
+If it is nil, that means use the selected frame's buffer list.
+
+** The new variable buffer-display-time, always local in every buffer,
+holds the value of (current-time) as of the last time that a window
+was directed to display this buffer.
+
+** It is now meaningful to compare two window-configuration objects
+with `equal'.  Two window-configuration objects are equal if they
+describe equivalent arrangements of windows, in the same frame--in
+other words, if they would give the same results if passed to
+set-window-configuration.
+
+** compare-window-configurations is a new function that compares two
+window configurations loosely.  It ignores differences in saved buffer
+positions and scrolling, and considers only the structure and sizes of
+windows and the choice of buffers to display.
+
+** The variable minor-mode-overriding-map-alist allows major modes to
+override the key bindings of a minor mode.  The elements of this alist
+look like the elements of minor-mode-map-alist: (VARIABLE . KEYMAP).
+
+If the VARIABLE in an element of minor-mode-overriding-map-alist has a
+non-nil value, the paired KEYMAP is active, and totally overrides the
+map (if any) specified for the same variable in minor-mode-map-alist.
+
+minor-mode-overriding-map-alist is automatically local in all buffers,
+and it is meant to be set by major modes.
+
+** The function match-string-no-properties is like match-string
+except that it discards all text properties from the result.
+
+** The function load-average now accepts an optional argument
+USE-FLOATS.  If it is non-nil, the load average values are returned as
+floating point numbers, rather than as integers to be divided by 100.
+
+** The new variable temporary-file-directory specifies the directory
+to use for creating temporary files.  The default value is determined
+in a reasonable way for your operating system; on GNU and Unix systems
+it is based on the TMP and TMPDIR environment variables.
+
+** Menu changes
+
+*** easymenu.el now uses the new menu item format and supports the
+keywords :visible and :filter.  The existing keyword :keys is now
+better supported.
+
+The variable `easy-menu-precalculate-equivalent-keybindings' controls
+a new feature which calculates keyboard equivalents for the menu when
+you define the menu.  The default is t.  If you rarely use menus, you
+can set the variable to nil to disable this precalculation feature;
+then the calculation is done only if you use the menu bar.
+
+*** A new format for menu items is supported.
+
+In a keymap, a key binding that has the format
+ (STRING . REAL-BINDING) or (STRING HELP-STRING . REAL-BINDING)
+defines a menu item. Now a menu item definition may also be a list that
+starts with the symbol `menu-item'.
+
+The format is:
+ (menu-item ITEM-NAME) or
+ (menu-item ITEM-NAME REAL-BINDING . ITEM-PROPERTY-LIST)
+where ITEM-NAME is an expression which evaluates to the menu item
+string, and ITEM-PROPERTY-LIST has the form of a property list.
+The supported properties include
+
+:enable FORM      Evaluate FORM to determine whether the
+		  item is enabled.
+:visible FORM     Evaluate FORM to determine whether the
+		  item should appear in the menu.
+:filter FILTER-FN 
+		  FILTER-FN is a function of one argument,
+		  which will be REAL-BINDING.
+		  It should return a binding to use instead.
+:keys DESCRIPTION
+		  DESCRIPTION is a string that describes an equivalent keyboard
+                  binding for for REAL-BINDING.  DESCRIPTION is expanded with
+                  `substitute-command-keys' before it is used.
+:key-sequence KEY-SEQUENCE
+		  KEY-SEQUENCE is a key-sequence for an equivalent
+                  keyboard binding.
+:key-sequence nil
+	          This means that the command normally has no
+		  keyboard equivalent.
+:help HELP	  HELP is the extra help string (not currently used).
+:button (TYPE . SELECTED)
+		  TYPE is :toggle or :radio.
+		  SELECTED is a form, to be evaluated, and its
+		  value says whether this button is currently selected.
+
+Buttons are at the moment only simulated by prefixes in the menu.
+Eventually ordinary X-buttons may be supported.
+
+(menu-item ITEM-NAME) defines unselectable item.
+
+** New event types
+
+*** The new event type `mouse-wheel' is generated by a wheel on a
+mouse (such as the MS Intellimouse).  The event contains a delta that
+corresponds to the amount and direction that the wheel is rotated,
+which is typically used to implement a scroll or zoom.  The format is:
+
+  (mouse-wheel POSITION DELTA)
+
+where POSITION is a list describing the position of the event in the
+same format as a mouse-click event, and DELTA is a signed number
+indicating the number of increments by which the wheel was rotated.  A
+negative DELTA indicates that the wheel was rotated backwards, towards
+the user, and a positive DELTA indicates that the wheel was rotated
+forward, away from the user.
+
+As of now, this event type is generated only on MS Windows.
+
+*** The new event type `drag-n-drop' is generated when a group of
+files is selected in an application outside of Emacs, and then dragged
+and dropped onto an Emacs frame.  The event contains a list of
+filenames that were dragged and dropped, which are then typically
+loaded into Emacs.  The format is:
+
+  (drag-n-drop POSITION FILES)
+
+where POSITION is a list describing the position of the event in the
+same format as a mouse-click event, and FILES is the list of filenames
+that were dragged and dropped.
+
+As of now, this event type is generated only on MS Windows.
+
+** Changes relating to multibyte characters.
+
+*** The variable enable-multibyte-characters is now read-only;
+any attempt to set it directly signals an error.  The only way
+to change this value in an existing buffer is with set-buffer-multibyte.
+
+*** In a string constant, `\ ' now stands for "nothing at all".  You
+can use it to terminate a hex escape which is followed by a character
+that could otherwise be read as part of the hex escape.
+
+*** String indices are now measured in characters, as they were
+in Emacs 19 and before.
+
+The function chars-in-string has been deleted.
+The function concat-chars has been renamed to `string'.
+
+*** The function set-buffer-multibyte sets the flag in the current
+buffer that says whether the buffer uses multibyte representation or
+unibyte representation.  If the argument is nil, it selects unibyte
+representation.  Otherwise it selects multibyte representation.
+
+This function does not change the contents of the buffer, viewed
+as a sequence of bytes.  However, it does change the contents
+viewed as characters; a sequence of two bytes which is treated as
+one character when the buffer uses multibyte representation
+will count as two characters using unibyte representation.
+
+This function sets enable-multibyte-characters to record which
+representation is in use.  It also adjusts various data in the buffer
+(including its markers, overlays and text properties) so that they are
+consistent with the new representation.
+
+*** string-make-multibyte takes a string and converts it to multibyte
+representation.  Most of the time, you don't need to care
+about the representation, because Emacs converts when necessary;
+however, it makes a difference when you compare strings.
+
+The conversion of non-ASCII characters works by adding the value of
+nonascii-insert-offset to each character, or by translating them
+using the table nonascii-translation-table.
+
+*** string-make-unibyte takes a string and converts it to unibyte
+representation.  Most of the time, you don't need to care about the
+representation, but it makes a difference when you compare strings.
+
+The conversion from multibyte to unibyte representation
+loses information; the only time Emacs performs it automatically
+is when inserting a multibyte string into a unibyte buffer.
+
+*** string-as-multibyte takes a string, and returns another string
+which contains the same bytes, but treats them as multibyte.
+
+*** string-as-unibyte takes a string, and returns another string
+which contains the same bytes, but treats them as unibyte.
+
+*** The new function compare-strings lets you compare
+portions of two strings.  Unibyte strings are converted to multibyte,
+so that a unibyte string can match a multibyte string.
+You can specify whether to ignore case or not.
+
+*** assoc-ignore-case now uses compare-strings so that
+it can treat unibyte and multibyte strings as equal.
+
+*** Regular expression operations and buffer string searches now
+convert the search pattern to multibyte or unibyte to accord with the
+buffer or string being searched.
+
+One consequence is that you cannot always use \200-\377 inside of
+[...] to match all non-ASCII characters.  This does still work when
+searching or matching a unibyte buffer or string, but not when
+searching or matching a multibyte string.  Unfortunately, there is no
+obvious choice of syntax to use within [...] for that job.  But, what
+you want is just to match all non-ASCII characters, the regular
+expression [^\0-\177] works for it.
+
+*** Structure of coding system changed.
+
+All coding systems (including aliases and subsidiaries) are named
+by symbols; the symbol's `coding-system' property is a vector
+which defines the coding system.  Aliases share the same vector
+as the principal name, so that altering the contents of this
+vector affects the principal name and its aliases.  You can define
+your own alias name of a coding system by the function
+define-coding-system-alias.
+
+The coding system definition includes a property list of its own.  Use
+the new functions `coding-system-get' and `coding-system-put' to
+access such coding system properties as post-read-conversion,
+pre-write-conversion, character-translation-table-for-decode,
+character-translation-table-for-encode, mime-charset, and
+safe-charsets.  For instance, (coding-system-get 'iso-latin-1
+'mime-charset) gives the corresponding MIME-charset parameter
+`iso-8859-1'.
+
+Among the coding system properties listed above, safe-charsets is new.
+The value of this property is a list of character sets which this
+coding system can correctly encode and decode.  For instance:
+(coding-system-get 'iso-latin-1 'safe-charsets) => (ascii latin-iso8859-1)
+
+Here, "correctly encode" means that the encoded character sets can
+also be handled safely by systems other than Emacs as far as they
+are capable of that coding system.  Though, Emacs itself can encode
+the other character sets and read it back correctly.
+
+*** The new function select-safe-coding-system can be used to find a
+proper coding system for encoding the specified region or string.
+This function requires a user interaction.
+
+*** The new functions find-coding-systems-region and
+find-coding-systems-string are helper functions used by
+select-safe-coding-system.  They return a list of all proper coding
+systems to encode a text in some region or string.  If you don't want
+a user interaction, use one of these functions instead of
+select-safe-coding-system.
+
+*** The explicit encoding and decoding functions, such as
+decode-coding-region and encode-coding-string, now set
+last-coding-system-used to reflect the actual way encoding or decoding
+was done.
+
+*** The new function detect-coding-with-language-environment can be
+used to detect a coding system of text according to priorities of
+coding systems used by some specific language environment.
+
+*** The functions detect-coding-region and detect-coding-string always
+return a list if the arg HIGHEST is nil.  Thus, if only ASCII
+characters are found, they now return a list of single element
+`undecided' or its subsidiaries.
+
+*** The new functions coding-system-change-eol-conversion and
+coding-system-change-text-conversion can be used to get a different
+coding system than what specified only in how end-of-line or text is
+converted.
+
+*** The new function set-selection-coding-system can be used to set a
+coding system for communicating with other X clients.
+
+*** The function `map-char-table' now passes as argument only valid
+character codes, plus generic characters that stand for entire
+character sets or entire subrows of a character set.  In other words,
+each time `map-char-table' calls its FUNCTION argument, the key value
+either will be a valid individual character code, or will stand for a
+range of characters.
+
+*** The new function `char-valid-p' can be used for checking whether a
+Lisp object is a valid character code or not.
+
+*** The new function `charset-after' returns a charset of a character
+in the current buffer at position POS.
+
+*** Input methods are now implemented using the variable
+input-method-function.  If this is non-nil, its value should be a
+function; then, whenever Emacs reads an input event that is a printing
+character with no modifier bits, it calls that function, passing the
+event as an argument.  Often this function will read more input, first
+binding input-method-function to nil.
+
+The return value should be a list of the events resulting from input
+method processing.  These events will be processed sequentially as
+input, before resorting to unread-command-events.  Events returned by
+the input method function are not passed to the input method function,
+not even if they are printing characters with no modifier bits.
+
+The input method function is not called when reading the second and
+subsequent events of a key sequence.
+
+*** You can customize any language environment by using
+set-language-environment-hook and exit-language-environment-hook.
+
+The hook `exit-language-environment-hook' should be used to undo
+customizations that you made with set-language-environment-hook.  For
+instance, if you set up a special key binding for a specific language
+environment by set-language-environment-hook, you should set up
+exit-language-environment-hook to restore the normal key binding.
+
+* Changes in Emacs 20.1
+
+** Emacs has a new facility for customization of its many user
+options.  It is called M-x customize.  With this facility you can look
+at the many user options in an organized way; they are grouped into a
+tree structure.
+
+M-x customize also knows what sorts of values are legitimate for each
+user option and ensures that you don't use invalid values.
+
+With M-x customize, you can set options either for the present Emacs
+session or permanently.  (Permanent settings are stored automatically
+in your .emacs file.)
+
+** Scroll bars are now on the left side of the window.
+You can change this with M-x customize-option scroll-bar-mode.
+
+** The mode line no longer includes the string `Emacs'.
+This makes more space in the mode line for other information.
+
+** When you select a region with the mouse, it is highlighted
+immediately afterward.  At that time, if you type the DELETE key, it
+kills the region.
+
+The BACKSPACE key, and the ASCII character DEL, do not do this; they
+delete the character before point, as usual.
+
+** In an incremental search the whole current match is highlighted
+on terminals which support this.  (You can disable this feature
+by setting search-highlight to nil.)
+
+** In the minibuffer, in some cases, you can now use M-n to
+insert the default value into the minibuffer as text.  In effect,
+the default value (if the minibuffer routines know it) is tacked
+onto the history "in the future".  (The more normal use of the
+history list is to use M-p to insert minibuffer input used in the
+past.)
+
+** In Text mode, now only blank lines separate paragraphs.
+This makes it possible to get the full benefit of Adaptive Fill mode
+in Text mode, and other modes derived from it (such as Mail mode).
+TAB in Text mode now runs the command indent-relative; this
+makes a practical difference only when you use indented paragraphs.
+
+As a result, the old Indented Text mode is now identical to Text mode,
+and is an alias for it.
+
+If you want spaces at the beginning of a line to start a paragraph,
+use the new mode, Paragraph Indent Text mode.
+
+** Scrolling changes
+
+*** Scroll commands to scroll a whole screen now preserve the screen
+position of the cursor, if scroll-preserve-screen-position is non-nil.
+
+In this mode, if you scroll several screens back and forth, finishing
+on the same screen where you started, the cursor goes back to the line
+where it started.
+
+*** If you set scroll-conservatively to a small number, then when you
+move point a short distance off the screen, Emacs will scroll the
+screen just far enough to bring point back on screen, provided that
+does not exceed `scroll-conservatively' lines.
+
+*** The new variable scroll-margin says how close point can come to the
+top or bottom of a window.  It is a number of screen lines; if point
+comes within that many lines of the top or bottom of the window, Emacs
+recenters the window.
+
+** International character set support (MULE)
+
+Emacs now supports a wide variety of international character sets,
+including European variants of the Latin alphabet, as well as Chinese,
+Devanagari (Hindi and Marathi), Ethiopian, Greek, IPA, Japanese,
+Korean, Lao, Russian, Thai, Tibetan, and Vietnamese scripts.  These
+features have been merged from the modified version of Emacs known as
+MULE (for "MULti-lingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs")
+
+Users of these scripts have established many more-or-less standard
+coding systems for storing files.  Emacs uses a single multibyte
+character encoding within Emacs buffers; it can translate from a wide
+variety of coding systems when reading a file and can translate back
+into any of these coding systems when saving a file.
+
+Keyboards, even in the countries where these character sets are used,
+generally don't have keys for all the characters in them.  So Emacs
+supports various "input methods", typically one for each script or
+language, to make it possible to type them.
+
+The Emacs internal multibyte encoding represents a non-ASCII
+character as a sequence of bytes in the range 0200 through 0377.
+
+The new prefix key C-x RET is used for commands that pertain
+to multibyte characters, coding systems, and input methods.
+
+You can disable multibyte character support as follows:
+
+  (setq-default enable-multibyte-characters nil)
+
+Calling the function standard-display-european turns off multibyte
+characters, unless you specify a non-nil value for the second
+argument, AUTO.  This provides compatibility for people who are
+already using standard-display-european to continue using unibyte
+characters for their work until they want to change.
+
+*** Input methods
+
+An input method is a kind of character conversion which is designed
+specifically for interactive input.  In Emacs, typically each language
+has its own input method (though sometimes several languages which use
+the same characters can share one input method).  Some languages
+support several input methods.
+
+The simplest kind of input method works by mapping ASCII letters into
+another alphabet.  This is how the Greek and Russian input methods
+work.
+
+A more powerful technique is composition: converting sequences of
+characters into one letter.  Many European input methods use
+composition to produce a single non-ASCII letter from a sequence which
+consists of a letter followed by diacritics.  For example, a' is one
+sequence of two characters that might be converted into a single
+letter.
+
+The input methods for syllabic scripts typically use mapping followed
+by conversion.  The input methods for Thai and Korean work this way.
+First, letters are mapped into symbols for particular sounds or tone
+marks; then, sequences of these which make up a whole syllable are
+mapped into one syllable sign--most often a "composite character".
+
+None of these methods works very well for Chinese and Japanese, so
+they are handled specially.  First you input a whole word using
+phonetic spelling; then, after the word is in the buffer, Emacs
+converts it into one or more characters using a large dictionary.
+
+Since there is more than one way to represent a phonetically spelled
+word using Chinese characters, Emacs can only guess which one to use;
+typically these input methods give you a way to say "guess again" if
+the first guess is wrong.
+
+*** The command C-x RET m (toggle-enable-multibyte-characters)
+turns multibyte character support on or off for the current buffer.
+
+If multibyte character support is turned off in a buffer, then each
+byte is a single character, even codes 0200 through 0377--exactly as
+they did in Emacs 19.34.  This includes the features for support for
+the European characters, ISO Latin-1 and ISO Latin-2.
+
+However, there is no need to turn off multibyte character support to
+use ISO Latin-1 or ISO Latin-2; the Emacs multibyte character set
+includes all the characters in these character sets, and Emacs can
+translate automatically to and from either one.
+
+*** Visiting a file in unibyte mode.
+
+Turning off multibyte character support in the buffer after visiting a
+file with multibyte code conversion will display the multibyte
+sequences already in the buffer, byte by byte.  This is probably not
+what you want.
+
+If you want to edit a file of unibyte characters (Latin-1, for
+example), you can do it by specifying `no-conversion' as the coding
+system when reading the file.  This coding system also turns off
+multibyte characters in that buffer.
+
+If you turn off multibyte character support entirely, this turns off
+character conversion as well.
+
+*** Displaying international characters on X Windows.
+
+A font for X typically displays just one alphabet or script.
+Therefore, displaying the entire range of characters Emacs supports
+requires using many fonts.
+
+Therefore, Emacs now supports "fontsets".  Each fontset is a
+collection of fonts, each assigned to a range of character codes.
+
+A fontset has a name, like a font.  Individual fonts are defined by
+the X server; fontsets are defined within Emacs itself.  But once you
+have defined a fontset, you can use it in a face or a frame just as
+you would use a font.
+
+If a fontset specifies no font for a certain character, or if it
+specifies a font that does not exist on your system, then it cannot
+display that character.  It will display an empty box instead.
+
+The fontset height and width are determined by the ASCII characters
+(that is, by the font in the fontset which is used for ASCII
+characters).  If another font in the fontset has a different height,
+or the wrong width, then characters assigned to that font are clipped,
+and displayed within a box if highlight-wrong-size-font is non-nil.
+
+*** Defining fontsets.
+
+Emacs does not use any fontset by default.  Its default font is still
+chosen as in previous versions.  You can tell Emacs to use a fontset
+with the `-fn' option or the `Font' X resource.
+
+Emacs creates a standard fontset automatically according to the value
+of standard-fontset-spec.  This fontset's short name is
+`fontset-standard'.  Bold, italic, and bold-italic variants of the
+standard fontset are created automatically.
+
+If you specify a default ASCII font with the `Font' resource or `-fn'
+argument, a fontset is generated from it.  This works by replacing the
+FOUNDARY, FAMILY, ADD_STYLE, and AVERAGE_WIDTH fields of the font name
+with `*' then using this to specify a fontset.  This fontset's short
+name is `fontset-startup'.
+
+Emacs checks resources of the form Fontset-N where N is 0, 1, 2...
+The resource value should have this form:
+	FONTSET-NAME, [CHARSET-NAME:FONT-NAME]...
+FONTSET-NAME should have the form of a standard X font name, except:
+	* most fields should be just the wild card "*".
+	* the CHARSET_REGISTRY field should be "fontset"
+	* the CHARSET_ENCODING field can be any nickname of the fontset.
+The construct CHARSET-NAME:FONT-NAME can be repeated any number
+of times; each time specifies the font for one character set.
+CHARSET-NAME should be the name name of a character set, and
+FONT-NAME should specify an actual font to use for that character set.
+
+Each of these fontsets has an alias which is made from the
+last two font name fields, CHARSET_REGISTRY and CHARSET_ENCODING.
+You can refer to the fontset by that alias or by its full name.
+
+For any character sets that you don't mention, Emacs tries to choose a
+font by substituting into FONTSET-NAME.  For instance, with the
+following resource,
+	Emacs*Fontset-0: -*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-*-*-*-*-fontset-24
+the font for ASCII is generated as below:
+	-*-fixed-medium-r-normal-*-24-*-ISO8859-1
+Here is the substitution rule:
+    Change CHARSET_REGISTRY and CHARSET_ENCODING to that of the charset
+    defined in the variable x-charset-registries.  For instance, ASCII has
+    the entry (ascii . "ISO8859-1") in this variable.  Then, reduce
+    sequences of wild cards -*-...-*- with a single wildcard -*-.
+    (This is to prevent use of auto-scaled fonts.)
+
+The function which processes the fontset resource value to create the
+fontset is called create-fontset-from-fontset-spec.  You can also call
+that function explicitly to create a fontset.
+
+With the X resource Emacs.Font, you can specify a fontset name just
+like an actual font name.  But be careful not to specify a fontset
+name in a wildcard resource like Emacs*Font--that tries to specify the
+fontset for other purposes including menus, and they cannot handle
+fontsets.
+
+*** The command M-x set-language-environment sets certain global Emacs
+defaults for a particular choice of language.
+
+Selecting a language environment typically specifies a default input
+method and which coding systems to recognize automatically when
+visiting files.  However, it does not try to reread files you have
+already visited; the text in those buffers is not affected.  The
+language environment may also specify a default choice of coding
+system for new files that you create.
+
+It makes no difference which buffer is current when you use
+set-language-environment, because these defaults apply globally to the
+whole Emacs session.
+
+For example, M-x set-language-environment RET Latin-1 RET
+chooses the Latin-1 character set.  In the .emacs file, you can do this
+with (set-language-environment "Latin-1").
+
+*** The command C-x RET f (set-buffer-file-coding-system)
+specifies the file coding system for the current buffer.  This
+specifies what sort of character code translation to do when saving
+the file.  As an argument, you must specify the name of one of the
+coding systems that Emacs supports.
+
+*** The command C-x RET c (universal-coding-system-argument)
+lets you specify a coding system when you read or write a file.
+This command uses the minibuffer to read a coding system name.
+After you exit the minibuffer, the specified coding system
+is used for *the immediately following command*.
+
+So if the immediately following command is a command to read or
+write a file, it uses the specified coding system for that file.
+
+If the immediately following command does not use the coding system,
+then C-x RET c ultimately has no effect.
+
+For example,  C-x RET c iso-8859-1 RET C-x C-f temp RET
+visits the file `temp' treating it as ISO Latin-1.
+
+*** You can specify the coding system for a file using the -*-
+construct.  Include `coding: CODINGSYSTEM;' inside the -*-...-*-
+to specify use of coding system CODINGSYSTEM.  You can also
+specify the coding system in a local variable list at the end
+of the file.
+
+*** The command C-x RET t (set-terminal-coding-system) specifies
+the coding system for terminal output.  If you specify a character
+code for terminal output, all characters output to the terminal are
+translated into that character code.
+
+This feature is useful for certain character-only terminals built in
+various countries to support the languages of those countries.
+
+By default, output to the terminal is not translated at all.
+
+*** The command C-x RET k (set-keyboard-coding-system) specifies
+the coding system for keyboard input.
+
+Character code translation of keyboard input is useful for terminals
+with keys that send non-ASCII graphic characters--for example,
+some terminals designed for ISO Latin-1 or subsets of it.
+
+By default, keyboard input is not translated at all.
+
+Character code translation of keyboard input is similar to using an
+input method, in that both define sequences of keyboard input that
+translate into single characters.  However, input methods are designed
+to be convenient for interactive use, while the code translations are
+designed to work with terminals.
+
+*** The command C-x RET p (set-buffer-process-coding-system)
+specifies the coding system for input and output to a subprocess.
+This command applies to the current buffer; normally, each subprocess
+has its own buffer, and thus you can use this command to specify
+translation to and from a particular subprocess by giving the command
+in the corresponding buffer.
+
+By default, process input and output are not translated at all.
+
+*** The variable file-name-coding-system specifies the coding system
+to use for encoding file names before operating on them.
+It is also used for decoding file names obtained from the system.
+
+*** The command C-\ (toggle-input-method) activates or deactivates
+an input method.  If no input method has been selected before, the
+command prompts for you to specify the language and input method you
+want to use.
+
+C-u C-\ (select-input-method) lets you switch to a different input
+method.  C-h C-\ (or C-h I) describes the current input method.
+
+*** Some input methods remap the keyboard to emulate various keyboard
+layouts commonly used for particular scripts.  How to do this
+remapping properly depends on your actual keyboard layout.  To specify
+which layout your keyboard has, use M-x quail-set-keyboard-layout.
+
+*** The command C-h C (describe-coding-system) displays
+the coding systems currently selected for various purposes, plus
+related information.
+
+*** The command C-h h (view-hello-file) displays a file called
+HELLO, which has examples of text in many languages, using various
+scripts.
+
+*** The command C-h L (describe-language-support) displays
+information about the support for a particular language.
+You specify the language as an argument.
+
+*** The mode line now contains a letter or character that identifies
+the coding system used in the visited file.  It normally follows the
+first dash.
+
+A dash indicates the default state of affairs: no code conversion
+(except CRLF => newline if appropriate).  `=' means no conversion
+whatsoever.  The ISO 8859 coding systems are represented by digits
+1 through 9.  Other coding systems are represented by letters:
+
+    A alternativnyj (Russian)
+    B big5 (Chinese)
+    C cn-gb-2312 (Chinese)
+    C iso-2022-cn (Chinese)
+    D in-is13194-devanagari (Indian languages)
+    E euc-japan (Japanese)
+    I iso-2022-cjk or iso-2022-ss2 (Chinese, Japanese, Korean)
+    J junet (iso-2022-7) or old-jis (iso-2022-jp-1978-irv)  (Japanese)
+    K euc-korea (Korean)
+    R koi8 (Russian)
+    Q tibetan
+    S shift_jis (Japanese)
+    T lao
+    T tis620 (Thai)
+    V viscii or vscii (Vietnamese)
+    i iso-2022-lock (Chinese, Japanese, Korean)
+    k iso-2022-kr (Korean)
+    v viqr (Vietnamese)
+    z hz (Chinese)
+
+When you are using a character-only terminal (not a window system),
+two additional characters appear in between the dash and the file
+coding system.  These two characters describe the coding system for
+keyboard input, and the coding system for terminal output.
+
+*** The new variable rmail-file-coding-system specifies the code
+conversion to use for RMAIL files.  The default value is nil.
+
+When you read mail with Rmail, each message is decoded automatically
+into Emacs' internal format.  This has nothing to do with
+rmail-file-coding-system.  That variable controls reading and writing
+Rmail files themselves.
+
+*** The new variable sendmail-coding-system specifies the code
+conversion for outgoing mail.  The default value is nil.
+
+Actually, there are three different ways of specifying the coding system
+for sending mail:
+
+- If you use C-x RET f in the mail buffer, that takes priority.
+- Otherwise, if you set sendmail-coding-system non-nil, that specifies it.
+- Otherwise, the default coding system for new files is used,
+  if that is non-nil.  That comes from your language environment.
+- Otherwise, Latin-1 is used.
+
+*** The command C-h t (help-with-tutorial) accepts a prefix argument
+to specify the language for the tutorial file.  Currently, English,
+Japanese, Korean and Thai are supported.  We welcome additional
+translations.
+
+** An easy new way to visit a file with no code or format conversion
+of any kind: Use M-x find-file-literally.  There is also a command
+insert-file-literally which inserts a file into the current buffer
+without any conversion.
+
+** C-q's handling of octal character codes is changed.
+You can now specify any number of octal digits.
+RET terminates the digits and is discarded;
+any other non-digit terminates the digits and is then used as input.
+
+** There are new commands for looking up Info documentation for
+functions, variables and file names used in your programs.
+
+Type M-x info-lookup-symbol to look up a symbol in the buffer at point.
+Type M-x info-lookup-file to look up a file in the buffer at point.
+
+Precisely which Info files are used to look it up depends on the major
+mode.  For example, in C mode, the GNU libc manual is used.
+
+** M-TAB in most programming language modes now runs the command
+complete-symbol.  This command performs completion on the symbol name
+in the buffer before point.
+
+With a numeric argument, it performs completion based on the set of
+symbols documented in the Info files for the programming language that
+you are using.
+
+With no argument, it does completion based on the current tags tables,
+just like the old binding of M-TAB (complete-tag).
+
+** File locking works with NFS now.
+
+The lock file for FILENAME is now a symbolic link named .#FILENAME,
+in the same directory as FILENAME.
+
+This means that collision detection between two different machines now
+works reasonably well; it also means that no file server or directory
+can become a bottleneck.
+
+The new method does have drawbacks.  It means that collision detection
+does not operate when you edit a file in a directory where you cannot
+create new files.  Collision detection also doesn't operate when the
+file server does not support symbolic links.  But these conditions are
+rare, and the ability to have collision detection while using NFS is
+so useful that the change is worth while.
+
+When Emacs or a system crashes, this may leave behind lock files which
+are stale.  So you may occasionally get warnings about spurious
+collisions.  When you determine that the collision is spurious, just
+tell Emacs to go ahead anyway.
+
+** If you wish to use Show Paren mode to display matching parentheses,
+it is no longer sufficient to load paren.el.  Instead you must call
+show-paren-mode.
+
+** If you wish to use Delete Selection mode to replace a highlighted
+selection when you insert new text, it is no longer sufficient to load
+delsel.el.  Instead you must call the function delete-selection-mode.
+
+** If you wish to use Partial Completion mode to complete partial words
+within symbols or filenames, it is no longer sufficient to load
+complete.el.  Instead you must call the function partial-completion-mode.
+
+** If you wish to use uniquify to rename buffers for you,
+it is no longer sufficient to load uniquify.el.  You must also
+set uniquify-buffer-name-style to one of the non-nil legitimate values.
+
+** Changes in View mode.
+
+*** Several new commands are available in View mode.
+Do H in view mode for a list of commands.
+
+*** There are two new commands for entering View mode:
+view-file-other-frame and view-buffer-other-frame.
+
+*** Exiting View mode does a better job of restoring windows to their
+previous state.
+
+*** New customization variable view-scroll-auto-exit. If non-nil,
+scrolling past end of buffer makes view mode exit.
+
+*** New customization variable view-exits-all-viewing-windows.  If
+non-nil, view-mode will at exit restore all windows viewing buffer,
+not just the selected window.
+
+*** New customization variable view-read-only.  If non-nil, visiting a
+read-only file automatically enters View mode, and toggle-read-only
+turns View mode on or off.
+
+*** New customization variable view-remove-frame-by-deleting controls
+how to remove a not needed frame at view mode exit. If non-nil,
+delete the frame, if nil make an icon of it.
+
+** C-x v l, the command to print a file's version control log,
+now positions point at the entry for the file's current branch version.
+
+** C-x v =, the command to compare a file with the last checked-in version,
+has a new feature.  If the file is currently not locked, so that it is
+presumably identical to the last checked-in version, the command now asks
+which version to compare with.
+
+** When using hideshow.el, incremental search can temporarily show hidden
+blocks if a match is inside the block. 
+
+The block is hidden again if the search is continued and the next match
+is outside the block.  By customizing the variable
+isearch-hide-immediately you can choose to hide all the temporarily
+shown blocks only when exiting from incremental search.
+
+By customizing the variable hs-isearch-open you can choose what kind
+of blocks to temporarily show during isearch: comment blocks, code
+blocks, all of them or none.
+
+** The new command C-x 4 0 (kill-buffer-and-window) kills the
+current buffer and deletes the selected window.  It asks for
+confirmation first.
+
+** C-x C-w, which saves the buffer into a specified file name,
+now changes the major mode according to that file name.
+However, the mode will not be changed if
+(1) a local variables list or the `-*-' line specifies a major mode, or
+(2) the current major mode is a "special" mode,
+    not suitable for ordinary files, or
+(3) the new file name does not particularly specify any mode.
+
+This applies to M-x set-visited-file-name as well.
+
+However, if you set change-major-mode-with-file-name to nil, then
+these commands do not change the major mode.
+
+** M-x occur changes.
+
+*** If the argument to M-x occur contains upper case letters,
+it performs a case-sensitive search.
+
+*** In the *Occur* buffer made by M-x occur,
+if you type g or M-x revert-buffer, this repeats the search
+using the same regular expression and the same buffer as before.
+
+** In Transient Mark mode, the region in any one buffer is highlighted
+in just one window at a time.  At first, it is highlighted in the
+window where you set the mark.  The buffer's highlighting remains in
+that window unless you select to another window which shows the same
+buffer--then the highlighting moves to that window.
+
+** The feature to suggest key bindings when you use M-x now operates
+after the command finishes.  The message suggesting key bindings
+appears temporarily in the echo area.  The previous echo area contents
+come back after a few seconds, in case they contain useful information.
+
+** Each frame now independently records the order for recently
+selected buffers, so that the default for C-x b is now based on the
+buffers recently selected in the selected frame.
+
+** Outline mode changes.
+
+*** Outline mode now uses overlays (this is the former noutline.el).
+
+*** Incremental searches skip over invisible text in Outline mode.
+
+** When a minibuffer window is active but not the selected window, if
+you try to use the minibuffer, you used to get a nested minibuffer.
+Now, this not only gives an error, it also cancels the minibuffer that
+was already active.
+
+The motive for this change is so that beginning users do not
+unknowingly move away from minibuffers, leaving them active, and then
+get confused by it.
+
+If you want to be able to have recursive minibuffers, you must
+set enable-recursive-minibuffers to non-nil.
+
+** Changes in dynamic abbrevs.
+
+*** Expanding dynamic abbrevs with M-/ is now smarter about case
+conversion.  If the expansion has mixed case not counting the first
+character, and the abbreviation matches the beginning of the expansion
+including case, then the expansion is copied verbatim.
+
+The expansion is also copied verbatim if the abbreviation itself has
+mixed case.  And using SPC M-/ to copy an additional word always
+copies it verbatim except when the previous copied word is all caps.
+
+*** The values of `dabbrev-case-replace' and `dabbrev-case-fold-search'
+are no longer Lisp expressions.  They have simply three possible
+values.
+
+`dabbrev-case-replace' has these three values: nil (don't preserve
+case), t (do), or `case-replace' (do like M-x query-replace).
+`dabbrev-case-fold-search' has these three values: nil (don't ignore
+case), t (do), or `case-fold-search' (do like search).
+
+** Minibuffer history lists are truncated automatically now to a
+certain length.  The variable history-length specifies how long they
+can be.  The default value is 30.
+
+** Changes in Mail mode.
+
+*** The key C-x m no longer runs the `mail' command directly.
+Instead, it runs the command `compose-mail', which invokes the mail
+composition mechanism you have selected with the variable
+`mail-user-agent'.  The default choice of user agent is
+`sendmail-user-agent', which gives behavior compatible with the old
+behavior.
+
+C-x 4 m now runs compose-mail-other-window, and C-x 5 m runs
+compose-mail-other-frame.
+
+*** While composing a reply to a mail message, from Rmail, you can use
+the command C-c C-r to cite just the region from the message you are
+replying to.  This copies the text which is the selected region in the
+buffer that shows the original message.
+
+*** The command C-c C-i inserts a file at the end of the message,
+with separator lines around the contents.
+
+*** The command M-x expand-mail-aliases expands all mail aliases
+in suitable mail headers.  Emacs automatically extracts mail alias
+definitions from your mail alias file (e.g., ~/.mailrc).  You do not
+need to expand mail aliases yourself before sending mail.
+
+*** New features in the mail-complete command.
+
+**** The mail-complete command now inserts the user's full name,
+for local users or if that is known.  The variable mail-complete-style
+controls the style to use, and whether to do this at all.
+Its values are like those of mail-from-style.
+
+**** The variable mail-passwd-command lets you specify a shell command
+to run to fetch a set of password-entries that add to the ones in
+/etc/passwd.
+
+**** The variable mail-passwd-file now specifies a list of files to read
+to get the list of user ids.  By default, one file is used:
+/etc/passwd.
+
+** You can "quote" a file name to inhibit special significance of
+special syntax, by adding `/:' to the beginning.  Thus, if you have a
+directory named `/foo:', you can prevent it from being treated as a
+reference to a remote host named `foo' by writing it as `/:/foo:'.
+
+Emacs uses this new construct automatically when necessary, such as
+when you start it with a working directory whose name might otherwise
+be taken to be magic.
+
+** There is a new command M-x grep-find which uses find to select
+files to search through, and grep to scan them.  The output is
+available in a Compile mode buffer, as with M-x grep.
+
+M-x grep now uses the -e option if the grep program supports that.
+(-e prevents problems if the search pattern starts with a dash.)
+
+** In Dired, the & command now flags for deletion the files whose names
+suggest they are probably not needed in the long run.
+
+In Dired, * is now a prefix key for mark-related commands.
+
+new key		dired.el binding		old key
+-------		----------------		-------
+  * c		dired-change-marks		c
+  * m		dired-mark			m
+  * *		dired-mark-executables		*  (binding deleted)
+  * /		dired-mark-directories		/  (binding deleted)
+  * @		dired-mark-symlinks		@  (binding deleted)
+  * u		dired-unmark			u
+  * DEL		dired-unmark-backward		DEL
+  * ?		dired-unmark-all-files		M-C-?
+  * !		dired-unmark-all-marks
+  * %		dired-mark-files-regexp		% m
+  * C-n		dired-next-marked-file		M-}
+  * C-p		dired-prev-marked-file		M-{
+
+** Rmail changes.
+
+*** When Rmail cannot convert your incoming mail into Babyl format, it
+saves the new mail in the file RMAILOSE.n, where n is an integer
+chosen to make a unique name.  This way, Rmail will not keep crashing
+each time you run it.
+
+*** In Rmail, the variable rmail-summary-line-count-flag now controls
+whether to include the line count in the summary.  Non-nil means yes.
+
+*** In Rmail summary buffers, d and C-d (the commands to delete
+messages) now take repeat counts as arguments.  A negative argument
+means to move in the opposite direction.
+
+*** In Rmail, the t command now takes an optional argument which lets
+you specify whether to show the message headers in full or pruned.
+
+*** In Rmail, the new command w (rmail-output-body-to-file) writes
+just the body of the current message into a file, without the headers.
+It takes the file name from the message subject, by default, but you
+can edit that file name in the minibuffer before it is actually used
+for output.
+
+** Gnus changes.
+
+*** nntp.el has been totally rewritten in an asynchronous fashion.
+
+*** Article prefetching functionality has been moved up into 
+Gnus.  
+
+*** Scoring can now be performed with logical operators like 
+`and', `or', `not', and parent redirection.
+
+*** Article washing status can be displayed in the
+article mode line.
+
+*** gnus.el has been split into many smaller files.
+
+*** Suppression of duplicate articles based on Message-ID.
+
+(setq gnus-suppress-duplicates t)
+
+*** New variables for specifying what score and adapt files
+are to be considered home score and adapt files.  See
+`gnus-home-score-file' and `gnus-home-adapt-files'.
+
+*** Groups can inherit group parameters from parent topics.
+
+*** Article editing has been revamped and is now usable.
+
+*** Signatures can be recognized in more intelligent fashions.
+See `gnus-signature-separator' and `gnus-signature-limit'.
+
+*** Summary pick mode has been made to look more nn-like.
+Line numbers are displayed and the `.' command can be
+used to pick articles.
+
+*** Commands for moving the .newsrc.eld from one server to
+another have been added.
+
+    `M-x gnus-change-server'
+
+*** A way to specify that "uninteresting" fields be suppressed when
+generating lines in buffers.
+
+*** Several commands in the group buffer can be undone with
+`M-C-_'.
+
+*** Scoring can be done on words using the new score type `w'.
+
+*** Adaptive scoring can be done on a Subject word-by-word basis:
+
+    (setq gnus-use-adaptive-scoring '(word))
+
+*** Scores can be decayed.
+ 
+    (setq gnus-decay-scores t)
+
+*** Scoring can be performed using a regexp on the Date header.  The
+Date is normalized to compact ISO 8601 format first.
+
+*** A new command has been added to remove all data on articles from
+the native server.
+
+   `M-x gnus-group-clear-data-on-native-groups'
+
+*** A new command for reading collections of documents
+(nndoc with nnvirtual on top) has been added -- `M-C-d'.
+
+*** Process mark sets can be pushed and popped.
+
+*** A new mail-to-news backend makes it possible to post
+even when the NNTP server doesn't allow posting.
+
+*** A new backend for reading searches from Web search engines
+(DejaNews, Alta Vista, InReference) has been added.
+
+    Use the `G w' command in the group buffer to create such
+    a group.
+
+*** Groups inside topics can now be sorted using the standard
+sorting functions, and each topic can be sorted independently.
+
+    See the commands under the `T S' submap.
+
+*** Subsets of the groups can be sorted independently.
+
+    See the commands under the `G P' submap.
+
+*** Cached articles can be pulled into the groups.
+  
+    Use the `Y c' command.
+
+*** Score files are now applied in a more reliable order.
+
+*** Reports on where mail messages end up can be generated.
+
+    `M-x nnmail-split-history'
+
+*** More hooks and functions have been added to remove junk
+from incoming mail before saving the mail.
+ 
+    See `nnmail-prepare-incoming-header-hook'.
+
+*** The nnml mail backend now understands compressed article files.
+
+*** To enable Gnus to read/post multi-lingual articles, you must execute
+the following code, for instance, in your .emacs.
+
+	(add-hook 'gnus-startup-hook 'gnus-mule-initialize)
+
+Then, when you start Gnus, it will decode non-ASCII text automatically
+and show appropriate characters.  (Note: if you are using gnus-mime
+from the SEMI package, formerly known as TM, you should NOT add this
+hook to gnus-startup-hook; gnus-mime has its own method of handling
+this issue.)
+
+Since it is impossible to distinguish all coding systems
+automatically, you may need to specify a choice of coding system for a
+particular news group.  This can be done by:
+
+	(gnus-mule-add-group NEWSGROUP 'CODING-SYSTEM)
+
+Here NEWSGROUP should be a string which names a newsgroup or a tree
+of newsgroups.  If NEWSGROUP is "XXX.YYY", all news groups under
+"XXX.YYY" (including "XXX.YYY.ZZZ") will use the specified coding
+system.  CODING-SYSTEM specifies which coding system to use (for both
+for reading and posting).
+
+CODING-SYSTEM can also be a cons cell of the form
+  (READ-CODING-SYSTEM . POST-CODING-SYSTEM)
+Then READ-CODING-SYSTEM is used when you read messages from the
+newsgroups, while POST-CODING-SYSTEM is used when you post messages
+there.
+
+Emacs knows the right coding systems for certain newsgroups by
+default.  Here are some of these default settings:
+
+	(gnus-mule-add-group "fj" 'iso-2022-7)
+	(gnus-mule-add-group "alt.chinese.text" 'hz-gb-2312)
+	(gnus-mule-add-group "alt.hk" 'hz-gb-2312)
+	(gnus-mule-add-group "alt.chinese.text.big5" 'cn-big5)
+	(gnus-mule-add-group "soc.culture.vietnamese" '(nil . viqr))
+
+When you reply by mail to an article, these settings are ignored;
+the mail is encoded according to sendmail-coding-system, as usual.
+
+** CC mode changes.
+
+*** If you edit primarily one style of C (or C++, Objective-C, Java)
+code, you may want to make the CC Mode style variables have global
+values so that you can set them directly in your .emacs file.  To do
+this, set c-style-variables-are-local-p to nil in your .emacs file.
+Note that this only takes effect if you do it *before* cc-mode.el is
+loaded.
+
+If you typically edit more than one style of C (or C++, Objective-C,
+Java) code in a single Emacs session, you may want to make the CC Mode 
+style variables have buffer local values.  By default, all buffers
+share the same style variable settings; to make them buffer local, set 
+c-style-variables-are-local-p to t in your .emacs file.  Note that you 
+must do this *before* CC Mode is loaded.
+
+*** The new variable c-indentation-style holds the C style name
+of the current buffer.
+
+*** The variable c-block-comments-indent-p has been deleted, because
+it is no longer necessary.  C mode now handles all the supported styles
+of block comments, with no need to say which one you will use.
+
+*** There is a new indentation style "python", which specifies the C
+style that the Python developers like.
+
+*** There is a new c-cleanup-list option: brace-elseif-brace.
+This says to put ...} else if (...) {... on one line,
+just as brace-else-brace says to put ...} else {... on one line.
+
+** VC Changes [new]
+
+** In vc-retrieve-snapshot (C-x v r), if you don't specify a snapshot
+name, it retrieves the *latest* versions of all files in the current
+directory and its subdirectories (aside from files already locked).
+
+This feature is useful if your RCS directory is a link to a common
+master directory, and you want to pick up changes made by other
+developers.
+
+You can do the same thing for an individual file by typing C-u C-x C-q
+RET in a buffer visiting that file.
+
+*** VC can now handle files under CVS that are being "watched" by
+other developers.  Such files are made read-only by CVS.  To get a
+writable copy, type C-x C-q in a buffer visiting such a file.  VC then
+calls "cvs edit", which notifies the other developers of it.
+
+*** vc-version-diff (C-u C-x v =) now suggests reasonable defaults for
+version numbers, based on the current state of the file.
+
+** Calendar changes.
+
+A new function, list-holidays, allows you list holidays or subclasses
+of holidays for ranges of years.  Related menu items allow you do this
+for the year of the selected date, or the following/previous years.
+
+** ps-print changes
+
+There are some new user variables for customizing the page layout.  
+
+*** Paper size, paper orientation, columns
+
+The variable `ps-paper-type' determines the size of paper ps-print
+formats for; it should contain one of the symbols:
+`a4' `a3' `letter' `legal' `letter-small' `tabloid'
+`ledger' `statement' `executive' `a4small' `b4' `b5'
+It defaults to `letter'.
+If you need other sizes, see the variable `ps-page-dimensions-database'.
+
+The variable `ps-landscape-mode' determines the orientation
+of the printing on the page.  nil, the default, means "portrait" mode, 
+non-nil means "landscape" mode.
+
+The variable `ps-number-of-columns' must be a positive integer.
+It determines the number of columns both in landscape and portrait mode.
+It defaults to 1. 
+
+*** Horizontal layout
+
+The horizontal layout is determined by the variables
+`ps-left-margin', `ps-inter-column', and `ps-right-margin'.
+All are measured in points.
+
+*** Vertical layout
+
+The vertical layout is determined by the variables
+`ps-bottom-margin', `ps-top-margin', and `ps-header-offset'.
+All are measured in points.
+
+*** Headers
+
+If the variable `ps-print-header' is nil, no header is printed.  Then
+`ps-header-offset' is not relevant and `ps-top-margin' represents the
+margin above the text.
+
+If the variable `ps-print-header-frame' is non-nil, a gaudy 
+framing box is printed around the header.
+
+The contents of the header are determined by `ps-header-lines',
+`ps-show-n-of-n', `ps-left-header' and `ps-right-header'.
+
+The height of the header is determined by `ps-header-line-pad', 
+`ps-header-font-family', `ps-header-title-font-size' and 
+`ps-header-font-size'.
+
+*** Font managing
+
+The variable `ps-font-family' determines which font family is to be
+used for ordinary text.  Its value must be a key symbol in the alist
+`ps-font-info-database'.  You can add other font families by adding
+elements to this alist.
+
+The variable `ps-font-size' determines the size of the font 
+for ordinary text.  It defaults to 8.5 points.
+
+** hideshow changes.
+
+*** now supports hiding of blocks of single line comments (like // for
+C++, ; for lisp). 
+
+*** Support for java-mode added.
+
+*** When doing `hs-hide-all' it is now possible to also hide the comments
+in the file if `hs-hide-comments-when-hiding-all' is set.
+
+*** The new function `hs-hide-initial-comment' hides the the comments at
+the beginning of the files.  Finally those huge RCS logs don't stay in your
+way!  This is run by default when entering the `hs-minor-mode'.
+
+*** Now uses overlays instead of `selective-display', so is more
+robust and a lot faster.
+
+*** A block beginning can span multiple lines. 
+
+*** The new variable `hs-show-hidden-short-form' if t, directs hideshow
+to show only the beginning of a block when it is hidden.  See the
+documentation for more details.
+
+** Changes in Enriched mode.
+
+*** When you visit a file in enriched-mode, Emacs will make sure it is
+filled to the current fill-column.  This behavior is now independent
+of the size of the window.  When you save the file, the fill-column in
+use is stored as well, so that the whole buffer need not be refilled
+the next time unless the fill-column is different.
+
+*** use-hard-newlines is now a minor mode.  When it is enabled, Emacs
+distinguishes between hard and soft newlines, and treats hard newlines
+as paragraph boundaries.  Otherwise all newlines inserted are marked
+as soft, and paragraph boundaries are determined solely from the text.
+
+** Font Lock mode
+
+*** Custom support
+
+The variables font-lock-face-attributes, font-lock-display-type and
+font-lock-background-mode are now obsolete; the recommended way to specify the
+faces to use for Font Lock mode is with M-x customize-group on the new custom
+group font-lock-highlighting-faces.  If you set font-lock-face-attributes in
+your ~/.emacs file, Font Lock mode will respect its value.  However, you should
+consider converting from setting that variable to using M-x customize.
+
+You can still use X resources to specify Font Lock face appearances.
+
+*** Maximum decoration
+
+Fontification now uses the maximum level of decoration supported by
+default.  Previously, fontification used a mode-specific default level
+of decoration, which is typically the minimum level of decoration
+supported.  You can set font-lock-maximum-decoration to nil
+to get the old behavior.
+
+*** New support
+
+Support is now provided for Java, Objective-C, AWK and SIMULA modes.
+
+Note that Font Lock mode can be turned on without knowing exactly what modes
+support Font Lock mode, via the command global-font-lock-mode.
+
+*** Configurable support
+
+Support for C, C++, Objective-C and Java can be more easily configured for
+additional types and classes via the new variables c-font-lock-extra-types,
+c++-font-lock-extra-types, objc-font-lock-extra-types and, you guessed it,
+java-font-lock-extra-types.  These value of each of these variables should be a
+list of regexps matching the extra type names.  For example, the default value
+of c-font-lock-extra-types is ("\\sw+_t") which means fontification follows the
+convention that C type names end in _t.  This results in slower fontification.
+
+Of course, you can change the variables that specify fontification in whatever
+way you wish, typically by adding regexps.  However, these new variables make
+it easier to make specific and common changes for the fontification of types.
+
+*** Adding highlighting patterns to existing support
+
+You can use the new function font-lock-add-keywords to add your own
+highlighting patterns, such as for project-local or user-specific constructs,
+for any mode.
+
+For example, to highlight `FIXME:' words in C comments, put:
+
+ (font-lock-add-keywords 'c-mode '(("\\<FIXME:" 0 font-lock-warning-face t)))
+
+in your ~/.emacs.
+
+*** New faces
+
+Font Lock now defines two new faces, font-lock-builtin-face and
+font-lock-warning-face.  These are intended to highlight builtin keywords,
+distinct from a language's normal keywords, and objects that should be brought
+to user attention, respectively.  Various modes now use these new faces.
+
+*** Changes to fast-lock support mode
+
+The fast-lock package, one of the two Font Lock support modes, can now process
+cache files silently.  You can use the new variable fast-lock-verbose, in the
+same way as font-lock-verbose, to control this feature.
+
+*** Changes to lazy-lock support mode
+
+The lazy-lock package, one of the two Font Lock support modes, can now fontify
+according to the true syntactic context relative to other lines.  You can use
+the new variable lazy-lock-defer-contextually to control this feature.  If
+non-nil, changes to the buffer will cause subsequent lines in the buffer to be
+refontified after lazy-lock-defer-time seconds of idle time.  If nil, then only
+the modified lines will be refontified; this is the same as the previous Lazy
+Lock mode behaviour and the behaviour of Font Lock mode.
+
+This feature is useful in modes where strings or comments can span lines.
+For example, if a string or comment terminating character is deleted, then if
+this feature is enabled subsequent lines in the buffer will be correctly
+refontified to reflect their new syntactic context.  Previously, only the line
+containing the deleted character would be refontified and you would have to use
+the command M-g M-g (font-lock-fontify-block) to refontify some lines.
+
+As a consequence of this new feature, two other variables have changed:
+
+Variable `lazy-lock-defer-driven' is renamed `lazy-lock-defer-on-scrolling'.
+Variable `lazy-lock-defer-time' can now only be a time, i.e., a number.
+Buffer modes for which on-the-fly deferral applies can be specified via the
+new variable `lazy-lock-defer-on-the-fly'.
+
+If you set these variables in your ~/.emacs, then you may have to change those
+settings.
+
+** Ada mode changes.
+
+*** There is now better support for using find-file.el with Ada mode.
+If you switch between spec and body, the cursor stays in the same
+procedure (modulo overloading).  If a spec has no body file yet, but
+you try to switch to its body file, Ada mode now generates procedure
+stubs.
+
+*** There are two new commands:
+ - `ada-make-local'   : invokes gnatmake on the current buffer
+ - `ada-check-syntax' : check syntax of current buffer.
+
+The user options `ada-compiler-make', `ada-make-options',
+`ada-language-version', `ada-compiler-syntax-check', and
+`ada-compile-options' are used within these commands. 
+
+*** Ada mode can now work with Outline minor mode.  The outline level
+is calculated from the indenting, not from syntactic constructs.
+Outlining does not work if your code is not correctly indented.
+
+*** The new function `ada-gnat-style' converts the buffer to the style of
+formatting used in GNAT.  It places two blanks after a comment start,
+places one blank between a word end and an opening '(', and puts one
+space between a comma and the beginning of a word.
+
+** Scheme mode changes.
+
+*** Scheme mode indentation now uses many of the facilities of Lisp
+mode; therefore, the variables to customize it are the variables used
+for Lisp mode which have names starting with `lisp-'.  The variables
+with names starting with `scheme-' which used to do this no longer
+have any effect.
+
+If you want to use different indentation for Scheme and Lisp, this is
+still possible, but now you must do it by adding a hook to
+scheme-mode-hook, which could work by setting the `lisp-' indentation
+variables as buffer-local variables.
+
+*** DSSSL mode is a variant of Scheme mode, for editing DSSSL scripts.
+Use M-x dsssl-mode.
+
+** The emacsclient program now accepts an option --no-wait which tells
+it to return immediately without waiting for you to "finish" the
+buffer in Emacs.
+
+** M-x eldoc-mode enables a minor mode in which the echo area
+constantly shows the parameter list for function being called at point
+(in Emacs Lisp and Lisp Interaction modes only).
+
+** C-x n d now runs the new command narrow-to-defun,
+which narrows the accessible parts of the buffer to just
+the current defun.
+
+** Emacs now handles the `--' argument in the standard way; all
+following arguments are treated as ordinary file names.
+
+** On MSDOS and Windows, the bookmark file is now called _emacs.bmk,
+and the saved desktop file is now called _emacs.desktop (truncated if
+necessary).
+
+** When you kill a buffer that visits a file,
+if there are any registers that save positions in the file,
+these register values no longer become completely useless.
+If you try to go to such a register with C-x j, then you are
+asked whether to visit the file again.  If you say yes,
+it visits the file and then goes to the same position.
+
+** When you visit a file that changes frequently outside Emacs--for
+example, a log of output from a process that continues to run--it may
+be useful for Emacs to revert the file without querying you whenever
+you visit the file afresh with C-x C-f.
+
+You can request this behavior for certain files by setting the
+variable revert-without-query to a list of regular expressions.  If a
+file's name matches any of these regular expressions, find-file and
+revert-buffer revert the buffer without asking for permission--but
+only if you have not edited the buffer text yourself.
+
+** set-default-font has been renamed to set-frame-font
+since it applies only to the current frame.
+
+** In TeX mode, you can use the variable tex-main-file to specify the
+file for tex-file to run TeX on.  (By default, tex-main-file is nil,
+and tex-file runs TeX on the current visited file.)
+
+This is useful when you are editing a document that consists of
+multiple files.  In each of the included files, you can set up a local
+variable list which specifies the top-level file of your document for
+tex-main-file.  Then tex-file will run TeX on the whole document
+instead of just the file you are editing.
+
+** RefTeX mode
+
+RefTeX mode is a new minor mode with special support for \label, \ref
+and \cite macros in LaTeX documents.  RefTeX distinguishes labels of
+different environments (equation, figure, ...) and has full support for
+multifile documents.  To use it, select a buffer with a LaTeX document and
+turn the mode on with M-x reftex-mode.  Here are the main user commands:
+
+C-c (    reftex-label        
+   Creates a label semi-automatically.  RefTeX is context sensitive and
+   knows which kind of label is needed.
+
+C-c )    reftex-reference
+   Offers in a menu all labels in the document, along with context of the
+   label definition.  The selected label is referenced as \ref{LABEL}.
+
+C-c [    reftex-citation
+   Prompts for a regular expression and displays a list of matching BibTeX
+   database entries.  The selected entry is cited with a \cite{KEY} macro.
+
+C-c &    reftex-view-crossref
+   Views the cross reference of a \ref or \cite command near point.
+
+C-c =    reftex-toc
+   Shows a table of contents of the (multifile) document.  From there you
+   can quickly jump to every section.
+ 
+Under X, RefTeX installs a "Ref" menu in the menu bar, with additional
+commands.  Press `?' to get help when a prompt mentions this feature.
+Full documentation and customization examples are in the file
+reftex.el.  You can use the finder to view the file documentation:
+C-h p --> tex --> reftex.el
+
+** Changes in BibTeX mode.
+
+*** Info documentation is now available.
+
+*** Don't allow parentheses in string constants anymore.  This confused
+both the BibTeX program and Emacs BibTeX mode.
+
+*** Renamed variable bibtex-mode-user-optional-fields to
+bibtex-user-optional-fields.
+
+*** Removed variable bibtex-include-OPTannote
+(use bibtex-user-optional-fields instead).
+
+*** New interactive functions to copy and kill fields and complete
+entries to the BibTeX kill ring, from where they can be yanked back by
+appropriate functions.
+
+*** New interactive functions for repositioning and marking of
+entries. They are bound by default to M-C-l and M-C-h.
+
+*** New hook bibtex-clean-entry-hook. It is called after entry has
+been cleaned.
+
+*** New variable bibtex-field-delimiters, which replaces variables
+bibtex-field-{left|right}-delimiter.
+
+*** New variable bibtex-entry-delimiters to determine how entries
+shall be delimited.
+
+*** Allow preinitialization of fields. See documentation of
+bibtex-user-optional-fields, bibtex-entry-field-alist, and
+bibtex-include-OPTkey for details.
+
+*** Book and InBook entries require either an author or an editor
+field. This is now supported by bibtex.el. Alternative fields are
+prefixed with `ALT'.
+
+*** New variable bibtex-entry-format, which replaces variable
+bibtex-clean-entry-zap-empty-opts and allows specification of many
+formatting options performed on cleaning an entry (see variable
+documentation).
+
+*** Even more control on how automatic keys are generated. See
+documentation of bibtex-generate-autokey for details. Transcriptions
+for foreign languages other than German are now handled, too.
+
+*** New boolean user option bibtex-comma-after-last-field to decide if
+comma should be inserted at end of last field.
+
+*** New boolean user option bibtex-align-at-equal-sign to determine if
+alignment should be made at left side of field contents or at equal
+signs. New user options to control entry layout (e.g. indentation).
+
+*** New function bibtex-fill-entry to realign entries.
+
+*** New function bibtex-reformat to reformat region or buffer.
+
+*** New function bibtex-convert-alien to convert a BibTeX database
+from alien sources.
+
+*** New function bibtex-complete-key (similar to bibtex-complete-string)
+to complete prefix to a key defined in buffer. Mainly useful in
+crossref entries.
+
+*** New function bibtex-count-entries to count entries in buffer or
+region.
+
+*** Added support for imenu.
+
+*** The function `bibtex-validate' now checks current region instead
+of buffer if mark is active. Now it shows all errors of buffer in a
+`compilation mode' buffer. You can use the normal commands (e.g.
+`next-error') for compilation modes to jump to errors.
+
+*** New variable `bibtex-string-file-path' to determine where the files
+from `bibtex-string-files' are searched.
+
+** Iso Accents mode now supports Latin-3 as an alternative.
+
+** The function using-unix-filesystems has been replaced by the
+functions add-untranslated-filesystem and remove-untranslated-filesystem.
+Each of these functions takes the name of a drive letter or directory
+as an argument.
+
+When a filesystem is added as untranslated, all files on it are read
+and written in binary mode (no cr/lf translation is performed).
+
+** browse-url changes
+
+*** New methods for: Grail (browse-url-generic), MMM (browse-url-mmm),
+Lynx in a separate xterm (browse-url-lynx-xterm) or in an Emacs window
+(browse-url-lynx-emacs), remote W3 (browse-url-w3-gnudoit), generic
+non-remote-controlled browsers (browse-url-generic) and associated
+customization variables.
+
+*** New commands `browse-url-of-region' and `browse-url'.
+
+*** URLs marked up with <URL:...> (RFC1738) work if broken across
+lines.  Browsing methods can be associated with URL regexps
+(e.g. mailto: URLs) via `browse-url-browser-function'.
+
+** Changes in Ediff
+
+*** Clicking Mouse-2 on a brief command description in Ediff control panel
+pops up the Info file for this command.
+
+*** There is now a variable, ediff-autostore-merges, which controls whether
+the result of a merge is saved in a file. By default, this is done only when
+merge is done from a session group (eg, when merging files in two different
+directories).
+
+*** Since Emacs 19.31 (this hasn't been announced before), Ediff can compare
+and merge groups of files residing in different directories, or revisions of
+files in the same directory.
+
+*** Since Emacs 19.31, Ediff can apply multi-file patches interactively.
+The patches must be in the context format or GNU unified format.  (The bug
+related to the GNU format has now been fixed.)
+
+** Changes in Viper
+
+*** The startup file is now .viper instead of .vip
+*** All variable/function names have been changed to start with viper- 
+    instead of vip-.
+*** C-\ now simulates the meta-key in all Viper states.
+*** C-z in Insert state now escapes to Vi for the duration of the next 
+Viper command. In Vi and Insert states, C-z behaves as before.
+*** C-c \ escapes to Vi for one command if Viper is in Insert or Emacs states.
+*** _ is no longer the meta-key in Vi state.
+*** The variable viper-insert-state-cursor-color can be used to change cursor
+color when Viper is in insert state.
+*** If search lands the cursor near the top or the bottom of the window,
+Viper pulls the window up or down to expose more context. The variable
+viper-adjust-window-after-search controls this behavior.
+
+** Etags changes.
+
+*** In C, C++, Objective C and Java, Etags tags global variables by
+default.  The resulting tags files are inflated by 30% on average.
+Use --no-globals to turn this feature off.  Etags can also tag
+variables which are members of structure-like constructs, but it does
+not by default.  Use --members to turn this feature on.
+
+*** C++ member functions are now recognized as tags.
+
+*** Java is tagged like C++.  In addition, "extends" and "implements"
+constructs are tagged.  Files are recognised by the extension .java.
+
+*** Etags can now handle programs written in Postscript.  Files are
+recognised by the extensions .ps and .pdb (Postscript with C syntax).
+In Postscript, tags are lines that start with a slash.
+
+*** Etags now handles Objective C and Objective C++ code.  The usual C and
+C++ tags are recognized in these languages; in addition, etags
+recognizes special Objective C syntax for classes, class categories,
+methods and protocols.
+
+*** Etags also handles Cobol.  Files are recognised by the extension
+.cobol.  The tagged lines are those containing a word that begins in
+column 8 and ends in a full stop, i.e. anything that could be a
+paragraph name.
+
+*** Regexps in Etags now support intervals, as in ed or grep.  The syntax of
+an interval is \{M,N\}, and it means to match the preceding expression
+at least M times and as many as N times.
+
+** The format for specifying a custom format for time-stamp to insert
+in files has changed slightly.
+
+With the new enhancements to the functionality of format-time-string,
+time-stamp-format will change to be eventually compatible with it.
+This conversion is being done in two steps to maintain compatibility
+with old time-stamp-format values.
+
+In the new scheme, alternate case is signified by the number-sign
+(`#') modifier, rather than changing the case of the format character.
+This feature is as yet incompletely implemented for compatibility
+reasons.
+
+In the old time-stamp-format, all numeric fields defaulted to their
+natural width.  (With format-time-string, each format has a
+fixed-width default.)  In this version, you can specify the colon
+(`:') modifier to a numeric conversion to mean "give me the historical
+time-stamp-format width default."  Do not use colon if you are
+specifying an explicit width, as in "%02d".
+
+Numbers are no longer truncated to the requested width, except in the
+case of "%02y", which continues to give a two-digit year.  Digit
+truncation probably wasn't being used for anything else anyway.
+
+The new formats will work with old versions of Emacs.  New formats are
+being recommended now to allow time-stamp-format to change in the
+future to be compatible with format-time-string.  The new forms being
+recommended now will continue to work then.
+
+See the documentation string for the variable time-stamp-format for
+details.
+
+** There are some additional major modes:
+
+dcl-mode, for editing VMS DCL files.
+m4-mode, for editing files of m4 input.
+meta-mode, for editing MetaFont and MetaPost source files.
+
+** In Shell mode, the command shell-copy-environment-variable lets you
+copy the value of a specified environment variable from the subshell
+into Emacs.
+
+** New Lisp packages include:
+
+*** battery.el displays battery status for laptops.
+
+*** M-x bruce (named after Lenny Bruce) is a program that might
+be used for adding some indecent words to your email.
+
+*** M-x crisp-mode enables an emulation for the CRiSP editor.
+
+*** M-x dirtrack arranges for better tracking of directory changes
+in shell buffers.
+
+*** The new library elint.el provides for linting of Emacs Lisp code.
+See the documentation for `elint-initialize', `elint-current-buffer'
+and `elint-defun'.
+
+*** M-x expand-add-abbrevs defines a special kind of abbrev which is
+meant for programming constructs.  These abbrevs expand like ordinary
+ones, when you type SPC, but only at the end of a line and not within
+strings or comments.
+
+These abbrevs can act as templates: you can define places within an
+abbrev for insertion of additional text.  Once you expand the abbrev,
+you can then use C-x a p and C-x a n to move back and forth to these
+insertion points.  Thus you can conveniently insert additional text
+at these points.
+
+*** filecache.el remembers the location of files so that you
+can visit them by short forms of their names.
+
+*** find-func.el lets you find the definition of the user-loaded
+Emacs Lisp function at point.
+
+*** M-x handwrite converts text to a "handwritten" picture.
+
+*** M-x iswitchb-buffer is a command for switching to a buffer, much like
+switch-buffer, but it reads the argument in a more helpful way.
+
+*** M-x landmark implements a neural network for landmark learning.
+
+*** M-x locate provides a convenient interface to the `locate' program.
+
+*** M4 mode is a new mode for editing files of m4 input.
+
+*** mantemp.el creates C++ manual template instantiations
+from the GCC error messages which indicate which instantiations are needed.
+
+*** mouse-copy.el provides a one-click copy and move feature.
+You can drag a region with M-mouse-1, and it is automatically
+inserted at point.  M-Shift-mouse-1 deletes the text from its
+original place after inserting the copy.
+
+*** mouse-drag.el lets you do scrolling by dragging Mouse-2
+on the buffer.
+
+You click the mouse and move; that distance either translates into the
+velocity to scroll (with mouse-drag-throw) or the distance to scroll
+(with mouse-drag-drag).  Horizontal scrolling is enabled when needed.
+
+Enable mouse-drag with:
+    (global-set-key [down-mouse-2] 'mouse-drag-throw)
+-or-
+    (global-set-key [down-mouse-2] 'mouse-drag-drag)
+
+*** mspools.el is useful for determining which mail folders have
+mail waiting to be read in them.  It works with procmail.
+
+*** Octave mode is a major mode for editing files of input for Octave.
+It comes with a facility for communicating with an Octave subprocess.
+
+*** ogonek
+
+The ogonek package provides functions for changing the coding of
+Polish diacritic characters in buffers.  Codings known from various
+platforms are supported such as ISO8859-2, Mazovia, IBM Latin2, and
+TeX.  For example, you can change the coding from Mazovia to
+ISO8859-2.  Another example is a change of coding from ISO8859-2 to
+prefix notation (in which `/a' stands for the aogonek character, for
+instance) and vice versa.
+
+To use this package load it using
+    M-x load-library [enter] ogonek
+Then, you may get an explanation by calling one of
+    M-x ogonek-jak        -- in Polish  
+    M-x ogonek-how        -- in English
+The info specifies the commands and variables provided as well as the
+ways of customization in `.emacs'.
+
+*** Interface to ph.
+
+Emacs provides a client interface to CCSO Nameservers (ph/qi)
+
+The CCSO nameserver is used in many universities to provide directory
+services about people.  ph.el provides a convenient Emacs interface to
+these servers.
+
+*** uce.el is useful for replying to unsolicited commercial email.
+
+*** vcursor.el implements a "virtual cursor" feature.
+You can move the virtual cursor with special commands
+while the real cursor does not move.
+
+*** webjump.el is a "hot list" package which you can set up
+for visiting your favorite web sites.
+
+*** M-x winner-mode is a minor mode which saves window configurations,
+so you can move back to other configurations that you have recently used.
+
+** movemail change
+
+Movemail no longer needs to be installed setuid root in order for POP
+mail retrieval to function properly.  This is because it no longer
+supports the RPOP (reserved-port POP) protocol; instead, it uses the
+user's POP password to authenticate to the mail server.
+
+This change was made earlier, but not reported in NEWS before.
+
+* Emacs 20.1 changes for MS-DOS and MS-Windows.
+
+** Changes in handling MS-DOS/MS-Windows text files.
+
+Emacs handles three different conventions for representing
+end-of-line: CRLF for MSDOS, LF for Unix and GNU, and CR (used on the
+Macintosh).  Emacs determines which convention is used in a specific
+file based on the contents of that file (except for certain special
+file names), and when it saves the file, it uses the same convention.
+
+To save the file and change the end-of-line convention, you can use
+C-x RET f (set-buffer-file-coding-system) to specify a different
+coding system for the buffer.  Then, when you save the file, the newly
+specified coding system will take effect.  For example, to save with
+LF, specify undecided-unix (or some other ...-unix coding system); to
+save with CRLF, specify undecided-dos.
+
+* Lisp Changes in Emacs 20.1
+
+** Byte-compiled files made with Emacs 20 will, in general, work in
+Emacs 19 as well, as long as the source code runs in Emacs 19.  And
+vice versa: byte-compiled files made with Emacs 19 should also run in
+Emacs 20, as long as the program itself works in Emacs 20.
+
+** Windows-specific functions and variables have been renamed
+to start with w32- instead of win32-.
+
+In hacker language, calling something a "win" is a form of praise.  We
+don't want to praise a non-free Microsoft system, so we don't call it
+"win".
+
+** Basic Lisp changes
+
+*** A symbol whose name starts with a colon now automatically
+evaluates to itself.  Therefore such a symbol can be used as a constant.
+
+*** The defined purpose of `defconst' has been changed.  It should now
+be used only for values that should not be changed whether by a program
+or by the user.
+
+The actual behavior of defconst has not been changed.
+
+*** There are new macros `when' and `unless'
+
+(when CONDITION BODY...)  is short for  (if CONDITION (progn BODY...))
+(unless CONDITION BODY...)  is short for  (if CONDITION nil BODY...)
+
+*** Emacs now defines functions caar, cadr, cdar and cddr with their
+usual Lisp meanings.  For example, caar returns the car of the car of
+its argument.
+
+*** equal, when comparing strings, now ignores their text properties.
+
+*** The new function `functionp' tests whether an object is a function.
+
+*** arrayp now returns t for char-tables and bool-vectors.
+
+*** Certain primitives which use characters (as integers) now get an
+error if the integer is not a valid character code.  These primitives
+include insert-char, char-to-string, and the %c construct in the
+`format' function.
+
+*** The `require' function now insists on adding a suffix, either .el
+or .elc, to the file name.  Thus, (require 'foo) will not use a file
+whose name is just foo.  It insists on foo.el or foo.elc.
+
+*** The `autoload' function, when the file name does not contain
+either a directory name or the suffix .el or .elc, insists on
+adding one of these suffixes.
+
+*** string-to-number now takes an optional second argument BASE
+which specifies the base to use when converting an integer.
+If BASE is omitted, base 10 is used. 
+
+We have not implemented other radices for floating point numbers,
+because that would be much more work and does not seem useful.
+
+*** substring now handles vectors as well as strings.
+
+*** The Common Lisp function eql is no longer defined normally.
+You must load the `cl' library to define it.
+
+*** The new macro `with-current-buffer' lets you evaluate an expression
+conveniently with a different current buffer.  It looks like this:
+
+  (with-current-buffer BUFFER BODY-FORMS...)
+
+BUFFER is the expression that says which buffer to use.
+BODY-FORMS say what to do in that buffer.
+
+*** The new primitive `save-current-buffer' saves and restores the
+choice of current buffer, like `save-excursion', but without saving or
+restoring the value of point or the mark.  `with-current-buffer'
+works using `save-current-buffer'.
+
+*** The new macro `with-temp-file' lets you do some work in a new buffer and
+write the output to a specified file.  Like `progn', it returns the value
+of the last form.
+
+*** The new macro `with-temp-buffer' lets you do some work in a new buffer,
+which is discarded after use.  Like `progn', it returns the value of the
+last form.  If you wish to return the buffer contents, use (buffer-string)
+as the last form.
+
+*** The new function split-string takes a string, splits it at certain
+characters, and returns a list of the substrings in between the
+matches.
+
+For example, (split-string "foo bar lose" " +") returns ("foo" "bar" "lose").
+
+*** The new macro with-output-to-string executes some Lisp expressions
+with standard-output set up so that all output feeds into a string.
+Then it returns that string.
+
+For example, if the current buffer name is `foo',
+
+(with-output-to-string
+  (princ "The buffer is ")
+  (princ (buffer-name)))
+
+returns "The buffer is foo".
+
+** Non-ASCII characters are now supported, if enable-multibyte-characters
+is non-nil.
+
+These characters have character codes above 256.  When inserted in the
+buffer or stored in a string, they are represented as multibyte
+characters that occupy several buffer positions each.
+
+*** When enable-multibyte-characters is non-nil, a single character in
+a buffer or string can be two or more bytes (as many as four).
+
+Buffers and strings are still made up of unibyte elements;
+character positions and string indices are always measured in bytes.
+Therefore, moving forward one character can increase the buffer
+position by 2, 3 or 4.  The function forward-char moves by whole
+characters, and therefore is no longer equivalent to
+  (lambda (n) (goto-char (+ (point) n))).
+
+ASCII characters (codes 0 through 127) are still single bytes, always.
+Sequences of byte values 128 through 255 are used to represent
+non-ASCII characters.  These sequences are called "multibyte
+characters".
+
+The first byte of a multibyte character is always in the range 128
+through 159 (octal 0200 through 0237).  These values are called
+"leading codes".  The second and subsequent bytes are always in the
+range 160 through 255 (octal 0240 through 0377).  The first byte, the
+leading code, determines how many bytes long the sequence is.
+
+*** The function forward-char moves over characters, and therefore
+(forward-char 1) may increase point by more than 1 if it moves over a
+multibyte character.  Likewise, delete-char always deletes a
+character, which may be more than one buffer position.
+
+This means that some Lisp programs, which assume that a character is
+always one buffer position, need to be changed.
+
+However, all ASCII characters are always one buffer position.
+ 
+*** The regexp [\200-\377] no longer matches all non-ASCII characters,
+because when enable-multibyte-characters is non-nil, these characters
+have codes that are not in the range octal 200 to octal 377.  However,
+the regexp [^\000-\177] does match all non-ASCII characters,
+guaranteed.
+
+*** The function char-boundary-p returns non-nil if position POS is
+between two characters in the buffer (not in the middle of a
+character).
+
+When the value is non-nil, it says what kind of character follows POS:
+
+ 0 if POS is at an ASCII character or at the end of range,
+ 1 if POS is before a 2-byte length multi-byte form,
+ 2 if POS is at a head of 3-byte length multi-byte form,
+ 3 if POS is at a head of 4-byte length multi-byte form,
+ 4 if POS is at a head of multi-byte form of a composite character.
+
+*** The function char-bytes returns how many bytes the character CHAR uses.
+
+*** Strings can contain multibyte characters.  The function
+`length' returns the string length counting bytes, which may be
+more than the number of characters.
+
+You can include a multibyte character in a string constant by writing
+it literally.  You can also represent it with a hex escape,
+\xNNNNNNN..., using as many digits as necessary.  Any character which
+is not a valid hex digit terminates this construct.  If you want to
+follow it with a character that is a hex digit, write backslash and
+newline in between; that will terminate the hex escape.
+
+*** The function concat-chars takes arguments which are characters
+and returns a string containing those characters.
+
+*** The function sref access a multibyte character in a string.
+(sref STRING INDX) returns the character in STRING at INDEX.  INDEX
+counts from zero.  If INDEX is at a position in the middle of a
+character, sref signals an error.
+
+*** The function chars-in-string returns the number of characters
+in a string.  This is less than the length of the string, if the
+string contains multibyte characters (the length counts bytes).
+
+*** The function chars-in-region returns the number of characters
+in a region from BEG to END.  This is less than (- END BEG) if the
+region contains multibyte characters (the length counts bytes).
+
+*** The function string-to-list converts a string to a list of
+the characters in it.  string-to-vector converts a string
+to a vector of the characters in it.
+
+*** The function store-substring alters part of the contents
+of a string.  You call it as follows:
+
+   (store-substring STRING IDX OBJ)
+
+This says to alter STRING, by storing OBJ starting at index IDX in
+STRING.  OBJ may be either a character or a (smaller) string.
+This function really does alter the contents of STRING.
+Since it is impossible to change the length of an existing string,
+it is an error if OBJ doesn't fit within STRING's actual length.
+
+*** char-width returns the width (in columns) of the character CHAR,
+if it were displayed in the current buffer and the selected window.
+
+*** string-width returns the width (in columns) of the text in STRING,
+if it were displayed in the current buffer and the selected window.
+
+*** truncate-string-to-width shortens a string, if necessary,
+to fit within a certain number of columns.  (Of course, it does
+not alter the string that you give it; it returns a new string
+which contains all or just part of the existing string.)
+
+(truncate-string-to-width STR END-COLUMN &optional START-COLUMN PADDING)
+
+This returns the part of STR up to column END-COLUMN.
+
+The optional argument START-COLUMN specifies the starting column.
+If this is non-nil, then the first START-COLUMN columns of the string
+are not included in the resulting value.
+
+The optional argument PADDING, if non-nil, is a padding character to be added
+at the beginning and end the resulting string, to extend it to exactly
+WIDTH columns.  If PADDING is nil, that means do not pad; then, if STRING
+is narrower than WIDTH, the value is equal to STRING.
+
+If PADDING and START-COLUMN are both non-nil, and if there is no clean
+place in STRING that corresponds to START-COLUMN (because one
+character extends across that column), then the padding character
+PADDING is added one or more times at the beginning of the result
+string, so that its columns line up as if it really did start at
+column START-COLUMN.
+
+*** When the functions in the list after-change-functions are called,
+the third argument is the number of bytes in the pre-change text, not
+necessarily the number of characters.  It is, in effect, the
+difference in buffer position between the beginning and the end of the
+changed text, before the change.
+
+*** The characters Emacs uses are classified in various character
+sets, each of which has a name which is a symbol.  In general there is
+one character set for each script, not for each language.
+
+**** The function charsetp tests whether an object is a character set name.
+
+**** The variable charset-list holds a list of character set names.
+
+**** char-charset, given a character code, returns the name of the character
+set that the character belongs to.  (The value is a symbol.)
+
+**** split-char, given a character code, returns a list containing the
+name of the character set, followed by one or two byte-values
+which identify the character within that character set.
+
+**** make-char, given a character set name and one or two subsequent
+byte-values, constructs a character code.  This is roughly the
+opposite of split-char.
+
+**** find-charset-region returns a list of the character sets
+of all the characters between BEG and END.
+
+**** find-charset-string returns a list of the character sets
+of all the characters in a string.
+
+*** Here are the Lisp facilities for working with coding systems
+and specifying coding systems.
+
+**** The function coding-system-list returns a list of all coding
+system names (symbols).  With optional argument t, it returns a list
+of all distinct base coding systems, not including variants.
+(Variant coding systems are those like latin-1-dos, latin-1-unix
+and latin-1-mac which specify the end-of-line conversion as well
+as what to do about code conversion.)
+
+**** coding-system-p tests a symbol to see if it is a coding system
+name.  It returns t if so, nil if not.
+
+**** file-coding-system-alist specifies which coding systems to use
+for certain file names.  It works like network-coding-system-alist,
+except that the PATTERN is matched against the file name.
+
+Each element has the format (PATTERN . VAL), where PATTERN determines
+which file names the element applies to.  PATTERN should be a regexp
+to match against a file name.
+
+VAL is a coding system, a cons cell containing two coding systems, or
+a function symbol.  If VAL is a coding system, it is used for both
+decoding what received from the network stream and encoding what sent
+to the network stream.  If VAL is a cons cell containing two coding
+systems, the car specifies the coding system for decoding, and the cdr
+specifies the coding system for encoding.
+
+If VAL is a function symbol, the function must return a coding system
+or a cons cell containing two coding systems, which is used as above.
+
+**** The variable network-coding-system-alist specifies
+the coding system to use for network sockets.
+
+Each element has the format (PATTERN . VAL), where PATTERN determines
+which network sockets the element applies to.  PATTERN should be
+either a port number or a regular expression matching some network
+service names.
+
+VAL is a coding system, a cons cell containing two coding systems, or
+a function symbol.  If VAL is a coding system, it is used for both
+decoding what received from the network stream and encoding what sent
+to the network stream.  If VAL is a cons cell containing two coding
+systems, the car specifies the coding system for decoding, and the cdr
+specifies the coding system for encoding.
+
+If VAL is a function symbol, the function must return a coding system
+or a cons cell containing two coding systems, which is used as above.
+
+**** process-coding-system-alist specifies which coding systems to use
+for certain subprocess.  It works like network-coding-system-alist,
+except that the PATTERN is matched against the program name used to
+start the subprocess.
+
+**** The variable default-process-coding-system specifies the coding
+systems to use for subprocess (and net connection) input and output,
+when nothing else specifies what to do.  The value is a cons cell
+(OUTPUT-CODING . INPUT-CODING).  OUTPUT-CODING applies to output
+to the subprocess, and INPUT-CODING applies to input from it.
+
+**** The variable coding-system-for-write, if non-nil, specifies the
+coding system to use for writing a file, or for output to a synchronous
+subprocess.
+
+It also applies to any asynchronous subprocess or network connection,
+but in a different way: the value of coding-system-for-write when you
+start the subprocess or connection affects that subprocess or
+connection permanently or until overridden.
+
+The variable coding-system-for-write takes precedence over
+file-coding-system-alist, process-coding-system-alist and
+network-coding-system-alist, and all other methods of specifying a
+coding system for output.  But most of the time this variable is nil.
+It exists so that Lisp programs can bind it to a specific coding
+system for one operation at a time.
+
+**** coding-system-for-read applies similarly to input from
+files, subprocesses or network connections.
+
+**** The function process-coding-system tells you what
+coding systems(s) an existing subprocess is using.
+The value is a cons cell,
+ (DECODING-CODING-SYSTEM . ENCODING-CODING-SYSTEM)
+where DECODING-CODING-SYSTEM is used for decoding output from
+the subprocess, and ENCODING-CODING-SYSTEM is used for encoding
+input to the subprocess.
+
+**** The function set-process-coding-system can be used to
+change the coding systems in use for an existing subprocess.
+
+** Emacs has a new facility to help users manage the many
+customization options.  To make a Lisp program work with this facility,
+you need to use the new macros defgroup and defcustom.
+
+You use defcustom instead of defvar, for defining a user option
+variable.  The difference is that you specify two additional pieces of
+information (usually): the "type" which says what values are
+legitimate, and the "group" which specifies the hierarchy for
+customization.
+
+Thus, instead of writing
+
+    (defvar foo-blurgoze nil
+      "*Non-nil means that foo will act very blurgozely.")
+
+you would now write this:
+
+    (defcustom foo-blurgoze nil
+      "*Non-nil means that foo will act very blurgozely."
+      :type 'boolean
+      :group foo)
+
+The type `boolean' means that this variable has only
+two meaningful states: nil and non-nil.  Other type values
+describe other possibilities; see the manual for Custom
+for a description of them.
+
+The "group" argument is used to specify a group which the option
+should belong to.  You define a new group like this:
+
+    (defgroup ispell nil
+      "Spell checking using Ispell."
+      :group 'processes)
+
+The "group" argument in defgroup specifies the parent group.  The root
+group is called `emacs'; it should not contain any variables itself,
+but only other groups.  The immediate subgroups of `emacs' correspond
+to the keywords used by C-h p.  Under these subgroups come
+second-level subgroups that belong to individual packages.
+
+Each Emacs package should have its own set of groups.  A simple
+package should have just one group; a more complex package should
+have a hierarchy of its own groups.  The sole or root group of a
+package should be a subgroup of one or more of the "keyword"
+first-level subgroups.
+
+** New `widget' library for inserting UI components in buffers.
+
+This library, used by the new custom library, is documented in a
+separate manual that accompanies Emacs.
+
+** easy-mmode
+
+The easy-mmode package provides macros and functions that make
+developing minor modes easier.  Roughly, the programmer has to code
+only the functionality of the minor mode.  All the rest--toggles,
+predicate, and documentation--can be done in one call to the macro
+`easy-mmode-define-minor-mode' (see the documentation).  See also
+`easy-mmode-define-keymap'.
+
+** Text property changes
+
+*** The `intangible' property now works on overlays as well as on a
+text property.
+
+*** The new functions next-char-property-change and
+previous-char-property-change scan through the buffer looking for a
+place where either a text property or an overlay might change.  The
+functions take two arguments, POSITION and LIMIT.  POSITION is the
+starting position for the scan.  LIMIT says where to stop the scan.
+
+If no property change is found before LIMIT, the value is LIMIT.  If
+LIMIT is nil, scan goes to the beginning or end of the accessible part
+of the buffer.  If no property change is found, the value is the
+position of the beginning or end of the buffer.
+
+*** In the `local-map' text property or overlay property, the property
+value can now be a symbol whose function definition is a keymap.  This
+is an alternative to using the keymap itself.
+
+** Changes in invisibility features
+
+*** Isearch can now temporarily show parts of the buffer which are
+hidden by an overlay with a invisible property, when the search match
+is inside that portion of the buffer.  To enable this the overlay
+should have a isearch-open-invisible property which is a function that
+would be called having the overlay as an argument, the function should
+make the overlay visible.
+
+During incremental search the overlays are shown by modifying the
+invisible and intangible properties, if beside this more actions are
+needed the overlay should have a isearch-open-invisible-temporary
+which is a function. The function is called with 2 arguments: one is
+the overlay and the second is nil when it should show the overlay and
+t when it should hide it.
+
+*** add-to-invisibility-spec, remove-from-invisibility-spec
+
+Modes that use overlays to hide portions of a buffer should set the
+invisible property of the overlay to the mode's name (or another symbol) 
+and modify the `buffer-invisibility-spec' to include that symbol. 
+Use  `add-to-invisibility-spec' and `remove-from-invisibility-spec' to
+manipulate the `buffer-invisibility-spec'. 
+Here is an example of how to do this:
+
+ ;; If we want to display an ellipsis:
+ (add-to-invisibility-spec '(my-symbol . t)) 
+ ;; If you don't want ellipsis:
+ (add-to-invisibility-spec 'my-symbol) 
+
+  ...
+ (overlay-put  (make-overlay beginning end)  'invisible 'my-symbol)
+
+ ...
+ ;; When done with the overlays:
+ (remove-from-invisibility-spec '(my-symbol . t))
+ ;; Or respectively:
+ (remove-from-invisibility-spec 'my-symbol)
+
+** Changes in syntax parsing.
+
+*** The syntax-directed buffer-scan functions (such as
+`parse-partial-sexp', `forward-word' and similar functions) can now
+obey syntax information specified by text properties, if the variable
+`parse-sexp-lookup-properties' is non-nil.
+
+If the value of `parse-sexp-lookup-properties' is nil, the behavior
+is as before: the syntax-table of the current buffer is always
+used to determine the syntax of the character at the position.
+
+When `parse-sexp-lookup-properties' is non-nil, the syntax of a
+character in the buffer is calculated thus:
+
+	a) if the `syntax-table' text-property of that character
+	   is a cons, this cons becomes the syntax-type;
+
+	   Valid values of `syntax-table' text-property are: nil, a valid
+	   syntax-table, and a valid syntax-table element, i.e.,
+	   a cons cell of the form (SYNTAX-CODE . MATCHING-CHAR).
+
+	b) if the character's `syntax-table' text-property
+	   is a syntax table, this syntax table is used
+	   (instead of the syntax-table of the current buffer) to
+	   determine the syntax type of the character.
+
+	c) otherwise the syntax-type is determined by the syntax-table
+	   of the current buffer.
+
+*** The meaning of \s in regular expressions is also affected by the
+value of `parse-sexp-lookup-properties'.  The details are the same as
+for the syntax-directed buffer-scan functions.
+
+*** There are two new syntax-codes, `!' and `|' (numeric values 14
+and 15).  A character with a code `!' starts a comment which is ended
+only by another character with the same code (unless quoted).  A
+character with a code `|' starts a string which is ended only by
+another character with the same code (unless quoted).
+
+These codes are mainly meant for use as values of the `syntax-table'
+text property.
+
+*** The function `parse-partial-sexp' has new semantics for the sixth
+arg COMMENTSTOP.  If it is `syntax-table', parse stops after the start
+of a comment or a string, or after end of a comment or a string.
+
+*** The state-list which the return value from `parse-partial-sexp'
+(and can also be used as an argument) now has an optional ninth
+element: the character address of the start of last comment or string;
+nil if none.  The fourth and eighth elements have special values if the
+string/comment is started by a "!"  or "|" syntax-code.
+
+*** Since new features of `parse-partial-sexp' allow a complete
+syntactic parsing, `font-lock' no longer supports
+`font-lock-comment-start-regexp'.
+
+** Changes in face features
+
+*** The face functions are now unconditionally defined in Emacs, even
+if it does not support displaying on a device that supports faces.
+
+*** The function face-documentation returns the documentation string
+of a face (or nil if it doesn't have one).
+
+*** The function face-bold-p returns t if a face should be bold.
+set-face-bold-p sets that flag.
+
+*** The function face-italic-p returns t if a face should be italic.
+set-face-italic-p sets that flag.
+
+*** You can now specify foreground and background colors for text
+by adding elements of the form (foreground-color . COLOR-NAME)
+and (background-color . COLOR-NAME) to the list of faces in
+the `face' property (either the character's text property or an
+overlay property).
+
+This means that you no longer need to create named faces to use
+arbitrary colors in a Lisp package.
+
+** Changes in file-handling functions
+
+*** File-access primitive functions no longer discard an extra redundant
+directory name from the beginning of the file name.  In other words,
+they no longer do anything special with // or /~.  That conversion
+is now done only in substitute-in-file-name.
+
+This makes it possible for a Lisp program to open a file whose name
+begins with ~.
+
+*** If copy-file is unable to set the date of the output file,
+it now signals an error with the condition file-date-error.
+
+*** The inode number returned by file-attributes may be an integer (if
+the number fits in a Lisp integer) or a list of integers.
+
+*** insert-file-contents can now read from a special file,
+as long as the arguments VISIT and REPLACE are nil.
+
+*** The RAWFILE arg to find-file-noselect, if non-nil, now suppresses
+character code conversion as well as other things.
+
+Meanwhile, this feature does work with remote file names
+(formerly it did not).
+
+*** Lisp packages which create temporary files should use the TMPDIR
+environment variable to decide which directory to put them in.
+
+*** interpreter-mode-alist elements now specify regexps
+instead of constant strings.
+
+*** expand-file-name no longer treats `//' or `/~' specially.  It used
+to delete all the text of a file name up through the first slash of
+any `//' or `/~' sequence.  Now it passes them straight through.
+
+substitute-in-file-name continues to treat those sequences specially,
+in the same way as before.
+
+*** The variable `format-alist' is more general now.
+The FROM-FN and TO-FN in a format definition can now be strings
+which specify shell commands to use as filters to perform conversion.
+
+*** The new function access-file tries to open a file, and signals an
+error if that fails.  If the open succeeds, access-file does nothing
+else, and returns nil.
+
+*** The function insert-directory now signals an error if the specified
+directory cannot be listed.
+
+** Changes in minibuffer input
+
+*** The functions read-buffer, read-variable, read-command, read-string
+read-file-name, read-from-minibuffer and completing-read now take an
+additional argument which specifies the default value.  If this
+argument is non-nil, it should be a string; that string is used in two
+ways:
+
+  It is returned if the user enters empty input.
+  It is available through the history command M-n.
+
+*** The functions read-string, read-from-minibuffer,
+read-no-blanks-input and completing-read now take an additional
+argument INHERIT-INPUT-METHOD.  If this is non-nil, then the
+minibuffer inherits the current input method and the setting of
+enable-multibyte-characters from the previously current buffer.
+
+In an interactive spec, you can use M instead of s to read an
+argument in this way.
+
+*** All minibuffer input functions discard text properties
+from the text you enter in the minibuffer, unless the variable
+minibuffer-allow-text-properties is non-nil.
+
+** Echo area features
+
+*** Clearing the echo area now runs the normal hook
+echo-area-clear-hook.  Note that the echo area can be used while the
+minibuffer is active; in that case, the minibuffer is still active
+after the echo area is cleared.
+
+*** The function current-message returns the message currently displayed
+in the echo area, or nil if there is none.
+
+** Keyboard input features
+
+*** tty-erase-char is a new variable that reports which character was
+set up as the terminal's erase character when time Emacs was started.
+
+*** num-nonmacro-input-events is the total number of input events
+received so far from the terminal.  It does not count those generated
+by keyboard macros.
+
+** Frame-related changes
+
+*** make-frame runs the normal hook before-make-frame-hook just before
+creating a frame, and just after creating a frame it runs the abnormal
+hook after-make-frame-functions with the new frame as arg.
+
+*** The new hook window-configuration-change-hook is now run every time
+the window configuration has changed.  The frame whose configuration
+has changed is the selected frame when the hook is run.
+
+*** Each frame now independently records the order for recently
+selected buffers, in its buffer-list frame parameter, so that the
+value of other-buffer is now based on the buffers recently displayed
+in the selected frame.
+
+*** The value of the frame parameter vertical-scroll-bars
+is now `left', `right' or nil.  A non-nil value specifies
+which side of the window to put the scroll bars on.
+
+** X Windows features
+
+*** You can examine X resources for other applications by binding
+x-resource-class around a call to x-get-resource.  The usual value of
+x-resource-class is "Emacs", which is the correct value for Emacs.
+
+*** In menus, checkboxes and radio buttons now actually work.
+The menu displays the current status of the box or button.
+
+*** The function x-list-fonts now takes an optional fourth argument
+MAXIMUM which sets a limit on how many matching fonts to return.
+A smaller value of MAXIMUM makes the function faster.
+
+If the only question is whether *any* font matches the pattern,
+it is good to supply 1 for this argument.
+
+** Subprocess features
+
+*** A reminder: it is no longer necessary for subprocess filter
+functions and sentinels to do save-match-data, because Emacs does this
+automatically.
+
+*** The new function shell-command-to-string executes a shell command
+and returns the output from the command as a string.
+
+*** The new function process-contact returns t for a child process,
+and (HOSTNAME SERVICE) for a net connection.
+
+** An error in running pre-command-hook or post-command-hook
+does clear the variable to nil.  The documentation was wrong before.
+
+** In define-key-after, if AFTER is t, the new binding now always goes
+at the end of the keymap.  If the keymap is a menu, this means it
+goes after the other menu items.
+
+** If you have a program that makes several changes in the same area
+of the buffer, you can use the macro combine-after-change-calls 
+around that Lisp code to make it faster when after-change hooks
+are in use.
+
+The macro arranges to call the after-change functions just once for a
+series of several changes--if that seems safe.
+
+Don't alter the variables after-change-functions and
+after-change-function within the body of a combine-after-change-calls
+form.
+
+** If you define an abbrev (with define-abbrev) whose EXPANSION
+is not a string, then the abbrev does not expand in the usual sense,
+but its hook is still run.
+
+** Normally, the Lisp debugger is not used (even if you have enabled it)
+for errors that are handled by condition-case.
+
+If you set debug-on-signal to a non-nil value, then the debugger is called
+regardless of whether there is a handler for the condition.  This is
+useful for debugging problems that happen inside of a condition-case.
+
+This mode of operation seems to be unreliable in other ways.  Errors that
+are normal and ought to be handled, perhaps in timers or process
+filters, will instead invoke the debugger.  So don't say you weren't
+warned.
+
+** The new variable ring-bell-function lets you specify your own
+way for Emacs to "ring the bell".
+
+** If run-at-time's TIME argument is t, the action is repeated at
+integral multiples of REPEAT from the epoch; this is useful for
+functions like display-time.
+
+** You can use the function locate-library to find the precise file
+name of a Lisp library.  This isn't new, but wasn't documented before.
+
+** Commands for entering view mode have new optional arguments that
+can be used from Lisp.  Low-level entrance to and exit from view mode
+is done by functions view-mode-enter and view-mode-exit.
+
+** batch-byte-compile-file now makes Emacs return a nonzero status code
+if there is an error in compilation.
+
+** pop-to-buffer, switch-to-buffer-other-window and
+switch-to-buffer-other-frame now accept an additional optional
+argument NORECORD, much like switch-to-buffer.  If it is non-nil,
+they don't put the buffer at the front of the buffer list.
+
+** If your .emacs file leaves the *scratch* buffer non-empty,
+Emacs does not display the startup message, so as to avoid changing
+the *scratch* buffer.
+
+** The new function regexp-opt returns an efficient regexp to match a string.
+The arguments are STRINGS and (optionally) PAREN.  This function can be used
+where regexp matching or searching is intensively used and speed is important,
+e.g., in Font Lock mode.
+
+** The variable buffer-display-count is local to each buffer,
+and is incremented each time the buffer is displayed in a window.
+It starts at 0 when the buffer is created.
+
+** The new function compose-mail starts composing a mail message
+using the user's chosen mail composition agent (specified with the
+variable mail-user-agent).  It has variants compose-mail-other-window
+and compose-mail-other-frame.
+
+** The `user-full-name' function now takes an optional parameter which
+can either be a number (the UID) or a string (the login name).  The
+full name of the specified user will be returned.
+
+** Lisp packages that load files of customizations, or any other sort
+of user profile, should obey the variable init-file-user in deciding
+where to find it.  They should load the profile of the user name found
+in that variable.  If init-file-user is nil, meaning that the -q
+option was used, then Lisp packages should not load the customization
+files at all.
+
+** format-time-string now allows you to specify the field width
+and type of padding.  This works as in printf: you write the field
+width as digits in the middle of a %-construct.  If you start
+the field width with 0, it means to pad with zeros.
+
+For example, %S normally specifies the number of seconds since the
+minute; %03S means to pad this with zeros to 3 positions, %_3S to pad
+with spaces to 3 positions.  Plain %3S pads with zeros, because that
+is how %S normally pads to two positions.
+
+** thing-at-point now supports a new kind of "thing": url.
+
+** imenu.el changes.
+
+You can now specify a function to be run when selecting an
+item from menu created by imenu. 
+
+An example of using this feature: if we define imenu items for the
+#include directives in a C file, we can open the included file when we
+select one of those items.
+
+* Emacs 19.34 is a bug-fix release with no user-visible changes.
+
+* Changes in Emacs 19.33.
+
+** Bibtex mode no longer turns on Auto Fill automatically.  (No major
+mode should do that--it is the user's choice.)
+
+** The variable normal-auto-fill-function specifies the function to
+use for auto-fill-function, if and when Auto Fill is turned on.
+Major modes can set this locally to alter how Auto Fill works.
+
+* Editing Changes in Emacs 19.32
+
+** C-x f with no argument now signals an error.
+To set the fill column at the current column, use C-u C-x f.
+
+** Expanding dynamic abbrevs with M-/ is now smarter about case
+conversion.  If you type the abbreviation with mixed case, and it
+matches the beginning of the expansion including case, then the
+expansion is copied verbatim.  Using SPC M-/ to copy an additional
+word always copies it verbatim except when the previous copied word is
+all caps.
+
+** On a non-windowing terminal, which can display only one Emacs frame
+at a time, creating a new frame with C-x 5 2 also selects that frame.
+
+When using a display that can show multiple frames at once, C-x 5 2
+does make the frame visible, but does not select it.  This is the same
+as in previous Emacs versions.
+
+** You can use C-x 5 2 to create multiple frames on MSDOS, just as on a
+non-X terminal on Unix.  Of course, only one frame is visible at any
+time, since your terminal doesn't have the ability to display multiple
+frames.
+
+** On Windows, set win32-pass-alt-to-system to a non-nil value
+if you would like tapping the Alt key to invoke the Windows menu.
+This feature is not enabled by default; since the Alt key is also the
+Meta key, it is too easy and painful to activate this feature by
+accident.
+
+** The command apply-macro-to-region-lines repeats the last defined
+keyboard macro once for each complete line within the current region.
+It does this line by line, by moving point to the beginning of that
+line and then executing the macro.
+
+This command is not new, but was never documented before.
+
+** You can now use Mouse-1 to place the region around a string constant
+(something surrounded by doublequote characters or other delimiter
+characters of like syntax) by double-clicking on one of the delimiting
+characters.
+
+** Font Lock mode
+
+*** Font Lock support modes
+
+Font Lock can be configured to use Fast Lock mode and Lazy Lock mode (see
+below) in a flexible way.  Rather than adding the appropriate function to the
+hook font-lock-mode-hook, you can use the new variable font-lock-support-mode
+to control which modes have Fast Lock mode or Lazy Lock mode turned on when
+Font Lock mode is enabled.
+
+For example, to use Fast Lock mode when Font Lock mode is turned on, put:
+
+ (setq font-lock-support-mode 'fast-lock-mode)
+
+in your ~/.emacs.
+
+*** lazy-lock
+
+The lazy-lock package speeds up Font Lock mode by making fontification occur
+only when necessary, such as when a previously unfontified part of the buffer
+becomes visible in a window.  When you create a buffer with Font Lock mode and
+Lazy Lock mode turned on, the buffer is not fontified.  When certain events
+occur (such as scrolling), Lazy Lock makes sure that the visible parts of the
+buffer are fontified.  Lazy Lock also defers on-the-fly fontification until
+Emacs has been idle for a given amount of time.
+
+To use this package, put in your ~/.emacs:
+
+ (setq font-lock-support-mode 'lazy-lock-mode)
+
+To control the package behaviour, see the documentation for `lazy-lock-mode'.
+
+** Changes in BibTeX mode.
+
+*** For all entries allow spaces and tabs between opening brace or
+paren and key.
+
+*** Non-escaped double-quoted characters (as in `Sch"of') are now
+supported.
+
+** Gnus changes.
+
+Gnus, the Emacs news reader, has undergone further rewriting.  Many new
+commands and variables have been added.  There should be no
+significant incompatibilities between this Gnus version and the
+previously released version, except in the message composition area.
+
+Below is a list of the more user-visible changes.  Coding changes
+between Gnus 5.1 and 5.2 are more extensive.
+
+*** A new message composition mode is used.  All old customization 
+variables for mail-mode, rnews-reply-mode and gnus-msg are now
+obsolete.
+
+*** Gnus is now able to generate "sparse" threads -- threads where
+missing articles are represented by empty nodes.
+
+    (setq gnus-build-sparse-threads 'some)
+
+*** Outgoing articles are stored on a special archive server.
+
+    To disable this:  (setq gnus-message-archive-group nil)
+
+*** Partial thread regeneration now happens when articles are
+referred. 
+
+*** Gnus can make use of GroupLens predictions:
+
+    (setq gnus-use-grouplens t)
+
+*** A trn-line tree buffer can be displayed.
+
+    (setq gnus-use-trees t)
+
+*** An nn-like pick-and-read minor mode is available for the summary
+buffers. 
+
+    (add-hook 'gnus-summary-mode-hook 'gnus-pick-mode)
+
+*** In binary groups you can use a special binary minor mode:
+
+    `M-x gnus-binary-mode'
+
+*** Groups can be grouped in a folding topic hierarchy.
+
+    (add-hook 'gnus-group-mode-hook 'gnus-topic-mode)
+
+*** Gnus can re-send and bounce mail.
+
+    Use the `S D r' and `S D b'.
+
+*** Groups can now have a score, and bubbling based on entry frequency
+is possible.
+
+    (add-hook 'gnus-summary-exit-hook 'gnus-summary-bubble-group)
+
+*** Groups can be process-marked, and commands can be performed on
+groups of groups.
+
+*** Caching is possible in virtual groups.
+
+*** nndoc now understands all kinds of digests, mail boxes, rnews news
+batches, ClariNet briefs collections, and just about everything else. 
+
+*** Gnus has a new backend (nnsoup) to create/read SOUP packets.
+
+*** The Gnus cache is much faster.
+
+*** Groups can be sorted according to many criteria.
+
+    For instance: (setq gnus-group-sort-function 'gnus-group-sort-by-rank)
+
+*** New group parameters have been introduced to set list-address and
+expiration times.
+
+*** All formatting specs allow specifying faces to be used.
+
+*** There are several more commands for setting/removing/acting on
+process marked articles on the `M P' submap.
+
+*** The summary buffer can be limited to show parts of the available
+articles based on a wide range of criteria.  These commands have been
+bound to keys on the `/' submap.
+
+*** Articles can be made persistent -- as an alternative to saving
+articles with the `*' command.
+
+*** All functions for hiding article elements are now toggles.
+
+*** Article headers can be buttonized.
+
+    (add-hook 'gnus-article-display-hook 'gnus-article-add-buttons-to-head)
+
+*** All mail backends support fetching articles by Message-ID.
+
+*** Duplicate mail can now be treated properly.  See the 
+`nnmail-treat-duplicates' variable.
+
+*** All summary mode commands are available directly from the article
+buffer. 
+
+*** Frames can be part of `gnus-buffer-configuration'.
+
+*** Mail can be re-scanned by a daemonic process.
+
+*** Gnus can make use of NoCeM files to filter spam.
+
+    (setq gnus-use-nocem t)
+
+*** Groups can be made permanently visible. 
+
+    (setq gnus-permanently-visible-groups "^nnml:")
+
+*** Many new hooks have been introduced to make customizing easier. 
+
+*** Gnus respects the Mail-Copies-To header.
+
+*** Threads can be gathered by looking at the References header. 
+
+    (setq gnus-summary-thread-gathering-function 
+          'gnus-gather-threads-by-references)
+
+*** Read articles can be stored in a special backlog buffer to avoid
+refetching.  
+
+    (setq gnus-keep-backlog 50)
+
+*** A clean copy of the current article is always stored in a separate
+buffer to allow easier treatment.
+
+*** Gnus can suggest where to save articles.  See `gnus-split-methods'.
+
+*** Gnus doesn't have to do as much prompting when saving.
+
+    (setq gnus-prompt-before-saving t)
+
+*** gnus-uu can view decoded files asynchronously while fetching
+articles. 
+
+    (setq gnus-uu-grabbed-file-functions 'gnus-uu-grab-view)
+
+*** Filling in the article buffer now works properly on cited text. 
+
+*** Hiding cited text adds buttons to toggle hiding, and how much
+cited text to hide is now customizable.
+
+    (setq gnus-cited-lines-visible 2)
+
+*** Boring headers can be hidden.
+
+    (add-hook 'gnus-article-display-hook 'gnus-article-hide-boring-headers)
+
+*** Default scoring values can now be set from the menu bar.
+
+*** Further syntax checking of outgoing articles have been added.
+
+The Gnus manual has been expanded.  It explains all these new features
+in greater detail.
+
+* Lisp Changes in Emacs 19.32
+
+** The function set-visited-file-name now accepts an optional
+second argument NO-QUERY.  If it is non-nil, then the user is not
+asked for confirmation in the case where the specified file already
+exists.
+
+** The variable print-length applies to printing vectors and bitvectors,
+as well as lists.
+
+** The new function keymap-parent returns the parent keymap
+of a given keymap.
+
+** The new function set-keymap-parent specifies a new parent for a
+given keymap.  The arguments are KEYMAP and PARENT.  PARENT must be a
+keymap or nil.
+
+** Sometimes menu keymaps use a command name, a symbol, which is really
+an automatically generated alias for some other command, the "real"
+name.  In such a case, you should give that alias symbol a non-nil
+menu-alias property.  That property tells the menu system to look for
+equivalent keys for the real name instead of equivalent keys for the
+alias.
+
+* Editing Changes in Emacs 19.31
+
+** Freedom of the press restricted in the United States.
+
+Emacs has been censored in accord with the Communications Decency Act.
+This includes removing some features of the doctor program.  That law
+was described by its supporters as a ban on pornography, but it bans
+far more than that.  The Emacs distribution has never contained any
+pornography, but parts of it were nonetheless prohibited.
+
+For information on US government censorship of the Internet, and what
+you can do to bring back freedom of the press, see the web site
+`http://www.vtw.org/'.
+
+** A note about C mode indentation customization.
+
+The old (Emacs 19.29) ways of specifying a C indentation style
+do not normally work in the new implementation of C mode.
+It has its own methods of customizing indentation, which are
+much more powerful than the old C mode.  See the Editing Programs
+chapter of the manual for details.
+
+However, you can load the library cc-compat to make the old
+customization variables take effect.
+
+** Marking with the mouse.
+
+When you mark a region with the mouse, the region now remains
+highlighted until the next input event, regardless of whether you are
+using M-x transient-mark-mode.
+
+** Improved Windows NT/95 support.
+
+*** Emacs now supports scroll bars on Windows NT and Windows 95.
+
+*** Emacs now supports subprocesses on Windows 95.  (Subprocesses used
+to work on NT only and not on 95.)
+
+*** There are difficulties with subprocesses, though, due to problems
+in Windows, beyond the control of Emacs.  They work fine as long as
+you run Windows applications.  The problems arise when you run a DOS
+application in a subprocesses.  Since current shells run as DOS
+applications, these problems are significant.
+
+If you run a DOS application in a subprocess, then the application is
+likely to busy-wait, which means that your machine will be 100% busy.
+However, if you don't mind the temporary heavy load, the subprocess
+will work OK as long as you tell it to terminate before you start any
+other DOS application as a subprocess.
+
+Emacs is unable to terminate or interrupt a DOS subprocess.
+You have to do this by providing input directly to the subprocess.
+
+If you run two DOS applications at the same time in two separate
+subprocesses, even if one of them is asynchronous, you will probably
+have to reboot your machine--until then, it will remain 100% busy.
+Windows simply does not cope when one Windows process tries to run two
+separate DOS subprocesses.  Typing CTL-ALT-DEL and then choosing
+Shutdown seems to work although it may take a few minutes.
+
+** M-x resize-minibuffer-mode.
+
+This command, not previously mentioned in NEWS, toggles a mode in
+which the minibuffer window expands to show as many lines as the
+minibuffer contains.
+
+** `title' frame parameter and resource.
+
+The `title' X resource now specifies just the frame title, nothing else.
+It does not affect the name used for looking up other X resources.
+It works by setting the new `title' frame parameter, which likewise
+affects just the displayed title of the frame.
+
+The `name' parameter continues to do what it used to do:
+it specifies the frame name for looking up X resources,
+and also serves as the default for the displayed title
+when the `title' parameter is unspecified or nil.
+
+** Emacs now uses the X toolkit by default, if you have a new
+enough version of X installed (X11R5 or newer).
+
+** When you compile Emacs with the Motif widget set, Motif handles the
+F10 key by activating the menu bar.  To avoid confusion, the usual
+Emacs binding of F10 is replaced with a no-op when using Motif.
+
+If you want to be able to use F10 in Emacs, you can rebind the Motif
+menubar to some other key which you don't use.  To do so, add
+something like this to your X resources file.  This example rebinds
+the Motif menu bar activation key to S-F12:
+
+   Emacs*defaultVirtualBindings:  osfMenuBar : Shift<Key>F12
+
+** In overwrite mode, DEL now inserts spaces in most cases
+to replace the characters it "deletes".
+
+** The Rmail summary now shows the number of lines in each message.
+
+** Rmail has a new command M-x unforward-rmail-message, which extracts
+a forwarded message from the message that forwarded it.  To use it,
+select a message which contains a forwarded message and then type the command.
+It inserts the forwarded message as a separate Rmail message
+immediately after the selected one.
+
+This command also undoes the textual modifications that are standardly
+made, as part of forwarding, by Rmail and other mail reader programs.
+
+** Turning off saving of .saves-... files in your home directory.
+
+Each Emacs session writes a file named .saves-... in your home
+directory to record which files M-x recover-session should recover.
+If you exit Emacs normally with C-x C-c, it deletes that file.  If
+Emacs or the operating system crashes, the file remains for M-x
+recover-session.
+
+You can turn off the writing of these files by setting
+auto-save-list-file-name to nil.  If you do this, M-x recover-session
+will not work.
+
+Some previous Emacs versions failed to delete these files even on
+normal exit.  This is fixed now.  If you are thinking of turning off
+this feature because of past experiences with versions that had this
+bug, it would make sense to check whether you still want to do so
+now that the bug is fixed.
+
+** Changes to Version Control (VC)
+
+There is a new variable, vc-follow-symlinks.  It indicates what to do
+when you visit a link to a file that is under version control.
+Editing the file through the link bypasses the version control system,
+which is dangerous and probably not what you want.
+
+If this variable is t, VC follows the link and visits the real file,
+telling you about it in the echo area.  If it is `ask' (the default),
+VC asks for confirmation whether it should follow the link.  If nil,
+the link is visited and a warning displayed.
+
+** iso-acc.el now lets you specify a choice of language.
+Languages include "latin-1" (the default) and "latin-2" (which
+is designed for entering ISO Latin-2 characters).
+
+There are also choices for specific human languages such as French and
+Portuguese.  These are subsets of Latin-1, which differ in that they
+enable only the accent characters needed for particular language.
+The other accent characters, not needed for the chosen language,
+remain normal.
+
+** Posting articles and sending mail now has M-TAB completion on various
+header fields (Newsgroups, To, CC, ...).
+
+Completion in the Newsgroups header depends on the list of groups
+known to your news reader.  Completion in the Followup-To header
+offers those groups which are in the Newsgroups header, since
+Followup-To usually just holds one of those.
+
+Completion in fields that hold mail addresses works based on the list
+of local users plus your aliases.  Additionally, if your site provides
+a mail directory or a specific host to use for any unrecognized user
+name, you can arrange to query that host for completion also.  (See the
+documentation of variables `mail-directory-process' and
+`mail-directory-stream'.)
+
+** A greatly extended sgml-mode offers new features such as (to be configured)
+skeletons with completing read for tags and attributes, typing named
+characters including optionally all 8bit characters, making tags invisible
+with optional alternate display text, skipping and deleting tag(pair)s.
+
+Note: since Emacs' syntax feature cannot limit the special meaning of ', " and
+- to inside <>, for some texts the result, especially of font locking, may be
+wrong (see `sgml-specials' if you get wrong results).
+
+The derived html-mode configures this with tags and attributes more or
+less HTML3ish.  It also offers optional quick keys like C-c 1 for
+headline or C-c u for unordered list (see `html-quick-keys').  Edit /
+Text Properties / Face or M-g combinations create tags as applicable.
+Outline minor mode is supported and level 1 font-locking tries to
+fontify tag contents (which only works when they fit on one line, due
+to a limitation in font-lock).
+
+External viewing via browse-url can occur automatically upon saving.
+
+** M-x imenu-add-to-menubar now adds to the menu bar for the current
+buffer only.  If you want to put an Imenu item in the menu bar for all
+buffers that use a particular major mode, use the mode hook, as in
+this example:
+
+    (add-hook 'emacs-lisp-mode-hook
+	      '(lambda () (imenu-add-to-menubar "Index")))
+
+** Changes in BibTeX mode.
+
+*** Field names may now contain digits, hyphens, and underscores.
+
+*** Font Lock mode is now supported.
+
+*** bibtex-make-optional-field is no longer interactive.
+
+*** If bibtex-maintain-sorted-entries is non-nil, inserting new
+entries is now done with a faster algorithm.  However, inserting
+will fail in this case if the buffer contains invalid entries or
+isn't in sorted order, so you should finish each entry with C-c C-c
+(bibtex-close-entry) after you have inserted or modified it.
+The default value of bibtex-maintain-sorted-entries is nil.
+
+*** Function `show-all' is no longer bound to a key, since C-u C-c C-q
+does the same job.
+
+*** Entries with quotes inside quote-delimited fields (as `author =
+"Stefan Sch{\"o}f"') are now supported.
+
+*** Case in field names doesn't matter anymore when searching for help
+text.
+
+** Font Lock mode
+
+*** Global Font Lock mode
+
+Font Lock mode can be turned on globally, in buffers that support it, by the
+new command global-font-lock-mode.  You can use the new variable
+font-lock-global-modes to control which modes have Font Lock mode automagically
+turned on.  By default, this variable is set so that Font Lock mode is turned
+on globally where the buffer mode supports it.
+
+For example, to automagically turn on Font Lock mode where supported, put:
+
+ (global-font-lock-mode t)
+
+in your ~/.emacs.
+
+*** Local Refontification
+
+In Font Lock mode, editing a line automatically refontifies that line only.
+However, if your change alters the syntactic context for following lines,
+those lines remain incorrectly fontified.  To refontify them, use the new
+command M-g M-g (font-lock-fontify-block).
+
+In certain major modes, M-g M-g refontifies the entire current function.
+(The variable font-lock-mark-block-function controls how to find the
+current function.)  In other major modes, M-g M-g refontifies 16 lines
+above and below point.
+
+With a prefix argument N, M-g M-g refontifies N lines above and below point.
+
+** Follow mode
+
+Follow mode is a new minor mode combining windows showing the same
+buffer into one tall "virtual window".  The windows are typically two
+side-by-side windows.  Follow mode makes them scroll together as if
+they were a unit.  To use it, go to a frame with just one window,
+split it into two side-by-side windows using C-x 3, and then type M-x
+follow-mode.
+
+M-x follow-mode turns off Follow mode if it is already enabled.
+
+To display two side-by-side windows and activate Follow mode, use the
+command M-x follow-delete-other-windows-and-split.
+
+** hide-show changes.
+
+The hooks hs-hide-hooks and hs-show-hooks have been renamed
+to hs-hide-hook and hs-show-hook, to follow the convention for
+normal hooks.
+
+** Simula mode now has a menu containing the most important commands.
+The new command simula-indent-exp is bound to C-M-q.
+
+** etags can now handle programs written in Erlang.  Files are
+recognised by the extensions .erl and .hrl.  The tagged lines are
+those that begin a function, record, or macro.
+
+** MSDOS Changes
+
+*** It is now possible to compile Emacs with the version 2 of DJGPP.
+Compilation with DJGPP version 1 also still works.
+
+*** The documentation of DOS-specific aspects of Emacs was rewritten
+and expanded; see the ``MS-DOS'' node in the on-line docs.
+
+*** Emacs now uses ~ for backup file names, not .bak.
+
+*** You can simulate mouse-3 on two-button mice by simultaneously
+pressing both mouse buttons.
+
+*** A number of packages and commands which previously failed or had
+restricted functionality on MS-DOS, now work.  The most important ones
+are: 
+
+**** Printing (both with `M-x lpr-buffer' and with `ps-print' package)
+now works.
+
+**** `Ediff' works (in a single-frame mode).
+
+**** `M-x display-time' can be used on MS-DOS (due to the new
+implementation of Emacs timers, see below).
+
+**** `Dired' supports Unix-style shell wildcards.
+
+**** The `c-macro-expand' command now works as on other platforms.
+
+**** `M-x recover-session' works.
+
+**** `M-x list-colors-display' displays all the available colors.
+
+**** The `TPU-EDT' package works.
+
+* Lisp changes in Emacs 19.31.
+
+** The function using-unix-filesystems on Windows NT and Windows 95
+tells Emacs to read and write files assuming that they reside on a
+remote Unix filesystem.  No CR/LF translation is done on any files in
+this case.  Invoking using-unix-filesystems with t activates this
+behavior, and invoking it with any other value deactivates it.
+
+** Change in system-type and system-configuration values.
+
+The value of system-type on a Linux-based GNU system is now `lignux',
+not `linux'.  This means that some programs which use `system-type'
+need to be changed.  The value of `system-configuration' will also
+be different.
+
+It is generally recommended to use `system-configuration' rather
+than `system-type'.
+
+See the file LINUX-GNU in this directory for more about this.
+
+** The functions shell-command and dired-call-process
+now run file name handlers for default-directory, if it has them.
+
+** Undoing the deletion of text now restores the positions of markers
+that pointed into or next to the deleted text.
+
+** Timers created with run-at-time now work internally to Emacs, and
+no longer use a separate process.  Therefore, they now work more
+reliably and can be used for shorter time delays.
+
+The new function run-with-timer is a convenient way to set up a timer
+to run a specified amount of time after the present.  A call looks
+like this:
+
+  (run-with-timer SECS REPEAT FUNCTION ARGS...)
+
+SECS says how many seconds should elapse before the timer happens.
+It may be an integer or a floating point number.  When the timer
+becomes ripe, the action is to call FUNCTION with arguments ARGS.
+
+REPEAT gives the interval for repeating the timer (measured in
+seconds).  It may be an integer or a floating point number.  nil or 0
+means don't repeat at all--call FUNCTION just once.
+
+*** with-timeout provides an easy way to do something but give
+up if too much time passes.
+
+  (with-timeout (SECONDS TIMEOUT-FORMS...) BODY...)
+
+This executes BODY, but gives up after SECONDS seconds.
+If it gives up, it runs the TIMEOUT-FORMS and returns the value
+of the last one of them.  Normally it returns the value of the last
+form in BODY.
+
+*** You can now arrange to call a function whenever Emacs is idle for
+a certain length of time.  To do this, call run-with-idle-timer.  A
+call looks like this:
+
+  (run-with-idle-timer SECS REPEAT FUNCTION ARGS...)
+
+SECS says how many seconds of idleness should elapse before the timer
+runs.  It may be an integer or a floating point number.  When the
+timer becomes ripe, the action is to call FUNCTION with arguments
+ARGS.
+
+Emacs becomes idle whenever it finishes executing a keyboard or mouse
+command.  It remains idle until it receives another keyboard or mouse
+command.
+
+REPEAT, if non-nil, means this timer should be activated again each
+time Emacs becomes idle and remains idle for SECS seconds The timer
+does not repeat if Emacs *remains* idle; it runs at most once after
+each time Emacs becomes idle.
+
+If REPEAT is nil, the timer runs just once, the first time Emacs is
+idle for SECS seconds.
+
+*** post-command-idle-hook is now obsolete; you shouldn't use it at
+all, because it interferes with the idle timer mechanism.  If your
+programs use post-command-idle-hook, convert them to use idle timers
+instead.
+
+*** y-or-n-p-with-timeout lets you ask a question but give up if
+there is no answer within a certain time.
+
+  (y-or-n-p-with-timeout PROMPT SECONDS DEFAULT-VALUE)
+
+asks the question PROMPT (just like y-or-n-p).  If the user answers
+within SECONDS seconds, it returns the answer that the user gave.
+Otherwise it gives up after SECONDS seconds, and returns DEFAULT-VALUE.
+
+** Minor change to `encode-time': you can now pass more than seven
+arguments.  If you do that, the first six arguments have the usual
+meaning, the last argument is interpreted as the time zone, and the
+arguments in between are ignored.
+
+This means that it works to use the list returned by `decode-time' as
+the list of arguments for `encode-time'.
+
+** The default value of load-path now includes the directory
+/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/site-lisp In addition to
+/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp.  You can use this new directory for
+site-specific Lisp packages that belong with a particular Emacs
+version.
+
+It is not unusual for a Lisp package that works well in one Emacs
+version to cause trouble in another.  Sometimes packages need updating
+for incompatible changes; sometimes they look at internal data that
+has changed; sometimes the package has been installed in Emacs itself
+and the installed version should be used.  Whatever the reason for the
+problem, this new feature makes it easier to solve.
+
+** When your program contains a fixed file name (like .completions or
+.abbrev.defs), the file name usually needs to be different on operating
+systems with limited file name syntax.
+
+Now you can avoid ad-hoc conditionals by using the function
+convert-standard-filename to convert the file name to a proper form
+for each operating system.  Here is an example of use, from the file
+completions.el:
+
+(defvar save-completions-file-name
+        (convert-standard-filename "~/.completions")
+  "*The filename to save completions to.")
+
+This sets the variable save-completions-file-name to a value that
+depends on the operating system, because the definition of
+convert-standard-filename depends on the operating system.  On
+Unix-like systems, it returns the specified file name unchanged.  On
+MS-DOS, it adapts the name to fit the limitations of that system.
+
+** The interactive spec N now returns the numeric prefix argument
+rather than the raw prefix argument.  (It still reads a number using the
+minibuffer if there is no prefix argument at all.)
+
+** When a process is deleted, this no longer disconnects the process
+marker from its buffer position.
+
+** The variable garbage-collection-messages now controls whether
+Emacs displays a message at the beginning and end of garbage collection.
+The default is nil, meaning there are no messages.
+
+** The variable debug-ignored-errors specifies certain kinds of errors
+that should not enter the debugger.  Its value is a list of error
+condition symbols and/or regular expressions.  If the error has any
+of the condition symbols listed, or if any of the regular expressions
+matches the error message, then that error does not enter the debugger,
+regardless of the value of debug-on-error.
+
+This variable is initialized to match certain common but uninteresting
+errors that happen often during editing.
+
+** The new function error-message-string converts an error datum
+into its error message.  The error datum is what condition-case
+puts into the variable, to describe the error that happened.
+
+** Anything that changes which buffer appears in a given window
+now runs the window-scroll-functions for that window.
+
+** The new function get-buffer-window-list returns a list of windows displaying
+a buffer.  The function is called with the buffer (a buffer object or a buffer
+name) and two optional arguments specifying the minibuffer windows and frames
+to search.  Therefore this function takes optional args like next-window etc.,
+and not get-buffer-window.
+
+** buffer-substring now runs the hook buffer-access-fontify-functions,
+calling each function with two arguments--the range of the buffer
+being accessed.  buffer-substring-no-properties does not call them.
+
+If you use this feature, you should set the variable
+buffer-access-fontified-property to a non-nil symbol, which is a
+property name.  Then, if all the characters in the buffer range have a
+non-nil value for that property, the buffer-access-fontify-functions
+are not called.  When called, these functions should put a non-nil
+property on the text that they fontify, so that they won't get called
+over and over for the same text.
+
+** Changes in lisp-mnt.el
+
+*** The lisp-mnt package can now recognize file headers that are written
+in the formats used by the `what' command and the RCS `ident' command:
+
+;; @(#) HEADER: text
+;; $HEADER: text $
+
+in addition to the normal
+
+;; HEADER: text
+
+*** The commands lm-verify and lm-synopsis are now interactive.  lm-verify
+checks that the library file has proper sections and headers, and
+lm-synopsis extracts first line "synopsis'"information.
+
+* For older news, see the file ONEWS.
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Copyright information:
+
+Copyright (C) 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+   Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
+   of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
+   copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved,
+   thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn.
+
+   Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
+   of this document, or of portions of it,
+   under the above conditions, provided also that they
+   carry prominent notices stating who last changed them.
+
+Local variables:
+mode: outline
+paragraph-separate: "[ 	]*$"
+end:

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/ONEWS	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,5710 @@
+GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes.  1992.
+Copyright (C) 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+See the end for copying conditions.
+
+For older news, see the file OONEWS.
+
+* Editing Changes in Emacs 19.30.
+
+** Be sure to recompile your byte-compiled Emacs Lisp files
+if you last compiled them with Emacs 19.28 or earlier.
+You can use M-x byte-force-recompile to recompile all the .elc files
+in a specified directory.
+
+** Emacs now provides multiple-frame support on Windows NT
+and Windows 95.
+
+** M-x column-number-mode toggles a minor mode which displays
+the current column number in the mode line.
+
+** Line Number mode is now enabled by default.
+
+** M-x what-line now displays the line number in the accessible
+portion of the buffer as well as the line number in the full buffer,
+when narrowing is in effect.
+
+** If you type a M-x command that has an equivalent key binding,
+the equivalent is shown in the minibuffer before the command executes.
+This feature is enabled by default for the sake of beginning users.
+You can turn the feature off by setting suggest-key-bindings to nil.
+
+** The menu bar is now visible on text-only terminals.  To choose a
+command from the menu bar when you have no mouse, type M-`
+(Meta-Backquote) or F10.  To turn off menu bar display,
+do (menu-bar-mode -1).
+
+** Whenever you invoke a minibuffer, it appears in the minibuffer
+window that the current frame uses.
+
+Emacs can only use one minibuffer window at a time.  If you activate
+the minibuffer while a minibuffer window is active in some other
+frame, the outer minibuffer window disappears while the inner one is
+active.
+
+** Echo area messages always appear in the minibuffer window that the
+current frame uses.  If a minibuffer is active in some other frame,
+the echo area message does not hide it even temporarily.
+
+** The minibuffer now has a menu-bar menu.  You can use it to exit or
+abort the minibuffer, or to ask for completion.
+
+** Dead-key and composite character processing is done in the standard
+X11R6 manner (through the default "input method" using the
+/usr/lib/X11/locale/*/Compose databases of key combinations).  I.e. if
+it works in xterm, it should also work in emacs now.
+
+** Mouse changes
+
+*** You can now use the mouse when running Emacs in an xterm.
+Use M-x xterm-mouse-mode to let emacs take control over the mouse.
+
+*** C-mouse-1 now once again provides a menu of buffers to select.
+S-mouse-1 is now the way to select a default font for the frame.
+
+*** There is a new mouse-scroll-min-lines variable to control the
+minimum number of lines scrolled by dragging the mouse outside a
+window's edge.
+
+*** Dragging mouse-1 on a vertical line that separates windows
+now moves the line, thus changing the widths of the two windows.
+(This feature is available only if you don't have vertical scroll bars.
+If you do use them, a scroll bar separates two side-by-side windows.)
+
+*** Double-click mouse-1 on a character with "symbol" syntax (such as
+underscore, in C mode) selects the entire symbol surrounding that
+character.  (Double-click mouse-1 on a letter selects a whole word.)
+
+** When incremental search wraps around to the beginning (or end) of
+the buffer, if you keep on searching until you go past the original
+starting point of the search, the echo area changes from "Wrapped" to
+"Overwrapped".  That tells you that you are revisiting matches that
+you have already seen.
+
+** Filling changes.
+
+*** If the variable colon-double-space is non-nil, the explicit fill
+commands put two spaces after a colon.
+
+*** Auto-Fill mode now supports Adaptive Fill mode just as the
+explicit fill commands do.  The variable adaptive-fill-regexp
+specifies a regular expression to match text at the beginning of
+a line that should be the fill prefix.
+
+*** Adaptive Fill mode can take a fill prefix from the first line of a
+paragraph, *provided* that line is not a paragraph-starter line.
+
+Paragraph-starter lines are indented lines that start a new
+paragraph because they are indented.  This indentation shouldn't
+be copied to additional lines.
+
+Whether indented lines are paragraph lines depends on the value of the
+variable paragraph-start.  Some major modes set this; you can set it
+by hand or in mode hooks as well.  For editing text in which paragraph
+first lines are not indented, and which contains paragraphs in which
+all lines are indented, you should use Indented Text mode or arrange
+for paragraph-start not to match these lines.
+
+*** You can specify more complex ways of choosing a fill prefix
+automatically by setting `adaptive-fill-function'.  This function
+is called with point after the left margin of a line, and it should
+return the appropriate fill prefix based on that line.
+If it returns nil, that means it sees no fill prefix in that line.
+
+** Gnus changes.
+
+Gnus, the Emacs news reader, has been rewritten and expanded.  Most
+things that worked with the old version should still work with the new
+version.  Code that relies heavily on Gnus internals is likely to
+fail, though.
+
+*** Incompatibilities with the old GNUS.
+
+**** All interactive commands have kept their names, but many internal
+functions have changed names.
+
+**** The summary mode gnus-uu commands have been moved from the `C-c
+C-v' keymap to the `X' keymap.
+
+**** There can now be several summary buffers active at once.
+Variables that are relevant to each summary buffer are buffer-local to
+that buffer.
+
+**** Old hilit code doesn't work at all.  Gnus performs its own
+highlighting based not only on what's visible in the buffer, but on
+other data structures.
+
+**** Old packages like `expire-kill' will no longer work.  
+
+**** `C-c C-l' in the group buffer no longer switches to a different
+buffer, but instead lists killed groups in the group buffer.
+
+*** New features.
+
+**** The look of all buffers can be changed by setting format-like
+variables.
+ 
+**** Local spool and several NNTP servers can be used at once.
+
+**** Groups can be combined into virtual groups.
+
+**** Different mail formats can be read much the same way as one would
+read newsgroups.  All the mail backends implement mail expiry schemes.
+
+**** Gnus can use various strategies for gathering threads that have
+lost their roots (thereby gathering loose sub-threads into one thread)
+or it can go back and retrieve enough headers to build a complete
+thread.
+
+**** Killed groups can be read.
+
+**** Gnus can do partial group updates - you do not have to retrieve
+the entire active file just to check for new articles in a few groups.
+
+**** Gnus implements a sliding scale of subscribedness to groups.
+
+**** You can score articles according to any number of criteria.  You
+can get Gnus to score articles for you using adaptive scoring.
+
+**** Gnus maintains a dribble buffer that is auto-saved the normal
+Emacs manner, so it should be difficult to lose much data on what you
+have read if your machine should go down.
+
+**** Gnus now has its own startup file (`.gnus.el') to avoid
+cluttering up the `.emacs' file.
+
+**** You can set the process mark on both groups and articles and
+perform operations on all the marked items.
+
+**** You can grep through a subset of groups and create a group from
+the results.
+
+**** You can list subsets of groups using matches on group names or
+group descriptions.
+
+**** You can browse foreign servers and subscribe to groups from those
+servers.
+
+**** Gnus can pre-fetch articles asynchronously on a second connection
+to the servers.
+
+**** You can cache articles locally.
+
+**** Gnus can fetch FAQs to and descriptions of groups.
+
+**** Digests (and other files) can be used as the basis for groups.
+
+**** Articles can be highlighted and customized.
+
+** Changes to Version Control (VC)
+
+*** General changes (all backends).
+
+VC directory listings (C-x v d) are now kept up to date when you do a
+vc-next-action (C-x v v) on the marked files.  The `g' command updates
+the buffer properly.  `=' in a VC dired buffer produces a version
+control diff, not an ordinary diff.
+
+*** CVS changes.
+
+Under CVS, you no longer need to type C-x C-q before you can edit a
+file.  VC doesn't write-protect unmodified buffers anymore; you can
+freely change them at any time.  The mode line keeps track of the
+file status.
+
+If you do want unmodified files to be write-protected, set your
+CVSREAD environment variable.  VC sees this and behaves accordingly;
+that will give you the behaviour of Emacs 19.29, similar to that under
+RCS and SCCS.  In this mode, if the variable vc-mistrust-permissions
+is nil, VC learns the modification state from the file permissions.
+When setting CVSREAD for the first time, you should check out the
+whole module anew, so that the file permissions are set correctly.
+
+VC also works with remote repositories now.  When you visit a file, it
+doesn't run "cvs status" anymore, so there shouldn't be any long delays.
+
+Directory listings under VC/CVS have been enhanced.  Type C-x v d, and
+you get a list of all files in or below the current directory that are
+not up-to-date.  The actual status (modified, merge, conflict, ...) is
+displayed for each file.  If you give a prefix argument (C-u C-x v d),
+up-to-date files are also listed.  You can mark any number of files,
+and execute the next logical version control command on them (C-x v v).
+
+*** Starting a new branch.
+
+If you try to lock a version that is not the latest on its branch, 
+VC asks for confirmation in the minibuffer.  If you say no, it offers
+to lock the latest version instead.
+
+*** RCS non-strict locking.
+
+VC can now handle RCS non-strict locking, too.  In this mode, working
+files are always writable and you needn't lock the file before making
+changes, similar to the default mode under CVS.  To enable non-strict
+locking for a file, use the "rcs -U" command.
+
+*** Sharing RCS master files.
+
+If you share RCS subdirs with other users (through symbolic links),
+and you always want to work on the latest version, set
+vc-consult-headers to nil and vc-mistrust-permissions to `t'.
+Then you see the state of the *latest* version on the mode line, not
+that of your working file.  When you do a check out, VC overwrites
+your working file with the latest version from the master.
+
+*** RCS customization.
+
+There is a new variable vc-consult-headers.  If it is t (the default),
+VC searches for RCS headers in working files (like `$Id$') and
+determines the state of the file from them, not from the master file.
+This is fast and more reliable when you use branches.  (The variable
+was already present in Emacs 19.29, but didn't get mentioned in the
+NEWS.)
+
+** Calendar changes.
+
+*** New calendars supported: Chinese, Coptic, Ethiopic
+
+Here are the commands for converting to and from these calendars:
+
+   gC: calendar-goto-chinese-date
+   gk: calendar-goto-coptic-date
+   ge: calendar-goto-ethiopic-date
+
+   pC: calendar-print-chinese-date
+   pk: calendar-print-coptic-date
+   pe: calendar-print-ethiopic-date
+
+*** Printed calendars
+
+Calendar mode now has commands to produce fancy printed calendars via
+LaTeX.  You can ask for a calendar for one or more days, weeks, months
+or years.  The commands all start with `t'; see the manual for a list
+of them.
+
+*** New sexp diary entry type
+
+Reminders that apply in the days leading up to an event. 
+
+** The CC-mode package now provides the default C and C++ modes.
+See the manual for documentation of its features.
+
+** The uniquify package chooses buffer names differently when you
+visit multiple files with the same name (in different directories).
+
+** RMAIL now always uses the movemail program when it renames an
+inbox file, so that it can interlock properly with the mailer
+no matter where it is delivering mail.
+
+** tex-start-of-header and tex-end-of-header are now regular expressions,
+not strings.
+
+** To enable automatic uncompression of compressed files,
+type M-x auto-compression-mode.  (This command used to be called
+toggle-auto-compression, but was not documented before.)  In Lisp,
+you can do
+
+   (auto-compression-mode 1)
+
+to turn the mode on.
+
+** The new pc-select package emulates the key bindings for cutting and
+pasting, and selection of regions, found in Windows, Motif, and the
+Macintosh.
+
+** Help buffers now use a special major mode, Help mode.  This mode
+normally turns on View mode; it also provides a hook, help-mode-hook,
+which you can use for other customization.
+
+** Apropos now uses faces for enhanced legibility.  It now describes
+symbol properties as well as their function definitions and variable
+values.  You can use Mouse-2 or RET to get more information about a
+function definition, variable, or property.
+
+** Font Lock mode
+
+*** Supports Scheme, TCL and Help modes
+
+For example, to automatically turn on Font Lock mode in the *Help*
+buffer, put:
+
+ (add-hook 'help-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock)
+
+in your ~/.emacs.
+
+*** Enhanced fontification
+
+The structure of font-lock-keywords is extended to allow "anchored" keywords.
+Typically, a keyword item of font-lock-keywords comprises a regexp to search
+for and information to specify how the regexp should be highlighted.  However,
+the highlighting information is extended so that it can be another keyword
+item.  This keyword item, its regexp and highlighting information, is processed
+before resuming with the keyword item of which it is part.
+
+For example, a typical keyword item might be:
+
+ ("\\<anchor\\>" (0 anchor-face))
+
+which fontifies each occurrence of the discrete word "anchor" in the value of
+the variable anchor-face.  However, the highlighting information can be used to
+fontify text that is anchored to the word "anchor".  For example:
+
+ ("\\<anchor\\>" (0 anchor-face) ("\\=[ ,]*\\(item\\)" nil nil (1 item-face)))
+
+which fontifies each occurrence of "anchor" as above, but for each occurrence
+of "anchor", each occurrence of "item", in any following comma separated list,
+is fontified in the value of the variable item-face.  Thus the "item" text is
+anchored to the "anchor" text.  See the variable documentation for further
+information.
+
+This feature is used to extend the level and quality of fontification in a
+number of modes.  For example, C/C++ modes now have level 3 decoration that
+includes the fontification of variable and function names in declaration lists.
+In this instance, the "anchor" described in the above example is a type or
+class name, and an "item" is a variable or function name.
+
+*** Fontification levels
+
+The variables font-lock-maximum-decoration and font-lock-maximum-size are
+extended to specify levels and sizes for specific modes.  The variable
+font-lock-maximum-decoration specifies the preferred level of fontification for
+modes that provide multiple levels (typically from "subdued" to "gaudy").  The
+variable font-lock-maximum-size specifies the buffer size for which buffer
+fontification is suppressed when Font Lock mode is turned on (typically because
+it would take too long).
+
+These variables can now specify values for individual modes, by supplying
+lists of mode names and values.  For example, to use the above mentioned level
+3 decoration for buffers in C/C++ modes, and default decoration otherwise, put:
+
+ (setq font-lock-maximum-decoration '((c-mode . 3) (c++-mode . 3)))
+
+in your ~/.emacs.  Maximum buffer size values for individual modes are
+specified in the same way with the variable font-lock-maximum-size.
+
+*** Font Lock configuration
+
+The mechanism to provide default settings for Font Lock mode are the variables
+font-lock-defaults and font-lock-maximum-decoration.  Typically, you should
+only need to change the value of font-lock-maximum-decoration.  However, to
+support Font Lock mode for buffers in modes that currently do not support Font
+Lock mode, you should set a buffer local value of font-lock-defaults for that
+mode, typically via its mode hook.
+
+These variables are used by Font Lock mode to set the values of the variables
+font-lock-keywords, font-lock-keywords-only, font-lock-syntax-table,
+font-lock-beginning-of-syntax-function and font-lock-keywords-case-fold-search.
+
+You need not set these variables directly, and should not set them yourself
+since the underlining mechanism may change in future.
+
+** Archive mode is now the default mode for various sorts of
+archive files (files whose names end with .arc, .lzh, .zip, and .zoo).
+
+** You can automatically update the years in copyright notice by
+means of (add-hook 'write-file-hooks 'copyright-update).
+Optionally it can update the GPL version as well.
+
+** Scripts of various languages (Shell, AWK, Perl, makefiles ...) can
+be automatically provided with a magic number and be made executable
+by their respective modes under control of various user variables.
+The mode must call (executable-set-magic "perl") or
+(executable-set-magic "make" "-f").  The latter for example has no
+effect on [Mm]akefile.
+
+** Shell script mode now supports over 15 different shells.  The new
+command C-c ! executes the region, and optionally beginning of script
+as well, by passing them to the shell.
+
+Cases such as `sh' being a `bash' are now accounted for.
+Fontification now also does variables, the magic number and all
+builtin commands.  Shell script mode no longer mingles `tab-width' and
+indentation style.  The variable `sh-tab-width' has been renamed to
+`sh-indentation'.  Empty lines are now indented like previous
+non-empty line, rather than just previous line.
+
+The annoying $ variable prompting has been eliminated.  Instead, shell
+script mode uses `comint-dynamic-completion' for commands, variables
+and filenames.
+
+** Two-column mode now automatically scrolls both buffers together,
+which makes it possible to eliminate the special scrolling commands
+that used to do so.
+
+The commands that operate in two-column mode are no longer bound to
+keys outside that mode.  f2 o will now position at the same point in
+associated buffer.
+
+the new command f2 RET inserts a newline in both buffers, at point and
+at the corresponding position in the associated buffer.
+
+** Skeleton commands now work smoothly as abbrev definitions.  The
+element < no longer exists, ' is a new element.
+
+** The autoinsert insert facility for prefilling empty files as soon
+as they are found has been extended to accommodate skeletons or calling
+functions.  See the function auto-insert.
+
+** TPU-edt Changes
+
+Loading tpu-edt no longer turns on tpu-edt mode.  In fact, it is no
+longer necessary to explicitly load tpu-edt.  All you need to do to
+turn on tpu-edt is run the tpu-edt function.  Here's how to run
+tpu-edt instead of loading the file:
+  
+  Running Emacs:   Type      emacs -f tpu-edt
+                    not      emacs -l tpu-edt
+
+  Within Emacs:    Type      M-x tpu-edt <ret>
+                    not      M-x load-library <ret> tpu-edt <ret>
+  
+  In .emacs:       Use       (tpu-edt)
+                   not       (load "tpu-edt")
+  
+The default name of the tpu-edt X key definition file has changed from
+~/.tpu-gnu-keys to ~/.tpu-keys.  If you don't rename the file yourself,
+tpu-edt will offer to rename it the first time you invoke it under
+x-windows.
+
+** MS-DOS Enhancements:
+
+*** Better mouse control by adding the following functions [in dosfns.c]
+msdos-mouse-enable, msdos-mouse-disable, msdos-mouse-init.
+
+*** If another foreground/background color than the default is setup in
+your ~/_emacs, then the screen briefly flickers with the default
+colors before changing to the colors you have specified.  To avoid
+this, the EMACSCOLORS environment variable exists.  It shall be
+defined as a string with the following elements:
+  
+    set EMACSCOLORS=fb;fb
+  
+The first set of "fb" defines the initial foreground and background
+colors using standard dos color numbers (0=black,.., 7=white).
+If specified, the second set of "fb" defines the colors which are
+restored when you leave emacs.
+  
+*** The new SUSPEND environment variable can now be set as the shell to
+use when suspending emacs.  This can be used to override the stupid
+limitation on the environment of sub-shells in MS-DOS (they are just
+large enough to hold the currently defined variables, not leaving
+room for more); to overcome this limitation, add this to autoexec.bat:
+  
+    set SUSPEND=%COMSPEC% /E:2000
+
+** The escape character can now be displayed on X frames.  Try
+this:
+    (aset standard-display-table 27 (vector 27))
+after first creating a display table (you can do that by loading
+the disp-table library).
+
+** The new command-line option --eval specifies an expression to evaluate
+from the command line.
+
+** etags has now the ability to tag Perl files.  They are recognised
+either by the .pm and .pl suffixes or by a first line which starts
+with `#!' and specifies a Perl interpreter.  The tagged lines are
+those beginning with the `sub' keyword.
+
+New suffixes recognised are .hpp for C++; .f90 for Fortran; .bib,
+.ltx, .TeX for TeX (.bbl, .dtx removed); .ml for Lisp; .prolog for
+prolog (.pl is now Perl).
+
+** The files etc/termcap.dat and etc/termcap.ucb have been replaced
+with a new, merged, and much more comprehensive termcap file.  The
+new file should include all the special entries from the old one.
+This new file is under active development as part of the ncurses
+project.  If you have any questions about this file, or problems with
+an entry in it, email [e-mail].
+
+* Lisp changes in Emacs 19.30.
+
+** New Data Types
+
+*** There is a new data type called a char-table which is an array
+indexed by a character.  Currently this is mostly equivalent to a
+vector of length 256, but in the future, when a wider character set is
+in use, it will be different.  To create one, call
+   (make-char-table SUBTYPE INITIAL-VALUE)
+
+SUBTYPE is a symbol that identifies the specific use of this
+character table.  It can be any of these values:
+
+  syntax-table
+  display-table
+  keyboard-translate-table
+  case-table
+
+The function `char-table-subtype' returns the subtype of a char-table.
+You cannot alter the subtype of an existing char-table.
+
+A char-table has an element for each character code.  It also has some
+"extra slots".  The number of extra slots depends on the subtype and
+their use depends on the subtype.  (Each subtype symbol has a
+`char-table-extra-slots' property that says how many extra slots to
+make.)  Use (char-table-extra-slot TABLE N) to access extra slot N and
+(set-char-table-extra-slot TABLE N VALUE) to store VALUE in slot N.
+
+A char-table T can have a parent, which should be another char-table
+P.  If you look for the value in T for character C, and the table T
+actually holds nil, P's element for character C is used instead.
+The functions `char-table-parent' and `set-char-table-parent'
+let you read or set the parent of a char-table.
+
+To scan all the values in a char-table, do not try to loop through all
+possible character codes.  That would work for now, but will not work
+in the future.  Instead, call map-char-table.  (map-char-table
+FUNCTION TABLE) calls FUNCTION once for each character or character
+set that has a distinct value in TABLE.  FUNCTION gets two arguments,
+RANGE and VALUE.  RANGE specifies a range of TABLE that has one
+uniform value, and VALUE is the value in TABLE for that range.
+
+Currently, RANGE is always a vector containing a single character
+and it refers to that character alone.  In the future, other kinds
+of ranges will occur.  You can set the value for a given range
+with (set-char-table-range TABLE RANGE VALUE) and examine the value
+for a range with (char-table-range TABLE RANGE).
+
+*** Syntax tables are now represented as char-tables.
+All syntax tables other than the standard syntax table
+normally have the standard syntax table as their parent.
+Their subtype is `syntax-table'.
+
+*** Display tables are now represented as char-tables.
+Their subtype is `display-table'.
+
+*** Case tables are now represented as char-tables.
+Their subtype is `case-table'.
+
+*** The value of keyboard-translate-table may now be a char-table
+instead of a string.  Normally the char-tables used for this purpose
+have the subtype `keyboard-translate-table', but that is not required.
+
+*** A new data type called a bool-vector is a vector of values
+that are either t or nil.  To create one, do
+   (make-bool-vector LENGTH INITIAL-VALUE)
+
+** You can now specify, for each marker, how it should relocate when
+text is inserted at the place where the marker points.  This is called
+the "insertion type" of the marker.
+
+To set the insertion type, do (set-marker-insertion-type MARKER TYPE).
+If TYPE is t, it means the marker advances when text is inserted.  If
+TYPE is nil, it means the marker does not advance.  (In Emacs 19.29,
+markers did not advance.)
+
+The function marker-insertion-type reports the insertion type of a
+given marker.  The function copy-marker takes a second argument TYPE
+which specifies the insertion type of the new copied marker.
+
+** When you create an overlay, you can specify the insertion type of
+the beginning and of the end.  To do this, you can use two new
+arguments to make-overlay: front-advance and rear-advance.
+
+** The new function overlays-in returns a list of the overlays that
+overlap a specified range of the buffer.  The returned list includes
+empty overlays at the beginning of this range, as well as within the
+range.
+
+** The new hook window-scroll-functions is run when a window has been
+scrolled.  The functions in this list are called just before
+redisplay, after the new window-start has been computed.  Each function
+is called with two arguments--the window that has been scrolled, and its
+new window-start position.
+
+This hook is useful for on-the-fly fontification and other features
+that affect how the redisplayed text will look when it is displayed.
+
+The window-end value of the window is not valid when these functions
+are called.  The computation of window-end is byproduct of actual
+redisplay of the window contents, which means it has not yet happened
+when the hook is run.  Computing window-end specially in advance for
+the sake of these functions would cause a slowdown.
+
+The hook functions can determine where the text on the window will end
+by calling vertical-motion starting with the window-start position.
+
+** The new hook redisplay-end-trigger-functions is run whenever
+redisplay in window uses text that extends past a specified end
+trigger position.  You set the end trigger position with the function
+set-window-redisplay-end-trigger.  The functions are called with two
+arguments: the window, and the end trigger position.  Storing nil for
+the end trigger position turns off the feature, and the trigger value
+is automatically reset to nil just after the hook is run.
+
+You can use the function window-redisplay-end-trigger to read a
+window's current end trigger value.
+
+** The new function insert-file-contents-literally inserts the
+contents of a file without any character set translation or decoding.
+
+** The new function safe-length computes the length of a list.
+It never gets an error--it treats any non-list like nil.
+If given a circular list, it returns an upper bound for the number
+of elements before the circularity.
+
+** replace-match now takes a fifth argument, SUBEXP.  If SUBEXP is
+non-nil, that says to replace just subexpression number SUBEXP of the
+regexp that was matched, not the entire match.  For example, after
+matching `foo \(ba*r\)' calling replace-match with 1 as SUBEXP means
+to replace just the text that matched `\(ba*r\)'.
+
+** The new keymap special-event-map defines bindings for certain
+events that should be handled at a very low level--as soon as they
+are read.  The read-event function processes these events itself,
+and never returns them.
+
+Events that are handled in this way do not echo, they are never
+grouped into key sequences, and they never appear in the value of
+last-command-event or (this-command-keys).  They do not discard a
+numeric argument, they cannot be unread with unread-command-events,
+they may not appear in a keyboard macro, and they are not recorded
+in a keyboard macro while you are defining one.
+
+These events do, however, appear in last-input-event immediately after
+they are read, and this is the way for the event's definition to find
+the actual event.
+
+The events types iconify-frame, make-frame-visible and delete-frame
+are normally handled in this way.
+
+** encode-time now supports simple date arithmetic by means of
+out-of-range values for its SEC, MINUTE, HOUR, DAY, and MONTH
+arguments; for example, day 0 means the day preceding the given month.
+Also, the ZONE argument can now be a TZ-style string.
+
+** command-execute and call-interactively now accept an optional third
+argument KEYS.  If specified and non-nil, this specifies the key
+sequence containing the events that were used to invoke the command.
+
+** The environment variable NAME, if set, now specifies the value of
+(user-full-name), when Emacs starts up.
+
+* User Editing Changes in Emacs 19.29
+
+** If you run out of memory.
+
+If you get the error message "Virtual memory exhausted", type C-x s.
+That way of saving files has the least additional memory needs.  Emacs
+19.29 keeps a reserve of memory which it makes available when this
+error happens; that is to ensure that C-x s can complete its work.
+
+Once you have saved your data, you can exit and restart Emacs, or use
+M-x kill-some-buffers to free up space.  If you kill buffers
+containing a substantial amount of text, you can go on editing.
+
+Do not use M-x buffer-menu to save or kill buffers when you are out of
+memory, because that needs a fair amount memory itself and you may not
+have enough to get it started.
+
+** The format of compiled files has changed incompatibly.
+
+Byte-compiled files made with Emacs 19.29 normally use a new format
+that will not work in older Emacs versions.  You can compile files
+in the old format if you wish; see "Changes in compilation," below.
+
+** Emacs 19.29 supports the DEC Alpha.
+
+** Emacs runs on Windows NT.
+
+This port does not yet support windowing features.  It works like a
+text-only terminal, but it does support a mouse.
+
+In general, support for non-GNU-like operating systems is not a high
+priority for the GNU project.  We merged in the support for Windows NT
+because that system is expected to be very widely used.
+
+** Emacs supports Motif widgets.
+
+You can build Emacs with Motif widgets by specifying --with-x-toolkit=motif
+when you run configure.
+
+Motif defines collections of windows called "tab groups", and uses the
+tab key and the cursor keys to move between windows in a tab group.
+Emacs naturally does not support this--it has other uses for the tab
+key and cursor keys.  Emacs does not support Motif accelerators either,
+because it uses its normal keymap event binding features.
+
+We give higher priority to operation with a free widget set than to
+operation with a proprietary one.
+
+** If Emacs or the computer crashes, you can recover all the files you
+were editing from their auto save files by typing M-x recover-session.
+This first shows you a list of recorded interrupted sessions.  Move
+point to the one you choose, and type C-c C-c.
+
+Then recover-session asks about each of the files that were being
+edited during that session, asking whether to recover that file.  If
+you answer y, it calls recover-file, which works in its normal
+fashion.  It shows the dates of the original file and its auto-save
+file and asks once again whether to recover that file.
+
+When recover-session is done, the files you've chosen to recover
+are present in Emacs buffers.  You should then save them.
+Only this--saving them--updates the files themselves.
+
+** Menu bar menus now stay up if you click on the menu bar item and
+release the mouse button within a certain amount of time.  This is in
+the X Toolkit version.
+
+** The menu bar menus have been rearranged and split up to make for a
+better organization.  Two new menu bar menus, Tools and Search,
+contain items that were formerly in the Files and Edit menus, as well
+as some that did not exist in the menu bar menus before.
+
+** Emacs can now display on more than one X display at the same time.
+Use the command make-frame-on-display to create a frame, specifying
+which display to use.
+
+** M-x talk-connect sets up a multi-user talk connection
+via Emacs.  Specify the X display of the person you want to talk to.
+You can talk to any number of people (within reason) by using
+this command repeatedly to specify different people.
+
+Emacs does not make a fuss about security; the people who you talk to
+can use all Emacs features, including visiting and editing files.  If
+this frightens you, don't use M-x talk-connect.
+
+** The range of integer values is now at least 2**28 on all machines.
+This means the maximum size of a buffer is at least 2**27-1,
+or 134,217,727.
+
+** When you start Emacs, you can now specify option names in
+long GNU form (starting with `--') and you can abbreviate the names.
+
+You can now specify the options in any order.
+The previous requirements about the order of options
+have been eliminated.
+
+The -L or --directory option lets you specify an additional
+directory to search for Lisp libraries (including libraries
+that you specify with the -l or --load options).
+
+** Incremental search in Transient Mark mode, if the mark is already
+active, now leaves the mark active and does not change its position.
+You can make incremental search deactivate the mark once again with
+this expression.
+
+    (add-hook 'isearch-mode-hook 'deactivate-mark)
+
+** C-delete now deletes a word backwards.  This is for compatibility
+with some editors in the PC world.  (This key is not available on
+ordinary ASCII terminals, because C-delete is not a distinct character
+on those terminals.)
+
+** ESC ESC ESC is now a command to escape from various temporary modes
+and states.
+
+** M-x pc-bindings-mode sets up bindings compatible with many PC editors.
+In particular, Delete and its variants delete forward instead of backward.
+Use Backspace to delete backward.
+
+C-Backspace kills backward a word (as C-Delete normally would).
+M-Backspace does undo.
+Home and End move to beginning and end of line
+C-Home and C-End move to beginning and end of buffer.
+
+** The key sequence for evaluating a Lisp expression using the minibuffer
+is now ESC :.  It used to be ESC ESC, but we moved it to make way for
+the ESC ESC ESC feature, on the grounds that people who evaluate Lisp
+expressions are experienced users and can cope with a change.
+If you prefer the old ESC ESC binding, put in your `~/.emacs':
+
+	(global-set-key "\e\e" 'eval-expression)
+
+** The f1 function key is now equivalent to the help key.  This is
+done with key-translation-map; delete the binding for f1 in that map
+if you want to use f1 for something else.
+
+** Mouse-3, in the simplest case, still sets the region.  But now, it
+places the mark where point was, and sets point where you click.
+(It used to set the mark where you click and leave point alone.)
+
+If you position point with Mouse-1, then scroll with the scroll bar
+and use Mouse-3, Mouse-3 uses the position you specified with Mouse-1
+even if it has scrolled off the screen (and point is no longer there).
+This makes it easier to select a region with the mouse which is bigger
+than a screenful.
+
+Any editing of the buffer, and any cursor motion or scrolling for any
+reason other than the scroll bar, cancels the special state set up by
+Mouse-1--so that a subsequent Mouse-3 click will use the actual value
+of point.
+
+** C-mouse-3 now pops up a mode-specific menu of commands--normally
+the same ones available in the mode's own menu bar menus.
+
+** C-mouse-2 now pops up a menu of faces, indentation, justification,
+and certain other text properties.  This menu is also available
+through the menu-bar Edit menu.  It is meant for use with Enriched
+mode.
+
+*** You can use this menu to change the face of the region.
+You can also set the face of the region with the new M-g command.
+
+*** The menu also includes commands for indenting the region, 
+which locally changes the values of left-margin and fill-column that
+are used.
+
+*** All fill functions now indent every line to the left-margin.  If
+there is also a fill-prefix, that goes after the margin indentation.
+
+*** Open-line and newline also make sure that the lines they create
+are indented to the left margin.
+
+*** It also allows you to set the "justification" of the region:
+whether it should be centered, flush right, and so forth.  The fill
+functions (including auto-fill-mode) will maintain the justification
+and indentation that you request.
+
+*** The new function `list-colors-display' shows you what colors are
+available.  This is also accessible from the C-mouse-2 menu.
+
+** You can now save and load files including their faces and other
+text-properties by using Enriched-mode.  Files are saved in an
+extended version of the MIME text/enriched format.  You can use the
+menus described above, or M-g and other keyboard commands, to
+alter the formatting information.
+
+** C-mouse-1 now pops up the menu for changing the frame's default font.
+
+** You can input Hyper, Super, Meta, and Alt characters, as well as
+non-ASCII control characters, on an ASCII-only terminal.
+To do this, use
+
+  C-x @ h  --  hyper
+  C-x @ s  --  super
+  C-x @ m  --  meta
+  C-x @ a  --  alt
+  C-x @ S  --  shift
+  C-x @ c  --  control
+
+These are not ordinary key sequences; they operate through
+function-key-map, which means they can be used even in the
+middle of an ordinary key sequence.
+
+** Outline minor mode and Hideif mode now use C-c @ as their prefix
+character.
+
+** Echo area messages are now logged in the "*Messages*" buffer.  The
+size of this buffer is limited to message-log-max lines.
+
+** RET in various special modes for read-only buffers that contain
+lists of items now selects the item point is on.  These modes include
+Dired, Compilation buffers, Buffer-menu, Tar mode, and Occur mode.
+(In Info, RET follows the reference near point; in completion list
+buffers, RET chooses the completion around point.)
+
+** set-background-color now updates the modeline face in a special
+way.  If that face was previously set up to be reverse video, the
+reverse of the default face, then set-background-color updates it so
+that it remains the reverse of the default face.
+
+** The functions raise-frame and lower-frame are now commands.
+When used interactively, they apply to the selected frame.
+
+** M-x buffer-menu now displays the buffer list in the selected window.
+Use M-x buffer-menu-other-window to display it in another window.
+
+** M-w followed by a kill command now *does not* append the text in
+the kill ring.  In consequence, M-w followed by C-w works as you would
+expect: it leaves the top of the kill ring matching the region that
+you killed.
+
+** In Lisp mode, the C-M-x command now executes defvar forms in a
+special way: it unconditionally sets the variable to the specified
+default value, if there is one.  Normal execution of defvar does not
+alter the variable if it already has a non-void value.
+
+** In completion list buffers, the left and right arrow keys run the
+new commands previous-completion and next-completion.  They move one
+completion at a time.
+
+** While doing completion in the minibuffer, the `prior' or `pageup'
+key switches to the completion list window.
+
+** When you exit the minibuffer with empty contents, the empty string
+is not put in the minibuffer history.
+
+** The default buffer for insert-buffer is now the "first" buffer
+other than the current one.  If you have more than one window, this
+is a buffer visible in another window.  (Usually it is the buffer
+that C-M-v would scroll.)
+
+** The etags program is now capable of recording tags based on regular
+expressions provided on the command line.
+
+This new feature allows easy support for constructs not normally
+handled by etags, such as the macros frequently used in big C/C++
+projects to define project-specific structures.  It also enables the
+use of etags and TAGS files for languages not supported by etags.
+
+The Emacs manual section on Tags contains explanations and examples
+for Emacs's DEFVAR, VHDL, Cobol, Postscript and TCL.
+
+** Various mode-specific commands that used to be bound to C-c LETTER
+have been moved.
+
+*** In gnus-uu mode, gnus-uu-interactive-scan-directory is now on C-c C-d,
+and gnus-uu-interactive-save-current-file is on C-c C-z.
+
+*** In Scribe mode, scribe-insert-environment is now on C-c C-v,
+scribe-chapter is on C-c C-c, scribe-subsection is on C-c C-s,
+scribe-section is on C-c C-t, scribe-bracket-region-be is on C-c C-e,
+scribe-italicize-word is on C-c C-i, scribe-bold-word is on C-c C-b,
+and scribe-underline-word is on C-c C-u.
+
+*** In Gomoku mode, gomoku-human-takes-back is now on C-c C-b,
+gomoku-human-plays is on C-c C-p, gomoku-human-resigns is on C-c C-r,
+and gomoku-emacs-plays is on C-c C-e.
+
+*** In the Outline mode defined in allout.el,
+outline-rebullet-current-heading is now on C-c *.
+
+** M-s in Info now searches through the nodes of the Info file,
+just like s.  The alias M-s was added so that you can use the same
+command for searches in both Info and Rmail.
+
+** iso-acc.el now lets you enter inverted-! and inverted-?
+with the sequences ~! and ~?.
+
+** M-x compare-windows now pushes mark in both windows before
+it starts moving point.
+
+** There are two new commands in Dired, A (dired-do-search)
+and Q (dired-do-query-replace).  These are similar to tags-search and
+tags-query-replace, but instead of searching the list of files that
+appears in a tags table, they search all the files marked in Dired.
+
+** Changes to dabbrev.
+
+A new function, `dabbrev-completion' (bound to M-C-/), expands the
+unique part of an abbreviation.
+
+Dabbrev now looks for expansions in other buffers, looks for symbols
+instead of words and it works in the minibuffer.
+
+Dabbrev can be customized to work for shell scripts, with variables
+that sometimes have and sometimes haven't a leading "$".  See the
+variable 'dabbrev-abbrev-skip-leading-regexp'.
+
+** In Rmail, the command rmail-input-menu has been eliminated.  The
+feature of selecting an Rmail file from a menu is now implemented in
+another way.
+
+** Bookmarks changes.
+
+*** It now works to set bookmarks in Info nodes.
+
+*** Bookmarks can have annotations; type "C-h m" after doing 
+"M-x list-bookmarks", for more information on annotations.
+
+*** The bookmark-jump popup menu function is now `bookmark-menu-jump', for
+those who bind it to a mouse click.
+
+*** The default bookmarks file name is now "~/.emacs.bmk".  If you
+already have a bookmarks file, it will be renamed automagically when
+you next load it.
+
+** New package, ps-print.
+
+The ps-print package generates PostScript printouts of buffers or
+regions, and includes face attributes such as color, underlining,
+boldface and italics in the printed output.
+
+** New package, msb.
+
+The msb package provides a buffer-menu in the menubar with separate
+menus for different types of buffers.
+
+** `cpp.el' is a new library that can highlight or hide parts of a C
+file according to C preprocessor conditionals.  To try it, run the
+command M-x cpp-highlight-buffer.
+
+** Changes in CC mode.
+
+*** c-set-offset and related functions and variables can now accept
+variable symbols.  Also ++ and -- which mean 2* positive and negative
+c-basic-offset respectively.
+
+*** New variable, c-recognize-knr-p, which controls whether K&R C
+constructs will be recognized.  Trying to recognize K&R constructs is a
+time hog so if you're programming strictly in ANSI C, set this
+variable to nil (it should already be nil in c++-mode).
+
+*** New variable, c-hanging-comment-ender-p for controlling
+c-fill-paragraph's behavior.
+
+*** New syntactic symbol: statement-case-open.  This is assigned to lines
+containing an open brace just after a case/default label.
+
+*** New variable, c-progress-interval, which controls minibuffer update
+message displays during long re-indention.  This is a new feature
+which prints percentage complete messages at specified intervals.
+
+** Makefile mode changes. 
+
+*** The electric keys are not enabled by default.
+
+*** There is now a mode-specific menu bar menu.
+
+*** The mode supports font-lock, add-log, and imenu.
+
+*** The command M-TAB does completion of target names and variable names.
+
+** icomplete.el now works more like a minor mode.  Use M-x icomplete-mode
+to turn it on and off.
+
+Icomplete now supports an `icomplete-minibuffer-setup-hook', which is
+run on minibuffer setup whenever icompletion will be occurring.  This
+hook can be used to customize interoperation of icomplete with other
+minibuffer-specific packages, eg rsz-mini.  See the doc string for
+more info.
+
+** Ediff change.
+
+Use ediff-revision instead of vc-ediff.  It also replaces rcs-ediff,
+for those who use that; if you want to use a version control package
+other than vc.el, you must set the variable
+ediff-version-control-package to specify which package.
+
+** VC now supports branches with RCS.
+
+You can use C-u C-x C-q to select any branch or version by number.
+It reads the version number or branch number with the minibuffer,
+then checks out the file unlocked.
+
+Type C-x C-q again to lock the selected branch or version.
+When you check in changes to that branch or version, there are two
+possibilities:
+
+-- If you've selected a branch, or a version at the tip of a branch,
+then the new version adds to that branch.  If you wish to create a
+new branch, use C-u C-x C-q to specify a version number when you check
+in the new version.
+
+-- If you've selected an inner version which is not the latest in its
+branch, then the new version automatically creates a new branch.
+
+** VC now supports CVS as well as RCS and SCCS.
+
+Since there are no locks in CVS, some things behave slightly
+different when the backend is CVS.  When vc-next-action is invoked
+in a directory handled by CVS, it does the following:
+
+   If the file is not already registered, this registers it for version
+control.  This does a "cvs add", but no "cvs commit".
+   If the file is added but not committed, it is committed.
+   If the file has not been changed, neither in your working area or
+in the repository, a message is printed and nothing is done.
+   If your working file is changed, but the repository file is
+unchanged, this pops up a buffer for entry of a log message; when you
+finish the log message with C-c C-c, that checks in the resulting
+changes along with the log message as change commentary.  A writable
+file remains in existence.
+
+   If vc-next-action changes the repository file, it asks you
+whether to merge in the changes into your working copy.
+
+vc-directory, when started in a CVS file hierarchy, reports
+all files that are modified (and thus need to be committed).
+(When the backend is RCS or SCCS vc-directory reports all
+locked files).
+
+VC has no support for running the initial "cvs checkout" to get a
+working copy of a module.  You can only use VC in a working copy of
+a module.
+
+You can disable the CVS support as follows:
+
+  (setq vc-master-templates (delq 'vc-find-cvs-master vc-master-templates))
+
+or by setting vc-handle-cvs to nil.
+
+This may be desirable if you run a non-standard version of CVS, or
+if CVS was compiled with FORCE_USE_EDITOR or (possibly)
+RELATIVE_REPOS.
+
+** Comint and shell mode changes:
+
+*** Completion works with file names containing quoted characters.
+
+File names containing special characters (such as " ", "!", etc.) that are
+quoted with a "\" character are recognised during completion.  Special
+characters are quoted when they are inserted during completion.
+
+*** You can use M-x comint-truncate-buffer to truncate the buffer.
+
+When this command is run, the buffer is truncated to a maximum number
+of lines, specified by the variable comint-buffer-maximum-size.  Just
+like the command comint-strip-ctrl-m, this can be run automatically
+during process output by doing this:
+
+(add-hook 'comint-output-filter-functions
+	  'comint-truncate-buffer)
+
+** Telnet mode buffer name changed.
+
+The buffer name for a Telnet buffer is now *telnet-HOST*, not
+ *HOST-telnet*.  This is for consistency with other Emacs packages.
+
+** M-x man (man) is now faster and more robust.  On systems where the
+entire man page is indented, the indentation is removed.
+
+The user option names that used to end in -p now end in -flag.  The
+new names are: Man-reuse-okay-flag, Man-downcase-section-letters-flag,
+Man-circular-pages-flag.  The Man-notify user option has been renamed to
+Man-notify-method and accepts one more value, `pushy', that just
+switches the current buffer to the manpage buffer, without switching
+frames nor changing your windows configuration.
+
+A new user option Man-fontify-manpage-flag disables fontification
+(thus speeding up man) when set to nil.  Default is to fontify if a
+window system is used.  Two new user options Man-overstrike-face
+(default 'bold) and Man-underline-face (default 'underline) can be set
+to the preferred faces to be used for the words that man overstrikes
+and underlines.  Useful for those who like coloured man pages.
+
+Two new interactive functions are provided: Man-cleanup-manpage and
+Man-fontify-manpage.  Both can be used on a buffer that contains the
+output of a `rsh host man manpage' command, or the output of an
+`nroff -man -Tman manpage' command to make them readable.
+Man-cleanup-manpage is faster, but does not fontify.
+
+** The new function modify-face makes it easy to specify
+all the attributes of a face, all at once.
+
+** Faces now support background stippling.
+
+Use the command set-face-stipple to specify the stipple-pattern for a
+face.  Use face-stipple to access the specified stipple pattern.  The
+existing face functions now handle the stipple pattern when
+appropriate.
+
+If you specify one of the standard gray colors as a face background
+color, and your display doesn't handle gray, Emacs automatically uses
+stipple instead to get the same effect.
+
+** Changes in Font Lock mode.
+
+*** Fontification
+
+Two new default faces are provided; `font-lock-variable-name-face' and
+`font-lock-reference-face'.  The face `font-lock-doc-string-face' has
+been removed since it is the same as the existing
+`font-lock-string-face'.  Where appropriate, fontification
+automatically uses these new faces.
+
+Fontification via commands `font-lock-mode' and
+`font-lock-fontify-buffer' is now cleanly interruptible (i.e., with
+C-g).  If you interrupt during the fontification process, the buffer
+remains in its previous modified state and all highlighting is removed
+from the buffer.
+
+For C/C++ modes, Font Lock mode is much faster but highlights much
+more.  Other modes are faster/more extensive/more discriminatory, or a
+combination of these.
+
+To enable Font Lock mode, add the new function `turn-on-font-lock' in
+one of the following ways:
+
+ (add-hook 'c-mode-hook 'turn-on-font-lock)
+
+Or for any visited file with:
+
+ (add-hook 'find-file-hooks 'turn-on-font-lock)
+
+*** Supports color and grayscale displays
+
+Font Lock mode supports different ways of highlighting, depending on
+the type of display and background shade.  Attributes (face color,
+bold, italic and underline, and display type and background mode) can
+be controlled either from Emacs Lisp or X resources.
+
+See the new variables `font-lock-display-type' and
+`font-lock-face-attributes'.
+
+*** Supports more modes
+
+The following modes are directly supported:
+
+ada-mode, asm-mode, bibtex-mode, c++-c-mode, c++-mode, c-mode,
+change-log-mode, compilation-mode, dired-mode, emacs-lisp-mode,
+fortran-mode, latex-mode, lisp-mode, mail-mode, makefile-mode,
+outline-mode, pascal-mode, perl-mode, plain-tex-mode, rmail-mode,
+rmail-summary-mode, scheme-mode, shell-mode, slitex-mode, tex-mode,
+texinfo-mode.
+
+See the new variables `font-lock-defaults-alist' and
+`font-lock-defaults'.
+
+Some modes support different levels of fontification.  You can choose
+to use the minimum or maximum available decoration by changing the
+value of the new variable `font-lock-maximum-decoration'.
+
+Programmers are urged to make available to the community their own
+keywords for modes not yet supported.  See font-lock.el for
+information about efficiency.
+
+*** fast-lock
+
+The fast-lock package speeds up Font Lock mode by saving font choices
+in associated cache files.  When you visit a file with Font Lock mode
+and Fast Lock mode turned on for the first time, the file's buffer is
+fontified as normal.  When certain events occur (such as exiting
+Emacs), Fast Lock saves the highlighting in a cache file.  When you
+subsequently visit this file, its cache is used to restore the
+highlighting.
+
+To use this package, put in your `~/.emacs':
+
+ (add-hook 'font-lock-mode-hook 'turn-on-fast-lock)
+
+To control the use of caches, see the documentation for `fast-lock-mode'.
+
+** You can tell pop-to-buffer to display certain buffers in the selected
+window rather than finding some other window to display them in.
+There are two variables you can use to specify these buffers.
+
+same-window-buffer-names holds a list of buffer names; if a buffer's
+name appears in this list, pop-to-buffer puts it in the selected window.
+
+same-window-regexps holds a list of regexps--if any one of them
+matches a buffer's name, then pop-to-buffer puts that buffer in the
+selected window.
+
+The default values of these variables are not nil: they list various
+buffers that normally appear, when you as for them, in the selected
+window.  These include shell buffers, mail buffers, telnet buffers,
+and others.  By removing elements from these variables, you can ask
+Emacs to display those buffers in separate windows.
+
+** The special-display-buffer-names and special-display-regexps lists
+have been generalized.  An element may now be a list.  The car of the list
+is the buffer name or regular expression for matching buffer names.
+
+The cdr of the list can be an alist specifying additional frame
+parameters for use in constructing the special display frame.
+
+Alternatively, the cdr can have this form:
+
+  (FUNCTION ARGS...)
+
+where FUNCTION is a symbol.  Then the frame is constructed by calling
+FUNCTION; its first argument is the buffer, and its remaining
+arguments are ARGS.
+
+** If the environment variable REPLYTO is set, its value is the default
+for mail-default-reply-to.
+
+** When you send a message in Emacs, if you specify an Rmail file with
+the FCC: header field, Emacs converts the message to Rmail format
+before writing it.  Thus, the file never contains anything but Rmail
+format messages.
+
+** The new variable mail-from-style controls whether the From: header
+should include the sender's full name, and if so, which format to use.
+
+** The new variable mail-personal-alias-file specifies the name of the
+user's personal aliases.  This defaults to the file ~/.mailrc.
+mailabbrev.el used to have its own variable for this purpose
+(mail-abbrev-mailrc-file).  That variable is no longer used.
+
+** In Buffer-Menu mode, the d and C-d commands (which mark buffers for
+deletion) now accept a prefix argument which serves as a repeat count.
+
+** Changes in BibTeX mode.
+
+*** Reference keys can now be entered with TAB completion.  All
+reference keys defined in that buffer and all labels that appear in
+crossreference entries are object to completion.
+
+*** Braces are supported as field delimiters in addition to quotes.
+BibTeX entries may have brace-delimited and quote-delimited fields
+intermixed.  The delimiters generated for new entries are specified by
+the variables bibtex-field-left-delimiter and
+bibtex-field-right-delimiter on a buffer-local basis. Those variables
+default to braces, since it is easier to put quote accented characters
+(as the german umlauts) into a brace-delimited entry.
+
+*** The function bibtex-clean-entry can now be invoked with a prefix
+argument.  In this case, a label is automatically generated from
+various fields in the record.  If bibtex-clean-entry is invoked on a
+record without label, a label is also generated automatically.
+Various variables (all beginning with `bibtex-autokey-') control the
+creation of that key.  The variable bibtex-autokey-edit-before-use
+determines, if the user is allowed to edit auto-generated reference
+keys before they are used.
+
+*** A New function bibtex-complete-string completes strings with
+respect to the strings defined in this buffer and a set of predefined
+strings (initialized to the string macros defined in the standard
+BibTeX style files) in the same way in which ispell-complete-word
+works with respect to words in a dictionary.  Candidates for
+bibtex-complete-string are initialized from variable
+bibtex-predefined-strings and by parsing the files found in
+bibtex-string-files for @String definitions.
+
+*** Every reference/field pair has now attached a comment which
+appears in the echo area when this field is edited.  These comments
+should provide useful hints for BibTeX usage, especially for BibTeX
+beginners.  New variable bibtex-help-message determines if these help
+messages are to appear in the minibuffer when moving to a text entry.
+
+*** Inscriptions of menu bar changed from "Entry Types" to
+"Entry-Types" and "Bibtex Edit" to "BibTeX-Edit".
+
+*** The variable bibtex-include-OPTcrossref is now not longer a binary
+switch but a list of reference names which should contain a crossref
+field.  E.g., you can tell bibtex-mode you want a crossref field for
+@InProceedings and @InBook entries but for no other.
+
+*** The function validate-bibtex-buffer was completely rewritten to
+validate if a buffer is syntactically correct.  find-bibtex-duplicates
+is no longer a function itself but was moved into
+validate-bibtex-buffer.
+
+*** Cleaning a BibTeX entry tests, if necessary fields are there.
+E.g., if you tell bibtex-mode to include a crossref entry, some fields
+are optional which would be required without the crossref entry.  If
+you now leave the crossref entry empty and do a bibtex-clean-entry
+with some now required fields left empty, version 2.0 of bibtex.el
+complains about the absence of these fields, whereas version 1.3
+didn't.
+
+*** Default value for variables bibtex-maintain-sorted-entries and
+bibtex-sort-ignore-string-entries is now t.
+
+*** All interactive functions are renamed to begin with `bibtex-'.
+
+*** Keybindings with \C-c\C-e entry changed for unification.  Often
+used reference types are now on control-modified keys, mediocre used
+types are on unmodified keys, seldom used types are on shift-modified
+keys and almost never used types on meta-modified keys.
+
+* Configuration Changes in Emacs 19.29
+
+** Emacs now uses directory /usr/local/share for most of its installed
+files.  This follows a GNU convention for directory usage.
+
+** The option --with-x11 is no longer supported.
+X11 is the only version of X that Emacs 19.29 supports;
+use --with-x if you need to request X support explicitly.
+(Normally this should not be necessary, since configure should
+automatically enable X support if X is installed on your machine.)
+
+** If you use the site-init.el file to set the variable
+mail-host-address to a string in the dumped Emacs, that string becomes
+the default host address for initializing user-mail-address.
+It is used instead of the value of (system-name).
+
+* Lisp-Level Changes in Emacs 19.29
+
+** Basic Lisp
+
+*** The range of integer values is now at least 2**28 on all machines.
+This means the maximum size of a buffer is at least 2**27-1,
+or 134,217,727.
+
+*** You can now use Common Lisp syntax for the backquote and comma
+macros.  Thus, you can now write `(x ,y z) instead of (` (x (, y) z)).
+
+The old syntax is still accepted.
+
+*** The new function rassoc is like assoc, except that it compares the
+key against the cdr of each alist element, where assoc would compare
+it against the car of each alist element.
+
+*** The new function unintern deletes a symbol from an obarray.  The
+first argument can be the symbol to delete, or a string giving its
+name.  The second argument specifies the obarray (nil means the
+current default obarray).
+
+If the specified symbol is not in the obarray, or if there's no symbol
+in the obarray matching the specified string, unintern does nothing
+and returns nil.  If it does delete a symbol, it returns t.
+
+*** You can specify an alternative read function for use by load and
+eval-region by binding the variable load-read-function to some other
+function.  This function should accept one argument just like read.
+If load-read-function is nil, load and eval-region use ordinary read.
+
+*** The new function `type-of' takes any object as argument, and
+returns a symbol identifying the type of that object--one of `symbol',
+`integer', `float', `string', `cons', `vector', `marker', `overlay',
+`window', `buffer', `subr', `compiled-function',
+`window-configuration', `process'.
+
+*** When you use eval-after-load for a file that is already loaded, it
+executes the FORM right away.  As before, if the file is not yet
+loaded, it arranges to execute FORM if and when the file is loaded
+later.  The result is: if you have called eval-after-load for a file,
+and if that file has been loaded, then regardless of the order of
+these two events, the specified form has been evaluated.
+
+*** The Lisp construct #@NUMBER now skips the next NUMBER characters,
+treating them as a comment.
+
+You would not want to use this in a file you edit by hand, but it is
+useful for commenting out parts of machine-generated files.
+
+*** Two new functions, `plist-get' and `plist-put',
+allow you to modify and retrieve values from lists formatted as property-lists.
+They work like `get' and `put', but operate on any list.
+`plist-put' returns the modified property-list; you must store it
+back where you got it.
+
+*** The new function add-to-list is called with two elements,
+a variable that holds a list and a new element.
+It adds the element to the list unless it is already present.
+It compares elements using `equal'.  Here is an example:
+
+(setq foo '(a b)) => (a b)
+
+(add-to-list 'foo 'c) => (c a b)
+
+(add-to-list 'foo 'b) => (c a b)
+
+foo => (c a b)
+
+** Changes in compilation.
+
+Functions and variables loaded from a byte-compiled file
+now refer to the file for their doc strings.
+
+This has a few consequences:
+
+-- Loading the file is faster and uses less memory.
+-- Reference to doc strings is a little slower (the same speed
+   as reference to the doc strings of primitive and preloaded functions).
+-- The compiled files will not work in old versions of Emacs.
+-- If you move the compiled file after loading it, Emacs can no longer
+   find these doc strings.
+-- If you alter the compiled file (such as by compiling a new
+   version), then further access to documentation strings will get
+   nonsense results.
+
+The byte compiler now optionally supports lazy loading of compiled
+functions' definitions.  If you enable this feature when you compile,
+loading the compiled file does not actually bring the function
+definitions into core.  Instead it creates references to the compiled
+file, and brings each function's definition into core the first time
+you call that function, or when you force it with the new function
+`fetch-bytecode'.
+
+Using the lazy loading feature has a few consequences:
+
+-- Loading the file is faster and uses less memory.
+-- Calling any function in the file for the first time is slower.
+-- If you move the compiled file after loading it, Emacs can no longer
+   find the function definitions.
+-- If you alter the compiled file (such as by compiling a new
+   version), then further access to functions not already loaded
+   will get nonsense results.
+
+To enable the lazy loading feature, set up a non-nil file local
+variable binding for the variable `byte-compile-dynamic' in the Lisp
+source file.  For example, put this on the first line:
+
+    -*-byte-compile-dynamic: t;-*-
+
+It's a good idea to use the lazy loading feature for a file that
+contains many functions, most of which are not actually used by a
+given user in a given session.
+
+To turn off the basic feature of referring to the file for doc
+strings, set byte-compile-dynamic-docstrings to nil.  You can do this
+globally, or for one source file by adding this to the first line:
+
+    -*-byte-compile-dynamic-docstrings: nil;-*-
+
+** Strings
+
+*** Do not pass integer arguments to `concat' (or `vconcat' or
+`append').  We are phasing out the old unrecommended support for
+integers as arguments to these functions, in preparation for treating
+numbers as single characters in a future release.  To concatenate
+numbers in string form, use `number-to-string' first, or rewrite the
+call to use `format' instead of `concat'.
+
+*** The new function match-string returns the string of text matched at
+the given parenthesized expression by the last regexp search, or nil
+if there was no match.  If the last match was by `string-match' on a
+string, the string must be given.  Therefore, this function can be
+used in place of `buffer-substring' and `substring', when using
+`match-beginning' and `match-end' to find match positions.
+
+   (match-string N)   or   (match-string N STRING)
+
+*** The function replace-match now accepts an optional fourth argument,
+STRING.  Use this after performing string-match on STRING, to replace
+the portion of STRING that was matched.  When used in this way,
+replace-match returns a newly created string which is the same as
+STRING except for the matched portion.
+
+*** The new function buffer-substring-no-properties
+is like buffer-substring except that the string it returns
+has no text properties.
+
+*** The function `equal' now considers two strings to be different
+if they don't have the same text properties.
+
+** Completion
+
+*** all-completions now takes an optional fourth argument.
+If that argument is non-nil, completions that start with a space
+are ignored unless the initial string also starts with a space.
+(This used to happen unconditionally.)
+
+** Local Variables
+
+*** Local hook variables.
+
+There is now a clean way to give a hook variable a buffer-local value.
+Call the function `make-local-hook' to do this.
+
+Once a hook variable is buffer-local, you can add hooks to it either
+globally or locally.  run-hooks runs the local hook functions
+of the current buffer, then all the global hook functions.
+
+The functions add-hook and remove-hook take an additional optional
+argument LOCAL which says whether to add (or remove) a local hook
+function or a global one.
+
+Local hooks use t as an element of the (local) value of the hook
+variable as a flag meaning to use the global value also.
+
+*** The new function local-variable-p tells you whether a particular
+variable is buffer-local in the current buffer or a specified buffer.
+
+** Editing Facilities
+
+*** The function copy-region-as-kill no longer sets this-command;
+as a result, a following kill command will not normally append
+to the text saved by copy-region-as-kill.
+
+*** Regular expression searching and matching no longer performs full
+Posix backtracking by default.  They now stop with the first match found
+instead of looking for the longest match--just as they did in Emacs 18.
+The reason for this change is to get higher speed.
+
+There are new functions you can use if you really want to search or
+match with Posix behavior: posix-search-forward,
+posix-search-backward, posix-looking-at, and posix-string-match.  Call
+these just like re-search-forward, re-search-backward, looking-at, and
+string-match.
+
+** Files
+
+*** The new variable `format-alist' defines file formats,
+which are ways of translating between the data in a file and things
+(text, text-properties, and possibly other information) in a buffer.
+
+`format-alist' has one element for each format.  Each element is a
+list like this:
+  (NAME DOC-STRING REGEXP FROM-FN TO-FN MODIFY MODE-FN)
+containing the name of the format, a documentation string, a regular
+expression which is used to recognize files in that format, a decoding
+function, an encoding function, a flag that indicates whether the
+encoding function modifies the buffer, and a mode function.
+
+FROM-FN is called to decode files in that format; it gets two args, BEGIN 
+        and END, and can make any modifications it likes, returning the new
+        end position.  It must make sure that the beginning of the file no
+	longer matches REGEXP, or else it will get called again.
+TO-FN   is called to encode a region into that format; it is also passed BEGIN
+        and END, and either returns a list of annotations as in
+        `write-region-annotate-functions', or modifies the region and returns
+        the new end position.
+MODIFY, if non-nil, means the TO-FN modifies the region.  If nil, TO-FN may
+        not make any changes and should return a list of annotations.
+
+`insert-file-contents' checks the beginning of the file that it is
+inserting to see if it matches one of the regexps.  If so, then it
+calls the decoding function, and then looks for another match.  When
+visiting a file, it also calls the mode function, and sets the
+variable `buffer-file-format' to the list of formats that the file
+used.
+
+`write-region' calls the encoding functions for each format in
+`buffer-file-format' before it writes the file.  To save a file in a
+different format, either set `buffer-file-format' to a different
+value, or call the new function `format-write-file'.
+
+Since some encoding functions may be slow, you can request that
+auto-save use a format different from the buffer's default by setting
+the variable `auto-save-file-format' to the desired format.  This will
+determine the format of all auto-save files.
+
+*** The new function file-ownership-preserved-p tells you whether
+deleting a file and recreating it would keep the file's owner
+unchanged.
+
+*** The new function file-regular-p returns t if a file
+is a "regular" file (not a directory, symlink, named pipe,
+terminal, or other I/O device).
+
+*** The new function file-name-sans-extension discards the extension
+of a file name.  You call it with a file name, and returns a string
+lacking the extension.
+
+*** The variable path-separator is a string which says which
+character separates directories in a search path.  It is ":"
+for Unix and GNU systems, ";" for MSDOG and Windows NT.
+
+** Commands and Key Sequences
+
+*** Key sequences consisting of C-c followed by {, }, <, >, : or ; are
+now reserved for major modes.  Sequences consisting of C-c followed by
+any other punctuation character are now meant for minor modes.  We don't
+plan to convert all existing major modes to stop using those sequences,
+but we hope to keep them to a minimum.
+
+*** When the post-command-hook or the pre-command-hook gets an error, the error
+is silently ignored.  Emacs no longer sets the hook variable to nil when this
+happens.  Meanwhile, the hook functions can now alter the hook variable in
+a normal fashion; there is no need to do anything special.
+
+*** define-key, lookup-key, and various other functions for changing or
+looking up key bindings now let you write an event type with a list
+like (ctrl meta newline) or (meta ?d), as in XEmacs.  (ctrl meta newline)
+is equivalent to the event type symbol C-M-newline, and (meta ?d)
+is equivalent to the character ?\M-d.
+
+*** The function event-convert-list converts a list such as
+(meta ?d) into the corresponding event type (a symbol or integer).
+
+*** In an interactive spec, `k' means to read a key sequence.  In this
+key sequence, upper case characters and shifted function keys which
+have no bindings are converted to lower case if that makes them
+defined.
+
+The new interactive code `K' reads a key sequence similarly, but does
+not convert the last event.  `K' is useful for reading a key sequence
+to be given a binding.
+
+*** The variable overriding-local-map now has no effect on the menu bar
+display unless overriding-local-map-menu-flag is non-nil.  This is why
+incremental search no longer temporarily changes the menu bars.
+
+Note that overriding-local-map does still affect the execution of key
+sequences entered using the menu bar.  So if you use
+overriding-local-map, and a menu bar key sequence comes in, you should
+make sure to clear overriding-local-map before that key sequence gets
+looked up and executed.  But this is what you'd normally do anyway:
+programs that use overriding-local-map normally exit and "put back"
+any event such as menu-bar that they do not handle specially.
+
+*** The new variable `overriding-terminal-local-map' is like
+overriding-local-map, but is specific to a single terminal.
+
+*** delete-frame events.
+
+When you use the X window manager's "delete window" command, this now
+generates a delete-frame event.  The standard definition of this event
+is a command that deletes the frame that received the event, and kills
+Emacs when the last visible or iconified frame is deleted.  You can
+rebind the event to some other command if you wish.
+
+*** Two new types of events, iconify-frame and make-frame-visible,
+indicate that the user iconified or deiconified a frame with the
+window manager.  Since the window manager has already done the work,
+the default definition for both event types in Emacs is to do nothing.
+
+** Frames and X
+
+*** Certain Lisp variables are now local to an X terminal (in other
+words, all the screens of a single X server).  The value in effect, at
+any given time, is the one that belongs to the terminal of the
+selected frame.  The terminal-local variables are
+default-minibuffer-frame, system-key-alist, defining-kbd-macro, and
+last-kbd-macro.  There is no way for Lisp programs to create others.
+
+The terminal-local variables cannot be buffer-local.
+
+*** When you create an X frame, for the `top' and `left' frame
+parameters, you can now use values of the form (+ N) or (- N), where N
+is an integer.  (+ N) means N pixels to the right of the left edge of
+the screen and (- N) means N pixels to the left of the right edge.  In
+both cases, N may be zero (exactly at the edge) or negative (putting
+the window partly off the screen).
+
+The function x-parse-geometry can return values of these forms
+for certain inputs.
+
+*** The variable menu-bar-file-menu has been renamed to
+menu-bar-files-menu to match the actual item that appears in the menu.
+(All the other such variable names do match.)
+
+*** The new function active-minibuffer-window returns the minibuffer window
+currently active, or nil if none is now active.
+
+*** In the functions next-window, previous-window, next-frame,
+previous-frame, get-buffer-window, get-lru-window, get-largest-window
+and delete-windows-on, if you specify 0 for the last argument,
+it means to consider all visible and iconified frames.
+
+*** When you set a frame's cursor type with modify-frame-parameters,
+you can now specify (bar . INTEGER) as the cursor type.  This stands
+for a bar cursor of width INTEGER.
+
+*** The new function facep returns t if its argument is a face name
+(or if it is a vector such as is used internally by the Lisp code
+to represent a face).
+
+*** Each frame can now have a buffer-predicate function,
+which is the `buffer-predicate' frame parameter.
+When `other-buffer' looks for an alternative buffer, it considers
+only the buffers that fit the selected frame's buffer predicate (if it
+has one).  This is useful for applications that make their own frames.
+
+*** When you create an X frame, you can now specify the frame parameter
+`display'.  This says which display to put the frame on.  The value
+should be a display name--a string of the form
+"HOST:DPYNUMBER.SCREENNUMBER".
+
+The functions x-server-... and x-display-... now take an optional
+argument which specifies the display to ask about.  You can use either
+a display name string or a frame.  A value of nil stands for the
+selected frame.
+
+To close the connection to an X display, use the function
+x-close-connection.  Specify which display with a display name.  You
+cannot close the connection if Emacs still has frames open on that
+display.
+
+x-display-list returns a list indicating which displays Emacs has
+connections to.  Its elements are display names (strings).
+
+*** The icon-type frame parameter may now be a file name.
+Then the contents of that file specify the icon bitmap to use
+for that frame.
+
+*** The title of an Emacs frame, displayed by most window managers, is
+set from frame-title-format or icon-title-format.  These have the same
+structure as mode-line-format.
+
+*** x-display-grayscale-p is a new function that returns non-nil if
+your X server can display shades of gray.  Currently it returns
+non-nil for color displays (because they can display shades of gray);
+we may change it in the next version to return nil for color displays.
+
+*** The frame parameter scroll-bar-width specifies the width of the
+scrollbar in pixels.
+
+** Buffers
+
+*** Creating a buffer with get-buffer-create does not obey
+default-major-mode.  That variable is now handled in a separate
+function, set-buffer-major-mode.  get-buffer-create and generate-new-buffer
+always leave the newly created buffer in Fundamental mode.
+
+Creating a new buffer by visiting a file or with switch-to-buffer,
+pop-to-buffer, and similar functions does call set-buffer-major-mode
+to select the default major mode specified with default-major-mode.
+
+*** You can now create an "indirect buffer".  An indirect buffer shares
+its text, including text properties, with another buffer (the "base
+buffer"), but has its own major mode, local variables, overlays, and
+narrowing.  An indirect buffer has a name of its own, distinct from
+those of the base buffer and all other buffers.  An indirect buffer
+cannot itself be visiting a file (though its base buffer can be).
+The base buffer cannot itself be indirect.
+
+Use (make-indirect-buffer BASE-BUFFER NAME) to make an indirect buffer
+named NAME whose base is BASE-BUFFER.  If BASE-BUFFER is an indirect
+buffer, its base buffer is used as the base for the new buffer.
+
+You can make an indirect buffer current, or switch to it in a window,
+just as you would a non-indirect buffer.
+
+The function buffer-base-buffer, given an indirect buffer, returns its
+base buffer.  It returns nil when given an ordinary buffer (not
+indirect).
+
+The library `noutline' has versions of Outline mode and Outline minor
+mode which let you display different parts of the outline in different
+indirect buffers.
+
+** Subprocesses
+
+*** The functions call-process and call-process-region now allow
+you to direct error message output from the subprocess into a
+separate destination, instead of mixing it with ordinary output.
+To do this, specify for the third argument, BUFFER, a list of the form
+  (BUFFER-OR-NAME ERROR-DESTINATION)
+BUFFER-OR-NAME specifies where to put ordinary output; it should
+be a buffer or buffer name, or t, nil or 0.  This is what would
+have been the BUFFER argument, ordinarily.
+
+ERROR-DESTINATION specifies where to put the error output.
+nil means discard it, t means mix it with the ordinary output,
+and a string specifies a file name to write this output into.
+
+You can't specify a buffer to put the error output in; that is not
+easy to implement directly.  You can put the error output into a
+buffer by sending it to a temporary file and then inserting the file
+into a buffer.
+
+*** Comint mode changes:
+
+**** The variable comint-completion-addsuffix can also be a cons pair
+of the form (DIRSUFFIX . FILESUFFIX), where DIRSUFFIX and FILESUFFIX are
+strings added on unambiguous or exact completion of directories and file
+names, respectively.
+
+** Text properties
+
+*** You can now specify which values of the `invisible' property
+make text invisible in a given buffer.  The variable
+`buffer-invisibility-spec', which is always local in all buffers,
+controls this.
+
+If its value is t, then any non-nil `invisible' property makes
+a character invisible.
+
+If its value is a list, then a character is invisible if its
+`invisible' property value appears as a member of the list, or if it
+appears as the car of a member of the list.
+
+When the `invisible' property value appears as the car of a member of
+the `buffer-invisibility-spec' list, then the cdr of that member has
+an effect.  If it is non-nil, then an ellipsis appears in place of the
+character.  (This happens only for the *last* invisible character in a
+series of consecutive invisible characters, and only at the end of a
+line.)
+
+If a character's `invisible' property is a list, then Emacs checks each
+element of the list against `buffer-invisibility-spec'.  If any element
+matches, the character is invisible.
+
+*** The command `list-text-properties-at' shows what text properties
+are in effect at point.
+
+*** Frame objects now exist in Emacs even on systems that don't support
+X Windows.  You can create multiple frames, and switch between them
+using select-frame.  The selected frame is actually displayed on your
+terminal; other frames are not displayed at all.  The selected frame
+number appears in the mode line after `Emacs', except for frame 1.
+
+Switching frames on ASCII terminals is therefore more or less
+equivalent to switching between different window configurations.
+
+*** The new variable window-size-change-functions holds a list of
+functions to be called if window sizes change (or if windows are
+created or deleted).  The functions are called once for each frame on
+which changes have occurred, with the frame as the sole argument.
+This takes place shortly before redisplay.
+
+*** The modification hook functions of overlays now work differently.
+They are called both before and after each change.  This makes it
+possible for the functions to determine exactly what the change was.
+
+This change affects three overlay properties: the modification-hooks
+property, a list of functions called for deletions overlapping the
+overlay's range and for insertions inside it; the
+insert-in-front-hooks, a list of functions called for insertions at
+the beginning of the overlay; and the insert-behind-hooks, a list of
+functions called for insertions at the end of the overlay.
+
+Each function is called both before and after each change that it
+applies to.  Before the change, it is called with four arguments:
+    (funcall FUNCTION OVERLAY nil START END)
+START and END are the same arguments that the before-change-functions
+receive.
+
+After the change, each function is called with five arguments:
+    (funcall FUNCTION OVERLAY t START END OLDSIZE)
+The last arguments, START and END and OLDSIZE,
+are the same arguments that the after-change-functions receive.
+
+This means the function must accept either four or five arguments.
+
+*** You can set defaults for text-properties with the new variable
+`default-text-properties'.  Its value is a property list; the values
+specified there are used whenever a character (or its category) does
+not specify a value.
+
+*** The `face' property of a character or an overlay can now be a list
+of face names.  Formerly it had to be just one face name.
+
+*** Changes in handling the `intangible' text property.
+
+**** If inhibit-point-motion-hooks is non-nil, then `intangible' properties
+are ignored.
+
+**** Moving to just before a stretch of intangible text
+is no longer special in any way.  Point stays at that place.
+
+**** When you move point backwards into the midst of intangible text,
+point moves back to the beginning of that text.  (It used to move
+forward to the end of that text, which was not very useful.)
+
+**** When moving across intangible text, Emacs stops wherever the
+property value changes.  So if you have two stretches of intangible
+text, with different non-nil intangible properties, it is possible to
+place point between them.
+
+** Overlays
+
+*** Overlay changes.
+
+**** The new function previous-overlay-change returns the position of
+the previous overlay start or end, before a specified position.  This
+is the backwards-moving counterpart of next-overlay-change.
+
+**** overlay-get now supports category properties on an overlay
+the same way get-text-property supports them as text properties.
+
+Specifically, if an overlay does not have the property PROP that you
+ask for, but it does have a `category' property which is a symbol,
+then that symbol's PROP property is used.
+
+**** If an overlay has a non-nil `evaporate' property, it will be
+deleted if it ever becomes empty (i.e., when it spans no characters).
+
+**** If an overlay has a `before-string' and/or `after-string' property,
+these strings are displayed at the overlay's endpoints.
+
+** Filling
+
+*** The new variable fill-paragraph-function provides a way for major
+modes to override the filling of paragraphs.  If this is non-nil,
+fill-paragraph calls it as a function, passing along its sole
+argument.  If the function returns non-nil, fill-paragraph assumes it
+has done the job and simply passes on whatever value it returned.
+
+The usual use of this feature is to fill comments in programming
+language modes.
+
+*** Text filling and justification changes:
+
+**** The new variable use-hard-newlines can be used to make a
+distinction between "hard" and "soft" newlines; the fill functions
+will then never remove a newline that was manually inserted.  Hard
+newlines are marked with a non-nil `hard' text-property.
+
+**** The fill-column and left-margin can now be modified by text-properties.
+Most lisp programs should use the new functions (current-fill-column) and
+(current-left-margin), which return the proper values to use for the
+current line.
+
+**** There are new functions for dealing with margins: 
+
+***** Set-left-margin and set-right-margin (set the value for a region
+and re-fill).  These functions take three arguments: two to specify
+a region, and the desired margin value.
+
+***** Increase-left-margin, decrease-left-margin, increase-right-margin, and
+decrease-right-margin (change settings relative to current values, and
+re-fill).
+
+***** move-to-left-margin moves point there, optionally adding
+indentation or changing tabs to spaces in order to make that possible.
+beginning-of-line-text also moves past the fill-prefix and any
+indentation added to center or right-justify a line, to the beginning
+of the text that the user actually typed.
+
+***** delete-to-left-margin removes any left-margin indentation, but
+does not change the property.
+
+**** The paragraph-movement functions look for the paragraph-start and
+paragraph-separate regexps at the current left margin, not at the
+beginning of the line.  This means that those regexps should NOT use ^
+to anchor the search.  However, for backwards compatibility, a ^ at
+the beginning of the regexp will be ignored, so most packages won't break.
+
+**** justify-current-line is now capable of doing left, center, or
+right justification as well as full justification.
+
+**** The fill functions can do any kind of justification based on the new
+`justification' text-property and `default-justification' variable,
+or arguments to the functions.  They also have a new option which
+defeats the normal removal of extra whitespace.
+
+**** The new function `current-justification' returns the kind of
+justification used for the current line.  The new function
+`set-justification' can be used to change it, including re-justifying
+the text of the region according to the new value.
+
+**** Filling and auto-fill are disabled if justification is `none'.
+
+**** The auto-fill-function is now called regardless of whether 
+the fill-column has been exceeded; the function can determine on its
+own whether filling (or justification) is necessary.
+
+** Processes
+
+*** process-tty-name is a new function that returns the name of the
+terminal that the process itself reads and writes on (not the name of
+the pty that Emacs uses to talk with that terminal).
+
+*** Errors in process filters and sentinels are now normally caught
+automatically, so that they don't abort other Lisp programs.
+
+Setting debug-on-error non-nil turns off this feature; then errors in
+filters and sentinels are not caught.  As a result, they can invoke
+the debugger, under the control of debug-on-error.
+
+*** Emacs now preserves the match data around the execution of process
+filters and sentinels.  You can use search and match functions freely
+in filters and sentinels without explicitly bothering to save the
+match data.
+
+** Display
+
+*** The variable message-log-max controls how messages are logged in the
+"*Messages*" buffer.  An integer value means to keep that many lines;
+t means to log with no limit; nil means disable message logging.  Lisp
+code that calls `message' excessively (e.g. isearch.el) should probably
+bind this variable to nil.
+
+*** Display tables now have a new element, at index 261, specifying the
+glyph to use for the separator between two side-by-side windows.  By
+default, this is the vertical bar character `|'.  Probably the only
+other useful character to store for this element is a space, to make
+less visual separation between two side-by-side windows displaying
+related information.
+
+*** The new mode-line-format spec %c displays the current column number.
+
+*** The new variable blink-matching-delay specifies how long to keep
+the cursor at the matching open-paren, after you insert a close-paren.
+This is useful mainly on systems which can wait for a fraction of a
+second--you can then specify fractional values such as 0.5.
+
+*** Faster processing of buffers with long lines
+
+The new variable cache-long-line-scans determines whether Emacs
+should use caches to handle long lines more quickly.  This variable is
+buffer-local, in all buffers.
+
+Normally, the line-motion functions work by scanning the buffer for
+newlines.  Columnar operations (like `move-to-column' and
+`compute-motion') also work by scanning the buffer, summing character
+widths as they go.  This works well for ordinary text, but if the
+buffer's lines are very long (say, more than 500 characters), these
+motion functions will take longer to execute.  Emacs may also take
+longer to update the display.
+
+If cache-long-line-scans is non-nil, these motion functions cache
+the results of their scans, and consult the cache to avoid rescanning
+regions of the buffer until the text is modified.  The caches are most
+beneficial when they prevent the most searching---that is, when the
+buffer contains long lines and large regions of characters with the
+same, fixed screen width.
+
+When cache-long-line-scans is non-nil, processing short lines will
+become slightly slower (because of the overhead of consulting the
+cache), and the caches will use memory roughly proportional to the
+number of newlines and characters whose screen width varies.
+
+The caches require no explicit maintenance; their accuracy is
+maintained internally by the Emacs primitives.  Enabling or disabling
+the cache should not affect the behavior of any of the motion functions;
+it should only affect their performance.
+
+** System Interface
+
+*** The function user-login-name now accepts an optional
+argument uid.  If the argument is non-nil, user-login-name
+returns the login name for that user id.
+
+*** system-name, user-name, user-full-name and user-real-name are now
+variables as well as functions.  The variables hold the same values
+that the functions would return.  The new variable multiple-frames
+is non-nil if at least two non-minibuffer frames are visible.  These
+variables may be useful in constructing the value of frame-title-format
+or icon-title-format.
+
+*** Changes in time-conversion functions.
+
+**** The new function format-time-string takes a format string and a
+time value.  It converts the time to a string, according to the format
+specified.  You can specify what kind of conversion to use with
+%-specifications.
+
+**** The new function decode-time converts a time value into a list of
+specific items of information: the year, month, day of week, day of
+month, hour, minute and second.  (A time value is a list of two or
+three integers.)
+
+**** The new function encode-time converts specific items of time
+information--the second, minute, hour, day, month, year, and time
+zone--into a time value.
+
+* Changes in Emacs 19.27
+
+There are no changes; however, here is one bug fix made in 19.26 that users
+think should be documented here.
+
+** SPC and DEL in Info now handle menus consistently.
+
+SPC and DEL scroll through an entire subtree an Info manual.  Once you
+scroll through a node far enough to reach a menu, SPC begins moving
+into the subnodes of the menu, starting with the first one.  When you
+reach the end of a subnode, SPC moves into the next subnode, and so
+on.
+
+DEL more or less scrolls through the same text in reverse order.
+
+* User Editing Changes in Emacs 19.26
+
+** In the X toolkit version, if you click on a menu bar item and
+release the button quickly outside the menu, the menu remains visible
+until you click or type something else.  If you click on the menu, you
+select from the menu.  Any other mouse click makes the menu disappear.
+Keyboard input gets rid of the menu and then is processed normally.
+
+"Quickly" means within double-click-time milliseconds.
+
+** The C-x 5 commands to select a buffer in "another frame" now use an
+existing iconified frame, if any, deiconifying it.  They also raise
+the frame.
+
+** Region highlighting on a black-and-white-only display now uses
+underlining.  Inverse-video had the problem that you couldn't see
+the cursor.
+
+** You can now change the height of a window by pressing mouse-1 on
+the mode line and dragging it up and down.
+
+** If you set the environment variable LC_CTYPE to iso_8859_1 or
+iso-8859-1, Emacs automatically sets up for display and syntactic
+handling of the ISO Latin-1 character set.
+
+This does not automatically load any of the packages for input of
+these characters, because it's not yet clear what is right to do.
+You must still explicitly load either iso-transl or iso-acc.
+
+** For a read-only buffer that is also modified, the mode line now displays
+%* instead of %%.
+
+** M-prior (scroll-other-window-down) is a new command that works like
+M-next (and C-M-v) but scrolls in the opposite direction.
+
+M-home moves to the beginning of the buffer, in the other window.
+M-end moves to the end of the buffer, in the other window.  These two
+commands, along with M-next and M-prior, form a series of commands for
+moving around in the other window.
+
+** In change logs, the mail address is now delimited with <...> instead
+of (...).
+
+This makes it a little more convenient to extract the mail address for
+use in mailing a message.
+
+** In Shell mode and other comint modes, C-a has now returned to
+its ordinary meaning: move to the beginning of the line.
+Use C-c C-a to move to the end of the prompt.
+
+** If you set mail-signature to t to cause automatic insertion of
+your .signature file, you now get a -- before the signature.
+
+** Setting rmail-highlighted-headers to nil entirely turns off
+highlighting in Rmail.  However, if your motivation for doing this is
+that the highlighted text doesn't look good on your display, it might
+be better to change the appearance of the `highlight' face.  Once
+you've done that, you may find Rmail highlighting is useful.
+
+** In the calendar, mouse-2 is now used only for commands that apply to a date.
+If you click it when not on a date, it gives an immediate error.
+
+Mouse-3 in the calendar now gives a menu of commands that do not apply
+to a particular date.
+
+The D command displays diary entries from a specified diary file (not
+your standard diary file).
+
+** In the gnus-uu package, the binding for gnus-uu-threaded-decode-and-view
+is now C-c C-v C-d, not C-c C-v C-h.  Thus, C-c C-v C-h is now available
+for asking for a list of the subcommands of C-c C-v.
+
+** You can now specify "who you are" for various Emacs packages by
+setting just one variable, user-mail-address.  This currently applies
+to posting news with GNUS and to making change log entries.  It may
+apply to additional Emacs features in the future.
+
+* Lisp-Level Changes in Emacs 19.26:
+
+** The function insert-char now takes an optional third argument
+which, if non-nil, says the inserted characters should inherit sticky
+text properties from the surrounding text.
+
+** The `diary' library has been renamed to `diary-lib'.  If you refer
+to this library in your Lisp code, you must update the references.
+
+** Sending text to a subprocess can read input from subprocesses if it
+has to wait because the destination subprocess's terminal input buffer
+is full.
+
+It was already possible in unusual occasions for this operation to
+read subprocess input, but it did not happen very often.  It is now
+more likely to happen.
+
+** last-nonmenu-event is now bound to t around filter functions and sentinels.
+This is to ensure that y-or-n-p and yes-or-no-p use the keyboard by default.
+
+** In mode lines, %+ now displays as % for unmodified read-only
+buffers.  It is now the same as %* except in the case of a modified
+read-only buffer; in that case, %+ displays as *.
+
+The old meaning of %+ is now available on %&.
+It displays * for a modified buffer and - for an unmodified buffer,
+regardless of read-only status.
+
+** You can now use `underline' in the color list of a face.
+It serves as a last resort, and says to underline the face
+(if previous color list elements can't be used).
+
+** The new function x-color-values returns the list of color values
+for a given color name (a string).  The list contains three integers
+which give the amounts of red, green and blue in the color: (R G B).
+
+** In run-at-time, 0 as the repeat interval means "don't repeat".
+
+** The variable trim-versions-without-asking has been renamed to
+delete-old-versions.
+
+** The new function other-window-for-scrolling returns the choice of
+other window for C-M-v to scroll.
+
+** Note that the function fceiling was mistakenly documented as fceil before.
+
+* Changes in cc-mode.el in Emacs 19.26:
+
+** A new syntactic symbol has been added: substatement-open.  It
+  defines the open brace of a substatement block.  These used to get:
+  ((block-open ...) (substatement . ...)).
+
+  Non-block substatement lines still get just ((substatement . ...))
+
+  Note that the custom indent function c-adaptive-block-open has been
+  removed as obsolete.
+
+** You can now specify the `hanginess' of closing braces.  See
+  c-hanging-braces-alist.
+
+** Recognizes try and catch blocks in C++.  They are given the
+  substatement syntactic symbol.
+
+** should be generally more forgiving about non-GNU standard top-level
+  construct definition styles (i.e. where the function/class/struct
+  opening brace does not start in column zero).
+
+  If you hang the braces that open a top-level construct on the right
+  edge, and you find you still need to define defun-open-prompt (Emacs
+  19) please let me know.  Note that there may still be performance
+  issues related to non-column zero opening braces.
+
+** c-macro-expand is put on C-c C-e
+
+** New style: "Default".  Resets indentation to those shipped with
+  cc-mode.el.
+
+** internal defun c-indent-via-language-element has been renamed
+  c-indent-line for compatibility with c-mode.el and awk-mode.
+
+** new buffer-local variable c-comment-start-regexp for (potential)
+  flexibility in adding new modes based on cc-mode.el
+
+* Changes in Emacs 19.25
+
+The variable x-cross-pointer-shape (which didn't really exist) has
+been renamed to x-sensitive-text-pointer-shape, and now does exist.
+
+* Changes in Emacs 19.24
+
+Here is a list of new Lisp packages introduced since 19.22.
+
+derived.el		Define new major modes based on old ones.
+dired-x.el		Extra Dired features.
+double.el		New mode for conveniently inputting non-beyond chars.
+easymenu.el		Create menus easily.
+ediff.el		Snazzy diff interface.
+foldout.el		A kind of outline mode designed for editing programs.
+gnus-uu.el		UUdecode in GNUS buffers.
+ielm.el			Interactively evaluate Lisp.
+			 This is a replacement for Lisp Interaction Mode.
+iso-cvt.el		Conversion of beyond-ASCII characters between
+			 various different representations.
+jka-compr.el		Automatic compression/decompression.
+mldrag.el		Drag modeline to change heights of windows.
+mail-hist.el		Provides history for headers of outgoing mail.
+rsz-mini.el		Automatically resizing minibuffers.
+s-region.el		Set region by holding shift.
+skeleton.el		Templates for statement insertion.
+soundex.el		Classifying words by how they sound.
+tempo.el		Template insertion with hotspots.
+
+* User Editing Changes in 19.23.
+
+** Emacs 19.23 uses Ispell version 3.
+
+Previous Emacs 19 versions used Ispell version 4.  That version had
+improvements in storing the dictionary compactly, but these are not
+very important nowadays.  Meanwhile, in parallel to the work on Ispell
+4, many useful features were added to Ispell 3.  Until a few months
+ago, the terms on Ispell 3 did not let us use it; but they have now
+been changed, so now we are using it.  We are dropping Ispell 4.
+
+** Emacs 19.23 can run on MS-DOG.  See the file MSDOS in the same
+directory as this file.
+
+** Emacs 19.23 can work with an X toolkit.  You must specify toolkit
+operation when you configure Emacs: use the option
+--with-x-toolkit=yes.  (This option uses code developed by Lucid;
+thanks to Frederic Pierresteguy for helping to adapt it.)
+
+** Emacs now has dialog boxes; yes/no and y/n questions automatically
+use them in commands invoked with the mouse.  For more information,
+see below under "Lisp programming changes".
+
+** Menus now display the keyboard equivalents (if any) of the menu
+commands in parentheses after the menu item.
+
+** Kill commands, used in a read-only buffer, now move point across
+the text they would otherwise have killed.  This way, you can use
+repeated kill commands to transfer text into the kill ring.
+
+** There is now a global mark ring in addition to the mark ring that is local
+to each buffer.  The global mark ring stores positions in any buffer.  Any
+time the mark is set and the current buffer is different from the last time
+the mark was set, the new mark is pushed on the global mark ring as well.
+The new command C-x C-SPC (pop-global-mark) pops the global mark ring and
+jumps to the last mark pushed, first switching to that buffer.
+
+** Query Replace is now available in the Edit menu.
+
+** ESC no longer simply exits a Query Replace.  It now exits the Query
+Replace and remains pending.  Thus, ESC A and M-A are now equivalent
+in Query Replace.
+
+To simply exit a Query Replace, type RET or Period.
+
+** M-mouse-2 now puts point at the end of the yanked secondary selection.
+
+** Mouse-1 in the mode line now simply selects the window above that
+mode line.  Mouse-2 in the mode line selects that window and expands
+it to fill the frame it is in.
+
+** You can now use mouse-2 in a Dired buffer or Tar mode buffer to find
+a file you click on, in a compilation buffer to go to a particular
+error message, and in a *Occur* buffer to go to a particular
+occurrence.
+
+(It was already possible to do likewise in Info and in completion list
+buffers.)
+
+What's more, the sensitive areas of the buffer now highlight when you
+move the mouse over them.
+
+** In a completion list buffer, the command RET now chooses the completion
+that is around or next to point.
+
+** If you specify the foreground color for the `mode-line' face, and
+mode-line-inverse-video is non-nil, then the default background color
+is the usual foreground color.
+
+** revert-buffer now preserves markers pointing within the unchanged
+text (if any) at the beginning and end of the file.
+
+** Version control checkin and checkout preserve all markers if the
+file does not contain any of the magic version header sequences that
+are updated automatically by RCS and SCCS.  If such version headers
+are present, checkin and checkout preserve a marker unless it comes
+between two such sequences.  (So it's a good idea to put all the
+header sequences close together.)
+
+** When a large deletion shuts off auto save temporarily in a buffer,
+you can now turn it on again by saving the buffer with C-x C-s (as was
+possible in Emacs 18).  You can also turn it on again with M-1 M-x
+auto-save (as has been possible in Emacs 19).
+
+** C-x r d now runs the command delete-rectangle.
+
+** The new command imenu shows you a menu of interesting places in the
+current buffer and lets you select one; then it moves point there.
+The definition of interesting places depends on the major mode, but
+typically this includes function definitions and such.  Normally,
+imenu displays the menu in a buffer; but if you bind it to a mouse
+event, it shows a mouse popup menu.
+
+** You can make certain chosen buffers, that normally appear in a
+separate window, appear in special frames of their own.  To do this,
+set special-display-buffer-names to a list of buffer names; any buffer
+whose name is in that list automatically gets a special frame when it
+is to be displayed in another window.
+
+A good value to try is ("*compilation*" "*grep*" "*TeX Shell*").
+
+More generally, you can set special-display-regexps to a list of regular
+expressions; then each buffer whose name matches any of those regular
+expressions gets its own frame.
+
+The variable special-display-frame-alist specifies the frame
+parameters for these frames.  It has a default value, so you don't
+need to set it.
+
+** If you set sentence-end-double-space to nil, the fill commands
+expect just one space at the end of a sentence.  (If you want the
+sentence commands to accept single spaces, you must modify the regexp
+sentence-end also.)
+
+** You can suppress the startup echo area message by adding text like
+this to your .emacs file:
+
+(setq inhibit-startup-echo-area-message "YOUR-LOGIN-NAME")
+
+Simply setting inhibit-startup-echo-area-message to your login name is
+not sufficient to inhibit the message; Emacs explicitly checks whether
+.emacs contains an expression as shown above.  Your login name must
+appear in the expression as a Lisp string constant.
+
+This way, you can easily inhibit the message for yourself if you wish,
+but thoughtless copying of your .emacs file will not inhibit the
+message for someone else.
+
+** Outline minor mode now uses C-c C-o as a prefix instead of just C-c.
+
+** In Outline mode, hide-subtree is now C-c C-d.  (It was C-c C-h; but
+that is now a conventional way to ask for help about C-c commands.)
+
+** There are two additional commands in Outline mode.
+M-x hide-sublevels
+  hides all headers except the topmost N levels.
+M-x hide-other
+  hides everything about the body that point is in
+  plus the headers leading up from there to the top of the tree.
+
+** In iso-transl and iso-insert, the sequences for entering A-ring and
+the AE ligature are now just A and E (plus the initial C-x 8 or Alt).
+You used to have to enter AA or AE, after the C-x 8 prefix of course.
+Likewise for lower case a-ring and ae.
+
+** iso-transl now defines convenient Alt keys as well as the C-x 8 prefix.
+Instead of prefixing a sequence with C-x 8, you can add Alt to the
+first character of the sequence.  For example, Alt-" a is now a way
+to enter an a-umlaut.
+
+** CC mode is a greatly improved mode for C and C++.
+See the following page.
+
+** tcl mode is a new major mode.  It provides features for
+editing, indenting and running tcl programs.
+
+** Compilation minor mode lets you parse error messages in any buffer,
+not just a normal compilation output buffer.  Type M-x
+compilation-minor-mode to enable the minor mode; then C-c C-c jumps to
+the source location for the error at point, as in the `*compilation*'
+buffer.  If you use compilation-minor-mode in an Rlogin buffer, it
+automatically accesses remote source files by ftp.
+
+** Comint and shell mode changes:
+
+*** Comint modes (including Shell mode, GUD modes, etc.) now bind
+C-M-l to the command comint-show-output.  This command scrolls the
+buffer to show the last batch of output from the subprogram.
+
+*** Completion in Comint modes now truly operates on the string before
+point, rather than the word that point is within.
+
+*** Comint mode file name completion ignores those files that end with a
+string in the new variable comint-completion-fignore.  This variable's
+default value is nil.
+
+*** Shell mode uses the variable shell-completion-fignore to set
+comint-completion-fignore.  The default value is nil, but some
+people prefer ("~" "#" "%").
+
+*** The function `comint-watch-for-password-prompt' can be used to 
+suppress echoing when a subprocess asks for a password.  To use it,
+do this:
+
+(add-hook 'comint-output-filter-functions
+	  'comint-watch-for-password-prompt)
+
+*** You can use M-x shell-strip-ctrl-m to strip ^M characters from
+process output.
+
+*** In Shell mode, TAB now completes environment variables, if possible,
+and expands directory references.
+
+*** You can use M-x comint-run to execute any program of your choice in
+a comint mode.  Some programs such as shells, rlogin, and debuggers
+have their own specialized modes; this command is one way to use
+comint to run programs for which no such specialized mode exits.  (You
+can also run a shell with M-x shell and run the program of your choice
+under the shell--but that gives you the specializations of Shell
+mode.)
+
+** When you run GUD (M-x gdb, M-x dbx, and so on), you can use TAB
+to do file name completion in the minibuffer.
+
+The "Complete" menu includes an item for directory expansion.
+
+** GUD working with future versions of GDB will permit TAB for
+GDB-style symbol completion.  This will work with GDB 4.13.
+
+** Rmail no longer gets new mail automatically when you visit an Rmail
+file specified by name--not even if it is your primary Rmail file.  To
+get new mail, type `g'.  This feature is an advantage because you now
+have a choice of whether to get new mail.  (This change actually
+occurred in an earlier version, but wasn't listed here then, since it
+made the code do what the documentation already said.)
+
+** Rmail now highlights certain fields automatically, when you use X
+windows.  The variable rmail-highlighted-headers controls which
+fields.
+
+** If you set rmail-summary-window-size to an integer, Rmail uses
+a window that many lines high for the summary buffer.
+
+** rmail-input-menu is a new command that visits an Rmail file letting
+you choose which file with a mouse menu.  rmail-output-menu is
+similar; it outputs the current message, using a mouse menu to choose
+which Rmail file.  These commands use the variables
+rmail-secondary-file-directory and rmail-secondary-file-regexp.
+
+** The mh-e package has been changed substantially.
+See the file ./MH-E-NEWS for details.
+
+** The calendar and diary have new features.
+
+The menu bar for the calendar contains most of the calendar commands,
+arranged into logical categories.
+
+Mouse-2 now performs specific-date-related commands when clicked on a
+date in the calendar window and common three-month-related commands
+when clicked elsewhere in the calendar window.
+
+You can set up colored/shaded highlighting of holidays, diary entry
+dates, and today's date, by setting calendar-holiday-marker,
+diary-entry-marker, and calendar-today-marker to a face instead of a
+character.  Using a special face is now the default if you are using a
+window system.
+
+** The appt package for displaying appointment reminders has new
+features.
+
+*** The appt alarm window stays for the full duration of
+appt-display-duration.  It no longer disappears when you start typing
+text.
+
+*** You can change the way the appointment window is created/deleted by
+setting the variables appt-disp-window-function and
+appt-delete-window-function.
+
+For instance, these variables can be set to functions that display
+appointments in pop-up frames, which are lowered or iconified after
+appt-display-duration seconds.
+
+** desktop.el can now save a list of buffer-local variables,
+and saves more global ones.
+
+** Pascal mode has been completely rewritten.  It now features
+completing of function names, variables and type definitions around
+current point (like M-TAB does with lisp-symbols).  There's also an
+outline mode (M-x pascal-outline) that hides the bodies of all
+functions you're not working with.
+
+** Edebug has a number of changes:
+
+*** Edebug syntax error reporting is improved.
+
+*** Top-level forms and defining forms other than defun and defmacro may
+now be debugged with Edebug.
+
+*** Edebug specifications may now contain body, &define, name, arg or
+arglist, def-body, and def-form, to support definitions.
+
+*** edebug-all-defuns is renamed to edebug-all-defs.
+def-edebug-form-spec is replaced by def-edebug-form whose arguments
+are unevaluated.  The old names are still available for now.
+
+*** Frequency counts and coverage data may be displayed for functions being
+debugged.
+
+*** A global break condition is now checked at every stop point.
+
+*** The previous condition at a breakpoint may now be edited.
+
+*** A new "next" mode stops only after expression evaluation.
+
+*** A new command, top-level-nonstop, does not even stop for unwind-protect,
+as top-level would.
+
+* Changes in CC mode in Emacs 19.23.
+
+`cc-mode' provides ANSI C, K&R C, and ARM C++ language editing.  It
+represents the merge of c++-mode.el and c-mode.el.  cc-mode provides a
+new, more flexible indentation engine so that indentation
+customization is more intuitive.  There are two steps to calculating
+indentation: first, CC mode analyzes the line for syntactic content,
+then based on this content it applies user defined offsets and adds
+this offset to the indentation of some previous line.
+
+The syntactic analysis determines if the line describes a `statement',
+`substatement', `class-open', `member-init-intro', etc.  These are
+described in detail with C-h v c-offsets-alist.  You can change the
+offsets interactively with C-c C-o (c-set-offsets), or
+programmatically in your c-mode-common-hook, which is run both by
+c-mode and c++-mode.  You can also set up "styles" in the same way
+that you could with c-mode.el.   The variable c-basic-offset controls
+the basic offset given to a level of indentation.
+
+If, for example, you wanted to change this style:
+
+int foo (int i) 
+{
+    switch (i) {
+    case 1:
+        printf ("its a foo\n");
+        break;
+    default:
+        printf ("don't know what it is\n");
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+into this:
+
+int foo (int i) 
+{
+    switch (i) {
+      case 1:
+        printf ("its a foo\n");
+        break;
+      default:
+        printf ("don't know what it is\n");
+        break;
+    }
+}
+
+you could add the following to your .emacs file:
+
+(defun my-c-mode-common-hook ()
+  (c-set-offset 'case-label 2)
+  (c-set-offset 'statement-case-intro 2))
+(add-hook 'c-mode-common-hook 'my-c-mode-common-hook)
+
+** New variables:
+
+c-offsets-alist contains an association list of syntactic symbols and
+their relative offsets.  Do a "C-h v c-offsets-alist" to get a list of
+all syntactic symbols currently defined, and their meanings.  You
+should not change this variable directly; use the supplied interface
+commands c-set-offset and c-set-style.
+
+c-mode-common-hook is run by both c-mode and c++-mode during their
+common initializations.  You should put any customizations that are
+the same for both C and C++ into this hook.
+
+The variable c-strict-semantics-p is used mainly for debugging.  When
+non-nil, CC mode signals an error if it returns a syntactic symbol
+that can't be found in c-offsets-alist.
+
+If you want CC mode to echo the syntactic analysis for a particular
+line when you hit the TAB key, set c-echo-semantic-information-p to
+non-nil.
+
+c-basic-offset controls the standard amount of offset for a level of
+indentation.  You can set a syntactic symbol's offset to + or - as a
+short-hand for positive or negative c-basic-offset.
+
+c-comment-only-line-offset lets you control indentation given to lines
+which contain only a comment, in the case of C++ line style comments,
+or the introduction to a C block comment.  Comment-only lines at
+column zero can be anchored there independent of the indentation given
+to other comment-only lines.
+
+c-block-comments-indent-p controls the style of C block comment
+re-indentation.  If you put leading stars in front of comment
+continuation lines, you should set this variable to nil.
+
+c-cleanup-list is a list describing certain C and C++ constructs to be
+"cleaned up" as they are typed, but only when the auto-newline feature
+is turned on.  In C++, make sure this variable contains at least
+'scope-operator so that double colons will not be separated by a
+newline.
+
+Colons (`:') and braces (`{` and `}') are special in C and C++.  For
+certain constructs, you may like them to hang on the right edge of the
+code, or you may like them to start a new line of code.  You can use
+the two variables c-hanging-braces-alist and c-hanging-colons-alist
+to control whether newlines are placed before and/or after colons and
+braces when certain C and C++ constructs are entered.  For example,
+you can control whether the colon that introduces a C++ member
+initialization list hangs on the right edge, starts a new line, or has
+no newlines either before or after it.
+
+c-special-indent-hook is run after a line is indented by CC mode.  You
+can perform any custom indentations here.
+
+c-delete-function is the function that is called when a single
+character is deleted with the c-electric-delete command (DEL).
+
+c-electric-pound-behavior describes what happens when you enter the
+`#' that introduces a cpp macro.
+
+If c-tab-always-indent is neither t nor nil, then TAB inserts a tab
+when within strings, comments, and cpp directives, but it reindents
+the line unconditionally.
+
+c-inhibit-startup-warnings-p inhibits warnings about any old
+version of Emacs you might be running, which could be incompatible
+with cc-mode.
+
+** There are two new minor-mode features in CC mode: auto-newline and
+hungry-delete.  Auto-newline inserts newlines automatically as you
+type certain constructs.  Hungry-delete consumes all preceding
+whitespace (spaces, tabs, and newlines) when the delete key is hit.
+You can toggle auto-newline on and off on a per-buffer basis by
+hitting C-c C-a.  You can toggle hungry-delete on and off by hitting
+C-c C-d.   You can toggle them both on and off together with C-c C-t.
+
+** Slash (`/') and star (`*') are now both electric characters.
+
+** New commands:
+
+The new C-c C-o (c-set-offset) command can be used to interactively change
+the offset for a particular syntactic symbol.
+
+The new command C-c : (c-scope-operator) inserts the C++ scope operator in
+c++-mode only.
+
+The new command C-c C-q (c-indent-defun) indents the entire enclosing
+top-level function or class.
+
+The new command C-c C-s (c-show-semantic-information) echos the current
+syntactic analysis without re-indenting the current line.
+
+The new commands M-x c-forward-into-nomenclature and M-x
+c-backward-into-nomenclature (currently otherwise unbound to a key
+sequence), make movement easier when using the C++ variable naming
+convention of VariableNamesWithoutUnderscoresButEachWordCapitalized.
+
+** Command from c-mode.el that have been renamed in cc-mode.el:
+
+  electric-c-brace      => c-electric-brace
+  electric-c-semi       => c-electric-semi&comma
+  electric-c-sharp-sign => c-electric-pound
+  mark-c-function       => c-mark-function
+  electric-c-terminator => c-electric-colon
+  indent-c-exp          => c-indent-exp
+  set-c-style           => c-set-style
+
+** Variables from c-mode.el that are obsolete with cc-mode.el:
+
+  c-indent-level
+  c-brace-imaginary-offset
+  c-brace-offset
+  c-argdecl-indent
+  c-label-offset
+  c-continued-statement-offset
+  c-continued-brace-offset
+
+* Lisp programming changes in Emacs 19.23.
+
+** To pop up a dialog box, call x-popup-dialog.
+It takes two arguments, POSITION and CONTENTS.
+
+POSITION specifies which frame to place the dialog box over;
+the dialog box always goes on the center of the frame.
+POSITION may be a mouse event, a window, a frame,
+or t meaning use the frame that the mouse is in.
+
+CONTENTS specifies the contents of the dialog box.
+It looks like a single pane of a popup menu:
+(TITLE ITEM1 ITEM2 ...), where each ITEM has the form (STRING . VALUE).
+The return value is VALUE from the chosen item.
+
+An ITEM may also be just a string--that makes a nonselectable item.
+An ITEM may also be nil--that means to put all preceding items
+on the left of the dialog box and all following items on the right.
+(By default, approximately half appear on each side.)
+
+If your Emacs is not using an X toolkit, then it cannot display a
+real dialog box; so instead it displays a pop-up menu in the center
+of the frame.
+
+** y-or-n-p, yes-or-no-p and map-y-or-n-p now use menus or dialog boxes
+to ask their question(s) if the command that is running was reached by
+a mouse event.
+
+If you want to control which way these functions work, bind the
+variable last-nonmenu-event around the call.  These functions use the
+keyboard if that variable holds a keyboard event (actually, any
+non-list); they use the mouse if that variable holds a mouse event
+(actually, any list).
+
+** The mouse-face property is now implemented, both in overlays and as
+a text property.  It specifies a face to use when the mouse is in the
+range of text for which the property is specified.
+
+** When text has a non-nil `intangible' property, you cannot move point
+within it or right before it.  If you try, point actually moves to the
+end of the intangible text.  Note that this means that backward-char
+is a no-op when there is an intangible character to the left of point.
+
+** minibuffer-exit-hook is a new normal hook that is run when you
+exit the minibuffer.
+
+** The variable x-cross-pointer-shape specifies the cursor shape to use
+when the mouse is over text that has a mouse-face property.
+
+** The new variable interpreter-mode-alist specifies major modes to use
+for shell scripts that specify a command interpreter.  Its elements
+look like (INTERPRETER . MODE); for example, ("perl" . perl-mode) is
+one element present by default.  This feature applies only when the
+file name doesn't indicate which mode to use.
+
+** If you use a minibuffer-only frame, set the variable
+minibuffer-auto-raise to t, and entering the minibuffer will then
+raise the minibuffer frame.
+
+** If pop-up-frames is t, display-buffer now looks for an existing
+window in any visible frame, showing the specified buffer, and uses
+such a window in preference to making a new frame.
+
+** In the functions next-window, previous-window, next-frame,
+previous-frame, get-buffer-window, get-lru-window, get-largest-window
+and delete-windows-on, if you specify `visible' for the last argument,
+it means to consider all visible frames.
+
+** Mouse events now give the X and Y coordinates in pixels, rather than
+in characters.  You can convert these values to characters by dividing by
+the values of (frame-char-width) and (frame-char-height).
+
+** The new functions mouse-pixel-position and set-mouse-pixel-position
+read and set the mouse position in units of pixels.  The existing
+functions mouse-position and set-mouse-position continue to work with
+units of characters.
+
+** The new function compute-motion is useful for computing the width
+of certain text when it is displayed.
+
+** The function vertical-motion now takes an option second argument WINDOW
+which says which window to use for the display calculations.
+
+vertical-motion always operates on the current buffer.
+It is ok to specify a window displaying some other buffer.
+Then vertical-motion uses the width, hscroll and display-table of
+the specified window, but still scans the current buffer.
+
+** An error no longer sets last-command to t; the value of last-command
+does reflect the previous command (the one that got an error).
+
+If you do not want a particular command to be recognized as the
+previous command in the case where it got an error, you must code that
+command to prevent this.  Set this-command to t at the beginning of
+the command, and set this-command back to its proper value at the end,
+like this:
+
+  (defun foo (args...)
+    (interactive ...)
+    (setq this-command t)
+    ...do the work...
+    (setq this-command 'foo))
+
+or like this:
+
+  (defun foo (args...)
+    (interactive ...)
+    (let ((old-this-command this-command))
+      (setq this-command t)
+      ...do the work...
+      (setq this-command old-this-command)))
+
+The undo and yank commands do this.
+
+** If you specify an explicit title for a new frame when you create it,
+the title is used as the resource name when looking up X resources to
+control the shape of that frame.  If you don't specify the frame title, 
+the value of x-resource-name is used, as before.
+
+** The frame parameter user-position, if non-nil, says that the user
+has specified the frame position.  Emacs reports this to the window
+manager, to tell it not to override the position that the user
+specified.
+
+** Major modes can now set change-major-mode-hook to arrange for state
+to be cleaned up when the user switches to a new major mode.  The function
+kill-all-local-variables runs this hook.  For best results, make the hook a
+buffer-local variable so that it will disappear after doing its job and will
+not interfere with the subsequent major mode.
+
+** The new variable overriding-local-map, if non-nil, specifies a keymap
+that overrides the current local map, all minor mode keymaps, and all
+text property keymaps.  Incremental search uses this feature to override
+all other keymaps temporarily.
+
+** A key definition in a menu keymap can now have additional structure:
+in addition to (ITEMNAME [HELPSTRING] . COMMAND) which was allowed
+before, the form (ITEMNAME [HELPSTRING] (...) . COMMAND) is
+allowed.  (HELPSTRING is optional, and is not currently used.)
+
+Here (...) represents a sublist containing information about keyboard
+key sequences that run the same command COMMAND.  Displaying the menu
+automatically creates and updates the sublist when appropriate; you
+need never set these up yourself.
+
+lookup-key, key-binding, and similar functions return just COMMAND,
+not the whole binding.
+
+To precompute this information for a given keymap, you can do
+  (x-popup-menu nil KEYMAP).
+
+** When you specify coordinates for x-popup-menu as a list ((XOFFSET
+YOFFSET) WINDOW), the coordinates are now measured in pixels.
+
+** where-is-internal now takes just four arguments:
+DEFINITION KEYMAP FIRSTONLY NOINDIRECT.
+The single argument KEYMAP replaces two arguments KEYMAP and KEYMAP1.
+
+If KEYMAP is non-nil, where-is-internal searches only KEYMAP and the
+global keymap.
+
+If KEYMAP is nil, where-is-internal searches all the currently active
+keymaps, but finds the active keymaps as if overriding-local-map were
+nil.
+
+If you pass a list of the form (keymap) as KEYMAP, where-is-internal
+searches only the global map.  (This is not a special case--it follows
+from the specifications above.)
+
+If you pass the value of overriding-local-map as KEYMAP, where-is-internal
+searches in exactly the same was as command execution does.
+
+** Use the macro define-derived-mode to define a new major mode that
+inherits the definition of another major mode.  Here's how to define a
+command named hypertext-mode that inherits from the command text-mode:
+
+    (define-derived-mode hypertext-mode text-mode "Hypertext"
+      "Major mode for hypertext.\n\n\\{hypertext-mode-map}"
+      (setq case-fold-search nil))
+
+    (define-key hypertext-mode-map [down-mouse-3] 'do-hyper-link)
+
+The new mode has its own keymap, which inherits from that of the
+original mode.  It also has its own syntax and abbrev tables, which
+are initialized by copying those of the original mode.  It also has
+its own mode hook.  All are given names made by appending a suffix
+to the name of the new mode.
+
+** A syntax table can now inherit the data for some characters from
+standard-syntax-table, while specifying other characters itself.
+Syntax code 13 means "inherit this character from the standard syntax
+table."  In modify-syntax-entry, the character `@' represents this code.
+
+The function `make-syntax-table' now creates a syntax table which
+inherits all letters and control characters (0 to 31 and 128 to 255)
+from the standard syntax table, while copying the other characters
+from the standard syntax table.  Most syntax tables in Emacs are set
+up this way.
+
+This sort of inheritance is useful for people who set up character
+sets with additional alphabetic characters in the range 128 to 255.
+Just changing the standard syntax for these characters affects all
+major modes.
+
+** The new function transpose-regions swaps two regions of the buffer.
+It preserves the markers in those two regions, so that they stay with
+the surrounding text as it is swapped.
+
+** revert-buffer now runs before-revert-hook at the beginning and
+after-revert-hook at the end.  These can be used by minor modes
+that need to clean up state variables.
+
+** The new function get-char-property is like get-text-property, but
+checks for overlays with properties as well as for text properties.
+It checks for overlays first, in order of descending priority, and
+text properties last.
+
+get-char-property allows windows as the OBJECT argument, as well
+as buffers and strings.  If you specify a window, then only overlays
+active on that window are considered.
+
+** Overlays can have the `invisible' property.
+
+** The function insert-file-contents now takes an optional fifth 
+argument called REPLACE.  If this is t, it means to replace the
+contents of the buffer (actually, just the accessible portion)
+with the contents of the file.
+
+This is better than simply deleting and inserting the whole thing
+because (1) it preserves some marker positions and (2) it puts less
+data in the undo list.
+
+** The variable inhibit-first-line-modes-regexps specifies classes of
+file names for which -*- on the first line should not be looked for.
+
+** The variables before-change-functions and after-change-functions
+hold lists of functions to call before and after a change in the
+buffer's text.  They work much like before-change-function and
+after-change-function, except that they hold a list of functions
+instead of just one.
+
+These variables will eventually make before-change-function and
+after-change-function obsolete.
+
+** The variable kill-buffer-query-functions holds a list of functions
+to be called with no arguments when a buffer is about to be killed.
+(That buffer is the current buffer when the function is called.)
+If any of the functions returns nil, the buffer is not killed
+(and the remaining functions in the list are not called).
+
+** The variable kill-emacs-query-functions holds a list of functions
+to be called with no arguments when you ask to exit Emacs.
+If any of the functions returns nil, the exit is canceled
+(and the remaining functions in the list are not called).
+
+** The argument for buffer-disable-undo is now optional,
+like the argument for buffer-enable-undo.
+
+** The new variable system-configuration holds the canonical three-part
+GNU configuration name for which Emacs was built.
+
+** The function system-name now tries harder to return a fully qualified
+domain name.
+
+** The variable emacs-major-version holds the major version number
+of Emacs.  (Currently 19.)
+
+** The variable emacs-minor-version holds the minor version number
+of Emacs.  (Currently 23.)
+
+** The default value of comint-input-autoexpand is now nil.
+However, Shell mode sets it from the value of shell-input-autoexpand,
+whose default value is `history'.
+
+** The new function set-process-window-size specifies the terminal window
+size for a subprocess.  On some systems it sends the subprocess a signal
+to let it know that the size has changed.
+
+** %P is a new way to display a percentage in the mode line.  It
+displays the percentage of the buffer text that is above the *bottom*
+of the window (which includes the text visible, in the window as well
+as the text above the top).  It displays `Top' as well as the
+percentage if the top of the buffer is visible on screen.
+
+** %+ in the mode line specs displays `*' if the buffer is modified,
+and otherwise `-'.  It never displays `%', as `%*' would do; whether the
+buffer is read-only has no effect on %+.
+
+** The new functions ffloor, fceiling, fround and ftruncate take a
+floating point argument and return a floating point result whose value
+is a nearby integer.  ffloor returns the nearest integer below; fceiling,
+the nearest integer above; ftruncate, the nearest integer in the
+direction towards zero; fround, the nearest integer.
+
+** Setting `print-escape-newlines' to a non-nil value now also makes
+formfeeds print as ``\f''.
+
+** auto-mode-alist now has a new feature.  If an element has the form
+(REGEXP FUNCTION t), and REGEXP matches the file name, then after calling
+FUNCTION, Emacs deletes the part of the file name that matched REGEXP
+and then searches auto-mode-alist again for a new match.
+
+This is useful for uncompression packages.  An entry of this sort for
+.gz can uncompress the file and then put the uncompressed file in the
+proper mode according to the name sans .gz.
+
+** The new function emacs-pid returns the process ID number of Emacs.
+
+** user-login-name now consistently checks the LOGNAME environment
+variable before USER.  user-original-login-name is obsolete, since it
+provides the same functionality.  To ignore the environment variables,
+use user-real-login-name.
+
+** There is a more general way of handling the system-specific X
+keysyms.  Set the variable system-key-alist to an alist containing
+elements of the form (CODE . SYMBOL), where CODE is the numeric keysym
+code minus the "vendor specific" bit, and symbol is the name for the
+function key.
+
+** You can use the variable command-line-functions to set up functions
+to process unrecognized command line arguments.  The variable's value
+should be a list of functions of no arguments.  The functions are
+called successively until one of them returns non-nil.
+
+Each function should access the free variables argi (the current
+argument) and command-line-args-left (the remaining arguments).  The
+function should return non-nil only if it recognizes and processes the
+argument in argi.  If it does so, it may consume following arguments
+as well by removing them from command-line-args-left.
+
+** There's a new way for a magic file name handler to run a primitive
+and inhibit handling of the file name.  Here is how to do it:
+
+(let ((inhibit-file-name-handlers
+       (cons 'ange-ftp-file-handler 
+             (and (eq inhibit-file-name-operation operation)
+                      inhibit-file-name-handlers)))
+      (inhibit-file-name-operation operation))
+  (apply this-operation args))
+
+The function find-file-name-handler now takes two arguments.  The
+second argument is OPERATION, the operation for which the handler is
+being sought.
+
+People have suggested that the second argument should be optional, for
+backward compatibility.  It would be nice if that were possible, but
+it is not.  There is simply no way for find-file-name-handler to do
+the right thing without receiving the proper value for its second
+argument.
+
+** The variable completion-regexp-list affects the completion
+primitives try-completion and all-completions.  They consider
+only the possible completions that match each regexp in the list.
+
+** Case conversion in the function replace-match has been changed.
+
+The old behavior was this: if any word in the old text was
+capitalized, replace-match capitalized each word of the replacement
+text.
+
+The new behavior is this: if the first word in the old text is capitalized,
+replace-match capitalizes the first word of the replacement text.
+
+** You can now specify a case table with CANON non-nil and EQV nil.
+Then the EQV part of the case table is deduced from CANON.
+
+** The new function minibuffer-prompt takes no arguments and returns
+the current minibuffer prompt string.
+
+The new function minibuffer-prompt-width takes no arguments and
+returns the display width of the minibuffer prompt string.
+
+** The new function frame-first-window returns the window at the
+upper left corner of a given frame.
+
+** wholenump is a new alias for natnump.
+
+** The variable installation-directory, if non-@code{nil}, names a
+directory within which to look for the `lib-src' and `etc'
+subdirectories.  This is non-nil when Emacs can't find those
+directories in their standard installed locations, but can find them
+near where the Emacs executable was found.
+
+** invocation-name and invocation-directory are now variables as well
+as functions.  The variable values are the same values that the
+functions return: the Emacs program name sans directories, and the
+directory it was found in.  (invocation-directory may be nil, if Emacs
+can't determine which directory it should be.)
+
+** Installation change regarding version number counting.
+
+The version number of an Emacs executable contains three numbers.
+The first two describe the Emacs release and the third increments
+each time you build Emacs.
+
+Now the file version.el contains only the first two version numbers.
+The third component is now determined on the basis of the names of the
+existing executable files.  This means that version.el is not altered
+by building Emacs.
+
+* Changes in 19.22.
+
+** The mouse click M-mouse-2 now inserts the current secondary
+selection (from Emacs or any other X client) where you click.
+It does not move point.
+This command is called mouse-yank-secondary.
+
+mouse-kill-secondary no longer has a key binding by default.
+Clicking M-mouse-3 (mouse-secondary-save-then-kill) twice
+may be a convenient enough way of killing the secondary selection.
+Or perhaps there should be a keyboard binding for killing the
+secondary selection.  Any suggestions?
+
+** New packages:
+
+*** `icomplete' provides character-by-character information
+about what you could complete if you type TAB.
+
+*** `avoid' moves the mouse away from point so that it doesn't hide
+your typing.
+
+*** `shadowfile' helps you update files that are supposed to be stored
+identically in different places (perhaps on different machines).
+
+** C-h p now knows about four additional keywords: data, faces, mouse,
+and matching.
+
+** The key for starting an inferior Lisp process, in Lisp mode,
+is now C-c C-z instead of C-c C-l.
+
+** When the VC commands ask whether to save the buffer, if you say no,
+they signal an error.  This is so that you won't operate on the wrong
+data.
+
+** ISO Accents mode now supports `"s' as a way of typing German sharp s.
+
+** By default, comint buffers (including Shell mode and debuggers)
+no longer try to scroll to keep the cursor on the bottom line.
+This feature was added in 19.21 but did not work smoothly enough.
+
+** Emacs now handles the window manager "delete window" operation.
+
+** Display of buffers with text properties is much faster now.
+
+** The feature previously announced whereby `insert' does not inherit
+text properties from surrounding text was not fully implemented
+before; but now it is.  use `insert-and-inherit' if you wish to
+inherit sticky properties from the surrounding text.
+
+** The functions next-property-change, previous-property-change,
+next-single-property-change, and previous-single-property-change
+now take one additional optional argument LIMIT that is a position at
+which to stop scanning.  If scan ends without finding the property
+change sought, these functions return the specified limit.
+
+The value returned by previous-single-property-change and
+previous-property-change, when they do find a change, is now one
+greater than what it used to be.  It is the position between the two
+characters whose properties differ, which is one greater than the
+position of the first character found (while scanning back) with
+different properties.
+
+* User editing changes in version 19.21.
+
+** ISO Accents mode supports four additional characters:
+A-with-ring (entered as /A), AE ligature (entered as /E),
+and their lower-case equivalents.
+
+* User editing changes in version 19.20.
+(See following page for Lisp programming changes.)
+
+Note that some of these changes were made subsequent to the Emacs 19.20
+editions of the Emacs manual and Emacs Lisp manual; therefore, if you
+have those editions, do read this page.
+
+** Dragging with mouse button 1 now puts the selected region
+in the kill ring so you can paste it into other X applications.
+
+** Double and triple clicks with button 1 now behave as in xterm,
+selecting the word or line surrounding where you click.  If you drag
+after the last click, you can select a range of words or lines.
+
+** You can use button 3 to extend a mouse-selected region, as in xterm.
+This works for regions selected either by dragging Mouse-1 or by
+multiple-clicking Mouse-1.  Clicking Mouse-3 moves the end of the
+region that is (initially) nearer to where you click.
+
+If the selection was first made by multiple-clicking Mouse-1, and thus
+consists of entire words or lines, Mouse-3 preserves that state.
+
+As before, clicking Mouse-3 again in the same place kills the region
+thus selected.
+
+** The secondary selection commands, M-Mouse-1 and M-Mouse-3, have been
+likewise modified.
+
+** You can now search for strings and regexps using the Edit menu bar menu.
+
+** You can now access bookmarks using the Bookmark submenu in the File
+menu in the menu bar.
+
+** ISO Accents mode, a buffer-local minor mode, provides a convenient
+way to type certain non-ASCII characters.  It makes the characters `,
+', ", ^, ~ and / serve as modifiers for the following letter.  ` and '
+add accents, " adds an umlaut or dieresis, ^ adds a circumflex, ~
+adds a tilde, and / adds a slash to the following letter.
+
+If the following character is not a letter, or cannot be modified as
+requested, then both characters stand for themselves.  If you
+duplicate the modifier accent character, that enters the corresponding
+ISO non-spacing accent character (thus, '' enters the ISO acute-accent
+character).  To enter a modifier character itself, type it followed by
+a space.
+
+This feature can be used whenever a key sequence is expected: for
+ordinary insertion, for searching, and for certain command arguments.
+
+A few special combinations:
+
+~c => c with cedilla
+~d => d with stroke
+~< => left guillemot
+~> => right guillemot
+
+** iso-transl.el is a new library that replaces iso-insert.el.
+It defines C-x 8 as an insertion prefix for the ISO characters
+between 128 and 255, much like iso-insert, except that iso-transl
+works even in searches and help commands--wherever a key sequence
+is expected.
+
+To define case-conversion for these characters for ISO 8859/1,
+load the library iso-syntax.  (This is not new.)
+
+** M-TAB in Text mode now runs the command ispell-complete-word
+which performs completion using the spelling dictionary.
+
+The spelling correction submenu now includes this command 
+and another command which completes a word fragment (that is,
+it doesn't assume that the text to be completed starts at the
+beginning of a word.
+
+** In incremental search, you can use M-y to yank the most recent kill
+into the search string.
+
+** The new function ispell-message checks the spelling of a message
+you are about to send or post.  It ignores text cited from other
+messages.
+
+To automatically check all your outgoing messages, include the
+following line in your .emacs file:
+  (setq news-inews-hook (setq mail-send-hook 'ispell-message))
+
+** There is now a separate minibuffer history list for the names of
+extended commands.  This history list is used by M-x when reading
+the command name.  The motivation for this is to prevent command
+names from appearing in the history used for other minibuffer
+arguments.
+
+Note that the history list for entire commands that use the minibuffer
+is a separate feature.  That history list records a command with all
+its arguments, and you must use C-x ESC ESC to access it.
+
+** You can use the new command C-x v ~ VERSION RET to examine a
+specified version of a file that is maintained with version control.
+
+** In Indented Text mode, only blank lines now separate paragraphs.
+Indented lines continue the paragraph that is in progress.  This makes
+the user option variable adaptive-fill-mode have its intended effect.
+
+** Local variable specifications in files for variables whose names end
+in `-hook' and `-function' are now controlled by the variable
+`enable-local-eval', just like the `eval' variable.
+
+** C-x r j (jump-to-register) when restoring a frame configuration now
+makes all unwanted frames (existing frames not mentioned in the
+configuration) invisible.
+
+If you want to delete these unwanted frames, use a prefix argument for
+C-x r j.
+
+** You can customize the calendar to display weeks beginning on
+Monday: set the variable `calendar-week-start-day' to 1.
+
+** Rmail changes.
+
+If you save messages to a file in Unix format while viewing a message
+with its whole header, this now copies to the file the entire header
+of each message copied.
+
+** Comint mode changes.
+
+C-c C-e shows as much output as possible in the window.
+C-c RET copies an old input (the one at point)
+and places the copy after the latest prompt.
+C-c C-p and C-c C-n move through the buffer, stopping at places
+where the subshell prompted for input.
+C-c C-h lists the input history in a `*Help*' buffer.
+
+There are new menu bar items for completion/input/output/signal commands.
+
+Input behaviour is configurable.  Variables control whether some windows
+showing the buffer scroll to the bottom before insertion.  These are
+`comint-scroll-to-bottom-on-input' and `before-change-function'.  By default,
+insertion causes the selected window to scroll to the bottom before insertion
+occurs.
+
+Subprocess output now keeps point at the end of the buffer in each
+window individually if point was already at the end of the buffer in
+that window.
+
+If `comint-scroll-show-maximum-output' is non-nil (which is the
+default), then scrolling due to arrival of output tries to place the
+last line of text at the bottom line of the window, so as to show as
+much useful text as possible.  (This mimics the scrolling behavior of
+many terminals.)
+
+By setting `comint-scroll-to-bottom-on-output', you can opt for having
+point jump to the end of the buffer whenever output arrives--no matter
+where in the buffer point was before.  If the value is `this', point
+jumps in the selected window.  If the value is `all', point jumps in
+each window that shows the comint buffer.  If the value is `other',
+point jumps in all nonselected windows that show the current buffer.
+The default value is nil, which means point does not jump to the end.
+
+Input history insertion is configurable.  A variable controls whether only the
+first instance of successive identical inputs is stored in the input history.
+This is `comint-input-ignoredups'.
+
+Completion (bound to TAB) is now more general.  Depending on context,
+completion now operates on the input history, on command names, or (as
+before) on filenames.
+
+Filename completion is configurable.  Variables control whether
+file/directory suffix characters are added (`comint-completion-addsuffix'),
+whether shortest completion is acceptable when no further unambiguous
+completion is possible (`comint-completion-recexact'), and the timing of
+completion candidate listing (`comint-completion-autolist').
+
+Comint mode now provides history expansion.  Insert input using `!'
+and `^', in the same syntax that typical shells use; then type TAB.
+This searches the comint input history for a matching element,
+performs substitution if necessary, and places the result in the
+comint buffer in place of the original input.
+
+History references in the input may be expanded before insertion into
+the input ring, or on input to the interpreter (and therefore
+visibly).  The variable `comint-input-autoexpand' specifies which.
+
+You can make the SPC key perform history expansion by binding
+SPC to the command `comint-magic-space'.
+
+The command `comint-dynamic-complete-variable' does variable name
+completion using the environment variables as set within Emacs.  The
+variables controlling filename completion apply to variable name
+completion too.  This command is normally available through the menu
+bar.
+
+** Shell mode
+
+Paragraph motion and marking commands (default bindings M-{, M-}, M-h) operate
+on output groups (i.e., shell prompt plus associated shell output).
+
+TAB now completes commands, as well as file names and expand history.
+Commands are searched for along the path that Emacs has on startup.
+
+C-c C-f now moves forward a command (`shell-forward-command') and
+C-c C-b now moves backward a command (`shell-backward-command').
+
+Command completion is configurable.  The variables controlling
+filename completion in comint mode apply, together with a variable
+controlling whether to restrict possible completions to only files
+that are executable (`shell-command-execonly').
+
+The input history is initialised from the file name given in the
+variable `shell-input-ring-file-name'--normally `.history' in your
+home directory.
+
+Directory tracking is more robust.  It can cope with command sequences
+and forked commands, and can detect the failure of directory changing
+commands in most circumstances.  It's still not infallible, of course.
+
+You can now configure the behaviour of `pushd'.  Variables control
+whether `pushd' behaves like `cd' if no argument is given
+(`shell-pushd-tohome'), pop rather than rotate with a numeric argument
+(`shell-pushd-dextract'), and only add directories to the directory
+stack if they are not already on it (`shell-pushd-dunique').  The
+configuration you choose should match the underlying shell, of course.
+
+* Emacs Lisp programming changes in Emacs 19.20.
+
+** A new function `remove-hook' is now used to remove a hook that you might
+have added with `add-hook'.
+
+** There is now a Lisp pretty-printer in the library `pp'.
+
+** The partial Common Lisp support has been entirely reimplemented.
+
+** When you insert text using `insert', `insert-before-markers' or
+`insert-buffer-substring', text properties are no longer inherited
+from the surrounding text.
+
+When you want to inherit text properties, use the new functions
+`insert-and-inherit' or `insert-before-markers-and-inherit'.
+
+The self-inserting character command does do inheritance.
+
+** Frame creation hooks.
+
+The function make-frame now runs the normal hooks
+before-make-frame-hook and after-make-frame-hook.
+
+** You can now use function-key-map to make a key an alias for other
+key sequences that can vary depending on circumstances.  To do this,
+give the key a definition in function-key-map which is a function
+rather than a specific expansion key sequence.
+
+If the function reads input itself, it can have the effect of altering
+the event that follows.  For example, here's how to define C-c h to
+turn the character that follows into a hyper character:
+
+(define-key function-key-map "\C-ch" 'hyperify)
+
+(defun hyperify (prompt)
+  (let ((e (read-event)))
+    (vector (if (numberp e)
+		(logior (lsh 1 20) e)
+	      (if (memq 'hyper (event-modifiers e))
+		  e
+		(add-event-modifier "H-" e))))))
+
+(defun add-event-modifier (string e)
+  (let ((symbol (if (symbolp e) e (car e))))
+    (setq symbol (intern (concat string (symbol-name symbol))))
+    (if (symbolp e)
+	symbol
+      (cons symbol (cdr e)))))
+
+The character translation function gets one argument, which is the
+prompt that was specified in read-key-sequence--or nil if the key
+sequence is being read by the editor command loop.  In most cases
+you can just ignore the prompt value.
+
+** Changes for reading and writing text properties.
+
+New low-level Lisp features make it possible to write Lisp programs to
+save text properties in files, and read text properties from files.
+You can program any file format you like.
+
+The variable `write-region-annotation-functions' should contain a list
+of functions to be run by `write-region' to encode text properties in
+some fashion as annotations to the text that is written.
+
+Each function in the list is called with two arguments: the start and
+end of the region to be written.  These functions should not alter the
+contents of the buffer.  Instead, they should return lists indicating
+annotations to write in the file in addition to the text in the
+buffer.
+
+Each function should return a list of elements of the form (POSITION
+. STRING), where POSITION is an integer specifying the relative
+position in the text to be written, and STRING is the annotation to
+add there.
+
+Each list returned by one of these functions must be already sorted in
+increasing order by POSITION.  If there is more than one function,
+`write-region' merges the lists destructively into one sorted list.
+
+When `write-region' actually writes the text from the buffer to the
+file, it intermixes the specified annotations at the corresponding
+positions.  All this takes place without modifying the buffer.
+
+The variable `after-insert-file-functions' should contain a list of
+functions to be run each time a file's contents have been inserted into
+a buffer.  Each function receives one argument, the length of the
+inserted text; point indicates the start of that text.  The function
+should make whatever changes it wants to make, then return the updated
+length of the inserted text, as it stands after those changes.  The
+value returned by one function is used as the argument to the next.
+These functions should always return with point at the beginning of
+the inserted text.
+
+The intended use of `after-insert-file-functions' is for converting
+some sort of textual annotations into actual text properties.  But many
+other uses may be possible.
+
+We now invite users to begin implementing Lisp programs to store and
+retrieve text properties in files, using these new primitive features,
+and thus to experiment with various data formats and find good ones.
+
+We suggest not trying to handle arbitrary Lisp objects as property
+names or property values--because a program that general is probably
+difficult to write, and slow.  Instead, choose a set of possible data
+types that are reasonably flexible, and not too hard to encode.
+
+** Comint completion.
+
+Currently comint-dynamic-complete-command (and associated variable
+comint-after-partial-pathname-command) are set by default to complete a
+filename.  Other comint-mode users should have their own functions to achieve
+this.  For example, gud-mode could complete debugger commands.  A completion
+function is provided solely for this reason (comint-dynamic-simple-complete).
+
+Other comint-mode users should bind comint-dynamic-complete (shell-mode does
+already).
+
+** Comint history reference expansion
+
+Currently comint-input-autoexpand is 'history, which means only expand
+history on insertion to comint-input-ring.  For non-shell modes, this is
+a strange default, since non-shells will not understand history references.
+Perhaps it would be better for the variable to be 'input, which means expand
+on RET.
+
+The value 'history might possibly be wrong even for shells, since the
+expansion will be done both by comint and the underlying shell (except sh, of
+course).  It would be better for expansion to be done by one or the other,
+not both since they may (ahem) disagree.  Since it is silly to put a literal
+history reference into comint-input-ring, perhaps it would be better for the
+variable to be 'input too.
+
+The reason the variable is not 'input by default is that I was attempting to
+adhere to The Principle of Least Astonishment.  I didn't want to shock users
+by having their input change in front of their eyes.
+
+** Argument delimiters and Comint mode.
+
+Currently comint-delimiter-argument-list is '(), which means no strings are
+to be treated as delimiters and arguments.  In shell-mode, this variable is
+set to shell-delimiter-argument-list, '("|" "&" "<" ">" "(" ")" ";").  Other
+comint-mode users should set this variable too.  For example, a lisp-type
+mode might want to set this to '("." "(" ")") or some such.
+
+** Comint output hook.
+
+There is now a hook, comint-output-filter-hook, that is run-hooks'ed by the
+output filter, comint-output-filter.  This is useful for scrolling (see
+below), but also things like processing output for specific text, output
+highlighting, etc.
+
+So that such output processing may be done efficiently, there is a new
+variable, comint-last-output-start, that records the position of the start of
+the lastest output inserted into the buffer (effectively the previous value
+of process-mark).  Output processing functions should process the text
+between comint-last-output-start (or perhaps the beginning of the line that
+the position lies on) and process-mark.
+
+** Comint scrolling.
+
+There is now automatic scrolling of process windows.
+
+Currently comint-scroll-show-maximum-output is t, which means when scrolling
+output put process-mark at the bottom of the window.  There is a good case
+for it to be t, since the user is likely to want to see as much output as
+possible.  But, then again, there is a comint-show-maximum-output command.
+
+** Comint history retrieval.
+
+The input following point is not deleted when moving around the input history
+(with M-p etc.).  Emacs maintainers may not like this.  However, I feel this
+is a useful feature.  The simple remedy is to put end-of-line in before
+delete-region in comint-previous-matching-input.
+
+The input history retrieval commands still wrap-around the input ring, unlike
+Emacs command history.
+
+* Changes in version 19.19.
+
+** The new package bookmark.el records named bookmarks: positions that
+you can jump to.  Bookmarks are saved automatically between Emacs
+sessions.
+
+** Another simpler package saveplace.el records your position in each
+file when you kill its buffer (or kill Emacs), and jumps to the same
+position when you visit the file again (even in another Emacs
+session).  Use `toggle-save-place' to turn on place-saving in a given file;
+use (setq-default save-place t) to turn it on for all files.
+
+** In Outline mode, you can now customize how to compute the level of a
+heading line.  Set `outline-level' to a function of no arguments which
+returns the level, assuming point is at the beginning of a heading
+line.
+
+** You can now specify the prefix key to use for Outline minor mode.
+(The default is C-c.)  Set the variable outline-minor-mode-prefix to
+the key sequence you want to use (as a string or vector).
+
+** In Bibtex mode, C-c e has been changed to C-c C-b.  This is because
+C-c followed by a letter is reserved for users.
+
+** The `mod' function is no longer an alias for `%', but is a separate function
+that yields a result with the same sign as the divisor.  `floor' now takes an
+optional second argument, which divides the first argument before the floor is
+taken.
+
+** `%' no longer allows floating point arguments, since the results were often
+inconsistent with integer `%'.
+
+* Changes in version 19.18.
+
+** Typing C-z in an iconified Emacs frame now deiconifies it.
+
+** hilit19 is a new library for automatic highlighting of parts of the
+text in the buffer, based on its meaning and context.
+
+** Killing no longer sends the killed text to the X clipboard.
+And large strings are not put in the cut buffer either.
+The variable x-cut-buffer-max specifies the maximum number of characters
+to put in the cut buffer.
+
+** The new command C-x 5 o (other-frame) selects different frames,
+successively, in cyclic order.  It does for frames what C-x o
+does for windows.
+
+** The command M-ESC (eval-expression) has its own command history.
+
+** The commands M-! and M-| for running shell commands have their own
+command history.
+
+** If the directory containing the Emacs executable has a sibling named
+`lisp', that `lisp' directory is added to the end of `load-path'
+(provided you don't override the normal value with the EMACSLOADPATH
+environment variable).  This feature may make it easier to move
+an installed Emacs from place to place.
+
+** M-x validate-tex-buffer now records the locations of mismatches
+found in the `*Occur*' buffer.  You can go to that buffer and type C-c
+C-c to visit a particular mismatch.
+
+** There are new commands in Shell mode.
+
+C-c C-n and C-c C-p move point to the next or previous shell input line.
+
+C-c C-d is now another way to send an end-of-file to the subshell.
+
+** Changes to calendar/diary.
+
+Time zone data is now determined automatically, including the
+start/stop days and times of daylight savings time.  The code now
+works correctly almost anywhere in the world.
+
+The format of the holiday specifications has changed and IS NO LONGER
+COMPATIBLE with the old (version 18) format.  See the documentation of
+the variable calendar-holidays for details of the new, improved
+format.
+
+The hook `diary-display-hook' has been split into two:
+diary-display-hook which should be used ONLY for the display and
+`diary-hook' which should be used for appointment notification.  If
+diary-display-hook is nil (the default), simple-diary-display is
+used.  This allows the diary hooks to be correctly set with add-hook.
+
+The forms used for dates in diary entries and general display are no
+longer autoloaded, but set at load time; this means they will be set
+correctly based on values you assign to various variables.
+
+** The functions x-rebind-key and x-rebind-keys have been deleted,
+because you can accomplish the same job by binding keys to keyboard
+macros.
+
+** Emacs now distinguishes double and triple drag events and double and
+triple button-down events.  These work analogously to double and
+triple click events.
+
+Double drag events, if not defined, convert to ordinary click events.
+Double down events, if not defined, convert first to ordinary down
+events, which are then discarded if not defined.  Triple events that
+are not defined convert to the corresponding double event; if that is
+also not defined, it may convert further.
+
+** The new function event-click-count returns the number of clicks,
+from an event which is a list.  It is 1 for an ordinary click, drag,
+or button-down event, 2 for a double event, and 3 or more for a triple
+event.
+
+** The new function previous-frame is like next-frame, but moves
+around through the set of existing frames in the opposite order.
+
+** The post-command-hook now runs even after commands that get an error
+and return to top level.  As a consequence of the same change, this
+hook also runs before Emacs reads the first command.  That might sound
+paradoxical, as if this hook were the same as the pre-command-hook.
+Actually, they are not similar; the latter runs before *execution* of
+a command, but after it has been read.
+
+** You can turn off the text property hooks that run when point moves
+to certain places in the buffer, by binding inhibit-point-motion-hooks
+to a non-nil value.
+
+** Inserting a string with no text properties into the buffer normally
+inherits the properties of the preceding character.  You can now
+control this inheritance by setting the front-sticky and
+rear-nonsticky properties of a character.
+
+If you make a character's front-sticky property t, then insertion
+before the character inherits its properties.  If you make the
+rear-nonsticky property t, then insertion after the character does not
+inherit its properties.  You can regard characters as normally being
+rear-sticky and not front-sticky, and this is why insertion normally
+inherits from the previous character.
+
+If neither side of an insertion is suitably sticky, then the inserted
+text gets no properties.  If both sides are sticky, then the inserted
+text gets the properties of both sides, with the previous character's
+properties taking precedence when both sides have a property in
+common.
+
+You can also specify stickiness for individual properties.  To do so,
+use a list of property names as the value of the front-sticky property
+or the rear-nonsticky property.  For example, if a character has a
+rear-nonsticky property whose value is (face read-only), then
+insertion after the character will not inherit its face property or
+read-only property (if any), but will inherit any other properties.
+
+The merging of properties when both sides of the insertion are sticky
+takes place one property at a time.  If the preceding character is
+rear-sticky for the property, and the property is non-nil, it
+dominates.  Otherwise, the following character's property value is
+used if it is front-sticky for that property.
+
+** If you give a character a non-nil `invisible' text property, the
+character does not appear on the screen.  This works much like
+selective display.
+
+The details of this feature are likely to change in future Emacs
+versions.
+
+** In Info, when you go to a node, it runs the normal hook
+Info-selection-hook.
+
+** You can use the new function `invocation-directory' to get the name
+of the directory containing the Emacs executable that was run.
+
+** Entry to the minibuffer runs the normal hook minibuffer-setup-hook.
+
+** The new function minibuffer-window-active-p takes one argument, a
+minibuffer window, and returns t if the window is currently active.
+
+* Changes in version 19.17.
+
+** When Emacs displays a list of completions in a buffer, 
+you can select a completion by clicking mouse button 2
+on that completion.
+
+** Use the command `list-faces-display' to display a list of 
+all the currently defined faces, showing what they look like.
+
+** Menu bar items from local maps now come after the usual items.
+
+** The Help menu bar item always comes last in the menu bar.
+
+** If you enable Font-Lock mode on a buffer containing a program
+(certain languages such as C and Lisp are supported), everything you
+type is automatically given a face property appropriate to its
+syntactic role.  For example, there are faces for comments, string
+constants, names of functions being defined, and so on.
+
+** Dunnet, an adventure game, is now available.
+
+** Several major modes now have their own menu bar items, 
+including Dired, Rmail, and Sendmail.  We would like to add 
+suitable menu bar items to other major modes.
+
+** The key binding C-x a C-h has been eliminated.
+This is because it got in the way of the general feature of typing
+C-h after a prefix character.  If you want to run
+inverse-add-global-abbrev, you can use C-x a - or C-x a i g instead.
+
+** If you set the variable `rmail-mail-new-frame' to a non-nil value,
+all the Rmail commands to send mail make a new frame to do it in.
+When you send the message, or use the menu bar command not to send it,
+that frame is deleted.
+
+** In Rmail, the o and C-o commands are now almost interchangeable.
+Both commands check the format of the file you specify, and append
+the message to it in Rmail format if it is an Rmail file, and in
+inbox file format otherwise.  C-o and o are different only when you
+specify a new file.
+
+** The function `copy-face' now takes an optional fourth argument
+NEW-FRAME.  If you specify this, it copies the definition of face
+OLD-FACE on frame FRAME to face NEW-NAME on frame NEW-FRAME.
+
+** A local map can now cancel out one of the global map's menu items.
+Just define that subcommand of the menu item with `undefined'
+as the definition.  For example, this cancels out the `Buffers' item
+for the current major mode:
+
+    (local-set-key [menu-bar buffer] 'undefined)
+
+** To put global items at the end of the menu bar, use the new variable
+`menu-bar-final-items'.  It should be a list of symbols--event types
+bound in the menu bar.  The menu bar items for these symbols are
+moved to the end.
+
+** The list returned by `buffer-local-variables' now contains cons-cell
+elements of the form (SYMBOL . VALUE) only for buffer-local variables
+that have values.  For unbound buffer-local variables, the variable
+name (symbol) appears directly as an element of the list.
+
+** The `modification-hooks' property of a character no longer affects
+insertion; it runs only for deletion and modification of the character.
+
+To detect insertion, use `insert-in-front-hooks' and
+`insert-behind-hooks' properties.  The former runs when text is
+inserted immediately preceding the character that has the property;
+the latter runs when text is inserted immediately following the
+character.
+
+** Buffer modification now runs hooks belonging to overlays as well as
+hooks belonging to characters.  If an overlay has a
+`modification-hooks' property, it applies to any change to text in the
+overlay, and any insertion within the overlay.  If the overlay has a
+`insert-in-front-hooks' property, it runs for insertion at the
+beginning boundary of the overlay.  If the overlay has an
+`insert-behind-hooks' property, it runs for insertion at the end
+boundary of the overlay.
+
+The values of these properties should be lists of functions.  Each
+function is called, receiving as arguments the overlay in question,
+followed by the bounds of the range being modified.
+
+** The new `-name NAME' option directs Emacs to search for its X
+resources using the name `NAME', and sets the title of the initial
+frame.  This argument was added for consistency with other X clients.
+
+** The new `-xrm DATABASE' option tells Emacs to treat the string
+DATABASE as the text of an X resource database.  Emacs searches
+DATABASE for resource values, in addition to the usual places.  This
+argument was added for consistency with other X clients.
+
+** Emacs now searches for X resources in the files specified by the
+XFILESEARCHPATH, XUSERFILESEARCHPATH, and XAPPLRESDIR environment
+variables, emulating the functionality provided by programs written
+using Xt.  Because of this change, Emacs will now notice system-wide
+application defaults files, as other X clients do.
+
+XFILESEARCHPATH and XUSERFILESEARCHPATH should be a list of file names
+separated by colons; XAPPLRESDIR should be a list of directory names
+separated by colons.
+
+Emacs searches for X resources
+  + specified on the command line, with the `-xrm RESOURCESTRING'
+    option,
+  + then in the value of the XENVIRONMENT environment variable,
+    - or if that is unset, in the file named ~/.Xdefaults-HOSTNAME if it exists
+      (where HOSTNAME is the hostname of the machine Emacs is running on),
+  + then in the screen-specific and server-wide resource properties
+    provided by the server,
+    - or if those properties are unset, in the file named ~/.Xdefaults
+      if it exists,
+  + then in the files listed in XUSERFILESEARCHPATH,
+    - or in files named LANG/Emacs in directories listed in XAPPLRESDIR
+      (where LANG is the value of the LANG environment variable), if
+      the LANG environment variable is set,
+    - or in files named Emacs in the directories listed in XAPPLRESDIR
+    - or in ~/LANG/Emacs (if the LANG environment variable is set),
+    - or in ~/Emacs,
+  + then in the files listed in XFILESEARCHPATH.
+
+The paths in the variables XFILESEARCHPATH, XUSERFILESEARCHPATH, and
+XAPPLRESDIR may contain %-escapes (like the control strings passed to
+the the Emacs lisp `format' function or C printf function), which
+Emacs expands.
+
+%N is replaced by the string "Emacs" wherever it occurs.
+%T is replaced by "app-defaults" wherever it occurs.
+%S is replaced by the empty string wherever it occurs.
+%L and %l are replaced by the value of the LANG environment variable; if LANG
+   is not set, Emacs does not use that directory or file name at all.
+%C is replaced by the value of the resource named "customization"
+   (class "Customization"), as retrieved from the server's resource
+   properties or the user's ~/.Xdefaults file, or the empty string if
+   that resource doesn't exist.
+
+So, for example,
+  if XFILESEARCHPATH is set to the value
+    "/usr/lib/X11/%L/%T/%N%C:/usr/lib/X11/%T/%N%C:/usr/lib/X11/%T/%N",
+  and the LANG environment variable is set to
+    "english",
+  and the customization resource is the string
+    "-color",
+then, in the last step of the process described above, Emacs checks
+for resources in the first of the following files that is present and
+readable:
+	/usr/lib/X11/english/app-defaults/Emacs-color
+	/usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Emacs-color
+	/usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Emacs
+If the LANG environment variable is not set, then Emacs never uses the
+first element of the path, "/usr/lib/X11/%L/%T/%N%C", because it
+contains the %L escape.
+
+If XFILESEARCHPATH is unset, Emacs uses the default value
+"/usr/lib/X11/%L/app-defaults/Emacs%C:\
+/usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Emacs%C:\
+/usr/lib/X11/%L/app-defaults/Emacs:\
+/usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Emacs"
+
+This feature was added for consistency with other X applications.
+
+** The new function `text-property-any' scans the region of text from
+START to END to see if any character's property PROP is `eq' to
+VALUE.  If so, it returns the position of the first such character.
+Otherwise, it returns nil.
+
+The optional fifth argument, OBJECT, specifies the string or buffer to
+be examined.
+
+** The new function `text-property-not-all' scans the region of text from
+START to END to see if any character's property PROP is not `eq' to
+VALUE.  If so, it returns the position of the first such character.
+Otherwise, it returns nil.
+
+The optional fifth argument, OBJECT, specifies the string or buffer to
+be examined.
+
+** The function `delete-windows-on' now takes an optional second
+argument FRAME, which specifies which frames it should affect.
+  + If FRAME is nil or omitted, then `delete-windows-on' deletes windows
+    showing BUFFER (its first argument) on all frames.
+  + If FRAME is t, then `delete-windows-on' only deletes windows on the
+    selected frame; other frames are unaffected.
+  + If FRAME is a frame, then `delete-windows-on' only deletes windows on
+    the given frame; other frames are unaffected.
+
+
+* Changes in version 19.16.
+
+** When dragging the mouse to select a region, Emacs now highlights the
+region as you drag (if Transient Mark mode is enabled).  If you
+continue the drag beyond the boundaries of the window, Emacs scrolls
+the window at a steady rate until you either move the mouse back into
+the window or release the button.
+
+** RET now exits `query-replace' and `query-replace-regexp'; this makes it
+more consistent with the incremental search facility, which uses RET
+to end the search.
+
+** In C mode, C-c C-u now runs c-up-conditional.
+C-c C-n and C-c C-p now run new commands that move forward
+and back over balanced sets of C conditionals (c-forward-conditional
+and c-backward-conditional).
+
+** The Edit entry in the menu bar has a new alternative:
+"Choose Next Paste".  It gives you a menu showing the various
+strings in the kill ring; click on one to select it as the text 
+to be yanked ("pasted") the next time you yank.
+
+** If you enable Transient Mark mode and set `mark-even-if-inactive' to
+non-nil, then the region is highlighted in a transient fashion just as
+normally in Transient Mark mode, but the mark really remains active
+all the time; commands that use the region can be used even if the
+region highlighting turns off.
+
+** If you type C-h after a prefix key, it displays the bindings
+that start with that prefix.
+
+** The VC package now searches for version control commands in the
+directories named by the variable `vc-path'; its value should be a
+list of strings.
+
+** If you are visiting a file that has locks registered under RCS,
+VC now displays each lock's owner and version number in the mode line
+after the string `RCS'.  If there are no locks, VC displays the head
+version number.
+
+** When using X, if you load the `paren' library, Emacs automatically
+underlines or highlights the matching paren whenever point is
+next to the outside of a paren.  When point is before an open-paren,
+this shows the matching close; when point is after a close-paren,
+this shows the matching open.
+
+** The new function `define-key-after' is like `define-key',
+but takes an extra argument AFTER.  It places the newly defined
+binding after the binding for the event AFTER.
+
+** `accessible-keymaps' now takes an optional second argument, PREFIX.
+If PREFIX is non-nil, it means the value should include only maps for
+keys that start with PREFIX.
+
+`describe-bindings' also accepts an optional argument PREFIX which
+means to describe only the keys that start with PREFIX.
+
+** The variable `prefix-help-command' hold a command to run to display help
+whenever the character `help-char' follows a prefix key and does not have
+a key binding in that context.
+
+** Emacs now detects double- and triple-mouse clicks.  A single mouse
+click produces a pair events of the form:
+	(down-mouse-N POSITION)
+	(mouse-N POSITION)
+Clicking the same mouse button again, soon thereafter and at the same
+location, produces another pair of events of the form:
+	(down-mouse-N POSITION)
+	(double-mouse-N POSITION 2)
+Another click will produce an event pair of the form:
+	(down-mouse-N POSITION)
+	(triple-mouse-N POSITION 3)
+All the POSITIONs in such a sequence would be identical, except for
+their timestamps.
+
+To count as double- and triple-clicks, mouse clicks must be at the
+same location as the first click, and the number of milliseconds
+between the first release and the second must be less than the value
+of the lisp variable `double-click-time'.  Setting `double-click-time'
+to nil disables multi-click detection.  Setting it to t removes the
+time limit; Emacs then detects multi-clicks by position only.
+
+If `read-key-sequence' finds no binding for a double-click event, but
+the corresponding single-click event would be bound,
+`read-key-sequence' demotes it to a single-click.  Similarly, it
+demotes unbound triple-clicks to double- or single-clicks.  This means
+you don't have to distinguish between single- and multi-clicks if you
+don't want to.
+
+Emacs reports all clicks after the third as `triple-mouse-N' clicks,
+but increments the click count after POSITION.  For example, a fourth
+click, soon after the third and at the same location, produces a pair
+of events of the form:
+	(down-mouse-N POSITION)
+	(triple-mouse-N POSITION 4)
+
+** The way Emacs reports positions of mouse events has changed
+slightly.  If a mouse event includes a position list of the form:
+	(WINDOW (PLACE-SYMBOL) (COLUMN . ROW) TIMESTAMP)
+this denotes exactly the same position as the list:
+	(WINDOW  PLACE-SYMBOL  (COLUMN . ROW) TIMESTAMP)
+That is, the event occurred over a non-textual area of the frame,
+specified by PLACE-SYMBOL, a symbol like `mode-line' or
+`vertical-scroll-bar'.
+
+Enclosing PLACE-SYMBOL in a singleton list does not change the
+position denoted, but the `read-key-sequence' function uses the
+presence or absence of the singleton list to tell whether or not it
+should prefix the event with its place symbol.
+
+Normally, `read-key-sequence' prefixes mouse events occurring over
+non-textual areas with their PLACE-SYMBOLs, to select the sub-keymap
+appropriate for the event; for example, clicking on the mode line
+produces a sequence like
+	[mode-line (mouse-1 POSN)]
+However, if lisp code elects to unread the resulting key sequence by
+placing it in the `unread-command-events' variable, it is important
+that `read-key-sequence' not insert the prefix symbol again; that
+would produce a malformed key sequence like
+	[mode-line mode-line (mouse-1 POSN)]
+For this reason, `read-key-sequence' encloses the event's PLACE-SYMBOL
+in a singleton list when it first inserts the prefix, but doesn't
+insert the prefix when processing events whose PLACE-SYMBOLs are
+already thus enclosed.
+
+
+* Changes in version 19.15.
+
+** `make-frame-visible', which uniconified frames, is now a command,
+and thus may be bound to a key.  This makes sense because frames
+respond to user input while iconified.
+
+** You can now use Meta mouse clicks to set and use the "secondary
+selection".  You can drag M-Mouse-1 across the region you want to
+select.  Or you can press M-Mouse-1 at one end and M-Mouse-3 at the
+other (this also copies the text to the kill ring).  Repeating M-Mouse-3
+again at the same place kills that text.
+
+M-Mouse-2 kills the secondary selection.
+
+Setting the secondary selection does not move point or the mark.  It
+is possible to make a secondary selection that does not all fit on the
+screen, by using M-Mouse-1 at one end, scrolling, then using M-Mouse-3
+at the other end.
+
+Emacs has only one secondary selection at any time.  Starting to set
+a new one cancels any previous one.  The secondary selection displays
+using a face named `secondary-selection'.
+
+** There's a new way to request use of Supercite (sc.el).  Do this:
+
+    (add-hook 'mail-citation-hook 'sc-cite-original)
+
+Currently this works with Rmail.  In the future, other Emacs based
+mail-readers should be modified to understand this hook also.
+In the mean time, you should keep doing what you have done in the past
+for those other mail readers.
+
+** When a regular expression contains `\(...\)' inside a repetition
+operator such as `*' or `+', and you ask about the range that was matched
+using `match-beginning' and `match-end', the range you get corresponds
+to the *last* repetition *only*.  In Emacs 18, you would get a range
+corresponding to all the repetitions.
+
+If you want to get a range corresponding to all the repetitions,
+put a `\(...\)' grouping *outside* the repetition operator.  This
+is the syntax that corresponds logically to the desired result, and
+it works the same in Emacs 18 and Emacs 19.
+
+(This change actually took place earlier, but we didn't know about it
+and thus didn't document it.)
+
+* Changes in version 19.14.
+
+** To modify read-only text, bind the variable `inhibit-read-only'
+to a non-nil value.  If the value is t, then all reasons that might
+make text read-only are inhibited (including `read-only' text properties).
+If the value is a list, then a `read-only' property is inhibited
+if it is `memq' in the list.
+
+** If you call `get-buffer-window' passing t as its second argument, it
+will only search for windows on visible frames.  Previously, passing t
+as the secord argument caused `get-buffer-window' to search all
+frames, visible or not.
+
+** If you call `other-buffer' with a nil or omitted second argument, it
+will ignore buffers displayed windows on any visible frame, not just
+the selected frame.
+
+** You can specify a window or a frame for C-x # to use when
+selects a server buffer.  Set the variable server-window
+to the window or frame that you want.
+
+** The command M-( now inserts spaces outside the open-parentheses in
+some cases--depending on the syntax classes of the surrounding
+characters.  If the variable `parens-dont-require-spaces' is non-nil,
+it inhibits insertion of these spaces.
+
+** The GUD package now supports the debugger known as xdb on HP/UX
+systems.  Use M-x xdb.  The variable `gud-xdb-directories' lets you
+specify a list of directories to search for source code.
+
+** If you are using the mailabbrev package, you should note that its
+function for defining an alias is now called `define-mail-abbrev'.
+This package no longer contains a definition for `define-mail-alias';
+that name is used only in mailaliases.
+
+** Inserted characters now inherit the properties of the text before
+them, by default, rather than those of the following text.
+
+** The function `insert-file-contents' now takes optional arguments BEG
+and END that specify which part of the file to insert.  BEG defaults to
+0 (the beginning of the file), and END defaults to the end of the file.
+
+If you specify BEG or END, then the argument VISIT must be nil.
+
+* Changes in version 19.13.
+
+** Magic file names can now handle the `load' operation.
+
+** Bibtex mode now sets up special entries in the menu bar.
+
+** The incremental search commands C-w and C-y, which copy text from
+the buffer into the search string, now convert it to lower case
+if you are in a case-insensitive search.  This is to avoid making
+the search a case-sensitive one.
+
+** GNUS now knows your time zone automatically if Emacs does.
+
+** Hide-ifdef mode no longer defines keys of the form
+C-c LETTER, since those keys are reserved for users.
+Those commands have been moved to C-c M-LETTER.
+We may move them again for greater consistency with other modes.
+
+* Changes in version 19.12.
+
+** You can now make many of the sort commands ignore case by setting
+`sort-fold-case' to a non-nil value.
+
+* Changes in version 19.11.
+
+** Supercite is installed.
+
+** `write-file-hooks' functions that return non-nil are responsible
+for making a backup file if you want that to be done.
+To do so, execute the following code:
+
+   (or buffer-backed-up (backup-buffer))
+
+You might wish to save the file modes value returned by
+`backup-buffer' and use that to set the mode bits of the file
+that you write.  This is what `basic-save-buffer' does when
+it writes a file in the usual way.
+
+(This is not actually new, but wasn't documented before.)
+
+* Changes in version 19.10.
+
+** The command `repeat-complex-command' is now on C-x ESC ESC.
+It used to be bound to C-x ESC.
+
+The reason for this change is to make function keys work after C-x.
+
+** The variable `highlight-nonselected-windows' now controls whether
+the region is highlighted in windows other than the selected window
+(in Transient Mark mode only, of course, and currently only when
+using X).
+
+* Changes in version 19.8.
+
+** It is now simpler to tell Emacs to display accented characters under
+X windows.  M-x standard-display-european toggles the display of
+buffer text according to the ISO Latin-1 standard.  With a prefix
+argument, this command enables European character display iff the
+argument is positive.
+
+** The `-i' command-line argument tells Emacs to use a picture of the
+GNU gnu as its icon, instead of letting the window manager choose an
+icon for it.  This option used to insert a file into the current
+buffer; use `-insert' to do that now.
+
+** The `configure' script now supports `--prefix' and `--exec-prefix'
+options.
+
+The `--prefix=PREFIXDIR' option specifies where the installation process
+should put emacs and its data files.  This defaults to `/usr/local'.
+- Emacs (and the other utilities users run) go in PREFIXDIR/bin
+  (unless the `--exec-prefix' option says otherwise).
+- The architecture-independent files go in PREFIXDIR/lib/emacs/VERSION
+  (where VERSION is the version number of Emacs, like `19.7').
+- The architecture-dependent files go in
+  PREFIXDIR/lib/emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION
+  (where CONFIGURATION is the configuration name, like mips-dec-ultrix4.2),
+  unless the `--exec-prefix' option says otherwise.
+
+The `--exec-prefix=EXECDIR' option allows you to specify a separate
+portion of the directory tree for installing architecture-specific
+files, like executables and utility programs.  If specified,
+- Emacs (and the other utilities users run) go in EXECDIR/bin, and
+- The architecture-dependent files go in
+  EXECDIR/lib/emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION.
+EXECDIR/bin should be a directory that is normally in users' PATHs.
+
+** When running under X, the new lisp function `x-list-fonts'
+allows code to find out which fonts are available from the X server.
+The first argument PATTERN is a string, perhaps with wildcard characters;
+  the * character matches any substring, and
+  the ? character matches any single character.
+  PATTERN is case-insensitive.
+If the optional arguments FACE and FRAME are specified, then
+`x-list-fonts' returns only fonts the same size as FACE on FRAME.
+
+
+
+* Changes in version 19.
+
+** When you kill buffers, Emacs now returns memory to the operating system,
+thus reducing the size of the Emacs process.  All the space that you free
+up by killing buffers can now be reused for other buffers no matter what
+their sizes, or reused by other processes if Emacs doesn't need it.
+
+** Emacs now does garbage collection and auto saving while it is waiting
+for input, which often avoids the need to do these things while you
+are typing.
+
+The variable `auto-save-timeout' says how many seconds Emacs should
+wait, after you stop typing, before it does an auto save and a garbage
+collection.
+
+** If auto saving detects that a buffer has shrunk greatly, it refrains
+from auto saving that buffer and displays a warning.  Now it also turns
+off Auto Save mode in that buffer, so that you won't get the same
+warning again.
+
+If you reenable Auto Save mode in that buffer, Emacs will start saving
+it again with no further warnings.
+
+** A new minor mode called Line Number mode displays the current line
+number in the mode line, updating it as necessary when you move
+point.
+
+However, if the buffer is very large (larger than the value of
+`line-number-display-limit'), then the line number doesn't appear.
+This is because computing the line number can be painfully slow if the
+buffer is very large.
+
+** You can quit while Emacs is waiting to read or write files.
+
+** The arrow keys now have default bindings to move in the appropriate
+directions. 
+
+** You can suppress next-line's habit of inserting a newline when
+called at the end of a buffer by setting next-line-add-newlines to nil
+(it defaults to t).
+
+** You can now get back recent minibuffer inputs conveniently.  While
+in the minibuffer, type M-p to fetch the next earlier minibuffer
+input, and use M-n to fetch the next later input.
+
+There are also commands to search forward or backward through the
+history for history elements that match a regular expression.  M-r
+searches older elements in the history, while M-s searches newer
+elements.  By special dispensation, these commands can always use the
+minibuffer to read their arguments even though you are already in the
+minibuffer when you issue them.
+
+The history feature is available for all uses of the minibuffer, but
+there are separate history lists for different kinds of input.  For
+example, there is a list for file names, used by all the commands that
+read file names.  There is a list for arguments of commands like
+`query-replace'.  There are also very specific history lists, such
+as the one that `compile' uses for compilation commands.
+
+** You can now display text in a mixture of fonts and colors, using the
+"face" feature, together with the overlay and text property features.
+See the Emacs Lisp manual for details.  The Emacs Users Manual describes
+how to change the colors and font of standard predefined faces.
+
+** You can refer to files on other machines using special file name syntax:
+
+/HOST:FILENAME
+/USER@HOST:FILENAME
+
+When you do this, Emacs uses the FTP program to read and write files on
+the specified host.  It logs in through FTP using your user name or the
+name USER.  It may ask you for a password from time to time; this
+is used for logging in on HOST.
+
+** Some C-x key bindings have been moved onto new prefix keys.
+
+C-x r is a prefix for registers and rectangles.
+C-x n is a prefix for narrowing.
+C-x a is a prefix for abbrev commands.
+
+C-x r C-SPC
+C-x r SPC	point-to-register    (Was C-x /)
+C-x r j		jump-to-register     (Was C-x j)
+C-x r s		copy-to-register     (Was C-x x)
+C-x r i		insert-register      (Was C-x g)
+C-x r r		copy-rectangle-to-register  (Was C-x r)
+C-x r k		kill-rectangle
+C-x r y		yank-rectangle
+C-x r o		open-rectangle
+C-x r f		frame-configuration-to-register
+		  (This saves the state of all windows in all frames.)
+C-x r w		window-configuration-to-register
+		  (This saves the state of all windows in the selected  frame.)
+
+(Use C-x r j to restore a configuration saved with C-x r f or C-x r w.)
+
+C-x n n		narrow-to-region	(Was C-x n)
+C-x n p		narrow-to-page		(Was C-x p)
+C-x n w		widen			(Was C-x w)
+
+C-x a l		add-mode-abbrev		(Was C-x C-a)
+C-x a g		add-global-abbrev	(Was C-x +)
+C-x a i l	inverse-add-mode-abbrev	(Was C-x C-h)
+C-x a i g	inverse-add-global-abbrev  (Was C-x -)
+C-x a e		expand-abbrev		(Was C-x ')
+
+(The old key bindings C-x /, C-x j, C-x x and C-x g
+have not yet been removed.)
+
+** You can put a file name in a register to be able to visit the file
+quickly.  Do this:
+
+   (set-register ?CHAR '(file . NAME))
+
+where NAME is the file name as a string.  Then C-x r j CHAR finds that
+file.
+
+This is useful for files that you need to visit frequently,
+but that you don't want to keep in buffers all the time.
+
+** The keys M-g (fill-region) and C-x a (append-to-buffer)
+have been eliminated.
+
+** The new command `string-rectangle' inserts a specified string on
+each line of the region-rectangle.
+
+** C-x 4 r is now `find-file-read-only-other-window'.
+
+** C-x 4 C-o is now `display-buffer', which displays a specified buffer
+in another window without selecting it.
+
+** Picture mode has been substantially improved.  The picture editing commands
+now arrange for automatic horizontal scrolling to keep point visible
+when editing a wide buffer with truncate-lines on.  Picture-mode
+initialization now does a better job of rebinding standard commands;
+it finds not just their normal keybindings, but any function keys
+attached to them.
+
+** If you enable Transient Mark mode, then the mark becomes "inactive"
+after every command that modifies the buffer.  While the mark is
+active, the region is highlighted (under X, at least).  Most commands
+that use the mark give an error if the mark is inactive, but you can
+use C-x C-x to make it active again.  This feature is also sometimes
+known as "Zmacs mode".
+
+** Outline mode is now available as a minor mode.  This minor mode can
+combine with any major mode; it substitutes the C-c commands of
+Outline mode for those of the major mode.  Use M-x outline-minor-mode
+to enable and disable the new mode.
+
+M-x outline-mode is unchanged; it still switches to Outline mode as a
+major mode.
+
+** The default setting of `version-control' comes from the environment
+variable VERSION_CONTROL.
+
+** The user option for controlling whether files can set local
+variables is now called `enable-local-variables'.  A value of t means
+local-variables lists are obeyed; nil means they are ignored; anything
+else means query the user.
+
+The user option for controlling use of the `eval' local variable is
+now called is `enable-local-eval'; its values are interpreted like
+those of `enable-local-variables'.
+
+** X Window System changes:
+
+C-x 5 C-f and C-x 5 b switch to a specified file or buffer in a new
+frame.  Likewise, C-x 5 m starts outgoing mail in another frame, and
+C-x 5 . finds a tag in another frame.
+
+When you are using X, C-z now iconifies the selected frame.
+
+Emacs can now exchange text with other X applications.  Killing or
+copying text in Emacs now makes that text available for pasting into
+other X applications.  The Emacs yanking commands now insert the
+latest selection set by other applications, and add the text to the
+kill ring.  The Emacs commands for selecting and inserting text with
+the mouse now use the kill ring in the same way the keyboard killing
+and yanking commands do.
+
+The option to specify the title for the initial frame is now `-name NAME'.
+There is currently no way to specify an icon title; perhaps we will add
+one in the future.
+
+** Undoing a deletion now puts point back where it was before the
+deletion.
+
+** The variables that control how much undo information to save have
+been renamed to `undo-limit' and `undo-strong-limit'.  They used to be
+called `undo-threshold' and `undo-high-threshold'.
+
+** You can now use kill commands in read-only buffers.  They don't
+actually change the buffer, and Emacs will beep and warn you that the
+buffer is read-only, but they do copy the text you tried to kill into
+the kill ring, so you can yank it into other buffers.
+
+** C-o inserts the fill-prefix on the newly created line.  The command
+M-^ deletes the prefix (if it occurs) after the newline that it
+deletes.
+
+** C-M-l now runs the command `reposition-window'.  It scrolls the
+window heuristically in a way designed to get useful information onto
+the screen.
+
+** C-M-r is now reverse incremental regexp search.
+
+** M-z now kills through the target character.  In version 18, it
+killed up to but not including the target character.
+
+** M-! now runs the specified shell command asynchronously if it
+ends in `&' (just as the shell does).
+
+** C-h C-f and C-h C-k are new help commands that display the Info
+node for a given Emacs function name or key sequence, respectively.
+
+** The C-h p command system lets you find Emacs Lisp packages by
+topic keywords.  Here is a partial list of package categories:
+
+abbrev	      abbreviation handling, typing shortcuts, macros
+bib	      code related to the bib bibliography processor
+c	      C and C++ language support
+calendar      calendar and time management support
+comm	      communications, networking, remote access to files
+docs	      support for Emacs documentation
+emulations    emulations of other editors
+extensions    Emacs Lisp language extensions
+games	      games, jokes and amusements
+hardware      support for interfacing with exotic hardware
+help	      support for on-line help systems
+i14n	      internationalization and alternate character-set support
+internal      code for Emacs internals, build process, defaults
+languages     specialized modes for editing programming languages
+lisp	      Lisp support, including Emacs Lisp
+local	      code local to your site
+maint	      maintenance aids for the Emacs development group
+mail	      modes for electronic-mail handling
+news	      support for netnews reading and posting
+processes     process, subshell, compilation, and job control support
+terminals     support for terminal types
+tex	      code related to the TeX formatter
+tools	      programming tools
+unix	      front-ends/assistants for, or emulators of, UNIX features
+vms	      support code for vms
+wp	      word processing
+
+More will be added soon.
+
+** The command to split a window into two side-by-side windows is now
+C-x 3.  It was C-x 5.
+
+** M-. (find-tag) no longer has any effect on what M-, will do
+subsequently.  You can no longer use M-, to find the next similar tag;
+you must use M-. with a prefix argument, instead.
+
+The motive for this change is so that you can more reliably use
+M-, to resume a suspended `tags-search' or `tags-query-replace'.
+
+** C-x s (`save-some-buffers') now gives you more options when it asks
+whether to save a particular buffer.  In addition to `y' or `n', you
+can answer `!' to save all the remaining buffers, `.' to save this
+buffer but not save any others, ESC to stop saving and exit the
+command, and C-h to get help.  These options are analogous to those 
+of `query-replace'.
+
+** M-x make-symbolic-link does not expand its first argument.
+This lets you make a link with a target that is a relative file name.
+
+** M-x add-change-log-entry and C-x 4 a now automatically insert the
+name of the file and often the name of the function that you changed.
+They also handle grouping of entries.
+
+There is now a special major mode for editing ChangeLog files.  It
+makes filling work conveniently.  Each bunch of grouped entries is one
+paragraph, and each collection of entries from one person on one day
+is considered a page.
+
+** The `comment-region' command adds comment delimiters to the lines that
+start in the region, thus commenting them out.  With a negative argument,
+it deletes comment delimiters from the lines in the region--this cancels
+the effect of `comment-region' without an argument.
+
+With a positive argument, `comment-region' adds comment delimiters
+but duplicates the last character of the comment start sequence as many
+times as the argument specifies.  This is a way of calling attention to
+the comment.  In Lisp, you should use an argument at least two, because
+the indentation convention for single semicolon comments does not leave
+them at the beginning of a line.
+
+** If `split-window-keep-point' is non-nil, C-x 2 tries to avoid
+shifting any text on the screen by putting point in whichever window
+happens to contain the screen line the cursor is already on.
+The default is that `split-window-keep-point' is non-nil on slow
+terminals.
+
+** M-x super-apropos is like M-x apropos except that it searches both
+Lisp symbol names and documentation strings for matches.  It describes
+every symbol that has a match in either the symbol's name or its
+documentation.
+
+Both M-x apropos and M-x super-apropos take an optional second
+argument DO-ALL which controls the more expensive part of the job.
+This includes looking up and printing the key bindings of all
+commands.  It also includes checking documentation strings in
+super-apropos.  DO-ALL is nil by default; use a prefix arg to make it
+non-nil.
+
+** M-x revert-buffer no longer offers to revert from a recent auto-save
+file unless you give it a prefix argument.  Otherwise it always
+reverts from the real file regardless of whether there has been an
+auto-save since thenm.  (Reverting from the auto-save file is no longer
+very useful now that the undo capacity is larger.)
+
+** M-x recover-file no longer turns off Auto Save mode when it reads
+the last Auto Save file.
+
+** M-x rename-buffer, if you give it a prefix argument,
+avoids errors by modifying the new name to make it unique.
+
+** M-x rename-uniquely renames the current buffer to a similar name
+with a numeric suffix added to make it both different and unique.
+
+One use of this command is for creating multiple shell buffers.
+If you rename your shell buffer, and then do M-x shell again, it
+makes a new shell buffer.  This method is also good for mail buffers,
+compilation buffers, and any Emacs feature which creates a special
+buffer with a particular name.
+
+** M-x compare-windows with a prefix argument ignores changes in whitespace.
+If `compare-ignore-case' is non-nil, then differences in case are also
+ignored.
+
+** `backward-paragraph' is now bound to M-{ by default, and `forward-paragraph'
+to M-}.  Originally, these commands were bound to M-[ and M-], but they were
+running into conflicts with the use of function keys.  On many terminals,
+function keys send a sequence beginning ESC-[, so many users have defined this
+as a prefix key.
+
+** C-x C-u (upcase-region) and C-x C-l (downcase-region) are now disabled by
+default; these commands seem to be often hit by accident, and can be
+quite destructive if their effects are not noticed immediately.
+
+** The function `erase-buffer' is now interactive, but disabled by default.
+
+** When visiting a new file, Emacs attempts to abbreviate the file's
+path using the symlinks listed in `directory-abbrev-alist'.
+
+** When you visit the same file in under two names that translate into
+the same name once symbolic links are handled, Emacs warns you that
+you have two buffers for the same file.
+
+** If you wish to avoid visiting the same file in two buffers under
+different names, set the variable `find-file-existing-other-name'
+non-nil.  Then `find-file' uses the existing buffer visiting the file,
+no matter which of the file's names you specify.
+
+** If you set `find-file-visit-truename' non-nil, then the file name
+recorded for a buffer is the file's truename (in which all symbolic
+links have been removed), rather than the name you specify.  Setting
+`find-file-visit-truename' also implies the effect of
+`find-file-existing-other-name'.
+
+** C-x C-v now inserts the entire current file name in the minibuffer.
+This is convenient if you made a small mistake in typing it.  Point
+goes after the last slash, before the last file name component, so if
+you want to replace it entirely, you can use C-k right away to delete
+it.
+
+** Commands such as C-M-f in Lisp mode now ignore parentheses within comments.
+
+** C-x q now uses ESC to terminate all iterations of the keyboard
+macro, rather than C-d as before.
+
+** Use the command `setenv' to set an individual environment variable
+for Emacs subprocesses.  Specify a variable name and a value, both as
+strings.  This command applies only to subprocesses yet to be
+started.
+
+** Use `rot13-other-window' to examine a buffer with rot13.
+
+This command does not change the text in the buffer.  Instead, it
+creates a window with a funny display table that applies the code when
+displaying the text.
+
+** The command `M-x version' now prints the current Emacs version; The
+`version' command is an alias for the `emacs-version' command.
+
+** More complex changes in existing packages.
+
+*** `fill-nonuniform-paragraphs' is a new command, much like
+`fill-individual-paragraphs' except that only separator lines separate
+paragraphs.  Since this means that the lines of one paragraph may have
+different amounts of indentation, the fill prefix used is the smallest
+amount of indentation of any of the lines of the paragraph.
+
+*** Filling is now partially controlled by a new minor mode, Adaptive
+Fill mode.  When this mode is enabled (and it is enabled by default),
+if you use M-x fill-region-as-paragraph on an indented paragraph and
+you don't have a fill prefix, it uses the indentation of the second
+line of the paragraph as the fill prefix.
+
+Adaptive Fill mode doesn't have much effect on M-q in most major
+modes, because an indented line will probably count as a paragraph
+starter and thus each line of an indented paragraph will be considered
+a paragraph of its own.
+
+*** M-q in C mode now runs `c-fill-paragraph', which is designed
+for filling C comments.  (We assume you don't want to fill
+the code in a C program.)
+
+*** M-$ now runs the Ispell program instead of the Unix spell program.
+
+M-$ starts an Ispell process the first time you use it.  But the process
+stays alive, so that subsequent uses of M-$ run very fast.
+If you want to get rid of the process, use M-x kill-ispell.
+
+To check the entire current buffer, use M-x ispell-buffer.
+Use M-x ispell-region to check just the current region.
+
+Ispell commands often involve interactive replacement of words.
+You can interrupt the interactive replacement with C-g.
+You can restart it again afterward with C-u M-$.
+
+During interactive replacement, you can type the following characters:
+
+a	Accept this word this time.
+DIGIT	Replace the word (this time) with one of the displayed near-misses.
+	The digit you use says which near-miss to use.
+i	Insert this word in your private dictionary
+	  so that Ispell will consider it correct it from now on.
+r	Replace the word this time with a string typed by you.
+
+When the Ispell process starts, it reads your private dictionary which
+is the file `~/ispell.words'.  If you "insert" words with the `i' command,
+these words are added to that file, but not right away--only at the end
+of the interactive replacement process.
+
+Use M-x reload-ispell to reload your private dictionary from
+`~/ispell.words' if you edit it outside of Ispell.
+
+** Changes in existing modes.
+
+*** gdb-mode has been replaced by gud-mode.
+
+The package gud.el (Grand Unified Debugger) replaces gdb.el in Emacs
+19.  It provides a gdb.el-like interface to any of three debuggers;
+gdb itself, the sdb debugger supported on some Unix systems, or the
+dbx debugger on Berkeley systems.
+
+   You start it up with one of the commands M-x gdb, M-x sdb, or
+M-x dbx.  Each entry point finishes by executing a hook; gdb-mode-hook,
+sdb-mode-hook or dbx-mode-hook respectively.
+
+These bindings have changed:
+C-x C-a >	gud-down			(was M-d)
+C-x C-a <	gud-up				(was M-u)
+C-x C-a C-r	gud-cont			(was M-c)
+C-x C-a C-n	gud-next			(was M-n)
+C-x C-a C-s	gud-step			(was M-s)
+C-x C-a C-i 	gud-stepi			(was M-i)
+C-x C-a C-l	gud-recenter			(was C-l)
+C-d		comint-delchar-or-maybe-eof	(was C-c C-d)
+
+These bindings have been removed:
+C-c C-r		(was comint-show-output; now gud-cont)
+
+Since GUD mode uses comint, it uses comint's input history commands,
+superseding C-c C-y (copy-last-shell-input):
+  M-p		comint-next-input
+  M-n		comint-previous-input
+  M-r		comint-previous-similar-input
+  M-s		comint-next-similar-input
+  M-C-r		comint-previous-input-matching
+
+The C-x C-a bindings are also active in source files.
+
+*** The old TeX mode bindings of M-{ and M-} have been moved to C-c {
+and C-c }.  (These commands are `up-list' and `tex-insert-braces';
+they are the TeX equivalents of M-( and M-).)  This is because M-{ 
+and M-} are now globally defined commands.
+
+*** Changes in Mail mode.
+
+`%' is now a word-separator character in Mail mode.
+
+`mail-signature', if non-nil, tells M-x mail to insert your
+`.signature' file automatically.  If you don't want your signature in
+a particular message, just delete it before you send the message.
+
+You can specify the text to insert at the beginning of each line when
+you use C-c C-y to yank the message you are replying to.  Set
+`mail-yank-prefix' to the desired string.  A value of `nil' (the
+default) means to use indentation, as in Emacs 18.  If you use just
+C-u as the prefix argument to C-c C-y, then it does not insert
+anything at the beginning of the lines, regardless of the value of
+`mail-yank-prefix'.
+
+If you like, you can expand mail aliases as abbrevs, as soon as you
+type them in.  To enable this feature, execute the following:
+
+    (add-hook 'mail-setup-hook 'mail-abbrevs-setup)
+
+This can go in your .emacs file.
+
+Word abbrevs don't expand unless you insert a word-separator character
+afterward.  Any mail aliases that you didn't expand at insertion time
+are expanded subsequently when you send the message.
+
+*** Changes in Rmail.
+
+Rmail by default gets new mail only from the system inbox file,
+not from `~/mbox'.
+
+In Rmail, you can retry sending a message that failed
+by typing `M-m' on the failure message.
+
+By contrast, another new command M-x rmail-resend is used for
+forwarding a message and marking it as "resent from" you
+with header fields "Resent-From:" and "Resent-To:".
+
+`e' is now the command to edit a message.
+To expunge, type `x'.  We know this will surprise people
+some of the time, but the surprise will not be disastrous--if
+you type `e' meaning to expunge, just turn off editing with C-c C-c
+and then type `x'.
+
+Another new Rmail command is `<', which moves to the first message.
+This is for symmetry with `>'.
+
+Use the `b' command to bury the Rmail buffer and its summary buffer,
+if any, removing both of them from display on the screen.
+
+The variable `rmail-output-file-alist' now controls the default
+for the file to output a message to.
+
+In the Rmail summary buffer, all cursor motion commands select
+the message you move to.  It's really neat when you use
+incremental search.
+
+You can now issue most Rmail commands from an Rmail summary buffer.
+The commands do the same thing in that buffer that they do in the
+Rmail buffer.  They apply to the message that is selected in the Rmail
+buffer, which is always the one described by the current summary
+line.
+
+Conversely, motion and deletion commands in the Rmail buffer also
+update the summary buffer.  If you set the variable
+`rmail-redisplay-summary' to a non-nil value, then they bring the
+summary buffer (if one exists) back onto the screen.
+
+C-M-t is a new command to make a summary by topic.  It uses regexp
+matching against just the subjects of the messages to decide which
+messages to show in the summary.
+
+You can easily convert an Rmail file to system mailbox format with the
+command `unrmail'.  This command reads two arguments, the name of
+the Rmail file to convert, and the name of the new mailbox file.
+(This command does not change the Rmail file itself.)
+
+Rmail now handles Content Length fields in messages.
+
+*** `mail-extract-address-components' unpacks mail addresses.
+It takes an address as a string (the contents of the From field, for
+example) and returns a list of the form (FULL-NAME
+CANONICAL-ADDRESS).
+
+*** Changes in C mode and C-related commands.
+
+**** M-x c-up-conditional
+
+In C mode, `c-up-conditional' moves back to the containing
+preprocessor conditional, setting the mark where point was
+previously.
+
+A prefix argument acts as a repeat count.  With a negative argument,
+this command moves forward to the end of the containing preprocessor
+conditional.  When going backwards, `#elif' acts like `#else' followed
+by `#if'.  When going forwards, `#elif' is ignored.
+
+**** In C mode, M-a and M-e are now defined as
+`c-beginning-of-statement' and `c-end-of-statement'.
+
+**** In C mode, M-x c-backslash-region is a new command to insert or
+align `\' characters at the ends of the lines of the region, except
+for the last such line.  This is useful after writing or editing a C
+macro definition.
+
+If a line already ends in `\', this command adjusts the amount of
+whitespace before it.  Otherwise, it inserts a new `\'.
+
+*** New features in info.
+
+When Info looks for an Info file, it searches the directories
+in `Info-directory-list'.  This makes it easy to install the Info files
+that come with various packages.  You can specify the path with
+the environment variable INFOPATH.
+
+There are new commands in Info mode.
+
+`]' now moves forward a node, going up and down levels as needed.
+`[' is similar but moves backward.  These two commands try to traverse
+the entire Info tree, node by node.  They are the equivalent of reading
+a printed manual sequentially.
+
+`<' moves to the top node of the current Info file.
+`>' moves to the last node of the file.
+
+SPC scrolls through the current node; at the end, it advances to the
+next node in depth-first order (like `]').
+
+DEL scrolls backwards in the current node; at the end, it moves to the
+previous node in depth-first order (like `[').
+
+After a menu select, the info `up' command now restores point in the
+menu.  The combination of this and the previous two changes means that
+repeated SPC keystrokes do the right (depth-first traverse forward) thing.
+
+`i STRING RET' moves to the node associated with STRING in the index
+or indices of this manual.  If there is more than one match for
+STRING, the `i' command finds the first match.
+
+`,' finds the next match for the string in the previous `i' command
+
+If you click the middle mouse button near a cross-reference,
+menu item or node pointer while in Info, you will go to the node
+which is referenced.
+
+*** Changes in M-x compile.
+
+You can repeat any previous compilation command conveniently using the
+minibuffer history commands, while in the minibuffer entering the
+compilation command.
+
+While a compilation is going on, the string `Compiling' appears in
+the mode line.  When this string disappears, that tells you the
+compilation is finished.
+
+The buffer of compiler messages is in Compilation mode.  This mode
+provides the keys SPC and DEL to scroll by screenfuls, and M-n and M-p
+to move to the next or previous error message.  You can also use C-c
+C-c on any error message to find the corresponding source code.
+
+Emacs 19 has a more general parser for compiler messages.  For example, it
+can understand messages from lint, and from certain C compilers whose error
+message format is unusual.  Also, it only parses until it sees the error
+message you want; you never have to wait a long time to see the first
+error, no matter how big the buffer is.
+
+*** M-x diff and M-x diff-backup.
+
+This new command compares two files, displaying the differences in an
+Emacs buffer.  The options for the `diff' program come from the
+variable `diff-switches', whose value should be a string.
+
+The buffer of differences has Compilation mode as its major mode, so you
+can use C-x ` to visit successive changed locations in the two
+source files, or you can move to a particular hunk of changes and type
+C-c C-c to move to the corresponding source.  You can also use the
+other special commands of Compilation mode: SPC and DEL for
+scrolling, and M-n and M-p for cursor motion.
+
+M-x diff-backup compares a file with its most recent backup.
+If you specify the name of a backup file, `diff-backup' compares it
+with the source file that it is a backup of.
+
+*** The View commands (such as M-x view-buffer and M-x view-file) no
+longer use recursive edits; instead, they switch temporarily to a
+different major mode (View mode) specifically designed for moving
+around through a buffer without editing it.
+
+*** Changes in incremental search.
+
+**** The character to terminate an incremental search is now RET.
+This is for compatibility with the way most other arguments are read.
+
+To search for a newline in an incremental search, type LFD (also known
+as C-j).
+
+**** Incremental search now maintains a ring of previous search
+strings.  Use M-p and M-n to move through the ring to pick a search
+string to reuse.  These commands leave the selected search ring
+element in the minibuffer, where you can edit it.  Type C-s or C-r to
+finish editing and search for the chosen string.
+
+**** If you type an upper case letter in incremental search, that turns
+off case-folding, so that you get a case-sensitive search.
+
+**** If you type a space during regexp incremental search, it matches
+any sequence of whitespace characters.  If you want to match just a space,
+type C-q SPC.
+
+**** Incremental search is now implemented as a major mode.  When you
+type C-s, it switches temporarily to a different keymap which defines
+each key to do what it ought to do for incremental search.  This has
+next to no effect on the user-visible behavior of searching, but makes
+it easier to customize that behavior.
+
+Emacs 19 eliminates the old variables `search-...-char' that used to
+be the way to specify the characters to use for various special
+purposes in incremental search.  Instead, you can define the meaning
+of a character in incremental search by modifying `isearch-mode-map'.
+
+*** New commands in Buffer Menu mode.
+
+The command C-o now displays the current line's buffer in another
+window but does not select it.  This is like the existing command `o'
+which selects the current line's buffer in another window.
+
+The command % toggles the read-only flag of the current line's buffer.
+
+The way to switch to a set of several buffers, including those marked
+with m, is now v.  The q command simply quits, replacing the buffer
+menu buffer with the buffer that was displayed previously.
+
+** New major modes and packages.
+
+*** The news reader GNUS is now installed.
+
+*** There is a new interface for version control systems, called VC.
+It works with both RCS and SCCS; in fact, you don't really have to
+know which one of them is being used, because it automatically deals
+with either one.
+
+Most of the time, the only command you have to know about is C-x C-q.
+This command normally toggles the read-only flag of the current
+buffer.  If the buffer is visiting a file that is maintained with a
+version control system, the command still toggles read-only, but does
+so by checking the file in or checking it out.
+
+When you check a file in, VC asks you for a log entry by popping up a
+buffer.  Edit the entry there, then type C-c C-c when it is ready.
+That's when the actual checkin happens.  If you change your mind about
+the checkin, simply switch buffers and don't ever go back to the log
+buffer.
+
+To start using version control for a file, use the command C-x v v.
+This works like C-x C-q (performing the next logical version-control
+operation needed to change the file's writability) but it will also
+perform initial checkin on an unregistered file.
+
+By default, VC uses RCS if RCS is installed on your machine;
+otherwise, SCCS.  If you want to make the choice explicitly, you can do
+it by setting `vc-default-back-end' to the symbol `RCS' or the symbol
+`SCCS'.
+
+You can tell when a file you visit is maintained with version control
+because either `RCS' or `SCCS' appears in the mode line.
+
+*** A new Calendar mode has been added, the work of Edward M. Reingold.
+The mode can display the Gregorian calendar and a variety of other
+calendars at any date, and interacts with a diary facility similar to
+the UNIX `calendar' utility.
+
+*** There is a new major mode for editing binary files: Hexl mode.
+To use it, use M-x hexl-find-file instead of C-x C-f to visit the file.
+This command converts the file's contents to hexadecimal and lets you
+edit the translation.  When you save the file, it is converted 
+automatically back to binary.
+
+You can also use M-x hexl-mode to translate an existing buffer into hex.
+Do this if you have already visited a binary file.  
+
+Hexl mode has a few other commands:
+
+C-M-d	insert a byte with a code typed in decimal.
+C-M-o	insert a byte with a code typed in octal.
+C-M-x	insert a byte with a code typed in hex.
+
+C-x [   move to the beginning of a 1k-byte "page".
+C-x ]   move to the end of a 1k-byte "page".
+
+M-g     go to an address specified in hex.
+M-j	go to an address specified in decimal.
+
+C-c C-c	leave hexl mode and go back to the previous major mode.
+
+*** Miscellaneous new major modes include Awk mode, Icon mode, Makefile
+mode, Perl mode and SGML mode.
+
+*** Edebug, a new source-level debugger for Emacs Lisp functions.
+
+To use Edebug, use the command M-x edebug-defun to "evaluate" a
+function definition in an Emacs Lisp file.  We put "evaluate" in
+quotation marks because it doesn't just evaluate the function, it also
+inserts additional information to support source-level debugging.
+
+You must also do
+
+    (setq debugger 'edebug-debug)
+
+to cause errors and single-stepping to use Edebug instead of the usual
+Emacs Lisp debugger.
+
+For more information, see the Edebug manual, which should be included
+in the Emacs distribution.
+
+*** C++ mode is like C mode, except that it understands C++ comment syntax
+and certain other differences between C and C++.  It also has a command
+`fill-c++-comment' which fills a paragraph made of comment lines.
+
+The command `comment-region' is useful in C++ mode for commenting out
+several consecutive lines, or removing the commenting out of such lines.
+
+*** A new package for merging two variants of the same text.
+
+It's not unusual for programmers to get their signals crossed and
+modify the same program in two different directions.  Then somebody
+has to merge the two versions.  The command `emerge-files' makes this
+easier.
+
+`emerge-files' reads two file names and compares them.  Then it
+displays three buffers: one for each file, and one for the
+differences.
+
+If the original version of the file is available, you can make things
+even easier using `emerge-files-with-ancestor'.  It reads three file
+names--variant 1, variant 2, and the common ancestor--and uses diff3
+to compare them.
+
+You control the merging interactively.  The main loop of Emerge
+consists of showing you one set of differences, asking you what to do
+about them, and doing it.  You have a choice of two modes for giving
+directions to Emerge: "fast" mode and "edit" mode.
+
+In Fast mode, Emerge commands are single characters, and ordinary
+Emacs commands are disabled.  This makes Emerge operations fast, but
+prevents you from doing more than selecting the A or the B version of
+differences.  In Edit mode, all emerge commands use the C-c prefix,
+and the usual Emacs commands are available.  This allows editing the
+merge buffer, but slows down Emerge operations.  Edit and fast modes
+are indicated by `F' and `E' in the minor modes in the mode line.
+
+The Emerge commands are:
+
+	p	go to the previous difference
+	n	go to the next difference
+	a	select the A version of this difference
+	b	select the B version of this difference
+	j	go to a particular difference (prefix argument
+		specifies which difference) (0j suppresses display of
+		the flags)
+	q	quit - finish the merge*
+	f	go into fast mode
+	e	go into edit mode
+	l	recenter (C-l) all three windows*
+	- and 0 through 9
+		prefix numeric arguments
+	d a	select the A version as the default from here down in
+		the merge buffer*
+	d b	select the B version as the default from here down in
+		the merge buffer*
+	c a	copy the A version of the difference into the kill
+		ring
+	c b	copy the B version of the difference into the kill
+		ring
+	i a	insert the A version of the difference at the point
+	i b	insert the B version of the difference at the point
+	m	put the point and mark around the difference region
+	^	scroll-down (like M-v) the three windows*
+	v	scroll-up (like C-v) the three windows*
+	<	scroll-left (like C-x <) the three windows*
+	>	scroll-right (like C-x >) the three windows*
+	|	reset horizontal scroll on the three windows*
+	x 1	shrink the merge window to one line (use C-u l to restore it
+		to full size)
+	x a	find the difference containing a location in the A buffer*
+	x b	find the difference containing a location in the B buffer*
+	x c	combine the two versions of this difference*
+	x C	combine the two versions of this difference, using a
+		register's value as the template*
+	x d	find the difference containing a location in the merge buffer*
+	x f	show the files/buffers Emerge is operating on in Help window
+		(use C-u l to restore windows)
+	x j	join this difference with the following one
+		(C-u x j joins this difference with the previous one)
+	x l	show line numbers of points in A, B, and merge buffers
+	x m	change major mode of merge buffer*
+	x s	split this difference into two differences
+		(first position the point in all three buffers to the places
+		to split the difference)
+	x t	trim identical lines off top and bottom of difference
+		(such lines occur when the A and B versions are
+		identical but differ from the ancestor version)
+	x x	set the template for the x c command*
+
+Normally, the merged output goes back in the first file specified.
+If you use a prefix argument, Emerge reads another file name to use
+for the output file.
+
+Once Emerge has prepared the buffer of differences, it runs the hooks
+in `emerge-startup-hooks'.
+
+*** Asm mode is a new major mode for editing files of assembler code.
+It defines these commands:
+
+TAB	tab-to-tab-stop.
+LFD	Insert a newline and then indent using tab-to-tab-stop.
+:	Insert a colon and then remove the indentation
+	from before the label preceding colon.  Then tab-to-tab-stop.
+;	Insert or align a comment.
+
+*** Two-column mode lets you conveniently edit two side-by-side columns
+of text.  It works using two side-by-side windows, each showing its
+own buffer.
+
+Here are three ways to enter two-column mode:
+
+C-x 6 2 makes the current buffer into the left-hand buffer.  In the
+right-hand window it puts a buffer whose name is based on the current
+buffer's name.
+
+C-x 6 b BUFFER RET makes the current buffer into the left-hand buffer,
+and uses buffer BUFFER as the right-hand buffer.
+
+C-x 6 s splits the current buffer, which contains two-column text,
+into two side-by-side buffers.  The old current buffer becomes the
+left-hand buffer, but the text in the right column is moved into the
+right-hand buffer.  The current column specifies the split point.
+Splitting starts with the current line and continues to the end of the
+buffer.
+
+C-x 6 s takes a prefix argument which specifies how many characters
+before point constitute the column separator.  (The default argument
+is 1, as usual, so by default the column separator is the character
+before point.)  Lines that don't have the column separator at the
+proper place remain unsplit; they stay in the left-hand buffer, and
+the right-hand buffer gets an empty line to correspond.
+
+You can scroll both buffers together using C-x 6 SPC (scroll up), C-x
+6 DEL (scroll down), and C-x 6 RET (scroll up one line).  C-x 6 C-l
+recenters both buffers together.
+
+If you want to make a line which will span both columns, put it in
+the left-hand buffer, with an empty line in the corresponding place in
+the right-hand buffer.
+
+When you have edited both buffers as you wish, merge them with C-x 6
+1.  This copies the text from the right-hand buffer as a second column
+in the other buffer.  To go back to two-column editing, use C-x 6 s.
+
+Use C-x 6 d to disassociate the two buffers, leaving each as it
+stands.  (If the other buffer, the one that was not current when you
+type C-x 6 d, is empty, C-x 6 d kills it.)
+
+*** You can supply command arguments such as files to visit to an Emacs
+that is already running.  To do this, you must do this in your .emacs
+file:
+   (add-hook 'suspend-hook 'resume-suspend-hook)
+Also you must use the shellscript emacs.csh or emacs.sh, found in the
+etc subdirectory.
+
+*** Shell mode has been completely replaced.
+The basic idea is the same, but there are new commands available in
+this mode.
+      
+TAB now completes the file name before point in the shell buffer.
+To get a list of all possible completions, type M-?.
+
+There is a new convenient history mechanism for repeating previous
+commands.  Use the command M-p to recall the last command; it copies
+the text of that command to the place where you are editing.  If you
+repeat M-p, it replaces the copied command with the previous command.
+M-n is similar but goes in the opposite direction towards the present.
+When you find the command you wanted, you can edit it, or just
+resubmit it by typing RET.
+
+You can also use M-r and M-s to search for (respectively) earlier or 
+later inputs starting with a given string.  First type the string, 
+then type M-r to yank a previous input from the history which starts
+with that string.  You can repeat M-r to find successively earlier
+inputs starting with the same string.  You can start moving in the
+opposite direction (toward more recent inputs) by typing M-s instead
+of M-r.  As long as you don't use any commands except M-r and M-s,
+they keep using the same string that you had entered initially.
+
+C-c C-o kills the last batch of output from a shell command.  This is
+useful if a shell command spews out lots of output that just gets in
+the way.
+
+C-c C-r scrolls to display the beginning of the last batch of output
+at the top of the window; it also moves the cursor there.
+
+C-a on a line that starts with a shell prompt moves to the end of the
+prompt, not to the very beginning of the line.
+
+C-d typed at the end of the shell buffer sends EOF to the subshell.
+At any other position in the buffer, it deletes a character as usual.
+
+If Emacs gets confused while trying to track changes in the shell's
+current directory, type M-x dirs to re-synchronize.
+
+M-x send-invisible reads a line of text without echoing it, and
+sends it to the shell.
+
+If you accidentally suspend your process, use M-x comint-continue-subjob 
+to continue it.
+         
+*** There is now a convenient way to enable flow control on terminals
+where you can't win without it.  Suppose you want to do this on
+VT-100 and H19 terminals; put the following in your `.emacs' file:
+
+   (enable-flow-control-on "vt100" "h19")
+
+When flow control is enabled, you must type C-\ to get the effect of a
+C-s, and type C-^ to get the effect of a C-q.
+
+The function `enable-flow-control' enables flow control unconditionally.
+
+** Changes in Dired
+
+Dired has many new features which allow you to do these things:
+
+- Rename, copy, or make links to many files at once.
+
+- Make distinguishable types of marks for different operations.
+
+- Display contents of subdirectories in the same Dired buffer as the
+parent directory.
+
+*** Setting and Clearing Marks
+
+There are now two kinds of marker that you can put on a file in Dired:
+`D' for deletion, and `*' for any other kind of operation.
+The `x' command deletes only files marked with `D', and most
+other Dired commands operate only on the files marked with `*'.
+
+To mark files with `D' (also called "flagging" the files), you
+can use `d' as usual.  Here are some commands for marking with
+`*' (and also for unmarking):
+
+**** `m' marks the current file with `*', for an operation other than
+deletion.
+
+**** `*' marks all executable files.  With a prefix argument, it
+unmarks all those files.
+
+**** `@' marks all symbolic links.  With a prefix argument, it unmarks
+all those files.
+
+**** `/' marks all directory files except `.' and `..'.  With a prefix
+argument, it unmarks all those files.
+
+**** M-DEL removes a specific or all marks from every file.  With an
+argument, queries for each marked file.  Type your help character,
+usually C-h, at that time for help.
+
+**** `c' replaces all marks that use the character OLD with marks that
+use the character NEW.  You can use almost any character as a mark
+character by means of this command, to distinguish various classes of
+files.  If OLD is ` ', then the command operates on all unmarked
+files; if NEW is ` ', then the command unmarks the files it acts on.
+
+*** Operating on Multiple Files
+
+The Dired commands to operate directly on files (rename them, copy
+them, and so on) have been generalized to work on multiple files.
+There are also some additional commands in this series.
+
+All of these commands use the same convention to decide which files to
+manipulate:
+
+- If you give the command a numeric prefix argument @var{n}, it operates
+on the next @var{n} files, starting with the current file.
+
+- Otherwise, if there are marked files, the commands operate on all the
+marked files.
+
+- Otherwise, the command operates on the current file only.
+
+These are the commands:
+
+**** `C' copies the specified files.  You must specify a directory to
+copy into, or (if copying a single file) a new name.
+
+If `dired-copy-preserve-time' is non-`nil', then copying sets
+the modification time of the new file to be the same as that of the old
+file.
+
+**** `R' renames the specified files.  You must specify a directory to
+rename into, or (if renaming a single file) a new name.
+
+Dired automatically changes the visited file name of buffers associated
+with renamed files so that they refer to the new names.
+
+**** `H' makes hard links to the specified files.  You must specify a
+directory to make the links in, or (if making just one link) the name
+to give the link.
+
+**** `S' makes symbolic links to the specified files.  You must specify
+a directory to make the links in, or (if making just one link) the
+name to give the link.
+
+**** `M' changes the mode of the specified files.  This calls the
+`chmod' program, so you can describe the desired mode change with any
+argument that `chmod' would handle.
+
+**** `G' changes the group of the specified files.
+
+**** `O' changes the owner of the specified files.  (On normal systems,
+only the superuser can do this.)
+
+The variable `dired-chown-program' specifies the name of the
+program to use to do the work (different systems put `chown' in
+different places.
+
+**** `Z' compresses or uncompresses the specified files.
+
+**** `L' loads the specified Emacs Lisp files.
+
+**** `B' byte compiles the specified Emacs Lisp files.
+
+**** `P' prints the specified files.  It uses the variables
+`lpr-command' and `lpr-switches' just as `lpr-file' does.
+
+*** Shell Commands in Dired
+
+`!' reads a shell command string in the minibuffer and runs the shell
+command on all the specified files.  There are two ways of applying a
+shell command to multiple files:
+
+- If you use `*' in the command, then the shell command runs just
+once, with the list of file names substituted for the `*'.
+
+Thus, `! tar cf foo.tar * RET' runs `tar' on the entire list of file
+names, putting them into one tar file `foo.tar'.  The file names are
+inserted in the order that they appear in the Dired buffer.
+
+- If the command string doesn't contain `*', then it runs once for
+each file, with the file name attached at the end.  For example, `!
+uudecode RET' runs `uudecode' on each file.
+
+To run the shell command once for each file but without being limited
+to putting the file name inserted in the middle, use a shell loop.
+For example, this shell command would run `uuencode' on each of the
+specified files, writing the output into a corresponding `.uu' file:
+
+    for file in *; uuencode $file $file >$file.uu; done
+
+The working directory for the shell command is the top level directory
+of the Dired buffer.
+
+*** Regular Expression File Name Substitution
+
+**** `% m REGEXP RET' marks all files whose names match the regular
+expression REGEXP.
+
+Only the non-directory part of the file name is used in matching.  Use
+`^' and `$' to anchor matches.  Exclude subdirs by hiding them.
+
+**** `% d REGEXP RET' flags for deletion all files whose names match
+the regular expression REGEXP.
+
+**** `% R', `% C', `% H', `% S'
+
+These four commands rename, copy, make hard links and make soft links,
+in each case computing the new name by regular expression substitution
+from the name of the old file.  They  effectively perform
+`query-replace-regexp' on the selected file names in the Dired buffer.
+
+The commands read two arguments: a regular expression, and a
+substitution pattern.  Each selected file name is matched against the
+regular expression, and then the part which matched is replaced with
+the substitution pattern.  You can use `\&' and `\DIGIT' in the
+substitution pattern to refer to all or part of the old file name.
+
+If the regular expression matches more than once in a file name,
+only the first match is replaced.
+
+Normally, the replacement process does not consider the directory names;
+it operates on the file name within the directory.  If you specify a
+prefix argument of zero, then replacement affects entire file name.
+
+To apply the command to all files matching the same regexp that you
+use in the command, mark those files with `% m REGEXP RET', then use
+the same regular expression in `% R'.  To make this easier, `% R' uses
+as a default the last regular expression specified in a `%' command.
+
+*** Dired Case Conversion
+
+**** `% u' renames each of the selected files to an upper case name.
+
+**** `% l' renames each of the selected files to a lower case name.
+
+*** File Comparison with Dired
+
+**** `=' compares the current file with another file (the file at the
+mark), by running the `diff' program.  The file at the mark is given
+to `diff' first.
+
+**** `M-=' compares the current file with its backup file.  If there
+are several numerical backups, it uses the most recent one.  If this
+file is a backup, it is compared with its original.
+
+The backup file is the first file given to `diff'.
+
+*** Subdirectories in Dired
+
+You can display more than one directory in one Dired buffer.
+The simplest way to do this is to specify the options `-lR' for
+running `ls'.  That produces a recursive directory listing showing
+all subdirectories, all within the same Dired buffer.
+
+You can also insert the contents of a particular subdirectory with the
+`i' command.  Use this command on the line that describes a file which
+is a directory.  Inserted subdirectory contents follow the top-level
+directory of the Dired buffer, just as they do in `ls -lR' output.
+
+If the subdirectory's contents are already present in the buffer, the
+`i' command just moves to it (type `l' to refresh it).  It sets the
+Emacs mark before moving, so C-x C-x takes you back to the old
+position in the buffer.
+
+When you have subdirectories in the Dired buffer, you can use the page
+motion commands C-x [ and C-x ] to move by entire directories.
+
+The following commands move up and down in the tree of directories
+in one Dired buffer:
+
+**** C-M-u  Go up to the parent directory's headerline.
+
+**** C-M-d  Go down in the tree, to the first subdirectory's
+headerline.
+
+**** C-M-n  Go to next subdirectory headerline, regardless of level.
+
+**** C-M-p  Go to previous subdirectory headerline, regardless of
+level.
+
+*** Hiding Subdirectories
+
+"Hiding" a subdirectory means to make it invisible, except for its
+headerline.  Files inside a hidden subdirectory are never considered
+by Dired.  For example, the commands to operate on marked files ignore
+files in hidden directories even if they are marked.
+
+**** `$' hides or unhides the current subdirectory and move to next
+subdirectory.  A prefix argument serves as a repeat count.
+
+**** `M-$' hides all subdirectories, leaving only their header lines.
+Or, if at least one subdirectory is currently hidden, it makes
+everything visible again.  You can use this command to get an overview
+in very deep directory trees or to move quickly to subdirectories far
+away.
+
+*** Editing the Dired Buffer
+
+**** `l' updates the specified files in a Dired buffer.  This means
+reading their current status from the file system and changing the
+buffer to reflect it properly.
+
+If you use this command on a subdirectory header line, it updates the
+contents of the subdirectory.
+
+**** `g' updates the entire contents of the Dired buffer.  It preserves
+all marks except for those on files that have vanished.  Hidden
+subdirectories are updated but remain hidden.
+
+**** `k' kills all marked lines (not the files).  With a prefix
+argument, it kills that many lines starting with the current line.
+
+This command does not delete files; it just deletes text from the Dired
+buffer.
+
+If you kill the line for a file that is a directory, then its contents
+are also deleted from the buffer.  Typing `C-u k' on the header line
+for a subdirectory is another way to delete a subdirectory from the
+Dired buffer.
+
+*** `find' and Dired.
+
+To search for files with names matching a wildcard pattern use
+`find-name-dired'.  Its arguments are DIRECTORY and
+PATTERN.  It selects all the files in DIRECTORY or its
+subdirectories whose own names match PATTERN.
+
+The files thus selected are displayed in a Dired buffer in which the
+ordinary Dired commands are available.
+
+If you want to test the contents of files, rather than their names, use
+`find-grep-dired'.  This command takes two minibuffer arguments,
+DIRECTORY and REGEXP; it selects all the files in
+DIRECTORY or its subdirectories that contain a match for
+REGEXP.  It works by running `find' and `grep'.
+
+The most general command in this series is `find-dired', which lets
+you specify any condition that `find' can test.  It takes two
+minibuffer arguments, DIRECTORY and FIND-ARGS; it runs `find' in
+DIRECTORY with using FIND-ARGS as the arguments to `find' specifying
+which files to accept.  To use this command, you need to know how to
+use `find'.
+
+** New amusements and novelties.
+
+*** `M-x mpuz' displays a multiplication puzzle, in which each letter
+stands for a digit, and you must determine which digit.  The puzzles
+are determined randomly, so they are always different.
+
+*** `M-x gomoku' plays the game Gomoku with you.  It needs more work.
+
+*** `M-x spook' adds a line of randomly chosen keywords to an outgoing
+mail message.  The keywords are chosen from a list of words that
+suggest you are discussing something subversive.
+
+The idea is that the NSA reads all messages that contain keywords
+suggesting they might be interested, and that adding these lines could
+help to overload them.  I would guess that they have modified their
+program by now to ignore these lines of keywords; perhaps the program
+can be updated if some clever hacker can determine what criterion they
+actually use now.
+
+** Installation changes
+
+*** The configure script has been provided to help with the
+installation process.  It takes the place of editing the Makefiles and
+src/config.h, and can often guess the appropriate operating system to
+use for a particular machine type.  See INSTALL for a more detailed
+description of the steps required for installation.
+
+*** If you create a Lisp file named `site-start.el', Emacs loads the file
+whenever it starts up.
+
+*** A new Lisp variable, `data-directory', indicates the directory
+containing the DOC file, tutorial, copying agreement, and other
+familiar `etc' files.  The value of `data-directory' is a simple string.
+The default should be set at build time, and the person installing
+Emacs should place all the data files in this directory.  The `help.el'
+functions that look for docstrings and information files check this
+variable.  All Emacs Lisp packages should also be coded so that they
+refer to `data-directory' to find data files.
+
+*** The PURESIZE definition has been moved from config.h to its own
+file, puresize.h.  Since almost every file of C source in the
+distribution depends on config.h, but only alloc.c and data.c depend
+on puresize.h, this means that changing the value of PURESIZE causes
+only those two files to be recompiled.
+
+*** The makefile at the top of the Emacs source tree now supports a
+`dist' target, which creates a compressed tar file suitable for
+distribution, using the contents of the source tree.  Object files,
+old file versions, executables, DOC files, and other
+architecture-specific or easy-to-recreate files are not included in
+the tar file.
+
+* For older news, see the file OONEWS.  For Lisp changes in (the first
+* release of) Emacs 19, see the file LNEWS.
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Copyright information:
+
+Copyright (C) 1993, 1994, 1995 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+   Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
+   of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
+   copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved,
+   thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn.
+
+   Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
+   of this document, or of portions of it,
+   under the above conditions, provided also that they
+   carry prominent notices stating who last changed them.
+
+Local variables:
+mode: outline
+paragraph-separate: "[ 	]*$"
+end:
+

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/OONEWS	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,1691 @@
+GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes.  1992.
+Copyright (C) 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+See the end for copying conditions.
+
+For older news, see the file OOONEWS.
+
+Changes in version 18.58.
+
+* RMAIL reply now properly parses nested comments in addesses.
+
+* The "visual bell" feature when used with X windows
+now flashes only 1/4 of the window's total area.  This is because
+flashing the whole window is too slow on some systems.
+
+* `call-process' and `call-process-region' now return an indication
+of the exit status of the subprocess: either a numeric exit code
+or a string describing the signal which caused termination.
+
+* It is possible for regular expression matching to overflow the stack
+of failure points.  In the past, such overflow was treated as simple
+failure to match.  Now it causes an error.
+
+* You can use C-u to end a numeric argument.  Thus, type C-u 1 0 0 C-u 1
+to insert 100 1's.
+
+* Emacs now knows how to get resource values from the X server.
+
+* Job control commands in shell mode work properly on more systems
+because they now work by "typing" signal characters such as C-c.
+
+* copy-keymap no longer recursively copies keymaps reached through
+symbols' function definitions (i.e., those that have names).  It does
+copy nested keymaps that appear directly in the other copied keymaps.
+
+Changes in version 18.56.
+
+* C-g should now work to interrupt a running program
+on all kinds of systems even when using X windows.
+
+* Quitting is inhibited while a filter or sentinel is running.
+Those functions can run asynchronously while Emacs is waiting
+for keyboard input, and if they allow quitting, they
+make the behavior of C-g unpredictable.
+
+* Storing text into the X windows cut buffer
+now clears out any selection.
+
+* The undo facility is completely rewritten, and now
+uses Lisp data structures.  It can record much more
+information.  You can use the variables undo-threshold
+and undo-high-threshold to control how much.
+
+* There is no longer a maximum screen height or width. 
+
+Changes in version 18.52.
+
+* X windows version 10 is supported under system V.
+
+* Pop-up menus are now supported with the same Lisp interface in
+both version 10 and 11 of X windows.
+
+* C-x 4 a is a new command to edit a change-log entry in another window.
+
+* The emacs client program now allows an option +NNN to specify the
+line number to go to in the file whose name follows.  Thus,
+    emacsclient foo.c +45 bar.c
+will find the files `foo.c' and `bar.c', going to line 45 in `bar.c'.
+
+* Dired allows empty directories to be deleted like files.
+
+* When the terminal type is used to find a terminal-specific file to
+run, Emacs now tries the entire terminal type first.  If that doesn't
+yield a file that exists, the last hyphen and what follows it is
+stripped.  If that doesn't yield a file that exists, the previous
+hyphen is stripped, and so on until all hyphens are gone.  For
+example, if the terminal type is `aaa-48-foo', Emacs will try first
+`term/aaa-48-foo.el', then `term/aaa-48.el' and finally `term/aaa.el'.
+
+Underscores now receive the same treatment as hyphens.
+
+* Texinfo features: @defun, etc.  texinfo-show-structure.
+New template commands.  texinfo-format-region.
+
+* The special "local variable" `eval' is now ignored if you are running
+as root.
+
+* New command `c-macro-expand' shows the result of C macro expansion
+in the region.  It works using the C preprocessor, so its results
+are completely accurate.
+
+* Errors in trying to auto save now flash error messages for a few seconds.
+
+* Killing a buffer now sends SIGHUP to the buffer's process.
+
+* New hooks.
+
+** `spell-region' now allows you to filter the text before spelling-checking.
+If the value of `spell-filter' is non-nil, it is called, with no arguments,
+looking at a temporary buffer containing a copy of the text to be checked.
+It can alter the text freely before the spell program sees it.
+
+** The variable `lpr-command' now specifies the command to be used when
+you use the commands to print text (such as M-x print-buffer).
+
+** Posting netnews now calls the value of `news-inews-hook' (if not nil)
+as a function of no arguments before the actual posting.
+
+** Rmail now calls the value of `rmail-show-message-hook' (if not nil)
+as a function of no arguments, each time a new message is selected.
+
+** `kill-emacs' calls the value of `kill-emacs-hook' as a function of no args
+unless Emacs is running in batch mode.
+
+* New libraries.
+See the source code of each library for more information.
+
+** icon.el: a major mode for editing programs written in Icon.
+
+** life.el: a simulator for the cellular automaton "life".  Load the
+library and run M-x life.
+
+** doctex.el: a library for converting the Emacs `etc/DOC' file of
+documentation strings into TeX input.
+
+** saveconf.el: a library which records the arrangement of windows and
+buffers when you exit Emacs, and automatically recreates the same
+setup the next time you start Emacs.
+
+** uncompress.el: a library that automatically uncompresses files
+when you visit them.
+
+** c-fill.el: a mode for editing filled comments in C.
+
+** kermit.el: an extended version of shell-mode designed for running kermit.
+
+** spook.el: a library for adding some "distract the NSA" keywords to every
+message you send.
+
+** hideif.el: a library for hiding parts of a C program based on preprocessor
+conditionals.
+
+** autoinsert.el: a library to put in some initial text when you visit
+a nonexistent file.  The text used depends on the major mode, and
+comes from a directory of files created by you.
+
+* New programming features.
+
+** The variable `window-system-version' now contains the version number
+of the window system you are using (if appropriate).  When using X windows,
+its value is either 10 or 11.
+
+** (interactive "N") uses the prefix argument if any; otherwise, it reads
+a number using the minibuffer.
+
+** VMS: there are two new functions `vms-system-info' and `shrink-to-icon'.
+The former allows you to get many kinds of system status information.
+See its self-documentation for full details.
+The second is used with the window system: it iconifies the Emacs window.
+
+** VMS: the new function `define-logical-name' allows you to create
+job-wide logical names.  The old function `define-dcl-symbol' has been
+removed.
+
+Changes in version 18.50.
+
+* X windows version 11 is supported.
+
+Define X11 in config.h if you want X version 11 instead of version 10.
+
+* The command M-x gdb runs the GDB debugger as an inferior.
+It asks for the filename of the executable you want to debug.
+
+GDB runs as an inferior with I/O through an Emacs buffer.  All the
+facilities of Shell mode are available.  In addition, each time your
+program stops, and each time you select a new stack frame, the source
+code is displayed in another window with an arrow added to the line
+where the program is executing.
+
+Special GDB-mode commands include M-s, M-n, M-i, M-u, M-d, and C-c C-f
+which send the GDB commands `step', `next', `stepi', `up', `down'
+and `finish'.
+
+In any source file, the commands C-x SPC tells GDB to set a breakpoint
+on the current line.
+
+* M-x calendar displays a three-month calendar.
+
+* C-u 0 C-x C-s never makes a backup file.
+
+This is a way you can explicitly request not to make a backup.
+
+* `term-setup-hook' is for users only.
+
+Emacs never uses this variable for internal purposes, so you can freely
+set it in your `.emacs' file to make Emacs do something special after
+loading any terminal-specific setup file from `lisp/term'.
+
+* `copy-keymap' now copies recursive submaps.
+
+* New overlay-arrow feature.
+
+If you set the variable `overlay-arrow-string' to a string
+and `overlay-arrow-position' to a marker, that string is displayed on
+the screen at the position of that marker, hiding whatever text would
+have appeared there.  If that position isn't on the screen, or if
+the buffer the marker points into isn't displayed, there is no effect.
+
+* -batch mode can read from the terminal.
+
+It now works to use `read-char' to do terminal input in a noninteractive
+Emacs run.  End of file causes Emacs to exit.
+
+* Variables `data-bytes-used' and `data-bytes-free' removed.
+
+These variables cannot really work because the 24-bit range of an
+integer in (most ports of) GNU Emacs is not large enough to hold their
+values on many systems.
+
+Changes in version 18.45, since version 18.41.
+
+* C indentation parameter `c-continued-brace-offset'.
+
+This parameter's value is added to the indentation of any
+line that is in a continuation context and starts with an open-brace.
+For example, it applies to the open brace shown here:
+
+     if (x)
+       {
+
+The default value is zero.
+
+* Dabbrev expansion (Meta-/) preserves case.
+
+When you use Meta-/ to search the buffer for an expansion of an
+abbreviation, if the expansion found is all lower case except perhaps
+for its first letter, then the case pattern of the abbreviation
+is carried over to the expansion that replaces it.
+
+* TeX-mode syntax.
+
+\ is no longer given "escape character" syntax in TeX mode.  It now
+has the syntax of an ordinary punctuation character.  As a result,
+\[...\] and such like are considered to balance each other.
+
+* Mail-mode automatic Reply-to field.
+
+If the variable `mail-default-reply-to' is non-`nil', then each time
+you start to compose a message, a Reply-to field is inserted with
+its contents taken from the value of `mail-default-reply-to'.
+
+* Where is your .emacs file?
+
+If you run Emacs under `su', so your real and effective uids are
+different, Emacs uses the home directory associated with the real uid
+(the name you actually logged in under) to find the .emacs file.
+
+Otherwise, Emacs uses the environment variable HOME to find the .emacs
+file.
+
+The .emacs file is not loaded at all if -batch is specified.
+
+* Prolog mode is the default for ".pl" files.
+
+* File names are not case-sensitive on VMS.
+
+On VMS systems, all file names that you specify are converted to upper
+case.  You can use either upper or lower case indiscriminately.
+
+* VMS-only function 'define-dcl-symbol'.
+
+This is a new name for the function formerly called
+`define-logical-name'.
+
+Editing Changes in Emacs 18
+
+* Additional systems and machines are supported.
+
+GNU Emacs now runs on Vax VMS.  However, many facilities that are normally
+implemented by running subprocesses do not work yet.  This includes listing
+a directory and sending mail.  There are features for running subprocesses
+but they are incompatible with those on Unix.  I hope that some of
+the VMS users can reimplement these features for VMS (compatibly for
+the user, if possible).
+
+VMS wizards are also asked to work on making the subprocess facilities
+more upward compatible with those on Unix, and also to rewrite their
+internals to use the same Lisp objects that are used on Unix to
+represent processes.
+
+In addition, the TI Nu machine running Unix system V, the AT&T 3b, and
+the Wicat, Masscomp, Integrated Solutions, Alliant, Amdahl uts, Mips,
+Altos 3068 and Gould Unix systems are now supported.  The IBM PC-RT is
+supported under 4.2, but not yet under system V.  The GEC 93 is close
+to working.  The port for the Elxsi is partly merged.  See the file
+MACHINES for full status information and machine-specific installation
+advice.
+
+* Searching is faster.
+
+Forward search for a text string, or for a regexp that is equivalent
+to a text string, is now several times faster.  Motion by lines and
+counting lines is also faster.
+
+* Memory usage improvements.
+
+It is no longer possible to run out of memory during garbage
+collection.  As a result, running out of memory is never fatal.  This
+is due to a new garbage collection algorithm which compactifies
+strings in place rather than copying them.  Another consequence of the
+change is a reduction in total memory usage and a slight increase in
+garbage collection speed.
+
+* Display changes.
+
+** Editing above top of screen.
+
+When you delete or kill or alter text that reaches to the top of the
+screen or above it, so that display would start in the middle of a
+line, Emacs will usually attempt to scroll the text so that display
+starts at the beginning of a line again.
+
+** Yanking in the minibuffer.
+
+The message "Mark Set" is no longer printed when the minibuffer is
+active.  This is convenient with many commands, including C-y, that
+normally print such a message.
+
+** Cursor appears in last line during y-or-n questions.
+
+Questions that want a `y' or `n' answer now move the cursor
+to the last line, following the question.
+
+* Library loading changes.
+
+`load' now considers all possible suffixes (`.elc', `.el' and none)
+for each directory in `load-path' before going on to the next directory.
+It now accepts an optional fourth argument which, if non-nil, says to
+use no suffixes; then the file name must be given in full.  The search
+of the directories in `load-path' goes on as usual in this case, but
+it too can be prevented by passing an absolute file name.
+
+The value of `load-path' no longer by default includes nil (meaning to
+look in the current default directory).  The idea is that `load' should
+be used to search the path only for libraries to be found in the standard
+places.  If you want to override system libraries with your own, place
+your own libraries in one special directory and add that directory to the
+front of `load-path'.
+
+The function `load' is no longer a command; that is to say, `M-x load'
+is no longer allowed.  Instead, there are two commands for loading files.
+`M-x load-library' is equivalent to the old meaning of `M-x load'.
+`M-x load-file' reads a file name with completion and defaulting
+and then loads exactly that file, with no searching and no suffixes.
+
+* Emulation of other editors.
+
+** `edt-emulation-on' starts emulating DEC's EDT editor.
+
+Do `edt-emulation-off' to return Emacs to normal.
+
+** `vi-mode' and `vip-mode' starts emulating vi.
+
+These are two different vi emulations provided by GNU Emacs users.
+We are interested in feedback as to which emulation is preferable.
+
+See the documentation and source code for these functions
+for more information.
+
+** `set-gosmacs-bindings' emulates Gosling Emacs.
+
+This command changes many global bindings to resemble those of
+Gosling Emacs.  The previous bindings are saved and can be restored using
+`set-gnu-bindings'.
+
+* Emulation of a display terminal.
+
+Within Emacs it is now possible to run programs (such as emacs or
+supdup) which expect to do output to a visual display terminal.
+
+See the function `terminal-emulator' for more information.
+
+* New support for keypads and function keys.
+
+There is now a first attempt at terminal-independent support for
+keypad and function keys.
+
+Emacs now defines a standard set of key-names for function and keypad
+keys, and provides standard hooks for defining them.  Most of the
+standard key-names have default definitions built into Emacs; you can
+override these in a terminal-independent manner.  The default definitions
+and the conventions for redefining them are in the file `lisp/keypad.el'.
+
+These keys on the terminal normally work by sending sequences of
+characters starting with ESC.  The exact sequences used vary from
+terminal to terminal.  Emacs interprets them in two stages:
+in the first stage, terminal-dependent sequences are mapped into
+the standard key-names; then second stage maps the standard key-names
+into their definitions in a terminal-independent fashion.
+
+The terminal-specific file `term/$TERM.el' now is responsible only for
+establishing the mapping from the terminal's escape sequences into
+standard key-names.  It no longer knows what Emacs commands are
+assigned to the standard key-names.
+
+One other change in terminal-specific files: if the value of the TERM
+variable contains a hyphen, only the part before the first hyphen is
+used in forming the name of the terminal-specific file.  Thus, for
+terminal type `aaa-48', the file loaded is now `term/aaa.el' rather
+than `term/aaa-48.el'.
+
+* New startup command line options.
+
+`-i FILE' or `-insert FILE' in the command line to Emacs tells Emacs to
+insert the contents of FILE into the current buffer at that point in
+command line processing.  This is like using the command M-x insert-file.
+
+`-funcall', `-load', `-user' and `-no-init-file' are new synonyms for
+`-f', `-l', `-u' and `-q'.
+
+`-nw' means don't use a window system.  If you are using a terminal
+emulator on the X window system and you want to run Emacs to work through
+the terminal emulator instead of working directly with the window system,
+use this switch.
+
+* Buffer-sorting commands.
+
+Various M-x commands whose names start with `sort-' sort parts of
+the region:
+
+sort-lines	divides the region into lines and sorts them alphabetically.
+sort-pages	divides into pages and sorts them alphabetically.
+sort-paragraphs	divides into paragraphs and sorts them alphabetically.
+sort-fields	divides into lines and sorts them alphabetically
+		according to one field in the line.
+		The numeric argument specifies which field (counting
+		from field 1 at the beginning of the line).  Fields in a line
+		are separated by whitespace.
+sort-numeric-fields
+		is similar but converts the specified fields to numbers
+		and sorts them numerically.
+sort-columns	divides into lines and sorts them according to the contents
+		of a specified range of columns.
+
+Refer to the self-documentation of these commands for full usage information.
+
+* Changes in various commands.
+
+** `occur' output now serves as a menu.  `occur-menu' command deleted.
+
+`M-x occur' now allows you to move quickly to any of the occurrences
+listed.  Select the `*Occur*' buffer that contains the output of `occur',
+move point to the occurrence you want, and type C-c C-c.
+This will move point to the same occurrence in the buffer that the
+occurrences were found in.
+
+The command `occur-menu' is thus obsolete, and has been deleted.
+
+One way to get a list of matching lines without line numbers is to
+copy the text to another buffer and use the command `keep-lines'.
+
+** Incremental search changes.
+
+Ordinary and regexp incremental searches now have distinct default
+search strings.  Thus, regexp searches recall only previous regexp
+searches.
+
+If you exit an incremental search when the search string is empty,
+the old default search string is kept.  The default does not become
+empty.
+
+Reversing the direction of an incremental search with C-s or C-r
+when the search string is empty now does not get the default search
+string.  It leaves the search string empty.  A second C-s or C-r
+will get the default search string.  As a result, you can do a reverse
+incremental regexp search with C-M-s C-r.
+
+If you add a `*', `?' or `\|' to an incremental search regexp,
+point will back up if that is appropriate.  For example, if
+you have searched for `ab' and add a `*', point moves to the
+first match for `ab*', which may be before the match for `ab'
+that was previously found.
+
+If an incremental search is failing and you ask to repeat it,
+it will start again from the beginning of the buffer (or the end,
+if it is a backward search).
+
+The search-controlling parameters `isearch-slow-speed' and
+`isearch-slow-window-lines' have now been renamed to start with
+`search' instead of `isearch'.  Now all the parameters' names start
+with `search'.
+
+If `search-slow-window-lines' is negative, the slow search window
+is put at the top of the screen, and the absolute value or the
+negative number specifies the height of it.
+
+** Undo changes
+
+The undo command now will mark the buffer as unmodified only when it is
+identical to the contents of the visited file.
+
+** C-M-v in minibuffer.
+
+If while in the minibuffer you request help in a way that uses a
+window to display something, then until you exit the minibuffer C-M-v
+in the minibuffer window scrolls the window of help.
+
+For example, if you request a list of possible completions, C-M-v can
+be used reliably to scroll the completion list.
+
+** M-TAB command.
+
+Meta-TAB performs completion on the Emacs Lisp symbol names.  The sexp
+in the buffer before point is compared against all existing nontrivial
+Lisp symbols and completed as far as is uniquely determined by them.
+Nontrivial symbols are those with either function definitions, values
+or properties.
+
+If there are multiple possibilities for the very next character, a
+list of possible completions is displayed.
+
+** Dynamic abbreviation package.
+
+The new command Meta-/ expands an abbreviation in the buffer before point
+by searching the buffer for words that start with the abbreviation.
+
+** Changes in saving kbd macros.
+
+The commands `write-kbd-macro' and `append-kbd-macro' have been
+deleted.  The way to save a keyboard macro is to use the new command
+`insert-kbd-macro', which inserts Lisp code to define the macro as
+it is currently defined into the buffer before point.  Visit a Lisp
+file such as your Emacs init file `~/.emacs', insert the macro
+definition (perhaps deleting an old definition for the same macro)
+and then save the file.
+
+** C-x ' command.
+
+The new command C-x ' (expand-abbrev) expands the word before point as
+an abbrev, even if abbrev-mode is not turned on.
+
+** Sending to inferior Lisp.
+
+The command C-M-x in Lisp mode, which sends the current defun to
+an inferior Lisp process, now works by writing the text into a temporary
+file and actually sending only a `load'-form to load the file.
+As a result, it avoids the Unix bugs that used to strike when the
+text was above a certain length.
+
+With a prefix argument, this command now makes the inferior Lisp buffer
+appear on the screen and scrolls it so that the bottom is showing.
+
+Two variables `inferior-lisp-load-command' and `inferior-lisp-prompt',
+exist to customize these feature for different Lisp implementations.
+
+** C-x n p now disabled.
+
+The command C-x n p, a nonrecomended command which narrows to the current
+page, is now initially disabled like C-x n n.
+
+* Dealing with files.
+
+** C-x C-v generalized
+
+This command is now allowed even if the current buffer is not visiting
+a file.  As usual, it kills the current buffer and replaces it with a
+newly found file.
+
+** M-x recover-file improved; auto save file names changed.
+
+M-x recover-file now checks whether the last auto-save file is more
+recent than the real visited file before offering to read in the
+auto-save file.  If the auto-save file is newer, a directory listing
+containing the two files is displayed while you are asked whether you
+want the auto save file.
+
+Visiting a file also makes this check.  If the auto-save file is more recent,
+a message is printed suggesting that you consider using M-x recover file.
+
+Auto save file names now by default have a `#' at the end as well
+as at the beginning.  This is so that `*.c' in a shell command
+will never match auto save files.
+
+On VMS, auto save file names are made by appending `_$' at the front
+and `$' at the end.
+
+When you change the visited file name of a buffer, the auto save file
+is now renamed to belong to the new visited file name.
+
+You can customize the way auto save file names are made by redefining
+the two functions `make-auto-save-file-name' and `auto-save-file-name-p',
+both of which are defined in `files.el'.
+
+** Modifying a buffer whose file is changed on disk is detected instantly.
+
+On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is
+implemented, Emacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer
+whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or saved.
+If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change the buffer.
+
+** Exiting Emacs offers to save `*mail*'.
+
+Emacs can now know about buffers that it should offer to save on exit
+even though they are not visiting files.  This is done for any buffer
+which has a non-nil local value of `buffer-offer-save'.  By default,
+Mail mode provides such a local value.
+
+** Backup file changes.
+
+If a backup file cannot be written in the directory of the visited file
+due to fascist file protection, a backup file is now written in your home
+directory as `~/%backup%~'.  Only one such file is made, ever, so only
+the most recently made such backup is available.
+
+When backup files are made by copying, the last-modification time of the
+original file is now preserved in the backup copy.
+
+** Visiting remote files.
+
+On an internet host, you can now visit and save files on any other
+internet host directly from Emacs with the commands M-x ftp-find-file
+and M-x ftp-write-file.  Specify an argument of the form HOST:FILENAME.
+Since standard internet FTP is used, the other host may be any kind
+of machine and is not required to have any special facilities.
+
+The first time any one remote host is accessed, you will be asked to
+give the user name and password for use on that host.  FTP is reinvoked
+each time you ask to use it, but previously specified user names and
+passwords are remembered automatically.
+
+** Dired `g' command.
+
+`g' in Dired mode is equivalent to M-x revert-buffer; it causes the
+current contents of the same directory to be read in.
+
+* Changes in major modes.
+
+** C mode indentation change.
+
+The binding of Linefeed is no longer changed by C mode.  It once again
+has its normal meaning, which is to insert a newline and then indent
+afterward.
+
+The old definition did one additional thing: it reindented the line
+before the new newline.  This has been removed because it made the
+command twice as slow.  The only time it was really useful was after the
+insertion of an `else', since the fact of starting with `else' may change
+the way that line is indented.  Now you will have to type TAB again
+yourself to reindent the `else' properly.
+
+If the variable `c-tab-always-indent' is set to `nil', the TAB command
+in C mode, with no argument, will just insert a tab character if there
+is non-whitespace preceding point on the current line.  Giving it a
+prefix argument will force reindentation of the line (as well as
+of the compound statement that begins after point, if any).
+
+** Fortran mode now exists.
+
+This mode provides commands for motion and indentation of Fortran code,
+plus built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords.  For details, see the manual
+or the on-line documentation of the command `fortran-mode'.
+
+** Scribe mode now exists.
+
+This mode does something useful for editing files of Scribe input.
+It is used automatically for files with names ending in ".mss".
+
+** Modula2 and Prolog modes now exist.
+
+These modes are for editing programs in the languages of the same names.
+They can be selected with M-x modula-2-mode and M-x prolog-mode.
+
+** Telnet mode changes.
+
+The telnet mode special commands have now been assigned to C-c keys.
+Most of them are the same as in Shell mode.
+
+** Picture mode changes.
+
+The special picture-mode commands to specify the direction of cursor
+motion after insertion have been moved to C-c keys.  The commands to
+specify diagonal motion were already C-c keys; they are unchanged.
+The keys to specify horizontal or vertical motion are now
+C-c < (left), C-c > (right), C-c ^ (up) and C-c . (down).
+
+** Nroff mode comments.
+
+Comments are now supported in Nroff mode.  The standard comment commands
+such as M-; and C-x ; know how to insert, align and delete comments
+that start with backslash-doublequote.
+
+** LaTeX mode.
+
+LaTeX mode now exists.  Use M-x latex-mode to select this mode, and
+M-x plain-tex-mode to select the previously existing mode for Plain
+TeX.  M-x tex-mode attempts to examine the contents of the buffer and
+choose between latex-mode and plain-tex-mode accordingly; if the
+buffer is empty or it cannot tell, the variable `TeX-default-mode'
+controls the choice.  Its value should be the symbol for the mode to
+be used.
+
+The facilities for running TeX on all or part of the buffer
+work with LaTeX as well.
+
+Some new commands available in both modes:
+
+C-c C-l		recenter the window showing the TeX output buffer
+		 so most recent line of output can be seen.
+C-c C-k		kill the TeX subprocess.
+C-c C-q		show the printer queue.
+C-c C-f		close a block (appropriate for LaTeX only).
+		 If the current line contains a \begin{...},
+		 this inserts an \end{...} on the following line
+		 and puts point on a blank line between them.
+
+** Outline mode changes.
+
+Invisible lines in outline mode are now indicated by `...' at the
+end of the previous visible line.
+
+The special outline heading motion commands are now all on C-c keys.
+A few new ones have been added.  Here is a full list:
+
+C-c C-n   Move to next visible heading (formerly M-})
+C-c C-p   Move to previous visible heading (formerly M-{)
+C-c C-f   Move to next visible heading at the same level.
+	   Thus, if point is on a level-2 heading line,
+	   this command moves to the next visible level-2 heading.
+C-c C-b   Move to previous visible heading at the same level.
+C-c C-u   Move up to previous visible heading at a higher level.
+
+The variable `outline-regexp' now controls recognition of heading lines.
+Any line whose beginning matches this regexp is a heading line.
+The depth in outline structure is determined by the length of
+the string that matches.
+
+A line starting with a ^L (formfeed) is now by default considered
+a header line.
+
+* Mail reading and sending.
+
+** MH-E changes.
+
+MH-E has been extensively modified and improved since the v17 release.
+It contains many new features, including commands to: extracted failed
+messages, kill a draft message, undo changes to a mail folder, monitor
+delivery of a letter, print multiple messages, page digests backwards,
+insert signatures, and burst digests.  Also, many commands have been
+made to able to deal with named sequences of messages, instead of
+single messages.  MH-E also has had numerous bugs fixed and commands
+made to run faster.  Furthermore, its keybindings have been changed to
+be compatible with Rmail and the rest of GNU Emacs.
+
+** Mail mode changes.
+
+The C-c commands of mail mode have been rearranged:
+
+C-c s, C-c c, C-c t and C-c b (move point to various header fields)
+have been reassigned as C-c C-f C-s, C-c C-f C-c, C-c C-f C-t and C-c
+C-f C-b.  C-c C-f is for "field".
+
+C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q.
+
+Thus, C-c LETTER is always unassigned.
+
+** Rmail C-r command changed to w.
+
+The Rmail command to edit the current message is now `w'.  This change
+has been made because people frequently type C-r while in Rmail hoping
+to do a reverse incremental search.  That now works.
+
+* Rnews changes.
+
+** Caesar rotation added.
+
+The function news-caesar-buffer-body performs the rot13 code on the
+body of a news message.  You can also specify the number to rotate by,
+as a prefix argument.  The function is bound to C-c C-r in both
+News mode and News Reply mode.
+
+** rmail-output command added.
+
+The C-o command has been bound to rmail-output in news-mode.
+This allows one to append an article to a file which is in either Unix
+mail or RMAIL format.
+
+** news-reply-mode changes.
+
+The C-c commands of news reply mode have been rearranged and changed,
+so that C-c LETTER is always unassigned:
+
+C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q.
+
+C-c c, C-c t, and C-c b (move to various mail header fields) have been
+deleted (they make no sense for posting and replying to USENET).
+
+C-c s (move to Subject: header field) has been reassigned as C-c C-f
+C-s.  C-c C-f is for "field".  Several additional move to news header
+field commands have been added.
+
+The local news-reply-mode bindings now look like this:
+
+C-c C-s  news-inews (post the message)    C-c C-c  news-inews
+C-c C-f	 move to a header field (and create it if there isn't):
+	 C-c C-f C-n  move to Newsgroups:	C-c C-f C-s  move to Subj:
+	 C-c C-f C-f  move to Followup-To:      C-c C-f C-k  move to Keywords:
+	 C-c C-f C-d  move to Distribution:	C-c C-f C-a  move to Summary:
+C-c C-y  news-reply-yank-original (insert current message, in NEWS).
+C-c C-q  mail-fill-yanked-message (fill what was yanked).
+C-c C-r  caesar rotate all letters by 13 places in the article's body (rot13).
+
+* Changes in tags handling.
+
+** M-. (`find-tag') and similar commands now look first for an exact
+match in the tags table, and try substring matches only afterward.
+
+** The new command `find-tag-regexp' visits successively the tags that
+match a specified regular expression.
+
+** You can now use more than one tags table.  Using `visit-tags-table'
+to load a new tags table does not discard the other tables previously
+loaded.  The other tags commands use all the tags tables that are loaded;
+the first tags table used is the one that mentions the current visited file.
+
+** Tags tables can now be told to "include" other tags tables.  This means
+the tags table gives the file names of other tags tables.  Tags command
+then search included tags tables after the including table (but before any
+other tags tables you have loaded).  Included tags tables can make it much
+easier and more efficient to maintain a tags table for a large package with
+many subdirectories--there is one tags table for each subdirectory, and a
+master tags table that includes each subdirectory table.  You use `-i'
+options to `etags' when creating the tags table to give the file names of
+the included tables.
+
+** You can now use the tags table for completion of names during
+ordinary editing.  The command M-TAB (except in Emacs Lisp mode)
+completes the identifier in the buffer before point, using the set of
+all tags as the list of possible completions.
+
+** `tags-query-replace' and `tags-search' changes.
+
+These functions no longer permanently create buffers for files that
+are searched but that do not contain any matches for the search
+pattern.
+
+* Existing Emacs usable as a server.
+
+Programs such as mailers that invoke "the editor" as an inferior
+to edit some text can now be told to use an existing Emacs process
+instead of creating a new editor.
+
+To do this, you must have an Emacs process running and capable of
+doing terminal I/O at the time you want to invoke it.  This means that
+either you are using a window system and give Emacs a separate window
+or you run the other programs as inferiors of Emacs (such as, using
+M-x shell).
+
+First prepare the existing Emacs process by loading the `server'
+library and executing M-x server-start.  (Your .emacs can do this
+automatically.)
+
+Now tell the other programs to use, as "the editor", the Emacs client
+program (etc/emacsclient, located in the same directory as this file).
+This can be done by setting the environment variable EDITOR.
+
+When another program invokes the emacsclient as "the editor", the
+client actually transfers the file names to be edited to the existing
+Emacs, which automatically visits the files.
+
+When you are done editing a buffer for a client, do C-x # (server-edit).
+This marks that buffer as done, and selects the next buffer that the client
+asked for.  When all the buffers requested by a client are marked in this
+way, Emacs tells the client program to exit, so that the program that
+invoked "the editor" will resume execution.
+
+You can only have one server Emacs at a time, but multiple client programs
+can put in requests at the same time.
+
+The client/server work only on Berkeley Unix, since they use the Berkeley
+sockets mechanism for their communication.
+
+Changes in Lisp programming in Emacs version 18.
+
+* Init file changes.
+
+** Suffixes no longer accepted on `.emacs'.
+
+Emacs will no longer load a file named `.emacs.el' or `emacs.elc'
+in place of `.emacs'.  This is so that it will take less time to
+find `.emacs'.  If you want to compile your init file, give it another
+name and make `.emacs' a link to the `.elc' file, or make it contain
+a call to `load' to load the `.elc' file.
+
+** `default-profile' renamed to `default', and loaded after `.emacs'.
+
+It used to be the case that the file `default-profile' was loaded if
+and only if `.emacs' was not found.
+
+Now the name `default-profile' is not used at all.  Instead, a library
+named `default' is loaded after the `.emacs' file.  `default' is loaded
+whether the `.emacs' file exists or not.  However, loading of `default'
+can be prevented if the `.emacs' file sets `inhibit-default-init' to non-nil.
+
+In fact, you would call the default file `default.el' and probably would
+byte-compile it to speed execution.
+
+Note that for most purposes you are better off using a `site-init' library
+since that will be loaded before the runnable Emacs is dumped.  By using
+a `site-init' library, you avoid taking up time each time Emacs is started.
+
+** inhibit-command-line has been eliminated.
+
+This variable used to exist for .emacs files to set.  It has been
+eliminated because you can get the same effect by setting
+command-line-args to nil and setting inhibit-startup-message to t.
+
+* `apply' is more general.
+
+`apply' now accepts any number of arguments.  The first one is a function;
+the rest are individual arguments to pass to that function, except for the
+last, which is a list of arguments to pass.
+
+Previously, `apply' required exactly two arguments.  Its old behavior
+follows as a special case of the new definition.
+
+* New code-letter for `interactive'.
+
+(interactive "NFoo: ") is like (interactive "nFoo: ") in reading
+a number using the minibuffer to serve as the argument; however,
+if a prefix argument was specified, it uses the prefix argument
+value as the argument, and does not use the minibuffer at all.
+
+This is used by the `goto-line' and `goto-char' commands.
+
+* Semantics of variables.
+
+** Built-in per-buffer variables improved.
+
+Several built-in variables which in the past had a different value in
+each buffer now behave exactly as if `make-variable-buffer-local' had
+been done to them.
+
+These variables are `tab-width', `ctl-arrow', `truncate-lines',
+`fill-column', `left-margin', `mode-line-format', `abbrev-mode',
+`overwrite-mode', `case-fold-search', `auto-fill-hook',
+`selective-display', `selective-display-ellipses'.
+
+To be precise, each variable has a default value which shows through
+in most buffers and can be accessed with `default-value' and set with
+`set-default'.  Setting the variable with `setq' makes the variable
+local to the current buffer.  Changing the default value has retroactive
+effect on all buffers in which the variable is not local.
+
+The variables `default-case-fold-search', etc., are now obsolete.
+They now refer to the default value of the variable, which is not
+quite the same behavior as before, but it should enable old init files
+to continue to work.
+
+** New per-buffer variables.
+
+The variables `fill-prefix', `comment-column' and `indent-tabs-mode'
+are now per-buffer.  They work just like `fill-column', etc.
+
+** New function `setq-default'.
+
+`setq-default' sets the default value of a variable, and uses the
+same syntax that `setq' accepts: the variable name is not evaluated
+and need not be quoted.
+
+`(setq-default case-fold-search nil)' would make searches case-sensitive
+in all buffers that do not have local values for `case-fold-search'.
+
+You can set multiple variables sequentially, each with its own value,
+in `setq-default' just as in `setq'.
+
+** Functions `global-set' and `global-value' deleted.
+
+These functions were never used except by mistake by users expecting
+the functionality of `set-default' and `default-value'.
+
+* Changes in defaulting of major modes.
+
+When `default-major-mode' is `nil', new buffers are supposed to
+get their major mode from the buffer that is current.  However,
+certain major modes (such as Dired mode, Rmail mode, Rmail Summary mode,
+and others) are not reasonable to use in this way.
+
+Now such modes' names have been given non-`nil' `mode-class' properties.
+If the current buffer's mode has such a property, Fundamental mode is
+used as the default for newly created buffers.
+
+* `where-is-internal' requires additional arguments.
+
+This function now accepts three arguments, two of them required:
+DEFINITION, the definition to search for; LOCAL-KEYMAP, the keymap
+to use as the local map when doing the searching, and FIRST-ONLY,
+which is nonzero to return only the first key found.
+
+This function returns a list of keys (strings) whose definitions
+(in the LOCAL-KEYMAP or the current global map) are DEFINITION.
+
+If FIRST-ONLY is non-nil, it returns a single key (string).
+
+This function has changed incompatibly in that now two arguments
+are required when previously only one argument was allowed.  To get
+the old behavior of this function, write `(current-local-map)' as
+the expression for the second argument.
+
+The incompatibility is sad, but `nil' is a legitimate value for the
+second argument (it means there is no local keymap), so it cannot also
+serve as a default meaning to use the current local keymap.
+
+* Abbrevs with hooks.
+
+When an abbrev defined with a hook is expanded, it now performs the
+usual replacement of the abbrev with the expansion before running the
+hook.  Previously the abbrev itself was deleted but the expansion was
+not inserted.
+
+* Function `scan-buffer' deleted.
+
+Use `search-forward' or `search-backward' in place of `scan-buffer'.
+You will have to rearrange the arguments.
+
+* X window interface improvements.
+
+** Detect release of mouse buttons.
+
+Button-up events can now be detected.  See the file `lisp/x-mouse.el'
+for details.
+
+** New pop-up menu facility.
+
+The new function `x-popup-menu' pops up a menu (in a X window)
+and returns an indication of which selection the user made.
+For more information, see its self-documentation.
+
+* M-x disassemble.
+
+This command prints the disassembly of a byte-compiled Emacs Lisp function.
+
+Would anyone like to interface this to the debugger?
+
+* `insert-buffer-substring' can insert part of the current buffer.
+
+The old restriction that the text being inserted had to come from
+a different buffer is now lifted.
+
+When inserting text from the current buffer, the text to be inserted
+is determined from the specified bounds before any copying takes place.
+
+* New function `substitute-key-definition'.
+
+This is a new way to replace one command with another command as the
+binding of whatever keys may happen to refer to it.
+
+(substitute-key-definition OLDDEF NEWDEF KEYMAP) looks through KEYMAP
+for keys defined to run OLDDEF, and rebinds those keys to run NEWDEF
+instead.
+
+* New function `insert-char'.
+
+Insert a specified character, a specified number of times.
+
+* `mark-marker' changed.
+
+When there is no mark, this now returns a marker that points
+nowhere, rather than `nil'.
+
+* `ding' accepts argument.
+
+When given an argument, the function `ding' does not terminate
+execution of a keyboard macro.  Normally, `ding' does terminate
+all macros that are currently executing.
+
+* New function `minibuffer-depth'.
+
+This function returns the current depth in minibuffer activations.
+The value is zero when the minibuffer is not in use.
+Values greater than one are possible if the user has entered the
+minibuffer recursively.
+
+* New function `documentation-property'.
+
+(documentation-property SYMBOL PROPNAME) is like (get SYMBOL PROPNAME),
+except that if the property value is a number `documentation-property'
+will take that number (or its absolute value) as a character position
+in the DOC file and return the string found there.
+
+(documentation-property VAR 'variable-documentation) is the proper
+way for a Lisp program to get the documentation of variable VAR.
+
+* New documentation-string expansion feature.
+
+If a documentation string (for a variable or function) contains text
+of the form `\<FOO>', it means that all command names specified in
+`\[COMMAND]' construct from that point on should be turned into keys
+using the value of the variable FOO as the local keymap.  Thus, for example,
+
+  `\<emacs-lisp-mode-map>\[eval-defun] evaluates the defun containing point.'
+
+will expand into
+
+  "ESC C-x evaluates the defun containing point."
+
+regardless of the current major mode, because ESC C-x is defined to
+run `eval-defun' in the keymap `emacs-lisp-mode-map'.  The effect is
+to show the key for `eval-defun' in Emacs Lisp mode regardless of the
+current major mode.
+
+The `\<...>' construct applies to all `\[...]' constructs that follow it,
+up to the end of the documentation string or the next `\<...>'.
+
+Without `\<...>', the keys for commands specified in `\[...]' are found
+in the current buffer's local map.
+
+The current global keymap is always searched second, whether `\<...>'
+has been used or not.
+
+* Multiple hooks allowed in certain contexts.
+
+The old hook variables `find-file-hook', `find-file-not-found-hook' and
+`write-file-hook' have been replaced.
+
+The replacements are `find-file-hooks', `find-file-not-found-hooks'
+and `write-file-hooks'.  Each holds a list of functions to be called;
+by default, `nil', for no functions.  The functions are called in
+order of appearance in the list.
+
+In the case of `find-file-hooks', all the functions are executed.
+
+In the case of `find-file-not-found-hooks', if any of the functions
+returns non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called.
+
+In the case of `write-file-hooks', if any of the functions returns
+non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called, and the file is
+considered to have been written already; so actual writing in the
+usual way is not done.  If `write-file-hooks' is local to a buffer,
+it is set to its global value if `set-visited-file-name' is called
+(and thus by C-x C-w as well).
+
+`find-file-not-found-hooks' and `write-file-hooks' can be used
+together to implement editing of files that are not stored as Unix
+files: stored in archives, or inside version control systems, or on
+other machines running other operating systems and accessible via ftp.
+
+* New hooks for suspending Emacs.
+
+Suspending Emacs runs the hook `suspend-hook' before suspending
+and the hook `suspend-resume-hook' if the suspended Emacs is resumed.
+Running a hook is done by applying the variable's value to no arguments
+if the variable has a non-`nil' value.  If `suspend-hook' returns
+non-`nil', then suspending is inhibited and so is running the
+`suspend-resume-hook'.  The non-`nil' value means that the `suspend-hook'
+has done whatever suspending is required.
+
+* Disabling commands can print a special message.
+
+A command is disabled by giving it a non-`nil' `disabled' property.
+Now, if this property is a string, it is included in the message
+printed when the user tries to run the command.
+
+* Emacs can open TCP connections.
+
+The function `open-network-stream' opens a TCP connection to
+a specified host and service.  Its value is a Lisp object that represents
+the connection.  The object is a kind of "subprocess", and I/O are
+done like I/O to subprocesses.
+
+* Display-related changes.
+
+** New mode-line control features.
+
+The display of the mode line used to be controlled by a format-string
+that was the value of the variable `mode-line-format'.
+
+This variable still exists, but it now allows more general values,
+not just strings.  Lists, cons cells and symbols are also meaningful.
+
+The mode line contents are created by outputting various mode elements
+one after the other.  Here are the kinds of objects that can be
+used as mode elements, and what they do in the display:
+
+  string        the contents of the string are output to the mode line,
+		and %-constructs are replaced by other text.
+
+  t or nil	ignored; no output results.
+
+  symbol	the symbol's value is used.  If the value is a string,
+		the string is output verbatim to the mode line
+		(so %-constructs are not interpreted).  Otherwise,
+		the symbol's value is processed as a mode element.
+
+  list (whose first element is a string or list or cons cell)
+		the elements of the list are treated as as mode elements,
+		so that the output they generate is concatenated,
+
+  list (whose car is a symbol)
+		if the symbol's value is non-nil, the second element of the
+		list is treated as a mode element.  Otherwise, the third
+		element (if any) of the list is treated as a mode element.
+
+  cons (whose car is a positive integer)
+		the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but
+		the text it produces is padded, if necessary, to have
+		at least the width specified by the integer.
+
+  cons (whose car is a negative integer)
+		the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but
+		the text it produces is truncated, if necessary, to have
+		at most the width specified by the integer.
+
+There is always one mode element to start with, that being the value of
+`mode-line-format', but if this value is a list then it leads to several
+more mode elements, which can lead to more, and so on.
+
+There is one new %-construct for mode elements that are strings:
+`%n' displays ` Narrow' for a buffer that is narrowed.
+
+The default value of `mode-line-format' refers to several other variables.
+These variables are `mode-name', `mode-line-buffer-identification',
+`mode-line-process', `mode-line-modified', `global-mode-string' and
+`minor-mode-alist'.  The first four are local in every buffer in which they
+are changed from the default.
+
+mode-name	Name of buffer's major mode.  Local in every buffer.
+
+mode-line-buffer-identification
+		Normally the list ("Emacs: %17b"), it is responsible
+		for displaying text to indicate what buffer is being shown
+		and what kind of editing it is doing.  `Emacs' means
+		that a file of characters is being edited.  Major modes
+		such as Info and Dired which edit or view other kinds
+		of data often change this value.  This variables becomes
+		local to the current buffer if it is setq'd.
+
+mode-line-process
+		Normally nil, this variable is responsible for displaying
+		information about the process running in the current buffer.
+		M-x shell-mode and M-x compile alter this variable.
+
+mode-line-modified
+		This variable is responsible for displaying the indication
+		of whether the current buffer is modified or read-only.
+		By default its value is `("--%*%*-")'.
+
+minor-mode-alist
+		This variable is responsible for displaying text for those
+		minor modes that are currently enabled.  Its value
+		is a list of elements of the form (VARIABLE STRING),
+		where STRING is to be displayed if VARIABLE's value
+		(in the buffer whose mode line is being displayed)
+		is non-nil.  This variable is not made local to particular
+		buffers, but loading some libraries may add elements to it.
+
+global-mode-string
+		This variable is used to display the time, if you ask
+		for that.
+
+The idea of these variables is to eliminate the need for major modes
+to alter mode-line-format itself.
+
+** `window-point' valid for selected window.
+
+The value returned by `window-point' used to be incorrect when its
+argument was the selected window.  Now the value is correct.
+
+** Window configurations may be saved as Lisp objects.
+
+The function `current-window-configuration' returns a special type of
+Lisp object that represents the current layout of windows: the
+sizes and positions of windows, which buffers appear in them, and
+which parts of the buffers appear on the screen.
+
+The function `set-window-configuration' takes one argument, which must
+be a window configuration object, and restores that configuration.
+
+** New hook `temp-output-buffer-show-hook'.
+
+This hook allows you to control how help buffers are displayed.
+Whenever `with-output-to-temp-buffer' has executed its body and wants
+to display the temp buffer, if this variable is bound and non-`nil'
+then its value is called with one argument, the temp buffer.
+The hook function is solely responsible for displaying the buffer.
+The standard manner of display--making the buffer appear in a window--is
+used only if there is no hook function.
+
+** New function `minibuffer-window'.
+
+This function returns the window used (sometimes) for displaying
+the minibuffer.  It can be used even when the minibuffer is not active.
+
+** New feature to `next-window'.
+
+If the optional second argument is neither `nil' nor `t', the minibuffer
+window is omitted from consideration even when active; if the starting
+window was the last non-minibuffer window, the value will be the first
+non-minibuffer window.
+
+** New variable `minibuffer-scroll-window'.
+
+When this variable is non-`nil', the command `scroll-other-window'
+uses it as the window to be scrolled.  Displays of completion-lists
+set this variable to the window containing the display.
+
+** New argument to `sit-for'.
+
+A non-nil second argument to `sit-for' means do not redisplay;
+just wait for the specified time or until input is available.
+
+** Deleted function `set-minor-mode'; minor modes must be changed.
+
+The function `set-minor-mode' has been eliminated.  The display
+of minor mode names in the mode line is now controlled by the
+variable `minor-mode-alist'.  To specify display of a new minor
+mode, it is sufficient to add an element to this list.  Once that
+is done, you can turn the mode on and off just by setting a variable,
+and the display will show its status automatically.
+
+** New variable `cursor-in-echo-area'.
+
+If this variable is non-nil, the screen cursor appears on the
+last line of the screen, at the end of the text displayed there.
+
+Binding this variable to t is useful at times when reading single
+characters of input with `read-char'.
+
+** New per-buffer variable `selective-display-ellipses'.
+
+If this variable is non-nil, an ellipsis (`...') appears on the screen
+at the end of each text line that is followed by invisible text.
+
+If this variable is nil, no ellipses appear.  Then there is no sign
+on the screen that invisible text is present.
+
+Text is made invisible under the control of the variable
+`selective-display'; this is how Outline mode and C-x $ work.
+
+** New variable `no-redraw-on-reenter'.
+
+If you set this variable non-nil, Emacs will not clear the screen when
+you resume it after suspending it.  This is for the sake of terminals
+with multiple screens of memory, where the termcap entry has been set
+up to switch between screens when Emacs is suspended and resumed.
+
+** New argument to `set-screen-height' or `set-screen-width'.
+
+These functions now take an optional second argument which says
+what significance the newly specified height or width has.
+
+If the argument is nil, or absent, it means that Emacs should
+believe that the terminal height or width really is as just specified.
+
+If the argument is t, it means Emacs should not believe that the
+terminal really is this high or wide, but it should use the
+specific height or width as the number of lines or columns to display.
+Thus, you could display only 24 lines on a screen known to have 48 lines.
+
+What practical difference is there between using only 24 lines for display
+and really believing that the terminal has 24 lines?
+
+1. The "real" height of the terminal says what the terminal command
+to move the cursor to the last line will do.
+
+2. The "real" height of the terminal determines how much padding is
+needed.
+
+* File-related changes.
+
+** New parameter `backup-by-copying-when-mismatch'.
+
+If this variable is non-`nil', then when Emacs is about to save a
+file, it will create the backup file by copying if that would avoid
+changing the file's uid or gid.
+
+The default value of this variable is `nil', because usually it is
+useful to have the uid of a file change according to who edited it
+last.  I recommend thet this variable be left normally `nil' and
+changed with a local variables list in those particular files where
+the uid needs to be preserved.
+
+** New parameter `file-precious-flag'.
+
+If this variable is non-`nil', saving the buffer tries to avoid
+leaving an incomplete file due to disk full or other I/O errors.
+It renames the old file before saving.  If saving is successful,
+the renamed file is deleted; if saving gets an error, the renamed
+file is renamed back to the name you visited.
+
+Backups are always made by copying for such files.
+
+** New variable `buffer-offer-save'.
+
+If the value of this variable is non-`nil' in a buffer then exiting
+Emacs will offer to save the buffer (if it is modified and nonempty)
+even if the buffer is not visiting a file.  This variable is
+automatically made local to the current buffer whenever it is set.
+
+** `rename-file', `copy-file', `add-name-to-file' and `make-symbolic-link'.
+
+The third argument to these functions used to be `t' or `nil'; `t'
+meaning go ahead even if the specified new file name already has a file,
+and `nil' meaning to get an error.
+
+Now if the third argument is a number it means to ask the user for
+confirmation in this case.
+
+** New optional argument to `copy-file'.
+
+If `copy-file' receives a non-nil fourth argument, it attempts
+to give the new copy the same time-of-last-modification that the
+original file has.
+
+** New function `file-newer-than-file-p'.
+
+(file-newer-than-file-p FILE1 FILE2) returns non-nil if FILE1 has been
+modified more recently than FILE2.  If FILE1 does not exist, the value
+is always nil; otherwise, if FILE2 does not exist, the value is t.
+This is meant for use when FILE2 depends on FILE1, to see if changes
+in FILE1 make it necessary to recompute FILE2 from it.
+
+** Changed function `file-exists-p'.
+
+This function is no longer the same as `file-readable-p'.
+`file-exists-p' can now return t for a file that exists but which
+the fascists won't allow you to read.
+
+** New function `file-locked-p'.
+
+This function receives a file name as argument and returns `nil'
+if the file is not locked, `t' if locked by this Emacs, or a
+string giving the name of the user who has locked it.
+
+** New function `file-name-sans-versions'.
+
+(file-name-sans-versions NAME) returns a substring of NAME, with any
+version numbers or other backup suffixes deleted from the end.
+
+** New functions for directory names.
+
+Although a directory is really a kind of file, specifying a directory
+uses a somewhat different syntax from specifying a file.
+In Emacs, a directory name is used as part of a file name.
+
+On Unix, the difference is small: a directory name ends in a slash,
+while a file name does not: thus, `/usr/rms/' to name a directory,
+while `/usr/rms' names the file which holds that directory.
+
+On VMS, the difference is considerable: `du:[rms.foo]' specifies a
+directory, but the name of the file that holds that directory is
+`du:[rms]foo.dir'.
+
+There are two new functions for converting between directory names
+and file names.  `directory-file-name' takes a directory name and
+returns the name of the file in which that directory's data is stored.
+`file-name-as-directory' takes the name of a file and returns
+the corresponding directory name.  These always understand Unix file name
+syntax; on VMS, they understand VMS syntax as well.
+
+For example, (file-name-as-directory "/usr/rms") returns "/usr/rms/"
+and (directory-file-name "/usr/rms/") returns "/usr/rms".
+On VMS, (file-name-as-directory "du:[rms]foo.dir") returns "du:[rms.foo]"
+and (directory-file-name "du:[rms.foo]") returns "du:[rms]foo.dir".
+
+** Value of `file-attributes' changed.
+
+The function file-attributes returns a list containing many kinds of
+information about a file.  Now the list has eleven elements.
+
+The tenth element is `t' if deleting the file and creating another
+file of the same name would result in a change in the file's group;
+`nil' if there would be no change.  You can also think of this as
+comparing the file's group with the default group for files created in
+the same directory by you.
+
+The eleventh element is the inode number of the file.
+
+** VMS-only function `file-name-all-versions'.
+
+This function returns a list of all the completions, including version
+number, of a specified version-number-less file name.  This is like
+`file-name-all-completions', except that the latter returns values
+that do not include version numbers.
+
+** VMS-only variable `vms-stmlf-recfm'.
+
+On a VMS system, if this variable is non-nil, Emacs will give newly
+created files the record format `stmlf'.  This is necessary for files
+that must contain lines of arbitrary length, such as compiled Emacs
+Lisp.
+
+When writing a new version of an existing file, Emacs always keeps
+the same record format as the previous version; so this variable has
+no effect.
+
+This variable has no effect on Unix systems.
+
+** `insert-file-contents' on an empty file.
+
+This no longer sets the buffer's "modified" flag.
+
+** New function (VMS only) `define-logical-name':
+
+(define-logical-name LOGICAL TRANSLATION) defines a VMS logical name
+LOGICAL whose translation is TRANSLATION.  The new name applies to
+the current process only.
+
+** Deleted variable `ask-about-buffer-names'.
+
+If you want buffer names for files to be generated in a special way,
+you must redefine `create-file-buffer'.
+
+* Subprocess-related changes.
+
+** New function `process-list'.
+
+This function takes no arguments and returns a list of all
+of Emacs's asynchronous subprocesses.
+
+** New function `process-exit-status'.
+
+This function, given a process, process name or buffer as argument,
+returns the exit status code or signal number of the process.
+If the process has not yet exited or died, this function returns 0.
+
+** Process output ignores `buffer-read-only'.
+
+Output from a process will go into the process's buffer even if the
+buffer is read only.
+
+** Switching buffers in filter functions and sentinels.
+
+Emacs no longer saves and restore the current buffer around calling
+the filter and sentinel functions, so these functions can now
+permanently alter the selected buffer in a straightforward manner.
+
+** Specifying environment variables for subprocesses.
+
+When a subprocess is started with `start-process' or `call-process',
+the value of the variable `process-environment' is taken to
+specify the environment variables to give the subprocess.  The
+value should be a list of strings, each of the form "VAR=VALUE".
+
+`process-environment' is initialized when Emacs starts up
+based on Emacs's environment.
+
+** New variable `process-connection-type'.
+
+If this variable is `nil', when a subprocess is created, Emacs uses
+a pipe rather than a pty to communicate with it.  Normally this
+variable is `t', telling Emacs to use a pty if ptys are supported
+and one is available.
+
+** New function `waiting-for-user-input-p'.
+
+This function, given a subprocess as argument, returns `t' if that
+subprocess appears to be waiting for input sent from Emacs,
+or `nil' otherwise.
+
+** New hook `shell-set-directory-error-hook'.
+
+The value of this variable is called, with no arguments, whenever
+Shell mode gets an error trying to keep track of directory-setting
+commands (such as `cd' and `pushd') used in the shell buffer.
+
+* New functions `user-uid' and `user-real-uid'.
+
+These functions take no arguments and return, respectively,
+the effective uid and the real uid of the Emacs process.
+The value in each case is an integer.
+
+* New variable `print-escape-newlines' controls string printing.
+
+If this variable is non-`nil', then when a Lisp string is printed
+by the Lisp printing function `prin1' or `print', newline characters
+are printed as `\n' rather than as a literal newline.
+
+* New function `sysnetunam' on HPUX.
+
+This function takes two arguments, a network address PATH and a
+login string LOGIN, and executes the system call `netunam'.
+It returns `t' if the call succeeds, otherwise `nil'.
+
+News regarding installation:
+
+* Many `s-...' file names changed.
+
+Many `s-...' files have been renamed.  All periods in such names,
+except the ones just before the final `h', have been changed to
+hyphens.  Thus, `s-bsd4.2.h' has been renamed to `s-bsd4-2.h'.
+
+This is so a Unix distribution can be moved mechanically to VMS.
+
+* `DOCSTR...' file now called `DOC-...'.
+
+The file of on-line documentation strings, that used to be
+`DOCSTR.mm.nn.oo' in this directory, is now called `DOC-mm.nn.oo'.
+This is so that it can port to VMS using the standard conventions
+for translating filenames for VMS.
+
+This file also now contains the doc strings for variables as
+well as functions.
+
+* Emacs no longer uses floating point arithmetic.
+
+This may make it easier to port to some machines.
+
+* Macros `XPNTR' and `XSETPNTR'; flag `DATA_SEG_BITS'.
+
+These macros exclusively are used to unpack a pointer from a Lisp_Object
+and to insert a pointer into a Lisp_Object.  Redefining them may help
+port Emacs to machines in which all pointers to data objects have
+certain high bits set.
+
+If `DATA_SEG_BITS' is defined, it should be a number which contains
+the high bits to be inclusive or'ed with pointers that are unpacked.
+
+* New flag `HAVE_X_MENU'.
+
+Define this flag in `config.h' in addition to `HAVE_X_WINDOWS'
+to enable use of the Emacs interface to X Menus.  On some operating
+systems, the rest of the X interface works properly but X Menus
+do not work; hence this separate flag.  See the file `src/xmenu.c'
+for more information.
+
+* Macros `ARRAY_MARK_FLAG' and `DONT_COPY_FLAG'.
+
+* `HAVE_ALLOCA' prevents assembly of `alloca.s'.
+
+* `SYSTEM_MALLOC' prevents use of GNU `malloc.c'.
+
+SYSTEM_MALLOC, if defined, means use the system's own `malloc' routines
+rather than those that come with Emacs.
+
+Use this only if absolutely necessary, because if it is used you do
+not get warnings when space is getting low.
+
+* New flags to control unexec.
+
+See the file `unexec.c' for a long comment on the compilation
+switches that suffice to make it work on many machines.
+
+* `PNTR_COMPARISON_TYPE'
+
+Pointers that need to be compared for ordering are converted to this type
+first.  Normally this is `unsigned int'.
+
+* `HAVE_VFORK', `HAVE_DUP2' and `HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY'.
+
+These flags just say whether certain system calls are available.
+
+* New macros control compiler switches, linker switches and libraries.
+
+The m- and s- files can now control in a modular fashion the precise
+arguments passed to `cc' and `ld'.
+
+LIBS_STANDARD defines the standard C libraries.  Default is `-lc'.
+LIBS_DEBUG defines the extra libraries to use when debugging.  Default `-lg'.
+LIBS_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra libraries.
+LIBS_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra libraries.
+LIBS_TERMCAP defines the libraries for Termcap or Terminfo.
+  It is defined by default in a complicated fashion but the m- or s- file
+  can override it.
+
+LD_SWITCH_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra `ld' switches.
+  The default is `-X' on BSD systems except those few that use COFF object files.
+LD_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `ld' switches.
+
+C_DEBUG_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' when debugging.  Default `-g'.
+C_OPTIMIZE_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' to optimize.  Default `-O'.
+C_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `cc' switches.
+
+For older news, see the file OONEWS.
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Copyright information:
+
+Copyright (C) 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+   Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
+   of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
+   copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved,
+   thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn.
+
+   Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
+   of this document, or of portions of it,
+   under the above conditions, provided also that they
+   carry prominent notices stating who last changed them.
+
+Local variables:
+mode: text
+end:

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/OOONEWS	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,1609 @@
+GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes.  17-Aug-1988
+Copyright (C) 1988 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+See the end for copying conditions.
+
+For older news, see the file OOOONEWS.
+
+Changes in version 18.52.
+
+* X windows version 10 is supported under system V.
+
+* Pop-up menus are now supported with the same Lisp interface in
+both version 10 and 11 of X windows.
+
+* C-x 4 a is a new command to edit a change-log entry in another window.
+
+* The emacs client program now allows an option +NNN to specify the
+line number to go to in the file whose name follows.  Thus,
+    emacsclient foo.c +45 bar.c
+will find the files `foo.c' and `bar.c', going to line 45 in `bar.c'.
+
+* Dired allows empty directories to be deleted like files.
+
+* When the terminal type is used to find a terminal-specific file to
+run, Emacs now tries the entire terminal type first.  If that doesn't
+yield a file that exists, the last hyphen and what follows it is
+stripped.  If that doesn't yield a file that exists, the previous
+hyphen is stripped, and so on until all hyphens are gone.  For
+example, if the terminal type is `aaa-48-foo', Emacs will try first
+`term/aaa-48-foo.el', then `term/aaa-48.el' and finally `term/aaa.el'.
+
+Underscores now receive the same treatment as hyphens.
+
+* Texinfo features: @defun, etc.  texinfo-show-structure.
+New template commands.  texinfo-format-region.
+
+* The special "local variable" `eval' is now ignored if you are running
+as root.
+
+* New command `c-macro-expand' shows the result of C macro expansion
+in the region.  It works using the C preprocessor, so its results
+are completely accurate.
+
+* Errors in trying to auto save now flash error messages for a few seconds.
+
+* Killing a buffer now sends SIGHUP to the buffer's process.
+
+* New hooks.
+
+** `spell-region' now allows you to filter the text before spelling-checking.
+If the value of `spell-filter' is non-nil, it is called, with no arguments,
+looking at a temporary buffer containing a copy of the text to be checked.
+It can alter the text freely before the spell program sees it.
+
+** The variable `lpr-command' now specifies the command to be used when
+you use the commands to print text (such as M-x print-buffer).
+
+** Posting netnews now calls the value of `news-inews-hook' (if not nil)
+as a function of no arguments before the actual posting.
+
+** Rmail now calls the value of `rmail-show-message-hook' (if not nil)
+as a function of no arguments, each time a new message is selected.
+
+** `kill-emacs' calls the value of `kill-emacs-hook' as a function of no args.
+
+* New libraries.
+See the source code of each library for more information.
+
+** icon.el: a major mode for editing programs written in Icon.
+
+** life.el: a simulator for the cellular automaton "life".  Load the
+library and run M-x life.
+
+** doctex.el: a library for converting the Emacs `etc/DOC' file of
+documentation strings into TeX input.
+
+** saveconf.el: a library which records the arrangement of windows and
+buffers when you exit Emacs, and automatically recreates the same
+setup the next time you start Emacs.
+
+** uncompress.el: a library that automatically uncompresses files
+when you visit them.
+
+** c-fill.el: a mode for editing filled comments in C.
+
+** kermit.el: an extended version of shell-mode designed for running kermit.
+
+** spook.el: a library for adding some "distract the NSA" keywords to every
+message you send.
+
+** hideif.el: a library for hiding parts of a C program based on preprocessor
+conditionals.
+
+** autoinsert.el: a library to put in some initial text when you visit
+a nonexistent file.  The text used depends on the major mode, and
+comes from a directory of files created by you.
+
+* New programming features.
+
+** The variable `window-system-version' now contains the version number
+of the window system you are using (if appropriate).  When using X windows,
+its value is either 10 or 11.
+
+** (interactive "N") uses the prefix argument if any; otherwise, it reads
+a number using the minibuffer.
+
+** VMS: there are two new functions `vms-system-info' and `shrink-to-icon'.
+The former allows you to get many kinds of system status information.
+See its self-documentation for full details.
+The second is used with the window system: it iconifies the Emacs window.
+
+** VMS: the new function `define-logical-name' allows you to create
+job-wide logical names.  The old function `define-dcl-symbol' has been
+removed.
+
+Changes in version 18.50.
+
+* X windows version 11 is supported.
+
+Define X11 in config.h if you want X version 11 instead of version 10.
+
+* The command M-x gdb runs the GDB debugger as an inferior.
+It asks for the filename of the executable you want to debug.
+
+GDB runs as an inferior with I/O through an Emacs buffer.  All the
+facilities of Shell mode are available.  In addition, each time your
+program stops, and each time you select a new stack frame, the source
+code is displayed in another window with an arrow added to the line
+where the program is executing.
+
+Special GDB-mode commands include M-s, M-n, M-i, M-u, M-d, and C-c C-f
+which send the GDB commands `step', `next', `stepi', `up', `down'
+and `finish'.
+
+In any source file, the commands C-x SPC tells GDB to set a breakpoint
+on the current line.
+
+* M-x calendar displays a three-month calendar.
+
+* C-u 0 C-x C-s never makes a backup file.
+
+This is a way you can explicitly request not to make a backup.
+
+* `term-setup-hook' is for users only.
+
+Emacs never uses this variable for internal purposes, so you can freely
+set it in your `.emacs' file to make Emacs do something special after
+loading any terminal-specific setup file from `lisp/term'.
+
+* `copy-keymap' now copies recursive submaps.
+
+* New overlay-arrow feature.
+
+If you set the variable `overlay-arrow-string' to a string
+and `overlay-arrow-position' to a marker, that string is displayed on
+the screen at the position of that marker, hiding whatever text would
+have appeared there.  If that position isn't on the screen, or if
+the buffer the marker points into isn't displayed, there is no effect.
+
+* -batch mode can read from the terminal.
+
+It now works to use `read-char' to do terminal input in a noninteractive
+Emacs run.  End of file causes Emacs to exit.
+
+* Variables `data-bytes-used' and `data-bytes-free' removed.
+
+These variables cannot really work because the 24-bit range of an
+integer in (most ports of) GNU Emacs is not large enough to hold their
+values on many systems.
+
+Changes in version 18.45, since version 18.41.
+
+* C indentation parameter `c-continued-brace-offset'.
+
+This parameter's value is added to the indentation of any
+line that is in a continuation context and starts with an open-brace.
+For example, it applies to the open brace shown here:
+
+     if (x)
+       {
+
+The default value is zero.
+
+* Dabbrev expansion (Meta-/) preserves case.
+
+When you use Meta-/ to search the buffer for an expansion of an
+abbreviation, if the expansion found is all lower case except perhaps
+for its first letter, then the case pattern of the abbreviation
+is carried over to the expansion that replaces it.
+
+* TeX-mode syntax.
+
+\ is no longer given "escape character" syntax in TeX mode.  It now
+has the syntax of an ordinary punctuation character.  As a result,
+\[...\] and such like are considered to balance each other.
+
+* Mail-mode automatic Reply-to field.
+
+If the variable `mail-default-reply-to' is non-`nil', then each time
+you start to compose a message, a Reply-to field is inserted with
+its contents taken from the value of `mail-default-reply-to'.
+
+* Where is your .emacs file?
+
+If you run Emacs under `su', so your real and effective uids are
+different, Emacs uses the home directory associated with the real uid
+(the name you actually logged in under) to find the .emacs file.
+
+Otherwise, Emacs uses the environment variable HOME to find the .emacs
+file.
+
+The .emacs file is not loaded at all if -batch is specified.
+
+* Prolog mode is the default for ".pl" files.
+
+* File names are not case-sensitive on VMS.
+
+On VMS systems, all file names that you specify are converted to upper
+case.  You can use either upper or lower case indiscriminately.
+
+* VMS-only function 'define-dcl-symbol'.
+
+This is a new name for the function formerly called
+`define-logical-name'.
+
+Editing Changes in Emacs 18
+
+* Additional systems and machines are supported.
+
+GNU Emacs now runs on Vax VMS.  However, many facilities that are normally
+implemented by running subprocesses do not work yet.  This includes listing
+a directory and sending mail.  There are features for running subprocesses
+but they are incompatible with those on Unix.  I hope that some of
+the VMS users can reimplement these features for VMS (compatibly for
+the user, if possible).
+
+VMS wizards are also asked to work on making the subprocess facilities
+more upward compatible with those on Unix, and also to rewrite their
+internals to use the same Lisp objects that are used on Unix to
+represent processes.
+
+In addition, the TI Nu machine running Unix system V, the AT&T 3b, and
+the Wicat, Masscomp, Integrated Solutions, Alliant, Amdahl uts, Mips,
+Altos 3068 and Gould Unix systems are now supported.  The IBM PC-RT is
+supported under 4.2, but not yet under system V.  The GEC 93 is close
+to working.  The port for the Elxsi is partly merged.  See the file
+MACHINES for full status information and machine-specific installation
+advice.
+
+* Searching is faster.
+
+Forward search for a text string, or for a regexp that is equivalent
+to a text string, is now several times faster.  Motion by lines and
+counting lines is also faster.
+
+* Memory usage improvements.
+
+It is no longer possible to run out of memory during garbage
+collection.  As a result, running out of memory is never fatal.  This
+is due to a new garbage collection algorithm which compactifies
+strings in place rather than copying them.  Another consequence of the
+change is a reduction in total memory usage and a slight increase in
+garbage collection speed.
+
+* Display changes.
+
+** Editing above top of screen.
+
+When you delete or kill or alter text that reaches to the top of the
+screen or above it, so that display would start in the middle of a
+line, Emacs will usually attempt to scroll the text so that display
+starts at the beginning of a line again.
+
+** Yanking in the minibuffer.
+
+The message "Mark Set" is no longer printed when the minibuffer is
+active.  This is convenient with many commands, including C-y, that
+normally print such a message.
+
+** Cursor appears in last line during y-or-n questions.
+
+Questions that want a `y' or `n' answer now move the cursor
+to the last line, following the question.
+
+* Library loading changes.
+
+`load' now considers all possible suffixes (`.elc', `.el' and none)
+for each directory in `load-path' before going on to the next directory.
+It now accepts an optional fourth argument which, if non-nil, says to
+use no suffixes; then the file name must be given in full.  The search
+of the directories in `load-path' goes on as usual in this case, but
+it too can be prevented by passing an absolute file name.
+
+The value of `load-path' no longer by default includes nil (meaning to
+look in the current default directory).  The idea is that `load' should
+be used to search the path only for libraries to be found in the standard
+places.  If you want to override system libraries with your own, place
+your own libraries in one special directory and add that directory to the
+front of `load-path'.
+
+The function `load' is no longer a command; that is to say, `M-x load'
+is no longer allowed.  Instead, there are two commands for loading files.
+`M-x load-library' is equivalent to the old meaning of `M-x load'.
+`M-x load-file' reads a file name with completion and defaulting
+and then loads exactly that file, with no searching and no suffixes.
+
+* Emulation of other editors.
+
+** `edt-emulation-on' starts emulating DEC's EDT editor.
+
+Do `edt-emulation-off' to return Emacs to normal.
+
+** `vi-mode' and `vip-mode' starts emulating vi.
+
+These are two different vi emulations provided by GNU Emacs users.
+We are interested in feedback as to which emulation is preferable.
+
+See the documentation and source code for these functions
+for more information.
+
+** `set-gosmacs-bindings' emulates Gosling Emacs.
+
+This command changes many global bindings to resemble those of
+Gosling Emacs.  The previous bindings are saved and can be restored using
+`set-gnu-bindings'.
+
+* Emulation of a display terminal.
+
+Within Emacs it is now possible to run programs (such as emacs or
+supdup) which expect to do output to a visual display terminal.
+
+See the function `terminal-emulator' for more information.
+
+* New support for keypads and function keys.
+
+There is now a first attempt at terminal-independent support for
+keypad and function keys.
+
+Emacs now defines a standard set of key-names for function and keypad
+keys, and provides standard hooks for defining them.  Most of the
+standard key-names have default definitions built into Emacs; you can
+override these in a terminal-independent manner.  The default definitions
+and the conventions for redefining them are in the file `lisp/keypad.el'.
+
+These keys on the terminal normally work by sending sequences of
+characters starting with ESC.  The exact sequences used vary from
+terminal to terminal.  Emacs interprets them in two stages:
+in the first stage, terminal-dependent sequences are mapped into
+the standard key-names; then second stage maps the standard key-names
+into their definitions in a terminal-independent fashion.
+
+The terminal-specific file `term/$TERM.el' now is responsible only for
+establishing the mapping from the terminal's escape sequences into
+standard key-names.  It no longer knows what Emacs commands are
+assigned to the standard key-names.
+
+One other change in terminal-specific files: if the value of the TERM
+variable contains a hyphen, only the part before the first hyphen is
+used in forming the name of the terminal-specific file.  Thus, for
+terminal type `aaa-48', the file loaded is now `term/aaa.el' rather
+than `term/aaa-48.el'.
+
+* New startup command line options.
+
+`-i FILE' or `-insert FILE' in the command line to Emacs tells Emacs to
+insert the contents of FILE into the current buffer at that point in
+command line processing.  This is like using the command M-x insert-file.
+
+`-funcall', `-load', `-user' and `-no-init-file' are new synonyms for
+`-f', `-l', `-u' and `-q'.
+
+`-nw' means don't use a window system.  If you are using a terminal
+emulator on the X window system and you want to run Emacs to work through
+the terminal emulator instead of working directly with the window system,
+use this switch.
+
+* Buffer-sorting commands.
+
+Various M-x commands whose names start with `sort-' sort parts of
+the region:
+
+sort-lines	divides the region into lines and sorts them alphabetically.
+sort-pages	divides into pages and sorts them alphabetically.
+sort-paragraphs	divides into paragraphs and sorts them alphabetically.
+sort-fields	divides into lines and sorts them alphabetically
+		according to one field in the line.
+		The numeric argument specifies which field (counting
+		from field 1 at the beginning of the line).  Fields in a line
+		are separated by whitespace.
+sort-numeric-fields
+		is similar but converts the specified fields to numbers
+		and sorts them numerically.
+sort-columns	divides into lines and sorts them according to the contents
+		of a specified range of columns.
+
+Refer to the self-documentation of these commands for full usage information.
+
+* Changes in various commands.
+
+** `tags-query-replace' and `tags-search' change.
+
+These functions now display the name of the file being searched at the moment.
+
+** `occur' output now serves as a menu.  `occur-menu' command deleted.
+
+`M-x occur' now allows you to move quickly to any of the occurrences
+listed.  Select the `*Occur*' buffer that contains the output of `occur',
+move point to the occurrence you want, and type C-c C-c.
+This will move point to the same occurrence in the buffer that the
+occurrences were found in.
+
+The command `occur-menu' is thus obsolete, and has been deleted.
+
+One way to get a list of matching lines without line numbers is to
+copy the text to another buffer and use the command `keep-lines'.
+
+** Incremental search changes.
+
+Ordinary and regexp incremental searches now have distinct default
+search strings.  Thus, regexp searches recall only previous regexp
+searches.
+
+If you exit an incremental search when the search string is empty,
+the old default search string is kept.  The default does not become
+empty.
+
+Reversing the direction of an incremental search with C-s or C-r
+when the search string is empty now does not get the default search
+string.  It leaves the search string empty.  A second C-s or C-r
+will get the default search string.  As a result, you can do a reverse
+incremental regexp search with C-M-s C-r.
+
+If you add a `*', `?' or `\|' to an incremental search regexp,
+point will back up if that is appropriate.  For example, if
+you have searched for `ab' and add a `*', point moves to the
+first match for `ab*', which may be before the match for `ab'
+that was previously found.
+
+If an incremental search is failing and you ask to repeat it,
+it will start again from the beginning of the buffer (or the end,
+if it is a backward search).
+
+The search-controlling parameters `isearch-slow-speed' and
+`isearch-slow-window-lines' have now been renamed to start with
+`search' instead of `isearch'.  Now all the parameters' names start
+with `search'.
+
+If `search-slow-window-lines' is negative, the slow search window
+is put at the top of the screen, and the absolute value or the
+negative number specifies the height of it.
+
+** Undo changes
+
+The undo command now will mark the buffer as unmodified only when it is
+identical to the contents of the visited file.
+
+** C-M-v in minibuffer.
+
+If while in the minibuffer you request help in a way that uses a
+window to display something, then until you exit the minibuffer C-M-v
+in the minibuffer window scrolls the window of help.
+
+For example, if you request a list of possible completions, C-M-v can
+be used reliably to scroll the completion list.
+
+** M-TAB command.
+
+Meta-TAB performs completion on the Emacs Lisp symbol names.  The sexp
+in the buffer before point is compared against all existing nontrivial
+Lisp symbols and completed as far as is uniquely determined by them.
+Nontrivial symbols are those with either function definitions, values
+or properties.
+
+If there are multiple possibilities for the very next character, a
+list of possible completions is displayed.
+
+** Dynamic abbreviation package.
+
+The new command Meta-/ expands an abbreviation in the buffer before point
+by searching the buffer for words that start with the abbreviation.
+
+** Changes in saving kbd macros.
+
+The commands `write-kbd-macro' and `append-kbd-macro' have been
+deleted.  The way to save a keyboard macro is to use the new command
+`insert-kbd-macro', which inserts Lisp code to define the macro as
+it is currently defined into the buffer before point.  Visit a Lisp
+file such as your Emacs init file `~/.emacs', insert the macro
+definition (perhaps deleting an old definition for the same macro)
+and then save the file.
+
+** C-x ' command.
+
+The new command C-x ' (expand-abbrev) expands the word before point as
+an abbrev, even if abbrev-mode is not turned on.
+
+** Sending to inferior Lisp.
+
+The command C-M-x in Lisp mode, which sends the current defun to
+an inferior Lisp process, now works by writing the text into a temporary
+file and actually sending only a `load'-form to load the file.
+As a result, it avoids the Unix bugs that used to strike when the
+text was above a certain length.
+
+With a prefix argument, this command now makes the inferior Lisp buffer
+appear on the screen and scrolls it so that the bottom is showing.
+
+Two variables `inferior-lisp-load-command' and `inferior-lisp-prompt',
+exist to customize these feature for different Lisp implementations.
+
+** C-x p now disabled.
+
+The command C-x p, a nonrecomended command which narrows to the current
+page, is now initially disabled like C-x n.
+
+* Dealing with files.
+
+** C-x C-v generalized
+
+This command is now allowed even if the current buffer is not visiting
+a file.  As usual, it kills the current buffer and replaces it with a
+newly found file.
+
+** M-x recover-file improved; auto save file names changed.
+
+M-x recover-file now checks whether the last auto-save file is more
+recent than the real visited file before offering to read in the
+auto-save file.  If the auto-save file is newer, a directory listing
+containing the two files is displayed while you are asked whether you
+want the auto save file.
+
+Visiting a file also makes this check.  If the auto-save file is more recent,
+a message is printed suggesting that you consider using M-x recover file.
+
+Auto save file names now by default have a `#' at the end as well
+as at the beginning.  This is so that `*.c' in a shell command
+will never match auto save files.
+
+On VMS, auto save file names are made by appending `_$' at the front
+and `$' at the end.
+
+When you change the visited file name of a buffer, the auto save file
+is now renamed to belong to the new visited file name.
+
+You can customize the way auto save file names are made by redefining
+the two functions `make-auto-save-file-name' and `auto-save-file-name-p',
+both of which are defined in `files.el'.
+
+** Modifying a buffer whose file is changed on disk is detected instantly.
+
+On systems where clash detection (locking of files being edited) is
+implemented, Emacs also checks the first time you modify a buffer
+whether the file has changed on disk since it was last visited or saved.
+If it has, you are asked to confirm that you want to change the buffer.
+
+** Exiting Emacs offers to save `*mail*'.
+
+Emacs can now know about buffers that it should offer to save on exit
+even though they are not visiting files.  This is done for any buffer
+which has a non-nil local value of `buffer-offer-save'.  By default,
+Mail mode provides such a local value.
+
+** Backup file changes.
+
+If a backup file cannot be written in the directory of the visited file
+due to fascist file protection, a backup file is now written in your home
+directory as `~/%backup%~'.  Only one such file is made, ever, so only
+the most recently made such backup is available.
+
+When backup files are made by copying, the last-modification time of the
+original file is now preserved in the backup copy.
+
+** Visiting remote files.
+
+On an internet host, you can now visit and save files on any other
+internet host directly from Emacs with the commands M-x ftp-find-file
+and M-x ftp-write-file.  Specify an argument of the form HOST:FILENAME.
+Since standard internet FTP is used, the other host may be any kind
+of machine and is not required to have any special facilities.
+
+The first time any one remote host is accessed, you will be asked to
+give the user name and password for use on that host.  FTP is reinvoked
+each time you ask to use it, but previously specified user names and
+passwords are remembered automatically.
+
+** Dired `g' command.
+
+`g' in Dired mode is equivalent to M-x revert-buffer; it causes the
+current contents of the same directory to be read in.
+
+* Changes in major modes.
+
+** C mode indentation change.
+
+The binding of Linefeed is no longer changed by C mode.  It once again
+has its normal meaning, which is to insert a newline and then indent
+afterward.
+
+The old definition did one additional thing: it reindented the line
+before the new newline.  This has been removed because it made the
+command twice as slow.  The only time it was really useful was after the
+insertion of an `else', since the fact of starting with `else' may change
+the way that line is indented.  Now you will have to type TAB again
+yourself to reindent the `else' properly.
+
+If the variable `c-tab-always-indent' is set to `nil', the TAB command
+in C mode, with no argument, will just insert a tab character if there
+is non-whitespace preceding point on the current line.  Giving it a
+prefix argument will force reindentation of the line (as well as
+of the compound statement that begins after point, if any).
+
+** Fortran mode now exists.
+
+This mode provides commands for motion and indentation of Fortran code,
+plus built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords.  For details, see the manual
+or the on-line documentation of the command `fortran-mode'.
+
+** Scribe mode now exists.
+
+This mode does something useful for editing files of Scribe input.
+It is used automatically for files with names ending in ".mss".
+
+** Modula2 and Prolog modes now exist.
+
+These modes are for editing programs in the languages of the same names.
+They can be selected with M-x modula-2-mode and M-x prolog-mode.
+
+** Telnet mode changes.
+
+The telnet mode special commands have now been assigned to C-c keys.
+Most of them are the same as in Shell mode.
+
+** Picture mode changes.
+
+The special picture-mode commands to specify the direction of cursor
+motion after insertion have been moved to C-c keys.  The commands to
+specify diagonal motion were already C-c keys; they are unchanged.
+The keys to specify horizontal or vertical motion are now
+C-c < (left), C-c > (right), C-c ^ (up) and C-c . (down).
+
+** Nroff mode comments.
+
+Comments are now supported in Nroff mode.  The standard comment commands
+such as M-; and C-x ; know how to insert, align and delete comments
+that start with backslash-doublequote.
+
+** LaTeX mode.
+
+LaTeX mode now exists.  Use M-x latex-mode to select this mode, and
+M-x plain-tex-mode to select the previously existing mode for Plain
+TeX.  M-x tex-mode attempts to examine the contents of the buffer and
+choose between latex-mode and plain-tex-mode accordingly; if the
+buffer is empty or it cannot tell, the variable `TeX-default-mode'
+controls the choice.  Its value should be the symbol for the mode to
+be used.
+
+The facilities for running TeX on all or part of the buffer
+work with LaTeX as well.
+
+Some new commands available in both modes:
+
+C-c C-l		recenter the window showing the TeX output buffer
+		 so most recent line of output can be seen.
+C-c C-k		kill the TeX subprocess.
+C-c C-q		show the printer queue.
+C-c C-f		close a block (appropriate for LaTeX only).
+		 If the current line contains a \begin{...},
+		 this inserts an \end{...} on the following line
+		 and puts point on a blank line between them.
+
+** Outline mode changes.
+
+Invisible lines in outline mode are now indicated by `...' at the
+end of the previous visible line.
+
+The special outline heading motion commands are now all on C-c keys.
+A few new ones have been added.  Here is a full list:
+
+C-c C-n   Move to next visible heading (formerly M-})
+C-c C-p   Move to previous visible heading (formerly M-{)
+C-c C-f   Move to next visible heading at the same level.
+	   Thus, if point is on a level-2 heading line,
+	   this command moves to the next visible level-2 heading.
+C-c C-b   Move to previous visible heading at the same level.
+C-c C-u   Move up to previous visible heading at a higher level.
+
+The variable `outline-regexp' now controls recognition of heading lines.
+Any line whose beginning matches this regexp is a heading line.
+The depth in outline structure is determined by the length of
+the string that matches.
+
+A line starting with a ^L (formfeed) is now by default considered
+a header line.
+
+* Mail reading and sending.
+
+** MH-E changes.
+
+MH-E has been extensively modified and improved since the v17 release.
+It contains many new features, including commands to: extracted failed
+messages, kill a draft message, undo changes to a mail folder, monitor
+delivery of a letter, print multiple messages, page digests backwards,
+insert signatures, and burst digests.  Also, many commands have been
+made to able to deal with named sequences of messages, instead of
+single messages.  MH-E also has had numerous bugs fixed and commands
+made to run faster.  Furthermore, its keybindings have been changed to
+be compatible with Rmail and the rest of GNU Emacs.
+
+** Mail mode changes.
+
+The C-c commands of mail mode have been rearranged:
+
+C-c s, C-c c, C-c t and C-c b (move point to various header fields)
+have been reassigned as C-c C-f C-s, C-c C-f C-c, C-c C-f C-t and C-c
+C-f C-b.  C-c C-f is for "field".
+
+C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q.
+
+Thus, C-c LETTER is always unassigned.
+
+** Rmail C-r command changed to w.
+
+The Rmail command to edit the current message is now `w'.  This change
+has been made because people frequently type C-r while in Rmail hoping
+to do a reverse incremental search.  That now works.
+
+* Rnews changes.
+
+** Caesar rotation added.
+
+The function news-caesar-buffer-body performs encryption and
+decryption of the body of a news message.  It defaults to the USENET
+standard of 13, and accepts any numeric arg between 1 to 25 and -25 to -1.
+The function is bound to C-c C-r in both news-mode and news-reply-mode.
+
+** rmail-output command added.
+
+The C-o command has been bound to rmail-output in news-mode.
+This allows one to append an article to a file which is in either Unix
+mail or RMAIL format.
+
+** news-reply-mode changes.
+
+The C-c commands of news reply mode have been rearranged and changed,
+so that C-c LETTER is always unassigned:
+
+C-c y, C-c w and C-c q have been changed to C-c C-y, C-c C-w and C-c C-q.
+
+C-c c, C-c t, and C-c b (move to various mail header fields) have been
+deleted (they make no sense for posting and replying to USENET).
+
+C-c s (move to Subject: header field) has been reassigned as C-c C-f
+C-s.  C-c C-f is for "field".  Several additional move to news header
+field commands have been added.
+
+The local news-reply-mode bindings now look like this:
+
+C-c C-s  news-inews (post the message)    C-c C-c  news-inews
+C-c C-f	 move to a header field (and create it if there isn't):
+	 C-c C-f C-n  move to Newsgroups:	C-c C-f C-s  move to Subj:
+	 C-c C-f C-f  move to Followup-To:      C-c C-f C-k  move to Keywords:
+	 C-c C-f C-d  move to Distribution:	C-c C-f C-a  move to Summary:
+C-c C-y  news-reply-yank-original (insert current message, in NEWS).
+C-c C-q  mail-fill-yanked-message (fill what was yanked).
+C-c C-r  caesar rotate all letters by 13 places in the article's body (rot13).
+
+* Existing Emacs usable as a server.
+
+Programs such as mailers that invoke "the editor" as an inferior
+to edit some text can now be told to use an existing Emacs process
+instead of creating a new editor.
+
+To do this, you must have an Emacs process running and capable of
+doing terminal I/O at the time you want to invoke it.  This means that
+either you are using a window system and give Emacs a separate window
+or you run the other programs as inferiors of Emacs (such as, using
+M-x shell).
+
+First prepare the existing Emacs process by loading the `server'
+library and executing M-x server-start.  (Your .emacs can do this
+automatically.)
+
+Now tell the other programs to use, as "the editor", the Emacs client
+program (etc/emacsclient, located in the same directory as this file).
+This can be done by setting the environment variable EDITOR.
+
+When another program invokes the emacsclient as "the editor", the
+client actually transfers the file names to be edited to the existing
+Emacs, which automatically visits the files.
+
+When you are done editing a buffer for a client, do C-x # (server-edit).
+This marks that buffer as done, and selects the next buffer that the client
+asked for.  When all the buffers requested by a client are marked in this
+way, Emacs tells the client program to exit, so that the program that
+invoked "the editor" will resume execution.
+
+You can only have one server Emacs at a time, but multiple client programs
+can put in requests at the same time.
+
+The client/server work only on Berkeley Unix, since they use the Berkeley
+sockets mechanism for their communication.
+
+Changes in Lisp programming in Emacs version 18.
+
+* Init file changes.
+
+** Suffixes no longer accepted on `.emacs'.
+
+Emacs will no longer load a file named `.emacs.el' or `emacs.elc'
+in place of `.emacs'.  This is so that it will take less time to
+find `.emacs'.  If you want to compile your init file, give it another
+name and make `.emacs' a link to the `.elc' file, or make it contain
+a call to `load' to load the `.elc' file.
+
+** `default-profile' renamed to `default', and loaded after `.emacs'.
+
+It used to be the case that the file `default-profile' was loaded if
+and only if `.emacs' was not found.
+
+Now the name `default-profile' is not used at all.  Instead, a library
+named `default' is loaded after the `.emacs' file.  `default' is loaded
+whether the `.emacs' file exists or not.  However, loading of `default'
+can be prevented if the `.emacs' file sets `inhibit-default-init' to non-nil.
+
+In fact, you would call the default file `default.el' and probably would
+byte-compile it to speed execution.
+
+Note that for most purposes you are better off using a `site-init' library
+since that will be loaded before the runnable Emacs is dumped.  By using
+a `site-init' library, you avoid taking up time each time Emacs is started.
+
+** inhibit-command-line has been eliminated.
+
+This variable used to exist for .emacs files to set.  It has been
+eliminated because you can get the same effect by setting
+command-line-args to nil and setting inhibit-startup-message to t.
+
+* `apply' is more general.
+
+`apply' now accepts any number of arguments.  The first one is a function;
+the rest are individual arguments to pass to that function, except for the
+last, which is a list of arguments to pass.
+
+Previously, `apply' required exactly two arguments.  Its old behavior
+follows as a special case of the new definition.
+
+* New code-letter for `interactive'.
+
+(interactive "NFoo: ") is like (interactive "nFoo: ") in reading
+a number using the minibuffer to serve as the argument; however,
+if a prefix argument was specified, it uses the prefix argument
+value as the argument, and does not use the minibuffer at all.
+
+This is used by the `goto-line' and `goto-char' commands.
+
+* Semantics of variables.
+
+** Built-in per-buffer variables improved.
+
+Several built-in variables which in the past had a different value in
+each buffer now behave exactly as if `make-variable-buffer-local' had
+been done to them.
+
+These variables are `tab-width', `ctl-arrow', `truncate-lines',
+`fill-column', `left-margin', `mode-line-format', `abbrev-mode',
+`overwrite-mode', `case-fold-search', `auto-fill-hook',
+`selective-display', `selective-display-ellipses'.
+
+To be precise, each variable has a default value which shows through
+in most buffers and can be accessed with `default-value' and set with
+`set-default'.  Setting the variable with `setq' makes the variable
+local to the current buffer.  Changing the default value has retroactive
+effect on all buffers in which the variable is not local.
+
+The variables `default-case-fold-search', etc., are now obsolete.
+They now refer to the default value of the variable, which is not
+quite the same behavior as before, but it should enable old init files
+to continue to work.
+
+** New per-buffer variables.
+
+The variables `fill-prefix', `comment-column' and `indent-tabs-mode'
+are now per-buffer.  They work just like `fill-column', etc.
+
+** New function `setq-default'.
+
+`setq-default' sets the default value of a variable, and uses the
+same syntax that `setq' accepts: the variable name is not evaluated
+and need not be quoted.
+
+`(setq-default case-fold-search nil)' would make searches case-sensitive
+in all buffers that do not have local values for `case-fold-search'.
+
+** Functions `global-set' and `global-value' deleted.
+
+These functions were never used except by mistake by users expecting
+the functionality of `set-default' and `default-value'.
+
+* Changes in defaulting of major modes.
+
+When `default-major-mode' is `nil', new buffers are supposed to
+get their major mode from the buffer that is current.  However,
+certain major modes (such as Dired mode, Rmail mode, Rmail Summary mode,
+and others) are not reasonable to use in this way.
+
+Now such modes' names have been given non-`nil' `mode-class' properties.
+If the current buffer's mode has such a property, Fundamental mode is
+used as the default for newly created buffers.
+
+* `where-is-internal' requires additional arguments.
+
+This function now accepts three arguments, two of them required:
+DEFINITION, the definition to search for; LOCAL-KEYMAP, the keymap
+to use as the local map when doing the searching, and FIRST-ONLY,
+which is nonzero to return only the first key found.
+
+This function returns a list of keys (strings) whose definitions
+(in the LOCAL-KEYMAP or the current global map) are DEFINITION.
+
+If FIRST-ONLY is non-nil, it returns a single key (string).
+
+This function has changed incompatibly in that now two arguments
+are required when previously only one argument was allowed.  To get
+the old behavior of this function, write `(current-local-map)' as
+the expression for the second argument.
+
+The incompatibility is sad, but `nil' is a legitimate value for the
+second argument (it means there is no local keymap), so it cannot also
+serve as a default meaning to use the current local keymap.
+
+* Abbrevs with hooks.
+
+When an abbrev defined with a hook is expanded, it now performs the
+usual replacement of the abbrev with the expansion before running the
+hook.  Previously the abbrev itself was deleted but the expansion was
+not inserted.
+
+* Function `scan-buffer' deleted.
+
+Use `search-forward' or `search-backward' in place of `scan-buffer'.
+You will have to rearrange the arguments.
+
+* X window interface improvements.
+
+** Detect release of mouse buttons.
+
+Button-up events can now be detected.  See the file `lisp/x-mouse.el'
+for details.
+
+** New pop-up menu facility.
+
+The new function `x-popup-menu' pops up a menu (in a X window)
+and returns an indication of which selection the user made.
+For more information, see its self-documentation.
+
+* M-x disassemble.
+
+This command prints the disassembly of a byte-compiled Emacs Lisp function.
+
+Would anyone like to interface this to the debugger?
+
+* `insert-buffer-substring' can insert part of the current buffer.
+
+The old restriction that the text being inserted had to come from
+a different buffer is now lifted.
+
+When inserting text from the current buffer, the text to be inserted
+is determined from the specified bounds before any copying takes place.
+
+* New function `substitute-key-definition'.
+
+This is a new way to replace one command with another command as the
+binding of whatever keys may happen to refer to it.
+
+(substitute-key-definition OLDDEF NEWDEF KEYMAP) looks through KEYMAP
+for keys defined to run OLDDEF, and rebinds those keys to run NEWDEF
+instead.
+
+* New function `insert-char'.
+
+Insert a specified character, a specified number of times.
+
+* `mark-marker' changed.
+
+When there is no mark, this now returns a marker that points
+nowhere, rather than `nil'.
+
+* `ding' accepts argument.
+
+When given an argument, the function `ding' does not terminate
+execution of a keyboard macro.  Normally, `ding' does terminate
+all macros that are currently executing.
+
+* New function `minibuffer-depth'.
+
+This function returns the current depth in minibuffer activations.
+The value is zero when the minibuffer is not in use.
+Values greater than one are possible if the user has entered the
+minibuffer recursively.
+
+* New function `documentation-property'.
+
+(documentation-property SYMBOL PROPNAME) is like (get SYMBOL PROPNAME),
+except that if the property value is a number `documentation-property'
+will take that number (or its absolute value) as a character position
+in the DOC file and return the string found there.
+
+(documentation-property VAR 'variable-documentation) is the proper
+way for a Lisp program to get the documentation of variable VAR.
+
+* New documentation-string expansion feature.
+
+If a documentation string (for a variable or function) contains text
+of the form `\<FOO>', it means that all command names specified in
+`\[COMMAND]' construct from that point on should be turned into keys
+using the value of the variable FOO as the local keymap.  Thus, for example,
+
+  `\<emacs-lisp-mode-map>\[eval-defun] evaluates the defun containing point.'
+
+will expand into
+
+  "ESC C-x evaluates the defun containing point."
+
+regardless of the current major mode, because ESC C-x is defined to
+run `eval-defun' in the keymap `emacs-lisp-mode-map'.  The effect is
+to show the key for `eval-defun' in Emacs Lisp mode regardless of the
+current major mode.
+
+The `\<...>' construct applies to all `\[...]' constructs that follow it,
+up to the end of the documentation string or the next `\<...>'.
+
+Without `\<...>', the keys for commands specified in `\[...]' are found
+in the current buffer's local map.
+
+The current global keymap is always searched second, whether `\<...>'
+has been used or not.
+
+* Multiple hooks allowed in certain contexts.
+
+The old hook variables `find-file-hook', `find-file-not-found-hook' and
+`write-file-hook' have been replaced.
+
+The replacements are `find-file-hooks', `find-file-not-found-hooks'
+and `write-file-hooks'.  Each holds a list of functions to be called;
+by default, `nil', for no functions.  The functions are called in
+order of appearance in the list.
+
+In the case of `find-file-hooks', all the functions are executed.
+
+In the case of `find-file-not-found-hooks', if any of the functions
+returns non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called.
+
+In the case of `write-file-hooks', if any of the functions returns
+non-`nil', the rest of the functions are not called, and the file is
+considered to have been written already; so actual writing in the
+usual way is not done.  If `write-file-hooks' is local to a buffer,
+it is set to its global value if `set-visited-file-name' is called
+(and thus by C-x C-w as well).
+
+`find-file-not-found-hooks' and `write-file-hooks' can be used
+together to implement editing of files that are not stored as Unix
+files: stored in archives, or inside version control systems, or on
+other machines running other operating systems and accessible via ftp.
+
+* New hooks for suspending Emacs.
+
+Suspending Emacs runs the hook `suspend-hook' before suspending
+and the hook `suspend-resume-hook' if the suspended Emacs is resumed.
+Running a hook is done by applying the variable's value to no arguments
+if the variable has a non-`nil' value.  If `suspend-hook' returns
+non-`nil', then suspending is inhibited and so is running the
+`suspend-resume-hook'.  The non-`nil' value means that the `suspend-hook'
+has done whatever suspending is required.
+
+* Disabling commands can print a special message.
+
+A command is disabled by giving it a non-`nil' `disabled' property.
+Now, if this property is a string, it is included in the message
+printed when the user tries to run the command.
+
+* Emacs can open TCP connections.
+
+The function `open-network-stream' opens a TCP connection to
+a specified host and service.  Its value is a Lisp object that represents
+the connection.  The object is a kind of "subprocess", and I/O are
+done like I/O to subprocesses.
+
+* Display-related changes.
+
+** New mode-line control features.
+
+The display of the mode line used to be controlled by a format-string
+that was the value of the variable `mode-line-format'.
+
+This variable still exists, but it now allows more general values,
+not just strings.  Lists, cons cells and symbols are also meaningful.
+
+The mode line contents are created by outputting various mode elements
+one after the other.  Here are the kinds of objects that can be
+used as mode elements, and what they do in the display:
+
+  string        the contents of the string are output to the mode line,
+		and %-constructs are replaced by other text.
+
+  t or nil	ignored; no output results.
+
+  symbol	the symbol's value is used.  If the value is a string,
+		the string is output verbatim to the mode line
+		(so %-constructs are not interpreted).  Otherwise,
+		the symbol's value is processed as a mode element.
+
+  list (whose first element is a string or list or cons cell)
+		the elements of the list are treated as as mode elements,
+		so that the output they generate is concatenated,
+
+  list (whose car is a symbol)
+		if the symbol's value is non-nil, the second element of the
+		list is treated as a mode element.  Otherwise, the third
+		element (if any) of the list is treated as a mode element.
+
+  cons (whose car is a positive integer)
+		the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but
+		the text it produces is padded, if necessary, to have
+		at least the width specified by the integer.
+
+  cons (whose car is a negative integer)
+		the cdr of the cons is used as a mode element, but
+		the text it produces is truncated, if necessary, to have
+		at most the width specified by the integer.
+
+There is always one mode element to start with, that being the value of
+`mode-line-format', but if this value is a list then it leads to several
+more mode elements, which can lead to more, and so on.
+
+There is one new %-construct for mode elements that are strings:
+`%n' displays ` Narrow' for a buffer that is narrowed.
+
+The default value of `mode-line-format' refers to several other variables.
+These variables are `mode-name', `mode-line-buffer-identification',
+`mode-line-process', `mode-line-modified', `global-mode-string' and
+`minor-mode-alist'.  The first four are local in every buffer in which they
+are changed from the default.
+
+mode-name	Name of buffer's major mode.  Local in every buffer.
+
+mode-line-buffer-identification
+		Normally the list ("Emacs: %17b"), it is responsible
+		for displaying text to indicate what buffer is being shown
+		and what kind of editing it is doing.  `Emacs' means
+		that a file of characters is being edited.  Major modes
+		such as Info and Dired which edit or view other kinds
+		of data often change this value.  This variables becomes
+		local to the current buffer if it is setq'd.
+
+mode-line-process
+		Normally nil, this variable is responsible for displaying
+		information about the process running in the current buffer.
+		M-x shell-mode and M-x compile alter this variable.
+
+mode-line-modified
+		This variable is responsible for displaying the indication
+		of whether the current buffer is modified or read-only.
+		By default its value is `("--%*%*-")'.
+
+minor-mode-alist
+		This variable is responsible for displaying text for those
+		minor modes that are currently enabled.  Its value
+		is a list of elements of the form (VARIABLE STRING),
+		where STRING is to be displayed if VARIABLE's value
+		(in the buffer whose mode line is being displayed)
+		is non-nil.  This variable is not made local to particular
+		buffers, but loading some libraries may add elements to it.
+
+global-mode-string
+		This variable is used to display the time, if you ask
+		for that.
+
+The idea of these variables is to eliminate the need for major modes
+to alter mode-line-format itself.
+
+** `window-point' valid for selected window.
+
+The value returned by `window-point' used to be incorrect when its
+argument was the selected window.  Now the value is correct.
+
+** Window configurations may be saved as Lisp objects.
+
+The function `current-window-configuration' returns a special type of
+Lisp object that represents the current layout of windows: the
+sizes and positions of windows, which buffers appear in them, and
+which parts of the buffers appear on the screen.
+
+The function `set-window-configuration' takes one argument, which must
+be a window configuration object, and restores that configuration.
+
+** New hook `temp-output-buffer-show-hook'.
+
+This hook allows you to control how help buffers are displayed.
+Whenever `with-output-to-temp-buffer' has executed its body and wants
+to display the temp buffer, if this variable is bound and non-`nil'
+then its value is called with one argument, the temp buffer.
+The hook function is solely responsible for displaying the buffer.
+The standard manner of display--making the buffer appear in a window--is
+used only if there is no hook function.
+
+** New function `minibuffer-window'.
+
+This function returns the window used (sometimes) for displaying
+the minibuffer.  It can be used even when the minibuffer is not active.
+
+** New feature to `next-window'.
+
+If the optional second argument is neither `nil' nor `t', the minibuffer
+window is omitted from consideration even when active; if the starting
+window was the last non-minibuffer window, the value will be the first
+non-minibuffer window.
+
+** New variable `minibuffer-scroll-window'.
+
+When this variable is non-`nil', the command `scroll-other-window'
+uses it as the window to be scrolled.  Displays of completion-lists
+set this variable to the window containing the display.
+
+** New argument to `sit-for'.
+
+A non-nil second argument to `sit-for' means do not redisplay;
+just wait for the specified time or until input is available.
+
+** Deleted function `set-minor-mode'; minor modes must be changed.
+
+The function `set-minor-mode' has been eliminated.  The display
+of minor mode names in the mode line is now controlled by the
+variable `minor-mode-alist'.  To specify display of a new minor
+mode, it is sufficient to add an element to this list.  Once that
+is done, you can turn the mode on and off just by setting a variable,
+and the display will show its status automatically.
+
+** New variable `cursor-in-echo-area'.
+
+If this variable is non-nil, the screen cursor appears on the
+last line of the screen, at the end of the text displayed there.
+
+Binding this variable to t is useful at times when reading single
+characters of input with `read-char'.
+
+** New per-buffer variable `selective-display-ellipses'.
+
+If this variable is non-nil, an ellipsis (`...') appears on the screen
+at the end of each text line that is followed by invisible text.
+
+If this variable is nil, no ellipses appear.  Then there is no sign
+on the screen that invisible text is present.
+
+Text is made invisible under the control of the variable
+`selective-display'; this is how Outline mode and C-x $ work.
+
+** New variable `no-redraw-on-reenter'.
+
+If you set this variable non-nil, Emacs will not clear the screen when
+you resume it after suspending it.  This is for the sake of terminals
+with multiple screens of memory, where the termcap entry has been set
+up to switch between screens when Emacs is suspended and resumed.
+
+** New argument to `set-screen-height' or `set-screen-width'.
+
+These functions now take an optional second argument which says
+what significance the newly specified height or width has.
+
+If the argument is nil, or absent, it means that Emacs should
+believe that the terminal height or width really is as just specified.
+
+If the argument is t, it means Emacs should not believe that the
+terminal really is this high or wide, but it should use the
+specific height or width as the number of lines or columns to display.
+Thus, you could display only 24 lines on a screen known to have 48 lines.
+
+What practical difference is there between using only 24 lines for display
+and really believing that the terminal has 24 lines?
+
+1. The ``real'' height of the terminal says what the terminal command
+to move the cursor to the last line will do.
+
+2. The ``real'' height of the terminal determines how much padding is
+needed.
+
+* File-related changes.
+
+** New parameter `backup-by-copying-when-mismatch'.
+
+If this variable is non-`nil', then when Emacs is about to save a
+file, it will create the backup file by copying if that would avoid
+changing the file's uid or gid.
+
+The default value of this variable is `nil', because usually it is
+useful to have the uid of a file change according to who edited it
+last.  I recommend thet this variable be left normally `nil' and
+changed with a local variables list in those particular files where
+the uid needs to be preserved.
+
+** New parameter `file-precious-flag'.
+
+If this variable is non-`nil', saving the buffer tries to avoid
+leaving an incomplete file due to disk full or other I/O errors.
+It renames the old file before saving.  If saving is successful,
+the renamed file is deleted; if saving gets an error, the renamed
+file is renamed back to the name you visited.
+
+Backups are always made by copying for such files.
+
+** New variable `buffer-offer-save'.
+
+If the value of this variable is non-`nil' in a buffer then exiting
+Emacs will offer to save the buffer (if it is modified and nonempty)
+even if the buffer is not visiting a file.  This variable is
+automatically made local to the current buffer whenever it is set.
+
+** `rename-file', `copy-file', `add-name-to-file' and `make-symbolic-link'.
+
+The third argument to these functions used to be `t' or `nil'; `t'
+meaning go ahead even if the specified new file name already has a file,
+and `nil' meaning to get an error.
+
+Now if the third argument is a number it means to ask the user for
+confirmation in this case.
+
+** New optional argument to `copy-file'.
+
+If `copy-file' receives a non-nil fourth argument, it attempts
+to give the new copy the same time-of-last-modification that the
+original file has.
+
+** New function `file-newer-than-file-p'.
+
+(file-newer-than-file-p FILE1 FILE2) returns non-nil if FILE1 has been
+modified more recently than FILE2.  If FILE1 does not exist, the value
+is always nil; otherwise, if FILE2 does not exist, the value is t.
+This is meant for use when FILE2 depends on FILE1, to see if changes
+in FILE1 make it necessary to recompute FILE2 from it.
+
+** Changed function `file-exists-p'.
+
+This function is no longer the same as `file-readable-p'.
+`file-exists-p' can now return t for a file that exists but which
+the fascists won't allow you to read.
+
+** New function `file-locked-p'.
+
+This function receives a file name as argument and returns `nil'
+if the file is not locked, `t' if locked by this Emacs, or a
+string giving the name of the user who has locked it.
+
+** New function `file-name-sans-versions'.
+
+(file-name-sans-versions NAME) returns a substring of NAME, with any
+version numbers or other backup suffixes deleted from the end.
+
+** New functions for directory names.
+
+Although a directory is really a kind of file, specifying a directory
+uses a somewhat different syntax from specifying a file.
+In Emacs, a directory name is used as part of a file name.
+
+On Unix, the difference is small: a directory name ends in a slash,
+while a file name does not: thus, `/usr/rms/' to name a directory,
+while `/usr/rms' names the file which holds that directory.
+
+On VMS, the difference is considerable: `du:[rms.foo]' specifies a
+directory, but the name of the file that holds that directory is
+`du:[rms]foo.dir'.
+
+There are two new functions for converting between directory names
+and file names.  `directory-file-name' takes a directory name and
+returns the name of the file in which that directory's data is stored.
+`file-name-as-directory' takes the name of a file and returns
+the corresponding directory name.  These always understand Unix file name
+syntax; on VMS, they understand VMS syntax as well.
+
+For example, (file-name-as-directory "/usr/rms") returns "/usr/rms/"
+and (directory-file-name "/usr/rms/") returns "/usr/rms".
+On VMS, (file-name-as-directory "du:[rms]foo.dir") returns "du:[rms.foo]"
+and (directory-file-name "du:[rms.foo]") returns "du:[rms]foo.dir".
+
+** Value of `file-attributes' changed.
+
+The function file-attributes returns a list containing many kinds of
+information about a file.  Now the list has eleven elements.
+
+The tenth element is `t' if deleting the file and creating another
+file of the same name would result in a change in the file's group;
+`nil' if there would be no change.  You can also think of this as
+comparing the file's group with the default group for files created in
+the same directory by you.
+
+The eleventh element is the inode number of the file.
+
+** VMS-only function `file-name-all-versions'.
+
+This function returns a list of all the completions, including version
+number, of a specified version-number-less file name.  This is like
+`file-name-all-completions', except that the latter returns values
+that do not include version numbers.
+
+** VMS-only variable `vms-stmlf-recfm'.
+
+On a VMS system, if this variable is non-nil, Emacs will give newly
+created files the record format `stmlf'.  This is necessary for files
+that must contain lines of arbitrary length, such as compiled Emacs
+Lisp.
+
+When writing a new version of an existing file, Emacs always keeps
+the same record format as the previous version; so this variable has
+no effect.
+
+This variable has no effect on Unix systems.
+
+** `insert-file-contents' on an empty file.
+
+This no longer sets the buffer's "modified" flag.
+
+** New function (VMS only) `define-logical-name':
+
+(define-logical-name LOGICAL TRANSLATION) defines a VMS logical name
+LOGICAL whose translation is TRANSLATION.  The new name applies to
+the current process only.
+
+** Deleted variable `ask-about-buffer-names'.
+
+If you want buffer names for files to be generated in a special way,
+you must redefine `create-file-buffer'.
+
+* Subprocess-related changes.
+
+** New function `process-list'.
+
+This function takes no arguments and returns a list of all
+of Emacs's asynchronous subprocesses.
+
+** New function `process-exit-status'.
+
+This function, given a process, process name or buffer as argument,
+returns the exit status code or signal number of the process.
+If the process has not yet exited or died, this function returns 0.
+
+** Process output ignores `buffer-read-only'.
+
+Output from a process will go into the process's buffer even if the
+buffer is read only.
+
+** Switching buffers in filter functions and sentinels.
+
+Emacs no longer saves and restore the current buffer around calling
+the filter and sentinel functions, so these functions can now
+permanently alter the selected buffer in a straightforward manner.
+
+** Specifying environment variables for subprocesses.
+
+When a subprocess is started with `start-process' or `call-process',
+the value of the variable `process-environment' is taken to
+specify the environment variables to give the subprocess.  The
+value should be a list of strings, each of the form "VAR=VALUE".
+
+`process-environment' is initialized when Emacs starts up
+based on Emacs's environment.
+
+** New variable `process-connection-type'.
+
+If this variable is `nil', when a subprocess is created, Emacs uses
+a pipe rather than a pty to communicate with it.  Normally this
+variable is `t', telling Emacs to use a pty if ptys are supported
+and one is available.
+
+** New function `waiting-for-user-input-p'.
+
+This function, given a subprocess as argument, returns `t' if that
+subprocess appears to be waiting for input sent from Emacs,
+or `nil' otherwise.
+
+** New hook `shell-set-directory-error-hook'.
+
+The value of this variable is called, with no arguments, whenever
+Shell mode gets an error trying to keep track of directory-setting
+commands (such as `cd' and `pushd') used in the shell buffer.
+
+* New functions `user-uid' and `user-real-uid'.
+
+These functions take no arguments and return, respectively,
+the effective uid and the real uid of the Emacs process.
+The value in each case is an integer.
+
+* New variable `print-escape-newlines' controls string printing.
+
+If this variable is non-`nil', then when a Lisp string is printed
+by the Lisp printing function `prin1' or `print', newline characters
+are printed as `\n' rather than as a literal newline.
+
+* New function `sysnetunam' on HPUX.
+
+This function takes two arguments, a network address PATH and a
+login string LOGIN, and executes the system call `netunam'.
+It returns `t' if the call succeeds, otherwise `nil'.
+
+News regarding installation:
+
+* Many `s-...' file names changed.
+
+Many `s-...' files have been renamed.  All periods in such names,
+except the ones just before the final `h', have been changed to
+hyphens.  Thus, `s-bsd4.2.h' has been renamed to `s-bsd4-2.h'.
+
+This is so a Unix distribution can be moved mechanically to VMS.
+
+* `DOCSTR...' file now called `DOC-...'.
+
+The file of on-line documentation strings, that used to be
+`DOCSTR.mm.nn.oo' in this directory, is now called `DOC-mm.nn.oo'.
+This is so that it can port to VMS using the standard conventions
+for translating filenames for VMS.
+
+This file also now contains the doc strings for variables as
+well as functions.
+
+* Emacs no longer uses floating point arithmetic.
+
+This may make it easier to port to some machines.
+
+* Macros `XPNTR' and `XSETPNTR'; flag `DATA_SEG_BITS'.
+
+These macros exclusively are used to unpack a pointer from a Lisp_Object
+and to insert a pointer into a Lisp_Object.  Redefining them may help
+port Emacs to machines in which all pointers to data objects have
+certain high bits set.
+
+If `DATA_SEG_BITS' is defined, it should be a number which contains
+the high bits to be inclusive or'ed with pointers that are unpacked.
+
+* New flag `HAVE_X_MENU'.
+
+Define this flag in `config.h' in addition to `HAVE_X_WINDOWS'
+to enable use of the Emacs interface to X Menus.  On some operating
+systems, the rest of the X interface works properly but X Menus
+do not work; hence this separate flag.  See the file `src/xmenu.c'
+for more information.
+
+* Macros `ARRAY_MARK_FLAG' and `DONT_COPY_FLAG'.
+
+* `HAVE_ALLOCA' prevents assembly of `alloca.s'.
+
+* `SYSTEM_MALLOC' prevents use of GNU `malloc.c'.
+
+SYSTEM_MALLOC, if defined, means use the system's own `malloc' routines
+rather than those that come with Emacs.
+
+Use this only if absolutely necessary, because if it is used you do
+not get warnings when space is getting low.
+
+* New flags to control unexec.
+
+See the file `unexec.c' for a long comment on the compilation
+switches that suffice to make it work on many machines.
+
+* `PNTR_COMPARISON_TYPE'
+
+Pointers that need to be compared for ordering are converted to this type
+first.  Normally this is `unsigned int'.
+
+* `HAVE_VFORK', `HAVE_DUP2' and `HAVE_GETTIMEOFDAY'.
+
+These flags just say whether certain system calls are available.
+
+* New macros control compiler switches, linker switches and libraries.
+
+The m- and s- files can now control in a modular fashion the precise
+arguments passed to `cc' and `ld'.
+
+LIBS_STANDARD defines the standard C libraries.  Default is `-lc'.
+LIBS_DEBUG defines the extra libraries to use when debugging.  Default `-lg'.
+LIBS_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra libraries.
+LIBS_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra libraries.
+LIBS_TERMCAP defines the libraries for Termcap or Terminfo.
+  It is defined by default in a complicated fashion but the m- or s- file
+  can override it.
+
+LD_SWITCH_SYSTEM can be defined by the s- file to specify extra `ld' switches.
+  The default is `-X' on BSD systems except those few that use COFF object files.
+LD_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `ld' switches.
+
+C_DEBUG_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' when debugging.  Default `-g'.
+C_OPTIMIZE_SWITCH defines the switches to give `cc' to optimize.  Default `-O'.
+C_SWITCH_MACHINE can be defined by the m- file to specify extra `cc' switches.
+
+For older news, see the file OOONEWS.
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Copyright information:
+
+Copyright (C) 1988 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+   Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
+   of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
+   copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved,
+   thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn.
+
+   Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
+   of this document, or of portions of it,
+   under the above conditions, provided also that they
+   carry prominent notices stating who last changed them.
+
+Local variables:
+mode: text
+end:

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/OOOONEWS	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,1348 @@
+GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes.  26-Mar-1986
+Copyright (C) 1986 Richard M. Stallman.
+See the end for copying conditions.
+
+For older news, see the file OOOOONEWS.
+
+Changes in Emacs 17
+
+* Frustrated?
+
+Try M-x doctor.
+
+* Bored?
+
+Try M-x hanoi.
+
+* Brain-damaged?
+
+Try M-x yow.
+
+* Sun3, Tahoe, Apollo, HP9000s300, Celerity, NCR Tower 32,
+  Sequent, Stride, Encore, Plexus and AT&T 7300 machines supported.
+
+The Tahoe, Sun3, Sequent and Celerity use 4.2.  In regard to the
+Apollo, see the file APOLLO in this directory.  NCR Tower32,
+HP9000s300, Stride and Nu run forms of System V.  System V rel 2 also
+works on Vaxes now.  See etc/MACHINES.
+
+* System V Unix supported, including subprocesses.
+
+It should be possible now to bring up Emacs on a machine running
+mere unameliorated system V Unix with no major work; just possible bug
+fixes.  But you can expect to find a handful of those on any machine
+that Emacs has not been run on before.
+
+* Berkeley 4.1 Unix supported.
+
+See etc/MACHINES.
+
+* Portable `alloca' provided.
+
+Emacs can now run on machines that do not and cannot support the library
+subroutine `alloca' in the canonical fashion, using an `alloca' emulation
+written in C.
+
+* On-line manual.
+
+Info now contains an Emacs manual, with essentially the same text
+as in the printed manual.
+
+The manual can now be printed with a standard TeX.
+
+Nicely typeset and printed copies of the manual are available
+from the Free Software Foundation.
+
+* Backup file version numbers.
+
+Emacs now supports version numbers in backup files.
+
+The first time you save a particular file in one editing session,
+the old file is copied or renamed to serve as a backup file.
+In the past, the name for the backup file was made by appending `~'
+to the end of the original file name.
+
+Now the backup file name can instead be made by appending ".~NN~" to
+the original file name, where NN stands for a numeric version.  Each
+time this is done, the new version number is one higher than the
+highest previously used.
+
+Thus, the active, current file does not have a version number.
+Only the backups have them.
+
+This feature is controlled by the variable `version-control'.  If it
+is `nil', as normally, then numbered backups are made only for files
+that already have numbered backups.  Backup names with just `~' are
+used for files that have no numbered backups.
+
+If `version-control' is `never', then the backup file's name is
+made with just `~' in any case.
+
+If `version-control' is not `nil' or `never', numbered backups are
+made unconditionally.
+
+To prevent unlimited consumption of disk space, Emacs can delete
+old backup versions automatically.  Generally Emacs keeps the first
+few backups and the latest few backups, deleting any in between.
+This happens every time a new backup is made.  The two variables that
+control the deletion are `kept-old-versions' and `kept-new-versions'.
+Their values are, respectively, the number of oldest backups to keep
+and the number of newest ones to keep, each time a new backup is made.
+The value of `kept-new-versions' includes the backup just created.
+By default, both values are 2.
+
+If `trim-versions-without-asking' is non-`nil', the excess middle versions
+are deleted without a murmur.  If it is `nil', the default, then you
+are asked whether the excess middle versions should really be deleted.
+
+Dired has a new command `.' which marks for deletion all but the latest
+and oldest few of every numeric series of backups.  `kept-old-versions'
+controls the number of oldest versions to keep, and `dired-kept-versions'
+controls the number of latest versions to keep.  A numeric argument to
+the `.' command, if positive, specifies the number of latest versions
+to keep, overriding `dired-kept-versions'.  A negative argument specifies
+the number of oldest versions to keep, using minus the argument to override
+`kept-old-versions'.
+
+* Immediate conflict detection.
+
+Emacs now locks the files it is modifying, so that if
+you start to modify within Emacs a file that is being
+modified in another Emacs, you get an immediate warning.
+
+The warning gives you three choices:
+1. Give up, and do not make any changes.
+2. Make changes anyway at your own risk.
+3. Make changes anyway, and record yourself as
+ the person locking the file (instead of whoever
+ was previously recorded.)
+
+Just visiting a file does not lock it.  It is locked
+when you try to change the buffer that is visiting the file.
+Saving the file unlocks it until you make another change.
+
+Locking is done by writing a lock file in a special designated
+directory.  If such a directory is not provided and told to
+Emacs as part of configuring it for your machine, the lock feature
+is turned off.
+
+* M-x recover-file.
+
+This command is used to get a file back from an auto-save
+(after a system crash, for example).  It takes a file name
+as argument and visits that file, but gets the data from the
+file's last auto save rather than from the file itself.
+
+* M-x normal-mode.
+
+This command resets the current buffer's major mode and local
+variables to be as specified by the visit filename, the -*- line
+and/or the Local Variables: block at the end of the buffer.
+It is the same thing normally done when a file is first visited.
+
+* Echo area messages disappear shortly if minibuffer is in use.
+
+Any message in the echo area disappears after 2 seconds
+if the minibuffer is active.  This allows the minibuffer
+to become visible again.
+
+* C-z on System V runs a subshell.
+
+On systems which do not allow programs to be suspended, the C-z command
+forks a subshell that talks directly to the terminal, and then waits
+for the subshell to exit.  This gets almost the effect of suspending
+in that you can run other programs and then return to Emacs.  However,
+you cannot log out from the subshell.
+
+* C-c is always a prefix character.
+
+Also, subcommands of C-c which are letters are always
+reserved for the user.  No standard Emacs major mode
+defines any of them.
+
+* Picture mode C-c commands changed.
+
+The old C-c k command is now C-c C-w.
+The old C-c y command is now C-c C-x.
+
+* Shell mode commands changed.
+
+All the special commands of Shell mode are now moved onto
+the C-c prefix.  Most are not changed aside from that.
+Thus, the old Shell mode C-c command (kill current job)
+is now C-c C-c; the old C-z (suspend current job) is now C-c C-z,
+etc.
+
+The old C-x commands are now C-c commands.  C-x C-k (kill output)
+is now C-c C-o, and C-x C-v (show output) is now C-c C-r.
+
+The old M-= (copy previous input) command is now C-c C-y.
+
+* Shell mode recognizes aliases for `pushd', `popd' and `cd'.
+
+Shell mode now uses the variable `shell-pushd-regexp' as a
+regular expression to recognize any command name that is
+equivalent to a `pushd' command.  By default it is set up
+to recognize just `pushd' itself.  If you use aliases for
+`pushd', change the regexp to recognize them as well.
+
+There are also `shell-popd-regexp' to recognize commands
+with the effect of a `popd', and `shell-cd-regexp' to recognize
+commands with the effect of a `cd'.
+
+* "Exit" command in certain modes now C-c C-c.
+
+These include electric buffer menu mode, electric command history
+mode, Info node edit mode, and Rmail edit mode.  In all these
+modes, the command to exit used to be just C-c.
+
+* Outline mode changes.
+
+Lines that are not heading lines are now called "body" lines.
+The command `hide-text' is renamed to `hide-body'.
+The key M-H is renamed to C-c C-h.
+The key M-S is renamed to C-c C-s.
+The key M-s is renamed to C-c C-i.
+
+Changes of line visibility are no longer undoable.  As a result,
+they no longer use up undo memory and no longer interfere with
+undoing earlier commands.
+
+* Rmail changes.
+
+The s and q commands now both expunge deleted messages before saving;
+use C-x C-s to save without expunging.
+
+The u command now undeletes the current message if it is deleted;
+otherwise, it backs up as far as necessary to reach a deleted message,
+and undeletes that one.  The u command in the summary behaves likewise,
+but considers only messages listed in the summary.  The M-u command
+has been eliminated.
+
+The o and C-o keys' meanings are interchanged.
+o now outputs to an Rmail file, and C-o to a Unix mail file.
+
+The F command (rmail-find) is renamed to M-s (rmail-search).
+Various new commands and features exist; see the Emacs manual.
+
+* Local bindings described first in describe-bindings.
+
+* [...], {...} now balance in Fundamental mode.
+
+* Nroff mode and TeX mode.
+
+The are two new major modes for editing nroff input and TeX input.
+See the Emacs manual for full information.
+
+* New C indentation style variable `c-brace-imaginary-offset'.
+
+The value of `c-brace-imaginary-offset', normally zero, controls the
+indentation of a statement inside a brace-group where the open-brace
+is not the first thing on a line.  The value says where the open-brace
+is imagined to be, relative to the first nonblank character on the line.
+
+* Dired improvements.
+
+Dired now normally keeps the cursor at the beginning of the file name,
+not at the beginning of the line.  The most used motion commands are
+redefined in Dired to position the cursor this way.
+
+`n' and `p' are now equivalent in dired to `C-n' and `C-p'.
+
+If any files to be deleted cannot be deleted, their names are
+printed in an error message.
+
+If the `v' command is invoked on a file which is a directory,
+dired is run on that directory.
+
+* `visit-tag-table' renamed `visit-tags-table'.
+
+This is so apropos of `tags' finds everything you need to
+know about in connection with Tags.
+
+* `mh-e' library uses C-c as prefix.
+
+All the special commands of `mh-rmail' now are placed on a
+C-c prefix rather than on the C-x prefix.  This is for
+consistency with other special modes with their own commands.
+
+* M-$ or `spell-word' checks word before point.
+
+It used to check the word after point.
+
+* Quitting during autoloading no longer causes trouble.
+
+Now, when a file is autoloaded, all function redefinitions
+and `provide' calls are recorded and are undone if you quit
+before the file is finished loading.
+
+As a result, it no longer happens that some of the entry points
+which are normally autoloading have been defined already, but the
+entire file is not really present to support them.
+
+* `else' can now be indented correctly in C mode.
+
+TAB in C mode now knows which `if' statement an `else' matches
+up with, and can indent the `else' correctly under the `if',
+even if the `if' contained such things as another `if' statement,
+or a `while' or `for' statement, with no braces around it.
+
+* `batch-byte-compile'
+
+Runs byte-compile-file on the files specified on the command line.
+All the rest of the command line arguments are taken as files to
+compile (or, if directories, to do byte-recompile-directory on).
+Must be used only with -batch, and kills emacs on completion.
+Each file will be processed even if an error occurred previously.
+For example, invoke `emacs -batch -f batch-byte-compile *.el'.
+
+* `-batch' changes.
+
+`-batch' now implies `-q': no init file is loaded by Emacs when
+`-batch' is used.  Also, no `term/TERMTYPE.el' file is loaded.  Auto
+saving is not done except in buffers in which it is explicitly
+requested.  Also, many echo-area printouts describing what is going on
+are inhibited in batch mode, so that the only output you get is the
+output you program specifically.
+
+One echo-area message that is not suppressed is the one that says
+that a file is being loaded.  That is because you can prevent this
+message by passing `t' as the third argument to `load'.
+
+* Display of search string in incremental search.
+
+Now, when you type C-s or C-r to reuse the previous search
+string, that search string is displayed immediately in the echo area.
+
+Three dots are displayed after the search string while search
+is actually going on.
+
+* View commands.
+
+The commands C-x ], C-x [, C-x /, C-x j and C-x o are now
+available inside `view-buffer' and `view-file', with their
+normal meanings.
+
+* Full-width windows preferred.
+
+The ``other-window'' commands prefer other full width windows,
+and will split only full width windows.
+
+* M-x rename-file can copy if necessary.
+
+When used between different file systems, since actual renaming does
+not work, the old file will be copied and deleted.
+
+* Within C-x ESC, you can pick the command to repeat.
+
+While editing a previous command to be repeated, inside C-x ESC,
+you can now use the commands M-p and M-n to pick an earlier or
+later command to repeat.  M-n picks the next earlier command
+and M-p picks the next later one.  The new command appears in
+the minibuffer, and you can go ahead and edit it, and repeat it
+when you exit the minibuffer.
+
+Using M-n or M-p within C-x ESC is like having used a different
+numeric argument when you ran C-x ESC in the first place.
+
+The command you finally execute using C-x ESC is added to the
+front of the command history, unless it is identical with the
+first thing in the command history.
+
+* Use C-c C-c to exit from editing within Info.
+
+It used to be C-z for this.  Somehow this use of C-z was
+left out when all the others were moved.  The intention is that
+C-z should always suspend Emacs.
+
+* Default arg to C-x < and C-x > now window width minus 2.
+
+These commands, which scroll the current window horizontally
+by a specified number of columns, now scroll a considerable
+distance rather than a single column if used with no argument.
+
+* Auto Save Files Deleted.
+
+The default value of `delete-auto-save-files' is now `t', so that
+when you save a file for real, its auto save file is deleted.
+
+* Rnews changes.
+
+The N, P and J keys in Rnews are renamed to M-n, M-p and M-j.
+These keys move among newsgroups.
+
+The n and p keys for moving sequentially between news articles now
+accept repeat count arguments, and the + and - keys, made redundant by
+this change, are eliminated.
+
+The s command for outputting the current article to a file
+is renamed as o, to be compatible with Rmail.
+
+* Sendmail changes.
+
+If you have a ~/.mailrc file, Emacs searches it for mailing address
+aliases, and these aliases are expanded when you send mail in Emacs.
+
+Fcc fields can now be used in the headers in the *mail* buffer
+to specify files in which copies of the message should be put.
+The message is written into those files in Unix mail file format.
+The message as sent does not contain any Fcc fields in its header.
+You can use any number of Fcc fields, but only one file name in each one.
+The variable `mail-archive-file-name', if non-`nil', can be a string
+which is a file name; an Fcc to that file will be inserted in every
+message when you begin to compose it.
+
+A new command C-c q now exists in Mail mode.  It fills the
+paragraphs of an old message that had been inserted with C-c y.
+
+When the *mail* buffer is put in Mail mode, text-mode-hook
+is now run in addition to mail-mode-hook.  text-mode-hook
+is run first.
+
+The new variable `mail-header-separator' now specifies the string
+to use on the line that goes between the headers and the message text.
+By default it is still "--text follows this line--".
+
+* Command history truncated automatically.
+
+Just before each garbage collection, all but the last 30 elements
+of the command history are discarded.
+
+Incompatible Lisp Programming Changes in Emacs 17
+
+* `&quote' no longer supported.
+
+This feature, which allowed Lisp functions to take arguments
+that were not evaluated, has been eliminated, because it is
+inescapably hard to make the compiler work properly with such
+functions.
+
+You should use macros instead.  A simple way to change any
+code that uses `&quote' is to replace
+
+   (defun foo (&quote x y z) ...
+
+with
+
+   (defmacro foo (x y z)
+     (list 'foo-1 (list 'quote x) (list 'quote y) (list 'quote z)))
+
+   (defun foo-1 (x y z) ...
+
+* Functions `region-to-string' and `region-around-match' removed.
+
+These functions were made for compatibility with Gosling Emacs, but it
+turns out to be undesirable to use them in GNU Emacs because they use
+the mark.  They have been eliminated from Emacs proper, but are
+present in mlsupport.el for the sake of converted mocklisp programs.
+
+If you were using `region-to-string', you should instead use
+`buffer-substring'; then you can pass the bounds as arguments and
+can avoid setting the mark.
+
+If you were using `region-around-match', you can use instead
+the two functions `match-beginning' and `match-end'.  These give
+you one bound at a time, as a numeric value, without changing
+point or the mark.
+
+* Function `function-type' removed.
+
+This just appeared not to be very useful.  It can easily be written in
+Lisp if you happen to want it.  Just use `symbol-function' to get the
+function definition of a symbol, and look at its data type or its car
+if it is a list.
+
+* Variable `buffer-number' removed.
+
+You can still use the function `buffer-number' to find out
+a buffer's unique number (assigned in order of creation).
+
+* Variable `executing-macro' renamed `executing-kbd-macro'.
+
+This variable is the currently executing keyboard macro, as
+a string, or `nil' when no keyboard macro is being executed.
+
+* Loading term/$TERM.
+
+The library term/$TERM (where $TERM get replaced by your terminal
+type), which is done by Emacs automatically when it starts up, now
+happens after the user's .emacs file is loaded.
+
+In previous versions of Emacs, these files had names of the form
+term-$TERM; thus, for example, term-vt100.el, but now they live
+in a special subdirectory named term, and have names like
+term/vt100.el.
+
+* `command-history' format changed.
+
+The elements of this list are now Lisp expressions which can
+be evaluated directly to repeat a command.
+
+* Unused editing commands removed.
+
+The functions `forward-to-word', `backward-to-word',
+`upcase-char', `mark-beginning-of-buffer' and `mark-end-of-buffer'
+have been removed.  Their definitions can be found in file 
+lisp/unused.el if you need them.
+
+Upward Compatible Lisp Programming Changes in Emacs 17
+
+* You can now continue after errors and quits.
+
+When the debugger is entered because of a C-g, due to
+a non-`nil' value of `debug-on-quit', the `c' command in the debugger
+resumes execution of the code that was running when the quit happened.
+Use the `q' command to go ahead and quit.
+
+The same applies to some kinds of errors, but not all.  Errors
+signaled with the Lisp function `signal' can be continued; the `c'
+command causes `signal' to return.  The `r' command causes `signal' to
+return the value you specify.  The `c' command is equivalent to `r'
+with the value `nil'.
+
+For a `wrong-type-argument' error, the value returned with the `r'
+command is used in place of the invalid argument.  If this new value
+is not valid, another error occurs.
+
+Errors signaled with the function `error' cannot be continued.
+If you try to continue, the error just happens again.
+
+* `dot' renamed `point'.
+
+The word `dot' has been replaced with `point' in all
+function and variable names, including:
+
+  point, point-min, point-max,
+  point-marker, point-min-marker, point-max-marker,
+  window-point, set-window-point,
+  point-to-register, register-to-point,
+  exchange-point-and-mark.
+
+The old names are still supported, for now.
+
+* `string-match' records position of end of match.
+
+After a successful call to `string-match', `(match-end 0)' will
+return the index in the string of the first character after the match.
+Also, `match-begin' and `match-end' with nonzero arguments can be
+used to find the indices of beginnings and ends of substrings matched
+by subpatterns surrounded by parentheses.
+
+* New function `insert-before-markers'.
+
+This function is just like `insert' except in the handling of any
+relocatable markers that are located at the point of insertion.
+With `insert', such markers end up pointing before the inserted text.
+With `insert-before-markers', they end up pointing after the inserted
+text.
+
+* New function `copy-alist'.
+
+This function takes one argument, a list, and makes a disjoint copy
+of the alist structure.  The list itself is copied, and each element
+that is a cons cell is copied, but the cars and cdrs of elements
+remain shared with the original argument.
+
+This is what it takes to get two alists disjoint enough that changes
+in one do not change the result of `assq' on the other.
+
+* New function `copy-keymap'.
+
+This function takes a keymap as argument and returns a new keymap
+containing initially the same bindings.  Rebindings in either one of
+them will not alter the bindings in the other.
+
+* New function `copy-syntax-table'.
+
+This function takes a syntax table as argument and returns a new
+syntax table containing initially the same syntax settings.  Changes
+in either one of them will not alter the other.
+
+* Randomizing the random numbers.
+
+`(random t)' causes the random number generator's seed to be set
+based on the current time and Emacs's process id.
+
+* Third argument to `modify-syntax-entry'.
+
+The optional third argument to `modify-syntax-entry', if specified
+should be a syntax table.  The modification is made in that syntax table
+rather than in the current syntax table.
+
+* New function `run-hooks'.
+
+This function takes any number of symbols as arguments.
+It processes the symbols in order.  For each symbol which
+has a value (as a variable) that is non-nil, the value is
+called as a function, with no arguments.
+
+This is useful in major mode commands.
+
+* Second arg to `switch-to-buffer'.
+
+If this function is given a non-`nil' second argument, then the
+selection being done is not recorded on the selection history.
+The buffer's position in the history remains unchanged.  This
+feature is used by the view commands, so that the selection history
+after exiting from viewing is the same as it was before.
+
+* Second arg to `display-buffer' and `pop-to-buffer'.
+
+These two functions both accept an optional second argument which
+defaults to `nil'.  If the argument is not `nil', it means that
+another window (not the selected one) must be found or created to
+display the specified buffer in, even if it is already shown in
+the selected window.
+
+This feature is used by `switch-to-buffer-other-window'.
+
+* New variable `completion-ignore-case'.
+
+If this variable is non-`nil', completion allows strings
+in different cases to be considered matching.  The global value
+is `nil'
+
+This variable exists for the sake of commands that are completing
+an argument in which case is not significant.  It is possible
+to change the value globally, but you might not like the consequences
+in the many situations (buffer names, command names, file names)
+where case makes a difference.
+
+* Major modes related to Text mode call text-mode-hook, then their own hooks.
+
+For example, turning on Outline mode first calls the value of
+`text-mode-hook' as a function, if it exists and is non-`nil',
+and then does likewise for the variable `outline-mode-hook'.
+
+* Defining new command line switches.
+
+You can define a new command line switch in your .emacs file
+by putting elements on the value of `command-switch-alist'.
+Each element of this list should look like
+      (SWITCHSTRING . FUNCTION)
+where SWITCHSTRING is a string containing the switch to be
+defined, such as "-foo", and FUNCTION is a function to be called
+if such an argument is found in the command line.  FUNCTION
+receives the command line argument, a string, as its argument.
+
+To implement a switch that uses up one or more following arguments,
+use the fact that the remaining command line arguments are kept
+as a list in the variable `command-line-args'.  FUNCTION can
+examine this variable, and do
+    (setq command-line-args (cdr command-line-args)
+to "use up" an argument.
+
+* New variable `load-in-progress'.
+
+This variable is non-`nil' when a file of Lisp code is being read
+and executed by `load'.
+
+* New variable `print-length'.
+
+The value of this variable is normally `nil'.  It may instead be
+a number; in that case, when a list is printed by `prin1' or
+`princ' only that many initial elements are printed; the rest are
+replaced by `...'.
+
+* New variable `find-file-not-found-hook'.
+
+If `find-file' or any of its variants is used on a nonexistent file,
+the value of `find-file-not-found-hook' is called (if it is not `nil')
+with no arguments, after creating an empty buffer.  The file's name
+can be found as the value of `buffer-file-name'.
+
+* Processes without buffers.
+
+In the function `start-process', you can now specify `nil' as
+the process's buffer.  You can also set a process's buffer to `nil'
+using `set-process-buffer'.
+
+The reason you might want to do this is to prevent the process
+from being killed because any particular buffer is killed.
+When a process has a buffer, killing that buffer kills the
+process too.
+
+When a process has no buffer, its output is lost unless it has a
+filter, and no indication of its being stopped or killed is given
+unless it has a sentinel.
+
+* New function `user-variable-p'.  `v' arg prompting changed.
+
+This function takes a symbol as argument and returns `t' if
+the symbol is defined as a user option variable.  This means
+that it has a `variable-documentation' property whose value is
+a string starting with `*'.
+
+Code `v' in an interactive arg reading string now accepts
+user variables only, and completion is limited to the space of
+user variables.
+
+The function `read-variable' also now accepts and completes
+over user variables only.
+
+* CBREAK mode input is the default in Unix 4.3 bsd.
+
+In Berkeley 4.3 Unix, there are sufficient features for Emacs to
+work fully correctly using CBREAK mode and not using SIGIO.
+Therefore, this mode is the default when running under 4.3.
+This mode corresponds to `nil' as the first argument to
+`set-input-mode'.  You can still select either mode by calling
+that function.
+
+* Information on memory usage.
+
+The new variable `data-bytes-used' contains the number
+of bytes of impure space allocated in Emacs.
+`data-bytes-free' contains the number of additional bytes
+Emacs could allocate.  Note that space formerly allocated
+and freed again still counts as `used', since it is still
+in Emacs's address space.
+
+* No limit on size of output from `format'.
+
+The string output from `format' used to be truncated to
+100 characters in length.  Now it can have any length.
+
+* New errors `void-variable' and `void-function' replace `void-symbol'.
+
+This change makes it possible to have error messages that
+clearly distinguish undefined variables from undefined functions.
+It also allows `condition-case' to handle one case without the other.
+
+* `replace-match' handling of `\'.
+
+In `replace-match', when the replacement is not literal,
+`\' in the replacement string is always treated as an
+escape marker.  The only two special `\' constructs
+are `\&' and `\DIGIT', so `\' followed by anything other than
+`&' or a digit has no effect.  `\\' is necessary to include
+a `\' in the replacement text.
+
+This level of escaping is comparable with what goes on in
+a regular expression.  It is over and above the level of `\'
+escaping that goes on when strings are read in Lisp syntax.
+
+* New error `invalid-regexp'.
+
+A regexp search signals this type of error if the argument does
+not meet the rules for regexp syntax.
+
+* `kill-emacs' with argument.
+
+If the argument is a number, it is returned as the exit status code
+of the Emacs process.  If the argument is a string, its contents
+are stuffed as pending terminal input, to be read by another program
+after Emacs is dead.
+
+* New fifth argument to `subst-char-in-region'.
+
+This argument is optional and defaults to `nil'.  If it is not `nil',
+then the substitutions made by this function are not recorded
+in the Undo mechanism.
+
+This feature should be used with great care.  It is now used
+by Outline mode to make lines visible or invisible.
+
+* ` *Backtrace*' buffer renamed to `*Backtrace*'.
+
+As a result, you can now reselect this buffer easily if you switch to
+another while in the debugger.
+
+Exiting from the debugger kills the `*Backtrace*' buffer, so you will
+not try to give commands in it when no longer really in the debugger.
+
+* New function `switch-to-buffer-other-window'.
+
+This is the new primitive to select a specified buffer (the
+argument)  in another window.  It is not quite the same as
+`pop-to-buffer', because it is guaranteed to create another
+window (assuming there is room on the screen) so that it can
+leave the current window's old buffer displayed as well.
+
+All functions to select a buffer in another window should
+do so by calling this new function.
+
+* New variable `minibuffer-help-form'.
+
+At entry to the minibuffer, the variable `help-form' is bound
+to the value of `minibuffer-help-form'.
+
+`help-form' is expected at all times to contain either `nil'
+or an expression to be executed when C-h is typed (overriding
+teh definition of C-h as a command).  `minibuffer-help-form'
+can be used to provide a different default way of handling
+C-h while in the minibuffer.
+
+* New \{...} documentation construct.
+
+It is now possible to set up the documentation string for
+a major mode in such a way that it always describes the contents
+of the major mode's keymap, as it has been customized.
+To do this, include in the documentation string the characters `\{'
+followed by the name of the variable containing the keymap,
+terminated with `}'.  (The `\' at the beginning probably needs to
+be quoted with a second `\', to include it in the doc string.)
+This construct is normally used on a line by itself, with no blank
+lines before or after.
+
+For example, the documentation string for the function `c-mode' contains
+    ...
+    Paragraphs are separated by blank lines only.
+    Delete converts tabs to spaces as it moves back.
+    \\{c-mode-map}
+    Variables controlling indentation style:
+    ...
+
+* New character syntax class "punctuation".
+
+Punctuation characters behave like whitespace in word and
+list parsing, but can be distinguished in regexps and in the
+function `char-syntax'.  Punctuation syntax is represented by
+a period in `modify-syntax-entry'.
+
+* `auto-mode-alist' no longer needs entries for backup-file names,
+
+Backup suffixes of all kinds are now stripped from a file's name
+before searching `auto-mode-alist'.
+
+Changes in Emacs 16
+
+* No special code for Ambassadors, VT-100's and Concept-100's.
+
+Emacs now controls these terminals based on the termcap entry, like
+all other terminals.  Formerly it did not refer to the termcap entries
+for those terminal types, and often the termcap entries for those
+terminals are wrong or inadequate.  If you experience worse behavior
+on these terminals than in version 15, you can probably correct it by
+fixing up the termcap entry.  See ./TERMS for more info.
+
+See ./TERMS in any case if you find that some terminal does not work
+right with Emacs now.
+
+* Minibuffer default completion character is TAB (and not ESC).
+
+So that ESC can be used in minibuffer for more useful prefix commands.
+
+* C-z suspends Emacs in all modes.
+
+Formerly, C-z was redefined for other purposes by certain modes,
+such as Buffer Menu mode.  Now other keys are used for those purposes,
+to keep the meaning of C-z uniform.
+
+* C-x ESC (repeat-complex-command) allows editing the command it repeats.
+
+Instead of asking for confirmation to re-execute a command from the
+command history, the command is placed, in its Lisp form, into the
+minibuffer for editing.  You can confirm by typing RETURN, change some
+arguments and then confirm, or abort with C-g.
+
+* Incremental search does less redisplay on slow terminals.
+
+If the terminal baud rate is <= the value of `isearch-slow-speed',
+incremental searching outside the text on the screen creates
+a single-line window and uses that to display the line on which
+a match has been found.  Exiting or quitting the search restores
+the previous window configuration and redisplays the window you
+were searching in.
+
+The initial value of `isearch-slow-speed' is 1200.
+
+This feature is courtesy of crl@purdue.
+
+* Recursive minibuffers not allowed.
+
+If the minibuffer window is selected, most commands that would
+use the minibuffer gets an error instead.  (Specific commands
+may override this feature and therefore still be allowed.)
+
+Strictly speaking, recursive entry to the minibuffer is still
+possible, because you can switch to another window after
+entering the minibuffer, and then minibuffer-using commands
+are allowed.  This is still allowed by a deliberate decision:
+if you know enough to switch windows while in the minibuffer,
+you can probably understand recursive minibuffers.
+
+This may be overridden by binding the variable
+`enable-recursive-minibuffers' to t.
+
+* New major mode Emacs-Lisp mode, for editing Lisp code to run in Emacs.
+
+The mode in which emacs lisp files is edited is now called emacs-lisp-mode
+and is distinct from lisp-mode.  The latter is intended for use with
+lisps external to emacs.
+
+The hook which is funcalled (if non-nil) on entry to elisp-mode is now
+called emacs-lisp-mode-hook.  A consequence of this changes is that
+.emacs init files which set the value of lisp-mode-hook may need to be
+changed to use the new names.
+
+* Correct matching of parentheses is checked on insertion.
+
+When you insert a close-paren, the matching open-paren
+is checked for validity.  The close paren must be the kind
+of close-paren that the open-paren says it should match.
+Otherwise, a warning message is printed.  close-paren immediately
+preceded by quoting backslash syntax character is not matched. 
+
+This feature was originally written by shane@mit-ajax.
+
+* M-x list-command-history
+* M-x command-history-mode
+* M-x electric-command-history
+
+`list-command-history' displays forms from the command history subject
+to user controlled filtering and limit on number of forms.  It leaves
+the buffer in `command-history-mode'.  M-x command-history-mode
+recomputes the command history each time it is invoked via
+`list-command-history'.  It is like Emacs-Lisp mode except that characters
+don't insert themselves and provision is made for re-evaluating an
+expression from the list.  `electric-command-history' pops up a type
+out window with the command history displayed.  If the very next
+character is Space, the window goes away and the previous window
+configuration is restored.  Otherwise you can move around in the
+history and select an expression for evaluation *inside* the buffer
+which invoked `electric-command-history'.  The original window
+configuration is restored on exit unless the command selected changes
+it.
+
+* M-x edit-picture
+
+Enters a temporary major mode (the previous major mode is remembered
+and can is restored on exit) designed for editing pictures and tables.
+Printing characters replace rather than insert themselves with motion
+afterwards that is user controlled (you can specify any of the 8
+compass directions).  Special commands for movement are provided.
+Special commands for hacking tabs and tab stops are provided.  Special
+commands for killing rectangles and overlaying them are provided.  See
+the documentation of function  edit-picture  for more details.
+
+Calls value of `edit-picture-hook' on entry if non-nil.
+
+* Stupid C-s/C-q `flow control' supported.
+
+Do (set-input-mode nil t) to tell Emacs to use CBREAK mode and interpret
+C-s and C-q as flow control commands.  (set-input-mode t nil) switches
+back to interrupt-driven input.  (set-input-mode nil nil) uses CBREAK
+mode but no `flow control'; this may make it easier to run Emacs under
+certain debuggers that have trouble dealing with inferiors that use SIGIO.
+
+CBREAK mode has certain inherent disadvantages, which are why it is
+not the default:
+
+     Meta-keys are ignored; CBREAK mode discards the 8th bit of
+     input characters.
+
+     Control-G as keyboard input discards buffered output,
+     and therefore can cause incorrect screen updating.
+
+The use of `flow control' has its own additional disadvantage: the
+characters C-s and C-q are not available as editing commands.  You can
+partially compensate for this by setting up a keyboard-translate-table
+(see file ONEWS) that maps two other characters (such as C-^ and C-\) into
+C-s and C-q.  Of course, C-^ and C-\ are commonly used as escape
+characters in remote-terminal programs.  You really can't win except
+by getting rid of this sort of `flow control.'
+
+The configuration switch CBREAK_INPUT is now eliminated.
+INTERRUPT_INPUT exists only to specify the default mode of operation;
+#define it to make interrupt-driven input the default.
+
+* Completion of directory names provides a slash.
+
+If file name completion yields the name of a directory,
+a slash is appended to it.
+
+* Undo can clear modified-flag.
+
+If you undo changes in a buffer back to a state in which the
+buffer was not considered "modified", then it is labelled as
+once again "unmodified".
+
+* M-x run-lisp.
+
+This command creates an inferior Lisp process whose input and output
+appear in the Emacs buffer named `*lisp*'.  That buffer uses a major mode
+called inferior-lisp-mode, which has many of the commands of lisp-mode
+and those of shell-mode.   Calls the value of shell-mode-hook and
+lisp-mode-hook, in that order, if non-nil.
+
+Meanwhile, in lisp-mode, the command C-M-x is defined to
+send the current defun as input to the `*lisp*' subprocess.
+
+* Mode line says `Narrow' when buffer is clipped.
+
+If a buffer has a clipping restriction (made by `narrow-to-region')
+then its mode line contains the word `Narrow' after the major and
+minor modes.
+
+* Mode line says `Abbrev' when abbrev mode is on.
+
+* add-change-log-entry takes prefix argument
+
+Giving a prefix argument makes it prompt for login name, full name,
+and site name, with defaults.  Otherwise the defaults are used
+with no confirmation.
+
+* M-x view-buffer and M-x view-file
+
+view-buffer selects the named buffer, view-file finds the named file; the
+resulting buffer is placed into view-mode (a recursive edit).  The normal
+emacs commands are not available.  Instead a set of special commands is
+provided which faclitate moving around in the buffer, searching and
+scrolling by screenfuls.  Exiting view-mode returns to the buffer in which
+the view-file or view-buffer command was given.
+Type ? or h when viewing for a complete list of view commands.
+Each calls value of `view-hook' if non-nil on entry.
+
+written by shane@mit-ajax.
+
+* New key commands in dired.
+
+`v' views (like more) the file on the current line.
+`#' marks auto-save files for deletion.
+`~' marks backup files for deletion.
+`r' renames a file and updates the directory listing if the
+file is renamed to same directory.
+`c' copies a file and updates the directory listing if the file is
+copied to the same directory.
+
+* New function `electric-buffer-list'.
+
+This pops up a buffer describing the set of emacs buffers.
+Immediately typing space makes the buffer list go away and returns
+to the buffer and window which were previously selected.
+
+Otherwise one may use the c-p and c-n commands to move around in the
+buffer-list buffer and type Space or C-z to select the buffer on the
+cursor's line.  There are a number of other commands which are the same
+as those of buffer-menu-mode.
+
+This is a useful thing to bind to c-x c-b in your `.emacs' file if the
+rather non-standard `electric' behaviour of the buffer list suits your taste.
+Type C-h after invoking electric-buffer-list for more information.
+
+Calls value of `electric-buffer-menu-mode-hook' if non-nil on entry.
+Calls value of `after-electric-buffer-menu' on exit (select) if non-nil.
+
+Changes in version 16 for mail reading and sending
+
+* sendmail prefix character is C-c (and not C-z).  New command C-c w.
+
+For instance C-c C-c (or C-c C-s) sends mail now rather than C-z C-z.
+C-c w inserts your `signature' (contents of ~/.signature) at the end
+of mail.
+
+* New feature in C-c y command in sending mail.
+
+C-c y is the command to insert the message being replied to.
+Normally it deletes most header fields and indents everything
+by three spaces.
+
+Now, C-c y does not delete header fields or indent.
+C-c y with any other numeric argument does delete most header
+fields, but indents by the amount specified in the argument.
+
+* C-r command in Rmail edits current message.
+
+It does this by switching to a different major mode
+which is nearly the same as Text mode.  The only difference
+between it and text mode are the two command C-c and C-].
+C-c is defined to switch back to Rmail mode, and C-]
+is defined to restore the original contents of the message
+and then switch back to Rmail mode.
+
+C-c and C-] are the only ways "back into Rmail", but you
+can switch to other buffers and edit them as usual.
+C-r in Rmail changes only the handling of the Rmail buffer.
+
+* Rmail command `t' toggles header display.
+
+Normally Rmail reformats messages to hide most header fields.
+`t' switches to display of all the header fields of the
+current message, as long as it remains current.
+Another `t' switches back to the usual display.
+
+* Rmail command '>' goes to the last message.
+
+* Rmail commands `a' and `k' set message attributes.
+`a' adds an attribute and `k' removes one.  You specify
+the attrbute by name.  You can specify either a built-in
+flag such as "deleted" or "filed", or a user-defined keyword
+(anything not recognized as built-in).
+
+* Rmail commands `l' and `L' summarize by attributes.
+
+These commands create a summary with one line per message,
+like `h', but they list only some of the messages.  You
+specify which attribute (for `l') or attributes (for `L')
+the messages should have.
+
+* Rmail can parse mmdf mail files.
+
+* Interface to MH mail system.
+
+mh-e is a front end for GNU emacs and the MH mail system.  It
+provides a friendly and convient interface to the MH commands.
+
+To read mail, invoke mh-rmail.  This will inc new mail and display the
+scan listing on the screen.  To see a summary of the mh-e commands,
+type ?.  Help is available through the usual facilities.
+
+To send mail, invoke mh-smail.
+
+mh-e requires a copy of MH.5 that has been compiled with the MHE
+compiler switch.
+
+From larus@berkeley.
+
+New hooks and parameters in version 16
+
+* New variable `blink-matching-paren-distance'.
+
+This is the maximum number of characters to search for
+an open-paren to match an inserted close-paren.
+The matching open-paren is shown and checked if it is found
+within this distance.
+
+`nil' means search all the way to the beginning of the buffer.
+In this case, a warning message is printed if no matching
+open-paren is found.
+
+This feature was originally written by shane@mit-ajax.
+
+* New variable `find-file-run-dired'
+
+If nil, find-file will report an error if an attempt to visit a
+directory is detected; otherwise, it runs dired on that directory.
+The default is t.
+
+* Variable `dired-listing-switches' holds switches given to `ls' by dired.
+
+The value should be a string containing `-' followed by letters.
+The letter `l' had better be included and letter 'F' had better be excluded!
+The default is "-al".
+
+This feature was originally written by shane@mit-ajax.
+
+* New variable `display-time-day-and-date'.
+
+If this variable is set non-`nil', the function M-x display-time
+displays the day and date, as well as the time.
+
+* New parameter `c-continued-statement-indent'.
+
+This controls the extra indentation given to a line
+that continues a C statement started on the previous line.
+By default it is 2, which is why you would see
+
+	if (foo)
+	  bar ();
+
+
+* Changed meaning of `c-indent-level'.
+
+The value of `c-brace-offset' used to be
+subtracted from the value of `c-indent-level' whenever
+that value was used.  Now it is not.
+
+As a result, `c-indent-level' is now the offset of
+statements within a block, relative to the line containing
+the open-brace that starts the block.
+
+* turn-on-auto-fill is useful value for text-mode-hook.
+
+(setq text-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill)
+is all you have to do to make sure Auto Fill mode is turned
+on whenever you enter Text mode.
+
+* Parameter explicit-shell-file-name for M-x shell.
+
+This variable, if non-nil, specifies the file name to use
+for the shell to run if you do M-x shell.
+
+Changes in version 16 affecting Lisp programming:
+
+* Documentation strings adapt to customization.
+
+Often the documentation string for a command wants to mention
+another command.  Simply stating the other command as a
+character sequence has a disadvantage: if the user customizes
+Emacs by moving that function to a different command, the
+cross reference in the documentation becomes wrong.
+
+A new feature allows you to write the documentation string
+using a function name, and the command to run that function
+is looked up when the documentation is printed.
+
+If a documentation string contains `\[' (two characters) then
+the following text, up to the next `]', is taken as a function name.
+Instead of printing that function name, the command that runs it is printed.
+(M-x is used to construct a command if no shorter one exists.)
+
+For example, instead of putting `C-n' in a documentation string
+to refer to the C-n command, put in `\[next-line]'.  (In practice
+you will need to quote the backslash with another backslash,
+due to the syntax for strings in Lisp and C.)
+
+To include the literal characters `\[' in a documentation string,
+precede them with `\='.  To include the characters `\=', precede
+them with `\='.  For example, "\\=\\= is the way to quote \\=\\["
+will come out as `\= is the way to quote \['.
+
+The new function `substitute-command-keys' takes a string possibly
+contaning \[...] constructs and replaces those constructs with
+the key sequences they currently stand for.
+
+* Primitives `find-line-comment' and `find-line-comment-body' flushed.
+
+Search for the value of `comment-start-skip' if you want to find
+whether and where a line has a comment.
+
+* New function `auto-save-file-name-p'
+
+Should return non-`nil' iff given a string which is the name of an
+auto-save file (sans directory name).  If you redefine
+`make-auto-save-file-name', you should redefine this accordingly.  By
+default, this function returns `t' for filenames beginning with
+character `#'.
+
+* The value of `exec-directory' now ends in a slash.
+
+This is to be compatible with most directory names in GNU Emacs.
+
+* Dribble files and termscript files.
+
+(open-dribble-file FILE) opens a dribble file named FILE.  When a
+dribble file is open, every character Emacs reads from the terminal is
+written to the dribble file.
+
+(open-termscript FILE) opens a termscript file named FILE.  When a
+termscript file is open, all characters sent to the terminal by Emacs
+are also written in the termscript file.
+
+The two of these together are very useful for debugging Emacs problems
+in redisplay.
+
+* Upper case command characters by default are same as lower case.
+
+If a character in a command is an upper case letter, and is not defined,
+Emacs uses the definition of the corresponding lower case letter.
+For example, if C-x U is not directly undefined, it is treated as
+a synonym for C-x u (undo).
+
+* Undefined function errors versus undefined variable errors.
+
+Void-symbol errors now say "boundp" if the symbol's value was void
+or "fboundp" if the function definition was void.
+
+* New function `bury-buffer'.
+
+The new function `bury-buffer' takes one argument, a buffer object,
+and puts that buffer at the end of the internal list of buffers.
+So it is the least preferred candidate for use as the default value
+of C-x b, or for other-buffer to return.
+
+* Already-displayed buffers have low priority for display.
+
+When a buffer is chosen automatically for display, or to be the
+default in C-x b, buffers already displayed in windows have lower
+priority than buffers not currently visible.
+
+* `set-window-start' accepts a third argument NOFORCE.
+
+This argument, if non-nil, prevents the window's force_start flag
+from being set.  Setting the force_start flag causes the next
+redisplay to insist on starting display at the specified starting
+point, even if dot must be moved to get it onto the screen.
+
+* New function `send-string-to-terminal'.
+
+This function takes one argument, a string, and outputs its contents
+to the terminal exactly as specified: control characters, escape
+sequences, and all.
+
+* Keypad put in command mode.
+
+The terminal's keypad is now put into command mode, as opposed to
+numeric mode, while Emacs is running.  This is done by means of the
+termcap `ks' and `ke' strings.
+
+* New function `generate-new-buffer'
+
+This function takes a string as an argument NAME and looks for a
+creates and returns a buffer called NAME if one did not already exist.
+Otherwise, it successively tries appending suffixes of the form "<1>",
+"<2>" etc to NAME until it creates a string which does not name an
+existing buffer.  A new buffer with that name is the created and returned.
+
+* New function `prin1-to-string'
+This function takes one argument, a lisp object, and returns a string
+containing that object's printed representation, such as `prin1'
+would output.
+
+* New function `read-from-minibuffer'
+Lets you supply a prompt, initial-contents, a keymap, and specify
+whether the result should be interpreted as a string or a lisp object.
+
+Old functions `read-minibuffer', `eval-minibuffer', `read-string' all
+take second optional string argument which is initial contents of
+minibuffer. 
+
+* minibuffer variable names changed (names of keymaps)
+
+minibuf-local-map -> minibuffer-local-map
+minibuf-local-ns-map -> minibuffer-local-ns-map
+minibuf-local-completion-map -> minibuffer-local-completion-map
+minibuf-local-must-match-map -> minibuffer-local-must-match-map
+
+Changes in version 16 affecting configuring and building Emacs
+
+* Configuration switch VT100_INVERSE eliminated.
+
+You can control the use of inverse video on any terminal by setting
+the variable `inverse-video', or by changing the termcap entry.  If
+you like, set `inverse-video' in your `.emacs' file based on
+examination of (getenv "TERM").
+
+* New switch `-batch' makes Emacs run noninteractively.
+
+If the switch `-batch' is used, Emacs treats its standard output
+and input like ordinary files (even if they are a terminal).
+It does not display buffers or windows; the only output to standard output
+is what would appear as messages in the echo area, and each
+message is followed by a newline.
+
+The terminal modes are not changed, so that C-z and C-c retain
+their normal Unix meanings.  Emacs does still read commands from
+the terminal, but the idea of `-batch' is that you use it with
+other command line arguments that tell Emacs a complete task to perform,
+including killing itself.  `-kill' used as the last argument is a good
+way to accomplish this.
+
+The Lisp variable `noninteractive' is now defined, to be `nil'
+except when `-batch' has been specified.
+
+* Emacs can be built with output redirected to a file.
+
+This is because -batch (see above) is now used in building Emacs.
+
+For older news, see the file OOOONEWS.
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Copyright information:
+
+Copyright (C) 1985 Richard M. Stallman
+
+   Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
+   of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
+   copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved,
+   thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn.
+
+   Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
+   of this document, or of portions of it,
+   under the above conditions, provided also that they
+   carry prominent notices stating who last changed them.
+
+Local variables:
+mode: text
+end:

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/OOOOONEWS	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,1165 @@
+Old GNU Emacs NEWS -- history of user-visible changes thru version 15.
+Copyright (C) 1985 Richard M. Stallman.
+See the end for copying conditions.
+
+Changes in Emacs 15
+
+* Emacs now runs on Sun and Megatest 68000 systems;
+ also on at least one 16000 system running 4.2.
+
+* Emacs now alters the output-start and output-stop characters
+ to prevent C-s and C-q from being considered as flow control
+ by cretinous rlogin software in 4.2.
+
+* It is now possible convert Mocklisp code (for Gosling Emacs) to Lisp code
+ that can run in GNU Emacs.  M-x convert-mocklisp-buffer
+ converts the contents of the current buffer from Mocklisp to
+ GNU Emacs Lisp.  You should then save the converted buffer with C-x C-w
+ under a name ending in ".el"
+
+ There are probably some Mocklisp constructs that are not handled.
+ If you encounter one, feel free to report the failure as a bug.
+ The construct will be handled in a future Emacs release, if that is not
+ not too hard to do.
+
+ Note that lisp code converted from Mocklisp code will not necessarily
+ run as fast as code specifically written for GNU Emacs, nor will it use
+ the many features of GNU Emacs which are not present in Gosling's emacs.
+ (In particular, the byte-compiler (m-x byte-compile-file) knows little
+ about compilation of code directly converted from mocklisp.)
+ It is envisaged that old mocklisp code will be incrementally converted
+ to GNU lisp code, with M-x convert-mocklisp-buffer being the first
+ step in this process.
+
+* Control-x n (narrow-to-region) is now by default a disabled command.
+
+ This means that, if you issue this command, it will ask whether
+ you really mean it.  You have the opportunity to enable the
+ command permanently at that time, so you will not be asked again.
+ This will place the form "(put 'narrow-to-region 'disabled nil)" in your
+ .emacs file.
+
+* Tags now prompts for the tag table file name to use.
+
+ All the tags commands ask for the tag table file name
+ if you have not yet specified one.
+
+ Also, the command M-x visit-tag-table can now be used to
+ specify the tag table file name initially, or to switch
+ to a new tag table.
+
+* If truncate-partial-width-windows is non-nil (as it intially is),
+ all windows less than the full screen width (that is,
+ made by side-by-side splitting) truncate lines rather than continuing
+ them.
+
+* Emacs now checks for Lisp stack overflow to avoid fatal errors.
+ The depth in eval, apply and funcall may not exceed max-lisp-eval-depth.
+ The depth in variable bindings and unwind-protects may not exceed
+ max-specpdl-size.  If either limit is exceeded, an error occurs.
+ You can set the limits to larger values if you wish, but if you make them
+ too large, you are vulnerable to a fatal error if you invoke
+ Lisp code that does infinite recursion.
+
+* New hooks  find-file-hook  and  write-file-hook.
+ Both of these variables if non-nil should be functions of no arguments.
+ At the time they are called (current-buffer) will be the buffer being
+ read or written respectively.
+
+ find-file-hook  is called whenever a file is read into its own buffer,
+ such as by calling  find-file,  revert-buffer, etc.  It is not called by
+ functions such as  insert-file  which do not read the file into a buffer of
+ its own.
+ find-file-hook  is called after the file has been read in and its
+ local variables (if any) have been processed.
+
+ write-file-hook  is called just before writing out a file from a buffer.
+
+* The initial value of shell-prompt-pattern is now  "^[^#$%>]*[#$%>] *"
+
+* If the .emacs file sets inhibit-startup-message to non-nil,
+ the messages normally printed by Emacs at startup time
+ are inhibited.
+
+* Facility for run-time conditionalization on the basis of emacs features.
+
+ The new variable  features  is a list of symbols which represent "features"
+ of the executing emacs, for use in run-time conditionalization.
+
+ The function  featurep  of one argument may be used to test for the
+ presence of a feature. It is just the same as
+ (not (null (memq FEATURE features))) where FEATURE is its argument.
+ For example, (if (featurep 'magic-window-hack)
+		  (transmogrify-window 'vertical)
+		(split-window-vertically))
+
+ The function  provide  of one argument "announces" that FEATURE is present.
+ It is much the same as (if (not (featurep FEATURE))
+			    (setq features (cons FEATURE features)))
+
+ The function  require  with arguments FEATURE and FILE-NAME loads FILE-NAME
+ (which should contain the form (provide FEATURE)) unless FEATURE is present.
+ It is much the same as (if (not (featurep FEATURE))
+			    (progn (load FILE-NAME)
+				   (if (not featurep FEATURE) (error ...))))
+ FILE-NAME is optional and defaults to FEATURE.
+
+* New function load-average.
+
+ This returns a list of three integers, which are
+ the current 1 minute, 5 minute and 15 minute load averages,
+ each multiplied by a hundred (since normally they are floating
+ point numbers).
+
+* Per-terminal libraries loaded automatically.
+
+ Emacs when starting up on terminal type T automatically loads
+ a library named term-T.  T is the value of the TERM environment variable.
+ Thus, on terminal type vt100, Emacs would do (load "term-vt100" t t).
+ Such libraries are good places to set the character translation table.
+
+ It is a bad idea to redefine lots of commands in a per-terminal library,
+ since this affects all users.  Instead, define a command to do the
+ redefinitions and let the user's init file, which is loaded later,
+ call that command or not, as the user prefers.
+
+* Programmer's note: detecting killed buffers.
+
+ Buffers are eliminated by explicitly killing them, using
+ the function kill-buffer.  This does not eliminate or affect
+ the pointers to the buffer which may exist in list structure.
+ If you have a pointer to a buffer and wish to tell whether
+ the buffer has been killed, use the function buffer-name.
+ It returns nil on a killed buffer, and a string on a live buffer.
+
+* New ways to access the last command input character.
+
+ The function last-key-struck, which used to return the last
+ input character that was read by command input, is eliminated.
+ Instead, you can find this information as the value of the
+ variable last-command-char.  (This variable used to be called
+ last-key).
+
+ Another new variable, last-input-char, holds the last character
+ read from the command input stream regardless of what it was
+ read for.  last-input-char and last-command-char are different
+ only inside a command that has called read-char to read input.
+
+* The new switch -kill causes Emacs to exit after processing the
+ preceding command line arguments.  Thus,
+    emacs -l lib data -e do-it -kill
+ means to load lib, find file data, call do-it on no arguments,
+ and then exit.
+
+* The config.h file has been modularized.
+
+ Options that depend on the machine you are running on are defined
+ in a file whose name starts with "m-", such as m-vax.h.
+ Options that depend on the operating system software version you are
+ running on are defined in a file whose name starts with "s-",
+ such as s-bsd4.2.h.
+
+ config.h includes one m- file and one s- file.  It also defines a
+ few other options whose values do not follow from the machine type
+ and system type being used.  Installers normally will have to
+ select the correct m- and s- files but will never have to change their
+ contents.
+
+* Termcap AL and DL strings are understood.
+
+ If the termcap entry defines AL and DL strings, for insertion
+ and deletion of multiple lines in one blow, Emacs now uses them.
+ This matters most on certain bit map display terminals for which
+ scrolling is comparatively slow.
+
+* Bias against scrolling screen far on fast terminals.
+
+ Emacs now prefers to redraw a few lines rather than
+ shift them a long distance on the screen, when the terminal is fast.
+
+* New major mode, mim-mode.
+
+ This major mode is for editing MDL code.  Perhaps a MDL
+ user can explain why it is not called mdl-mode.
+ You must load the library mim-mode explicitly to use this.
+
+* GNU documentation formatter `texinfo'.
+
+ The `texinfo' library defines a format for documentation
+ files which can be passed through Tex to make a printed manual
+ or passed through texinfo to make an Info file.  Texinfo is
+ documented fully by its own Info file; compare this file
+ with its source, texinfo.texinfo, for additional guidance.
+
+ All documentation files for GNU utilities should be written
+ in texinfo input format.
+
+ Tex processing of texinfo files requires the Botex macro package.
+ This is not ready for distribution yet, but will appear at
+ a later time.
+
+* New function read-from-string (emacs 15.29)
+
+ read-from-string takes three arguments: a string to read from,
+ and optionally start and end indices which delimit a substring
+ from which to read.  (They default to 0 and the length of the string,
+ respectively.)
+
+ This function returns a cons cell whose car is the object produced
+ by reading from the string and whose cdr is a number giving the
+ index in the string of the first character not read. That index may
+ be passed as the second argument to a later call to  read-from-string
+ to read the next form represented by the string.
+
+ In addition, the function  read  now accepts a string as its argument.
+ In this case, it calls  read-from-string  on the whole string, and
+ returns the car of the result. (ie the actual object read.)
+
+Changes in Emacs 14
+
+* Completion now prints various messages such as [Sole Completion]
+ or [Next Character Not Unique] to describe the results obtained.
+ These messages appear after the text in the minibuffer, and remain
+ on the screen until a few seconds go by or you type a key.
+
+* The buffer-read-only flag is implemented.
+ Setting or binding this per-buffer variable to a non-nil value
+ makes illegal any operation which would modify the textual content of
+ the buffer.  (Such operations signal a  buffer-read-only  error)
+ The read-only state of a buffer may be altered using toggle-read-only
+ (C-x C-q)
+ The buffers used by Rmail, Dired, Rnews, and Info are now read-only
+ by default to prevent accidental damage to the information in those
+ buffers.
+
+* Functions car-safe and cdr-safe.
+ These functions are like car and cdr when the argument is a cons.
+ Given an argument not a cons, car-safe always returns nil, with
+ no error; the same for cdr-safe.
+
+* The new function user-real-login-name returns the name corresponding
+ to the real uid of the Emacs process.  This is usually the same
+ as what user-login-name returns; however, when Emacs is invoked
+ from su, user-real-login-name returns "root" but user-login-name
+ returns the name of the user who invoked su.
+
+Changes in Emacs 13
+
+* There is a new version numbering scheme.
+
+ What used to be the first version number, which was 1,
+ has been discarded since it does not seem that I need three
+ levels of version number.
+
+ However, a new third version number has been added to represent
+ changes by user sites.  This number will always be zero in
+ Emacs when I distribute it; it will be incremented each time
+ Emacs is built at another site.
+
+* There is now a reader syntax for Meta characters:
+ \M-CHAR means CHAR or'ed with the Meta bit.  For example:
+
+    ?\M-x   is   (+ ?x 128)
+    ?\M-\n  is   (+ ?\n 128)
+    ?\M-\^f is   (+ ?\^f 128)
+
+ This syntax can be used in strings too.  Note, however, that
+ Meta characters are not meaningful in key sequences being passed
+ to define-key or lookup-key; you must use ESC characters (\e)
+ in them instead.
+
+ ?\C- can be used likewise for control characters.  (13.9)
+
+* Installation change
+ The string "../lisp" now adds to the front of the load-path
+ used for searching for Lisp files during Emacs initialization.
+ It used to replace the path specified in paths.h entirely.
+ Now the directory ../lisp is searched first and the directoris
+ specified in paths.h are searched afterward.
+
+Changes in Emacs 1.12
+
+* There is a new installation procedure.
+ See the file INSTALL that comes in the top level
+ directory in the tar file or tape.
+
+* The Meta key is now supported on terminals that have it.
+ This is a shift key which causes the high bit to be turned on
+ in all input characters typed while it is held down.
+
+ read-char now returns a value in the range 128-255 if
+ a Meta character is typed.  When interpreted as command
+ input, a Meta character is equivalent to a two character
+ sequence, the meta prefix character followed by the un-metized
+ character (Meta-G unmetized is G).
+
+ The meta prefix character
+ is specified by the value of the variable meta-prefix-char.
+ If this character (normally Escape) has been redefined locally
+ with a non-prefix definition (such as happens in completing
+ minibuffers) then the local redefinition is suppressed when
+ the character is not the last one in a key sequence.
+ So the local redefinition is effective if you type the character
+ explicitly, but not effective if the character comes from
+ the use of the Meta key.
+
+* `-' is no longer a completion command in the minibuffer.
+ It is an ordinary self-inserting character.
+
+* The list load-path of directories load to search for Lisp files
+ is now controlled by the EMACSLOADPATH environment variable
+[[ Note this was originally EMACS-LOAD-PATH and has been changed
+ again; sh does not deal properly with hyphens in env variable names]]
+ rather than the EPATH environment variable.  This is to avoid
+ conflicts with other Emacses.
+
+ While Emacs is being built initially, the load-path
+ is now just ("../lisp"), ignoring paths.h.  It does not
+ ignore EMACSLOADPATH, however; you should avoid having
+ this variable set while building Emacs.
+
+* You can now specify a translation table for keyboard
+ input characters, as a way of exchanging or substituting
+ keys on the keyboard.
+
+ If the value of keyboard-translate-table is a string,
+ every character received from the keyboard is used as an
+ index in that string, and the character at that index in
+ the string is used as input instead of what was actually
+ typed.  If the actual input character is >= the length of
+ the string, it is used unchanged.
+
+ One way this feature can be used is to fix bad keyboard
+ designes.  For example, on some terminals, Delete is 
+ Shift-Underscore.  Since Delete is a more useful character
+ than Underscore, it is an improvement to make the unshifted
+ character Delete and the shifted one Underscore.  This can
+ be done with
+
+  ;; First make a translate table that does the identity translation.
+  (setq keyboard-translate-table (make-string 128 0))
+  (let ((i 0))
+    (while (< i 128)
+      (aset keyboard-translate-table i i)
+      (setq i (1+ i))))
+
+  ;; Now alter translations of some characters.
+  (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\_ ?\^?)
+  (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\^? ?\_)
+
+ If your terminal has a Meta key and can therefore send
+ codes up to 255, Meta characters are translated through
+ elements 128 through 255 of the translate table, and therefore
+ are translated independently of the corresponding non-Meta
+ characters.  You must therefore establish translations
+ independently for the Meta characters if you want them too:
+
+  ;; First make a translate table that does the identity translation.
+  (setq keyboard-translate-table (make-string 256 0))
+  (let ((i 0))
+    (while (< i 256)
+      (aset keyboard-translate-table i i)
+      (setq i (1+ i))))
+
+  ;; Now alter translations of some characters.
+  (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\_ ?\^?)
+  (aset keyboard-translate-table ?\^? ?\_)
+
+  ;; Now alter translations of some Meta characters.
+  (aset keyboard-translate-table (+ 128 ?\_) (+ 128 ?\^?))
+  (aset keyboard-translate-table (+ 128 ?\^?) (+ 128 ?\_))
+
+* (process-kill-without-query PROCESS)
+
+This marks the process so that, when you kill Emacs,
+you will not on its account be queried about active subprocesses.
+
+Changes in Emacs 1.11
+
+* The commands C-c and C-z have been interchanged,
+ for greater compatibility with normal Unix usage.
+ C-z now runs suspend-emacs and C-c runs exit-recursive-edit.
+
+* The value returned by file-name-directory now ends
+ with a slash.  (file-name-directory "foo/bar") => "foo/".
+ This avoids confusing results when dealing with files
+ in the root directory.
+
+ The value of the per-buffer variable default-directory
+ is also supposed to have a final slash now.
+
+* There are now variables to control the switches passed to
+ `ls' by the C-x C-d command (list-directory).
+ list-directory-brief-switches is a string, initially "-CF",
+ used for brief listings, and list-directory-verbose-switches
+ is a string, initially "-l", used for verbose ones.
+
+* For Ann Arbor Ambassador terminals, the termcap "ti" string
+ is now used to initialize the screen geometry on entry to Emacs,
+ and the "te" string is used to set it back on exit.
+ If the termcap entry does not define the "ti" or "te" string,
+ Emacs does what it used to do.
+
+Changes in Emacs 1.10
+
+* GNU Emacs has been made almost 1/3 smaller.
+ It now dumps out as only 530kbytes on Vax 4.2bsd.
+
+* The term "checkpoint" has been replaced by "auto save"
+ throughout the function names, variable names and documentation
+ of GNU Emacs.
+
+* The function load now tries appending ".elc" and ".el"
+ to the specified filename BEFORE it tries the filename
+ without change.
+
+* rmail now makes the mode line display the total number
+ of messages and the current message number.
+ The "f" command now means forward a message to another user.
+ The command to search through all messages for a string is now "F".
+ The "u" command now means to move back to the previous
+ message and undelete it.  To undelete the selected message, use Meta-u.
+
+* The hyphen character is now equivalent to a Space while
+ in completing minibuffers.  Both mean to complete an additional word.
+
+* The Lisp function error now takes args like format
+ which are used to construct the error message.
+
+* Redisplay will refuse to start its display at the end of the buffer.
+ It will pick a new place to display from, rather than use that.
+
+* The value returned by garbage-collect has been changed.
+ Its first element is no longer a number but a cons,
+ whose car is the number of cons cells now in use,
+ and whose cdr is the number of cons cells that have been
+ made but are now free.
+ The second element is similar but describes symbols rather than cons cells.
+ The third element is similar but describes markers.
+
+* The variable buffer-name has been eliminated.
+ The function buffer-name still exists.  This is to prevent
+ user programs from changing buffer names without going
+ through the rename-buffer function.
+
+Changes in Emacs 1.9
+
+* When a fill prefix is in effect, paragraphs are started
+ or separated by lines that do not start with the fill prefix.
+ Also, a line which consists of the fill prefix followed by
+ white space separates paragraphs.
+
+* C-x C-v runs the new function find-alternate-file.
+ It finds the specified file, switches to that buffer,
+ and kills the previous current buffer.  (It requires
+ confirmation if that buffer had changes.)  This is
+ most useful after you find the wrong file due to a typo.
+
+* Exiting the minibuffer moves the cursor to column 0,
+ to show you that it has really been exited.
+
+* Meta-g (fill-region) now fills each paragraph in the
+ region individually.  To fill the region as if it were
+ a single paragraph (for when the paragraph-delimiting mechanism
+ does the wrong thing), use fill-region-as-paragraph.
+
+* Tab in text mode now runs the function tab-to-tab-stop.
+ A new mode called indented-text-mode is like text-mode
+ except that in it Tab runs the function indent-relative,
+ which indents the line under the previous line.
+ If auto fill is enabled while in indented-text-mode,
+ the new lines that it makes are indented.
+
+* Functions kill-rectangle and yank-rectangle.
+ kill-rectangle deletes the rectangle specified by dot and mark
+ (or by two arguments) and saves it in the variable killed-rectangle.
+ yank-rectangle inserts the rectangle in that variable.
+
+ Tab characters in a rectangle being saved are replaced
+ by spaces in such a way that their appearance will
+ not be changed if the rectangle is later reinserted
+ at a different column position.
+
+* `+' in a regular expression now means
+ to repeat the previous expression one or more times.
+ `?' means to repeat it zero or one time.
+ They are in all regards like `*' except for the
+ number of repetitions they match.
+
+ \< in a regular expression now matches the null string
+ when it is at the beginning of a word; \> matches
+ the null string at the end of a word.
+
+* C-x p narrows the buffer so that only the current page
+ is visible.
+
+* C-x ) with argument repeats the kbd macro just
+ defined that many times, counting the definition
+ as one repetition.
+
+* C-x ( with argument begins defining a kbd macro
+ starting with the last one defined.  It executes that
+ previous kbd macro initially, just as if you began
+ by typing it over again.
+
+* C-x q command queries the user during kbd macro execution.
+ With prefix argument, enters recursive edit,
+  reading keyboard commands even within a kbd macro.
+  You can give different commands each time the macro executes.
+ Without prefix argument, reads a character.  Your options are:
+  Space -- execute the rest of the macro.
+  Delete -- skip the rest of the macro; start next repetition.
+  C-d -- skip rest of the macro and don't repeat it any more.
+  C-r -- enter a recursive edit, then on exit ask again for a character
+  C-l -- redisplay screen and ask again."
+
+* write-kbd-macro and append-kbd-macro are used to save
+ a kbd macro definition in a file (as Lisp code to
+ redefine the macro when the file is loaded).
+ These commands differ in that write-kbd-macro
+ discards the previous contents of the file.
+ If given a prefix argument, both commands
+ record the keys which invoke the macro as well as the
+ macro's definition.
+
+* The variable global-minor-modes is used to display
+ strings in the mode line of all buffers.  It should be
+ a list of elements thaht are conses whose cdrs are strings
+ to be displayed.  This complements the variable
+ minor-modes, which has the same effect but has a separate
+ value in each buffer.
+
+* C-x = describes horizontal scrolling in effect, if any.
+
+* Return now auto-fills the line it is ending, in auto fill mode.
+ Space with zero as argument auto-fills the line before it
+ just like Space without an argument.
+
+Changes in Emacs 1.8
+
+This release mostly fixes bugs.  There are a few new features:
+
+* apropos now sorts the symbols before displaying them.
+ Also, it returns a list of the symbols found.
+
+ apropos now accepts a second arg PRED which should be a function
+ of one argument; if PRED is non-nil, each symbol is tested
+ with PRED and only symbols for which PRED returns non-nil
+ appear in the output or the returned list.
+
+ If the third argument to apropos is non-nil, apropos does not
+ display anything; it merely returns the list of symbols found.
+
+ C-h a now runs the new function command-apropos rather than
+ apropos, and shows only symbols with definitions as commands.
+
+* M-x shell sends the command 
+    if (-f ~/.emacs_NAME)source ~/.emacs_NAME
+ invisibly to the shell when it starts.  Here NAME
+ is replaced by the name of shell used,
+ as it came from your ESHELL or SHELL environment variable
+ but with directory name, if any, removed.
+
+* M-, now runs the command tags-loop-continue, which is used
+ to resume a terminated tags-search or tags-query-replace.
+
+Changes in Emacs 1.7
+
+It's Beat CCA Week.
+
+* The initial buffer is now called "*scratch*" instead of "scratch",
+ so that all buffer names used automatically by Emacs now have *'s.
+
+* Undo information is now stored separately for each buffer.
+ The Undo command (C-x u) always applies to the current
+ buffer only.
+
+ C-_ is now a synonym for C-x u.
+
+ (buffer-flush-undo BUFFER) causes undo information not to
+ be kept for BUFFER, and frees the space that would have
+ been used to hold it.  In any case, no undo information is
+ kept for buffers whose names start with spaces.  (These
+ buffers also do not appear in the C-x C-b display.)
+
+* Rectangle operations are now implemented.
+ C-x r stores the rectangle described by dot and mark
+ into a register; it reads the register name from the keyboard.
+ C-x g, the command to insert the contents of a register,
+ can be used to reinsert the rectangle elsewhere.
+
+ Other rectangle commands include
+  open-rectangle:
+    insert a blank rectangle in the position and size
+    described by dot and mark, at its corners;
+    the existing text is pushed to the right.
+  clear-rectangle:
+    replace the rectangle described by dot ane mark
+    with blanks.  The previous text is deleted.
+  delete-rectangle:
+    delete the text of the specified rectangle,
+    moving the text beyond it on each line leftward.
+
+* Side-by-side windows are allowed.  Use C-x 5 to split the
+ current window into two windows side by side.
+ C-x } makes the selected window ARG columns wider at the
+ expense of the windows at its sides.  C-x { makes the selected
+ window ARG columns narrower.  An argument to C-x 5 specifies
+ how many columns to give to the leftmost of the two windows made.
+
+ C-x 2 now accepts a numeric argument to specify the number of
+ lines to give to the uppermost of the two windows it makes.
+
+* Horizontal scrolling of the lines in a window is now implemented.
+ C-x < (scroll-left) scrolls all displayed lines left,
+ with the numeric argument (default 1) saying how far to scroll.
+ When the window is scrolled left, some amount of the beginning
+ of each nonempty line is replaced by an "$".
+ C-x > scrolls right.  If a window has no text hidden at the left
+ margin, it cannot be scrolled any farther right than that.
+ When nonzero leftwards scrolling is in effect in a window.
+ lines are automatically truncated at the window's right margin
+ regardless of the value of the variable truncate-lines in the
+ buffer being displayed.
+
+* C-x C-d now uses the default output format of `ls',
+ which gives just file names in multiple columns.
+ C-u C-x C-d passes the -l switch to `ls'.
+
+* C-t at the end of a line now exchanges the two preceding characters.
+
+ All the transpose commands now interpret zero as an argument
+ to mean to transpose the textual unit after or around dot
+ with the one after or around the mark.
+
+* M-! executes a shell command in an inferior shell
+ and displays the output from it.  With a prefix argument,
+ it inserts the output in the current buffer after dot
+ and sets the mark after the output.  The shell command
+ gets /dev/null as its standard input.
+
+ M-| is like M-! but passes the contents of the region
+ as input to the shell command.  A prefix argument makes
+ the output from the command replace the contents of the region.
+
+* The mode line will now say "Def" after the major mode
+ while a keyboard macro is being defined.
+
+* The variable fill-prefix is now used by Meta-q.
+ Meta-q removes the fill prefix from lines that start with it
+ before filling, and inserts the fill prefix on each line
+ after filling.
+
+ The command C-x . sets the fill prefix equal to the text
+ on the current line before dot.
+
+* The new command Meta-j (indent-new-comment-line),
+ is like Linefeed (indent-new-line) except when dot is inside a comment;
+ in that case, Meta-j inserts a comment starter on the new line,
+ indented under the comment starter above.  It also inserts
+ a comment terminator at the end of the line above,
+ if the language being edited calls for one.
+
+* Rmail should work correctly now, and has some C-h m documentation.
+
+Changes in Emacs 1.6
+
+* save-buffers-kill-emacs is now on C-x C-c
+ while C-x C-z does suspend-emacs.  This is to make
+ C-x C-c like the normal Unix meaning of C-c
+ and C-x C-z linke the normal Unix meaning of C-z.
+
+* M-ESC (eval-expression) is now a disabled command by default.
+ This prevents users who type ESC ESC accidentally from
+ getting confusing results.  Put
+    (put 'eval-expression 'disabled nil)
+ in your ~/.emacs file to enable the command.
+
+* Self-inserting text is grouped into bunches for undoing.
+ Each C-x u command undoes up to 20 consecutive self-inserting
+ characters.
+
+* Help f now uses as a default the function being called
+ in the innermost Lisp expression that dot is in.
+ This makes it more convenient to use while writing
+ Lisp code to run in Emacs.
+ (If the text around dot does not appear to be a call
+ to a Lisp function, there is no default.)
+
+ Likewise, Help v uses the symbol around or before dot
+ as a default, if that is a variable name.
+
+* Commands that read filenames now insert the default
+ directory in the minibuffer, to become part of your input.
+ This allows you to see what the default is.
+ You may type a filename which goes at the end of the
+ default directory, or you may edit the default directory
+ as you like to create the input you want to give.
+ You may also type an absolute pathname (starting with /)
+ or refer to a home directory (input starting with ~)
+ after the default; the presence of // or /~ causes
+ everything up through the slash that precedes your
+ type-in to be ignored.
+
+ Returning the default directory without change,
+ including the terminating slash, requests the use
+ of the default file name (usually the visited file's name).
+
+ Set the variable insert-default-directory to nil
+ to turn off this feature.
+
+* M-x shell now uses the environment variable ESHELL,
+ if it exists, as the file name of the shell to run.
+ If there is no ESHELL variable, the SHELL variable is used.
+ This is because some shells do not work properly as inferiors
+ of Emacs (or anything like Emacs).
+
+* A new variable minor-modes now exists, with a separate value
+ in each buffer.  Its value should be an alist of elements
+ (MODE-FUNCTION-SYMBOL . PRETTY-NAME-STRING), one for each
+ minor mode that is turned on in the buffer.  The pretty
+ name strings are displayed in the mode line after the name of the
+ major mode (with spaces between them).  The mode function
+ symbols should be symbols whose function definitions will
+ turn on the minor mode if given 1 as an argument; they are present
+ so that Help m can find their documentation strings.
+
+* The format of tag table files has been changed.
+ The new format enables Emacs to find tags much faster.
+
+ A new program, etags, exists to make the kind of
+ tag table that Emacs wants.  etags is invoked just
+ like ctags; in fact, if you give it any switches,
+ it does exactly what ctags would do.  Give it the
+ empty switch ("-") to make it act like ctags with no switches.
+
+ etags names the tag table file "TAGS" rather than "tags",
+ so that these tag tables and the standard Unix ones
+ can coexist.
+
+ The tags library can no longer use standard ctags-style
+ tag tables files.
+
+* The file of Lisp code Emacs reads on startup is now
+ called ~/.emacs rather than ~/.emacs_pro.
+
+* copy-file now gives the copied file the same mode bits
+ as the original file.
+
+* Output from a process inserted into the process's buffer
+ no longer sets the buffer's mark.  Instead it sets a
+ marker associated with the process to point to the end
+ of the inserted text.  You can access this marker with
+    (process-mark PROCESS)
+ and then either examine its position with marker-position
+ or set its position with set-marker.
+
+* completing-read takes a new optional fifth argument which,
+ if non-nil, should be a string of text to insert into
+ the minibuffer before reading user commands.
+
+* The Lisp function elt now exists:
+ (elt ARRAY N) is like (aref ARRAY N),
+ (elt LIST N) is like (nth N LIST).
+
+* rplaca is now a synonym for setcar, and rplacd for setcdr.
+ eql is now a synonym for eq; it turns out that the Common Lisp
+ distinction between eq and eql is insignificant in Emacs.
+ numberp is a new synonym for integerp.
+
+* auto-save has been renamed to auto-save-mode.
+
+* Auto save file names for buffers are now created by the
+ function make-auto-save-file-name.  This is so you can
+ redefine that function to change the way auto save file names
+ are chosen.
+
+* expand-file-name no longer discards a final slash.
+    (expand-file-name "foo" "/lose") => "/lose/foo"
+    (expand-file-name "foo/" "/lose") => "/lose/foo/"
+
+ Also, expand-file-name no longer substitutes $ constructs.
+ A new function substitute-in-file-name does this.  Reading
+ a file name with read-file-name or the `f' or`F' option
+ of interactive calling uses substitute-in-file-name
+ on the file name that was read and returns the result.
+
+ All I/O primitives including insert-file-contents and
+ delete-file call expand-file-name on the file name supplied.
+ This change makes them considerably faster in the usual case.
+
+* Interactive calling spec strings allow the new code letter 'D'
+ which means to read a directory name.  It is like 'f' except
+ that the default if the user makes no change in the minibuffer
+ is to return the current default directory rather than the
+ current visited file name.
+
+Changes in Emacs 1.5
+
+* suspend-emacs now accepts an optional argument
+ which is a string to be stuffed as terminal input
+ to be read by Emacs's superior shell after Emacs exits.
+
+ A library called ledit exists which uses this feature
+ to transmit text to a Lisp job running as a sibling of
+ Emacs.
+
+* If find-file is given the name of a directory,
+ it automatically invokes dired on that directory
+ rather than reading in the binary data that make up
+ the actual contents of the directory according to Unix.
+
+* Saving an Emacs buffer now preserves the file modes
+ of any previously existing file with the same name.
+ This works using new Lisp functions file-modes and
+ set-file-modes, which can be used to read or set the mode
+ bits of any file.
+
+* The Lisp function  cond  now exists, with its traditional meaning.
+
+* defvar and defconst now permit the documentation string
+ to be omitted.  defvar also permits the initial value
+ to be omitted; then it acts only as a comment.
+
+Changes in Emacs 1.4
+
+* Auto-filling now normally indents the new line it creates
+ by calling indent-according-to-mode.  This function, meanwhile,
+ has in Fundamental and Text modes the effect of making the line
+ have an indentation of the value of left-margin, a per-buffer variable.
+
+ Tab no longer precisely does indent-according-to-mode;
+ it does that in all modes that supply their own indentation routine,
+ but in Fundamental, Text and allied modes it inserts a tab character.
+
+* The command M-x grep now invokes grep (on arguments
+ supplied by the user) and reads the output from grep
+ asynchronously into a buffer.  The command C-x ` can
+ be used to move to the lines that grep has found.
+ This is an adaptation of the mechanism used for
+ running compilations and finding the loci of error messages.
+
+ You can now use C-x ` even while grep or compilation
+ is proceeding; as more matches or error messages arrive,
+ C-x ` will parse them and be able to find them.
+
+* M-x mail now provides a command to send the message
+ and "exit"--that is, return to the previously selected
+ buffer.  It is C-z C-z.
+
+* Tab in C mode now tries harder to adapt to all indentation styles.
+ If the line being indented is a statement that is not the first
+ one in the containing compound-statement, it is aligned under
+ the beginning of the first statement.
+
+* The functions screen-width and screen-height return the
+ total width and height of the screen as it is now being used.
+ set-screen-width and set-screen-height tell Emacs how big
+ to assume the screen is; they each take one argument,
+ an integer.
+
+* The Lisp function 'function' now exists.  function is the
+ same as quote, except that it serves as a signal to the
+ Lisp compiler that the argument should be compiled as
+ a function.  Example:
+   (mapcar (function (lambda (x) (+ x 5))) list)
+
+* The function set-key has been renamed to global-set-key.
+ undefine-key and local-undefine-key has been renamed to
+ global-unset-key and local-unset-key.
+
+* Emacs now collects input from asynchronous subprocesses
+ while waiting in the functions sleep-for and sit-for.
+
+* Shell mode's Newline command attempts to distinguish subshell
+ prompts from user input when issued in the middle of the buffer.
+ It no longer reexecutes from dot to the end of the line;
+ it reeexecutes the entire line minus any prompt.
+ The prompt is recognized by searching for the value of
+ shell-prompt-pattern, starting from the beginning of the line.
+ Anything thus skipped is not reexecuted.
+
+Changes in Emacs 1.3
+
+* An undo facility exists now.  Type C-x u to undo a batch of
+ changes (usually one command's changes, but some commands
+ such as query-replace divide their changes into multiple
+ batches.  You can repeat C-x u to undo further.  As long
+ as no commands other than C-x u intervene, each one undoes
+ another batch.  A numeric argument to C-x u acts as a repeat
+ count.
+
+ If you keep on undoing, eventually you may be told that
+ you have used up all the recorded undo information.
+ Some actions, such as reading in files, discard all
+ undo information.
+
+ The undo information is not currently stored separately
+ for each buffer, so it is mainly good if you do something
+ totally spastic.  [This has since been fixed.]
+
+* A learn-by-doing tutorial introduction to Emacs now exists.
+ Type C-h t to enter it.
+
+* An Info documentation browser exists.  Do M-x info to enter it.
+ It contains a tutorial introduction so that no more documentation
+ is needed here.  As of now, the only documentation in it
+ is that of Info itself.
+
+* Help k and Help c are now different.  Help c prints just the
+ name of the function which the specified key invokes.  Help k
+ prints the documentation of the function as well.
+
+* A document of the differences between GNU Emacs and Twenex Emacs
+ now exists.  It is called DIFF, in the same directory as this file.
+
+* C mode can now indent comments better, including multi-line ones.
+ Meta-Control-q now reindents comment lines within the expression
+ being aligned.
+
+* Insertion of a close-parenthesis now shows the matching open-parenthesis
+ even if it is off screen, by printing the text following it on its line
+ in the minibuffer.
+
+* A file can now contain a list of local variable values
+ to be in effect when the file is edited.  See the file DIFF
+ in the same directory as this file for full details.
+
+* A function nth is defined.  It means the same thing as in Common Lisp.
+
+* The function install-command has been renamed to set-key.
+ It now takes the key sequence as the first argument
+ and the definition for it as the second argument.
+ Likewise, local-install-command has been renamed to local-set-key.
+
+Changes in Emacs 1.2
+
+* A Lisp single-stepping and debugging facility exists.
+ To cause the debugger to be entered when an error
+ occurs, set the variable debug-on-error non-nil.
+
+ To cause the debugger to be entered whenever function foo
+ is called, do (debug-on-entry 'foo).  To cancel this,
+ do (cancel-debug-on-entry 'foo).  debug-on-entry does
+ not work for primitives (written in C), only functions
+ written in Lisp.  Most standard Emacs commands are in Lisp.
+
+ When the debugger is entered, the selected window shows
+ a buffer called " *Backtrace" which displays a series
+ of stack frames, most recently entered first.  For each
+ frame, the function name called is shown, usually followed
+ by the argument values unless arguments are still being
+ calculated.  At the beginning of the buffer is a description
+ of why the debugger was entered: function entry, function exit,
+ error, or simply that the user called the function `debug'.
+
+ To exit the debugger and return to top level, type `q'.
+
+ In the debugger, you can evaluate Lisp expressions by 
+ typing `e'.  This is equivalent to `M-ESC'.
+
+ When the debugger is entered due to an error, that is
+ all you can do.  When it is entered due to function entry
+ (such as, requested by debug-on-entry), you have two
+ options:
+  Continue execution and reenter debugger after the
+    completion of the function being entered.  Type `c'.
+  Continue execution but enter the debugger before
+    the next subexpression.  Type `d'.
+
+ You will see that some stack frames are marked with *.
+ This means the debugger will be entered when those
+ frames exit.  You will see the value being returned
+ in the first line of the backtrace buffer.  Your options:
+  Continue execution, and return that value.  Type `c'.
+  Continue execution, and return a specified value.  Type `r'.
+
+ You can mark a frame to enter the debugger on exit
+ with the `b' command, or clear such a mark with `u'.
+
+* Lisp macros now exist.
+ For example, you can write
+    (defmacro cadr (arg) (list 'car (list 'cdr arg)))
+ and then the expression
+    (cadr foo)
+ will expand into
+    (car (cdr foo))
+
+Changes in Emacs 1.1
+
+* The initial buffer is now called "scratch" and is in a
+ new major mode, Lisp Interaction mode.  This mode is
+ intended for typing Lisp expressions, evaluating them,
+ and having the values printed into the buffer.
+
+  Type Linefeed after a Lisp expression, to evaluate the
+ expression and have its value printed into the buffer,
+ advancing dot.
+
+ The other commands of Lisp mode are available.
+
+* The C-x C-e command for evaluating the Lisp expression
+ before dot has been changed to print the value in the
+ minibuffer line rather than insert it in the buffer.
+ A numeric argument causes the printed value to appear
+ in the buffer instead.
+
+* In Lisp mode, the command M-C-x evaluates the defun
+ containing or following dot.  The value is printed in
+ the minibuffer.
+
+* The value of a Lisp expression evaluated using M-ESC
+ is now printed in the minibuffer.
+
+* M-q now runs fill-paragraph, independent of major mode.
+
+* C-h m now prints documentation on the current buffer's
+ major mode.  What it prints is the documentation of the
+ major mode name as a function.  All major modes have been
+ equipped with documentation that describes all commands
+ peculiar to the major mode, for this purpose.
+
+* You can display a Unix manual entry with
+ the M-x manual-entry command.
+
+* You can run a shell, displaying its output in a buffer,
+ with the M-x shell command.  The Return key sends input
+ to the subshell.  Output is printed inserted automatically
+ in the buffer.  Commands C-c, C-d, C-u, C-w and C-z are redefined
+ for controlling the subshell and its subjobs.
+ "cd", "pushd" and "popd" commands are recognized as you
+ enter them, so that the default directory of the Emacs buffer
+ always remains the same as that of the subshell.
+
+* C-x $ (that's a real dollar sign) controls line-hiding based
+ on indentation.  With a numeric arg N > 0, it causes all lines
+ indented by N or more columns to become invisible.
+ They are, effectively, tacked onto the preceding line, where
+ they are represented by " ..." on the screen.
+ (The end of the preceding visible line corresponds to a
+ screen cursor position before the "...".  Anywhere in the
+ invisible lines that follow appears on the screen as a cursor
+ position after the "...".)
+ Currently, all editing commands treat invisible lines just
+ like visible ones, except for C-n and C-p, which have special
+ code to count visible lines only.
+ C-x $ with no argument turns off this mode, which in any case
+ is remembered separately for each buffer.
+
+* Outline mode is another form of selective display.
+ It is a major mode invoked with M-x outline-mode.
+ It is intended for editing files that are structured as
+ outlines, with heading lines (lines that begin with one
+ or more asterisks) and text lines (all other lines).
+ The number of asterisks in a heading line are its level;
+ the subheadings of a heading line are all following heading
+ lines at higher levels, until but not including the next 
+ heading line at the same or a lower level, regardless
+ of intervening text lines.
+
+  In outline mode, you have commands to hide (remove from display)
+ or show the text or subheadings under each heading line
+ independently.  Hidden text or subheadings are invisibly
+ attached to the end of the preceding heading line, so that
+ if you kill the hading line and yank it back elsewhere
+ all the invisible lines accompany it.
+
+  All editing commands treat hidden outline-mode lines
+ as part of the preceding visible line.
+ 
+* C-x C-z runs save-buffers-kill-emacs
+ offers to save each file buffer, then exits.
+
+* C-c's function is now called suspend-emacs.
+
+* The command C-x m runs mail, which switches to a buffer *mail*
+ and lets you compose a message to send.  C-x 4 m runs mail in
+ another window.  Type C-z C-s in the mail buffer to send the
+ message according to what you have entered in the buffer.
+
+  You must separate the headers from the message text with
+ an empty line.
+
+* You can now dired partial directories (specified with names
+ containing *'s, etc, all processed by the shell).  Also, you
+ can dired more than one directory; dired names the buffer
+ according to the filespec or directory name.  Reinvoking
+ dired on a directory already direded just switches back to
+ the same directory used last time; do M-x revert if you want
+ to read in the current contents of the directory.
+
+  C-x d runs dired, and C-x 4 d runs dired in another window.
+
+  C-x C-d (list-directory) also allows partial directories now.
+
+Lisp programming changes
+
+* t as an output stream now means "print to the minibuffer".
+ If there is already text in the minibuffer printed via t
+ as an output stream, the new text is appended to the old
+ (or is truncated and lost at the margin).  If the minibuffer
+ contains text put there for some other reason, it is cleared
+ first.
+
+  t is now the top-level value of standard-output.
+
+  t as an input stream now means "read via the minibuffer".
+ The minibuffer is used to read a line of input, with editing,
+ and this line is then parsed.  Any excess not used by `read'
+ is ignored; each `read' from t reads fresh input.
+ t is now the top-level value of standard-input.
+
+* A marker may be used as an input stream or an output stream.
+ The effect is to grab input from where the marker points,
+ advancing it over the characters read, or to insert output
+ at the marker and advance it.
+
+* Output from an asynchronous subprocess is now inserted at
+ the end of the associated buffer, not at the buffer's dot,
+ and the buffer's mark is set to the end of the inserted output
+ each time output is inserted.
+
+* (pos-visible-in-window-p POS WINDOW)
+ returns t if position POS in WINDOW's buffer is in the range
+ that is being displayed in WINDOW; nil if it is scrolled
+ vertically out of visibility.
+
+  If display in WINDOW is not currently up to date, this function
+ calculates carefully whether POS would appear if display were
+ done immediately based on the current (window-start WINDOW).
+
+  POS defaults to (dot), and WINDOW to (selected-window).
+
+* Variable buffer-alist replaced by function (buffer-list).
+ The actual alist of buffers used internally by Emacs is now
+ no longer accessible, to prevent the user from crashing Emacs
+ by modifying it.  The function buffer-list returns a list
+ of all existing buffers.  Modifying this list cannot hurt anything
+ as a new list is constructed by each call to buffer-list.
+
+* load now takes an optional third argument NOMSG which, if non-nil,
+ prevents load from printing a message when it starts and when
+ it is done.
+
+* byte-recompile-directory is a new function which finds all
+ the .elc files in a directory, and regenerates each one which
+ is older than the corresponding .el (Lisp source) file.
+
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Copyright information:
+
+Copyright (C) 1985 Richard M. Stallman
+
+   Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
+   of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
+   copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved,
+   thus giving the recipient permission to redistribute in turn.
+
+   Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
+   of this document, or of portions of it,
+   under the above conditions, provided also that they
+   carry prominent notices stating who last changed them.
+
+Local variables:
+mode: text
+end:

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/OTHER.EMACSES	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,1049 @@
+How is this Emacs different from all other Emacses?  -*-Outline-*-
+
+This file describes the differences between GNU Emacs 19, Twenex
+Emacs, Gosling Emacs (including the commercial versions by Unipress)
+and CCA Emacs.
+
+* Copyright (c) 1985 Richard M. Stallman
+
+   Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
+   of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
+   copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
+   and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
+   for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
+
+   Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
+   of this document, or of portions of it,
+   under the above conditions, provided also that they
+   carry prominent notices stating who last changed them.
+
+Updated March 1993 for Emacs 19 by Eric S. Raymond
+
+
+* How is this Emacs different from Twenex Emacs?
+
+** Fundamental concepts.
+
+*** There is no concept of "typeout" in GNU Emacs.
+
+Any time that a command wants to display some output,
+it creates a buffer (usually with a name surrounded by asterisks)
+and displays it in a window.
+
+This provides some advantages:
+ you can edit some more while looking at the output;
+ you can copy parts of the output into other buffers.
+
+It also has a disadvantage that you must type a command
+in order to make the output disappear.
+You can use C-x 1 to get rid of all windows except the
+selected one.  To be more selective, you can switch to
+the window you want to get rid of and then type C-x 0
+(delete-window).
+
+You also need to type a command to scroll the other
+window if not all the output fits in it.  Meta-Control-v
+will usually do the job.
+
+*** There is no concept of a "subsystem" in GNU Emacs.
+
+Where Twenex Emacs would use a subsystem, GNU Emacs
+instead creates a buffer and redefines commands in it.
+
+For example, when you send mail in GNU Emacs, you use
+a buffer named *mail* which is in Mail Mode.  You can
+switch away from this buffer to any other buffer and
+resume normal editing; then switch back and resume
+composing mail.  You do not have to "exit" from
+composing mail in order to do ordinary editing.
+
+This has many advantages, but it also has a disadvantage:
+Subsystems in Emacs tend to have "exit" commands that return you
+to whatever you were doing before entering the subsystem.
+In GNU Emacs the idea of what to return to is not well defined,
+so it is not clear what an "exit" command should do.
+The only way to "exit" in general is to type C-x b, C-x C-f, or
+some other suitable command to switch buffers.  Some
+subsystem-like major modes, such as Info and Mail mode, provide
+commands to "exit" by switching to the previously selected
+buffer.
+
+*** Files are always visited in their own buffers.
+
+Beginning users of Twenex Emacs were told how to edit
+using a single buffer and reading one file after another
+into that buffer.  Use of a new buffer for each file was
+regarded as a more advanced mode.
+
+In GNU Emacs, the idea of using a single buffer for various
+files, one by one, has been dropped, given that the address
+space is expected to be large enough for many buffers.  C-x
+C-f (find-file), which behaves nearly the same as in Twenex
+Emacs, is in GNU Emacs the canonical way for all users to
+visit files.
+
+Various commands need to read files into Emacs in the course
+of their execution.  In Twenex Emacs the user must tell them
+whether to reuse buffers or create new ones, using the variable
+Tags Find File.  In GNU Emacs, these commands always use
+C-x C-f.
+
+The command C-x C-v does still exist; it kills the current
+buffer and reads the specified file into a new buffer.
+It is equivalent to kill-buffer followed by find-file.
+
+Since there is no reusing of buffers, there is no point in
+calling the initial buffer "main".  So the initial buffer
+in GNU Emacs is called "*scratch*" and is intended for typing
+Lisp expressions to be evaluated.
+
+*** File name defaulting.
+
+GNU Emacs records a separate working directory for each buffer.
+Normally this is the directory on which the buffer's file
+resides; for buffers not visiting any file, it is copied from
+the buffer that was current when it was created.  The current buffer's
+working directory can be printed with M-x pwd and set with M-x cd.
+
+GNU Emacs shows you the default directory by inserting it in
+the minibuffer when a file name is being read.  You can type
+the filename you want at the end of the default as if the
+default were not there, or you can edit and alter the default.
+
+If you want file /lose/big when the default /foo/defaultdir/
+has been inserted for you, you need not kill the default; simply
+type at the end of it: /foo/defaultdir//lose/big.  Such a file
+name is not ordinarily considered valid, but GNU Emacs
+considers it equivalent to /lose/big.
+
+Likewise, if you want file quux in your home directory, just add
+~/quux to the end of the supplied text, to get
+/foo/defaultdir/~/quux.  GNU Emacs sees "/~" and throws away
+everything before the "~".
+
+You can refer to environment variables also within file names.
+$ followed by the environment variable name is replaced by the
+variable's value.  The variable name should either be followed
+by a nonalphanumeric character (which counts as part of the
+file name) or be surrounded by braces {...} (which do not count
+as part of the file name).  Thus, if variable USER has value "rms",
+"x/$USER-foo" is expanded to "x/rms-foo", and "x${USER}foo"
+is expanded to "xrmsfoo".  Note that this substitution is not
+performed by the primitive file operation functions of GNU Emacs,
+but rather by the interactive file name reader.  It is also
+available as a separate primitive, in the function
+substitute-in-file-name.
+
+*** Exit commands C-z, C-x C-c and C-x C-z.
+
+There are two ways to exit GNU Emacs: killing and suspending.
+Killing is like what Control-c does to ordinary Unix programs.
+In GNU Emacs, you type C-x C-c to kill it.  (This offers to
+save any modified file buffers before really killing Emacs.)
+Suspending is like what Control-z does to ordinary Unix programs.
+To suspend GNU Emacs, type C-x C-z, or type just C-z.
+Note that C-z suspends ordinary programs instantly, but
+Emacs does not suspend until it reads the C-z.
+
+Usually it is better to suspend: once a system is smart
+enough to have job control, why ever kill an editor?
+You'll just have to make a new one in a minute.
+This is why the convenient command C-z is provided for
+suspending.
+
+C-c is used as a prefix key for mode-specific commands and for users'
+own commands.  We deliberately do not make C-c ever kill Emacs,
+because it should not be so easy to do something irreversible.
+
+*** Quitting with C-g.
+
+If you type C-g while GNU Emacs is waiting for input, it
+is an ordinary command (which is defined to beep).  If you
+type C-g while Lisp code is executing, it sets a flag which
+causes a special signal, nearly the same as an error, to
+happen at the next safe place in Lisp execution.  This usually
+has the effect of aborting the current command in a safe way.
+
+Because at times there have been bugs causing GNU Emacs to loop
+without checking the quit flag, a special feature causes
+GNU Emacs to be suspended immediately if you type a second C-g
+while the flag is already set.  So you can always get out
+of GNU Emacs.  Normally GNU Emacs recognizes and clears the quit flag
+quickly enough to prevent this from happening.
+
+When you resume GNU Emacs after a suspension caused by multiple C-g, it
+asks two questions before resuming execution:
+ Checkpoint?
+ Dump core?
+Answer each one with `y' or `n' and a Return.
+ `y' to Checkpoint? causes immediate auto-saving of all
+    buffers in which auto-saving is enabled.
+ `y' to Dump core? causes an illegal instruction to be executed.
+    This is to enable a wizard to figure out why GNU Emacs was
+    looping without checking for quits.  Execution does not continue
+    after a core dump.  If you answer `n', execution continues.
+With luck, GNU Emacs will ultimately check the quit flag,
+and quit normally.  If not, and you type another C-g, it
+is suspended again.
+
+If GNU Emacs is not really hung, just slow, you may invoke
+the double C-g feature without really meaning to.  Then just
+resume and answer `n' to both questions, and you will
+arrive at your former state.  Presumably the quit you
+wanted will finish happening soon.
+
+These questions are not asked if you suspend GNU Emacs with the C-z
+command.  Continuing GNU Emacs after a C-z takes you straight back
+into editing.
+
+*** Undoing with C-x u or C-_
+
+You can undo many commands--up to 10,000 characters worth.
+Each time you type C-x u or C-_, another command or batch of change
+is undone.  Undo information is stored per buffer, and the undo
+command always applies to the current buffer.  A numeric argument
+serves as a repeat count.
+
+Consecutive self-inserting characters are undone in groups of twenty.
+
+*** Different character set.
+
+GNU Emacs does not expect anyone ever to have a keyboard in which
+the Control key sets an independent bit which may accompany any
+character. The only control characters that can exist are the
+ASCII control characters.
+
+There is, as a result, no "control prefix" character.
+
+*** Control-h is the Help character.
+
+I'm amazed it took me so long to get this idea.  In Twenex Emacs, C-h
+and C-b are equivalent commands, making C-h redundant.  C-h is not
+only easy to type, it is mnemonic for "Help".  So in GNU Emacs the
+Help character is C-h.
+
+*** Completion is done by TAB, not ESC.
+
+ESC in the minibuffer is a Meta prefix, same as at top level.
+
+*** The string-argument reader is the minibuffer is an editor window.
+
+In GNU Emacs, the line at the bottom of the screen is the minibuffer.
+Commands that want string arguments always use this line to read them,
+and you can use the ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the
+input.  You can terminate input with Return because Return is defined
+as the exit-minibuffer command when in the minibuffer.  If you
+are using a command that needs several arguments, terminate each
+one with Return.  You cannot separate arguments with Escape
+the way you would in Twenex Emacs.
+
+The minibuffer window does not overlay other editor windows;
+it is a nearly ordinary editor window which lacks a mode line
+and is "turned off" when not in use.  While it IS in use, you
+can switch windows to and from the minibuffer, kill text in other
+windows and yank in the minibuffer, etc.
+
+You can even issue a command that uses the minibuffer while in the
+minibuffer.  This gets you temporarily into a recursive minibuffer.
+However, this is allowed only if you enable it, since it could be
+confusing for beginners.
+
+When you exit the minibuffer, the cursor immediately moves back to
+column zero of the minibuffer line, to show you that the exit
+command has been obeyed.  The minibuffer contents remain on the screen
+until the end of the command, unless some other text is displayed there.
+
+A single Control-g exits the minibuffer.
+
+*** There are no &'s or ^R's or spaces in function names.
+
+For example, the function which is called ^R Forward Word
+in Twenex Emacs is called forward-word in GNU Emacs.
+
+*** The extension language is Lisp rather than TECO.
+
+Libraries must be written in Lisp.  Meta-ESC reads a Lisp
+expression, evaluates it, and prints the result.  Note that
+Meta-ESC is "disabled" by default, so that beginning users
+do not get into the minibuffer by accident in a confusing way.
+
+Data types available include integers (which double as characters),
+strings, symbols, lists, vectors, buffers, buffer pointers,
+windows, and process channels.
+
+For now, to learn about writing Lisp code for GNU Emacs, read some of
+the source code, which is in directory ../lisp.  Read the GNU Emacs Lisp
+Reference Manual.  Also, all Lisp primitives have self-documentation you can
+read with C-h f.
+
+*** Enabling the error handler.
+
+GNU Emacs has a Lisp debugger/stepper/trace package, but normally
+errors do not enter the debugger because that is slow, and unlikely to
+be of interest to most users.  Set the variable debug-on-error to t to
+cause errors to invoke the debugger.  Set debug-on-quit to cause quit
+signals (caused by C-g) to invoke the debugger.
+
+** Other changes.
+
+*** More than two windows are allowed.
+
+C-x 2 splits the current window into two windows,
+  one above the other.  Initially they both display
+  the same buffer.
+
+  C-x 2 now accepts a numeric argument to specify the number of
+  lines to give to the uppermost of the two windows it makes.
+
+C-x 0 kills the current window, making all others larger.
+C-x 1 kills all windows except the current one.
+C-x O switches to the next window down.
+  It rotates from the bottom one to the top one.
+  An argument serves as a repeat count; negative arguments
+  circulate in the reverse order.
+
+If the same buffer is displayed in several windows,
+changes made in it are redisplayed in all of them.
+
+*** Side by side windows are supported.
+
+The command C-x 3 splits the current window into
+two side-by-side windows.
+
+C-x } makes the selected window ARG columns wider at the
+expense of the windows at its sides.  C-x { makes the selected
+window ARG columns narrower.  An argument to C-x 5 specifies
+how many columns to give to the leftmost of the two windows made.
+
+*** Horizontal scrolling of the lines in a window is implemented.
+
+C-x < (scroll-left) scrolls all displayed lines left,
+with the numeric argument (default 1) saying how far to scroll.
+When the window is scrolled left, some amount of the beginning
+of each nonempty line is replaced by an "$".
+C-x > scrolls right.  If a window has no text hidden at the left
+margin, it cannot be scrolled any farther right than that.
+When nonzero leftwards scrolling is in effect in a window.
+lines are automatically truncated at the window's right margin
+regardless of the value of the variable truncate-lines in the
+buffer being displayed.
+
+*** Return key does not use up empty lines.
+
+In Twenex Emacs, the Return command advances over an existing
+empty line in some cases.  In GNU Emacs, the Return command always
+makes inserts a newline.  Twenex Emacs was designed at a time when
+most display terminals did not have the ability to scroll part
+of the screen, and using existing empty lines made redisplay faster.
+Nowadays, terminals that cannot scroll part of the screen are rare,
+so there is no need to make Return behave in a more complicated manner.
+
+*** Help m.
+
+Typing C-h m displays documentation of the current major mode.,
+telling you what special commands and features are available
+and how to use them or get more information on them.
+
+This is simply the documentation, as a function, of the
+symbol which is the value of major-mode.  Each major mode
+function has been given documentation intended for C-h m.
+
+*** Display-hiding features.
+
+**** Hiding indented lines
+
+The command C-x $ with numeric argument N causes lines indented by N
+or more columns to become invisible.  All you see is " ..."  appended
+to the previous line, in place of any number of consecutive invisible
+lines.
+
+**** Outline Mode.
+
+Outline mode is designed for editing outline-structured
+files, such as this one.
+
+Headings should be lines starting with one or more asterisks.
+Major headings have one asterisk, subheadings two, etc.
+Lines not starting with asterisks are body text.
+
+You can make the body under a heading, or the subheadings
+under a heading, temporarily invisible, or visible again.
+Invisible lines are attached to the end of the previous line
+so they go with it if you kill it and yank it back.
+
+Commands:
+Meta-}   next-visible-heading      move by visible headings
+Meta-{   previous-visible-heading  move by visible headings
+
+Meta-x hide-body	make all body text invisible (not headings).
+Meta-x show-all		make everything in buffer visible.
+
+The remaining commands are used when dot is on a heading line.
+They apply to some of the body or subheadings of that heading.
+C-c C-h  hide-subtree	make text and subheadings invisible.
+C-c C-s  show-subtree	make text and subheadings visible.
+C-c C-i  show-children	make direct subheadings visible.
+		 No effect on body, or subheadings 2 or more levels down.
+		 With arg N, affects subheadings N levels down.
+M-x hide-entry	make immediately following body invisible.
+M-x show-entry	make it visible.
+M-x hide-leaves	 make text under heading and under its subheadings invisible.
+		 The subheadings remain visible.
+M-x show-branches  make all subheadings at all levels visible.
+
+*** C mode is fancy.
+
+C mode assumes that you put the initial open-brace of
+a function definition at the beginning of a line.
+If you use the popular indenting style that puts this
+open-brace at the end of a line containing a type declaration,
+YOU WILL LOSE: C mode does not know a function starts there.
+
+Open-brace at the beginning of a line makes it possible
+for C mode to find function boundaries with total reliability;
+something I consider vital and which cannot be done
+if the other style is used.
+
+The Tab command indents C code very cleverly.
+I know of only one cases in which Tab does not indent C code nicely:
+ Expressions continued over several lines with few parentheses.
+ Tab does not know the precedences of C operators, so it does
+ not know which lines of the expression should go where.
+ Using parentheses to indicate the nesting of operators
+ except within a line makes this problem go away.
+
+The indenting algorithm is entirely written in Lisp.
+
+Tab with a numeric argument in Twenex Emacs indents
+that many lines.  It is different in GNU Emacs: it means
+to shift all the lines of a bracketed expression by the
+same amount as the line being indented.  For example, if you have
+    if (foo)
+        {
+	    hack ();
+	     /** Well? */
+	}
+and type C-u Tab on the line with the open brace, you get
+    if (foo)
+      {
+	  hack ();
+	   /* Well? */
+      }
+from indenting the brace line and then shifting the
+lines within the braces rigidly with the first one.
+
+Meta-Control-q works as in Lisp mode; it should be
+used with dot just before a bracketed grouping, and
+indents each line INSIDE that grouping using Tab.
+If used instead of C-u Tab in the previous example, it makes
+    if (foo)
+        {
+	  hack ();
+	  /* Well? */
+	}
+
+Meta-Control-h puts mark at the end of the current C function
+and puts dot before it.
+
+Most other Meta-Control commands intended for Lisp expressions
+work usefully in C mode as well.
+
+*** Meta-g (fill-region) is different.
+
+In Twenex Emacs, Meta-g fills the region with no paragraph
+boundaries except for blank and indented lines.  In GNU Emacs,
+it divides the region into paragraphs in the same manner as
+Meta-], and fills each paragraph separately.  There is also
+the function fill-region-as-paragraph which fills the region
+regarding at as a single paragraph regardless even of blank
+or indented lines.
+
+*** Indented Text Mode instead of Edit Indented Text.
+
+Twenex Emacs has a command Edit Indented Text which temporarily
+alters some commands for editing indented paragraphs.
+GNU Emacs has instead a separate major mode, Indented Text Mode,
+which is different from ordinary Text Mode in just the same
+alterations.  Specifically, in Indented Text Mode,
+Tab runs the function indent-relative, and auto filling indents
+the newly created lines.
+
+*** But rectangle commands are implemented.
+
+C-x r r stores the rectangle described by dot and mark
+into a register; it reads the register name from the keyboard.
+C-x r g, the command to insert the contents of a register,
+can be used to reinsert the rectangle elsewhere.
+
+Other rectangle commands include
+  open-rectangle:
+    insert a blank rectangle in the position and size
+    described by dot and mark, at its corners;
+    the existing text is pushed to the right.
+  clear-rectangle:
+    replace the rectangle described by dot ane mark
+    with blanks.  The previous text is deleted.
+  delete-rectangle:
+    delete the text of the specified rectangle,
+    moving the text beyond it on each line leftward.
+  kill-rectangle
+    like delete-rectangle but also stores the text of
+    the rectangle in the "rectangle kill buffer".
+    More precisely, it stores the text as a list of strings
+    (one string for each line) in the variable killed-rectangle.
+  yank-rectangle
+    inserts the text of the last killed rectangle.
+  extract-rectangle and delete-extract-rectangle
+    these functions return the text of a rectangle
+    as a list of strings.  They are for use in writing
+    other functions that operate on rectangles.   
+
+*** Keyboard Macros
+
+The C-x ( command for defining a keyboard macro can in GNU Emacs
+be given a numeric argument, which means that the new macro
+starts out not empty but rather as the same as the last
+keyboard macro entered.  In addition, that last keyboard
+macro is replayed when the C-x ( is typed.  C-x ( with an
+argument is thus equivalent to typing plain C-x ( and then
+retyping the last keyboard macro entered.
+
+The command write-kbd-macro and append-kbd-macro can be used to
+save a keyboard macro definition in a file.  It is represented as
+a Lisp expression which, when evaluated, will define the keyboard
+macro.  write-kbd-macro writes the specified file from scratch,
+whereas append-kbd-macro adds to any existing text in the file.
+Both expect the keyboard macro to be saved to be specified by
+name; this means you must use the command name-last-kbd-macro to
+give the macro a name before you can save it.
+
+*** The command to resume a terminated tags-search or tags-query-replace
+
+is Meta-comma in GNU Emacs.
+
+*** Auto Save is on by default.
+
+Auto Save mode is enabled by default in all buffers
+that are visiting files.
+
+The file name used for auto saving is made by prepending
+"#" to the file name visited.
+
+*** Backup files.
+
+Since Unix stupidly fails to have file version numbers,
+GNU Emacs compensates slightly in the customary fashion:
+when a file is modified and saved for the first time in
+a particular GNU Emacs run, the original file is renamed,
+appending "~" to its name.  Thus, foo.c becomes foo.c~.
+
+Emacs can also put a version number into the name of the backup file,
+as in foo.c.~69~ for version number 69.  This is an optional feature
+that the user has to enable.
+
+*** Mode Line differences.
+
+Each window in GNU Emacs has its own mode line, which always
+displays the status of that window's buffer and nothing else.
+The mode line appears at the bottom of the window.  It is
+full of dashes, to emphasize the boundaries between windows,
+and is displayed in inverse video if the terminal supports it.
+The information usually available includes:
+
+*** Local Modes feature changed slightly.
+
+GNU Emacs supports local mode lists much like those in Twenex Emacs,
+but you can only set variables, not commands.  You write
+
+Local variables:
+tab-width:      10
+end:
+
+in the last page of a file, if you want to make tab-width be ten in a
+file's buffer.  The value you specify must be a Lisp object!
+It will be read, but not evaluated.  So, to specify a string,
+you MUST use doublequotes.  For "false", in variables whose
+meanings are true or false, you MUST write  nil  .
+
+Two variable names are special: "mode" and "eval".
+Mode is used for specifying the major mode (as in Twenex Emacs).
+
+mode: text
+
+specifies text mode.  Eval is used for requesting the evaluation
+of a Lisp expression; its value is ignored.  Thus,
+
+eval: (set-syntax-table lisp-mode-syntax-table)
+
+causes Lisp Mode syntax to be used.
+
+
+Note that GNU Emacs looks for the string "Local variables:"
+whereas Twenex Emacs looks for "Local modes:".  This incompatibility
+id deliberate, so that neither one will see local settings
+intended for the other.
+
+*** Lisp code libraries.
+
+Libraries of commands, and init files, are written in Lisp.
+libraries conventionally have names ending in .el, while the
+init file is named .emacs and is in your home directory.
+
+Use  Meta-x load-library  to load a library.  Most standard libraries
+load automatically if you try to use the commands in them.
+
+Meta-x byte-compile-file filename
+compiles the file into byte code which loads and runs faster
+than Lisp source code.  The file of byte code is given a name
+made by appending "c" to the end of the input file name.
+
+Meta-x byte-recompile-directory directoryname
+compiles all files in the specified directory (globbing not allowed)
+which have been compiled before but have been changed since then.
+
+Meta-x load-library automatically checks for a compiled file
+before loading the source file.
+
+Libraries once loaded do not retain their identity within GNU
+Emacs.  Therefore, you cannot tell just what was loaded from a
+library, and you cannot un-load a library.  Normally, libraries
+are written so that loading one has no effect on the editing
+operations that you would have used if you had not loaded the
+library.
+
+*** Dired features.
+
+You can do dired on partial directories --- any pattern
+the shell can glob.  Dired creates a buffer named after
+the directory or pattern, so you can dired several different
+directories.  If you repeat dired on the same directory or
+pattern, it just reselects the same buffer.  Use Meta-x Revert
+on that buffer to read in the current contents of the directory.
+
+*** Directory listing features.
+
+C-x C-d now uses the default output format of `ls',
+which gives just file names in multiple columns.
+C-u C-x C-d passes the -l switch to `ls'.
+
+Both read a directory spec from the minibuffer.  It can
+be any pattern that the shell can glob.
+
+*** Compiling other programs.
+
+Meta-x compile allows you to run make, or any other compilation
+command, underneath GNU Emacs.  Error messages go into a buffer whose
+name is *compilation*.  If you get error messages, you can use the
+command C-x ` (that is a backquote) to find the text of the next
+error message.
+
+You must specify the command to be run as an argument to M-x compile.
+A default is placed in the minibuffer; you can kill it and start
+fresh, edit it, or just type Return if it is what you want.
+The default is the last compilation command you used; initially,
+it is "make -k".
+
+*** Searching multiple files.
+
+Meta-x grep searches many files for a regexp by invoking grep
+and reading the output of grep into a buffer.  You can then
+move to the text lines that grep found, using the C-x ` command
+just as after M-x compile.
+
+*** Running inferior shells.
+
+Do Meta-x shell to make an inferior shell together with a buffer
+which serves to hold "terminal" input and output of the shell.
+The shell used is specified by the environment variable ESHELL,
+or by SHELL if ESHELL is not set.
+
+Use C-h m whilst in the *shell* buffer to get more detailed info.
+
+The inferior shell loads the file .emacs_csh or.emacs_sh
+(or similar using whatever name the shell has) when it starts up.
+
+M-! executes a shell command in an inferior shell
+and displays the output from it.  With a prefix argument,
+it inserts the output in the current buffer after dot
+and sets the mark after the output.  The shell command
+gets /dev/null as its standard input.
+
+M-| is like M-! but passes the contents of the region
+as input to the shell command.  A prefix argument makes
+the output from the command replace the contents of the region.
+
+*** Sending mail.
+
+Once you enter Mail Mode using C-x m or C-x 4 m or M-x mail,
+C-c becomes a prefix character for mail-related editing commands.
+C-c C-s is vital; that's how you send the message.  C-c C-c sends
+and then switches buffers or kills the current window.
+Use C-h m to get a list of the others.
+
+*** Regular expressions.
+
+GNU Emacs has regular expression facilities like those of most
+Unix editors, but more powerful:
+
+****		-- + --
+
++ specifies repetition of the preceding expression 1 or more
+times.  It is in other respect like *, which specifies repetition
+0 or more times.
+
+****		-- ? --
+
+?  is like * but matches at most one repetition of the preceding
+expression.
+
+****		-- \| --
+
+\| specifies an alternative.  Two regular expressions A and B with \| in
+between form an expression that matches anything that either A or B will
+match.  Thus, "foo\|bar" matches either "foo" or "bar" but no other
+string.
+
+\| applies to the larges possible surrounding expressions.  Only a
+surrounding \( ... \) grouping can limit the grouping power of \|.
+
+Full backtracking capability exists when multiple \|'s are used.
+
+****		-- \( ... \) --
+
+\( ... \) are a grouping construct that serves three purposes:
+
+1.  To enclose a set of \| alternatives for other operations.
+    Thus, "\(foo\|bar\)x" matches either "foox" or "barx".
+2.  To enclose a complicated expression for * to operate on.
+    Thus, "ba\(na\)*" matches "bananana", etc., with any number
+    of na's (zero or more).
+3.  To mark a matched substring for future reference.
+
+Application 3 is not a consequence of the idea of a parenthetical
+grouping; it is a separate feature which happens to be assigned as a
+second meaning to the same \( ... \) construct because there is no
+conflict in practice between the two meanings.  Here is an explanation
+of this feature.
+
+		-- \digit --
+
+After the end of a \( ... \) construct, the matcher remembers the
+beginning and end of the text matched by that construct.  Then, later on
+in the regular expression, you can use \ followed by a digit to mean,
+``match the same text matched this time by the \( ... \) construct.''
+The first nine \( ... \) constructs that appear in a regular expression
+are assigned numbers 1 through 9 in order of their beginnings.  \1
+through \9 can be used to refer to the text matched by the corresponding
+\( ... \) construct.
+
+For example, "\(.*\)\1" matches any string that is composed of two
+identical halves.  The "\(.*\)" matches the first half, which can be
+anything, but the \1 that follows must match the same exact text.
+
+****		-- \` --
+
+Matches the empty string, but only if it is at the beginning of the buffer.
+
+****		-- \' --
+
+Matches the empty string, but only if it is at the end of the buffer.
+
+****		-- \b --
+
+Matches the empty string, but only if it is at the beginning or end of
+a word.  Thus, "\bfoo\b" matches any occurrence of "foo" as a separate word.
+"\bball\(s\|\)\b" matches "ball" or "balls" as a separate word.
+
+****		-- \B --
+
+Matches the empty string, provided it is NOT at the beginning or end of
+a word.
+
+****		-- \< --
+
+Matches the empty string, provided it is at the beginning of a word.
+
+****		-- \> --
+
+Matches the empty string, provided it is at the end of a word.
+
+****		-- \w --
+
+Matches any word-constituent character.  The editor syntax table determines
+which characters these are.
+
+****		-- \W --
+
+Matches any character that is not a word-constituent.
+
+****		-- \s<code> --
+
+Matches any character whose syntax is <code>.  <code> is a letter that
+represents a syntax code: thus, "w" for word constituent, "-" for
+whitespace, "(" for open-parenthesis, etc.  Thus, "\s(" matches any
+character with open-parenthesis syntax.
+
+****		-- \S<code> --
+
+Matches any character whose syntax is not <code>.
+
+* How is this Emacs different from Gosling Emacs?
+
+** Advantages of Gosling Emacs:
+
+1. The program itself is much smaller.
+GNU Emacs uses about 250k more pure storage.
+As a result, Gosling Emacs can run on machines
+that cannot run GNU Emacs.  There is not much difference
+in the amount of impure storage in the two programs.
+
+2. In some versions there is support for other forks to
+establish communications channels to Emacs (using sockets?).
+
+3. There is a direct interface to dbm (data bases).
+
+** Advantages of GNU Emacs:
+
+*** True Lisp, not Mocklisp.
+
+GNU Emacs's extension language has real symbols, lists
+and vectors.  Many extensions are much simpler, and some
+become possible that were nearly impossible in Gosling Emacs.
+Many primitives can have cleaner interfaces, and some features
+need not be put in as special primitives because you can do
+them easily yourself.
+
+*** But Mocklisp still works.
+
+An automatic conversion package plus a run-time library
+allows you to convert a Mocklisp library into a Lisp library.
+
+*** Commands are better crafted.
+
+For example, nearly every editing function for which a
+numeric argument would make sense as a repeat count does
+accept a repeat count, and does handle a negative argument
+in the way you would expect.
+
+*** The manual is clearer.
+
+Everyone tells me it is a very good manual.
+
+*** Better on-line documentation.
+
+Both functions and variables have documentation strings that
+describe exactly how to use them.
+
+*** C mode is smart.
+
+It really knows how to indent each line correctly,
+for most popular indentation styles.  (Some variables
+control which style is used; popular named styles are also supported.)
+
+*** Compatible with PDP-10 Emacs, Multics Emacs and Zmacs.
+
+The commands in GNU Emacs are nearly the same as in the
+original Emacs and the other Emacses which imitated it.
+(A few have been changed to fit the Unix environment better.)
+
+*** Support for Gosling's Emacs commands.
+
+M-x set-gosmacs-bindings rebinds many editing commands for
+compatibility with Gosling's Emacs.
+M-x set-gnu-bindings reverses the change.
+
+*** Side-by-side windows.
+
+You can split a GNU Emacs window either horizontally or
+vertically.
+
+*** Redisplay is faster.
+
+GNU Emacs sends about the same stuff to the terminal that
+Gosling's does, but GNU Emacs uses much less CPU time to
+decide what to do.
+
+*** Entirely termcap-driven.
+
+GNU Emacs has nearly no special code for any terminal type.  Various
+new termcap strings make it possible to handle all terminals nearly as
+fast as they could be handled by special-case code.
+
+*** Display-hiding features.
+
+For example, Outline Mode makes it possible for you to edit
+an outline, making entire sub-branches of the outline visible
+or invisible when you wish.
+
+*** You can interrupt with Control-G.
+
+Even a looping Lisp program can be stopped this way.
+And even a loop in C code does not stop you from killing
+Emacs and getting back to your shell.
+
+*** Per-buffer Undo.
+
+You can undo the last several changes, in each buffer
+independently.
+
+*** The editor code itself is clean.
+
+Many people have remarked on how much they enjoy reading
+the code for GNU Emacs.
+
+One other note: The program etc/cvtmail that comes with GNU Emacs can
+be used to convert a mail directory for Gosling Emacs's Rmail into a
+Unix mail file that you could read into GNU Emacs's Rmail.
+
+* How is this Emacs different from CCA Emacs?
+
+** GNU Emacs Lisp vs CCA Elisp.
+
+GNU Emacs Lisp does not have a distinction between Lisp functions
+and Emacs functions, or between Lisp variables and Emacs variables.
+The Lisp and the editor are integrated.  A Lisp function defined
+with defun is callable as an editor command if you put an
+interactive calling spec in it; for example, 
+  (defun forward-character (n)
+    (interactive "p")
+    (goto-char (+ (point) n)))
+defines a function of one argument that moves point forward by
+a specified number of characters.  Programs could call this function,
+as in (forward-character 6), or it could be assigned to a key,
+in which case the "p" says to pass the prefix numeric arg as
+the function's argument.  As a result of this feature, you often
+need not have two different functions, one to be called by programs
+and another to read arguments from the user conveniently; the same
+function can do both.
+
+CCA Elisp tries to be a subset of Common Lisp and tries to
+have as many Common Lisp functions as possible (though it is still
+only a small fraction of full Common Lisp).  GNU Emacs Lisp
+is somewhat similar to Common Lisp just because of my Maclisp
+and Lisp Machine background, but it has several distinct incompatibilities
+in both syntax and semantics.  Also, I have not attempted to
+provide many Common Lisp functions that you could write in Lisp,
+or others that provide no new capability in the circumstances.
+
+GNU Emacs Lisp does not have packages, readtables, or character objects
+(it uses integers to represent characters).
+
+On the other hand, windows, buffers, relocatable markers and processes
+are first class objects in GNU Emacs Lisp.  You can get information about them
+and do things to them in a Lispy fashion.  Not so in CCA Emacs.
+
+In GNU Emacs Lisp, you cannot open a file and read or write characters
+or Lisp objects from it.  This feature is painful to support, and
+is not fundamentally necessary in an Emacs, because instead you
+can read the file into a buffer, read or write characters or
+Lisp objects in the buffer, and then write the buffer into the file.
+
+On the other hand, GNU Emacs Lisp does allow you to rename, delete, add
+names to, and copy files; also to find out whether a file is a
+directory, whether it is a symbolic link and to what name, whether
+you can read it or write it, find out its directory component,
+expand a relative pathname, find completions of a file name, etc.,
+which you cannot do in CCA Elisp.
+
+GNU Emacs Lisp uses dynamic scope exclusively.  This enables you to
+bind variables which affect the execution of the editor, such as
+indent-tabs-mode.
+
+GNU Emacs Lisp code is normally compiled into byte code.  Most of the
+standard editing commands are written in Lisp, and many are
+dumped, pure, in the Emacs that users normally run.
+
+GNU Emacs allows you to interrupt a runaway Lisp program with
+Control-g.
+
+** GNU Emacs Editing Advantages
+
+GNU Emacs is faster for many things, especially insertion of text
+and file I/O.
+
+GNU Emacs allows you to undo more than just the last command
+with the undo command (C-x u, or C-_).  You can undo quite a ways back.
+Undo information is separate for each buffer; changes in one buffer
+do not affect your ability to undo in another buffer.
+
+GNU Emacs commands that want to display some output do so by putting
+it in a buffer and displaying that buffer in a window.  This
+technique comes from Gosling Emacs.  It has both advantages and
+disadvantages when compared with the technique, copied by CCA Emacs
+from my original Emacs which inherited it from TECO, of having "type
+out" which appears on top of the text in the current window but
+disappears automatically at the next input character.
+
+GNU Emacs does not use the concept of "subsystems".  Instead, it uses
+highly specialized major modes.  For example, dired in GNU Emacs has
+the same commands as dired does in other versions of Emacs, give or
+take a few, but it is a major mode, not a subsystem.  The advantage
+of this is that you do not have to "exit" from dired and lose the
+state of dired in order to edit files again.  You can simply switch
+to another buffer, and switch back to the dired buffer later.  You
+can also have several dired buffers, looking at different directories.
+
+It is still possible to write a subsystem--your own command loop--
+in GNU Emacs, but it is not recommended, since writing a major mode
+for a special buffer is better.
+
+Recursive edits are also rarely used, for the same reason: it is better
+to make a new buffer and put it in a special major mode.  Sending
+mail is done this way.
+
+GNU Emacs expects everyone to use find-file (C-x C-f) for reading
+in files; its C-x C-v command kills the current buffer and then finds
+the specified file.
+
+As a result, users do not need to think about the complexities
+of subsystems, recursive edits, and various ways to read in files
+or what to do if a buffer contains changes to some other file.
+
+GNU Emacs uses its own format of tag table, made by the "etags"
+program.  This format makes finding a tag much faster.
+
+Dissociated Press is supported.
+
+
+** GNU Emacs Editing Disadvantages.
+
+GNU Emacs does not display the location of the mark.
+
+GNU Emacs does not have a concept of numbers of buffers,
+or a permanent ordering of buffers, or searching through multiple
+buffers.  The tags-search command provides a way to search
+through several buffers automatically.
+
+GNU Emacs does not provide commands to visit files without
+setting the buffer's default directory.  Users can write such
+commands in Lisp by copying the code of the standard file
+visiting commands and modifying them.
+
+GNU Emacs does not support "plus options" in the command
+arguments or in buffer-selection commands, except for line numbers.
+
+GNU Emacs does not support encryption.  Down with security!
+
+GNU Emacs does not support replaying keystroke files,
+and does not normally write keystroke files.
+
+
+** Neutral Differences
+
+GNU Emacs uses TAB, not ESC, to complete file names, buffer names,
+command names, etc.
+
+GNU Emacs uses LFD to terminate searches, instead of
+the C-d uses by CCA Emacs.  (Actually, this character is controlled
+by a parameter in GNU Emacs.)  C-M-s in GNU Emacs is an interactive
+regular expression search, but you can get to a noninteractive
+one by typing ESC right after the C-M-s.
+
+In GNU Emacs, C-x s asks, for each modified file buffer, whether
+to save it.
+
+GNU Emacs indicates line continuation with "\" and line
+truncation (at either margin) with "$".
+
+The command to resume a tags-search or tags-query-replace in
+GNU Emacs is Meta-Comma.

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/PROBLEMS	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,2244 @@
+This file describes various problems that have been encountered
+in compiling, installing and running GNU Emacs.
+
+* Error "conflicting types for `initstate'" compiling with GCC on Irix 6.
+
+Install GCC 2.95 or a newer version, and this problem should go away.
+It is possible that this problem results from upgrading the operating
+system without reinstalling GCC; so you could also try reinstalling
+the same version of GCC, and telling us whether that fixes the problem.
+
+* On Solaris 7, Emacs gets a segmentation fault when starting up using X.
+
+This results from Sun patch 107058-01 (SunOS 5.7: Patch for
+assembler), if you use GCC (version 2.7 or 2.8, at least).  To work
+around it, either uninstall the patch, or install the GNU Binutils.
+Then recompile Emacs, and it should work.
+
+* With X11R6.4, public-patch-3, Emacs crashes at startup.
+
+Reportedly this patch in X fixes the problem.
+
+    --- xc/lib/X11/imInt.c~	Wed Jun 30 13:31:56 1999
+    +++ xc/lib/X11/imInt.c	Thu Jul  1 15:10:27 1999
+    @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
+    -/* $TOG: imInt.c /main/5 1998/05/30 21:11:16 kaleb $ */
+    +/* $TOG: imInt.c /main/5 1998/05/30 21:11:16 kaleb $  */
+     /******************************************************************
+
+		Copyright 1992, 1993, 1994 by FUJITSU LIMITED
+    @@ -166,8 +166,8 @@
+     _XimMakeImName(lcd)
+	 XLCd	   lcd;
+     {
+    -    char* begin;
+    -    char* end;
+    +    char* begin = NULL;
+    +    char* end = NULL;
+	 char* ret;
+	 int	i = 0;
+	 char* ximmodifier = XIMMODIFIER;
+    @@ -182,7 +182,11 @@
+	 }
+	 ret = Xmalloc(end - begin + 2);
+	 if (ret != NULL) {
+    -    	(void)strncpy(ret, begin, end - begin + 1);
+    +	if (begin != NULL) {
+    +      	  (void)strncpy(ret, begin, end - begin + 1);
+    +        } else {
+    +	  ret[0] = '\0';
+    +	}
+	    ret[end - begin + 1] = '\0';
+	 }
+	 return ret;
+
+
+* On Solaris 2.7, the Compose key does not work *except* when the
+system is quite heavily loaded.
+
+This is a bug in Motif in Solaris.  Supposedly it has been fixed for
+the next major release of Solaris.  However, if someone with Sun
+support complains to Sun about the bug, they may release a patch for
+Solaris 2.7.  If you do this, mention Sun bug #4188711.
+
+* Emacs crashes on Irix 6.5 on the SGI R10K, when compiled with GCC.
+  
+This seems to be fixed in GCC 2.95.
+
+* Emacs crashes in utmpname on Irix 5.3.
+
+This problem is fixed in Patch 3175 for Irix 5.3.
+It is also fixed in Irix versions 6.2 and up.
+
+* On Solaris, CTRL-t is ignored by Emacs when you use
+the fr.ISO-8859-15 locale (and maybe other related locales).
+
+You can fix this by editing the file:
+
+	/usr/openwin/lib/locale/iso8859-15/Compose
+	
+Near the bottom there is a line that reads:
+
+	Ctrl<t> <quotedbl> <Y>                  : "\276"        threequarters
+
+that should read:
+
+	Ctrl<T> <quotedbl> <Y>                  : "\276"        threequarters
+
+Note the lower case <t>.  Changing this line should make C-t work.
+
+* Emacs on Digital Unix 4.0 fails to build, giving error message
+     Invalid dimension for the charset-ID 160
+
+This is due to a bug or an installation problem in GCC 2.8.0.
+Installing a more recent version of GCC fixes the problem.
+
+* Buffers from `with-output-to-temp-buffer' get set up in Help mode.
+
+Changes in Emacs 20.4 to the hooks used by that function cause
+problems for some packages, specifically BBDB.  See the function's
+documentation for the hooks involved.  BBDB 2.00.06 fixes the problem.
+
+* Under X, C-v and/or other keys don't work.
+
+These may have been intercepted by your window manager.  In
+particular, AfterStep 1.6 is reported to steal C-v in its default
+configuration.  Various Meta keys are also likely to be taken by the
+configuration of the `feel'.  See the WM's documentation for how to
+change this.
+
+* When using Exceed, fonts sometimes appear too tall.
+
+When the display is set to an Exceed X-server and fonts are specified
+(either explicitly with the -fn option or implicitly with X resources)
+then the fonts may appear "too tall".  The actual character sizes are
+correct but there is too much vertical spacing between rows,  which 
+gives the appearance of "double spacing".  
+
+To prevent this,  turn off the Exceed's "automatic font substitution"
+feature (in the font part of the configuration window).
+
+* On Solaris 7 or later, the compiler complains about the struct member `_ptr'.
+
+This suggests that you are trying to build Emacs in 64 bit mode
+(e.g. with cc -xarch=v9).  Emacs does not yet support this on Solaris.
+Build Emacs in the default 32 bit mode instead.
+
+* Failure in unexec while dumping emacs on Digital Unix 4.0
+
+This problem manifests itself as an error message
+
+    unexec: Bad address, writing data section to ...
+
+The user suspects that this happened because his X libraries
+were built for an older system version,
+
+    ./configure --x-includes=/usr/include --x-libraries=/usr/shlib
+
+made the problem go away.
+
+* No visible display on mips-sgi-irix6.2 when compiling with GCC 2.8.1.
+
+This problem went away after installing the latest IRIX patches
+as of 8 Dec 1998.
+
+The same problem has been reported on Irix 6.3.
+
+* As of version 20.4, Emacs doesn't work properly if configured for
+the Motif toolkit and linked against the free LessTif library.  The
+next Emacs release is expected to work with LessTif.
+
+* Emacs gives the error, Couldn't find per display information.
+
+This can result if the X server runs out of memory because Emacs uses
+a large number of fonts.  On systems where this happens, C-h h is
+likely to cause it.
+
+We do not know of a way to prevent the problem.
+
+* Emacs makes HPUX 11.0 crash.
+
+This is a bug in HPUX; HPUX patch PHKL_16260 is said to fix it.
+
+* Emacs crashes during dumping on the HPPA machine (HPUX 10.20).
+
+This seems to be due to a GCC bug; it is fixed in GCC 2.8.1.
+
+* The Hyperbole package causes *Help* buffers not to be displayed in
+Help mode due to setting `temp-buffer-show-hook' rather than using
+`add-hook'.  Using `(add-hook 'temp-buffer-show-hook
+'help-mode-maybe)' after loading Hyperbole should fix this.
+
+* Versions of the PSGML package earlier than 1.0.3 (stable) or 1.1.2
+(alpha) fail to parse DTD files correctly in Emacs 20.3 and later.
+Here is a patch for psgml-parse.el from PSGML 1.0.1 and, probably,
+earlier versions.
+
+--- psgml-parse.el	1998/08/21 19:18:18	1.1
++++ psgml-parse.el	1998/08/21 19:20:00
+@@ -2383,7 +2383,7 @@ (defun sgml-push-to-entity (entity &opti
+       (setq sgml-buffer-parse-state nil))
+     (cond
+      ((stringp entity)			; a file name
+-      (save-excursion (insert-file-contents entity))
++      (insert-file-contents entity)
+       (setq default-directory (file-name-directory entity)))
+      ((consp (sgml-entity-text entity)) ; external id?
+       (let* ((extid (sgml-entity-text entity))
+
+* Running TeX from AUXTeX package with Emacs 20.3 gives a Lisp error
+about a read-only tex output buffer.
+
+This problem appeared for AUC TeX version 9.9j and some earlier
+versions.  Here is a patch for the file tex-buf.el in the AUC TeX
+package.
+
+diff -c auctex/tex-buf.el~ auctex/tex-buf.el
+*** auctex/tex-buf.el~	Wed Jul 29 18:35:32 1998
+--- auctex/tex-buf.el	Sat Sep  5 15:20:38 1998
+***************
+*** 545,551 ****
+  	(dir (TeX-master-directory)))
+      (TeX-process-check file)		; Check that no process is running
+      (setq TeX-command-buffer (current-buffer))
+!     (with-output-to-temp-buffer buffer)
+      (set-buffer buffer)
+      (if dir (cd dir))
+      (insert "Running `" name "' on `" file "' with ``" command "''\n")
+- --- 545,552 ----
+  	(dir (TeX-master-directory)))
+      (TeX-process-check file)		; Check that no process is running
+      (setq TeX-command-buffer (current-buffer))
+!     (let (temp-buffer-show-function temp-buffer-show-hook)
+!       (with-output-to-temp-buffer buffer))
+      (set-buffer buffer)
+      (if dir (cd dir))
+      (insert "Running `" name "' on `" file "' with ``" command "''\n")
+
+* On Irix 6.3, substituting environment variables in file names
+in the minibuffer gives peculiar error messages such as
+
+   Substituting nonexistent environment variable ""
+
+This is not an Emacs bug; it is caused by something in SGI patch
+003082 August 11, 1998.
+
+* After a while, Emacs slips into unibyte mode.
+
+The VM mail package, which is not part of Emacs, sometimes does
+  (standard-display-european t)
+That should be changed to 
+  (standard-display-european 1 t)
+
+* Installing Emacs gets an error running `install-info'.
+
+You need to install a recent version of Texinfo; that package
+supplies the `install-info' command.
+
+* Emacs does not recognize the AltGr key, on HPUX.
+
+To fix this, set up a file ~/.dt/sessions/sessionetc with executable
+rights, containing this text:
+
+--------------------------------
+xmodmap 2> /dev/null - << EOF
+keysym Alt_L = Meta_L
+keysym Alt_R = Meta_R
+EOF
+
+xmodmap - << EOF
+clear mod1
+keysym Mode_switch = NoSymbol
+add mod1 = Meta_L
+keysym Meta_R = Mode_switch
+add mod2 = Mode_switch
+EOF
+--------------------------------
+
+* Emacs compiled with DJGPP for MS-DOS/MS-Windows cannot access files
+in the directory with the special name `dev' under the root of any
+drive, e.g. `c:/dev'.
+
+This is an unfortunate side-effect of the support for Unix-style
+device names such as /dev/null in the DJGPP runtime library.  A
+work-around is to rename the problem directory to another name.
+
+* M-SPC seems to be ignored as input.
+
+See if your X server is set up to use this as a command
+for character composition.
+
+* Emacs startup on GNU/Linux systems (and possibly other systems) is slow.
+
+This can happen if the system is misconfigured and Emacs can't get the
+full qualified domain name, FQDN.  You should have your FQDN in the
+/etc/hosts file, something like this:
+
+127.0.0.1	localhost
+129.187.137.82	nuc04.t30.physik.tu-muenchen.de	nuc04
+
+The way to set this up may vary on non-GNU systems.
+
+* Garbled display on non-X terminals when Emacs runs on Digital Unix 4.0.
+
+So far it appears that running `tset' triggers this problem (when TERM
+is vt100, at least).  If you do not run `tset', then Emacs displays
+properly.  If someone can tell us precisely which effect of running
+`tset' actually causes the problem, we may be able to implement a fix
+in Emacs.
+
+* When you run Ispell from Emacs, it reports a "misalignment" error.
+
+This can happen if you compiled Ispell to use ASCII characters only
+and then try to use it from Emacs with non-ASCII characters,
+specifically Latin-1.  The solution is to recompile Ispell with
+Latin-1 support.
+
+This can also happen if the version of Ispell installed on your
+machine is old.
+
+* On Linux-based GNU systems using libc versions 5.4.19 through
+5.4.22, Emacs crashes at startup with a segmentation fault.
+
+This problem happens if libc defines the symbol __malloc_initialized.
+One known solution is to upgrade to a newer libc version.  5.4.33 is
+known to work.
+
+* On Windows, you cannot use the right-hand ALT key and the left-hand
+CTRL key together to type a Control-Meta character.
+
+This is a consequence of a misfeature beyond Emacs's control.
+
+Under Windows, the AltGr key on international keyboards generates key
+events with the modifiers Right-Alt and Left-Ctrl.  Since Emacs cannot
+distinguish AltGr from an explicit Right-Alt and Left-Ctrl
+combination, whenever it sees Right-Alt and Left-Ctrl it assumes that
+AltGr has been pressed.
+
+* Under some Windows X-servers, Emacs' display is incorrect 
+
+The symptoms are that Emacs does not completely erase blank areas of the
+screen during scrolling or some other screen operations (e.g., selective
+display or when killing a region).  M-x recenter will cause the screen
+to be completely redisplayed and the "extra" characters will disappear.
+
+This is known to occur under Exceed 6, and possibly earlier versions as
+well.  The problem lies in the X-server settings.
+
+There are reports that you can solve the problem with Exceed by
+running `Xconfig' from within NT, choosing "X selection", then
+un-checking the boxes "auto-copy X selection" and "auto-paste to X
+selection".
+
+Of this does not work, please inform [e-mail].  Then
+please call support for your X-server and see if you can get a fix.
+If you do, please send it to [e-mail] so we can list it
+here.
+
+* On Solaris 2, Emacs dumps core when built with Motif.
+
+The Solaris Motif libraries are buggy, at least up through Solaris 2.5.1.
+Install the current Motif runtime library patch appropriate for your host.
+(Make sure the patch is current; some older patch versions still have the bug.)
+You should install the other patches recommended by Sun for your host, too.
+You can obtain Sun patches from ftp://sunsolve.sun.com/pub/patches/;
+look for files with names ending in `.PatchReport' to see which patches
+are currently recommended for your host.
+
+On Solaris 2.6, Emacs is said to work with Motif when Solaris patch
[phone] is installed, but fail when 105284-15 is installed.
[phone] might fix it again.
+
+* On Solaris 2.6, the Compose key does not work.
+
+One workaround is to use a locale that allows non-ASCII characters.
+For example, before invoking emacs, set the LC_ALL environment
+variable to "en_US" (American English).  The directory /usr/lib/locale
+lists the supported locales; any locale other than "C" or "POSIX"
+should do.
+
[e-mail] says (Feb 1998) that this is a bug in the Solaris
+2.6 X libraries, and that the Compose key does work if you link with
+the MIT X11 libraries instead.
+
+Sun has accepted this as a bug; see Sun bug 4188711.
+
+* Emacs does not know your host's fully-qualified domain name.
+
+You need to configure your machine with a fully qualified domain name,
+either in /etc/hosts, /etc/hostname, the NIS, or wherever your system
+calls for specifying this.
+
+If you cannot fix the configuration, you can set the Lisp variable
+mail-host-address to the value you want.
+
+* Error 12 (virtual memory exceeded) when dumping Emacs, on UnixWare 2.1
+
+Paul Abrahams ([e-mail]) reports that with the installed
+virtual memory settings for UnixWare 2.1.2, an Error 12 occurs during
+the "make" that builds Emacs, when running temacs to dump emacs.  That
+error indicates that the per-process virtual memory limit has been
+exceeded.  The default limit is probably 32MB.  Raising the virtual
+memory limit to 40MB should make it possible to finish building Emacs.
+
+You can do this with the command `ulimit' (sh) or `limit' (csh).
+But you have to be root to do it.
+
+According to Martin Sohnius, you can also retune this in the kernel:
+
+    # /etc/conf/bin/idtune SDATLIM 33554432         ## soft data size limit
+    # /etc/conf/bin/idtune HDATLIM 33554432         ## hard "
+    # /etc/conf/bin/idtune SVMMSIZE unlimited       ## soft process size limit
+    # /etc/conf/bin/idtune HVMMSIZE unlimited       ## hard "
+    # /etc/conf/bin/idbuild -B
+
+(He recommends you not change the stack limit, though.)
+These changes take effect when you reboot.
+
+* Redisplay using X11 is much slower than previous Emacs versions.
+
+We've noticed that certain X servers draw the text much slower when
+scroll bars are on the left.  We don't know why this happens.  If this
+happens to you, you can work around it by putting the scroll bars
+on the right (as they were in Emacs 19).
+
+Here's how to do this:
+
+  (set-scroll-bar-mode 'right)
+
+If you're not sure whether (or how much) this problem affects you,
+try that and see how much difference it makes.  To set things back
+to normal, do
+
+  (set-scroll-bar-mode 'left)
+
+* Under X11, some characters appear as hollow boxes.
+
+Each X11 font covers just a fraction of the characters that Emacs
+supports.  To display the whole range of Emacs characters requires
+many different fonts, collected into a fontset.
+
+If some of the fonts called for in your fontset do not exist on your X
+server, then the characters that have no font appear as hollow boxes.
+You can remedy the problem by installing additional fonts.
+
+The intlfonts distribution includes a full spectrum of fonts that can
+display all the characters Emacs supports.
+
+* Under X11, some characters appear improperly aligned in their lines.
+
+You may have bad X11 fonts; try installing the intlfonts distribution.
+
+* Certain fonts make each line take one pixel more than it "should".
+
+This is because these fonts contain characters a little taller
+than the font's nominal height.  Emacs needs to make sure that
+lines do not overlap.
+
+* You request inverse video, and the first Emacs frame is in inverse
+video, but later frames are not in inverse video.
+
+This can happen if you have an old version of the custom library in
+your search path for Lisp packages.  Use M-x list-load-path-shadows to
+check whether this is true.  If it is, delete the old custom library.
+
+* In FreeBSD 2.1.5, useless symbolic links remain in /tmp or other
+directories that have the +t bit.
+
+This is because of a kernel bug in FreeBSD 2.1.5 (fixed in 2.2).
+Emacs uses symbolic links to implement file locks.  In a directory
+with +t bit, the directory owner becomes the owner of the symbolic
+link, so that it cannot be removed by anyone else.
+
+If you don't like those useless links, you can let Emacs not to using
+file lock by adding #undef CLASH_DETECTION to config.h.
+
+* When using M-x dbx with the SparcWorks debugger, the `up' and `down'
+commands do not move the arrow in Emacs.
+
+You can fix this by adding the following line to `~/.dbxinit':
+
+ dbxenv output_short_file_name off
+
+* Emacs says it has saved a file, but the file does not actually
+appear on disk.
+
+This can happen on certain systems when you are using NFS, if the
+remote disk is full.  It is due to a bug in NFS (or certain NFS
+implementations), and there is apparently nothing Emacs can do to
+detect the problem.  Emacs checks the failure codes of all the system
+calls involved in writing a file, including `close'; but in the case
+where the problem occurs, none of those system calls fails.
+
+* "Compose Character" key does strange things when used as a Meta key.
+
+If you define one key to serve as both Meta and Compose Character, you
+will get strange results.  In previous Emacs versions, this "worked"
+in that the key acted as Meta--that's because the older Emacs versions
+did not try to support Compose Character.  Now Emacs tries to do
+character composition in the standard X way.  This means that you
+must pick one meaning or the other for any given key.
+
+You can use both functions (Meta, and Compose Character) if you assign
+them to two different keys.
+
+* Emacs gets a segmentation fault at startup, on AIX4.2.
+
+If you are using IBM's xlc compiler, compile emacs.c
+without optimization; that should avoid the problem.
+
+* movemail compiled with POP support can't connect to the POP server.
+
+Make sure that the `pop' entry in /etc/services, or in the services
+NIS map if your machine uses NIS, has the same port number as the
+entry on the POP server.  A common error is for the POP server to be
+listening on port 110, the assigned port for the POP3 protocol, while
+the client is trying to connect on port 109, the assigned port for the
+old POP protocol.
+
+* Emacs crashes in x-popup-dialog.
+
+This can happen if the dialog widget cannot find the font it wants to
+use.  You can work around the problem by specifying another font with
+an X resource--for example, `Emacs.dialog*.font: 9x15' (or any font that
+happens to exist on your X server).
+
+* Emacs crashes when you use Bibtex mode.
+
+This happens if your system puts a small limit on stack size.  You can
+prevent the problem by using a suitable shell command (often `ulimit')
+to raise the stack size limit before you run Emacs.
+
+Patches to raise the stack size limit automatically in `main'
+(src/emacs.c) on various systems would be greatly appreciated.
+
+* Emacs crashes with SIGBUS or SIGSEGV on HPUX 9 after you delete a frame.
+
+We think this is due to a bug in the X libraries provided by HP.  With
+the alternative X libraries in /usr/contrib/mitX11R5/lib, the problem
+does not happen.
+
+* Emacs crashes with SIGBUS or SIGSEGV on Solaris after you delete a frame.
+
+We suspect that this is a similar bug in the X libraries provided by
+Sun.  There is a report that one of these patches fixes the bug and
+makes the problem stop:
+
[phone]-01 105518-01 105621-01 105665-01 105615-02 105216-02
[phone]-08 105615-03 105621-02 105686-02 105736-01 105755-03
[phone]-01 105786-01 105181-04 105379-03 105786-04 105845-01
[phone]-02 105837-01 105837-02 105558-01 106125-02 105407-01
+
+Another person using a newer system (kernel patch level Generic_105181-06)
+suspects that the bug was fixed by one of these more recent patches:
+
[phone]  SunOS 5.6: X Input & Output Method patch
[phone]  OpenWindows 3.6: filemgr (ff.core) fixes
[phone]  Motif 1.2.7: sparc Runtime library patch
+
+* Problems running Perl under Emacs on Windows NT/95.
+
+`perl -de 0' just hangs when executed in an Emacs subshell.
+The fault lies with Perl (indirectly with Windows NT/95).
+
+The problem is that the Perl debugger explicitly opens a connection to
+"CON", which is the DOS/NT equivalent of "/dev/tty", for interacting
+with the user.
+
+On Unix, this is okay, because Emacs (or the shell?) creates a
+pseudo-tty so that /dev/tty is really the pipe Emacs is using to
+communicate with the subprocess.
+
+On NT, this fails because CON always refers to the handle for the
+relevant console (approximately equivalent to a tty), and cannot be
+redirected to refer to the pipe Emacs assigned to the subprocess as
+stdin.
+
+A workaround is to modify perldb.pl to use STDIN/STDOUT instead of CON.
+
+For Perl 4:
+
+    *** PERL/LIB/PERLDB.PL.orig	Wed May 26 08:24:18 1993
+    --- PERL/LIB/PERLDB.PL	Mon Jul 01 15:28:16 1996
+    ***************
+    *** 68,74 ****
+	  $rcfile=".perldb";
+      }
+      else {
+    !     $console = "con";
+	  $rcfile="perldb.ini";
+      }
+
+    --- 68,74 ----
+	  $rcfile=".perldb";
+      }
+      else {
+    !     $console = "";
+	  $rcfile="perldb.ini";
+      }
+
+
+    For Perl 5:
+    *** perl/5.001/lib/perl5db.pl.orig	Sun Jun 04 21:13:40 1995
+    --- perl/5.001/lib/perl5db.pl	Mon Jul 01 17:00:08 1996
+    ***************
+    *** 22,28 ****
+	  $rcfile=".perldb";
+      }
+      elsif (-e "con") {
+    !     $console = "con";
+	  $rcfile="perldb.ini";
+      }
+      else {
+    --- 22,28 ----
+	  $rcfile=".perldb";
+      }
+      elsif (-e "con") {
+    !     $console = "";
+	  $rcfile="perldb.ini";
+      }
+      else {
+
+* Problems running DOS programs on Windows NT versions earlier than 3.51.
+
+Some DOS programs, such as pkzip/pkunzip will not work at all, while
+others will only work if their stdin is redirected from a file or NUL.
+
+When a DOS program does not work, a new process is actually created, but
+hangs.  It cannot be interrupted from Emacs, and might need to be killed
+by an external program if Emacs is hung waiting for the process to
+finish.  If Emacs is not waiting for it, you should be able to kill the
+instance of ntvdm that is running the hung process from Emacs, if you
+can find out the process id.
+
+It is safe to run most DOS programs using call-process (eg. M-! and
+M-|) since stdin is then redirected from a file, but not with
+start-process since that redirects stdin to a pipe.  Also, running DOS
+programs in a shell buffer prompt without redirecting stdin does not
+work.
+
+* Problems on MS-DOG if DJGPP v2.0 is used to compile Emacs:
+
+There are two DJGPP library bugs which cause problems:
+
+  * Running `shell-command' (or `compile', or `grep') you get
+    `Searching for program: permission denied (EACCES), c:/command.com';
+  * After you shell to DOS, Ctrl-Break kills Emacs.
+
+To work around these bugs, you can use two files in the msdos
+subdirectory: `is_exec.c' and `sigaction.c'.  Compile them and link
+them into the Emacs executable `temacs'; then they will replace the
+incorrect library functions.
+
+* When compiling with DJGPP on Windows 95, Make fails for some targets
+like make-docfile.
+
+This can happen if long file name support (the setting of environment
+variable LFN) when Emacs distribution was unpacked and during
+compilation are not the same.  See the MSDOG section of INSTALL for
+the explanation of how to avoid this problem.
+
+* Emacs compiled for MSDOS cannot find some Lisp files, or other
+run-time support files, when long filename support is enabled.
+(Usually, this problem will manifest itself when Emacs exits
+immediately after flashing the startup screen, because it cannot find
+the Lisp files it needs to load at startup.  Redirect Emacs stdout
+and stderr to a file to see the error message printed by Emacs.)
+
+This can happen if the Emacs distribution was unzipped without LFN
+support, thus causing long filenames to be truncated to the first 6
+characters and a numeric tail that Windows 95 normally attaches to it.
+You should unzip the files again with a utility that supports long
+filenames (such as djtar from DJGPP or InfoZip's UnZip program
+compiled with DJGPP v2).  The MSDOG section of the file INSTALL
+explains this issue in more detail.
+
+* Emacs compiled with DJGPP complains at startup:
+
+  "Wrong type of argument: internal-facep, msdos-menu-active-face"
+
+This can happen if you define an environment variable `TERM'.  Emacs
+on MSDOS uses an internal terminal emulator which is disabled if the
+value of `TERM' is anything but the string "internal".  Emacs then
+works as if its terminal were a dumb glass teletype that doesn't
+support faces.  To work around this, arrange for `TERM' to be
+undefined when Emacs runs.  The best way to do that is to add an
+[emacs] section to the DJGPP.ENV file which defines an empty value for
+`TERM'; this way, only Emacs gets the empty value, while the rest of
+your system works as before.
+
+* On Windows 95, Alt-f6 does not get through to Emacs.
+
+This character seems to be trapped by the kernel in Windows 95.
+You can enter M-f6 by typing ESC f6.
+
+* Typing Alt-Shift has strange effects on Windows 95.
+
+This combination of keys is a command to change keyboard layout.  If
+you proceed to type another non-modifier key before you let go of Alt
+and Shift, the Alt and Shift act as modifiers in the usual way.
+
+* `tparam' reported as a multiply-defined symbol when linking with ncurses.
+
+This problem results from an incompatible change in ncurses, in
+version 1.9.9e approximately.  This version is unable to provide a
+definition of tparm without also defining tparam.  This is also
+incompatible with Terminfo; as a result, the Emacs Terminfo support
+does not work with this version of ncurses.
+
+The fix is to install a newer version of ncurses, such as version 4.2.
+
+* Strange results from format %d in a few cases, on a Sun.
+
+Sun compiler version SC3.0 has been found to miscompile part of
+editfns.c.  The workaround is to compile with some other compiler such
+as GCC.
+
+* Output from subprocess (such as man or diff) is randomly truncated
+on GNU/Linux systems.
+
+This is due to a kernel bug which seems to be fixed in Linux version
+1.3.75.
+
+* Error messages `internal facep []' happen on GNU/Linux systems.
+
+There is a report that replacing libc.so.5.0.9 with libc.so.5.2.16
+caused this to start happening.  People are not sure why, but the
+problem seems unlikely to be in Emacs itself.  Some suspect that it
+is actually Xlib which won't work with libc.so.5.2.16.
+
+Using the old library version is a workaround.
+
+* On Solaris, Emacs crashes if you use (display-time).
+
+This can happen if you configure Emacs without specifying the precise
+version of Solaris that you are using.
+
+* Emacs dumps core on startup, on Solaris.
+
+Bill Sebok says that the cause of this is Solaris 2.4 vendor patch
[phone], which extends the Solaris linker to deal with the Solaris
+Common Desktop Environment's linking needs.  You can fix the problem
+by removing this patch and installing patch 102049-02 instead.
+However, that linker version won't work with CDE.
+
+Solaris 2.5 comes with a linker that has this bug.  It is reported that if
+you install all the latest patches (as of June 1996), the bug is fixed.
+We suspect the crucial patch is one of these, but we don't know
+for certain.
+
+        103093-03: [README] SunOS 5.5: kernel patch (2140557 bytes) 
+        102832-01: [README] OpenWindows 3.5: Xview Jumbo Patch (4181613 bytes) 
+	103242-04: [README] SunOS 5.5: linker patch (595363 bytes)
+
+(One user reports that the bug was fixed by those patches together
+with patches 102980-04, 103279-01, 103300-02, and 103468-01.)
+
+If you can determine which patch does fix the bug, please tell
[e-mail].
+
+Meanwhile, the GNU linker links Emacs properly on both Solaris 2.4 and
+Solaris 2.5.
+
+* Emacs dumps core if lisp-complete-symbol is called, on Solaris.
+
+If you compile Emacs with the -fast or -xO4 option with version 3.0.2
+of the Sun C compiler, Emacs dumps core when lisp-complete-symbol is
+called.  The problem does not happen if you compile with GCC.
+
+* "Cannot find callback list" messages from dialog boxes on HPUX, in
+Emacs built with Motif.
+
+This problem resulted from a bug in GCC 2.4.5.  Newer GCC versions
+such as 2.7.0 fix the problem.
+
+* On Irix 6.0, make tries (and fails) to build a program named unexelfsgi
+
+A compiler bug inserts spaces into the string "unexelfsgi . o"
+in src/Makefile.  Edit src/Makefile, after configure is run,
+find that string, and take out the spaces.
+
+Compiler fixes in Irix 6.0.1 should eliminate this problem.
+
+* "out of virtual swap space" on Irix 5.3
+
+This message occurs when the system runs out of swap space due to too
+many large programs running.  The solution is either to provide more
+swap space or to reduce the number of large programs being run.  You
+can check the current status of the swap space by executing the
+command `swap -l'.
+
+You can increase swap space by changing the file /etc/fstab.  Adding a
+line like this:
+
+/usr/swap/swap.more     swap    swap    pri=3 0 0
+
+where /usr/swap/swap.more is a file previously created (for instance
+by using /etc/mkfile), will increase the swap space by the size of
+that file.  Execute `swap -m' or reboot the machine to activate the
+new swap area.  See the manpages for `swap' and `fstab' for further
+information.
+
+The objectserver daemon can use up lots of memory because it can be
+swamped with NIS information.  It collects information about all users
+on the network that can log on to the host.
+
+If you want to disable the objectserver completely, you can execute
+the command `chkconfig objectserver off' and reboot.  That may disable
+some of the window system functionality, such as responding CDROM
+icons.
+
+You can also remove NIS support from the objectserver.  The SGI `admin'
+FAQ has a detailed description on how to do that; see question 35
+("Why isn't the objectserver working?").  The admin FAQ can be found at
+ftp://viz.tamu.edu/pub/sgi/faq/.
+
+* With certain fonts, when the cursor appears on a character, the
+character doesn't appear--you get a solid box instead.
+
+One user on a Linux-based GNU system reported that this problem went
+away with installation of a new X server.  The failing server was
+XFree86 3.1.1.  XFree86 3.1.2 works.
+
+* On SunOS 4.1.3, Emacs unpredictably crashes in _yp_dobind_soft.
+
+This happens if you configure Emacs specifying just `sparc-sun-sunos4'
+on a system that is version 4.1.3.  You must specify the precise
+version number (or let configure figure out the configuration, which
+it can do perfectly well for SunOS).
+
+* On SunOS 4, Emacs processes keep going after you kill the X server
+(or log out, if you logged in using X).
+
+Someone reported that recompiling with GCC 2.7.0 fixed this problem.
+
+* On AIX 4, some programs fail when run in a Shell buffer
+with an error message like   No terminfo entry for "unknown".
+
+On AIX, many terminal type definitions are not installed by default.
+`unknown' is one of them.  Install the "Special Generic Terminal
+Definitions" to make them defined.
+
+* On SunOS, you get linker errors
+   ld: Undefined symbol 
+      _get_wmShellWidgetClass
+      _get_applicationShellWidgetClass
+
+The fix to this is to install patch 100573 for OpenWindows 3.0
+or link libXmu statically.
+
+* On AIX 4.1.2, linker error messages such as
+  ld: 0711-212 SEVERE ERROR: Symbol .__quous, found in the global symbol table
+	of archive /usr/lib/libIM.a, was not defined in archive member shr.o.
+
+This is a problem in libIM.a.  You can work around it by executing
+these shell commands in the src subdirectory of the directory where
+you build Emacs:
+
+    cp /usr/lib/libIM.a .
+    chmod 664 libIM.a
+    ranlib libIM.a
+
+Then change -lIM to ./libIM.a in the command to link temacs (in
+Makefile).
+
+* Unpredictable segmentation faults on Solaris 2.3 and 2.4.
+
+A user reported that this happened in 19.29 when it was compiled with
+the Sun compiler, but not when he recompiled with GCC 2.7.0.
+
+We do not know whether something in Emacs is partly to blame for this.
+
+* Emacs exits with "X protocol error" when run with an X server for
+Windows.
+
+A certain X server for Windows had a bug which caused this.
+Supposedly the newer 32-bit version of this server doesn't have the
+problem.
+
+* Emacs crashes at startup on MSDOS.
+
+Some users report that Emacs 19.29 requires dpmi memory management,
+and crashes on startup if the system does not have it.  We don't yet
+know why this happens--perhaps these machines don't have enough real
+memory, or perhaps something is wrong in Emacs or the compiler.
+However, arranging to use dpmi support is a workaround.
+
+You can find out if you have a dpmi host by running go32 without
+arguments; it will tell you if it uses dpmi memory.  For more
+information about dpmi memory, consult the djgpp FAQ.  (djgpp
+is the GNU C compiler as packaged for MSDOS.)
+
+Compiling Emacs under MSDOS is extremely sensitive for proper memory
+configuration.  If you experience problems during compilation, consider
+removing some or all memory resident programs (notably disk caches)
+and make sure that your memory managers are properly configured.  See
+the djgpp faq for configuration hints.
+
+* A position you specified in .Xdefaults is ignored, using twm.
+
+twm normally ignores "program-specified" positions.
+You can tell it to obey them with this command in your `.twmrc' file:
+
+  UsePPosition	"on"		#allow clients to request a position
+
+* Compiling lib-src says there is no rule to make test-distrib.c.
+
+This results from a bug in a VERY old version of GNU Sed.  To solve
+the problem, install the current version of GNU Sed, then rerun
+Emacs's configure script.
+
+* Compiling wakeup, in lib-src, says it can't make wakeup.c.
+
+This results from a bug in GNU Sed version 2.03.  To solve the
+problem, install the current version of GNU Sed, then rerun Emacs's
+configure script.
+
+* On Sunos 4.1.1, there are errors compiling sysdep.c.
+
+If you get errors such as
+
+    "sysdep.c", line 2017: undefined structure or union
+    "sysdep.c", line 2017: undefined structure or union
+    "sysdep.c", line 2019: nodename undefined
+
+This can result from defining LD_LIBRARY_PATH.  It is very tricky
+to use that environment variable with Emacs.  The Emacs configure
+script links many test programs with the system libraries; you must
+make sure that the libraries available to configure are the same
+ones available when you build Emacs.
+
+* The right Alt key works wrong on German HP keyboards (and perhaps
+other non-English HP keyboards too).
+
+This is because HPUX defines the modifiers wrong in X.  Here is a
+shell script to fix the problem; be sure that it is run after VUE
+configures the X server.
+
+    xmodmap 2> /dev/null - << EOF
+    keysym Alt_L = Meta_L
+    keysym Alt_R = Meta_R
+    EOF
+
+    xmodmap - << EOF
+    clear mod1
+    keysym Mode_switch = NoSymbol
+    add mod1 = Meta_L
+    keysym Meta_R = Mode_switch
+    add mod2 = Mode_switch
+    EOF
+
+* The Emacs window disappears when you type M-q.
+
+Some versions of the Open Look window manager interpret M-q as a quit
+command for whatever window you are typing at.  If you want to use
+Emacs with that window manager, you should try to configure the window
+manager to use some other command.   You can disable the
+shortcut keys entirely by adding this line to ~/.OWdefaults:
+
+    OpenWindows.WindowMenuAccelerators: False
+
+* Emacs does not notice when you release the mouse.
+
+There are reports that this happened with (some) Microsoft mice and
+that replacing the mouse made it stop.
+
+* Trouble using ptys on IRIX, or running out of ptys.
+
+The program mkpts (which may be in `/usr/adm' or `/usr/sbin') needs to
+be set-UID to root, or non-root programs like Emacs will not be able
+to allocate ptys reliably.
+
+* On Irix 5.2, unexelfsgi.c can't find cmplrs/stsupport.h.
+
+The file cmplrs/stsupport.h was included in the wrong file set in the
+Irix 5.2 distribution.  You can find it in the optional fileset
+compiler_dev, or copy it from some other Irix 5.2 system.  A kludgy
+workaround is to change unexelfsgi.c to include sym.h instead of
+syms.h.
+
+* Slow startup on Linux-based GNU systems.
+
+People using systems based on the Linux kernel sometimes report that
+startup takes 10 to 15 seconds longer than `usual'.
+
+This is because Emacs looks up the host name when it starts.
+Normally, this takes negligible time; the extra delay is due to
+improper system configuration.  This problem can occur for both
+networked and non-networked machines.
+
+Here is how to fix the configuration.  It requires being root.
+
+** Networked Case
+
+First, make sure the files `/etc/hosts' and `/etc/host.conf' both
+exist.  The first line in the `/etc/hosts' file should look like this
+(replace HOSTNAME with your host name):
+
+    127.0.0.1      HOSTNAME
+
+Also make sure that the `/etc/host.conf' files contains the following
+lines:
+
+    order hosts, bind 
+    multi on
+
+Any changes, permanent and temporary, to the host name should be
+indicated in the `/etc/hosts' file, since it acts a limited local
+database of addresses and names (e.g., some SLIP connections
+dynamically allocate ip addresses).
+
+** Non-Networked Case
+
+The solution described in the networked case applies here as well.
+However, if you never intend to network your machine, you can use a
+simpler solution: create an empty `/etc/host.conf' file.  The command
+`touch /etc/host.conf' suffices to create the file.  The `/etc/hosts'
+file is not necessary with this approach.
+
+* On Solaris 2.4, Dired hangs and C-g does not work.  Or Emacs hangs
+forever waiting for termination of a subprocess that is a zombie.
+
[e-mail] says the problem is in X11R6.  Rebuild libX11.so
+after changing the file xc/config/cf/sunLib.tmpl.  Change the lines
+
+    #if ThreadedX
+    #define SharedX11Reqs -lthread
+    #endif
+
+to:
+
+    #if OSMinorVersion < 4
+    #if ThreadedX
+    #define SharedX11Reqs -lthread
+    #endif
+    #endif
+
+Be sure also to edit x/config/cf/sun.cf so that OSMinorVersion is 4
+(as it should be for Solaris 2.4).  The file has three definitions for
+OSMinorVersion: the first is for x86, the second for SPARC under
+Solaris, and the third for SunOS 4.  Make sure to update the
+definition for your type of machine and system.
+
+Then do `make Everything' in the top directory of X11R6, to rebuild
+the makefiles and rebuild X.  The X built this way work only on
+Solaris 2.4, not on 2.3.
+
+For multithreaded X to work it is necessary to install patch
[phone] to fix problems in header files [2.4].  You need
+to reinstall gcc or re-run just-fixinc after installing that
+patch.
+
+However, Frank Rust <[e-mail]> used a simpler solution:
+he changed
+    #define ThreadedX          YES
+to
+    #define ThreadedX          NO
+in sun.cf and did `make World' to rebuild X11R6.  Removing all
+`-DXTHREAD*' flags and `-lthread' entries from lib/X11/Makefile and
+typing 'make install' in that directory also seemed to work.
+
+* With M-x enable-flow-control, you need to type C-\ twice
+  to do incremental search--a single C-\ gets no response.
+
+This has been traced to communicating with your machine via kermit,
+with C-\ as the kermit escape character.  One solution is to use
+another escape character in kermit.  One user did
+
+   set escape-character 17
+
+in his .kermrc file, to make C-q the kermit escape character.
+
+* The Motif version of Emacs paints the screen a solid color.
+
+This has been observed to result from the following X resource:
+
+   Emacs*default.attributeFont:	-*-courier-medium-r-*-*-*-140-*-*-*-*-iso8859-*
+
+That the resource has this effect indicates a bug in something, but we
+do not yet know what.  If it is an Emacs bug, we hope someone can
+explain what the bug is so we can fix it.  In the mean time, removing
+the resource prevents the problem.
+
+* Emacs gets hung shortly after startup, on Sunos 4.1.3.
+
+We think this is due to a bug in Sunos.  The word is that
+one of these Sunos patches fixes the bug:
+
[phone]-06  100347-03  100482-05  100557-02  100623-03  100804-03  101080-01
[phone]-09             100496-02  100564-07  100630-02  100891-10  101134-01
[phone]-04  100377-09  100507-04  100567-04  100650-02  101070-01  101145-01
[phone]-15  100383-06  100513-04  100570-05  100689-01  101071-03  101200-02
[phone]-05  100421-03  100536-02  100584-05  100784-01  101072-01  101207-01
+
+We don't know which of these patches really matter.  If you find out
+which ones, please inform [e-mail].
+
+* Emacs aborts while starting up, only when run without X.
+
+This problem often results from compiling Emacs with GCC when GCC was
+installed incorrectly.  The usual error in installing GCC is to
+specify --includedir=/usr/include.  Installation of GCC makes
+corrected copies of the system header files.  GCC is supposed to use
+the corrected copies in preference to the original system headers.
+Specifying --includedir=/usr/include causes the original system header
+files to be used.  On some systems, the definition of ioctl in the
+original system header files is invalid for ANSI C and causes Emacs
+not to work.
+
+The fix is to reinstall GCC, and this time do not specify --includedir
+when you configure it.  Then recompile Emacs.  Specifying --includedir
+is appropriate only in very special cases and it should *never* be the
+same directory where system header files are kept.
+
+* On Solaris 2.x, GCC complains "64 bit integer types not supported"
+
+This suggests that GCC is not installed correctly.  Most likely you
+are using GCC 2.7.2.3 (or earlier) on Solaris 2.6 (or later); this
+does not work without patching.  To run GCC 2.7.2.3 on Solaris 2.6 or
+later, you must patch fixinc.svr4 and reinstall GCC from scratch as
+described in the Solaris FAQ
+<http://www.wins.uva.nl/pub/solaris/solaris2.html>.  A better fix is
+to upgrade to GCC 2.8.1 or later.
+
+* The Compose key on a DEC keyboard does not work as Meta key.
+
+This shell command should fix it:
+
+  xmodmap -e 'keycode 0xb1 = Meta_L'
+
+* Regular expressions matching bugs on SCO systems.
+
+On SCO, there are problems in regexp matching when Emacs is compiled
+with the system compiler.  The compiler version is "Microsoft C
+version 6", SCO 4.2.0h Dev Sys Maintenance Supplement 01/06/93; Quick
+C Compiler Version 1.00.46 (Beta).  The solution is to compile with
+GCC.
+
+* On Sunos 4, you get the error ld: Undefined symbol __lib_version.
+
+This is the result of using cc or gcc with the shared library meant
+for acc (the Sunpro compiler).  Check your LD_LIBRARY_PATH and delete
+/usr/lang/SC2.0.1 or some similar directory.
+
+* You can't select from submenus (in the X toolkit version).
+
+On certain systems, mouse-tracking and selection in top-level menus
+works properly with the X toolkit, but neither of them works when you
+bring up a submenu (such as Bookmarks or Compare or Apply Patch, in
+the Files menu).
+
+This works on most systems.  There is speculation that the failure is
+due to bugs in old versions of X toolkit libraries, but no one really
+knows.  If someone debugs this and finds the precise cause, perhaps a
+workaround can be found.
+
+* Unusable default font on SCO 3.2v4.
+
+The Open Desktop environment comes with default X resource settings
+that tell Emacs to use a variable-width font.  Emacs cannot use such
+fonts, so it does not work.
+
+This is caused by the file /usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/ScoTerm, which is
+the application-specific resource file for the `scoterm' terminal
+emulator program.  It contains several extremely general X resources
+that affect other programs besides `scoterm'.  In particular, these
+resources affect Emacs also:
+
+	*Font: -*-helvetica-medium-r-*--12-*-p-*
+	*Background:			scoBackground
+	*Foreground:			scoForeground
+
+The best solution is to create an application-specific resource file for
+Emacs, /usr/lib/X11/sco/startup/Emacs, with the following contents:
+
+	Emacs*Font:	-*-courier-medium-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-iso8859-1
+	Emacs*Background:	white
+	Emacs*Foreground:	black
+
+(These settings mimic the Emacs defaults, but you can change them to
+suit your needs.)  This resource file is only read when the X server
+starts up, so you should restart it by logging out of the Open Desktop
+environment or by running `scologin stop; scologin start` from the shell
+as root.  Alternatively, you can put these settings in the
+/usr/lib/X11/app-defaults/Emacs resource file and simply restart Emacs,
+but then they will not affect remote invocations of Emacs that use the
+Open Desktop display.
+
+These resource files are not normally shared across a network of SCO
+machines; you must create the file on each machine individually.
+
+* rcs2log gives you the awk error message "too many fields".
+
+This is due to an arbitrary limit in certain versions of awk.
+The solution is to use gawk (GNU awk).
+
+* Emacs is slow using X11R5 on HP/UX.
+
+This happens if you use the MIT versions of the X libraries--it
+doesn't run as fast as HP's version.  People sometimes use the version
+because they see the HP version doesn't have the libraries libXaw.a,
+libXmu.a, libXext.a and others.  HP/UX normally doesn't come with
+those libraries installed.  To get good performance, you need to
+install them and rebuild Emacs.
+
+* Loading fonts is very slow.
+
+You might be getting scalable fonts instead of precomputed bitmaps.
+Known scalable font directories are "Type1" and "Speedo".  A font
+directory contains scalable fonts if it contains the file
+"fonts.scale".
+
+If this is so, re-order your X windows font path to put the scalable
+font directories last.  See the documentation of `xset' for details.
+
+With some X servers, it may be necessary to take the scalable font
+directories out of your path entirely, at least for Emacs 19.26.
+Changes in the future may make this unnecessary.
+
+* On AIX 3.2.4, releasing Ctrl/Act key has no effect, if Shift is down.
+
+Due to a feature of AIX, pressing or releasing the Ctrl/Act key is
+ignored when the Shift, Alt or AltGr keys are held down.  This can
+lead to the keyboard being "control-locked"--ordinary letters are
+treated as control characters.
+
+You can get out of this "control-locked" state by pressing and
+releasing Ctrl/Act while not pressing or holding any other keys.
+
+* display-time causes kernel problems on ISC systems.
+
+Under Interactive Unix versions 3.0.1 and 4.0 (and probably other
+versions), display-time causes the loss of large numbers of STREVENT 
+cells.  Eventually the kernel's supply of these cells is exhausted.
+This makes emacs and the whole system run slow, and can make other 
+processes die, in particular pcnfsd.
+	
+Other emacs functions that communicate with remote processes may have 
+the same problem.  Display-time seems to be far the worst.
+
+The only known fix: Don't run display-time.
+
+* On Solaris, C-x doesn't get through to Emacs when you use the console.
+
+This is a Solaris feature (at least on Intel x86 cpus).  Type C-r
+C-r C-t, to toggle whether C-x gets through to Emacs.
+
+* Error message `Symbol's value as variable is void: x', followed by
+  segmentation fault and core dump.
+
+This has been tracked to a bug in tar!  People report that tar erroneously
+added a line like this at the beginning of files of Lisp code:
+
+   x FILENAME, N bytes, B tape blocks
+
+If your tar has this problem, install GNU tar--if you can manage to
+untar it :-).
+
+* Link failure when using acc on a Sun.
+
+To use acc, you need additional options just before the libraries, such as
+
+   /usr/lang/SC2.0.1/values-Xt.o -L/usr/lang/SC2.0.1/cg87 -L/usr/lang/SC2.0.1
+
+and you need to add -lansi just before -lc.
+
+The precise file names depend on the compiler version, so we
+cannot easily arrange to supply them.
+
+* Link failure on IBM AIX 1.3 ptf 0013.
+
+There is a real duplicate definition of the function `_slibc_free' in
+the library /lib/libc_s.a (just do nm on it to verify).  The
+workaround/fix is:
+
+    cd /lib
+    ar xv libc_s.a NLtmtime.o
+    ar dv libc_s.a NLtmtime.o
+
+* Undefined symbols _dlopen, _dlsym and/or _dlclose on a Sun.
+
+If you see undefined symbols _dlopen, _dlsym, or _dlclose when linking
+with -lX11, compile and link against the file mit/util/misc/dlsym.c in
+the MIT X11R5 distribution.  Alternatively, link temacs using shared
+libraries with s/sunos4shr.h.  (This doesn't work if you use the X
+toolkit.)
+
+If you get the additional error that the linker could not find
+lib_version.o, try extracting it from X11/usr/lib/X11/libvim.a in
+X11R4, then use it in the link.
+
+* Error messages `Wrong number of arguments: #<subr where-is-internal>, 5'
+
+This typically results from having the powerkey library loaded.
+Powerkey was designed for Emacs 19.22.  It is obsolete now because
+Emacs 19 now has this feature built in; and powerkey also calls
+where-is-internal in an obsolete way.
+
+So the fix is to arrange not to load powerkey.
+
+* In Shell mode, you get a ^M at the end of every line.
+
+This happens to people who use tcsh, because it is trying to be too
+smart.  It sees that the Shell uses terminal type `unknown' and turns
+on the flag to output ^M at the end of each line.  You can fix the
+problem by adding this to your .cshrc file:
+
+    if ($?EMACS) then
+        if ($EMACS == "t") then
+            unset edit 
+            stty  -icrnl -onlcr -echo susp ^Z
+        endif
+    endif
+
+* An error message such as `X protocol error: BadMatch (invalid
+parameter attributes) on protocol request 93'.
+
+This comes from having an invalid X resource, such as
+   emacs*Cursor:   black
+(which is invalid because it specifies a color name for something
+that isn't a color.)
+
+The fix is to correct your X resources.
+
+* Undefined symbols when linking on Sunos 4.1 using --with-x-toolkit.
+
+If you get the undefined symbols _atowc _wcslen, _iswprint, _iswspace,
+_iswcntrl, _wcscpy, and _wcsncpy, then you need to add -lXwchar after
+-lXaw in the command that links temacs.
+
+This problem seems to arise only when the international language
+extensions to X11R5 are installed.
+
+* Typing C-c C-c in Shell mode kills your X server.
+
+This happens with Linux kernel 1.0 thru 1.04, approximately.  The workaround is
+to define SIGNALS_VIA_CHARACTERS in config.h and recompile Emacs.
+Newer Linux kernel versions don't have this problem.
+
+* src/Makefile and lib-src/Makefile are truncated--most of the file missing.
+
+This can happen if configure uses GNU sed version 2.03.  That version
+had a bug.  GNU sed version 2.05 works properly.
+
+* Slow startup on X11R6 with X windows.
+
+If Emacs takes two minutes to start up on X11R6, see if your X
+resources specify any Adobe fonts.  That causes the type-1 font
+renderer to start up, even if the font you asked for is not a type-1
+font.
+
+One way to avoid this problem is to eliminate the type-1 fonts from
+your font path, like this:
+
+	xset -fp /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1/
+
+* Pull-down menus appear in the wrong place, in the toolkit version of Emacs.
+
+An X resource of this form can cause the problem:
+
+   Emacs*geometry:	80x55+0+0
+
+This resource is supposed to apply, and does apply, to the menus
+individually as well as to Emacs frames.  If that is not what you
+want, rewrite the resource.
+
+To check thoroughly for such resource specifications, use `xrdb
+-query' to see what resources the X server records, and also look at
+the user's ~/.Xdefaults and ~/.Xdefaults-* files.
+
+* --with-x-toolkit version crashes when used with shared libraries.
+
+On some systems, including Sunos 4 and DGUX 5.4.2 and perhaps others,
+unexec doesn't work properly with the shared library for the X
+toolkit.  You might be able to work around this by using a nonshared
+libXt.a library.  The real fix is to upgrade the various versions of
+unexec and/or ralloc.  We think this has been fixed on Sunos 4
+and Solaris in version 19.29.
+
+* `make install' fails on install-doc with `Error 141'.
+
+This happens on Ultrix 4.2 due to failure of a pipeline of tar
+commands.  We don't know why they fail, but the bug seems not to be in
+Emacs.  The workaround is to run the shell command in install-doc by
+hand.
+
+* --with-x-toolkit option configures wrong on BSD/386.
+
+This problem is due to bugs in the shell in version 1.0 of BSD/386.
+The workaround is to edit the configure file to use some other shell,
+such as bash.
+
+* Subprocesses remain, hanging but not zombies, on Sunos 5.3.
+
+A bug in Sunos 5.3 causes Emacs subprocesses to remain after Emacs
+exits.  Sun patch # 101415-02 is part of the fix for this, but it only
+applies to ptys, and doesn't fix the problem with subprocesses
+communicating through pipes.
+
+* Mail is lost when sent to local aliases.
+
+Many emacs mail user agents (VM and rmail, for instance) use the
+sendmail.el library.  This library can arrange for mail to be
+delivered by passing messages to the /usr/lib/sendmail (usually)
+program .  In doing so, it passes the '-t' flag to sendmail, which
+means that the name of the recipient of the message is not on the
+command line and, therefore, that sendmail must parse the message to
+obtain the destination address.
+
+There is a bug in the SunOS4.1.1 and SunOS4.1.3 versions of sendmail.
+In short, when given the -t flag, the SunOS sendmail won't recognize
+non-local (i.e. NIS) aliases.  It has been reported that the Solaris
+2.x versions of sendmail do not have this bug.  For those using SunOS
+4.1, the best fix is to install sendmail V8 or IDA sendmail (which
+have other advantages over the regular sendmail as well).  At the time
+of this writing, these official versions are available:
+
+ Sendmail V8 on ftp.cs.berkeley.edu in /ucb/sendmail:
+   sendmail.8.6.9.base.tar.Z (the base system source & documentation)
+   sendmail.8.6.9.cf.tar.Z   (configuration files)
+   sendmail.8.6.9.misc.tar.Z (miscellaneous support programs)
+   sendmail.8.6.9.xdoc.tar.Z (extended documentation, with postscript)
+
+ IDA sendmail on vixen.cso.uiuc.edu in /pub:
+   sendmail-5.67b+IDA-1.5.tar.gz
+
+* On AIX, you get this message when running Emacs:
+
+    Could not load program emacs
+    Symbol smtcheckinit in csh is undefined
+    Error was: Exec format error
+
+or this one:
+
+    Could not load program .emacs
+    Symbol _system_con in csh is undefined
+    Symbol _fp_trapsta in csh is undefined
+    Error was: Exec format error
+
+These can happen when you try to run on AIX 3.2.5 a program that was
+compiled with 3.2.4.  The fix is to recompile.
+
+* On AIX, you get this compiler error message:
+
+    Processing include file ./XMenuInt.h
+        1501-106: (S) Include file X11/Xlib.h not found.
+
+This means your system was installed with only the X11 runtime i.d
+libraries.  You have to find your sipo (bootable tape) and install
+X11Dev... with smit.
+
+* You "lose characters" after typing Compose Character key.
+
+This is because the Compose Character key is defined as the keysym
+Multi_key, and Emacs (seeing that) does the proper X11
+character-composition processing.  If you don't want your Compose key
+to do that, you can redefine it with xmodmap.
+
+For example, here's one way to turn it into a Meta key:
+
+    xmodmap -e "keysym Multi_key = Meta_L"
+
+If all users at your site of a particular keyboard prefer Meta to
+Compose, you can make the remapping happen automatically by adding the
+xmodmap command to the xdm setup script for that display.
+
+* C-z just refreshes the screen instead of suspending Emacs.
+
+You are probably using a shell that doesn't support job control, even
+though the system itself is capable of it.  Either use a different shell,
+or set the variable `cannot-suspend' to a non-nil value.
+
+* Watch out for .emacs files and EMACSLOADPATH environment vars
+
+These control the actions of Emacs.
+~/.emacs is your Emacs init file.
+EMACSLOADPATH overrides which directories the function
+"load" will search.
+
+If you observe strange problems, check for these and get rid
+of them, then try again.
+
+* After running emacs once, subsequent invocations crash.
+
+Some versions of SVR4 have a serious bug in the implementation of the
+mmap () system call in the kernel; this causes emacs to run correctly
+the first time, and then crash when run a second time.
+
+Contact your vendor and ask for the mmap bug fix; in the mean time,
+you may be able to work around the problem by adding a line to your
+operating system description file (whose name is reported by the
+configure script) that reads:
+#define SYSTEM_MALLOC
+This makes Emacs use memory less efficiently, but seems to work around
+the kernel bug.
+
+* Inability to send an Alt-modified key, when Emacs is communicating
+directly with an X server.
+
+If you have tried to bind an Alt-modified key as a command, and it
+does not work to type the command, the first thing you should check is
+whether the key is getting through to Emacs.  To do this, type C-h c
+followed by the Alt-modified key.  C-h c should say what kind of event
+it read.  If it says it read an Alt-modified key, then make sure you
+have made the key binding correctly.
+
+If C-h c reports an event that doesn't have the Alt modifier, it may
+be because your X server has no key for the Alt modifier.  The X
+server that comes from MIT does not set up the Alt modifier by
+default.
+
+If your keyboard has keys named Alt, you can enable them as follows:
+
+    xmodmap -e 'add mod2 = Alt_L'
+    xmodmap -e 'add mod2 = Alt_R'
+
+If the keyboard has just one key named Alt, then only one of those
+commands is needed.  The modifier `mod2' is a reasonable choice if you
+are using an unmodified MIT version of X.  Otherwise, choose any
+modifier bit not otherwise used.
+
+If your keyboard does not have keys named Alt, you can use some other
+keys.  Use the keysym command in xmodmap to turn a function key (or
+some other 'spare' key) into Alt_L or into Alt_R, and then use the
+commands show above to make them modifier keys.
+
+Note that if you have Alt keys but no Meta keys, Emacs translates Alt
+into Meta.  This is because of the great importance of Meta in Emacs.
+
+* `Pid xxx killed due to text modification or page I/O error'
+
+On HP/UX, you can get that error when the Emacs executable is on an NFS
+file system.  HP/UX responds this way if it tries to swap in a page and
+does not get a response from the server within a timeout whose default
+value is just ten seconds.
+
+If this happens to you, extend the timeout period.
+
+* `expand-file-name' fails to work on any but the machine you dumped Emacs on.
+
+On Ultrix, if you use any of the functions which look up information
+in the passwd database before dumping Emacs (say, by using
+expand-file-name in site-init.el), then those functions will not work
+in the dumped Emacs on any host but the one Emacs was dumped on.
+
+The solution?  Don't use expand-file-name in site-init.el, or in
+anything it loads.  Yuck - some solution.
+
+I'm not sure why this happens; if you can find out exactly what is
+going on, and perhaps find a fix or a workaround, please let us know.
+Perhaps the YP functions cache some information, the cache is included
+in the dumped Emacs, and is then inaccurate on any other host.
+
+* On some variants of SVR4, Emacs does not work at all with X.
+
+Try defining BROKEN_FIONREAD in your config.h file.  If this solves
+the problem, please send a bug report to tell us this is needed; be
+sure to say exactly what type of machine and system you are using.
+
+* Linking says that the functions insque and remque are undefined.
+
+Change oldXMenu/Makefile by adding insque.o to the variable OBJS.
+
+* Emacs fails to understand most Internet host names, even though
+the names work properly with other programs on the same system.
+* Emacs won't work with X-windows if the value of DISPLAY is HOSTNAME:0.
+* GNUs can't make contact with the specified host for nntp.
+
+This typically happens on Suns and other systems that use shared
+libraries.  The cause is that the site has installed a version of the
+shared library which uses a name server--but has not installed a
+similar version of the unshared library which Emacs uses.
+
+The result is that most programs, using the shared library, work with
+the nameserver, but Emacs does not.
+
+The fix is to install an unshared library that corresponds to what you
+installed in the shared library, and then relink Emacs.
+
+On SunOS 4.1, simply define HAVE_RES_INIT.
+
+If you have already installed the name resolver in the file libresolv.a,
+then you need to compile Emacs to use that library.  The easiest way to
+do this is to add to config.h a definition of LIBS_SYSTEM, LIBS_MACHINE
+or LIB_STANDARD which uses -lresolv.  Watch out!  If you redefine a macro
+that is already in use in your configuration to supply some other libraries,
+be careful not to lose the others.
+
+Thus, you could start by adding this to config.h:
+
+#define LIBS_SYSTEM -lresolv
+
+Then if this gives you an error for redefining a macro, and you see that
+the s- file defines LIBS_SYSTEM as -lfoo -lbar, you could change config.h
+again to say this:
+
+#define LIBS_SYSTEM -lresolv -lfoo -lbar
+
+* On a Sun running SunOS 4.1.1, you get this error message from GNU ld:
+
+    /lib/libc.a(_Q_sub.o): Undefined symbol __Q_get_rp_rd referenced from text segment 
+
+The problem is in the Sun shared C library, not in GNU ld.
+
+The solution is to install Patch-ID# 100267-03 from Sun.
+
+* Self documentation messages are garbled.
+
+This means that the file `etc/DOC-...' doesn't properly correspond
+with the Emacs executable.  Redumping Emacs and then installing the
+corresponding pair of files should fix the problem.
+
+* Trouble using ptys on AIX.
+
+People often install the pty devices on AIX incorrectly.
+Use `smit pty' to reinstall them properly.
+
+* Shell mode on HP/UX gives the message, "`tty`: Ambiguous".
+
[e-mail] says:
+
+The problem is that in your .cshrc you have something that tries to
+execute `tty`. If you are not running the shell on a real tty then 
+tty will print "not a tty". Csh expects one word in some places, 
+but tty is giving it back 3.
+
+The solution is to add a pair of quotes around `tty` to make it a single
+word: 
+
+if (`tty` == "/dev/console") 
+
+should be changed to:
+
+if ("`tty`" == "/dev/console") 
+
+Even better, move things that set up terminal sections out of .cshrc
+and into .login.
+
+* Using X Windows, control-shift-leftbutton makes Emacs hang.
+
+Use the shell command `xset bc' to make the old X Menu package work.
+
+* Emacs running under X Windows does not handle mouse clicks.
+* `emacs -geometry 80x20' finds a file named `80x20'.
+
+One cause of such problems is having (setq term-file-prefix nil) in
+your .emacs file.  Another cause is a bad value of EMACSLOADPATH in
+the environment.
+
+* Emacs gets error message from linker on Sun.
+
+If the error message says that a symbol such as `f68881_used' or
+`ffpa_used' or `start_float' is undefined, this probably indicates
+that you have compiled some libraries, such as the X libraries, 
+with a floating point option other than the default.
+
+It's not terribly hard to make this work with small changes in
+crt0.c together with linking with Fcrt1.o, Wcrt1.o or Mcrt1.o.
+However, the easiest approach is to build Xlib with the default
+floating point option: -fsoft.
+
+* Emacs fails to get default settings from X Windows server.
+
+The X library in X11R4 has a bug; it interchanges the 2nd and 3rd
+arguments to XGetDefaults.  Define the macro XBACKWARDS in config.h to
+tell Emacs to compensate for this.
+
+I don't believe there is any way Emacs can determine for itself
+whether this problem is present on a given system.
+
+* Keyboard input gets confused after a beep when using a DECserver
+  as a concentrator.
+
+This problem seems to be a matter of configuring the DECserver to use
+7 bit characters rather than 8 bit characters.
+
+* M-x shell persistently reports "Process shell exited abnormally with code 1".
+
+This happened on Suns as a result of what is said to be a bug in Sunos
+version 4.0.x.  The only fix was to reboot the machine. 
+
+* Programs running under terminal emulator do not recognize `emacs'
+  terminal type.
+
+The cause of this is a shell startup file that sets the TERMCAP
+environment variable.  The terminal emulator uses that variable to
+provide the information on the special terminal type that Emacs
+emulates.
+
+Rewrite your shell startup file so that it does not change TERMCAP
+in such a case.  You could use the following conditional which sets
+it only if it is undefined.
+
+    if ( ! ${?TERMCAP} ) setenv TERMCAP ~/my-termcap-file
+
+Or you could set TERMCAP only when you set TERM--which should not
+happen in a non-login shell.
+
+* X Windows doesn't work if DISPLAY uses a hostname.
+
+People have reported kernel bugs in certain systems that cause Emacs
+not to work with X Windows if DISPLAY is set using a host name.  But
+the problem does not occur if DISPLAY is set to `unix:0.0'.  I think
+the bug has to do with SIGIO or FIONREAD.
+
+You may be able to compensate for the bug by doing (set-input-mode nil nil).
+However, that has the disadvantage of turning off interrupts, so that
+you are unable to quit out of a Lisp program by typing C-g.
+
+The easy way to do this is to put 
+
+  (setq x-sigio-bug t)
+
+in your site-init.el file.
+
+* Problem with remote X server on Suns.
+
+On a Sun, running Emacs on one machine with the X server on another
+may not work if you have used the unshared system libraries.  This
+is because the unshared libraries fail to use YP for host name lookup.
+As a result, the host name you specify may not be recognized.
+
+* Shell mode ignores interrupts on Apollo Domain
+
+You may find that M-x shell prints the following message:
+
+   Warning: no access to tty; thus no job control in this shell...
+
+This can happen if there are not enough ptys on your system.
+Here is how to make more of them.
+
+    % cd /dev
+    % ls pty*
+    # shows how many pty's you have. I had 8, named pty0 to pty7)
+    % /etc/crpty 8
+    # creates eight new pty's
+
+* Fatal signal in the command  temacs -l loadup inc dump
+
+This command is the final stage of building Emacs.  It is run by the
+Makefile in the src subdirectory, or by build.com on VMS.
+
+It has been known to get fatal errors due to insufficient swapping
+space available on the machine.
+
+On 68000's, it has also happened because of bugs in the
+subroutine `alloca'.  Verify that `alloca' works right, even
+for large blocks (many pages).
+
+* test-distrib says that the distribution has been clobbered
+* or, temacs prints "Command key out of range 0-127"
+* or, temacs runs and dumps emacs, but emacs totally fails to work.
+* or, temacs gets errors dumping emacs
+
+This can be because the .elc files have been garbled.  Do not be
+fooled by the fact that most of a .elc file is text: these are
+binary files and can contain all 256 byte values.
+
+In particular `shar' cannot be used for transmitting GNU Emacs.
+It typically truncates "lines".  What appear to be "lines" in
+a binary file can of course be of any length.  Even once `shar'
+itself is made to work correctly, `sh' discards null characters
+when unpacking the shell archive.
+
+I have also seen character \177 changed into \377.  I do not know
+what transfer means caused this problem.  Various network
+file transfer programs are suspected of clobbering the high bit.
+
+If you have a copy of Emacs that has been damaged in its
+nonprinting characters, you can fix them:
+
+ 1) Record the names of all the .elc files.
+ 2) Delete all the .elc files.
+ 3) Recompile alloc.c with a value of PURESIZE twice as large.
+     (See puresize.h.)  You might as well save the old alloc.o.
+ 4) Remake emacs.  It should work now.
+ 5) Running emacs, do Meta-x byte-compile-file repeatedly
+  to recreate all the .elc files that used to exist.
+  You may need to increase the value of the variable
+  max-lisp-eval-depth to succeed in running the compiler interpreted
+  on certain .el files.  400 was sufficient as of last report.
+ 6) Reinstall the old alloc.o (undoing changes to alloc.c if any)
+  and remake temacs.
+ 7) Remake emacs.  It should work now, with valid .elc files.
+
+* temacs prints "Pure Lisp storage exhausted"
+
+This means that the Lisp code loaded from the .elc and .el
+files during  temacs -l loadup inc dump  took up more
+space than was allocated.
+
+This could be caused by
+ 1) adding code to the preloaded Lisp files
+ 2) adding more preloaded files in loadup.el
+ 3) having a site-init.el or site-load.el which loads files.
+   Note that ANY site-init.el or site-load.el is nonstandard;
+   if you have received Emacs from some other site
+   and it contains a site-init.el or site-load.el file, consider
+   deleting that file.
+ 4) getting the wrong .el or .elc files
+   (not from the directory you expected).
+ 5) deleting some .elc files that are supposed to exist.
+   This would cause the source files (.el files) to be
+   loaded instead.  They take up more room, so you lose.
+ 6) a bug in the Emacs distribution which underestimates
+   the space required.
+
+If the need for more space is legitimate, change the definition
+of PURESIZE in puresize.h.
+
+But in some of the cases listed above, this problem is a consequence
+of something else that is wrong.  Be sure to check and fix the real
+problem.
+
+* Changes made to .el files do not take effect.
+
+You may have forgotten to recompile them into .elc files.
+Then the old .elc files will be loaded, and your changes
+will not be seen.  To fix this, do M-x byte-recompile-directory
+and specify the directory that contains the Lisp files.
+
+Emacs should print a warning when loading a .elc file which is older
+than the corresponding .el file.
+
+* The dumped Emacs crashes when run, trying to write pure data.
+
+Two causes have been seen for such problems.
+
+1) On a system where getpagesize is not a system call, it is defined
+as a macro.  If the definition (in both unexec.c and malloc.c) is wrong,
+it can cause problems like this.  You might be able to find the correct
+value in the man page for a.out (5).
+
+2) Some systems allocate variables declared static among the
+initialized variables.  Emacs makes all initialized variables in most
+of its files pure after dumping, but the variables declared static and
+not initialized are not supposed to be pure.  On these systems you
+may need to add "#define static" to the m- or the s- file.
+
+* Compilation errors on VMS.
+
+You will get warnings when compiling on VMS because there are
+variable names longer than 32 (or whatever it is) characters.
+This is not an error.  Ignore it.
+
+VAX C does not support #if defined(foo).  Uses of this construct
+were removed, but some may have crept back in.  They must be rewritten.
+
+There is a bug in the C compiler which fails to sign extend characters
+in conditional expressions.  The bug is:
+	char c = -1, d = 1;
+	int i;
+
+	i = d ? c : d;
+The result is i == 255;  the fix is to typecast the char in the
+conditional expression as an (int).  Known occurrences of such
+constructs in Emacs have been fixed.
+
+* rmail gets error getting new mail
+
+rmail gets new mail from /usr/spool/mail/$USER using a program
+called `movemail'.  This program interlocks with /bin/mail using
+the protocol defined by /bin/mail.
+
+There are two different protocols in general use.  One of them uses
+the `flock' system call.  The other involves creating a lock file;
+`movemail' must be able to write in /usr/spool/mail in order to do
+this.  You control which one is used by defining, or not defining,
+the macro MAIL_USE_FLOCK in config.h or the m- or s- file it includes.
+IF YOU DON'T USE THE FORM OF INTERLOCKING THAT IS NORMAL ON YOUR
+SYSTEM, YOU CAN LOSE MAIL!
+
+If your system uses the lock file protocol, and fascist restrictions
+prevent ordinary users from writing the lock files in /usr/spool/mail,
+you may need to make `movemail' setgid to a suitable group such as
+`mail'.  You can use these commands (as root):
+
+	chgrp mail movemail
+	chmod 2755 movemail
+
+If your system uses the lock file protocol, and fascist restrictions
+prevent ordinary users from writing the lock files in /usr/spool/mail,
+you may need to make `movemail' setgid to a suitable group such as
+`mail'.  To do this,  use the following commands (as root) after doing the
+make install.
+
+	chgrp mail movemail
+	chmod 2755 movemail
+
+Installation normally copies movemail from the build directory to an
+installation directory which is usually under /usr/local/lib.  The
+installed copy of movemail is usually in the directory
+/usr/local/lib/emacs/VERSION/TARGET.  You must change the group and
+mode of the installed copy; changing the group and mode of the build
+directory copy is ineffective.
+
+* Emacs spontaneously displays "I-search: " at the bottom of the screen.
+
+This means that Control-S/Control-Q (XON/XOFF) "flow control" is being
+used.  C-s/C-q flow control is bad for Emacs editors because it takes
+away C-s and C-q as user commands.  Since editors do not output long
+streams of text without user commands, there is no need for a
+user-issuable "stop output" command in an editor; therefore, a
+properly designed flow control mechanism would transmit all possible
+input characters without interference.  Designing such a mechanism is
+easy, for a person with at least half a brain.
+
+There are three possible reasons why flow control could be taking place:
+
+  1) Terminal has not been told to disable flow control
+  2) Insufficient padding for the terminal in use
+  3) Some sort of terminal concentrator or line switch is responsible
+
+First of all, many terminals have a set-up mode which controls whether
+they generate XON/XOFF flow control characters.  This must be set to
+"no XON/XOFF" in order for Emacs to work.  Sometimes there is an
+escape sequence that the computer can send to turn flow control off
+and on.  If so, perhaps the termcap `ti' string should turn flow
+control off, and the `te' string should turn it on.
+
+Once the terminal has been told "no flow control", you may find it
+needs more padding.  The amount of padding Emacs sends is controlled
+by the termcap entry for the terminal in use, and by the output baud
+rate as known by the kernel.  The shell command `stty' will print
+your output baud rate; `stty' with suitable arguments will set it if
+it is wrong.  Setting to a higher speed causes increased padding.  If
+the results are wrong for the correct speed, there is probably a
+problem in the termcap entry.  You must speak to a local Unix wizard
+to fix this.  Perhaps you are just using the wrong terminal type.
+
+For terminals that lack a "no flow control" mode, sometimes just
+giving lots of padding will prevent actual generation of flow control
+codes.  You might as well try it.
+
+If you are really unlucky, your terminal is connected to the computer
+through a concentrator which sends XON/XOFF flow control to the
+computer, or it insists on sending flow control itself no matter how
+much padding you give it.  Unless you can figure out how to turn flow
+control off on this concentrator (again, refer to your local wizard),
+you are screwed!  You should have the terminal or concentrator
+replaced with a properly designed one.  In the mean time, some drastic
+measures can make Emacs semi-work.
+
+You can make Emacs ignore C-s and C-q and let the operating system
+handle them.  To do this on a per-session basis, just type M-x
+enable-flow-control RET.  You will see a message that C-\ and C-^ are
+now translated to C-s and C-q.  (Use the same command M-x
+enable-flow-control to turn *off* this special mode.  It toggles flow
+control handling.)
+
+If C-\ and C-^ are inconvenient for you (for example, if one of them
+is the escape character of your terminal concentrator), you can choose
+other characters by setting the variables flow-control-c-s-replacement
+and flow-control-c-q-replacement.  But choose carefully, since all
+other control characters are already used by emacs.
+
+IMPORTANT: if you type C-s by accident while flow control is enabled,
+Emacs output will freeze, and you will have to remember to type C-q in
+order to continue.
+
+If you work in an environment where a majority of terminals of a
+certain type are flow control hobbled, you can use the function
+`enable-flow-control-on' to turn on this flow control avoidance scheme
+automatically.  Here is an example:
+
+(enable-flow-control-on "vt200" "vt300" "vt101" "vt131")
+
+If this isn't quite correct (e.g. you have a mixture of flow-control hobbled
+and good vt200 terminals), you can still run enable-flow-control
+manually.
+
+I have no intention of ever redesigning the Emacs command set for the
+assumption that terminals use C-s/C-q flow control.  XON/XOFF flow
+control technique is a bad design, and terminals that need it are bad
+merchandise and should not be purchased.  Now that X is becoming
+widespread, XON/XOFF seems to be on the way out.  If you can get some
+use out of GNU Emacs on inferior terminals, more power to you, but I
+will not make Emacs worse for properly designed systems for the sake
+of inferior systems.
+
+* Control-S and Control-Q commands are ignored completely.
+
+For some reason, your system is using brain-damaged C-s/C-q flow
+control despite Emacs's attempts to turn it off.  Perhaps your
+terminal is connected to the computer through a concentrator
+that wants to use flow control.
+
+You should first try to tell the concentrator not to use flow control.
+If you succeed in this, try making the terminal work without
+flow control, as described in the preceding section.
+
+If that line of approach is not successful, map some other characters
+into C-s and C-q using keyboard-translate-table.  The example above
+shows how to do this with C-^ and C-\.
+
+* Control-S and Control-Q commands are ignored completely on a net connection.
+
+Some versions of rlogin (and possibly telnet) do not pass flow
+control characters to the remote system to which they connect.
+On such systems, emacs on the remote system cannot disable flow
+control on the local system.
+
+One way to cure this is to disable flow control on the local host
+(the one running rlogin, not the one running rlogind) using the
+stty command, before starting the rlogin process.  On many systems,
+"stty start u stop u" will do this.
+
+Some versions of tcsh will prevent even this from working.  One way
+around this is to start another shell before starting rlogin, and
+issue the stty command to disable flow control from that shell.
+
+If none of these methods work, the best solution is to type
+M-x enable-flow-control at the beginning of your emacs session, or
+if you expect the problem to continue, add a line such as the
+following to your .emacs (on the host running rlogind):
+
+(enable-flow-control-on "vt200" "vt300" "vt101" "vt131")
+
+See the entry about spontaneous display of I-search (above) for more
+info.
+
+* Screen is updated wrong, but only on one kind of terminal.
+
+This could mean that the termcap entry you are using for that
+terminal is wrong, or it could mean that Emacs has a bug handing
+the combination of features specified for that terminal.
+
+The first step in tracking this down is to record what characters
+Emacs is sending to the terminal.  Execute the Lisp expression
+(open-termscript "./emacs-script") to make Emacs write all
+terminal output into the file ~/emacs-script as well; then do
+what makes the screen update wrong, and look at the file
+and decode the characters using the manual for the terminal.
+There are several possibilities:
+
+1) The characters sent are correct, according to the terminal manual.
+
+In this case, there is no obvious bug in Emacs, and most likely you
+need more padding, or possibly the terminal manual is wrong.
+
+2) The characters sent are incorrect, due to an obscure aspect
+ of the terminal behavior not described in an obvious way
+ by termcap.
+
+This case is hard.  It will be necessary to think of a way for
+Emacs to distinguish between terminals with this kind of behavior
+and other terminals that behave subtly differently but are
+classified the same by termcap; or else find an algorithm for
+Emacs to use that avoids the difference.  Such changes must be
+tested on many kinds of terminals.
+
+3) The termcap entry is wrong.
+
+See the file etc/TERMS for information on changes
+that are known to be needed in commonly used termcap entries
+for certain terminals.
+
+4) The characters sent are incorrect, and clearly cannot be
+ right for any terminal with the termcap entry you were using.
+
+This is unambiguously an Emacs bug, and can probably be fixed
+in termcap.c, tparam.c, term.c, scroll.c, cm.c or dispnew.c.
+
+* Output from Control-V is slow.
+
+On many bit-map terminals, scrolling operations are fairly slow.
+Often the termcap entry for the type of terminal in use fails
+to inform Emacs of this.  The two lines at the bottom of the screen
+before a Control-V command are supposed to appear at the top after
+the Control-V command.  If Emacs thinks scrolling the lines is fast,
+it will scroll them to the top of the screen.
+
+If scrolling is slow but Emacs thinks it is fast, the usual reason is
+that the termcap entry for the terminal you are using does not
+specify any padding time for the `al' and `dl' strings.  Emacs
+concludes that these operations take only as much time as it takes to
+send the commands at whatever line speed you are using.  You must
+fix the termcap entry to specify, for the `al' and `dl', as much
+time as the operations really take.
+
+Currently Emacs thinks in terms of serial lines which send characters
+at a fixed rate, so that any operation which takes time for the
+terminal to execute must also be padded.  With bit-map terminals
+operated across networks, often the network provides some sort of
+flow control so that padding is never needed no matter how slow
+an operation is.  You must still specify a padding time if you want
+Emacs to realize that the operation takes a long time.  This will
+cause padding characters to be sent unnecessarily, but they do
+not really cost much.  They will be transmitted while the scrolling
+is happening and then discarded quickly by the terminal.
+
+Most bit-map terminals provide commands for inserting or deleting
+multiple lines at once.  Define the `AL' and `DL' strings in the
+termcap entry to say how to do these things, and you will have
+fast output without wasted padding characters.  These strings should
+each contain a single %-spec saying how to send the number of lines
+to be scrolled.  These %-specs are like those in the termcap
+`cm' string.
+
+You should also define the `IC' and `DC' strings if your terminal
+has a command to insert or delete multiple characters.  These
+take the number of positions to insert or delete as an argument.
+
+A `cs' string to set the scrolling region will reduce the amount
+of motion you see on the screen when part of the screen is scrolled.
+
+* Your Delete key sends a Backspace to the terminal, using an AIXterm.
+
+The solution is to include in your .Xdefaults the lines:
+
+   *aixterm.Translations: #override <Key>BackSpace: string(0x7f)
+   aixterm*ttyModes: erase ^?
+
+This makes your Backspace key send DEL (ASCII 127).
+
+* You type Control-H (Backspace) expecting to delete characters.
+
+Put `stty dec' in your .login file and your problems will disappear
+after a day or two.
+
+The choice of Backspace for erasure was based on confusion, caused by
+the fact that backspacing causes erasure (later, when you type another
+character) on most display terminals.  But it is a mistake.  Deletion
+of text is not the same thing as backspacing followed by failure to
+overprint.  I do not wish to propagate this confusion by conforming
+to it.
+
+For this reason, I believe `stty dec' is the right mode to use,
+and I have designed Emacs to go with that.  If there were a thousand
+other control characters, I would define Control-h to delete as well;
+but there are not very many other control characters, and I think
+that providing the most mnemonic possible Help character is more
+important than adapting to people who don't use `stty dec'.
+
+If you are obstinate about confusing buggy overprinting with deletion,
+you can redefine Backspace in your .emacs file:
+  (global-set-key "\b" 'delete-backward-char)
+You can probably access  help-command  via f1.
+
+* Editing files through RFS gives spurious "file has changed" warnings.
+It is possible that a change in Emacs 18.37 gets around this problem,
+but in case not, here is a description of how to fix the RFS bug that
+causes it.
+
+    There was a serious pair of bugs in the handling of the fsync() system
+    call in the RFS server.
+
+    The first is that the fsync() call is handled as another name for the
+    close() system call (!!).  It appears that fsync() is not used by very
+    many programs; Emacs version 18 does an fsync() before closing files
+    to make sure that the bits are on the disk.
+
+    This is fixed by the enclosed patch to the RFS server.
+
+    The second, more serious problem, is that fsync() is treated as a
+    non-blocking system call (i.e., it's implemented as a message that
+    gets sent to the remote system without waiting for a reply).  Fsync is
+    a useful tool for building atomic file transactions.  Implementing it
+    as a non-blocking RPC call (when the local call blocks until the sync
+    is done) is a bad idea; unfortunately, changing it will break the RFS
+    protocol.  No fix was supplied for this problem.
+
+    (as always, your line numbers may vary)
+
+    % rcsdiff -c -r1.2 serversyscall.c
+    RCS file: RCS/serversyscall.c,v
+    retrieving revision 1.2
+    diff -c -r1.2 serversyscall.c
+    *** /tmp/,RCSt1003677   Wed Jan 28 15:15:02 1987
+    --- serversyscall.c     Wed Jan 28 15:14:48 1987
+    ***************
+    *** 163,169 ****
+	    /*
+	     * No return sent for close or fsync!
+	     */
+    !       if (syscall == RSYS_close || syscall == RSYS_fsync)
+		    proc->p_returnval = deallocate_fd(proc, msg->m_args[0]);
+	    else
+	    {
+    --- 166,172 ----
+	    /*
+	     * No return sent for close or fsync!
+	     */
+    !       if (syscall == RSYS_close)
+		    proc->p_returnval = deallocate_fd(proc, msg->m_args[0]);
+	    else
+	    {
+
+* Vax C compiler bugs affecting Emacs.
+
+You may get one of these problems compiling Emacs:
+
+   foo.c line nnn: compiler error: no table entry for op STASG
+   foo.c: fatal error in /lib/ccom
+
+These are due to bugs in the C compiler; the code is valid C.
+Unfortunately, the bugs are unpredictable: the same construct
+may compile properly or trigger one of these bugs, depending
+on what else is in the source file being compiled.  Even changes
+in header files that should not affect the file being compiled
+can affect whether the bug happens.  In addition, sometimes files
+that compile correctly on one machine get this bug on another machine.
+
+As a result, it is hard for me to make sure this bug will not affect
+you.  I have attempted to find and alter these constructs, but more
+can always appear.  However, I can tell you how to deal with it if it
+should happen.  The bug comes from having an indexed reference to an
+array of Lisp_Objects, as an argument in a function call:
+  Lisp_Object *args;
+  ...
+   ... foo (5, args[i], ...)...
+putting the argument into a temporary variable first, as in
+  Lisp_Object *args;
+  Lisp_Object tem;
+  ...
+   tem = args[i];
+   ... foo (r, tem, ...)...
+causes the problem to go away.
+The `contents' field of a Lisp vector is an array of Lisp_Objects,
+so you may see the problem happening with indexed references to that.
+
+* 68000 C compiler problems
+
+Various 68000 compilers have different problems.
+These are some that have been observed.
+
+** Using value of assignment expression on union type loses.
+This means that  x = y = z;  or  foo (x = z);  does not work
+if x is of type Lisp_Object.
+
+** "cannot reclaim" error.
+
+This means that an expression is too complicated.  You get the correct
+line number in the error message.  The code must be rewritten with
+simpler expressions.
+
+** XCONS, XSTRING, etc macros produce incorrect code.
+
+If temacs fails to run at all, this may be the cause.
+Compile this test program and look at the assembler code:
+
+struct foo { char x; unsigned int y : 24; };
+
+lose (arg)
+     struct foo arg;
+{
+  test ((int *) arg.y);
+}
+
+If the code is incorrect, your compiler has this problem.
+In the XCONS, etc., macros in lisp.h you must replace (a).u.val with
+((a).u.val + coercedummy) where coercedummy is declared as int.
+
+This problem will not happen if the m-...h file for your type
+of machine defines NO_UNION_TYPE.  That is the recommended setting now.
+
+* C compilers lose on returning unions
+
+I hear that some C compilers cannot handle returning a union type.
+Most of the functions in GNU Emacs return type Lisp_Object, which is
+defined as a union on some rare architectures.
+
+This problem will not happen if the m-...h file for your type
+of machine defines NO_UNION_TYPE.
+

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/SUN-SUPPORT	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+NOTE: the Free Software Foundation agreed to put this file, and the
+programs it describes, into the Emacs distribution ONLY on the
+condition that we would not lift a finger to maintain them!  We are
+willing to *pass along* support for Sun windows, but we are not
+willing to let it distract us from what we are trying to do.  If you
+have complaints or suggestions about Sun windows support, send them to
[e-mail], who is the maintainer.
+
+
+The interface between GNU Emacs and Sun windows consists of the program
+etc/emacstool, the Lisp programs lisp/sun-*.el and lisp/term/sun.el,
+and the C source file src/sunfns.c.  It is documented with a man page,
+etc/emacstool.1.
+
+To enable use of these files and programs, define the configuration
+switch HAVE_SUN_WINDOWS in src/config.h before compiling Emacs.
+The definition of HAVE_SUN_WINDOWS must precede the #include m-sun3.h
+or #include m-sun4.h.
+If you must change PURESIZE, do so after the #include m-sun3.h
+
+This software is based on SunView for Sun UNIX 4.2 Release 3.2,
+and will not work "as is" on previous releases, eg 3.0 or 3.1.
+
+Using Emacstool with GNU Emacs:
+
+   The GNU Emacs files lisp/term/sun.el, lisp/sun-mouse.el,
+lisp/sun-fns.el, and src/sunfns.c provide emacs support for the
+Emacstool and function keys.  If your terminal type is SUN (that is,
+if your environment variable TERM is set to SUN), then Emacs will
+automatically load the file lisp/term/sun.el.  This, in turn, will
+ensure that sun-mouse.el is autoloaded when any mouse events are
+detected.  It is suggested that sun-mouse and sun-fns be
+included in your site-init.el file, so that they will always be loaded
+when running on a Sun workstation.  [Increase PURESIZE to 154000].
+
+   Support for the Sun function keys requires disconnecting the standard
+Emacs command Meta-[.  Therefore, the function keys are supported only
+if you do (setq sun-esc-bracket t) in your .emacs file.
+
+   The file src/sunfns.c defines several useful functions for emacs on
+the Sun.  Among these are procedures to pop-up SunView menus, put and
+get from the SunView selection [STUFF] buffer, and a procedure for
+changing the cursor icon.  If you want to define cursor icons, try
+using the functions in lisp/sun-cursors.el.
+
+   The file lisp/sun-mouse.el includes a mass of software for defining
+bindings for mouse events.  Any function can be called or any form
+evaluated as a result of a mouse event.  If you want a pop-up menu,
+your function can call sun-menu-evaluate.  This will bring up a
+SunView walking menu of your choice.
+
+   Use the macro (defmenu menu-name &rest menu-items) to define menu
+objects.  Each menu item is a cons of ("string" . VALUE), VALUE is
+evaluated when the string item is picked.  If VALUE is a menu, then a
+pullright item is created.  
+
+   This version also includes support for copying to and from the
+sun-windows "stuff" selection.  The keyboard bindings defined in 
+lisp/sun-fns.el let you move the current region to the "STUFF"
+selection and vice versa.  Just set point with the left button, set
+mark with the middle button, (the region is automatically copied to
+"STUFF") then switch to a shelltool, and "Stuff" will work.  Going the
+other way, the main right button menu contains a "Stuff Selection"
+command that works just like in shelltool.  [The Get and Put function
+keys are also assigned to these functions, so you don't need the mouse
+or even emacstool to make this work.]
+
+   Until someone write code to read the textsw "Selection Shelf", it is
+not possible to copy directly from a textsw to emacs, you must go through
+the textsw "STUFF" selection.
+
+   The Scroll-bar region is not a SunView scrollbar.  It really should
+be called the "Right-Margin" region.  The scroll bar region is basically
+the rightmost five columns (see documentation on variable scrollbar-width).
+Mouse hits in this region can have special bindings, currently those binding
+effect scrolling of the window, and so are referred to as the "Scroll-bar"
+region.
+
+   For information on what mouse bindings are in effect, use the command
+M-x Describe-mouse-bindings, or the quick pop-up menu item "Mouse-Help".
+
+
+GNU Emacs EXAMPLES:
+   See definitions in lisp/sun-fns.el for examples.
+
+   You can redefine the cursor that is displayed in the emacs window.
+On initialization, it is set to a right arrow.  See lisp/sun-cursors.el
+for additional cursors, how to define them, how to edit them.
+
+BUGS:
+    It takes a few milliseconds to create a menu before it pops up.
+Someone who understands the GNU Garbage Collector might see if it
+is possible for defmenu to create a SunView menu struct that does
+not get destroyed by Garbage Collection.
+
+   An outline of the files used to support Sun Windows and the mouse.
+
+etc/SUN-SUPPORT.
+    This document.
+
+etc/emacstool.1:
+    Added: an nroff'able man page for emacstool.
+
+etc/emacstool.c:
+    Encodes all the function keys internally, and passes non-window 
+system arguments to emacs.
+
+etc/emacs.icon:
+    The "Kitchen Sink" GNU Emacs icon.
+
+src/sunfns.c:
+    This contains the auxiliary functions that allow elisp code to interact
+with the sunwindows, selection, and menu functions.
+
+lisp/sun-mouse.el:
+    Defines the lisp function which is called when a mouse hit is found
+in the input queue.  This handler decodes the mouse hit via a keymap-like
+structure sensitive to a particular window and where in the window the
+hit occurred (text-region, right-margin, mode-line).  Three variables
+are bound (*mouse-window* *mouse-x* *mouse-y*) and the selected function
+is called. 
+    See documentation on "define-mouse" or look at lisp/sun-fns.el
+to see how this is done.
+    Defines two functions to pass between region and sun-selection
+    Defines functions for interfacing with the Menu.
+During menu evaluation, the variables *menu-window* *menu-x* *menu-y* are bound.
+
+lisp/sun-fns.el
+    The definition of the default menu and mouse function bindings.
+
+lisp/sun-cursors.el
+    Defines a number of alternate cursors, and an editor for them.
+    The editor is also a demonstration of mouse/menu utilization.
+
+lisp/term/sun.el
+    Sets up the keymap to make the sun function keys do useful things.
+Also includes the setup/initialization code for running under emacstool,
+which makes "\C-Z" just close the emacstool window (-WI emacs.icon).
+
+	Jeff Peck, Sun Microsystems, Inc		<[e-mail]>
+
+
+Subject: Making multi-line scrolling really work:
+
+In your .defaults file, include the line:
+/Tty/Retained	"Yes"
+That way, the terminal emulator can do text moves using bitblt, 
+instead of repaint.
+
+If that's not enough for you, then tell unix and emacs that 
+the sun terminal supports multi-line and multi-character insert/delete.  
+Add this patch to your /etc/termcap file:
+
+*** /etc/termcap.~1~    Mon Sep 15 12:34:23 1986
+--- /etc/termcap        Mon Feb  9 17:34:08 1987
+***************
+*** 32,39 ****
+--- 32,40 ----
+  Mu|sun|Sun Microsystems Workstation console:\
+        :am:bs:km:mi:ms:pt:li#34:co#80:cl=^L:cm=\E[%i%d;%dH:\
+        :ce=\E[K:cd=\E[J:so=\E[7m:se=\E[m:rs=\E[s:\
+        :al=\E[L:dl=\E[M:im=:ei=:ic=\E[@:dc=\E[P:\
++       :AL=\E[%dL:DL=\E[%dM:IC=\E[%d@:DC=\E[%dP:\
+        :up=\E[A:nd=\E[C:ku=\E[A:kd=\E[B:kr=\E[C:kl=\E[D:\
+        :k1=\E[224z:k2=\E[225z:k3=\E[226z:k4=\E[227z:k5=\E[228z:\
+        :k6=\E[229z:k7=\E[230z:k8=\E[231z:k9=\E[232z:
+  M-|sun-nic|sune|Sun Microsystems Workstation console without insert character:\
+
+
+If you don't have the program "patch", just add the line:
+        :AL=\E[%dL:DL=\E[%dM:IC=\E[%d@:DC=\E[%dP:\
+
[e-mail] says:
+
+Those of you using GNU Emacs on Sun workstations under
+3.2 may be interested in reducing memory utilization in
+the emacstool via the Sun toolmerge facility.  The technique
+is described in the Release 3.2 Manual starting on page
+71.  The following is a summary of how it would apply
+to merging emacstool into the basetools.
+
+1) Change the main procedure declaration in emacstool.c to:
+
+   #ifdef SUN_TOOLMERGE
+   emacstool_main (argc, argv);
+   #else
+   main (argc, argv)
+   #endif
+
+   This will allow creation of either standard or toolmerge
+   versions.
+
+2) Copy emacstool.o into directory /usr/src/sun/suntool.
+3) make CFLAGS="-g -DSUN_TOOLMERGE" emacstool.o
+4) Add the following line to basetools.h
+
+  "emacstool",emacstool_main,
+
+5) Add the following line to toolmerge.c.
+
+   extern emacstool_main();
+
+6) make basetools MOREOBJS="emacstool.o"
+7) make install_bins
+
+To invoke the toolmerged version, you must exit suntools and
+re-start it.  Make sure that /usr/bin occurs before the directory
+in which you installed the standard (non-toolmerged) version.
+
+

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/TERMS	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+This file describes what you must or might want to do to termcap entries
+to make terminals work properly and efficiently with Emacs.  Information
+on likely problems with specific types of terminals appears at the end
+of the file.
+
+*** What you want in a terminal ***
+
+Vital
+1. Easy to compute suitable padding for.
+2. Never ever sends ^S/^Q unless you type them, at least in one mode.
+
+Nice for speed
+1. Supports insert/delete of multiple lines in one command.
+2. Same for multiple characters, though doing them one by
+one is usually fast enough except on emulators running on
+machines with bitmap screens.
+
+Nice for usability
+1. Considerably more than 24 lines.
+2. Meta key (shift-like key that controls the 0200 bit
+in every character you type).
+
+*** New termcap strings ***
+
+Emacs supports certain termcap strings that are not described in the
+4.2 manual but appear to be standard in system V.  The one exception
+is `cS', which I invented.
+
+`AL'    insert several lines.  Takes one parameter, the number of
+        lines to be inserted.  You specify how to send this parameter
+	using a %-construct, just like the cursor positions in the `cm'
+	string.
+
+`DL'    delete several lines.  One parameter.
+
+`IC'    insert several characters.  One parameter.
+
+`DC'    delete several characters.  One parameter.
+
+`rp'    repeat a character.  Takes two parameters, the character
+        to be repeated and the number of times to repeat it.
+	Most likely you will use `%.' for sending the character
+	to be repeated.  Emacs interprets a padding spec with a *
+	as giving the amount of padding per repetition.
+
+	WARNING: Many terminals have a command to repeat the
+	*last character output* N times.  This means that the character
+	will appear N+1 times in a row when the command argument is N.
+	However, the `rp' string's parameter is the total number of
+	times wanted, not one less.  Therefore, such repeat commands
+	may be used in an `rp' string only if you use Emacs's special
+	termcap operator `%a-c\001' to subtract 1 from the repeat count
+	before substituting it into the string.  It is probably safe
+	to use this even though the Unix termcap does not accept it
+	because programs other than Emacs probably won't look for `rp'
+	anyway.
+	
+`cs'    set scroll region.  Takes two parameters, the vertical
+	positions of the first line to include in the scroll region
+	and the last line to include in the scroll region.
+	Both parameters are origin-zero.  The effect of this
+	should be to cause a following insert-line or delete-line
+	not to move lines below the bottom of the scroll region.
+
+	This is not the same convention that Emacs version 16 used.
+	That is because I was led astray by unclear documentation
+	of the meaning of %i in termcap strings.  Since the termcap
+	documentation for `cs' is also unclear, I had to deduce the
+	correct parameter conventions from what would make the VT-100's
+	`cs' string work properly.  From an incorrect assumption about
+	%i, I reached an incorrect conclusion about `cs', but the result
+	worked correctly on the VT100 and ANSII terminals.  In Emacs
+	version 17, both `cs' and %i work correctly.
+
+	The version 16 convention was to pass, for the second parameter,
+	the line number of the first line beyond the end of the
+	scroll region.
+
+`cS'    set scroll region.  Differs from `cs' in taking parameters
+	differently.  There are four parameters:
+	1. Total number of lines on the screen.
+	2. Number of lines above desired scroll region.
+	3. Number of lines below (outside of) desired scroll region.
+	4. Total number of lines on the screen, like #1.
+	This is because an Ambassador needs the parameters like this.
+
+`cr', `do', `le'
+	Emacs will not attempt to use ^M, ^J or ^H for cursor motion
+	unless these capabilities are present and say to use those
+	characters.
+
+`km'    Says the terminal has a Meta key.
+
+Defining these strings is important for getting maximum performance
+from your terminal.
+
+Make sure that the `ti' string sets all modes needed for editing
+in Emacs.  For example, if your terminal has a mode that controls
+wrap at the end of the line, you must decide whether to specify
+the `am' flag in the termcap entry; whichever you decide, the `ti'
+string should contain commands to set the mode that way.
+(Emacs also sends the `vs' string after the `ti' string.
+You can put the mode-setting commands in either one of them.)
+
+*** Specific Terminal Types ***
+
+Watch out for termcap entries for Ann Arbor Ambassadors that
+give too little padding for clear-screen.  7.2 msec per line is right.
+These are the strings whose padding you probably should change:
+    :al=1*\E[L:dl=1*\E[M:cd=7.2*\E[J:cl=7.2*\E[H\E[J:
+I have sometimes seen `\E[2J' at the front of the `ti' string;
+this is a clear-screen, very slow, and it can cause you to get
+Control-s sent by the terminal at startup.  I recommend removing
+the `\E[2J' from the `ti' string.
+The `ti' or `vs' strings also usually need stuff added to them, such as
+    \E[>33;52;54h\E[>30;37;38;39l
+You might want to add the following to the `te' or `ve' strings:
+    \E[>52l\E[>37h
+The following additional capabilities will improve performance:
+    :AL=1*\E[%dL:DL=1*\E[%dM:IC=4\E[%d@:DC=4\E[%dP:rp=1*%.\E[%a-c\001%db:
+If you find that the Meta key does not work, make sure that
+    :km:
+is present in the termcap entry.
+
+Watch out for termcap entries for VT100's that fail to specify
+the `sf' string, or that omit the padding needed for the `sf' and `sr'
+strings (2msec per line affected).  What you need is
+    :sf=2*^J:sr=2*\EM:cs=\E[%i%d;%dr:
+
+The Concept-100 and Concept-108 have many modes that `ti' strings
+often fail to initialize.  If you have problems on one of these
+terminals, that is probably the place to fix them.  These terminals
+can support an `rp' string.
+
+Watch out on HP terminals for problems with standout disappearing on
+part of the mode line.  These problems are due to the absence of
+:sg#0: which some HP terminals need.
+
+The vi55 is said to require `ip=2'.
+
+The Sun console should have these capabilities for good performance.
+	   :AL=\E[%dL:DL=\E[%dM:IC=\E[%d@:DC=\E[%dP:
+
+The vt220 needs to be set to vt220 mode, 7 bit, space parity
+in order to work fully with TERM=vt220.
+
+If you are using a LAT terminal concentrator, you need to issue these
+commands to turn off flow control:
+
+    set port flow control disable
+    define port flow control disable
+
+On System V, in the terminfo database, various terminals may have
+the `xt' flag that should not have it.  `xt' should be present only
+for the Teleray 1061 or equivalent terminal.
+
+In particular, System V for the 386 often has `xt' for terminal type
+AT386 or AT386-M, which is used for the console.  You should delete
+this flag.  Here is how:
+
+You can get a copy of the terminfo "source" for at386 using the
+command: `infocmp at386 >at386.tic'.  Edit the file at386.tic and remove
+the `xt' flag.  Then compile the new entry with: `tic at386.tic'.
+
+It is also reported that these terminal types sometimes have the wrong
+reverse-scroll string.  It should be \E[T, but sometimes is given as \E[S.
+
+Here is what watserv1!maytag!focsys!larry recommends for these terminals:
+
+# This copy of the terminfo description has been fixed.
+# The suggestions came from a number of usenet postings.
+#
+# Intel AT/386 for color card with monochrome display
+#
+AT386-M|at386-m|386AT-M|386at-m|at/386 console,
+	am, bw, eo, xon,
+	cols#80, lines#25,
+	acsc=``a1fxgqh0jYk?lZm@nEooppqDrrsstCu4vAwBx3yyzz{{||}}~~,
+	bel=^G, blink=\E[5m, bold=\E[1m, cbt=\E[Z,
+	clear=\E[2J\E[H,
+	cr=\r, cub=\E[%p1%dD, cub1=\E[D, cud=\E[%p1%dB,
+	cud1=\E[B, cuf=\E[%p1%dC, cuf1=\E[C,
+	cup=\E[%i%p1%02d;%p2%02dH, cuu=\E[%p1%dA, cuu1=\E[A,
+	dch=\E[%p1%dP, dch1=\E[P, dl=\E[%p1%dM, dl1=\E[1M,
+	ech=\E[%p1%dX,ed=\E[J, el=\E[K, el1=\E[1K\E[X, flash=^G, home=\E[H,
+	hpa=\E[%i%p1%dG, ich=\E[%p1%d@, ich1=\E[1@, il=\E[%p1%dL, il1=\E[1L,
+	ind=\E[S, indn=\E[%p1%dS, invis=\E[9m,
+	is2=\E[0;10;38m, kbs=\b, kcbt=^], kclr=\E[2J,
+	kcub1=\E[D, kcud1=\E[B, kcuf1=\E[C, kcuu1=\E[A,
+	kdch1=\E[P, kend=\E[Y, kf1=\EOP, kf10=\EOY, kf11=\EOZ,
+	kf12=\EOA, kf2=\EOQ, kf3=\EOR, kf4=\EOS, kf5=\EOT,
+	kf6=\EOU, kf7=\EOV, kf8=\EOW, kf9=\EOX, khome=\E[H,
+	kich1=\E[@, knp=\E[U, kpp=\E[V, krmir=\E0, rev=\E[7m, ri=\E[T,
+	rin=\E[%p1%dT, rmacs=\E[10m, rmso=\E[m, rmul=\E[m,
+	sgr=\E[10m\E[0%?%p1%p3%|%t;7%;%?%p2%t;4%;%?%p4%t;5%;%?%p6%t;1%;%?%p9%t;12%;%?%p7%t;9%;m,
+	sgr0=\E[0;10m, smacs=\E[12m, smso=\E[7m, smul=\E[4m,
+
+#
+# AT&T 386 color console 
+#
+AT386|at386|386AT|386at|at/386 console,
+	colors#8, ncv#3, pairs#64,
+	is2=\E[0;10;39m,
+	op=\E[0m, 
+	setb=\E[%?%p1%{0}%=%t40m
+                %e%p1%{1}%=%t44m
+                %e%p1%{2}%=%t42m
+                %e%p1%{3}%=%t46m
+                %e%p1%{4}%=%t41m
+                %e%p1%{5}%=%t45m
+                %e%p1%{6}%=%t43m
+                %e%p1%{7}%=%t47m%;,
+	setf=\E[%?%p1%{0}%=%t30m
+                %e%p1%{1}%=%t34m
+                %e%p1%{2}%=%t32m
+                %e%p1%{3}%=%t36m
+                %e%p1%{4}%=%t31m
+                %e%p1%{5}%=%t35m
+                %e%p1%{6}%=%t33m
+                %e%p1%{6}%=%t33m
+                %e%p1%{7}%=%t37m%;,
+	use=at386-m,
+#
+# Color console version that supports underline but maps blue
+# foreground color to cyan.
+#
+AT386-UL|at386-ul|386AT-UL|386at-ul|at/386 console,
+	is2=\E[0;10;38m,
+	use=at386,

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/TODO	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+* Implement a clean way to use different major modes for
+  different parts of a buffer.
+
+* Give start-process the ability to direct standard-error
+  output to a different filter.
+
+* Make compile.el record the markers that point to error loci
+  on text properties in the error message lines.
+
+* Make desktop.el save the "frame configuration" of Emacs (in some
+  useful sense).
+
+* Make movemail work with IMAP.
+
+* Add ANSI C prototype forward declarations to the source files,
+  so that even the functions used within one file have prototypes.
+
+* Replace finder.el with something that generates an Info file
+  which gives the same information through a menu structure.
+
+* Implement a variant of uncompress.el or jka-compr.el that
+  works with GNU Privacy Guard for encryption.
+
+* Save undo information in files, and reload it when needed
+  for undoing.
+
+* modify comint.el so that input appears in a special font.
+  I can add a simple Emacs feature to help.
+
+* Implement other text formatting properties.
+** Footnotes that can appear either in place
+  or at the end of the page.
+** text property that says "don't break line in middle of this".
+  Don't break the line between two characters that have the
+  same value of this property.
+** Discretionary hyphens that disappear at end of line.
+
+* Implement use of mmap to allocate buffers, when mmap exists.
+
+* Change the Windows NT menu code
+  so that it handles the deep_p argument and avoids
+  regenerating the whole menu bar menu tree except
+  when the user tries to use the menubar.
+
+  This requires the RIT to forward the WM_INITMENU message to
+  the main thread, and not return from that message until the main
+  thread has processed the menu_bar_activate_event and regenerated
+  the whole menu bar.  In the mean time, it should process other messages.

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/TUTORIAL.cs	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,1013 @@
+Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc;  podmínky viz na konci.
+Do èe¹tiny pøelo¾il Milan Zamazal <[e-mail]>.
+
+Máte pøed sebou tutoriál k Emacsu.
+
+Pøíkazy Emacsu obecnì vyu¾ívají klávesu CONTROL (obèas oznaèovanou CTRL nebo
+CTL) nebo klávesu META (obèas oznaèovanou EDIT nebo ALT).  Abychom tyto názvy
+nemuseli stále psát v plném znìní, budeme pou¾ívat následující zkratky:
+
+ C-<chr>  znamená pøidr¾et klávesu CONTROL a stisknout znak <chr>.
+          Tedy C-f znamená: pøidr¾te klávesu CONTROL a stisknìte f.
+ M-<chr>  znamená pøidr¾et klávesu META, EDIT nebo ALT a stisknout <chr>.
+          Pokud ¾ádnou z kláves META, EDIT ani ALT nemáte, tak místo toho
+          stisknìte a pus»te klávesu ESC a poté <chr>.  Klávesu ESC budeme
+          znaèit <ESC>.
+
+Dùle¾itá poznámka: práci s Emacsem ukonèíte stiskem C-x C-c (dva znaky).
+Znaky ">>" na levém okraji znaèí místa, kde si máte vyzkou¹et pøíkaz.
+Napøíklad:
+<<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>>
+>>  Nyní stisknìte C-v (view next screen) pro posun na dal¹í obrazovku.
+        (Smìle do toho, proveïte to pøidr¾ením klávesy control a stiskem v.)
+	Od této chvíle byste toto mìli provádìt kdykoliv doètete zobrazenou
+        obrazovku.
+
+V¹imnìte si, ¾e pøi posuvu obrazovek v¾dy zùstávají zobrazeny dva øádky
+z pøedchozí obrazovky; to poskytuje urèitou návaznost pøi postupném
+ètení textu.
+
+První vìc, kterou potøebujete vìdìt, je jak se v textu pohybovat
+z jednoho místa na druhé.  U¾ víte, jak se posunout o jednu obrazovku
+vpøed, pomocí C-v.  K pøechodu o obrazovku zpìt pou¾ijte M-v
+(pøidr¾te klávesu META a stisknìte v nebo stisknìte <ESC>v, jestli¾e
+nemáte ¾ádnou z kláves META, EDIT nebo ALT).
+
+>>  Zkuste stisknout M-v a pak C-v, nìkolikrát to zopakujte.
+
+
+* SHRNUTÍ
+---------
+
+K prohlí¾ení obrazovkových stránek jsou u¾iteèné následující pøíkazy:
+
+	C-v	Posun o obrazovku vpøed
+	M-v	Posun o obrazovku zpìt
+	C-l	Smazání obrazovky a znovuzobrazení celého textu,
+		 pøitom se text pod kurzorem pøesune ke støedu obrazovky.
+		 (Jedná se o control-L a ne control-1.)
+
+>> Najdìte kurzor a zapamatujte si, jaký text je kolem nìj.
+   Pak stisknìte C-l.
+   Najdìte kurzor znovu a v¹imnìte si, ¾e je kolem nìj tentý¾ text.
+
+
+* ZÁKLADNÍ OVLÁDÁNÍ KURZORU
+---------------------------
+
+Pohyb mezi obrazovkami je u¾iteèný, ale jak se pøemístíte na konkrétní
+místo v textu na obrazovce?
+
+Je toho mo¾no dosáhnout nìkolika zpùsoby.  Nejzákladnìj¹ím zpùsobem je
+pou¾ití pøíkazù C-p, C-b, C-f a C-n.  Ka¾dý z tìchto pøíkazù pøesune
+kurzor na obrazovce o jeden øádek nebo sloupec v daném smìru.
+Zde je tabulka znázoròující smìr posuvu kurzoru vyvolaný tìmito ètyømi
+pøíkazy:
+ 
+			  Pøedchozí øádek, C-p
+				  :
+				  :
+      Dozadu, C-b .... Momentální pozice kurzoru .... Dopøedu, C-f
+				  :
+				  :
+			 Následující øádek, C-n
+
+>> Pøesuòte kurzor na prostøední øádek tohoto diagramu pomocí
+   C-n nebo C-p.  Potom stisknìte C-l, abyste na obrazovce vidìli celý
+   diagram vycentrován.
+
+Pravdìpodobnì se vám budou tyto pøíkazy snadno pamatovat podle
+poèáteèních písmen anglických názvù: P jako previous (pøedchozí),
+N jako next (následující), B jako backward (zpìt), F jako forward (vpøed).
+Jsou to základní pøíkazy pro pohyb kurzoru a budete je pou¾ívat
+neustále, tak¾e by bylo velmi vhodné, kdybyste se je teï nauèili.
+
+>> Proveïte nìkolikrát C-n, abyste kurzor pøesunuli na tento øádek.
+
+>> Posuòte kurzor dovnitø øádku pomocí nìkolika C-f a pak nahoru stiskem C-p.
+   Pozorujte, co C-p dìlá, kdy¾ je kurzor uprostøed øádku.
+
+Ka¾dý øádek textu konèí znakem nového øádku, který jej oddìluje od øádku
+následujícího.  Znakem nového øádku by mìl být ukonèen i poslední øádek
+souboru (pøesto¾e to Emacs nevy¾aduje).
+
+>> Vyzkou¹ejte C-b na zaèátku øádku.  Kurzor by se mìl pøesunout na konec
+   pøedchozího øádku, nebo» jej tím pøesunete pøes znak nového øádku.
+
+C-f funguje analogicky jako C-b, tj. na konci øádku dojde k pøesunu na
+dal¹í øádek.
+
+>> Proveïte nìkolik C-b, tak¾e uvidíte, kde se nachází kurzor.
+   Pak provádìjte C-f, abyste se vrátili na konec øádku.
+   Pak proveïte je¹tì jednou C-f, abyste se pøesunuli na následující
+   øádek.
+
+Kdy¾ kurzorem pøejdete pøes horní nebo dolní okraj obrazovky, posune se
+text za pøíslu¹ným okrajem na obrazovku.  Tato vlastnost se nazývá
+"scrollování".  Umo¾òuje pøemístit kurzor na libovolné místo v textu,
+ani¾ by kurzor opustil obrazovku.
+
+>> Zkuste posunout kurzor pod dolní okraj obrazovky pomocí C-n a pozorujte,
+   co se stane.
+
+Jestli¾e je posun po znacích pøíli¹ pomalý, mù¾ete se pohybovat po
+slovech.  M-f (Meta-f) provádí posun o slovo vpøed a M-b provádí posun
+o slovo zpìt.
+
+>> Stisknìte nìkolikrát M-f a M-b.
+
+Pokud se kurzor nachází uprostøed slova, M-f provede pøesun na konec
+tohoto slova.  Nachází-li se kurzor v mezeøe mezi slovy, M-f provede
+pøesun na konec následujícího slova.  M-b pracuje analogicky v opaèném
+smìru.
+
+>> Stisknìte nìkolikrát M-f a M-b prolo¾enì s C-f a C-b, abyste vidìli
+   výsledky pøíkazù M-f a M-b provádìných z rùzných míst uvnitø slov a
+   mezi nimi.
+
+V¹imnìte si analogie mezi C-f a C-b na jedné stranì a M-f a M-b na
+stranì druhé.  Meta znaky jsou velmi èasto vyu¾ívány pro operace
+vztahující se k entitám definovaným jazykem (slova, vìty, odstavce),
+zatímco Control znaky pracují na základních prvcích nezávislých na tom,
+co zrovna editujete (znaky, øádky, apod.).
+
+Tato analogie platí také pro øádky a vìty: C-a a C-e provádí pøesun
+na zaèátek a konec øádku, M-a a M-e provádí pøesun na zaèátek a konec
+vìty.
+
+>> Zkuste nìkolikrát C-a a poté nìkolikrát C-e.
+   Zkuste nìkolikrát M-a a poté nìkolikrát M-e.
+
+V¹imnìte si, ¾e opakované C-a nedìlá nic, zatímco opakované M-a v¾dy
+provádí posun o dal¹í vìtu. Principu analogie to sice pøíli¹
+neodpovídá, ale pøesto je toto chování mo¾no pova¾ovat za pøirozené.
+
+Pozice kurzoru v textu se také nazývá "bod" ("point").  Abychom to
+parafrázovali, kurzor je vidìt na obrazovce v místì, kde je bod umístìn
+v textu.
+
+Zde je pøehled jednoduchých operací pro pohyb kurzoru vèetnì pøíkazù pro
+pohyb mezi slovy a vìtami:
+
+	C-f	Pøesun o znak vpøed
+	C-b	Pøesun o znak zpìt
+
+	M-f	Pøesun o slovo vpøed
+	M-b	Pøesun o slovo zpìt
+
+	C-n	Pøesun na následující øádek
+	C-p	Pøesun na pøedchozí øádek
+
+	C-a	Pøesun na zaèátek øádku
+	C-e	Pøesun na konec øádku
+
+	M-a	Pøesun zpìt na zaèátek vìty
+	M-e	Pøesun vpøed na konec vìty
+
+>> Vyzkou¹ejte si teï nìkolikrát v¹echny tyto pøíkazy pro procvièení.
+   Jsou to nejpou¾ívanìj¹í pøíkazy.
+
+Dal¹í dva dùle¾ité pøíkazy pro pohyb kurzoru jsou M-< (Meta men¹í-ne¾),
+který provede pøesun na zaèátek celého textu, a M-> (Meta vìt¹í-ne¾),
+který provede pøesun na konec celého textu.
+
+Na vìt¹inì terminálù je "<" nad èárkou, tak¾e pro vyvolání tohoto znaku
+musíte pou¾ít klávesu Shift.  Na tìchto terminálech je tedy nutno pou¾ít
+klávesu Shift i v pøípadì pøíkazu M-<; bez klávesy Shift byste provedli
+M-èárka.
+
+>> Zkuste teï M-< pro pøesun na zaèátek tutoriálu.
+   Pou¾ijte pak opakovanì C-v, abyste se opìt vrátili sem.
+
+>> Zkuste teï M-> pro pøesun na konec tutoriálu.
+   Pou¾ijte pak opakovanì M-v, abyste se opìt vrátili sem.
+
+Kurzor mù¾ete pøesouvat také pomocí kurzorových kláves (klávesy
+se ¹ipkami), pokud je vá¹ terminál má.  My v¹ak doporuèujeme nauèit se
+C-b, C-f, C-n a C-p, a to ze tøí dùvodù.  Za prvé, tyto klávesy fungují
+na v¹ech typech terminálù.  Za druhé, jakmile jednou získáte cvik
+v pou¾ívání Emacsu, zjistíte, ¾e pou¾ívání tìchto CTRL znakù je
+rychlej¹í ne¾ pou¾ívání kurzorových kláves (proto¾e nemusíte pøesouvat
+ruku z psací pozice).  Za tøetí, zvyknete-li si pou¾ívat tyto CTRL-znak
+pøíkazy, snadno se nauèíte pou¾ívat jiné pokroèilé pøíkazy pro pohyb
+kurzoru.
+
+Vìt¹ina pøíkazù Emacsu akceptuje numerický argument; ten pro vìt¹inu
+pøíkazù slou¾í jako opakovaè.  Poèet opakování pøíkazu zadáte
+prostøednictvím stisku C-u následovaného stiskem pøíslu¹ných èíslic pøed
+vyvoláním pøíkazu.  Máte-li META (nebo EDIT èi ALT) klávesu, existuje
+alternativní mo¾nost zadání numerického argumentu: pøidr¾te klávesu META
+a stisknìte pøíslu¹né èíslice.  Doporuèujeme nauèit se C-u metodu,
+proto¾e ta funguje na jakémkoliv terminálu.
+
+Napøíklad C-u 8 C-f provede pøesun o osm znakù vpøed.
+
+Vìt¹ina pøíkazù pou¾ívá numerický argument jako opakovaè.  Jisté
+výjimeèné pøíkazy jej pou¾ívají jiným zpùsobem.  Mezi tyto výjimky patøí
+C-v a M-v.  Dostanou-li numerický argument, posunou obrazovku nahoru
+nebo dolù o odpovídající poèet øádkù místo obrazovek.  Napøíklad
+C-u 4 C-v posune obrazovku o 4 øádky.
+
+>> Zkuste teï stisknout C-u 8 C-v.
+
+To by mìlo posunout obrazovku o 8 øádkù nahoru.  Pokud byste ji chtìli
+posunout zpìt dolù, mù¾ete dát argument pøíkazu M-v.
+
+Pou¾íváte-li X Windows, mìli byste mít na levé stranì emacsovského okna
+vysokou obdélníkovou oblast, nazývanou scrollbar.  Mù¾ete pak text
+posouvat klikáním my¹í na scrollbar.
+
+>> Zkuste stisknout prostøední tlaèítko na vrcholu zvýraznìné oblasti
+   uvnitø scrollbaru.  To by mìlo text posunout na pozici danou tím, jak
+   vysoko nebo nízko jste kliknuli.
+
+>> Zkuste pøi stisknutém prostøedním tlaèítku posouvat my¹í nahoru a
+   dolù.  Uvidíte, jak se text posouvá nahoru a dolù podle toho, jak
+   posouváte my¹í.
+
+
+* KDY® EMACS NEREAGUJE
+----------------------
+
+Jestli¾e Emacs pøestane reagovat na va¹e pøíkazy, mù¾ete probíhající
+èinnost bezpeènì zastavit pomocí C-g.  Pomocí C-g mù¾ete zastavit
+pøíkaz, jeho¾ provádìní trvá pøíli¹ dlouho.
+
+C-g mù¾ete pou¾ít také pro odstranìní numerického argumentu pøíkazu,
+který nechcete dokonèit.
+
+>> Stisknìte C-u 100 pro vytvoøení numerického argumentu 100 a pak
+   stisknìte C-g.  Nyní stisknìte C-f.  Mìl by být proveden posun
+   o právì jeden znak, proto¾e jste argument zru¹ili prostøednictvím
+   C-g.
+
+Pokud jste omylem stiskli <ESC>, mù¾ete se jej zbavit pomocí C-g.
+
+
+* DEAKTIVOVANÉ PØÍKAZY
+----------------------
+
+Nìkteré pøíkazy Emacsu jsou "deaktivované" ("disabled"), aby je
+zaèínající u¾ivatelé nemohli vyvolat náhodnì.
+
+Pokud vyvoláte nìkterý z deaktivovaných pøíkazù, Emacs zobrazí hlá¹ení
+oznamující, který pøíkaz to byl, s dotazem, zda chcete tento pøíkaz
+provést.
+
+Pokud opravdu chcete pøíkaz vyzkou¹et, stisknìte mezerník jako odpovìï
+na tuto otázku.  Obyèejnì, jestli¾e nechcete deaktivovaný pøíkaz
+provést, odpovìzte na tuto otázku pomocí "n".
+
+>> Stisknìte <ESC> : (co¾ je deaktivovaný pøíkaz),
+   pak na otázku odpovìzte n.
+
+
+* OKNA
+------
+
+Emacs mù¾e mít nìkolik oken (windows), z nich¾ ka¾dé zobrazuje svùj
+vlastní text.  Jak více oken pou¾ívat, objasníme pozdìji.  Nyní chceme
+objasnit, jak se zbavit nadbyteèných oken a vrátit se do základní
+jednookenní editace.  Je to jednoduché:
+
+	C-x 1	Jedno okno (tj. zru¹ení v¹ech ostatních oken)
+
+Tedy vlo¾ení Control-x následované èíslicí 1.  C-x 1 roz¹íøí okno
+obsahující kurzor pøes celou obrazovku.  Zru¹í to v¹echna ostatní okna.
+
+>> Stisknìte Control-h k Control-f.
+   Pozorujte, jak se aktuální okno zmen¹í a objeví se nové okno za
+   úèelem zobrazení dokumentace k pøíkazu Control-f.
+
+>> Stisknìte C-x 1 a pozorujte, jak okno s dokumentací zmizí.
+
+
+* VKLÁDÁNÍ A MAZÁNÍ
+-------------------
+
+Chcete-li vlo¾it text, prostì jej napi¹te.  Znaky, které vidíte,
+jako A, 7, *, atd., jsou Emacsem chápány jako text a vkládány okam¾itì.
+Pro vlo¾ení znaku nového øádku stisknìte <Return> (klávesu Enter).
+
+Poslední znak, který jste napsali, mù¾ete smazat stiskem <Delete>.
+<Delete> je klávesa, která mù¾e být na klávesnici oznaèena "Del".
+V nìkterých pøípadech jako <Delete> slou¾í klávesa "Backspace", av¹ak ne
+v¾dy!
+
+Obecnìji, <Delete> ma¾e znak bezprostøednì pøed momentální pozicí
+kurzoru.
+
+>> Proveïte to teï -- napi¹te nìkolik znakù a pak je sma¾te nìkolika
+   stisky <Delete>.  Nebojte se zmìn v tomto souboru; originální
+   tutoriál se nezmìní.  Toto je va¹e osobní kopie.
+
+Kdy¾ se øádek textu zvìt¹í natolik, ¾e pøesáhne jeden øádek obrazovky,
+je zobrazen na více øádcích obrazovky.  Øádek textu, který pokraèuje na
+dal¹ím øádku obrazovky, je indikován zpìtným lomítkem ("\") na pravém
+okraji obrazovky.
+
+>> Vkládejte text, a¾ dosáhnete pravého okraje, a pokraèujte ve vkládání.
+   Objeví se vám pokraèovací øádek.
+
+>> Pou¾ijte <Delete> pro smazání textu, a¾ se øádek textu opìt vejde na
+   jeden øádek obrazovky.  Pokraèovací øádek zmizí.
+
+Znak nového øádku mù¾ete smazat jako kterýkoliv jiný znak.  Smazání
+znaku nového øádku mezi dvìma øádky zpùsobí jejich spojení do jediného
+øádku.  Je-li výsledný øádek pøíli¹ dlouhý na to, aby se ve¹el na ¹íøku
+obrazovky, bude zobrazen pokraèovacím øádkem.
+
+>> Pøesuòte kurzor na zaèátek øádku a stisknìte <Delete>.  To tento
+   øádek spojí s øádkem pøedchozím.
+
+>> Stisknìte <Return> pro znovuvlo¾ení smazaného znaku nového øádku.
+
+Vzpomeòte si, ¾e vìt¹ina pøíkazù Emacsu mù¾e dostat poèet opakování;
+vèetnì textových znakù.  Opakování textových znakù je vlo¾í nìkolikrát.
+
+>>  Vyzkou¹ejte si to teï -- stisknìte C-u 8 * pro vlo¾ení ********.
+
+Teï u¾ znáte nejzákladnìj¹í zpùsoby, jak nìco v Emacsu napsat a jak
+opravovat chyby.  Mù¾ete ov¹em také mazat po slovech nebo po øádcích.
+Zde je shrnutí operací pro mazání textu:
+
+	<Delete>     Smazání znaku bezprostøednì pøed kurzorem
+	C-d   	     Smazání znaku následujícího za kurzorem
+
+	M-<Delete>   Zru¹ení slova bezprostøednì pøed kurzorem
+	M-d	     Zru¹ení slova následujícího za kurzorem
+
+	C-k	     Zru¹ení textu od pozice kurzoru do konce øádku
+	M-k	     Zru¹ení textu do konce aktuální vìty
+
+V¹imnìte si, ¾e <Delete> a C-d, resp. M-<Delete> a M-d, roz¹iøují
+paralelu zapoèatou C-f a M-f (pravda, <Delete> opravdu není control
+znak, ale netrapme se tím).  C-k a M-k jsou jako C-e a M-e ve smyslu
+vztahu øádkù k vìtám.
+
+Kdy¾ sma¾ete více znakù najednou, Emacs smazaný text ulo¾í, abyste jej
+mohli opìt vrátit.  Vracení zru¹eného ("killed") textu se nazývá
+vhazování ("yanking").
+
+Zru¹ený text mù¾ete vhodit na toté¾ místo, kde byl zru¹en, nebo na
+jiné místo v textu.  Text mù¾ete vhodit nìkolikrát za sebou,
+potøebujete-li vyrobit nìkolik jeho kopií.  Vhazovací pøíkaz je C-y.
+
+Uvìdomte si, ¾e rozdíl mezi "ru¹ením" ("killing") a "mazáním"
+("deleting") je ten, ¾e "zru¹ené" vìci mohou být zpìt vhozeny, zatímco
+"smazané" nikoliv.  Obecnì pøíkazy, které mohou smazat vìt¹í mno¾ství
+textu, ukládají text, zatímco pøíkazy, které ma¾ou jediný znak nebo
+pouze prázdné øádky a mezery, mazaný text neukládají.
+
+>> Pøesuòte kurzor na zaèátek neprázdného øádku.
+   Pak stisknìte C-k pro zru¹ení textu na tomto øádku.
+>> Stisknìte C-k podruhé.  Uvidíte, ¾e to zru¹í znak nového øádku, který
+   je za tímto øádkem.
+
+V¹imnìte si, ¾e jedno C-k zru¹í obsah øádku a druhé C-k zru¹í øádek
+samotný a posune v¹echny dal¹í øádky nahoru.  C-k zpracovává numerický
+argument speciálnì: zru¹í odpovídající poèet øádkù VÈETNÌ jejich
+obsahu.  To u¾ není opakování.  C-u 2 C-k zru¹í dva øádky a jejich
+obsah; dvojitý stisk C-k by toto obvykle neudìlal.
+
+Vyta¾ení posledního zru¹eného textu a jeho vlo¾ení na pozici, kde se
+momentálnì nachází kurzor, dosáhnete stiskem C-y.
+
+>> Zkuste to; stisknìte C-y pro vhození textu zpìt.
+
+Chápejte C-y, jako kdybyste si zpátky vzali nìco, co vám nìkdo sebral.
+V¹imnìte si, ¾e pokud provedete nìkolik C-k za sebou, ve¹kerý zru¹ený
+text je ulo¾en pohromadì, aby jediné C-y vlo¾ilo v¹echny tyto øádky.
+
+>> Stisknìte nìkolikrát C-k.
+
+Nyní obnovte poslednì zru¹ený text:
+
+>> Stisknìte C-y.  Pak posuòte kurzor o nìkolik øádkù ní¾e a stisknìte
+   C-y znova.  Nyní vidíte, jak lze text kopírovat.
+
+Co kdy¾ máte nìjaký text, který byste rádi vhodili zpìt a pak zru¹íte
+nìco jiného?  C-y by vlo¾ilo poslední zru¹ený text.  Av¹ak pøedchozí
+text není ztracen.  Mù¾ete jej získat zpìt pou¾itím pøíkazu M-y.  Poté,
+co provedete C-y pro získání posledního zru¹eného textu, stisk M-y
+vymìní tento vhozený text za pøedchozí zru¹ený text.  Dal¹ími a
+dal¹ími stisky M-y dostáváte pøedcházející a pøedcházející zru¹ené
+texty.  Kdy¾ dosáhnete textu, který hledáte, nemusíte s ním pro jeho
+uchování nic dal¹ího provádìt.  Jednodu¹e vhozený text ponechejte, kde
+je, a pokraèujte v editaci.
+
+Pokud opakujete M-y dostateènì dlouho, dostanete se zpátky k výchozímu
+bodu (poslednì zru¹enému textu).
+
+>> Zru¹te øádek, pøesuòte kurzor nìkam jinam a zru¹te jiný øádek.
+   Pak proveïte C-y pro vrácení druhého zru¹eného øádku.
+   Pak proveïte M-y a vhozený øádek bude nahrazen prvním zru¹eným øádkem.
+   Opakujte M-y a pozorujte, co dostáváte.  Pokraèujte v tom, dokud se
+   znovu neobjeví druhý zru¹ený øádek a pak nìkolik dal¹ích.
+   Chcete-li, mù¾ete zkusit pøedat M-y kladné a záporné argumenty.
+
+
+* UNDO
+------
+
+Jestli¾e provedete v textu zmìnu a pak zjistíte, ¾e to byl omyl, mù¾ete
+zmìnu vrátit pøíkazem undo C-x u.
+
+C-x u obvykle vrátí zmìny provedené jedním pøíkazem; pokud C-x u
+zopakujete nìkolikrát za sebou, ka¾dé opakování vrátí jeden dal¹í
+pøíkaz.
+
+Jsou ale dvì výjimky: pøíkazy, které nemìní text, se nepoèítají (to
+zahrnuje pøíkazy pro pohyb kurzoru a scrollování) a znaky vkládající
+samy sebe jsou obvykle zpracovávány ve skupinách a¾ po 20.  (To je kvùli
+tomu, aby se zredukoval poèet C-x u nutných pro vrácení vkládaného
+textu.)
+
+>> Zru¹te tento øádek pomocí C-k, stisknìte pak C-x u a øádek by se mìl
+   znovu objevit.
+
+Alternativní undo pøíkaz je C-_; pracuje stejnì jako C-x u, je v¹ak
+ménì pracné jej aplikovat nìkolikrát za sebou.  Nevýhodou C-_ je, ¾e
+na nìkterých klávesnicích není zøejmé, jak jej vyvolat.  To je dùvod,
+proè nabízíme i C-x u.  Na nìkterých terminálech mù¾ete C-_ vyvolat
+stiskem / pøi stisknutém CTRL.
+
+Numerický argument pro C-_ a C-x u funguje jako poèet opakování.
+
+
+* SOUBORY
+---------
+
+Aby text, který editujete, zùstal trvale uchován, musíte jej ulo¾it do
+souboru.  Jinak by byl po ukonèení Emacsu ztracen.  Svoji editaci
+spojíte se souborem "vyhledáním" ("finding") souboru.  (Také se to
+nazývá "nav¹tívení" ("visiting") souboru.)
+
+Vyhledání souboru znamená, ¾e vidíte jeho obsah v Emacsu.  V mnoha
+ohledech je to, jako byste editovali pøímo ten soubor.  Nicménì zmìny,
+které prostøednictvím Emacsu èiníte, se nestanou trvalými, dokud tyto
+zmìny do souboru "neulo¾íte" ("save").  Tím se zamezí nechtìnému ponechání
+èásteènì zmìnìného souboru v systému.  Dokonce i kdy¾ soubor ulo¾íte,
+Emacs uchová pùvodní soubor pod zmìnìným názvem pro pøípad, ¾e byste
+zjistili, ¾e va¹e úpravy byly chybné.
+
+Kdy¾ se podíváte do dolní èásti obrazovky, uvidíte øádek, který zaèíná a
+konèí pomlèkami a na zaèátku má "2J:-- TUTORIAL.cs" nebo nìco podobného.
+Tato èást obrazovky obvykle obsahuje jméno souboru, který je právì
+nav¹tíven.  Zrovna teï máte nav¹tíven soubor nazvaný "TUTORIAL.cs",
+který je va¹í osobní èmárací kopií tutoriálu Emacsu.  Kdy¾ v Emacsu
+vyhledáte soubor, jeho jméno se objeví pøesnì na tom místì.
+
+Pøíkazy pro vyhledávání a ukládání souborù se na rozdíl od ostatních
+pøíkazù, které jste se zatím nauèili, skládají ze dvou znakù.  Oba
+zaèínají znakem Control-x.  Existuje celá øada pøíkazù zaèínajících na
+Control-x; mnoho z nich pracuje se soubory, buffery a podobnými vìcmi.
+Tyto pøíkazy jsou dlouhé dva, tøi nebo ètyøi znaky.
+
+Dal¹í vìcí ohlednì pøíkazu pro vyhledání souboru je to, ¾e musíte øíct,
+které jméno souboru chcete.  Øíkáme, ¾e pøíkaz "ète argument
+z terminálu" (v tomto pøípadì je argumentem jméno souboru).  Poté co
+vyvoláte pøíkaz
+
+	C-x C-f   Vyhledání souboru
+
+Emacs se vás zeptá na jméno souboru.  Jméno souboru, které pí¹ete, se
+objevuje ve spodním øádku obrazovky, který se v této situaci nazývá
+minibuffer.  Pro editaci jména souboru mù¾ete pou¾ívat obvyklé editaèní
+pøíkazy Emacsu.
+
+Zadávání jména souboru (obecnì kterýkoliv vstup z minibufferu) mù¾ete
+zru¹it pøíkazem C-g.
+
+>> Stisknìte C-x C-f a pak C-g.  To minibuffer zru¹í a takté¾ to zru¹í
+   pøíkaz C-x C-f, který minibuffer pou¾il.  Tak¾e nevyhledáte ¾ádný
+   soubor.
+
+Po napsání jména souboru stisknìte <Return>.
+Pøíkaz C-x C-f pak zaène pracovat a vyhledá soubor, který jste zvolili.
+Po skonèení pøíkazu C-x C-f minibuffer zmizí.
+
+Po malé chvilce se obsah souboru objeví na obrazovce a mù¾ete jej
+editovat.  Kdy¾ chcete zmìny trvale ulo¾it, pou¾ijte pøíkaz
+
+	C-x C-s   Ulo¾ení souboru
+
+To zkopíruje text z Emacsu do souboru.  Kdy¾ to provedete poprvé, Emacs
+pøejmenuje pùvodní soubor na soubor s novým jménem, aby nebyl ztracen.
+Nové jméno je vytvoøeno pøidáním "~" na konec pùvodního jména souboru.
+
+Kdy¾ je ukládání dokonèeno, Emacs zobrazí jméno zapsaného souboru.
+Mìli byste ukládat rozumnì èasto, abyste neztratili pøíli¹ mnoho práce
+v pøípadì pádu systému.
+
+>> Stisknìte C-x C-s pro ulo¾ení va¹í kopie tutoriálu.
+   Mìlo by to zobrazit "Wrote ...TUTORIAL.cs" ve spodním øádku obrazovky.
+
+POZNÁMKA: Na nìkterých systémech zpùsobí stisk C-x C-s ztuhnutí
+obrazovky a nevidíte ¾ádný dal¹í výstup z Emacsu.  To znamená, ¾e
+"vlastnost" operaèního systému zvaná "flow control" zachycuje C-s a
+nepropustí jej k Emacsu.  Pro odtuhnutí obrazovky stisknìte C-q.  Pak
+v sekci "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" v manuálu Emacsu
+vyhledejte radu, jak se vypoøádat s touto "vlastností".
+
+Existující soubor mù¾ete vyhledat, abyste jej mohli prohlí¾et nebo
+editovat.  Mù¾ete také vyhledat soubor, který je¹tì neexistuje.  To je
+zpùsob, jakým lze vytvoøit soubor v Emacsu: vyhledejte soubor, který
+bude na zaèátku prázdný a pak zaènìte vkládat text urèený pro tento
+soubor.  Kdy¾ po¾ádáte o ulo¾ení, Emacs skuteènì vytvoøí soubor
+s textem, který jste vlo¾ili.  Od té chvíle se pak mù¾ete cítit, jako
+kdybyste editovali ji¾ existující soubor.
+
+
+* BUFFERY
+---------
+
+Jestli¾e vyhledáte pomocí C-x C-f druhý soubor, první soubor v Emacsu
+zùstává.  Mù¾ete se do nìj zpìt pøepnout jeho opìtovným vyhledáním
+pomocí C-x C-f.  Tímto zpùsobem mù¾ete do Emacsu dostat pomìrnì hodnì
+souborù.
+
+>> Vytvoøte soubor pojmenovaný "foo" stiskem C-x C-f foo <Return>.
+   Potom vlo¾te nìjaký text, zeditujte jej a ulo¾te "foo" stiskem C-x C-s.
+   Nakonec stisknìte C-x C-f TUTORIAL.cs <Return>, èím¾ se vrátíte zpìt do
+   tutoriálu.
+
+Emacs ukládá text ka¾dého souboru do objektu nazývaného "buffer".
+Vyhledání souboru vytvoøí v Emacsu nový buffer.  Chcete-li vidìt seznam
+bufferù, které momentálnì existují ve va¹em procesu Emacs, stisknìte:
+
+	C-x C-b   Seznam bufferù
+
+>> Zkuste teï C-x C-b.
+
+Podívejte se, ¾e ka¾dý buffer má v seznamu jméno a mù¾e tam mít také jméno
+souboru, jeho¾ text obsahuje.  Nìkteré buffery neodpovídají souborùm.
+Napøíklad buffer pojmenovaný "*Buffer List*" nemá ¾ádný soubor.  Je to
+buffer, který obsahuje seznam bufferù vytvoøený pomocí C-x C-b.
+JAKÝKOLIV text, který vidíte v emacsovském oknì, je v¾dy souèástí
+nìjakého bufferu.
+
+>> Stisknìte C-x 1, abyste se zbavili seznamu bufferù.
+
+Pokud provedete zmìny textu jednoho souboru a pak vyhledáte jiný soubor,
+nezpùsobí to ulo¾ení prvního souboru.  Jeho zmìny zùstávají v Emacsu
+uchovány v jemu odpovídajícím bufferu.  Vytvoøení a editace druhého
+souboru nemá ¾ádný vliv na buffer prvního souboru.  To je velmi
+u¾iteèné, ale také to znamená, ¾e potøebujete vhodný zpùsob, jak ulo¾it
+buffer prvního souboru.  Nutnost pøepnout se zpátky pomocí C-x C-f, aby
+jej bylo mo¾no ulo¾it prostøednictvím C-x C-s, by byla nemístnì
+obtì¾ující.  Tak¾e máme
+
+	C-x s     Ulo¾ení nìkterých bufferù
+
+C-x s se vás zeptá na ka¾dý buffer, který obsahuje zmìny, které jste
+neulo¾ili.  Pro ka¾dý takový buffer se vás zeptá, zda jej má ulo¾it.
+
+>> Vlo¾te øádek textu a pak stisknìte C-x s.
+   Mìli byste být dotázáni, zda má být ulo¾en buffer nazvaný TUTORIAL.cs.
+   Odpovìzte na tuto otázku ano (yes) stiskem "y".
+
+
+* ROZ©IØOVÁNÍ SADY PØÍKAZÙ
+--------------------------
+
+Existuje mnohem, mnohem více pøíkazù Emacsu, ne¾ které by vùbec mohly
+být rozmístìny na v¹echny control a meta znaky.  Emacs tento problém
+obchází prostøednictvím X (eXtend) pøíkazu.  Ten vzniká dvìma zpùsoby:
+
+	C-x	Znakový eXtend.  Následován jedním znakem.
+	M-x	Pojmenovaný pøíkaz eXtend.  Následován dlouhým názvem.
+
+To jsou pøíkazy, které jsou obecnì u¾iteèné, av¹ak ménì èasto pou¾ívané
+ne¾ ty, které jste se ji¾ nauèili.  U¾ jste vidìli dva z nich: souborové
+pøíkazy C-x C-f pro vyhledání a C-x C-s pro ulo¾ení.  Jiný pøíklad je
+pøíkaz pro ukonèení Emacsu -- tj. pøíkaz C-x C-c.  (Nemìjte obavy
+o ztrátu zmìn, které jste provedli; C-x C-c nabídne ulo¾ení ka¾dého
+zmìnìného souboru, ne¾ Emacs ukonèí.)
+
+C-z je pøíkaz na *doèasné* opu¹tìní Emacsu -- mù¾ete se po nìm do
+spu¹tìného Emacsu vrátit.
+
+Na systémech, které to umo¾òují, C-z Emacs "pozastaví"; tzn. vrátí vás
+do shellu, av¹ak Emacs neukonèí.  V nejbì¾nìj¹ích shellech se mù¾ete do
+Emacsu vrátit pøíkazem `fg' nebo pomocí `%emacs'.
+
+Na systémech, které pozastavování procesù nemají implementováno, C-z
+vytvoøí subshell bì¾ící pod Emacsem, aby vám dal ¹anci spustit jiné
+programy a pak se do Emacsu vrátit; neprovede tedy pravé opu¹tìní
+Emacsu.  V tom pøípadì je obvyklou cestou návratu ze subshellu do Emacsu
+shellovský pøíkaz `exit'.
+
+Chvíle pro pou¾ití C-x C-c nastane, kdy¾ se chystáte odhlásit ze
+systému.  Správné je to také pøi ukonèování Emacsu vyvolaného po¹tovním
+programem a rùznými jinými utilitami, proto¾e ty nemusí vìdìt, jak si
+poradit s pozastavením Emacsu.  Nicménì za normálních okolností, pokud
+se nechystáte odlogovat, je lépe Emacs pozastavit pomocí C-z ne¾ jej
+ukonèit.
+
+Existuje mnoho C-x pøíkazù.  Zde je seznam tìch, které jste se ji¾ nauèili:
+
+	C-x C-f		Vyhledání souboru
+	C-x C-s		Ulo¾ení soubor
+	C-x C-b		Seznam bufferù
+	C-x C-c		Ukonèení Emacsu
+	C-x u		Undo
+
+Pojmenované eXtended pøíkazy jsou pøíkazy, které jsou pou¾ívány je¹tì
+ménì, nebo pøíkazy, které jsou pou¾ívány jenom v jistých módech.
+Pøíkladem je pøíkaz replace-string, který globálnì nahradí jeden øetìzec
+jiným.  Kdy¾ stisknete M-x, vypí¹e se na spodním øádku obrazovky prompt
+M-x a vy byste mìli zadat jméno pøíkazu; v tomto pøípadì
+"replace-string".  Jednodu¹e napi¹te "repl s<TAB>" a Emacs název doplní.
+Dokonèete zadávání jména pøíkazu pomocí <Return>.
+
+Pøíkaz replace-string vy¾aduje dva argumenty -- øetìzec, který má být
+nahrazen, a øetìzec, který jej má nahradit.  Ka¾dý argument musíte
+ukonèit pomocí <Return>.
+
+>> Pøesuòte kurzor na prázdný øádek dva øádky pod tímto.
+   Pak napi¹te M-x repl s<Return>zmìnil<Return>modifikoval<Return>.
+
+   V¹imnìte si, jak se tento øádek zmìnil: nahradili jste slovo
+   z-m-ì-n-i-l slovem "modifikoval", kdekoliv se za aktuální pozicí
+   kurzoru vyskytlo.
+
+
+* AUTOMATICKÉ UKLÁDÁNÍ
+----------------------
+
+Jestli¾e jste provedli zmìny v souboru, ale nemáte je je¹tì ulo¾eny,
+mohou být v pøípadì pádu systému ztraceny.  Aby vás Emacs od toho
+uchránil, periodicky zapisuje "auto save" soubor pro ka¾dý soubor, který
+editujete.  Jméno auto save souboru má na zaèátku a na konci #;
+napøíklad jestli¾e se vá¹ soubor jmenuje "hello.c", jeho auto save
+soubor se jmenuje "#hello.c#".  Kdy¾ soubor ulo¾íte normálním zpùsobem,
+Emacs auto save soubor sma¾e.
+
+Jestli¾e dojde k pádu systému, mù¾ete svoji editaci obnovit z auto-save
+souboru, a to normálním vyhledáním souboru (toho, který jste editovali,
+ne auto save souboru) a následnou aplikací M-x recover file<return>.
+Na ¾ádost o potvrzení odpovìzte zadáním yes<return> pro pokraèování a
+obnovení auto-save dat.
+
+
+* ECHO OBLAST
+-------------
+
+Kdy¾ Emacs vidí, ¾e pí¹ete pøíkazy pomalu, ukazuje vám je ve spodní
+èásti obrazovky v oblasti nazývané "echo oblast".  Echo oblast obsahuje
+dolní øádek obrazovky.
+
+
+* STAVOVÝ ØÁDEK
+---------------
+
+Øádek bezprostøednì nad echo oblastí se nazývá "stavový øádek" ("mode line").
+Stavový øádek øíká nìco jako:
+
+2J:** TUTORIAL.cs       (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
+
+Tento øádek podává u¾iteènou informaci o stavu Emacsu a textu, který
+editujete.
+
+U¾ víte, co znamená jméno souboru -- je to soubor, který jste vyhledali.
+-NN%-- oznaèuje va¹i aktuální pozici v textu; øíká, ¾e NN procent textu
+je nad horním okrajem obrazovky.  Je-li zaèátek souboru na obrazovce, je
+zde --Top-- a ne --00%--.  Je-li konec textu na obrazovce, je zde
+--Bot--.  Jestli¾e se díváte na tak malý text, ¾e se celý vejde na
+obrazovku, stavový øádek øíká --All--.
+
+Hvìzdièky poblí¾ zaèátku znamenají, ¾e jste text zmìnili.  Tìsnì po
+vyhledání nebo ulo¾ení souboru v této èásti stavového øádku nejsou ¾ádné
+hvìzdièky, pouze pomlèky.
+
+Èást stavového øádku v závorkách øíká, v jakých editaèních módech se
+nacházíte.  Implicitní mód je Fundamental, co¾ je ten, který momentálnì
+pou¾íváte.  Je pøíkladem hlavního módu ("major mode").
+
+Emacs má celou øadu hlavních módù.  Nìkteré z nich jsou urèeny pro
+editaci rùzných programovacích jazykù a/nebo textù jako tøeba Lisp mód,
+Text mód, atd.  V libovolném okam¾iku je aktivní právì jeden hlavní mód a
+jeho jméno lze nalézt ve stavovém øádku na místì, kde je teï
+"Fundamental".
+
+Ka¾dý hlavní mód mìní chování nìkterých pøíkazù.  Napøíklad existují
+pøíkazy pro vytváøení komentáøù v programu, a proto¾e ka¾dý programovací
+programovací jazyk má jinou pøedstavu o tom, jak má komentáø vypadat,
+musí ka¾dý hlavní mód vkládat komentáøe jinak.  Ka¾dý hlavní mód je
+vlastnì jméno extended pøíkazu, kterým se do tohoto módu mù¾ete
+pøepnout.  Napøíklad M-x fundamental-mode je pøíkaz pro pøepnutí se do
+Fundamental módu.
+
+Chystáte-li se editovat èeský text, jako tøeba tento soubor,
+pravdìpodobnì byste mìli pou¾ít Text mód.
+>> Napi¹te M-x text-mode<Return>.
+
+Nebojte se, ¾ádný z pøíkazù, které jste se nauèili, chování Emacsu nijak
+významnì nezmìní.  Mù¾ete si ale v¹imnout, ¾e M-f a M-b nyní pracují
+s apostrofy jako se souèástmi slov.  Pøedtím, ve Fundamental módu, M-f a
+M-b pracovaly s apostrofy coby oddìlovaèi slov.
+
+Hlavní módy obvykle dìlají men¹í zmìny, jako byla tato: pøíkazy vìt¹inou
+dìlají "toté¾", ale v ka¾dém hlavním módu pracují tro¹ku jinak.
+
+Dokumentaci k aktuálnímu hlavnímu módu si mù¾ete zobrazit stiskem C-h m.
+
+>> Jednou nebo nìkolikrát pou¾ijte C-u C-v, abyste tento øádek dostali
+   k vrcholu obrazovky.
+>> Stisknìte C-h m, abyste vidìli, jak se Text mód li¹í od Fundamental
+   módu.
+>> Stisknìte C-x 1 pro odstranìní dokumentace z obrazovky.
+
+Hlavní módy se nazývají hlavní proto, ¾e také existují vedlej¹í módy
+(minor modes).  Vedlej¹í módy nejsou alternativou k hlavním módùm, nýbr¾
+jejich malé modifikace.  Ka¾dý vedlej¹í mód mù¾e být zapnut nebo vypnut
+sám o sobì nezávisle na v¹ech ostatních vedlej¹ích módech a nezávisle na
+hlavním módu.  Tak¾e nemusíte pou¾ívat ¾ádný vedlej¹í mód nebo mù¾ete
+pou¾ívat jeden vedlej¹í mód nebo libovolnou kombinaci nìkolika
+vedlej¹ích módù.
+
+Jedním z velmi u¾iteèných vedlej¹ích módù, zejména pro editaci èeských
+textù, je Auto Fill mód.  Kdy¾ je tento mód zapnut, Emacs zalomí øádek
+mezi dvìma slovy, kdykoliv vkládáte text a øádek se stane pøíli¹
+dlouhým.
+
+Auto Fill mód mù¾ete zapnout provedením M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.
+Je-li tento mód zapnut, mù¾ete jej vypnout provedením M-x
+auto-fill-mode<Return>.  Je-li mód vypnut, tento pøíkaz jej zapíná,
+a je-li mód zapnut, tak jej tento pøíkaz vypíná.  Øíkáme, ¾e tento
+pøíkaz pøepíná ("toggles") tento mód.
+
+>> Napi¹te teï M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.  Pak vkládejte "asdf " stále
+   dokola tak dlouho, a¾ uvidíte, jak se vkládaný øádek rozdìlí na dva
+   øádky.  Do textu musíte vkládat mezery proto, ¾e Auto Fill mód
+   zalamuje øádky pouze v mezerách.
+
+Okraj je obvykle nastaven na 70 znakù, ale mù¾ete to zmìnit pøíkazem
+C-x f.  Hodnotu okraje, kterou si pøejete, byste mìli pøedat jako
+numerický argument.
+
+>> Napi¹te C-x f s argumentem 20.  (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
+   Pak pi¹te nìjaký text a pozorujte, jak Emacs vyplòuje øádky po
+   20 znacích.  Pak nastavte okraj zpátky na 70 opìtovným pou¾itím
+   C-x f.
+
+Jestli¾e provedete zmìny uprostøed odstavce, Auto Fill mód jej
+nepøeformátuje. 
+Pro pøeformátování odstavce stisknìte M-q (Meta-q) s kurzorem uvnitø
+odstavce.
+
+>> Pøesuòte kurzor do pøedchozího odstavce a stisknìte M-q.
+
+
+* VYHLEDÁVÁNÍ
+-------------
+
+Emacs umí v textu vyhledávat øetìzce (tj. skupiny spojených znakù nebo
+slov) smìrem vpøed nebo vzad.  Hledání øetìzce je pøíkaz pøesunující
+kurzor; pøesune kurzor na nejbli¾¹í místo, kde se tento øetìzec nachází.
+
+Vyhledávací pøíkaz Emacsu se li¹í od vyhledávacích pøíkazù vìt¹iny
+editorù v tom smyslu, ¾e je "inkrementální".  To znamená, ¾e vyhledávání
+se provádí u¾ v okam¾iku, kdy zadáváte vyhledávací øetìzec.
+
+Pøíkaz pro zahájení hledání vpøed je C-s a pro hledání vzad C-r.
+ALE POZOR!  Nezkou¹ejte to je¹tì.
+
+Kdy¾ stisknete C-s, uvidíte v echo oblasti prompt "I-search".  To vám
+øíká, ¾e Emacs se nachází ve stavu, který se nazývá inkrementální hledání,
+a èeká, a¾ mu zadáte, co chcete hledat.  <RET> hledání ukonèí.
+
+>> Nyní zahajte hledání stiskem C-s.  POMALU, písmeno po písmenu, pi¹te
+   slovo 'kurzor'.  Po ka¾dém písmenu si v¹imnìte, co se dìje s kurzorem.  
+   Teï jste vyhledali "kurzor" poprvé.
+>> Stisknìte C-s znovu, abyste nalezli dal¹í výskyt "kurzor".
+>> Nyní ètyøikrát stisknìte <Delete> a pozorujte, jak se kurzor
+   pøesunuje.
+>> Stisknìte <RET> pro ukonèení hledání.
+
+Vidìli jste, co se stalo?  Emacs se v inkrementálním hledání pokou¹í
+pøejít na dal¹í výskyt øetìzce, který jste dosud napsali.  Chcete-li
+pøejít na dal¹í výskyt 'kurzor', jednodu¹e stisknìte C-s znovu.
+Jestli¾e u¾ ¾ádný takový výskyt není, Emacs pípne a øekne vám, ¾e
+hledání momentálnì "selhává", C-g hledání ukonèí.
+
+POZNÁMKA: Na nìkterých systémech stisk C-s zpùsobí ztuhnutí
+obrazovky a nevidíte ¾ádný dal¹í výstup z Emacsu.  To znamená, ¾e
+"vlastnost" operaèního systému zvaná "flow control" zachycuje C-s a
+nepropustí jej k Emacsu.  Pro odtuhnutí obrazovky stisknìte C-q.  Pak
+v sekci "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" v manuálu Emacsu
+vyhledejte radu, jak se vypoøádat s touto "vlastností".
+
+Jestli¾e uprostøed inkrementálního hledání stisknete <Delete>, uvidíte,
+¾e poslední znak v hledaném øetìzci zmizí a hledání se vrací na poslední
+místo hledání.  Pøedpokládejme napøíklad, ¾e jste napsali "c", abyste
+na¹li první výskyt "k".  Jestli¾e nyní stisknete "u", kurzor se pøesune na
+první výskyt "ku".  Teï stisknìte <Delete>.  To vyma¾e "u" z hledaného
+øetìzce a kurzor se pøesune zpìt na první výskyt "k".
+
+Jestli¾e uprostøed hledání stisknete control nebo meta znak (s nìkolika
+výjimkami -- znaky, které jsou speciální v hledání, jako C-s a C-r),
+hledání se ukonèí.
+
+C-s zahajuje hledání, které hledá jakýkoliv výskyt hledaného øetìzce ZA
+aktuální pozicí kurzoru.  Chcete-li nìco hledat v pøedcházejícím textu,
+stisknìte C-r místo C-s.  V¹e, co jsme øekli o C-s, platí také o C-r
+kromì toho, ¾e smìr hledání je opaèný.
+
+
+* VÍCE OKEN
+-----------
+
+Jednou z pìkných vlastností Emacsu je to, ¾e mù¾e na obrazovce zobrazit
+více oken souèasnì.
+
+>> Pøesuòte kurzor na tento øádek a stisknìte C-u 0 C-l.
+
+>> Teï stisknìte C-x 2, co¾ rozdìlí obrazovku na dvì okna.
+   Obì okna zobrazují tento tutoriál.  Kurzor zùstává navrchu okna.
+
+>> Tisknìte C-M-v pro scrollování spodního okna.
+   (Nemáte-li skuteènou klávesu Meta, stisknìte ESC C-v.)
+
+>> Stisknìte C-x o ("o" jako "other") pro pøesun kurzoru do dolního okna.
+
+>> Pou¾ijte C-v a M-v ve spodním oknì pro jeho scrollování.
+   Pokraèujte ve ètení tìchto instrukcí v horním oknì.
+
+>> Znovu stisknìte C-x o pro pøesun kurzoru zpìt do horního okna.
+   Kurzor v horním oknì je pøesnì na místì, kde byl pùvodnì.
+
+Mù¾ete dále pou¾ívat C-x o pro pøepínání mezi okny.  Ka¾dé okno má svoji
+vlastní pozici kurzoru, ale jenom jedno okno kurzor skuteènì zobrazuje.
+V¹echny obvyklé editaèní pøíkazy platí pro okno, ve kterém se nachází
+kurzor.  Toto okno nazýváme "aktivní okno" ("selected window").
+
+Pøíkaz C-M-v je velmi u¾iteèný, jestli¾e v jednom oknì editujete text a
+druhé okno pou¾íváte pouze pro pøehled.  Mù¾ete kurzor nechávat stále
+v oknì, kde editujete, a postupovat po druhém oknì pomocí C-M-v.
+
+C-M-v je pøíkladem CONTROL-META znaku.  Máte-li skuteènou META klávesu,
+mù¾ete vyvolat C-M-v pøidr¾ením obou kláves CTRL a META pøi stisku v.
+Nezále¾í na tom, zda je prvnì stisknuta CTRL nebo META, proto¾e obì tyto
+klávesy fungují jako modifikátory kláves, které tisknete.
+
+Pokud nemáte skuteènou META klávesu, mù¾ete místo ní pou¾ít ESC, na
+poøadí zále¾í: musíte stisknout ESC a následnì CTRL-v; CTRL-ESC v by
+nefungovalo.  To proto, ¾e ESC je samostatný znak, nikoliv modifikátor.
+
+>> Stisknìte C-x 1 (v horním oknì), abyste se zbavili dolního okna.
+
+(Kdybyste C-x 1 stiskli v dolním oknì, odstranilo by to horní okno.
+Chápejte tento pøíkaz jako "ponechej právì jedno okno -- to, ve kterém
+zrovna jsem".)
+
+Nemusíte v obou oknech zobrazovat tentý¾ buffer.  Jestli¾e pou¾ijete
+C-x C-f pro vyhledání souboru v jednom z oken, druhé okno se nezmìní.
+Mù¾ete vyhledávat soubory v obou oknech nezávisle.
+
+Zde je dal¹í zpùsob, jak vyu¾ít dvì okna ke zobrazení dvou rùzných vìcí:
+
+>> Stisknìte C-x 4 C-f následované jménem nìkterého z va¹ich souborù.
+   Dokonèete to pomocí <Return>.  Vidíte zadaný soubor v dolním oknì.
+   Pøesunul se tam i kurzor.
+
+>> Stisknìte C-x o pro pøesun zpìt do horního okna a C-x 1 pro smazání
+   dolního okna.
+
+
+* REKURZIVNÍ EDITAÈNÍ ÚROVNÌ
+----------------------------
+
+Obèas se dostanete do nìèeho, co se nazývá "rekurzivní editaèní úroveò"
+("recursive editing level").  To je indikováno hranatými závorkami ve
+stavovém øádku obklopujícími závorky okolo jména hlavního módu.
+Napøíklad mù¾ete vidìt [(Fundamental)] místo (Fundamental).
+
+Abyste se dostali z rekurzivní editaèní úrovnì, stisknìte ESC ESC ESC.
+To je obecný "vyskakovací" pøíkaz.  Mù¾ete jej pou¾ít té¾ pro odstranìní
+nìkterých oken a vyskoèení z minibufferu.
+
+>> Stisknìte M-x, abyste se dostali do minibufferu; pak stisknìte
+   ESC ESC ESC, abyste se z nìj dostali ven.
+
+Z rekurzivní editaèní úrovnì nemù¾ete vyskoèit pomocí C-g.  To proto, ¾e
+C-g je vyu¾íváno pro ru¹ení pøíkazù a argumentù UVNITØ rekurzivní
+editaèní vrstvy.
+
+
+* ZÍSKÁNÍ DAL©Í NÁPOVÌDY
+------------------------
+
+V tomto tutoriálu jsme se pokusili poskytnout vám dostatek informací,
+abyste mohli zaèít Emacs pou¾ívat.  V Emacsu je toho tolik, ¾e by bylo
+nemo¾né to zde v¹echno objasnit.  Nicménì se o Emacsu mù¾ete nauèit
+více, proto¾e má mnoho u¾iteèných vlastností.  Emacs nabízí pøíkazy pro
+ètení dokumentace svých pøíkazù.  V¹echny tyto "help" pøíkazy
+zaèínají znakem Control-h, který se nazývá "help znak".
+
+Pro pou¾ití vlastností nápovìdy stisknìte znak C-h a pak znak øíkající,
+jaký druh nápovìdy ¾ádáte.  Jste-li OPRAVDU ztraceni, stisknìte C-h ? a
+Emacs vám sdìlí, jaké druhy nápovìdy vám mù¾e poskytnout.  Jestli¾e
+jste stiskli C-h a pak jste se rozhodli, ¾e ¾ádnou nápovìdu nechcete,
+jednodu¹e to zru¹te stiskem C-g.
+
+(Na nìkterých poèítaèích je význam znaku C-h zmìnìn.  To by opravdu
+nemìlo být obecným nastavením pro v¹echny u¾ivatele, tak¾e máte právo
+stì¾ovat si systémovému administrátorovi.  Do té doby, jestli¾e C-h
+nezobrazuje hlá¹ení o nápovìdì v dolní èásti obrazovky, zkuste místo
+toho pou¾ívat klávesu F1 nebo M-x help RET.)
+
+Nejzákladnìj¹í help pøíkaz je C-h c.  Stisknìte C-h, znak c a klávesový
+pøíkaz; Emacs pak zobrazí velmi struèný popis pøíkazu.
+
+>> Stisknìte C-h c Control-p.
+   Hlá¹ení by mìlo vypadat asi takto
+
+	C-p runs the command previous-line
+
+To vám sdìluje "jméno funkce".  Jména funkcí jsou pou¾ívána zejména pro
+konfiguraci a roz¹iøování Emacsu.  Ale proto¾e jména funkcí jsou volena
+tak, aby naznaèovala, co odpovídající pøíkaz dìlá, mohou slou¾it také
+jako velmi struèná dokumentace -- dostateèná k tomu, aby vám pøipomenula
+pøíkazy, které jste se ji¾ nauèili.
+
+Víceznakové pøíkazy jako C-x C-s a (pokud nemáte META, EDIT ani ALT
+klávesu) <ESC>v jsou po C-h c povoleny také.
+
+K získání více informací o pøíkazu místo C-h c pou¾ijte C-h k.
+
+>> Stisknìte C-h k Control-p.
+
+To zobrazí dokumentaci k funkci a její jméno v emacsovském oknì.  A¾
+výstup pøeètete, stisknìte C-x 1, abyste se textu nápovìdy zbavili.
+Nemusíte to dìlat hned.  Mù¾ete chvíli editovat a nahlí¾et do textu
+nápovìdy a teprve pak stisknout C-x 1.
+
+Zde jsou dal¹í u¾iteèné C-h volby:
+
+   C-h f	Popis funkce.  Zadáváte jméno funkce.
+
+>> Zkuste napsat C-h f previous-line<Return>.
+   To vypí¹e ve¹keré informace, které Emacs má o funkci implementující
+   pøíkaz C-p.
+
+   C-h a	Pøíkazové apropos.  Zadejte klíèové slovo a Emacs vypí¹e
+		v¹echny pøíkazy, jejich¾ jména obsahují toto klíèové
+		slovo.  V¹echny tyto pøíkazy mohou být vyvolány pomocí
+		Meta-x.  Pro nìkteré pøíkazy pøíkazové apropos vypí¹e
+		také jedno nebo dvouznakové sekvence, které provádìjí
+		tentý¾ pøíkaz.
+
+>> Napi¹te C-h a file<Return>.
+
+To zobrazí v druhém oknì seznam v¹ech M-x pøíkazù obsahujících "file" ve
+svém názvu.  Znakové pøíkazy jako C-x C-f uvidíte vypsané vedle
+odpovídajících jmen pøíkazù jako find-file.
+
+>> Stisknìte C-M-v pro posun okna s nápovìdou.  Proveïte to nìkolikrát.
+
+>> Stisknìte C-x 1 pro smazání okna s nápovìdou.
+
+
+* ZÁVÌR
+-------
+
+Nezapomeòte, Emacs ukonèíte provedením pøíkazu C-x C-c.  Pro doèasný
+odskok do shellu, ze kterého se do Emacsu mù¾ete opìt vrátit,
+pou¾ijte C-z.
+
+Zámìrem tohoto tutoriálu je být srozumitelný v¹em novým u¾ivatelùm, tak¾e
+narazíte-li na nìco nejasného, tak neusedejte a neklaïte to za vinu sobì
+-- stì¾ujte si!
+
+
+KOPÍROVÁNÍ
+----------
+
+Tento tutoriál vychází z dlouhé øady emacsovských tutoriálù zahájené
+tutoriálem napsaným Stuartem Cracraftem pro pùvodní Emacs.
+
+Tato verze tutoriálu je, podobnì jako GNU Emacs, chránìna copyrightem a
+je ¹íøena se svolením distribuovat kopie za jistých podmínek:
+
+Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation
+
+   Ka¾dému je zaruèeno právo vytváøet a distribuovat pøesné kopie tohoto
+   dokumentu tak, jak jej obdr¾el, na jakémkoliv médiu, s tím, ¾e bude
+   zachována tato poznámka o autorství a poznámka o svolení a ¾e
+   distributor zaruèuje pøíjemci právo na dal¹í redistribuci povolenou
+   touto poznámkou.
+
+   Je zaruèeno právo distribuovat modifikované verze tohoto dokumentu
+   nebo jeho èástí pod vý¹e uvedenými podmínkami za pøedpokladu, ¾e
+   obsahuje jasné poznámky uvádìjící, kdo provedl poslední modifikace.
+
+Podmínky pro kopírování Emacsu samotného jsou slo¾itìj¹í, av¹ak ve
+stejném duchu.  Pøeètìte si prosím soubor COPYING a pak pøedávejte kopie
+GNU Emacsu svým pøátelùm.  Pomáhejte potírat softwarovou obstrukci
+("vlastnictví") pou¾íváním, psaním a sdílením free softwaru!
+
+;;; Local Variables:
+;;; coding: iso-latin-2
+;;; End:

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/TUTORIAL.de	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,1443 @@
+Einführung in Emacs.  (c) 1997, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+Emacs-Befehle beinhalten im allgemeinen die CONTROL-Taste (manchmal
+auch als CTRL, CTL oder STRG beschriftet) sowie die META-Taste (auch
+EDIT oder ALT genannt).  Folgende Abkürzungen werden verwendet:
+
+ C-<Zeichen>  bedeutet, daß die CONTROL-Taste gedrückt sein muß,
+              während man das Zeichen <Zeichen> eingibt.  Beispiel:
+                C-f  Halten Sie die CONTROL-Taste gedrückt und drücken
+                     Sie dann die f-Taste.
+ M-<Zeichen>  bedeutet, daß die META-Taste gedrückt sein muß,
+              während man das Zeichen <Zeichen> eingibt.  Statt dessen
+              kann man auch die ESC-Taste und anschließend <Zeichen>
+              drücken (hintereinander, nicht gleichzeitig).  Beispiel:
+                M-f  Halten Sie die META-Taste gedrückt und geben
+                     Sie den Buchstaben (klein) f ein.
+
+`>>' am linken Rand ist ein Hinweis, einen Befehl auszuprobieren:
+<<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>>
+>> Drücken Sie C-v, um zur nächsten Bildschirmseite vorzublättern.
+        Ab jetzt sollten Sie das stets tun, wenn Sie eine Seite fertig
+        gelesen haben.
+
+Beachten Sie bitte, daß beim Blättern die untersten zwei Zeilen der
+vorigen Bildschirmseite als die zwei obersten Zeilen der neuen Seite
+erscheinen, um eine gewisse Kontinuität während des Lesens zu
+ermöglichen.
+
+Wichtig: Sie können Emacs mit der Befehlsfolge C-x C-c beenden.
+
+Im weiteren wird die ESC-Taste mit <ESC> bezeichnet.
+
+[Falls die deutschen Umlaute nicht korrekt auf dem Bildschirm
+erscheinen, lesen Sie bitte den Abschnitt `MULE' kurz vor Ende dieser
+Einführung.]
+
+Zunächst müssen Sie wissen, wie man sich innerhalb eines Dokuments
+bewegen kann.  Wie man eine Bildschirmseite vorwärts blättert, wissen
+Sie schon (C-v).  Mit M-v blättern Sie eine Bildschirmseite zurück
+(halten Sie die META-Taste gedrückt und geben Sie v ein, oder drücken
+Sie zuerst <ESC> und anschließend v).
+
+>>  Probieren Sie einige Male M-v und C-v aus.
+
+[Auf den meisten Tastaturen bewirkt die PgUp-Taste (`page up', auch
+mit `Bild' und einem Aufwärtspfeil beschriftet) dasselbe wie M-v bzw.
+die PgDn-Taste (`page down', `Bild' mit Abwärtspfeil) dasselbe wie
+C-v.]
+
+
+* ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
+-----------------
+
+Die folgenden Befehle sind nützlich, um Text bildschirmweise zu
+betrachten:
+
+        C-v     eine Seite vorwärts blättern
+        M-v     eine Seite zurück blättern
+        C-l     lösche den Bildschirm und stelle den ganzen Text
+                erneut dar, wobei der Text rund um den Cursor zur
+                Mitte des Bildschirms bewegt wird.
+                (`l' ist der Buchstabe `klein L', nicht die Ziffer 1.)
+
+
+>> Lokalisieren Sie den Cursor und merken sich den Text in dessen
+   Umgebung.  Drücken Sie C-l.  Der Cursor ist jetzt ungefähr in der
+   (vertikalen) Bildschirmmitte, und er hat seine Position relativ zum
+   Text nicht geändert.
+
+
+* KONTROLLE DES CURSORS
+-----------------------
+
+Text bildschirmweise anzuschauen ist sicherlich praktisch, aber wie
+kommt man zu einer bestimmten Position innerhalb des gerade
+dargestellten Textes?
+
+Es gibt verschiedene Möglichkeiten.  Die Grundbefehle sind C-p, C-b,
+C-f und C-n.  Dem folgenden Diagramm können Sie entnehmen, welcher
+Befehl den Cursor wohin bewegt:
+
+
+                           vorige Zeile, C-p
+                                  :
+                                  :
+     zurück, C-b .... momentane Cursor-Position .... vorwärts, C-f
+                                  :
+                                  :
+                          nächste Zeile, C-n
+
+
+[Die Buchstaben p, b, f und n stehen für die englischen Worte
+`previous', `backward', `forward' und `next'.]
+
+>> Bewegen Sie den Cursor zur Zeile in der Mitte des Diagramms mittels
+   C-n oder C-p.  Geben Sie dann C-l ein, und das ganze Diagramm ist
+   zentriert auf dem Bildschirm.
+
+Normalerweise sind die vier Pfeiltasten mit den Cursor-Grundbefehlen
+belegt.  Falls nicht, sollten Sie Ihre Terminalkonfiguration
+überprüfen.  Wenn z.B. Ihr Terminalprogramm (mit dem Sie sich über
+eine Modem-Leitung in Ihrem Rechenzentrum oder Internet-Provider
+eingewählt haben) ein vt100-Terminal emuliert, sollte die
+Umgebungsvariable `TERM=vt100' gesetzt sein.  Unter dem X Window
+System sollten die Pfeiltasten immer richtig belegt sein.
+
+Es ist von großer Wichtigkeit, sich mit obigen Cursor-Befehlen
+vertraut zu machen, da man sie ständig braucht (besonders wenn man mit
+Terminal-Emulationen arbeitet, welche die Pfeiltasten nicht
+unterstützen).
+
+>> Drücken Sie ein paarmal C-n, um den Cursor zu dieser Zeile zu
+   bewegen.
+
+>> Bewegen Sie den Cursor vorwärts mittels C-f und nach oben mit C-p.
+   Beobachten Sie, was C-p tut, wenn der Cursor sich in der
+   Zeilenmitte befindet.
+
+Jede Textzeile endet mit einem Zeilenvorschub-Zeichen (`newline'), das
+sie von der folgenden Zeile trennt.
+
+>> Probieren Sie C-b am Anfang einer Zeile.  Der Cursor sollte zum
+   Ende der vorigen Zeile springen: C-b überspringt
+   Zeilenvorschub-Zeichen.
+
+C-f überspringt Zeilenvorschub-Zeichen analog zu C-b.
+
+>> Drücken Sie noch ein paarmal C-b, um ein Gefühl für den Cursor zu
+   bekommen.  Bewegen sie anschließend den Cursor mittels C-f zum Ende
+   der Zeile.  Geben Sie jetzt noch einmal C-f ein, um zur nächsten
+   Zeile zu springen.
+
+>> Falls die Pfeiltasten funktionieren, können Sie mit diesen das
+   gleiche probieren und üben.
+
+Wenn Sie den Cursor entweder nach oben oder nach unten über den
+Bildschirmrand hinaus bewegen wollen, dann wird statt dessen Text in
+den Bildschirm hineingeschoben.  Dies nennt man `scrolling'.  Auf
+diese Weise verhindert Emacs, daß der Cursor je den sichtbaren Bereich
+verläßt.
+
+>> Versuchen Sie den Cursor über den unteren Bildschirmrand hinaus zu
+   bewegen und beobachten Sie, was geschieht.
+
+Wenn zeichenweise Cursorbewegung zu langsam ist, dann kann man den
+Cursor wortweise bewegen.  M-f (Meta-f) bewegt den Cursor ein Wort
+vor, und M-b ein Wort zurück.
+
+>> Geben Sie ein paarmal M-f und M-b ein.
+
+Befinden Sie sich in der Mitte eines Wortes, bewegt M-f den Cursor zum
+Ende des Wortes.  Befinden Sie dagegen sich in einem Wortzwischenraum,
+bewegt M-f den Cursor zum Ende des nächsten Wortes.  M-b arbeitet
+analog, aber in die entgegengesetzte Richtung.
+
+>> Kombinieren Sie M-f und M-b mit den Befehlen C-f und C-b, um die
+   Cursorbewegung von verschiedenen Positionen aus innerhalb und
+   zwischen Wörtern zu beobachten.
+
+Beachten Sie die Parallele zwischen C-f und C-b einerseits und M-f und
+M-b andererseits.  Sehr oft werden mit `Meta-' beginnende Befehle für
+Operationen verwendet, die mit Sprache zu tun haben (Wörter, Sätze,
+Absätze), während Control-Befehle mit den Text-Basiseinheiten
+operieren, unabhängig davon, was Sie gerade editieren (Zeichen,
+Buchstaben, Zeilen etc).
+
+Ein anderes Beispiel: C-a und C-e bewegt den Cursor zum Anfang
+bzw. zum Ende einer Zeile, wohingegen M-a und M-e den Cursor zum
+Anfang bzw. zum Ende eines Satzes springen läßt.
+
+>> Probieren Sie ein paarmal C-a und C-e.
+   Probieren Sie dann ein paarmal M-a und M-e.
+
+Beachten Sie, daß ein wiederholtes Drücken von C-a nichts bewirkt,
+dagegen M-a den Cursor satzweise zurücksetzt.  Hier endet die
+Analogie, jedoch ist das Verhalten dieser Befehle leicht
+nachvollziehbar.
+
+[Anmerkung 1: Im Deutschen kommt laut Duden nach einem Punkt nur ein
+Leerzeichen.  Falls Sie aber Texte schreiben, die weiter verarbeitet
+werden (z.B. durch ein Textformatierprogramm wie TeX), dann sollten
+Sie sich angewöhnen, nach einem Satzende stets ZWEI Leerzeichen zu
+lassen.  Dadurch ermöglichen Sie u.a., daß Emacs zwischen
+Abkürzungspunkten und dem Satzende unterscheiden kann, was für
+Textsuche in wissenschaftlichen Texten oft vorteilhaft ist.]
+
+[Anmerkung 2: Die Tasten `Home' (Pos1) und `End' (Ende) verhalten sich
+standardmäßig nicht wie C-a und C-e, wie wohl die meisten Benutzer
+annehmen würden, sondern springen zum Anfang bzw. zum Ende des
+Dokuments!  Lesen Sie in der Emacs-Dokumentation unter dem Stichwort
+`Rebinding Keys in Your Init File' nach, wie Sie die Tastaturbelegung
+ändern können.]
+
+Die aktuelle Position des Cursors wird im Englischen auch `point'
+(Punkt) genannt.  Beachten Sie bitte, daß sich `point' stets
+*zwischen* zwei Zeichen befindet, nämlich genau vor dem
+Cursor-Kästchen.
+
+Hier ist eine Zusammenfassung von einfachen Bewegungsbefehlen für den
+Cursor einschließlich der Wort- und Satzbewegungsbefehle:
+
+        C-f     ein Zeichen vorwärts (auch `Pfeil rechts'-Taste)
+        C-b     ein Zeichen zurück (auch `Pfeil links'-Taste)
+
+        M-f     ein Wort vorwärts
+        M-b     ein Wort zurück
+
+        C-n     eine Zeile vorwärts (auch `Pfeil hinunter'-Taste)
+        C-p     eine Zeile zurück (auch `Pfeil hinauf'-Taste)
+
+        C-a     zum Zeilenanfang
+        C-e     zum Zeilenende
+
+        M-a     zum Satzanfang
+        M-e     zum Satzende
+
+>> Probieren Sie diese Befehle jetzt ein paarmal zur Übung.
+   Es sind die meistverwendeten Befehle innerhalb Emacs.
+
+Zwei weitere wichtige Befehle für die Cursorbewegung sind M-< (Meta
+Kleiner-als) und M-> (Meta Größer-als), welche zum Anfang bzw. zum
+Ende des ganzen Textes springen.
+
+Bei den meisten Terminal-Tastaturen befindet sich `<' über dem Komma,
+d.h. Sie müssen zusätzlich die Shift-Taste verwenden (der Umschalter
+ist auf deutschen Tastaturen normalerweise mit einem dicken
+Aufwärtspfeil markiert).  Ohne Shift-Taste würden Sie M-Komma
+eingeben.
+
+[Standardmäßig sind die Tasten `Pos1' und `Ende' mit M-< bzw. M->
+belegt.]
+
+>> Testen Sie nun M-< (bzw. `Pos1'), um an den Anfang der Einführung
+   zu gelangen.  Verwenden Sie dann C-v, um wieder hierher zu kommen.
+
+Ein weiteres, oft benütztes Konzept in Emacs ist die Markierung
+(`mark').  Der Grundbefehl dazu ist C-SPC (oder gleichwertig C-@); mit
+ihm kann eine Markierung gesetzt werden.  Mit C-u C-SPC kommt man zu
+dieser Markierung zurück, falls man den Cursor inzwischen weiterbewegt
+hat.  Viele Befehle, die große Sprünge in einem Text ausführen (so
+auch M-> und M-<) setzen eine Markierung implizit, was in der
+untersten Zeile (dem Echobereich, s.u.) als `Mark set' angezeigt wird.
+
+>> Verwenden Sie jetzt M-> (bzw. `Ende'), um zum Ende der Einführung
+   zu springen und benützen Sie C-u C-SPC, um hierher zurückzukehren.
+
+Markierungen werden in einem Ring gespeichert (d.h., die zuletzt in
+den Ring eingehängte Markierung wird als erste zurückgeholt und wie
+bei einem Schlüsselbund am Ende wieder in den Ring eingefügt).  Mit
+C-u C-SPC können Sie Stück für Stück alle Markierungen im
+Markierungsring ansteuern.
+
+>> Drücken Sie hier C-SPC, gehen Sie dann zu verschiedenen Positionen
+   innerhalb dieses Dokuments und verwenden Sie C-SPC, um weitere
+   Markierungen zu setzen.  Geben Sie anschließend C-u C-SPC so oft
+   ein, bis Sie wieder an dieser Position angelangt sind.
+
+Die meisten Emacs-Befehle akzeptieren ein numerisches Argument, das in
+der Regel als Wiederholungszähler dient (d.h. wie oft der Befehl
+ausgeführt werden soll).  Eingegeben wird diese Zahl mit C-u, dann die
+Ziffern und dann der Befehl selbst.  Alternativ können Sie die
+META-Taste (bzw. EDIT- oder ALT-Taste) gedrückt halten und dann die
+Ziffern des Wiederholungszählers eingeben.  Wir empfehlen allerdings,
+die C-u-Methode zu lernen, da sie mit jedem Terminal funktioniert.
+
+Beispiel: C-u 8 C-f bewegt den Cursor acht Zeichen vorwärts.
+
+>> Versuchen Sie, C-n oder C-p mit einem numerischen Argument zu
+   verwenden und bewegen Sie den Cursor mit nur einem Befehl ungefähr
+   hierher.
+	
+Wie gesagt, die meisten Befehle verwenden das numerische Argument als
+Wiederholungszähler.  Bestimmte Befehle jedoch benützen es für andere
+Zwecke.  C-v und M-v gehören dazu.  Gibt man diesen Befehlen einen
+Parameter n, dann verschieben sie den Bildschirminhalt nicht um eine
+ganze Bildschirmseite, sondern um n Zeilen.  Beispiel: C-u 4 C-v
+verschiebt den Bildschirminhalt um vier Zeilen.
+
+>> Versuchen Sie jetzt C-u 8 C-v auszuführen.
+
+Der Bildschirminhalt sollte jetzt um acht Zeilen nach oben verschoben
+sein.  Wollen Sie ihn nach unten verschieben, dann geben Sie M-v mit
+einem numerischen Argument ein.
+
+Wenn Sie X verwenden, dann befindet sich ein schmaler, langgezogener
+rechteckiger Bereich im Regelfall auf der linken Seite des
+Emacs-Fensters.  Dieser Bereich wird Scrollbar genannt
+(`Verschiebungsbalken').  Sie können Text verschieben, indem Sie mit
+der Maus auf den Scrollbar klicken.
+
+>> Drücken Sie die mittlere Taste (oder die linke und rechte Taste
+   gleichzeitig, falls Sie eine Zwei-Tasten-Maus verwenden) innerhalb
+   des Scrollbar-Bereichs.  Das sollte den Text zu einer Position
+   verschieben, die davon abhängt, wie weit oben oder unten Sie
+   geklickt haben.
+
+>> Bewegen Sie nun die Maus auf und ab, während Sie die mittlere Taste
+   gedrückt halten.  Sie werden sehen, daß der Text entsprechend der
+   Mausbewegungen nach oben oder unter verschoben wird.
+
+
+* WENN EMACS NICHT MEHR REAGIERT
+--------------------------------
+
+Wenn Emacs `hängt', also auf keine Ihrer Eingaben reagiert, drücken
+Sie C-g.  Sie können C-g auch dazu benützen, einen Befehl zu stoppen,
+der zu lange braucht.
+
+Eine andere Anwendung ist, einen teilweise eingegebenen Befehl zu
+verwerfen, z.B. ein irrtümlich eingetipptes numerisches Argument zu
+entfernen.
+
+>> Geben Sie C-u 100 ein, um ein numerisches Argument 100 zu
+   spezifizieren, und drücken Sie dann C-g.  Wenn Sie jetzt C-f
+   ausführen, dann bewegt sich der Cursor genau ein Zeichen vorwärts,
+   da Sie ja das numerische Argument mittels C-g gelöscht haben.
+
+Wenn Sie aus Versehen <ESC> gedrückt haben, können Sie dies ebenfalls
+mit C-g rückgängig machen.
+
+
+* DEAKTIVIERTE BEFEHLE
+----------------------
+
+Ein paar Befehle von Emacs sind deaktiviert (`disabled'), damit
+Anfänger sie nicht unabsichtlich benutzen.
+
+Wenn Sie einen solchen Befehl eingeben, dann gibt Emacs eine Meldung
+aus und fragt Sie, ob Sie ihn wirklich ausführen wollen.
+
+Antworten Sie mit y (für `yes') oder drücken Sie die Leertaste, wenn
+Sie den Befehl ausführen wollen, sonst mit n.
+
+>> Geben Sie <ESC> : ein (<ESC> gefolgt von einem Doppelpunkt; das ist
+   ein deaktivierter Befehl) und drücken Sie n als Antwort auf die
+   Frage.
+
+
+* FENSTER
+---------
+
+Emacs kann mehrere Fenster (`windows') haben, von denen jedes seinen
+eigenen Text darstellt.  Später erklären wir, wie man mit Fenstern
+umgeht.  Hier wollen wir nur erklären, wie man ein (vielleicht
+irrtümlich erzeugtes) Fenster wieder entfernt und zum normalen
+Ein-Fenster-Editieren zurückkommt.  Der Befehl ist einfach:
+
+        C-x 1   Ein Fenster (d.h., schließe alle anderen Fenster)
+
+Das ist C-x gefolgt von der Ziffer 1.  C-x 1 expandiert das Fenster,
+in dem der Cursor sich befindet, sodaß es den ganzen Bildschirm
+erfaßt.  Alle anderen Fenster werden gelöscht.
+
+[Anmerkung: Emacs verwendet das Wort Fenster (`windows') in einem
+anderen Sinn, als Sie es vielleicht gewöhnt sind.  Wenn Sie einen
+Textbildschirm vor sich haben, dann ist die Terminologie eindeutig.
+Wenn Sie allerdings eine graphische Oberfläche benutzen, dann
+bezeichnet ein Emacs-Fenster einen Teilbereich des Fensters (von Ihrer
+graphischen Oberfläche erzeugt), in dem Emacs läuft, in völliger
+Analogie zum Textmodus.  Für (graphische) Fenster im herkömmlichen
+Sinn verwenden die Emacs-Entwickler den Ausdruck Rahmen (`frame').]
+
+>> Bewegen Sie den Cursor zu dieser Zeile und geben Sie C-u 0 C-l ein.
+
+>> Drücken Sie jetzt C-h k C-f.
+   Beachten Sie, wie das Fenster schrumpft und ein neues dazukommt,
+   welches die (englische) Dokumentation des C-f Befehls anzeigt.
+
+>> Geben Sie jetzt C-x 1 ein.  Das Dokumentationsfenster verschwindet
+   wieder.
+
+
+* EINFÜGEN UND LÖSCHEN
+----------------------
+
+Wenn Sie Text einfügen wollen, dann geben Sie ihn einfach ein.
+Sichtbare Zeichen, z.B. A, 7, * usw. werden als Text von Emacs sofort
+eingefügt.  Drücken Sie <Return> (die Zeilenvorschubtaste, meistens
+mit `Enter' oder nur mit einem Rückwärts-Hakenpfeil beschriftet), um
+ein Zeilenvorschubzeichen einzufügen.
+
+Sie können das zuletzt eingegebene Zeichen löschen, indem Sie <Delete>
+drücken.  <Delete> ist einer Taste auf der Tastatur zugeordnet, die
+mit `Del' oder `Entf' beschriftet ist.  In manchen Fällen dient die
+Backspace-Taste (oft auch nur als Rückwärtspfeil beschriftet) als
+<Delete>, aber nicht immer!
+
+Allgemein gesprochen löscht <Delete> das Zeichen unmittelbar vor der
+aktuellen Cursorposition.
+
+[Beachten Sie, daß <Delete> ein logischer Befehlsname ist, der auf die
+jeweilige Tastatur abgebildet wird.  Lesen Sie im Abschnitt `Rebinding
+Keys in Your Init File' des Emacs-Handbuches nach, wie Sie
+gegebenenfalls die Tastaturbelegung verändern können.]
+
+>> Probieren Sie das jetzt aus: Geben Sie ein paar Zeichen ein und
+   löschen Sie sie wieder mit <Delete>.  Sie brauchen sich keine
+   Sorgen zu machen, dieses Dokument zu verändern: Was Sie hier lesen,
+   ist nur eine (persönliche) Kopie des originalen Dokuments.
+
+Wenn eine Textzeile zu lang wird für eine Bildschirmzeile, dann wird
+sie auf einer zweiten Bildschirmzeile `fortgesetzt'.  Ein
+`Backslash'-Zeichen (`\') am rechten Rand verdeutlicht das.
+
+>> Fügen Sie Text ein, bis Sie den rechten Rand erreicht haben.  Fügen
+   Sie weiter Text ein.  Beobachten Sie, wie eine Fortsetzungszeile
+   erscheint.
+
+>> Verwenden Sie <Delete> so oft, bis die Textzeile wieder auf eine
+   Bildschirmzeile paßt.  Die Fortsetzungszeile verschwindet wieder.
+
+Sie können das Zeilenvorschubzeichen wie jedes andere Zeichen löschen:
+Die Zeilen vor und nach ihm werdan dann zu einer zusammengehängt.  Ist
+diese länger als die Bildschirmbreite, erscheint eine
+Fortsetzungszeile.
+
+>> Bewegen Sie den Cursor zum Anfang der Zeile und geben Sie <Delete>
+   ein: Die momentane Zeile wird an die vorige angehängt.
+
+>> Geben Sie <Return> ein, um wieder ein Zeilenvorschubzeichen
+   einzufügen.
+
+Denken Sie daran, daß die meisten Emacs-Befehle mit einem
+Wiederholungszähler aufgerufen werden können.  Tun Sie das mit einem
+Textzeichen, dann wird es entsprechend dem numerischen Parameter
+wiederholt.
+
+>> Drücken Sie C-u 8 *, und es wird ******** eingefügt.
+
+Bis jetzt kennen Sie die Grundbefehle, um Text in Emacs einzugeben und
+Fehler zu korrigieren -- fast analog zu den Bewegungsbefehlen ist es
+möglich, ganze Wörter, Sätze oder Zeilen zu löschen:
+
+        <Delete>     lösche ein Zeichen vor dem Cursor
+        C-d          lösche das Zeichen unter dem Cursor
+
+        M-<Delete>   lösche bis zum (nächsten) Wortanfang unmittelbar
+                     vor dem Cursor
+        M-d          lösche bis zum (nächsten) Wortende nach
+                     (bzw. unter) dem Cursor
+
+        C-k          lösche von momentaner Cursorposition bis zum Ende
+                     der Zeile
+        M-k          lösche bis zum nächsten Satzende nach
+                     (bzw. unter) dem Cursor
+
+Beachten Sie bitte, daß <Delete> je nach Tastaturbelegung die Del-
+(Entf-) oder die Backspace- (Rückwärtspfeil-) Taste sein kann.
+
+Löschen Sie mehr als ein Zeichen auf einmal, dann speichert Emacs den
+gelöschten Text, damit Sie ihn bei Bedarf wieder zurückholen können.
+Einfügen von bereits gelöschtem Text wird im englischen Dokumentation
+von Emacs als `yanking' (wörtlich `herausreißen') bezeichnet.  Sie
+können den gelöschten Text an einer beliebigen Stelle wieder
+einzufügen.  Solange Sie nichts neues löschen, steht Ihnen dieser
+gelöschte Textteil immer wieder zu Verfügung.  Der Befehl dazu ist C-y
+(das Ypsilon steht für `yank').
+
+Emacs unterscheidet zwei Klassen von Löschbefehlen (was man im
+Deutschen leider nicht gut wiedergeben kann): `killing' (umbringen)
+und `deleting' (löschen).  Wenn man sich vorstellt, daß `yanking' den
+Begriff `von den Toten erwecken' darstellt, dann hat man ungefähr eine
+Vorstellung von der Metapher -- Von einem `kill'-Befehl gelöschter
+Text wird gespeichert und kann bei Bedarf mit C-y zurückgeholt
+werden.  Von einem `delete'-Befehl entfernter Text (in der Regel
+einzelne Zeichen, leere Zeilen und Zwischenräume) wird nicht extra
+gespeichert.
+
+>> Bringen Sie den Cursor an den Anfang einer nicht-leeren Zeile und
+   geben Sie C-k ein, um die Zeile zu löschen.
+
+>> Geben Sie C-k ein zweites Mal ein.  Nun wird der Zeilenvorschub
+   ebenfalls entfernt.
+
+Das letzte Beispiel zeigt, daß ein einmaliges Ausführen von C-k den
+Zeileninhalt löscht, und daß ein nochmaliger C-k-Befehl die Zeile
+selbst löscht.  Ein numerisches Argument für C-k wird speziell
+behandelt: es löscht die angegebene Anzahl von Zeilen UND die
+Zeilenvorschübe: C-u 2 C-k löscht zwei Zeilen komplett; zweimal C-k
+löscht dagegen nur eine Zeile.
+
+Wie schon erwähnt, bringt C-y den zuletzt gelöschten (`gekillten')
+Text zurück.
+
+>> Probieren Sie jetzt C-y, um diesen Effekt zu sehen.
+
+Führen Sie C-k mehrmals hintereinander aus, dann wird der so
+gelöschte Text auf einmal gespeichert; C-y bringt dann den gesamten
+Text zurück.
+
+>> Drücken Sie mehrmals C-k.
+
+Holen Sie jetzt den Text `von den Toten' zurück:
+
+>> Drücken Sie C-y.  Bewegen Sie dann den Cursor ein paar Zeilen nach
+   unten und drücken Sie C-y erneut.  Der eben eingefügte Text wird
+   noch einmal an anderer Stelle kopiert.
+
+Wie können Sie gelöschten Text wieder einfügen, wenn Sie in der
+Zwischenzeit noch etwas anderes `gekillt' haben?  C-y würde das
+zuletzt gelöschte Textstück zurückholen, was aber nicht das gewünschte
+ist.  Verwenden Sie nun M-y (unmittelbar nach der erstmaligen
+Ausführung von C-y), um den gerade mit C-y eingefügten Textteil durch
+ein früher gelöschtes Textstück zu ersetzen.  Durch wiederholtes
+Betätigen von M-y kommen immer ältere gelöschte Textteile zum
+Vorschein.  Haben Sie das gewünschte gefunden, dann brauchen Sie
+nichts weiter zu tun.  Lassen Sie den eingefügten Text so wie er ist
+und setzen Sie das Editieren fort.
+
+Drücken Sie M-y immer weiter, dann kommen Sie irgendwann wieder an den
+Anfangspunkt zurück (Emacs zeigt Ihnen dann wieder das zuletzt
+gelöschte Textfragment), haben also den gesamten Löschring
+durchgesehen.
+
+>> Löschen Sie eine Zeile, bewegen Sie den Cursor zu einer anderen
+   Position und löschen Sie eine weitere Zeile.
+   Drücken Sie dann C-y, um die zweite gelöschte Zeile zurückzuholen.
+   Drücken Sie jetzt M-y, und die erste gelöschte Zeile erscheint
+   statt der zweiten.
+   Führen Sie nun ein paar weitere M-y-Befehle aus und beobachten Sie
+   das Ergebnis.  Wiederholen Sie das solange, bis die zweite Zeile
+   wieder erscheint.
+   Wenn Sie wollen, dann können Sie M-y mit positiven oder negativen
+   Argumenten aufrufen, um direkt zu einem bestimmten Eintrag im
+   Löschring zu kommen.
+
+Unter dem X Window System besteht auch die Möglichkeit, mit der linken
+Maustaste einen Textteil zu markieren (er erscheint dann normalerweise
+grau unterlegt).  Der Befehl C-w löscht diesen markierten Textteil (in
+Emacs auch Region genannt) und fügt ihn in den Löschring ein.
+
+Dasselbe geht auch ohne Maus: bewegen Sie den Cursor zum Beginn des zu
+löschenden Textteils, drücken Sie C-SPC, um eine Markierung für den
+Beginn einer Region zu setzen, gehen Sie dann zum Ende des zu
+löschenden Textes und drücken Sie C-w.
+
+Der lange Name für C-w ist kill-region (weiter unten wird erklärt, wie
+man Befehle mit langen Namen ausführen kann).
+
+
+* UNDO
+------
+
+Wenn Sie etwas am Text geändert haben und nachträglich bemerken, daß
+das ein Fehler war, so können Sie den Fehler mit dem Befehl C-x u
+ungeschehen machen (`undo').
+
+Normalerweise macht C-x u das Verhalten von einem Befehl ungeschehen;
+führen Sie C-x u mehrmals hintereinander aus, dann werden die
+jeweiligen vorigen Befehle widerrufen.
+
+Es gibt jedoch zwei Ausnahmen: Befehle, die den Text nicht ändern,
+werden nicht gezählt (z.B. Cursorbewegungen und Blättern im Text).
+Und Befehle, die sich selbst einfügen (`self-inserting': Drücken Sie
+zum Beispiel die `u'-Taste, dann wird der Buchstabe u eingefügt)
+werden in Gruppen von bis zu 20 Zeichen wiederhergestellt, um die
+Anzahl der notwendigen C-x u-Befehle zu reduzieren.
+
+>> Löschen Sie diese Zeilen mit C-k und drücken Sie anschließend
+   mehrmals C-x u, und die Zeilen erscheinen wieder.
+
+C-_ ist ein alternativer Undo-Befehl; er arbeitet genauso wie C-x u,
+ist jedoch einfacher zu tippen, wenn Sie den Befehl mehrmals
+hintereinander ausführen möchten.  Der Nachteil von C-_ ist, daß bei
+manchen Tastaturen es nicht sofort einsichtig ist, wie man das
+eingibt.
+
+Eine weitere Eingabemöglichkeit bei vielen Terminals ist C-/.
+
+Ein numerisches Argument für C-_, C-x u oder C-/ wird als
+Wiederholungszähler interpretiert.
+
+Der Unterschied zwischen der Undo-Funktion und dem oben erklärten C-y
+ist, daß erstere gelöschten Text an exakt der gleichen Position wie
+vorher wiederherstellt, wohingegen C-y den gelöschten Text an der
+momentanen Cursorposition einfügt.
+
+
+* DATEIEN
+---------
+
+Um editierten Text zu sichern, muß man ihn in einer Datei (`file')
+speichern (`save').  Wird Emacs beendet, ohne daß man vorher den Text
+gespeichert hat, dann ist der Text verloren.
+
+Will man andererseits bereits gesicherten Text mit Emacs editieren, so
+muß die entsprechende Datei in Emacs geladen werden (im Englischen
+wird das als `finding' (finden) bzw. als `visiting' (besuchen)
+bezeichnet).
+
+Eine Datei `finden' bedeutet, daß man den Inhalt dieser Datei mit
+Emacs bearbeitet -- es ist fast so, als ob man die Datei selbst
+editiert.  Jedoch werden Änderungen an dieser Datei erst dann
+dauerhaft, wenn man sie speichert; auf diese Weise wird vermieden, daß
+Dateien in einem halb-geänderten Zustand im Betriebssystem bleiben.
+Es wird sogar die originale, unveränderte Datei unter einem anderen
+Namen gesichert, falls Sie später entscheiden sollten, daß die
+Änderungen ein Fehler sind.
+
+Wenn Sie die untere Bildschirmkante genauer betrachten, dann werden
+Sie eine Zeile finden, die mit einem oder mehreren Bindestrichen
+beginnt und endet; sie enthält unter anderem die Zeichenkette
+`TUTORIAL.de'.  An dieser Position befindet sich immer der Name der
+Datei, die Sie momentan bearbeiten (`visit').  Gerade in diesem
+Augenblick bearbeiten Sie eine Datei mit dem Namen `TUTORIAL.de'
+(genauer gesagt, Emacs hat eine identische Kopie geladen).
+
+Die Befehle für das Laden und Speichern von Dateien bestehen aus zwei
+Zeichen: Beide beginnen mit Control-x.  Es gibt eine ganze Reihe von
+Kommandos, die mit C-x beginnen; viele von ihnen haben mit Dateien,
+Puffern (s.u.) und ähnlichem zu tun.  All diese Befehle sind zwei,
+drei oder vier Zeichen lang -- Sie haben bereits C-x u kennengelernt.
+
+Um eine Datei in Emacs laden zu können, muß man dem Lade-Befehl den
+Namen der Datei mitteilen.  Der Befehl `liest ein Argument vom
+Terminal' (in diesem Fall ist das der Name der Datei).  Nachdem Sie
+
+        C-x C-f                   (lade Datei)
+
+eingegeben haben, werden Sie von Emacs nach dem Dateinamen gefragt.
+Die Zeichen, die Sie eingeben, werden in der untersten Bildschirmzeile
+dargestellt, dem sogenannten Minipuffer (`minibuffer').  Sie können
+ganz normale Emacs-Editierfunktionen verwenden, um den Dateinamen zu
+ändern.
+
+Sie können jederzeit die Eingabe (auch von anderen Befehlen, die den
+Minipuffer benutzen) mit C-g abbrechen.
+
+>> Drücken Sie C-x C-f und dann C-g.  Der letzte Befehl verwirft
+   jegliche Eingabe in den Minipuffer und bricht außerdem den
+   Ladebefehl ab (Sie haben also keine Datei geladen).
+
+Wenn Sie den Dateinamen fertig eingegeben haben, drücken Sie <Return>,
+um den Befehl abzuschließen; C-x C-f wird ausgeführt und lädt die von
+Ihnen ausgesuchte Datei.  Der Minipuffer verschwindet wieder, sobald
+C-x C-f beendet ist.
+
+Ein paar Augenblicke später erscheint der Dateiinhalt auf dem
+Bildschirm, und Sie können den Text editieren.  Wenn Sie Ihre
+Änderungen permanent speichern wollen, dann drücken Sie
+
+        C-x C-s                   (sichere Datei)
+
+und Emacs kopiert den Text in die Datei.  Beim ersten Mal benennt
+Emacs die Originaldatei um, damit sie nicht verloren ist.  Der neue
+Name besteht aus dem Originalnamen plus einer angehängten Tilde `~'
+[unter einigen Betriebssystemen wird statt dessen die
+Namenserweiterung durch `.bak' ersetzt].
+
+Emacs schreibt den Namen der gesicherten Datei in die unterste Zeile,
+sobald C-x C-s fertig ausgeführt ist.  Sie sollten den editierten Text
+oft speichern, damit nicht allzuviel bei einem etwaigen Systemabsturz
+verloren geht.
+
+>> Geben Sie C-x C-s ein, um Ihre Kopie der Einführung zu sichern.
+   Die Ausgabe am unteren Bildschirmrand sollte `Wrote ...TUTORIAL.de'
+   sein.
+
+Anmerkung: Bei einigen Systemen scheint es, als ob das Ausführen von
+C-x C-s Emacs abstürzen ließe (Emacs reagiert mit keinen Meldungen
+mehr; der Bildschirm scheint eingefroren).  Dieser Effekt tritt auf,
+wenn das Betriebssystem das Zeichen C-s abfängt (es wird für `flow
+control' verwendet) und nicht an Emacs weiterreicht.  Um den
+Bildschirm wieder zum Leben zu erwecken, geben Sie C-q ein, und lesen
+Sie dann den Abschnitt `Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search' im
+Emacs-Handbuch, was man am besten tun kann.  Das Emacs-Handbuch ist
+übrigens auch online verfügbar mittels C-h i, und zwar im Abschnitt
+`Emacs' (unter der Voraussetzung natürlich, daß die Info-Dateien von
+Emacs auch installiert wurden.  Wenn nicht, beschweren Sie sich bei
+Ihrem System-Administrator).
+
+[Eine erste Abhilfe zur Umschiffung des C-s-Problems schafft die
+Befehlsfolge `M-x save-buffer', welche exakt das gleiche wie C-x C-s
+bewirkt.]
+
+Sie können eine existierende Datei anschauen (`view') oder editieren.
+Sie können aber auch eine Datei laden, die noch gar nicht existiert,
+um so eine neue Datei zu erzeugen: Sie öffnen dazu die
+(nicht-existente) Datei, die natürlich leer ist, und beginnen dann
+einfach Text einzugeben.  Wenn Sie jetzt die Datei speichern, erzeugt
+Emacs wirklich die Datei und kopiert den editierten Text in sie
+hinein.
+
+
+* PUFFER
+--------
+
+Manche Editoren können nicht mehr als eine Datei gleichzeitig
+bearbeiten.  Wenn Sie jedoch eine zweite Datei in Emacs mit C-x C-f
+laden, dann bleibt die erste in Emacs.  Sie können zur ersten
+zurückschalten, indem Sie noch einmal C-x C-f eingeben.  Auf diese
+Weise lassen sich eine ganze Reihe von Dateien laden und bearbeiten.
+
+>> Erzeugen Sie eine Datei mit dem Namen `foo', indem Sie
+
+        C-x C-f foo <Return>
+
+   eingeben.  Tippen Sie etwas Text ein, editieren Sie ihn und
+   speichern Sie ihn abschließend mit C-x C-s.  Kehren Sie
+   anschließend zu dieser Einführung zurück mit
+
+        C-x C-f TUTORIAL.de <Return>
+
+Emacs speichert jeden Text, der aus einer Datei in Emacs geladen wird,
+in einem `Puffer'-Objekt.  Um eine Liste der momentan existierenden
+Puffer zu sehen, geben Sie
+
+        C-x C-b                   (liste Puffer auf)
+
+ein.
+
+>> Probieren Sie jetzt C-x C-b.
+
+Beachten Sie, daß jeder Puffer einen Namen hat und manche auch mit dem
+Namen einer Datei assoziiert sind, dessen Inhalt sie enthalten.
+Manche Puffer aber haben keinen zugehörige Datei, z.B. der mit dem
+Namen `*Buffer List*'.  Er wurde von dem Befehl C-x C-b erzeugt, um
+die Pufferliste darzustellen.  JEDER Text, den Sie innerhalb Emacs in
+einem Fenster sehen, ist immer ein Ausschnitt eines Puffers.
+
+>> Geben Sie jetzt C-x 1 ein, um die Pufferliste wieder verschwinden
+   zu lassen.
+
+Wenn Sie Änderungen an einer Datei vornehmen und anschließend eine
+andere Datei laden, dann wird die erste nicht gespeichert.  Die
+Änderungen bleiben in Emacs, und zwar in dem zur ersten Datei
+gehörigen Puffer.  Das ist sehr praktisch, bedeutet jedoch
+gleichzeitig, daß man einen Befehl braucht, um den Puffer der ersten
+Datei permanent abzuspeichern.  Es wäre äußerst umständlich, müßte man
+jedesmal C-x C-f eingeben, um den Puffer dann mit C-x C-s
+abzuspeichern.  Daher gibt es den Befehl
+
+        C-x s                     (sichere mehrere Puffer)
+
+Dieser Befehl fragt Sie bei jedem Puffer, der Änderungen enthält, ob
+Sie ihn speichern wollen.
+
+>> Fügen Sie eine Textzeile ein und drücken Sie dann C-x s.  Emacs
+   fragt Sie jetzt, ob Sie einen Puffer mit dem Namen TUTORIAL.de
+   speichern wollen.  Bejahen Sie, indem Sie `y' drücken.
+
+[Anmerkung: Sie verändern nicht die Originaldatei, sondern eine
+persönliche Kopie.]
+
+
+* WEITERE BEFEHLE
+-----------------
+
+Es existieren viel mehr Emacs-Befehle als Tasten auf der Tastatur.  Um
+sie trotzdem alle benutzen zu können, gibt es zwei Erweiterungen:
+
+        C-x     Zeichenerweiterung.  Gefolgt von einem Zeichen.
+        M-x     Befehlserweiterung.  Gefolgt von einem (langen) Namen.
+
+[Das `x' steht für das englische Wort `extension'.]  Diese beiden
+Befehle sind prinzipiell sehr nützlich, werden aber weniger oft
+benötigt als die bisher vorgestellten.  Sie haben bereits zwei Befehle
+aus der ersten Kategorie kennengelernt: C-x C-f, um eine Datei zu
+laden, und C-x C-s, um sie zu speichern.  Ein weiteres Beispiel ist
+C-x C-c, um Emacs zu beenden -- Sie brauchen sich keine Gedanken zu
+machen, ob Sie beim Beenden von Emacs vielleicht vergessen haben,
+Daten oder Text zu sichern -- Emacs fragt bei jedem geändertem Puffer
+(bzw. Datei), ob er gespeichert werden soll.
+
+C-z ist der Befehl um Emacs *zeitweise* zu verlassen; es ist also
+möglich, später an der unterbrochenen Stelle nahtlos weiterzuarbeiten.
+
+Auf den meisten Systemen wie Linux oder FreeBSD wird Emacs
+`suspendiert', wenn Sie C-z drücken, d.h., Sie kehren zurück zur
+Eingabezeile des Betriebssystems, ohne Emacs zu beenden.  In der Regel
+können Sie dann mittels des Befehls `fg' bzw. `%emacs' wieder zu Emacs
+umschalten.  Bei X bewirkt C-z in der Regel, daß Emacs ikonofiziert
+wird, also als Ikone (`Icon') darauf wartet, mit einem Mausklick bei
+Bedarf wieder vergrößert zu werden.
+
+Bei Betriebssystemen bzw. Shells, die Suspension von Programmen nicht
+implementiert haben (z.B. MS-DOS), startet C-z einen
+System-Befehlsinterpreter innerhalb von Emacs (`subshell').
+Normalerweise müssen Sie dann `exit' in die Befehlszeile schreiben, um
+zu Emacs zurückzukehren.
+
+Der beste Zeitpunkt für C-x C-c ist, wenn Sie sich ausloggen
+(bzw. Ihren Computer ausschalten); Sie sollten Emacs ebenfalls
+beenden, wenn Sie Emacs von einem anderen Programm aus aufgerufen
+haben (z.B. einem Programm, das E-mails liest), da solche Programme
+oft nicht wissen, wie sie mit Emacs im Suspend-Modus umgehen sollen.
+In allen anderen Fällen ist es meistens günstiger, C-z zu benutzen und
+Emacs nicht zu beenden, damit man im Bedarfsfalle sofort an der
+gleichen Stelle weiterarbeiten kann.
+
+Hier ist eine Liste aller C-x-Befehle, die Sie bereits kennengelernt
+haben:
+
+        C-x C-f         lade Datei
+        C-x C-s         sichere Datei
+        C-x C-b         zeige Pufferliste an
+        C-x C-c         beende Emacs
+        C-x u           widerrufen
+
+Ein Beispiel für einen Befehl mit langen Namen ist replace-string, der
+global (also in der ganzen Datei bzw. Puffer) eine Zeichenkette durch
+eine andere ersetzt.  Wenn Sie M-x drücken, dann fragt Sie Emacs in
+der untersten Bildschirmzeile nach dem Namen des Befehls (in diesem
+Fall `replace-string').  Geben Sie jetzt `repl s<TAB>' ein und Emacs
+vervollständigt den Namen.  Schließen Sie die Eingabe mit <Return> ab.
+[<TAB> bezeichnet die Tabulatortaste.]
+
+>> Bewegen Sie den Cursor zu der leeren Zeile sechs Zeilen unter
+   dieser.  Geben Sie dann
+
+         M-x repl s<Return>Bildschirm<Return>Text<Return>
+
+   ein und kehren Sie mit C-u C-SPC an diese Position zurück.
+
+   Beachten Sie wie diese Bildschirmzeile jetzt aussieht: Sie haben
+   den Wortteil B-i-l-d-s-c-h-i-r-m durch `Text' ersetzt (und zwar im
+   ganzen Dokument beginnend von der Cursorposition).
+
+>> Drücken Sie jetzt C-x u, um diese Änderungen auf einmal rückgängig
+   zu machen.
+
+
+* AUTOMATISCHES SPEICHERN
+-------------------------
+
+Haben Sie Änderungen an einem Dokument vorgenommen, sie jedoch nicht
+gespeichert, dann können sie verloren gehen, falls der Computer
+abstürzt.  Um Sie davor zu schützen, sichert Emacs in bestimmten
+Zeitintervallen jede von Ihnen editierte Datei in sogenannten
+`auto-save'-Dateien.  Sie sind daran zu erkennen, daß sie mit einem #
+beginnen und enden; z.B. ist `#hello.c#' der Name der Auto-save-Datei
+von `hello.c'.  Wenn Sie Ihren Text auf normalem Wege speichern, wird
+die Auto-save-Datei gelöscht.
+
+Stürzt der Rechner einmal wirklich ab, so können Sie die Änderungen,
+die beim letzten Auto-Save gespeichert worden sind, folgendermaßen
+wiederherstellen: Laden Sie die Datei auf normalem Wege (die Datei,
+die Sie bearbeitet haben, nicht die Auto-save-Datei) und geben Sie
+dann `M-x recover-file<Return>' ein.  Wenn Emacs Sie um Bestätigung
+fragt, antworten Sie mit `yes<Return>', um den Inhalt der
+Auto-save-Datei zu übernehmen.
+
+
+* DER ECHO-BEREICH
+------------------
+
+Geben Sie Befehle langsam ein, dann zeigt Ihnen Emacs Ihre eigene
+Eingabe am unteren Bildschirmrand im sogenannten Echo-Bereich (`echo
+area').  Der Echo-Bereich enthält die unterste Bildschirmzeile.
+
+[Mini-Puffer und Echo-Bereich fallen normalerweise zusammen, sind aber
+nicht das gleiche, da innerhalb des Echo-Bereiches nichts eingegeben
+werden kann.]
+
+
+* DIE STATUSZEILE
+------------------
+
+Die Bildschirmzeile unmittelbar über dem Echo-Bereich ist die
+Statuszeile (`mode line').  Sie schaut ungefähr so aus:
+
+-1:**  TUTORIAL.de       (Fundamental)--L865--58%----------------
+
+Diese Zeile gibt nützliche Hinweise über den momentanen Zustand von
+Emacs und den Text, den Sie gerade editieren.
+
+Sie wissen bereits, was der Dateiname bedeutet.  `--NN%--' zeigt die
+momentane Position innerhalb des Textes an: NN Prozent davon sind
+oberhalb des Bildschirms.  Ist der Dateianfang zu sehen, dann
+erscheint `--Top--' anstelle von `--00%--'.  Analog dazu erscheint
+`--Bot--' (für das englische Wort `bottom'), wenn das Dateiende
+sichtbar ist.  Wenn Sie einen Text betrachten, der komplett auf den
+Bildschirm paßt, dann erscheint `--All--'.
+
+Am Anfang der Zeile sehen Sie `-1:**'.  Die Zeichen vor dem
+Doppelpunkt geben an, in welcher Kodierung der Text ist und welche
+Eingabemethode verwendet wird.  Dazu mehr weiter unten im Abschnitt
+`MULE'.
+
+[Anstelle des Doppelpunktes können auch ein `\' und `/' stehen, falls
+Sie Dateien editieren, die der MS-DOS- bzw. der
+Macintosh-Textkonvention folgen: MS-DOS verwendet als
+Zeilenvorschubzeichen CR-LF (Carriage Return gefolgt von Linefeed),
+während Macintosh nur CR benutzt.  Emacs verwendet standardmäßig LF.]
+
+Die Sterne nach dem Doppelpunkt bedeuten, daß Sie Änderungen am Text
+vorgenommen haben.  Wenn Sie gerade eine Datei in Emacs geladen oder
+gespeichert haben, dann erscheinen statt der Sterne zwei Bindestriche.
+Prozentzeichen nach dem Doppelpunkt stehen für eine Datei, die nur
+gelesen, aber nicht editiert werden kann.
+
+Der eingeklammerte Teil gibt an, in welchem Editiermodus Sie sich
+befinden.  Der Standardmodus heißt `Fundamental' (Sie verwenden ihn
+gerade); er ist ein Beispiel für einen Hauptmodus (`major mode').
+
+Emacs hat viele Hauptmodi implementiert.  Manche davon werden für
+verschiedene (Computer-)Sprachen und/oder Textarten verwendet,
+z.B. Lisp-Modus, Text-Modus usw.  Es kann immer nur ein Hauptmodus
+aktiviert sein, und der Name befindet sich dort, wo jetzt gerade
+`Fundamental' steht.
+
+Einige Befehle verhalten sich jeweils in verschiedenen Hauptmodi
+anders.  Es gibt zum Beispiel einen Befehl, um einen Kommentar in den
+Quellcode eines Computerprogramm einzufügen -- die Tastenfolge dafür
+ist zwar (in der Regel) die gleiche, doch wird ein Kommentar mit der
+für die aktuelle Programmiersprache gültigen Syntax eingefügt
+(z.B. `// ...' für ein Programm in C++ oder `; ...' für Lisp).  Um in
+einen Hauptmodus zu schalten, hängen Sie einfach das englische Wort
+`-mode' an den (kleingeschriebenen) Namen des Modus an und führen den
+Befehl mittels M-x aus.  Beispiel: `M-x fundamental-mode' schaltet in
+den Fundamental-Modus.  Weitere wichtige Modi sind c-mode, perl-mode,
+lisp-mode, text-mode u.a.  Die meisten davon werden automatisch
+aktiviert, und zwar entsprechend der Namenserweiterung der zu ladenden
+Datei: So wird z.B. durch das Laden der Datei foo.c automatisch der
+C-Modus aktiviert.
+
+Wenn Sie deutschen oder englischen Text bearbeiten, dann sollten Sie
+den Textmodus verwenden.  [Falls Ihre Tastatur keine Umlaut-Tasten
+hat, müssen Sie noch einen weiteren Nebenmodus aktivieren.  Lesen Sie
+dazu den Abschnitt `MULE' weiter unten.]
+
+>> Geben Sie `M-x text-mode<Return>' ein.
+
+Sie brauchen keine Angst zu haben, daß sich die bisher dargestellte
+Tastaturbelegung stark ändert.  Beobachten Sie z.B. die Befehle M-f
+und M-b: Apostrophe werden nun als Teil eines Wortes betrachtet (wie
+man's leicht an diesem Beispiel ausprobieren kann), wohingegen im
+Fundamentalmodus Apostrophe als Worttrenner (`word-separator')
+behandelt werden.
+
+Normalerweise ist das eben genannte Beispiel die Methode von
+Hauptmodi: Die meisten Befehle tun `das gleiche', arbeiten aber
+jeweils ein bißchen anders.
+
+Dokumentation zum derzeit aktuellen Hauptmodus bekommen Sie mit C-h m.
+
+>> Drücken Sie C-u C-v ein- oder mehrmals, um diese Zeile in die Nähe
+   des oberen Bildschirmrands zu bringen.
+>> Lesen Sie nun mittels C-h m die englischeDokumentation zum
+   Textmodus.
+>> Entfernen Sie schließlich das Dokumentationsfenster mit C-x 1.
+
+Neben den Hauptmodi gibt es auch Nebenmodi (`minor modes').  Nebenmodi
+sind keine Alternativen zu Hauptmodi, sondern stellen Ergänzungen zur
+Verfügung, die (normalerweise) in allen Hauptmodi funktionieren
+(z.B. der Überschreibmodus: Zeichen werden nicht eingefügt, sondern
+überschreiben den Text).  Man kann Nebenmodi ein- und ausschalten
+unabhängig von anderen Nebenmodi und Hauptmodi; mit anderen Worten,
+Sie können zu Ihrem Hauptmodus, keinen, einen oder sogar mehrere
+Nebenmodi haben.
+
+Ein Nebenmodus, welcher äußerst nützlich ist, besonders für das
+Editieren von Text, ist der automatische Zeilenumbruch (`Auto Fill
+mode').  Ist dieser Modus aktiviert, dann bricht Emacs die laufende
+Zeile selbsttätig zwischen Wörtern um, sobald sie zu lang wird.
+
+Sie können den Zeilenumbruchmodus einschalten mittels `M-x
+auto-fill-mode<Return>'.  Wenn der Modus aktiviert ist, können Sie ihn
+mit dem gleichen Befehl wieder ausschalten.  Mit anderen Worten, der
+Befehl verhält sich wie ein Lichttaster, der bei Betätigung entweder
+das Licht ein- oder ausschaltet, je nachdem, ob das Licht vorher
+ausgeschaltet bzw. eingeschaltet war.  Wir sagen, daß dieser Befehl
+den Modus umschaltet (`toggle').
+
+>> Geben Sie nun M-x auto-fill-mode<Return> ein.  Fügen Sie
+   anschließend eine Zeile ein, die aus lauter "asdf " besteht, und
+   zwar so lange, bis die Zeile automatisch umgebrochen wird.
+   Vergessen Sie nicht, Leerzeichen einzugeben, da nur dort ein
+   Umbruch erfolgt.
+
+Normalerweise ist die maximale Zeilenlänge 70 Zeichen (d.h., der linke
+Rand ist ganz links auf Position 1 und der rechte Rand auf
+Position 70), jedoch können Sie das mit dem Befehl C-x f ändern.
+Geben Sie den neuen (rechten) Rand als numerischen Parameter ein.
+
+>> Geben Sie C-x mit dem Argument 20 ein (C-u 2 0 C-x f).  Schreiben
+   Sie nun etwas Text und beobachten Sie, wie Emacs die laufende Zeile
+   an Position 20 umbricht.  Setzen Sie anschließend den Rand wieder
+   zurück auf 70 mit dem gleichen Befehl.
+
+Machen Sie Änderungen in der Mitte eines Absatzes, dann reformatiert
+der Zeilenfüllmodus nicht automatisch den Absatz.
+Verwenden Sie dafür den Befehl M-q, wobei der Cursor innerhalb des
+Absatzes stehen muß.
+
+>> Bewegen Sie den Cursor zurück zum letzten Absatz und drücken Sie
+   M-q.
+
+
+* SUCHEN
+--------
+
+Emacs kann Zeichenketten (`strings') entweder vorwärts (`forward')
+oder rückwärts (`backward') suchen.  Gleichzeitig wird der Cursor an
+die nächste Stelle bewegt, wo diese Zeichenkette erscheint.
+
+Hier unterscheidet sich Emacs von vielen anderen Editoren, da nämlich
+die Standard-Suchoperation inkrementelles Suchen ist, d.h., die Suche
+beginnt dann, wenn Sie die Zeichen eingeben.
+
+Der Befehl für Vorwärtssuchen ist C-s, und C-r für Rückwärtssuchen.
+ABER HALT!  Probieren Sie bitte diese Befehle noch nicht.
+
+Wenn Sie C-s eingeben, dann erscheint die Zeichenkette "I-search:" als
+Eingabeaufforderung im Echobereich.  Das bedeutet, daß Emacs jetzt in
+einer inkrementellen Suche ist und darauf wartet, daß Sie den
+gewünschten Suchstring eingeben.  <Return> beendet die Suche.
+
+>> Geben Sie jetzt C-s ein, um einen Suchvorgang zu starten.  Schreiben
+   Sie LANGSAM, einen Buchstaben nach dem anderen, das Wort `Cursor',
+   und warten Sie jeweils ab, was mit dem Cursor passiert.  Sie haben
+   jetzt das Wort `Cursor' einmal gefunden.
+>> Drücken Sie C-s noch einmal, um die nächste Stelle zu suchen, wo das
+   Wort `Cursor' vorkommt.
+>> Drücken Sie nun <Delete> viermal und beobachten Sie, wie der Cursor
+   zurückspringt.
+>> Beenden Sie die Suche mit <Return>.
+
+Verstehen Sie, was gerade vorgegangen ist?  Emacs versucht während
+einer inkrementellen Suche zu der Stelle zu gehen, wo die Zeichenkette
+steht, die Sie bis jetzt eingegeben haben.  Um die darauffolgende
+Position zu suchen, wo `Cursor' steht, genügt es, noch einmal C-s zu
+betätigen.  Wenn es keine nächste Position gibt, dann ertönt ein
+kurzer Ton, und Emacs sagt Ihnen, daß die Suche im Augenblick
+fehlschlägt (`failing').  C-g beendet ebenfalls einen Suchvorgang.
+
+Anmerkung: Wie weiter oben schon einmal erwähnt, scheint es bei
+einigen Systemen, als ob das Ausführen von C-s Emacs abstürzen läßt
+(Emacs reagiert mit keinen Meldungen mehr; der Bildschirm wirkt
+eingefroren).  Dieser Effekt tritt auf, wenn das Betriebssystem das
+Zeichen C-s abfängt (es wird für `flow control' verwendet) und nicht
+an Emacs weiterreicht.  Um den Bildschirm wieder zum Leben zu
+erwecken, geben Sie C-q ein, und lesen Sie dann den Abschnitt
+`Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search' im Emacs-Handbuch, was man
+am besten tun kann.
+
+Wenn Sie sich mitten in einer inkrementellen Suche befinden und
+<Delete> drücken, dann wird das letzte Zeichen im Suchstring gelöscht,
+und der Cursor springt zurück auf die letzte Suchposition.
+Angenommen, Sie haben "c" eingegeben, um das erste Auftreten von "c"
+zu suchen.  Geben Sie jetzt "u" ein, dann springt der Cursor zu dem
+ersten Auftreten der Zeichenkette "cu".  Wenn Sie jetzt mit <Delete>
+das "u" vom Suchstring löschen, dann springt der Cursor zurück zum
+ersten "c".  Drücken Sie dagegen ein paar mal C-s, um weitere
+"cu"-Zeichenketten zu finden, dann bewirkt <Delete>, daß Sie zum
+letzten Auftreten von "cu" zurückspringen, und erst wenn es kein
+weiteres "cu" mehr gibt, springt der Cursor zum ersten "c" zurück.
+
+Die Suche wird ebenfalls beendet, wenn Sie ein Control- oder
+Meta-Zeichen eingeben (mit ein paar Ausnahmen -- Zeichen, die
+bei einer Suche speziell gehandhabt werden wie C-s oder C-r).
+
+C-s versucht, die Zeichenkette NACH der aktuellen Cursorposition zu
+finden.  Wollen Sie etwas davor suchen, müssen Sie C-r verwenden.  Das
+oben Gesagte gilt völlig analog, jedoch in die entgegengesetzte
+Suchrichtung.
+
+
+* MEHRFACHE FENSTER
+-------------------
+
+Eine weitere, nützliche Fähigkeit von Emacs ist die Möglichkeit, mehr
+als ein Fenster zur gleichen Zeit auf dem Bildschirm darzustellen.
+
+>> Bewegen Sie den Cursor zu dieser Zeile und geben Sie C-u 0 C-l ein.
+
+>> Schreiben Sie nun C-x 2, um den Bildschirm in zwei Fenster zu
+   teilen.  Beide Fenster zeigen diese Einführung an, und der Cursor
+   bleibt im oberen.
+
+>> Verwenden Sie C-M-v, um im unteren Fenster zu blättern (Sie können
+   statt dessen auch ESC C-v verwenden, falls Sie keine Meta-Taste
+   haben; siehe auch weiter unten).
+
+>> Mittels C-x o (das `o' steht für das englische Wort `other', `das
+   andere') können Sie den Cursor in das untere Fenster bewegen.
+
+>> Benützen Sie C-v und M-v, um im unteren Fenster zu blättern.  Lesen
+   Sie die Emacs-Einführung jedoch im oberen Fenster weiter.
+
+>> Geben Sie C-x o nochmals ein, und der Cursor ist wieder im oberen
+   Fenster, genau an der Stelle, wo er vorher war.
+
+C-x o ist der Befehl, um zwischen (Emacs-)Fenstern hin- und
+herzuschalten.  Jedes Fenster hat eine eigene Cursorposition, aber nur
+das aktuelle Fenster zeigt den Cursor an (unter X wird die
+nicht-aktuelle Cursorposition durch ein leeres Rechteck dargestellt).
+Alle normalen Editierbefehle betreffen das Fenster, in dem sich der
+Cursor befindet.  Wir nennen dieses Fenster `selektiert' (`selected
+window').
+
+Der Befehl M-C-v ist sehr nützlich, wenn man Text in einem Fenster
+editiert und das andere Fenster als Referenz verwendet.  Der Cursor
+bleibt stets im gleichen Arbeitsfenster, und mit M-C-v kann man bequem
+vorwärtsblättern.
+
+M-C-v ist ein Beispiel eines CONTROL-META-Zeichens.  Haben Sie eine
+META-Taste, dann kann man M-C-v erzeugen, indem man CTRL und META
+gleichzeitig niedergedrückt hält, während man v eintippt.  Es ist
+egal, ob zuerst CTRL oder META niedergedrückt wird, da beide Tasten
+gleichberechtigt das jeweils einzugebende Zeichen modifizieren.
+
+Haben Sie keine META-Taste, und Sie verwenden stattdessen ESC, dann
+ist die Reihenfolge nicht mehr egal: Sie müssen zuerst ESC drücken,
+gefolgt von CTRL-v.  CTRL-ESC v funktioniert nicht!  Der Grund dafür
+ist, daß ESC ein eigenes Zeichen ist und keine Modifizier-Taste wie
+META oder CTRL.
+
+Der umgekehrte Befehl zu M-C-v ist M-C-S-v, um im anderen Fenster
+rückwärts zu blättern (d.h., Sie müssen die Meta-Taste sowie die
+Control- und Shift-Taste zusammen mit `v' betätigen) -- jetzt werden
+Sie wahrscheinlich verstehen, warum manche Kritiker das Wort Emacs als
+Abkürzung von Escape-Meta-Alt-Control-Shift betrachten.  Leider
+funktioniert diese Befehlsfolge normalerweise nur mit dem X Window
+System, da C-v von C-S-v auf den meisten Textterminals nicht
+unterschieden werden kann.
+
+[Unter X kann man außerdem in der Regel mit den bequemeren
+Tastenkombinationen META-`Bild mit Aufwärtspfeil' bzw. META-`Bild mit
+Abwärtspfeil' ebenfalls im anderen Fenster rück- bzw. vorwärts
+blättern.]
+
+>> Entfernen Sie mit C-x 1 (eingegeben im oberen Fenster) das untere
+   Fenster.
+
+(Hätten Sie C-x 1 im unteren Fenster eingegeben, dann wäre das obere
+Fenster geschlossen worden -- eine Eselsbrücke für C-x 1 ist `ich will
+nur das *eine* Fenster, in dem ich mich gerade befinde.')
+
+Sie müssen nicht den gleichen Puffer in beiden Fenstern darstellen.
+Wenn Sie C-x C-f verwenden, um in einem Fenster eine Datei zu laden,
+dann bleibt das andere Fenster unverändert.  Sie können in jedem
+Fenster eine andere Datei anzeigen lassen, unabhängig vom anderen
+Fenster.
+
+Hier eine andere Möglichkeit, in zwei Fenstern zwei verschiedene
+Texte darzustellen:
+
+>> Geben Sie C-x 4 C-f ein, gefolgt vom Namen einer Ihrer Dateien.
+   Schließen Sie ab mit <Return>.  Beobachten Sie, wie die
+   spezifizierte Datei im unteren Fenster erscheint.  Der Cursor
+   springt ebenfalls in das untere Fenster.
+
+>> Bewegen Sie den Cursor mittels C-x o in das obere Fenster und geben
+   Sie C-x 1 ein, um das untere Fenster zu schließen.
+
+
+* REKURSIVE EDITIER-EBENEN
+--------------------------
+
+Manchmal kann es passieren, daß Sie in eine sogenannte rekursive
+Editier-Ebene geraten (`recursive editing level').  Sie können das an
+den eckigen Klammern in der Statuszeile erkennen, welche den
+derzeitigen Hauptmodus zusätzlich umschließen, z.B. [(Fundamental)]
+anstelle von (Fundamental).
+
+Um eine rekursive Editier-Ebene zu verlassen, geben Sie ESC ESC ESC
+ein.  Diese Tastenkombination ist ein allgemeiner
+Ich-will-hier-raus-Befehl.  Sie können ihn auch verwenden, um
+unerwünschte Fenster zu schließen und den Minipuffer zu verlassen.
+
+>> Geben Sie M-x ein, um in den Minipuffer zu gelangen, und tippen Sie
+   dann ESC ESC ESC, um ihn wieder zu verlassen.
+
+Mit C-g kann man eine rekursive Editier-Ebene nicht verlassen, da C-g
+Befehle INNERHALB einer rekursiven Editier-Ebene stoppt.
+
+Rekursive Editier-Ebenen sind hier in dieser Einführung nicht weiter
+dargestellt.  Details finden Sie im Emacs-Handbuch beschrieben.
+
+
+* MULE
+------
+
+Mule ist die Abkürzung für `Multi-lingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs'.
+Früher wurde damit eine spezielle Emacs-Variante bezeichnet, die
+allerdings seit der Version 20 mit Emacs verschmolzen ist.
+
+Emacs unterstützt eine große Anzahl von internationalen Zeichensätzen,
+z.B. verschiedene europäische Varianten des lateinischen Alphabets,
+Chinesisch, Russisch oder Thai, um nur einige zu nennen.  In dieser
+Einführung wird jedoch nur auf den deutschen Zeichensatz sowie
+Eingabemöglichkeiten für Deutsch näher eingegangen.
+
+Der Standard-Zeichensatz für Deutsch ist Latin-1 (auch bekannt unter
+dem Namen ISO-8859-1).  Wenn anstelle der deutschen Umlaute
+unansehnliche Konstrukte wie `\201ä' dargestellt werden, dann ist
+die sogenannte Multibyte-Zeichenunterstützung deaktiviert (intern
+werden in Emacs nicht-ASCII Zeichensätze durch mehr als ein Byte
+repräsentiert).  Durch den Befehl `M-x
+toggle-enable-multibyte-characters' wird die
+Multibyte-Zeichenunterstützung aktiviert.
+
+Wenn anstelle der Umlaute `ä', `ö' oder `ü' die Zeichen `d', `v' und
+`|' erscheinen (also `kleines D', `kleines V', und ein senkrechter
+Strich), dann wird das achte Bit von jedem Byte abgeschnitten, sodaß
+nur ASCII-Zeichen dargestellt werden können.  In der Regel gibt es
+zwei Ursachen für dieses Problem: Sie haben sich nicht `8-bit clean'
+(z.B. mittels `telnet -8 ...') eingeloggt oder Ihr
+Telekommunikationsprogramm ist nicht für 8-bit konfiguriert.
+
+>> Geben Sie C-x <Return> m ein.  Die deutschen Umlaute (so sie von
+   Ihrem Terminal darstellbar sind) verschwinden und werden durch
+   Zahlenkonstrukte ersetzt.  So wird zum Beispiel Umlaut a (`ä')
+   dargestellt als `\201ä'.
+
+>> Aktivieren Sie wieder die Multibyte-Zeichenunterstützung mittels
+   C-x <Return> m.
+
+Sehen Sie anstelle der Umlaute leere Kästchen (unter X), dann sollten
+Sie mit C-x C-c Emacs beenden und folgendermaßen neu starten:
+
+    emacs -fn fontset-standard
+
+Bei einem Textterminal gibt es weiter die Möglichkeit, die
+Befehlsfolge `M-x standard-display-european' auszuführen, wodurch
+Emacs die Multibyte-Zeichenunterstützung deaktiviert und direkt
+Latin-1-Zeichen darzustellen versucht.  Sie können auch probieren,
+Emacs mit der `--unibyte'-Option zu starten, was einen ähnlichen
+Effekt bewirkt.
+
+Falls das alles nichts nützt oder Sie Fragezeichen anstelle der
+Umlaute auf ihrem Textterminal sehen, sollten Sie sich an Ihren
+Systemadministrator wenden und sich beschweren, daß kein
+Latin-1-Zeichensatz installiert ist (was heutzutage eigentlich eine
+Selbstverständlichkeit sein sollte).  Falls statt der Umlaute andere
+Zeichen auf ihrem Textterminal erscheinen (z.B. kyrillische
+Buchstaben), dann erkundigen Sie sich, wie sie auf Latin-1 umschalten
+können.
+
+Lesen Sie im Emacs-Handbuch nach unter dem Stichwort `International',
+welche weitere Optionen es bezüglich Zeichensätze gibt.
+
+Es empfiehlt sich, Latin-1 als Standardkodierung zu aktivieren, wenn
+Sie primär Deutsch verwenden.  Benutzen Sie zu diesem Zweck die
+Befehlsfolge
+
+    C-x <Return> l latin-1 <Return>
+
+(C-x <Return> l führt die Funktion set-language-environment aus), um
+in einer laufenden Emacs-Sitzung auf Latin-1 umzuschalten.  Dadurch
+wird erreicht, daß Emacs beim Laden einer Datei (und Speichern
+derselben) standardmäßig die Latin-1-Zeichenkodierung verwendet.  Sie
+können an der Ziffer 1 unmittelbar vor dem Doppelpunkt links unten in
+der Statuszeile erkennen, daß Sie Latin-1 aktiviert haben.  Beachten
+Sie allerdings, daß set-language-environment keinen Einfluß auf die
+Kodierung bereits existierender Puffer hat!  Haben Sie eine Datei mit
+deutschem Text in Latin-1-Kodierung irrtümlicherweise in einer
+falschen Kodierung geladen, dann müssen Sie diesen Puffer aus Emacs
+mit dem Befehl C-x k (kill-buffer) entfernen und die Datei erneut
+laden, nachdem Sie mit set-language-environment auf Latin-1
+umgeschaltet haben.
+
+>> Führen Sie jetzt C-x <Return> l latin-1 <Return> aus und öffnen Sie
+   anschließend eine (neue) Datei mit dem Namen `bar' in einem anderen
+   Fenster mittels C-x 4 C-f bar <Return>.  In der Statuszeile des
+   zweiten Fensters sehen Sie die Ziffer 1 unmittelbar vor dem
+   Doppelpunkt.
+
+>> Schließen Sie das soeben geöffnete Fenster mit C-x 1 wieder.
+
+Wie können Sie nun deutsche Umlaute eingeben?  Es gibt prinzipiell
+zwei unterschiedliche Fälle: Sie besitzen eine deutsche Tastatur mit
+Tasten für die Umlaute oder Sie haben eine nicht-deutsche Tastatur.
+Im ersteren Fall sollten Sie die Eingabemethode `german' auswählen,
+welche direkt die Umlaute auf die entsprechenden Tasten abbildet.  Im
+letzteren Fall gibt es mehrere Möglichkeiten, wovon zwei hier erklärt
+werden sollen, nämlich `latin-1-prefix' und `latin-1-postfix'.  Die
+Präfix-Methode erwartet zuerst den Akzent und dann den Basisbuchstaben
+('a wird zu á, "s zu ß etc.), während bei der Postfix-Methode zuerst
+der Basisbuchstabe und dann der Akzent einzugeben ist (a" wird zu ä,
+s/ wird zu ß etc).
+
+Aktiviert wird die jeweilige Eingabe mit dem Befehl
+
+    C-u C-\ Eingabemethode <Return>
+
+(z.B. C-u C-\ german <Return>).  Durch diese Befehlsfolge wird der
+sogenannte Quail-Nebenmodus aktiviert, was sich durch eine kleine
+Veränderung in der Statuszeile zeigt: Durch zwei oder drei Zeichen
+unmittelbar vor der Pufferkodierung wird die aktuelle Eingabemethode
+angezeigt.  Ist der Eingabemodus einmal gewählt, kann man mit C-\ ihn
+ein- und ausschalten.
+
+>> Geben Sie C-u C-\ latin-1-postfix <Return> ein.  Beobachten Sie,
+   wie links unten in der Statuszeile die Anzeige von `1:**' auf
+   `1<1:**' springt.  Probieren Sie ä einzugeben mittels a".
+
+>> Deaktivieren Sie den Eingabemodus wieder mit C-\.
+
+Folgende Kürzel in der Statuszeile repräsentieren die eben
+beschriebenen Eingabemethoden:
+
+    DE@    german
+    1<     latin-1-postfix
+    1>     latin-1-prefix
+
+So bedeutet die Angabe `DE@1:**', daß Sie die Eingabemethode `german'
+in einem Puffer mit Latin-1-Kodierung verwenden, und daß die Datei
+bereits modifiziert wurde.
+
+[Arbeitet Emacs in einem Terminal, werden noch zwei zusätzliche
+Spalten zwischen Eingabemethode und Pufferkodierung eingefügt, und
+zwar für die Tastatur- und Bildschirmkodierung.]
+
+
+* WEITERE DOKUMENTATION VON EMACS
+---------------------------------
+
+Wir haben uns bemüht, in dieser Einführung genau soviel Information zu
+geben, daß Sie beginnen können, mit Emacs zu arbeiten.  Emacs ist
+jedoch so mächtig und umfangreich, daß es den Rahmen einer Einführung
+spränge, an dieser Stelle mehr zu erklären.  Um Sie im weiteren
+Lernverlauf zu unterstützen, stellt Emacs eine Reihe von
+Hilfe-Funktionen zu Verfügung, die alle mit dem Präfix C-h (dem
+Hilfe-Zeichen, `Help character') beginnen.
+
+Nach dem Drücken von C-h geben Sie ein weiteres Zeichen ein, um Emacs
+zu sagen, worüber Sie mehr Informationen brauchen.  Sollten Sie
+WIRKLICH verloren sein, geben Sie C-h ? ein, und Emacs sagt Ihnen,
+welche Art von Hilfe er Ihnen zu Verfügung stellen kann.  Haben Sie
+C-h versehentlich gedrückt, können Sie mit C-g sofort abbrechen.
+
+(Es kann vorkommen, daß bei manchen Computern bzw. Terminals C-h etwas
+anderes bedeutet.  Da erfahrungsgemäß C-h eine der meistbenötigten
+Emacs-Befehle ist, haben Sie einen wirklichen Grund, sich in diesem
+Fall beim Systemadministrator zu beschweren.  Alternativen zu C-h sind
+die F1-Taste und der lange Befehl M-x help <Return>.)
+
+Die elementarste Hilfestellung gibt C-h c.  Schreiben Sie C-h, dann
+das Zeichen c, und dann einen Befehl: Emacs zeigt daraufhin eine kurze
+Beschreibung des Befehls an.
+
+>> Geben Sie C-h c C-p ein.
+  Die Antwort darauf (im Echo-Bereich) sollte so ähnlich sein wie
+
+        C-p runs the command previous-line
+
+Somit wissen Sie den `Namen der Funktion'.  Funktionsnamen werden
+hauptsächlich benutzt, um Emacs anzupassen bzw. zu erweitern.  Aber da
+Namen in der Regel beschreiben, was die jeweilige Funktion tut, können
+sie auch als sehr kurze Beschreibung dienen -- ausreichend, um Sie an
+Befehle zu erinnern, die Sie bereits gelernt haben.
+
+Aus mehr als einem Zeichen bestehende Befehle, z.B. C-x C-s oder
+<ESC>v, sind ebenfalls erlaubt nach C-h c.
+
+Um eine detaillierte Dokumentation eines Befehls zu erhalten,
+verwenden Sie C-h k anstelle von C-h c.
+
+>> Geben Sie C-h k C-p ein.
+
+Diese Befehlsfolge zeigt die komplette Dokumentation des Befehls an
+zusammen mit seinem Namen, und zwar in einem eigenem Fenster.  Wenn
+Sie die Beschreibung gelesen haben, benützen Sie am besten C-x 1, um
+das Hilfe-Fenster wieder zu schließen.  Sie müssen das nicht sofort
+tun -- Sie können weiter Text editieren und das Fenster schließen,
+wenn Sie es nicht mehr brauchen.
+
+Hier einige weitere nützliche Optionen von C-h:
+
+   C-h f        Beschreibt eine Funktion.  Sie müssen den Namen der
+                Funktion eingeben.
+
+>> Probieren Sie C-h f previous-line<Return>.
+   Alle Information über den C-p-Befehl wird angezeigt.
+
+Sie können die Tabulator-Taste stets benützen, um den Namen des
+jeweiligen Befehls zu vervollständigen.  Geben Sie z.B. `C-h f
+previous<TAB>' ein, dann werden alle Befehle angezeigt, deren Namen
+mit `previous-' beginnen.  Ergänzen Sie die Zeichenkette auf
+`previous-l' und drücken Sie dann <TAB>, bleibt nur noch der Befehl
+`previous-line' übrig, und Sie können mit <Return> abschließen.
+
+   C-h a        Ein Befehls-Apropos.  Gibt man ein Schlüsselwort ein,
+                dann zeigt Emacs alle Befehle, die dieses
+                Schlüsselwort enthalten.  Alle angezeigten Befehle
+                können mit M-x aufgerufen werden.  Für einige
+                Kommandos wird zusätzlich eine Zeichensequenz
+                (meistens bestehend aus einem oder zwei Zeichen)
+                aufgelistet, welche den gleichen Befehl startet.
+
+>> Geben Sie C-h a file<Return> ein.
+
+Alle M-x-Befehle, die das Wort `file' in ihrem Namen enthalten, werden
+angezeigt.  Beachten Sie, daß auch C-x C-f aufgelistet wird neben dem
+zugehörigen langen Namen, find-file.
+
+>> Blättern Sie mit C-M-v, um sich die Liste der Funktionen anzusehen.
+
+>> Schließen Sie das Hilfefenster mit C-x 1.
+
+
+* SCHLUSSBEMERKUNG
+------------------
+
+Das Wichtigste: Emacs wird mit C-x C-c beendet und mit C-z temporär
+unterbrochen.
+
+Diese Einführung soll für alle neuen Benutzer von Emacs verständlich
+sein.  Wenn daher etwas unklar sein sollte, dann hadern Sie nicht mit
+sich selbst.  Schreiben Sie an die Free Software Foundation oder an
+den Autor und erläutern Sie, was für Sie unklar geblieben ist.  Eine
+weitere Kontaktadresse ist die Mailing-Liste `[e-mail]', in der
+Probleme mit der Adaption von GNU-Programmen an das Deutsche
+diskutiert werden.
+
+
+RECHTLICHES
+-----------
+
+Die englische Version dieser Einführung hat eine lange Vorgeschichte.
+Stuart Cracraft hat für die Urversion von Emacs das erste Tutorial
+geschrieben.  Übersetzer ins Deutsche ist Werner Lemberg ([e-mail]).
+
+Beachten Sie bitte, daß im Zweifelsfalle das englische Original dieser
+Urheberrechtsnotiz gültig ist (zu finden in der Datei TUTORIAL).
+
+Copyright (c) 1985, 1996, 1997 Free Software Foundation
+
+   Hiermit wird für jedermann die Erlaubnis erteilt, wörtliche,
+   unveränderte Kopien dieses Dokumentes für jegliches Medium zu
+   erstellen, unter der Voraussetzung, daß die Copyright-Notiz sowie
+   diese Erlaubnis beibehalten werden.  Außerdem muß der Verteiler
+   dieses Dokuments den Empfängern die gleichen Rechte einräumen,
+   welche durch diese Erlaubnis gegeben sind.
+
+   Zugleich wird die Erlaubnis erteilt, modifizierte Versionen dieses
+   Dokuments, oder Teile davon, zu verteilen, und zwar zu den oben
+   gegebenen Bedingungen unter der Voraussetzung, daß eindeutig zu
+   erkennen ist, wer zuletzt dieses Dokument verändert hat.
+
+Die Vervielfältigungsbedingungen für Emacs selbst sind etwas
+komplexer, folgen aber in etwa den gleichen Richtlinien.  Lesen Sie
+bitte die Datei COPYING und geben Sie Emacs an Ihre Freunde weiter!
+Helfen Sie mit, die Idee von freier Software zu propagieren, indem Sie
+freie Software verwenden, verteilen, oder sogar selber schreiben.
+
+--- end of TUTORIAL.de ---
+
+;;; Local Variables:
+;;;   coding: latin-1
+;;; End:

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/TUTORIAL.ja	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,971 @@
+Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc;  $B%U%!%$%k:G8e$r;2>H$N$3$H(B
+	   $B$"$J$?$,8=:_8+$F$$$k$N$O(B Emacs $BF~Lg%,%$%I$G$9!#(B
+
+Emacs $B$N%3%^%s%I$rF~NO$9$k$K$O!"0lHL$K%3%s%H%m!<%k%-!<!J%-!<%H%C%W$K(B 
+CTRL $B$H$+(B CTL $B$H=q$$$F$"$k!K$d%a%?%-!<!J%-!<%H%C%W$K(B META $B$H$+(B ALT $B$H(B
+$B=q$$$F$"$k!K$r;H$$$^$9!#$=$3$G!"(BCONTROL $B$H$+(B META $B$H$+=q$/Be$o$j$K!"<!(B
+$B$N$h$&$J5-9f$r;H$&$3$H$K$7$^$9!#(B
+
+ C-<$BJ8;z(B>   $B%3%s%H%m!<%k%-!<$r2!$7$?$^$^!"(B<$BJ8;z(B>$B%-!<$r2!$7$^$9!#Nc$($P!"(B
+	    C-f $B$O%3%s%H%m!<%k%-!<$r2!$7$J$,$i(B f $B$N%-!<$r2!$9$3$H$G$9!#(B
+
+ M-<$BJ8;z(B>   $B%a%?%-!<$r2!$7$?$^$^!"(B<$BJ8;z(B>$B%-!<$r2!$7$^$9!#$b$7%a%?%-!<$,$J(B
+	    $B$$>l9g$O!"%(%9%1!<%W%-!<$r2!$7$F$+$iN%$7!"$=$l$+$i(B<$BJ8;z(B>$B%-!<(B
+	    $B$r2!$7$^$9!#0J9_%(%9%1!<%W%-!<$N$3$H$r(B <ESC> $B$H=q$-$^$9!#(B
+
+$B!*=EMW!*(B: Emacs$B$r=*N;$9$k$K$O!"(BC-x C-c $B$r%?%$%W$7$^$9!#(B
+
+">>" $B$G;O$^$k9T$O!"$=$N;~2?$r$9$Y$-$+$r;X<($7$F$$$^$9!#Nc$($P!"(B
+<<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>>
+>>  $B$G$O(B C-v $B!J<!$N2hLL$r8+$k!K$r%?%$%W$7$F<!$N2hLL$K?J$s$G2<$5$$!#(B
+	$B!J$5$"!"$d$C$F$_$^$7$g$&!#%3%s%H%m!<%k%-!<$r2!$7$J$,$i(B v $B$G$9!K(B
+	$B0J9_!"0l2hLL$rFI$_=*$($k$?$S$KF1MM$K$7$F<!$N2hLL$KFI$_?J$s$G2<$5$$!#(B
+
+$BA0$N2hLL$H<!$N2hLL$H$G$O!"I=<($5$l$kFbMF$K2?9T$+$N=E$J$j$,$"$j$^$9!#$3(B
+$B$l$O!"I=<($5$l$F$$$kFbMF$,O"B3$7$F$$$k$3$H$,$9$0H=$k$h$&$K$9$k$?$a$G$9!#(B
+
+$B$^$:$O!"%U%!%$%k$NCf$r0\F0$7$F9T$/J}K!$rCN$kI,MW$,$"$j$^$9!#(BC-v $B$K$h$C(B
+$B$F@h$K?J$`$3$H$O$b$&H=$j$^$7$?!#85$KLa$k$K$O!"(BM-v $B!J%a%?%-!<$r2!$7$J$,(B
+$B$i(B v$B!"$b$7$/$O(B <ESC> $B$r2!$7$FN%$7$F(B v$B!K$G$9!#(B
+
+>> M-v $B$H(B C-v $B$r;H$C$F!"A08e$K0\F0$9$k$3$H$r2?2s$+;n$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
+
+
+$B!v$3$3$^$G$NMWLs(B
+================
+
+     $B%U%!%$%k$r2hLLKh$K8+$F9T$/$K$O!"<!$N%3%^%s%I$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
+
+     C-v     $B<!$N2hLL$K?J$`(B
+     M-v     $BA0$N2hLL$KLa$k(B
+     C-l     $B2hLL$r=q$-D>$9!#$3$N$H$-!"%+!<%=%k$N$"$k9T$,2hLL$NCf1{$K(B
+	     $B$/$k$h$&$K$9$k!#!J(BC-1 $B$8$c$J$/$C$F(B C-L $B$G$9$h!*!K(B
+
+>> $B%+!<%=%k$r8+$D$1!"$=$N6a$/$K$I$s$JJ8>O$,=q$+$l$F$$$k$+$r3P$(!"(B
+   $B$=$l$+$i(B C-l $B$r%?%$%W$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
+   $B%+!<%=%k$,$I$3$K0\F0$7$?$+!"$=$N6a$/$N%F%-%9%H$O$I$&$J$C$?$+$rD4$Y(B
+   $B$F$_$^$7$g$&!#(B
+
+
+$B!v4pK\E*$J%+!<%=%k$N@)8f(B
+========================
+
+$B2hLLKh$N0\F0$O$G$-$k$h$&$K$J$j$^$7$?!#:#EY$O!"2hLL$NCf$G!"FCDj$N>l=j$K(B
+$B0\F0$9$k$?$a$NJ}K!$r21$($^$7$g$&!#(B
+
+$B$3$l$K$O$$$/$D$+$N$d$jJ}$,$"$j$^$9!#0lHV4pK\E*$JJ}K!$O(B C-p, C-b, C-f,
+C-n $B$r;H$&$3$H$G$9!#$3$l$i$O$=$l$>$l%+!<%=%k$rA0$N9T!"A0$NJ8;z!"<!$NJ8(B
+$B;z!"<!$N9T$K0\F0$5$;$k$^$9!#?^$G=q$1$P!"(B
+
+                               $BA0$N9T!$(BC-p
+                                    :
+                                    :
+     $BA0$NJ8;z!$(BC-b   ....   $B8=:_$N%+!<%=%k0LCV(B   ....   $B<!$NJ8;z!$(BC-f
+                                    :
+                                    :
+                               $B<!$N9T!$(BC-n
+
+>> C-n $B$H(B C-p $B$G%+!<%=%k$r>e?^$N??Cf$N9T$KF0$+$7$F2<$5$$!#$=$l$+$i(B C-l 
+   $B$r%?%$%W$7$F?^$NA4BN$,2hLLCf1{$K$/$k$h$&$K$7$F$_$^$7$g$&!#(B
+
+
+$B$3$l$i$O$N%3%^%s%I$O$=$l$>$l!"(BPrevious, Next, Backward, Forward $B$NF,J8(B
+$B;z$K$J$C$F$$$k$N$G!"21$($d$9$$$G$7$g$&!#$3$l$i$O!"4pK\E*$J%+!<%=%k0\F0(B
+$B%3%^%s%I$G$"$j!"$$$D$G$b;H$&$b$N$G$9!#:#$3$3$G3P$($F2<$5$$!#(B
+
+>> C-n $B$r2?2s$+%?%$%W$7!"!J:#!"$"$J$?$,FI$s$G$$$k!K$3$N9T$^$G%+!<%=%k(B
+   $B$r0\F0$5$;$^$7$g$&!#(B
+
+>> C-f $B$r;H$C$F9T$NCf$[$I$K0\F0$7!"(BC-p $B$G2?9T$+>e$K0\F0$5$;$^$7$g$&!#(B
+   $B%+!<%=%k$N0LCV$NJQ2=$KCm0U$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
+
+$B3F9T$N:G8e$K$O!JL\$K$O8+$($J$$!K(B Newline $BJ8;z$,$"$j$^$9!#$3$l$O<!$N9T(B
+$B$H$N6h@Z$j$r<($9$?$a$G$9!#%U%!%$%k$N:G8e$b(B Newline $B$rIU$1$k$Y$-$G$9(B
+$B!J$b$C$H$b(B Emacs $B$O$=$l$r6/@)$O$7$^$;$s$,!K!#(B
+
+>> $B9T$N@hF,$G(B C-b $B$r%?%$%W$7$F$_$^$7$g$&!#%+!<%=%k$OA0$N9T$NKvHx$K0\F0(B
+   $B$9$k$O$:$G$9!#$3$l$O(B C-b $B$,A0$N(B Newline $BJ8;z$r1[$($FLa$C$?$+$i$G$9!#(B
+
+$BF1MM$K(B C-f $B$O%+!<%=%k$r(B Newline $BJ8;z$r1[$($F<!$K?J$a$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
+
+>> $B$5$i$K$b$&>/$7(B C-b $B$r%?%$%W$7$F%+!<%=%k0\F0$N46$8$rGD$s$G2<$5$$!#(B
+   $B:#EY$O(B C-f $B$G9TKv$^$G?J$s$G2<$5$$!#(B
+   $B$5$i$K$b$&0lEY(B C-f $B$r%?%$%W$7$F<!$N9T$K?J$s$G2<$5$$!#(B
+
+$B2hLL$N@hF,$dKvHx$r1[$($F%+!<%=%k$r0\F0$5$;$h$&$H$9$k$H!"$=$NJ}8~$K$"$k(B
+$BJ8>O$,2hLL$NCf$K0\F0$7$FMh$F$^$9!#$3$l$r!V%9%/%m!<%k!W$H8F$S$^$9!#2hLL(B
+$B$,%9%/%m!<%k$9$k$3$H$K$h$C$F!"%+!<%=%k$r0\F0$5$;$F$b!"%+!<%=%k$O>o$K2h(B
+$BLLFb$K$"$k$h$&$K$5$l$^$9!#(B
+
+>> C-n $B$r;H$C$F!"%+!<%=%k$r2hLL$N2<C<$h$j2<$K0\F0$5$;$F$_$J$5$$!#2?(B
+   $B$,5/$3$j$^$7$?$+!)(B
+
+$B0lJ8;zC10L$N0\F0$G$O$^$I$m$C$3$7$$$J$i!"C18lC10L$G0\F0$9$k$3$H$b$G$-$^(B
+$B$9!#(BM-f (<ESC> f) $B$G0lC18l@h$X!"(BM-b (<ESC> b) $B$G0lC18lA0$X0\F0$7$^$9!#(B
+
+$BCm0U!'(B	$BF|K\8l$K$D$$$F$O!"C18l$N@Z$lL\$rG'<1$9$k$3$H$O$G$-$^$;$s$,!"5?(B
+	$B;wE*$JJ8@a$rC18l$N@Z$lL\$H$7$F$$$^$9!#(B
+
+>> M-f $B$d(B M-b $B$r2?2s$+;n$7$F$_$^$7$g$&!#(B
+
+$BC18l$NCfDx$K$$$k;~$O!"(BM-f $B$O$=$NC18l$N=*$o$j$^$G?J$_$^$9!#$b$76uGrJ8;z(B
+$B$K$$$k;~$K$O(B M-f $B$O<!$NC18l$N=*$o$j$^$G?J$_$^$9!#(BM-b $B$bF1MM$G$9!"J}8~(B
+$B$O5U$G$9$,!#(B
+
+>> M-f $B$H(B M-b $B$r(B C-f $B$H(B C-b $B$r8r$($J$,$i?t2s;n$7!"C18l$NCf$KF~$k;~$H!"(B
+   $BC18l$HC18l$N4V$K$$$k;~$NF0$-$rD4$Y$F2<$5$$!#(B
+
+C-f $B$H(B C-b $B$KBP$9$k!"(BM-f $B$H(B M-b $B$NN`;w@-$KCmL\$7$^$7$g$&!#B?$/$N>l9g!"(B
+$B%a%?%-!<$OJ8=q$r9=@.$9$k%f%K%C%H!JC18l!"J8!"CJMn!K$KBP$9$kA`:n$K;H$$!"(B
+$B%3%s%H%m!<%k%-!<$O$=$l$h$j$b$b$C$H4pK\E*$JBP>]!JJ8;z$H$+9TEy!K$KBP$9$k(B
+$BA`:n$K;H$$$^$9!#(B
+
+$B$3$NN`;w@-$O9T$HJ8$N4X78$K$b$"$j$^$9!#(BC-a $B$H(B C-e $B$O$=$l$>$l9TF,$H9TKv(B
+$B$K0\F0$7!"(BM-a $B$H(B M-e $B$O$=$l$>$lJ8F,$HJ8Kv$K0\F0$7$^$9!#(B
+
+>> C-a $B$r#22s!"$=$l$+$i(B C-e $B$r#22s;n$7$^$7$g$&!#(B
+   M-a $B$r#22s!"$=$l$+$i(B M-e $B$r#22s;n$7$^$7$g$&!#(B
+
+C-a $B$d(B C-e $B$O7+JV$7$F$b$=$l0J>e0\F0$7$^$;$s$,!"(BM-a $B$r7+$jJV$9$H$I$s$I(B
+$B$sA0$NJ8F,$KLa$C$F$$$-$^$9!#$3$NItJ,$G$ON`;w@-$,GK$l$F$$$^$9$,!"$^$"$3(B
+$B$l$,<+A3$JF0:n$G$O$J$$$G$7$g$&$+!#(B
+
+$BJ8>OCf$G%+!<%=%k$,$"$k0LCV$r!V%]%$%s%H!W$H8F$S$^$9!#8@$$$+$($l$P!"%+!<(B
+$B%=%k$O!"J8>O$N$I$3$K%]%$%s%H$,$"$k$+$r2hLL>e$G<($7$F$$$k$N$G$9!#(B
+
+$B0J2<$KC1=c$J%+!<%=%k0\F0A`:n$K$D$$$FMWLs$7$^$9!#$3$N$J$+$K$O!"C18l$d9T(B
+$BC10L$G$N0\F0%3%^%s%I$b4^$^$l$F$$$^$9!#(B
+
+	C-f	$B0lJ8;z<!$K?J$`(B
+	C-b	$B0lJ8;zA0$KLa$k(B
+
+	M-f	$B0lC18l<!$K?J$`(B
+	M-b	$B0lC18lA0$KLa$k(B
+
+	C-n	$B<!$N9T$K0\F0(B
+	C-p	$BA0$N9T$K0\F0(B
+
+	C-a	$B9TF,$K0\F0(B
+	C-e	$B9TKv$K0\F0(B
+
+>> $B$3$l$iA4It$r2?EY$+;n$7$FN}=,$7$^$7$g$&!#(B
+   $B$I$l$bIQHK$K;H$&%3%^%s%I$G$9!#(B
+
+$B$"$HFs$D!"=EMW$J%+!<%=%k0\F0%3%^%s%I$,$"$j$^$9!#%U%!%$%k$N@hF,$K0\F0$9(B
+$B$k(B M-< $B$H!"%U%!%$%k$NKvHx$K0\F0$9$k(B M-> $B$G$9!#(B
+
+$BBgDq$NC<Kv$G$O(B "<" $B%-!<$O(B ","$B%-!<!J%3%s%^!K$N>e$K$"$j!"$=$l$r%?%$%W$9(B
+$B$k$K$O%7%U%H%-!<$r;H$&I,MW$,$"$j$^$9!#$7$?$,$C$F(B M-< $B$r%?%$%W$9$k$K$O!"(B
+$B%a%?%-!<$H%7%U%H%-!<$H%3%s%^%-!<$rF1;~$K2!$5$M$P$J$j$^$;$s!#(B
+
+>> M-< $B$r;n$7$F!"$3$NF~Lg%,%$%I$N@hF,$K0\F0$7$^$7$g$&!#(B
+   $B$=$l$+$i!"(BC-v $B$r2?EY$+;H$C$F$3$3$^$G5"$C$F$-$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
+
+>> M-> $B$r;n$7$F!"$3$NF~Lg%,%$%I$NKvHx$K0\F0$7$^$7$g$&!#(B
+   $B$=$l$+$i!"(BM-v $B$r2?EY$+;H$C$F$3$3$^$G5"$C$F$-$F$/$@$5$$!#(B
+
+$B$b$7C<Kv$KLp0u%-!<$,$"$l$P!"$=$l$r;H$C$F%+!<%=%k$rF0$+$9$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#(B
+$B$1$l$I!"<!$N#3$D$NM}M3$+$i(B C-b, C-f, C-n, C-p $B$r3P$($k$3$H$r4+$a$^$9!#(B
+$BBh0l$K!"$3$l$i$O$I$s$JC<Kv$G$b;H$($^$9!#BhFs$K!"(BEmacs $B$r;H$&$N$,>eC#$7(B
+$B$F$/$l$P!"$3$l$i$N%3%s%H%m!<%kJ8;z$rBG$DJ}$,!"Lp0u%-!<$rBG$D$h$j$:$C$H(B
+$BB.$$$3$H$,J,$k$G$7$g$&!J<j$rDL>o$N0LCV$+$iBg$-$/F0$+$5$J$$$G$h$$$N$G!K!#(B
+$B:G8e$K!"0lEY$3$l$i$N%3%s%H%m!<%kJ8;z$rBG$D=,47$rIU$1$?$i!"$b$C$H?J$s$@(B
+$B%+!<%=%k0\F0%3%^%s%I$b4JC1$K3P$($k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
+
+Emacs$B$NBgDq$N%3%^%s%I$K$O?tCM0z?t$rM?$($k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#BgDq$N>l9g$3(B
+$B$N?tCM$G7+$jJV$72s?t$r;X<($9$k$3$H$K$J$j$^$9!#?tCM0z?t$rM?$($k$K$O!"%3(B
+$B%^%s%I$rF~NO$9$kA0$K(B C-u $B$KB3$$$F?t;z2?7e$+%?%$%W$7$^$9!#$b$7%a%?%-!<(B
+$B$,;H$($k$J$i!"%a%?%-!<$r2!$7$J$,$i?t;z$r%?%$%W$9$k$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#$G$b(B
+$B$d$O$j(B C-u $B$r3P$($k$3$H$r4+$a$^$9!#$=$l$O$I$s$JC<Kv$G$b;H$($k$+$i$G$9!#(B
+
+$BNc$($P(B C-u 8 C-f $B$H%?%$%W$9$k$H#8J8;zJ,@h$K0\F0$7$^$9!#(B
+
+>> $BE,Ev$J?tCM0z?t$r(B C-n $B$"$k$$$O(B C-p $B$KM?$(!"0l2s$N%3%^%s%I$G$J$k$Y$/(B
+   $B$3$N9T$N6a$/$KMh$k$h$&$K$7$F$_$^$7$g$&!#(B
+
+$BBgDq$N%3%^%s%I$O?tCM0z?t$r7+$jJV$72s?t$H2r<a$7$^$9$,!"Cf$K$ONc30$b$"$j(B
+$B$^$9!#(BC-v $B$d(B M-v $B$,$=$&$G$9!#$3$N>l9g!";XDj$5$l$??t$N9T$@$12hLL$r%9%/(B
+$B%m!<%k$5$;$k$3$H$K$J$j$^$9!#Nc$($P(B C-u 4 C-v $B$O2hLL$r#49TJ,>e$K%9%/%m!<(B
+$B%k$5$;$^$9!#(B
+
+>> C-u 8 C-v $B$r;n$7$F$_$^$7$g$&!#(B
+
+$B2hLL$,>e$K#89T%9%/%m!<%k$7$?$O$:$G$9!#$^$?2hLL$r2<$K%9%/%m!<%k$5$;$k$K$O(B
+M-v $B$K0z?t$rM?$($l$P$h$$$N$G$9!#(B
+
+$B$b$7(B X $B%&%#%s%I%&$r;H$C$F$$$k$N$J$i!"%9%/%m!<%k%P!<$H8F$P$l$k=DD9$N;M(B
+$B3Q$$%(%j%"$,(B Emacs $B$N%&%#%s%I%&$N:8C<$K$"$k$O$:$G$9!#$=$3$r%^%&%9$r%/(B
+$B%j%C%/$7$F2hLL$r%9%/%m!<%k$5$;$k$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#(B
+
+>> $B%9%/%m!<%k%P!<$NCf$G%^%&%9$N??Cf$N%\%?%s$r2!$7$F$_$^$7$g$&!#%\%?%s(B
+   $B$r2!$7$?0LCV$G7h$^$kJ8>O$N0LCV$^$G2hLL$,%9%/%m!<%k$7$^$9!#(B
+
+>> $B%9%/%m!<%k%P!<$NCf$G??Cf$N%\%?%s$r2!$7$?$^$^%^%&%9$r>e2<$KF0$+$7$F(B
+   $B$_$^$7$g$&!#$=$l$K9g$;$F2hLL$,%9%/%m!<%k$9$k$N$,J,$k$O$:$G$9!#(B
+
+
+$B!v(B Emacs $B$,%O%s%0$7$?;~!JF0$+$J$/$J$C$?;~!K(B
+==========================================
+
+$B$b$7(B Emacs $B$,%3%^%s%I$KH?1~$7$J$/$J$C$?$i!"(BC-g $B$r%?%$%W$9$k$3$H$G(BEmacs 
+$B$r0BA4$K;_$a$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(BC-g $B$G$H$F$b;~4V$N$+$+$k%3%^%s%I$r;_$a$k(B
+$B$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
+
+C-g $B$O$^$?!"?tCM0z?t$r<h$j;_$a$?$j!"#2$D0J>e$N%-!<F~NO$rI,MW$H$9$k(B
+$B%3%^%s%I$rF~NO$7$F$$$k:GCf$K$=$l$r<h$j;_$a$?$j$9$k$N$K$b;H$($^$9!#(B
+
+>> C-u 100 $B$H%?%$%W$7$F0z?t#1#0#0$r@_Dj$7$F$+$i(B C-g $B$rBG$C$F$_$^$7$g$&!#(B
+   $B$=$l$+$i(B C-f $B$rBG$C$F2<$5$$!#0lJ8;z$7$+?J$^$J$$$O$:$G$9!#$J$<$J$i!"(B
+   C-g $B$G?tCM0z?t$,%-%c%s%;%k$5$l$?$+$i$G$9!#(B
+
+$B4V0c$C$F(B <ESC> $B$r%?%$%W$7$F$7$^$C$?;~$b!"(BC-g $B$G$=$l$r<h$j>C$;$^$9!#(B
+
+
+$B!v;HMQIT2D(B (disabled) $B%3%^%s%I(B
+==================================
+
+$B$$$/$D$+$N%3%^%s%I$O=i?4<T$,4V0c$C$F;H$o$J$$$h$&;HMQIT2D$K$J$C$F$$$^$9!#(B
+
+$B$b$72?$l$+$N;HMQIT2D%3%^%s%I$r%?%$%W$7$?$i!"$=$l$O$I$&$$$&%3%^%s%I$+$,(B
+$BI=<($5$l!"K\Ev$K$=$l$r<B9T$7$?$$$N$+$I$&$+?V$M$i$l$^$9!#(B
+
+$B$b$7K\Ev$K<B9T$7$?$$$N$J$i%9%Z!<%9%-!<$r%?%$%W$7$F2<$5$$!#$b$7<B9T$7$?(B
+$B$/$J$1$l$P(B n $B$H%?%$%W$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
+
+>> <ESC> : $B$H%?%$%W$7$F$_$^$7$g$&!J$3$l$O;HMQIT2D%3%^%s%I$G$9!K!#(B
+   $B$=$l$+$i(B n $B$H%?%$%W$7$^$7$g$&!#(B
+
+
+$B!v%&%#%s%I%&(B
+============
+
+Emacs $B$O4v$D$b$N%&%#%s%I%&$K!"$=$l$>$l8DJL$NJ8>O$rI=<($9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^(B
+$B$9!#$I$&$d$C$FJ#?t$N%&%#%s%I%&$rA`:n$9$k$+$O8eDx@bL@$7$^$9$,!"$3$3$G$O!"(B
+$B$I$&$d$C$FM>J,$J%&%#%s%I%&$r>C$7$F!"85$N0l$D$N%&%#%s%I%&$N>uBV$KLa$k$+(B
+$B$r@bL@$7$^$9!#$=$l$O4JC1$G$9!#(B
+
+	C-x 1	$B%&%#%s%I%&$r#1$D$K$9$k!J$D$^$jB>$N%&%#%s%I%&$rA4It>C$9!K(B
+
+$B$D$^$j(B C-x $B$rBG$C$F$+$i$5$i$K(B 1 $B$rBG$D$N$G$9!#$3$N%3%^%s%I$O%+!<%=%k$N(B
+$B$"$k%&%#%s%I%&$r2hLLA4BN$K9-$2$^$9!#B>$N%&%#%s%I%&$OA4It>C$($^$9!#(B
+
+>> $B%+!<%=%k$r$3$N9T$K;}$C$F$-$F!"(BC-u 0 C-l $B$H%?%$%W$7$F$_$F2<$5$$!#(B
+>> $BB3$$$F(B C-h k C-f $B$H%?%$%W$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
+   $B?7$7$$%&%#%s%I%&$,(B C-f $B%3%^%s%I$N@bL@J8$rI=<($9$k$?$a$K8=$l$k$H$H$b(B
+   $B$K!"$3$N%&%#%s%I%&$,$I$N$h$&$K=L$`$+$r8+$F2<$5$$!#(B
+
+>> C-x 1 $B$H%?%$%W$7$F!"@bL@J8$rI=<($7$F$$$?%&%#%s%I%&$,>C$($k$N$r8+$F2<$5$$!#(B
+
+$B$3$N%3%^%s%I(B (C-x 1) $B$O$3$l$^$G$K3P$($?%3%^%s%I$H$O0[$J$j!"#2$D$N%-!<(B
+$B$+$i$J$j$^$9!#:G=i$N%-!<$,(B Control-x $B$G$9!#$3$N%-!<$O!"B?$/$N%3%^%s%I(B
+$B$r;O$a$k$?$a$N:G=i$N%-!<$G$9!#$=$l$i$N%3%^%s%I$NB?$/$O%&%#%s%I%&!"%U%!(B
+$B%$%k!"%P%C%U%!!"$=$l$i$K4X78$9$k$b$N$rA`:n$9$k$?$a$N$b$N$G!"#2$"$k$$$O(B
+$B#3!"#48D$N%-!<$rI,MW$H$9$k$b$N$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
+
+
+$B!vA^F~$H:o=|(B
+============
+
+$B%F%-%9%H$rF~NO$7$?$1$l$P!"C1$K$=$l$r%?%$%W$7$F2<$5$$!#(BEmacs $B$O!"L\$K8+(B
+$B$($kJ8;z!J(BA, 7, * $BEy!K$r%F%-%9%H$G$"$k$H$_$J$9$N$G!"$=$l$i$O$=$N$^$^A^(B
+$BF~$5$l$^$9!#(B<Return>$B!J2~9T%-!<!K$r%?%$%W$9$l$P2~9TJ8;z$,A^F~$5$l$^$9!#(B
+
+$BD>A0$KF~NO$7$?J8;z$r:o=|$9$k$K$O!"(B<Delete> $B$r%?%$%W$7$^$9!#(B<Delete> $B$O!"(B
+$B%-!<%\!<%I>e$K!V(BDel$B!W$H=q$$$F$"$k%-!<$G$9!#;~$K$O(B <Backspace> $B%-!<$b(B
+<Delete> $B$H$7$FF0:n$7$^$9$,!"$$$D$b$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
+
+$B$h$j0lHLE*$K$O!"(B<Delete> $B$O8=:_%+!<%=%k$N$"$k0LCV$ND>A0$NJ8;z$r:o=|$7(B
+$B$^$9!#(B
+
+>> $BJ8;z$r$$$/$D$+%?%$%W$7!"$=$l$+$i$=$l$i$r(B <Delete> $B$r;H$C$F:o=|$7(B
+   $B$F2<$5$$!#$3$N%U%!%$%k$rJQ99$9$k$3$H$r5$$K$9$kI,MW$O$"$j$^$;$s!#%*(B
+   $B%j%8%J%k$NF~Lg%,%$%I%U%!%$%k$OJQ99$5$l$^$;$s$+$i!#:#8+$F$$$k%U%!%$(B
+   $B%k$O$"$J$?$N$?$a$N%3%T!<$G$9!#(B
+
+$BJ8>O$N0l9T$,2hLL$K<}$^$i$J$$DxD9$/$J$C$?>l9g!"$=$N9T$O2hLL>e$N<!$N9T$X(B
+$B$H7QB3!J(Bcontinued$B!K$5$l$^$9!#2hLL$N1&C<$N(B backslash $BJ8;z(B ("\") $B$O!"$=(B
+$B$N9T$,7QB3$5$l$F$$$k$3$H$rI=$7$F$$$^$9!#(B
+
+>> $B2hLL$N1&C<$^$GJ8>O$rF~NO$7!"$5$i$KF~NO$rB3$1$F2<$5$$!#(B
+   $B7QB39T$,$G$-$k$N$,J,$k$G$7$g$&!#(B
+
+>> <Delete> $B$r;H$C$F2hLL$K<}$^$k$H$3$m$^$G8=:_$N9T$rC;$/$7$F$_$F$/$@$5(B
+   $B$$!#7QB39T$O>C$($^$9!#(B
+
+$B2~9TJ8;z$bB>$NJ8;z$HF1$8$h$&$K:o=|$G$-$^$9!##2$D$N9T$N4V$N2~9TJ8;z$r>C(B
+$B$9$H$=$l$i$N9T$,9g$o$5$j#1$D$N9T$K$J$j$^$9!#$b$7$=$N9g$o$5$C$?9T$,2hLL(B
+$B$NI}$h$j$bD9$$>l9g$O!"7QB39T$H$J$C$FI=<($5$l$^$9!#(B
+
+>> $B%+!<%=%k$r9T$N@hF,$K0\F0$7!"(B<Delete> $B$r%?%$%W$7$F2<$5$$!#8=:_$N9T$,(B
+   $B$=$NA0$N9T$H$D$J$,$j$^$9!#(B
+
+>> <Return> $B$r%?%$%W$7$F!":#:o=|$7$?2~9TJ8;z$r$^$?A^F~$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
+
+Emacs $B$N$[$H$s$I$N%3%^%s%I$O!"7+$jJV$7$N2s?t;XDj$G$-$k$3$H$r;W$$=P$7$F(B
+$B2<$5$$!#$3$l$O!"J8;z$NA^F~$K$D$$$F$bEv$F$O$^$j$^$9!#(B
+
+>> C-u 8 * $B$H%?%$%W$9$k$H(B ******** $B$,A^F~$5$l$^$9!#;n$7$F$_$^$7$g$&!#(B
+
+$B$3$l$G!"(BEmacs $B$G%F%-%9%H$rF~NO$7!"$^$?4V0c$$$r=$@5$9$k$b$C$H$b4pK\E*(B
+$B$JJ}K!$r3X$s$@$3$H$K$J$j$^$9!#J8;z$HF1$8MM$K!"C18l$d9T$b:o=|$9$k$3$H$,$G$-(B
+$B$^$9!#:o=|A`:n$K$D$$$FMWLs$9$k$H<!$N$h$&$K$J$j$^$9!#(B
+
+	<Delete>     $B%+!<%=%k$ND>A0$NJ8;z$r:o=|!J(Bdelete$B!K(B
+	C-d	     $B%+!<%=%k$N$"$kJ8;z$r:o=|!J(Bdelete$B!K(B
+
+	M-<Delete>   $B%+!<%=%k$ND>A0$NC18l$r>C5n!J(Bkill$B!K(B
+	M-d	     $B%+!<%=%k0LCV0J9_$K$"$kC18l$r>C5n!J(Bkill$B!K(B
+
+	C-k	     $B%+!<%=%k0LCV$+$i9TKv$^$G$r>C5n!J(Bkill$B!K(B
+	M-k	     $B%+!<%=%k0LCV$+$iJ8Kv$^$G$r>C5n!J(Bkill$B!K(B
+
+<Delete> $B$H(B C-d $B$KBP$9$k(B M-<Delete> $B$H(B M-d $B$O!"(BC-f $B$H(B M-f $B$G;O$^$C$?N`(B
+$B;w@-$r$^$?3HD%$7$^$9!#$3$3$G(B <Delete> $B$O%3%s%H%m!<%kJ8;z$G$O$"$j$^$;$s(B
+$B$,!"$^$"!"$=$l$O5$$K$7$J$$$G2<$5$$!#(BC-k $B$H(B M-k $B$N4X78$O(B C-e $B$H(B M-e $B$N(B
+$B4X78!J9T$HJ8$NBPHf!K$HF1$8$G$9!#(B
+
+$B0lEY$K#2J8;z0J>e>C$7$?>l9g!"(BEmacs $B$O$=$N>C$7$?%F%-%9%H$rJ]B8$7$F$*$$$F!"(B
+$B$^$?85$KLa$9$3$H$,$G$-$k$h$&$K$7$F$$$^$9!#$3$N!V85$KLa$9!W$H$$$&F0:n$r(B
+$B:FF~!J(Byanking$B!K$H8F$S$^$9!#>C$7$?%F%-%9%H$O!"85$HF1$8>l=j$K$G$b85$H$O(B
+$B0c$&>l=j$K$G$b:FF~$G$-$^$9!#$^$?!"2?EY$b:FF~$7$F%F%-%9%H$N%3%T!<$rJ#?t(B
+$B:n$k$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#:FF~$N$?$a$N%3%^%s%I$O(B C-y $B$G$9!#(B
+
+$B!V>C5n!J(Bkill$B!K!W$H!V:o=|!J(Bdelete$B!K!W$N0c$$$K5$$r$D$1$F2<$5$$!#>C5n$7$?(B
+$B%F%-%9%H$O:FF~$G$-$^$9$,!":o=|$7$?$b$N$O:FF~$G$-$^$;$s!#0lHL$K!"BgNL$N(B
+$B%F%-%9%H$r>C$9%3%^%s%I$O$=$N%F%-%9%H$rJ]B8$7$F$*$-$^$9$,!"0lJ8;z$H$+6u(B
+$BGr9T$d6uGrJ8;z$r:o=|$9$k%3%^%s%I$O:o=|$7$?$b$N$rJ]B8$7$-$^$;$s!#(B
+
+>> $B6u9T$G$J$$9T$N@hF,$K%+!<%=%k$r0\F0$5$;$F2<$5$$!#(B
+   $B$=$l$+$i(B C-k $B$G$=$N9T$N%F%-%9%H$r>C5n$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
+>> $B$b$&0lEY(B C-k $B$r%?%$%W$7$F$/$@$5$$!#$=$N9T$KB3$/2~9TJ8;z$,>C$5$l$k$N(B
+   $B$,J,$j$^$7$?$+!#(B
+
+$B0l2sL\$N(B C-k $B$O$=$N9T$N%F%-%9%H$r>C$7!"#22sL\$N(B C-k $B$O$=$N9T<+?H$r>C$7(B
+$B$F$=$N@h$N9T$r>e$2$F$-$^$9!#(BC-k $B$N?tCM0z?t$N07$$$OFC<l$G$9!#0z?tJ,$N9T(B
+$B!J9T$NFbMF$H9T<+?H!K$r>C$7$^$9!#$3$l$OC1$J$k7+$jJV$7$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#(B
+C-u 2 C-k $B$O#2$D$N9T$H$=$l$>$l$KB3$/2~9TJ8;z$r>C$7$^$9$,!"(BC-k $B$r#2EY%?(B
+$B%$%W$7$F$b$=$&$O$J$j$^$;$s!#(B
+
+$B:G8e$K>C5n$7$?%F%-%9%H$r8=:_%+!<%=%k$,$"$k0LCV$K:FF~$9$k$K$O(B C-y $B$r%?(B
+$B%$%W$7$^$9!#(B
+
+>> $B;n$7$F2<$5$$!#(BC-y $B$r%?%$%W$7$F:G8e$K>C5n$7$?%F%-%9%H$r:FF~$7$^$7$g$&!#(B
+
+C-y $B$O!"$"$J$?$,L5$/$7$?$b$N$r<h$jLa$9$b$N$@$H9M$($^$7$g$&!#(BC-k $B$rB3$1(B
+$B$F<B9T$9$k$H!">C5n$7$?3F9T$OA4It$^$H$a$FJ]B8$5$l$k$N$G!"0l2s$N(B C-y $B$G(B
+$B$=$l$i$N9T$,A4It:FF~$5$l$^$9!#(B
+
+>> C-k $B$r2?EY$+B3$1$F%?%$%W$7$F$_$F2<$5$$!#(B
+
+$B$5$"!">C5n$7$?%F%-%9%H$r:FF~$7$^$7$g$&!#(B
+
+>> C-y $B$r%?%$%W$7$F2<$5$$!#<!$K%+!<%=%k$r?t9T2<$K0\F0$5$;!"$^$?(B C-y $B$r(B
+   $B%?%$%W$7$F2<$5$$!#$I$&$d$C$F%F%-%9%H$r%3%T!<$9$k$+J,$j$^$7$?$M!#(B
+
+$B2a5n$K>C5n$7$?%F%-%9%H$r:FF~$7$?$$$N$K!"JL$N%F%-%9%H$r$=$N8e>C5n$7$?;~(B
+$B$O$I$&$9$l$P$h$$$G$7$g$&!)(B C-y $B$O:G8e$K>C5n$7$?$b$N$r:FF~$7$^$9!#$G$b(B
+$B$=$l$G$h$j0JA0$K>C5n$7$?%F%-%9%H$,$J$/$J$k$o$1$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#$=$&$$$&(B
+$B%F%-%9%H$O(B M-y $B$G:FF~$G$-$^$9!#(BC-y $B$G:G8e$K>C5n$7$?%F%-%9%H$r:FF~$7$?(B
+$BD>8e$K(BM-y $B$r%?%$%W$9$k$H!"$=$N:FF~$5$l$?%F%-%9%H$O$=$l0JA0$K>C5n$7$?$b(B
+$B$N$KJQ99$5$l$^$9!#2?EY$bB3$1$F(B M-y $B$r%?%$%W$9$k$H!"$5$i$KA0$K>C5n$7$?(B
+$B%F%-%9%H$r8F$SLa$;$^$9!#K>$_$N%F%-%9%H$K9T$-Ev$C$?$i!"$=$l$O$=$N$^$^$K(B
+$B$7$FJT=8:n6H$rB3$1$l$P$h$$$N$G$9!#(B
+
+$B$"$k2s?t$@$1(B M-y $B$r7+$jJV$7$?$i!"$^$?:G=i!J$D$^$j:G8e$K>C5n$7$?%F%-%9(B
+$B%H!K$KLa$j$^$9!#(B
+
+>> $B0l9T>C5n$7!"JL$N9T$K9T$C$F$=$N9T$r>C5n$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
+   $B$=$l$+$i(B C-y $B$G#2HVL\!J:G8e!K$K>C5n$7$?9T$r:FF~$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
+   $BB3$$$F(B M-y $B$G$=$N9T$r:G=i$K>C5n$7$?9T$KJQ$($F2<$5$$!#(B
+   M-y $B$rB3$1$I$&$J$k$+8+$F$_$^$7$g$&!##2HVL\$K>C5n$7$?9T$,La$C$FMh$k(B
+   $B$^$G(B M-y $B$r7+$jJV$7!"$5$i$K$b$&2?EY$+(B M-y $B$r$7$^$7$g$&!#(B
+   $B$b$7K>$_$J$i(B M-y $B$K@5$b$7$/$OIi$N?tCM0z?t$rM?$($F$bNI$$$G$7$g$&!#(B
+
+
+$B!v<h$j>C$7(B(UNDO)
+================
+
+$B$b$7!"J8>O$rJQ99$7$?8e$G$=$NJQ99$O4V0c$$$@$C$?$H;W$C$?$i!"<h$j>C$7(B
+$B!J(Bundo$B!K%3%^%s%I(B C-x u $B$G$=$NJQ99$r<h$j>C$9$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
+
+$BDL>o!"(BC-x u $B$O0l$D$N%3%^%s%I$K$h$kJQ99$r<h$j>C$7$^$9!#B3$1$F2?EY$b(B C-x
+u $B$r9T$($P$=$N$?$S$K0l$DA0$N%3%^%s%I$,<h$j>C$7$K$J$j$^$9!#(B
+
+$B$?$@$7$3$l$K$ONc30$,Fs$D$"$j$^$9!#$^$:!"J8>O$rJQ99$7$J$$%3%^%s%I$O<h$j(B
+$B>C$7$K$J$j$^$;$s!#%+!<%=%k0\F0$d%9%/%m!<%k$N%3%^%s%I$,$=$l$KEv$?$j$^$9!#(B
+$B$=$l$+$i!"%F%-%9%HJ8;z$NA^F~!J<+8JA^F~%3%^%s%I!K$O(B 20 $B8D0l$^$H$a$G07$o(B
+$B$l$^$9!#$3$l$O%F%-%9%H$NA^F~$r<h$j>C$9$?$a$N(B C-x u $B$N2s?t$r8:$i$9$?$a(B
+$B$G$9!#(B
+
+>> $B$3$N9T$r(BC-k$B$G>C$7$F2<$5$$!#$=$7$F!"(BC-x u $B$GLa$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
+
+C-_ $B$b<h$j>C$7!J(Bundo$B!K$r9T$J$&%3%^%s%I$G$9!#5!G=$O!"(BC-x u $B$HF1$8$G$9$,!"(B
+$BB3$1$F2?EY$b%?%$%W$9$k>l9g$O$h$jJXMx$G$9!#(BC-_ $B$NLdBj$O!"%-!<%\!<%I$K$h$C(B
+$B$F$O$I$&$d$C$F%?%$%W$9$k$N$+J,$j$E$i$$;v$G$9!#$@$+$i(B C-x u $B$,$"$k$N$G(B
+$B$9!#C<Kv$K$h$C$F$O!"%3%s%H%m!<%k%-!<$r2!$7$?$^$^(B / $B$r%?%$%W$9$k$H(B C-_ 
+$B$r%?%$%W$7$?$3$H$K$J$j$^$9!#(B
+
+C-_ $B$d(B C-x u $B$O?tCM0z?t$r7+$jJV$72s?t$H2r<a$7$^$9!#(B
+
+
+$B!v%U%!%$%k(B
+==========
+
+$BJT=8$7$F$$$kJ8>O$r915WE*$JJ*$K$9$k$K$O!"$=$l$r%U%!%$%k$KJ]B8$7$J$1$l$P(B
+$B$J$j$^$;$s!#$5$b$J$$$H!"(BEmacs $B$N=*N;$HF1;~$K$=$l$O$J$/$J$C$F$7$^$$$^$9!#(B
+$BJ8>O$r%U%!%$%k$K%;!<%V!JJ]B8!K$9$k$K$O!"%F%-%9%H$rF~NO$9$kA0$K!"$^$:%U%!(B
+$B%$%k$r3+$+$J$1$l$P$J$j$^$;$s!J%U%!%$%k$r(B "visit" $B$9$k$H$b8@$$$^$9!K!#(B
+
+$B%U%!%$%k$r3+$/$H$O!"$=$N%U%!%$%k$NCf?H$r(B Emacs $B$G8+$k$3$H$r0UL#$7$^$9!#(B
+$B?'!9$J0UL#$G!"$=$l$O$"$J$?$,%U%!%$%k<+?H$rJT=8$7$F$$$k$+$NMM$G$9!#$7$+(B
+$B$7!"(BEmacs $B$G9T$&JQ99$O%U%!%$%k$r%;!<%V$9$kKx$O915WE*$J$b$N$H$J$j$^$;$s!#(B
+$B$3$l$O!"$=$l$rK>$^$J$$$N$K!"ESCf$^$GJQ99$7$?%U%!%$%k$,;D$k$N$rHr$1$k$?(B
+$B$a$G$9!#%;!<%V$7$?8e$G$5$(!"JQ99$7$?$b$N$,4V0c$C$F$$$?;~$N$?$a$K!"85$N(B
+$B%U%!%$%k$OL>A0$rJQ$($F;D$5$l$^$9!#(B
+
+$B2hLL$N0lHV2<6a$/$K!"(B"-J:-- TUTORIAL.ja" $B$NMM$JJ8;zNs$G;O$^$j(B "----" $B$G(B
+$B=*$C$F$$$k9T$,$"$k$O$:$G$9!#DL>o$O2hLL$N$3$NItJ,$K8=:_3+$$$F$$$k%U%!%$(B
+$B%k$NL>A0$,I=<($5$l$F$$$^$9!#:#$O(B "TUTORIAL.ja" $B$H$$$&L>$N%U%!%$%k!J$3(B
+$B$l$O(B Emacs $BF~Lg%,%$%I$N$"$J$?MQ$N%3%T!<$G$9!K$r3+$$$F$$$^$9!#(BEmacs $B$G(B
+$B%U%!%$%k$r3+$/$H$=$N%U%!%$%k$NL>A0$,$3$NItJ,$K8=$l$^$9!#(B
+
+$B%U%!%$%k$r3+$/$?$a$N%3%^%s%I$O$3$l$^$G3X$s$@$b$N$H$O0c$$!"%U%!%$%k$NL>(B
+$BA0$r;XDj$7$J$1$l$P$J$j$^$;$s!#$3$l$r!"%3%^%s%I$,!VC<Kv$+$i0z?t$rFI$_9~(B
+$B$`!W$H8@$$$^$9!#:#$N>l9g$O0z?t$O%U%!%$%kL>$G$9!#<!$N%3%^%s%I(B
+
+	C-x C-f   Find a file
+
+$B$r%?%$%W$9$k$H!"(BEmacs $B$O%U%!%$%kL>$rJ9$$$F$-$^$9!#%?%$%W$7$?%U%!%$%kL>(B
+$B$O2hLL$N:G2<9T$KI=<($5$l$^$9!#$3$N:G2<9T$O!"$3$&$$$&F~NO$N$?$a$K;H$C$F(B
+$B$$$k;~$O!"%_%K%P%C%U%!$H8F$S$^$9!#DL>o$NJT=8%3%^%s%I$G%U%!%$%kL>$rJT=8(B
+$B$9$k$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#(B
+
+$B%U%!%$%kL>$NF~NOCf!J$"$k$$$O$=$NB>$N%_%K%P%C%U%!F~NOCf!K$K(B C-g $B$K$h$C(B
+$B$F%3%^%s%I$r%-%c%s%;%k$G$-$^$9!#(B
+
+>> C-x C-f $B$r%?%$%W$7$F$+$i(B C-g $B$r%?%$%W$7$F$_$^$7$g$&!#%_%K%P%C%U%!$,(B
+   $B<h$j>C$5$l!"$=$l$r;H$C$F$$$?%3%^%s%I(B C-x C-f $B<+BN$b<h$j>C$5$l$^$9!#(B
+   $B$@$+$i!"%U%!%$%k$O2?$b3+$+$l$^$;$s!#(B
+
+$B%U%!%$%kL>$rF~NO$7$?$i!"(B<Return>$B%-!<$r%?%$%W$7F~NO$r40N;$5$;$^$9!#$=$&(B
+$B$9$k$H!"(BC-x C-f $B%3%^%s%I$,Av$j;O$a;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k$r3+$-$^$9!#%_%K%P%C(B
+$B%U%!$O(B C-x C-f $B%3%^%s%I$N=*N;$H$H$b$K>C$($^$9!#(B
+
+$B%U%!%$%k$NFbMF$,2hLL$KI=<($5$l$k$H!"$=$NFbMF$rJQ99$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
+$B2C$($?JQ99$r915WE*$J$b$N$K$7$?$1$l$P!"<!$N%3%^%s%I$r%?%$%W$7$^$9!#(B
+
+	C-x C-s   Save the file
+
+$B$3$l$O(B Emacs $B$,J];}$7$F$$$kJ8>O$r%U%!%$%k$K%3%T!<$7$^$9!#=i$a$F$3$l$r(B
+$B<B9T$9$k$H$-$O!"85$N%U%!%$%k$r?7$7$$L>A0$KIU$1BX$($k$N$G!"$=$NFbMF$O<:(B
+$B$o$l$^$;$s!#$=$N?7$7$$L>A0$O85$N%U%!%$%k$NL>A0$N:G8e$K(B'~'$B$r$D$1$?$b$N(B
+$B$G$9!#(B
+
+$B%;!<%V$,=*$o$k$H!"%;!<%V$7$?%U%!%$%k$NL>A0$,I=<($5$l$^$9!#3d$HIQHK$K%;!<(B
+$B%V$7$?J}$,NI$$$G$7$g$&!#%7%9%F%`$,Mn$A$F$b$;$C$+$/$N:n6H$,%Q%"$K$J$i$J(B
+$B$$$h$&$K!#(B
+
+>> C-x C-s $B$H%?%$%W$7$F$3$NF~Lg%,%$%I$N%3%T!<$r%;!<%V$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
+   $B2hLL:G2<CJ$K(B "Wrote ...TUTORIAL.ja" $B$HI=<($5$l$^$9!#(B
+
+$BCm0U!'%7%9%F%`$K$h$C$F$O(B C-x C-s $B$H%?%$%W$9$k$H2hLL$,F0$+$J$/$J$j(B 
+Emacs $B$,I=<($7$h$&$H$9$k$b$N$,2?$b2hLL$K=P$J$/$J$j$^$9!#$3$l$O!"%U%m!<(B
+$B%3%s%H%m!<%k$H8F$P$l$k#O#S$N5!G=$,(B C-s $B$rB*$(!"(BEmacs $B$KEO$5$J$$$h$&$K(B
+$B$7$F$$$k$N$G$9!#$3$l$r2r=|$9$k$K$O(B C-q $B$r%?%$%W$7$^$9!#$=$l$+$i(B Emacs 
+$B%^%K%e%"%k$N(B "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search ($BCN$i$L4V$K%$%s(B
+$B%/%j%a%s%?%k%5!<%A$K$J$k(B)" $B$N@a$rFI$s$G$/$@$5$$!#$3$N$d$C$+$$$J#O#S$N(B
+$B5!G=$K$I$&BP=h$9$l$PNI$$$+$,:\$C$F$$$^$9!#(B
+
+$B4{B8$N%U%!%$%k$r3+$-!"FbMF$r8+!"JT=8$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#B8:_$7$J$$%U%!(B
+$B%$%k$r3+$/$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#(BEmacs $B$G?7$7$$%U%!%$%k$r:n$k$K$O<!$N$h$&$K$7(B
+$B$^$9!#%U%!%$%k$r3+$-$^$9!#:G=i$O6u$C$]$G$9$M!#J8>O$rF~NO$7$F$$$-$^$9!#(B
+$B%U%!%$%k$r%;!<%V$7$h$&$H$7$?;~$K=i$a$F?7$7$$%U%!%$%k$,:n$i$l!":#$^$GF~(B
+$BNO$7$?FbMF$,$=$l$K=q$-9~$^$l$^$9!#$=$l0J9_$O!"$"$J$?$O4{B8$N%U%!%$%k(B
+$B!J$?$C$?:#:n$i$l$?%U%!%$%k!K$rJT=8$7$F$$$k$H;W$C$F2<$5$$!#(B
+
+
+$B!v%P%C%U%!(B
+==========
+
+$B#2$DL\$N%U%!%$%k$r(B C-x C-f $B$G3+$$$F$b!":G=i$N%U%!%$%k$O(B Emacs $BFbIt$K;D$C(B
+$B$?$^$^$G$9!#$=$C$A$N%U%!%$%k$KLa$k$K$O$b$&0lEY(B C-x C-f $B$G$=$N%U%!%$%k(B
+$B$r3+$1$P$h$$$N$G$9!#$3$&$d$C$F!"4v$D$b$N%U%!%$%k$r(B Emacs $B$G3+$/$3$H$,(B
+$B$G$-$^$9!#(B
+
+>> "foo" $B$H$$$&L>$N%U%!%$%k$r:n$j$^$7$g$&!#(BC-x C-f foo <Return> $B$G$9!#(B
+   $B2?$+J8>O$rF~$l!"JT=8$7!"(BC-x C-s $B$G(B "foo" $B$r%;!<%V$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
+   $B:G8e$K(B C-x C-f TUTORIAL.ja <Retrun> $B$H%?%$%W$7(B
+   $BF~Lg%,%$%I$KLa$j$^$7$g$&!#(B
+   
+Emacs $B$O%U%!%$%k$NFbMF$r%P%C%U%!!J(Bbuffer$B!K$H8F$P$l$k$b$N$NCf$K3JG<$7$F(B
+$B$$$^$9!#%U%!%$%k$r3+$/$H?7$7$$%P%C%U%!$,$G$-$^$9!#(BEmacs $B$,8=:_;}$C$F$$(B
+$B$k%P%C%U%!$N%j%9%H$r8+$k$K$O!"<!$N$h$&$K%?%$%W$7$^$9!#(B
+
+	C-x C-b   List buffers
+
+>> C-x C-b $B$r;n$7$F$_$^$7$g$&!#(B
+
+$B3F%P%C%U%!$,$I$s$JIw$KL>A0$d$=$l$,3+$$$F$$$k%U%!%$%k$KBP$9$k%U%!%$%kL>(B
+$B$r;}$C$F$$$k$+8+$F2<$5$$!#%U%!%$%k$r3+$$$F$$$J$$%P%C%U%!$b$"$j$^$9!#$?(B
+$B$H$($P!"(B"*Buffer List*" $B$H$$$&L>$N%P%C%U%!$O$I$s$J%U%!%$%k$b3+$$$F$$$^(B
+$B$;$s!#$3$l$O%P%C%U%!$N%j%9%H$rFbMF$H$9$k%P%C%U%!$G!"(BC-x C-b $B$G:n$i$l$?(B
+$B$b$N$G$9!#(BEmacs $B$N%&%#%s%I%&Fb$K$"$k%F%-%9%H$O$I$l$b!"$$$:$l$+$N%P%C%U%!(B
+$B$N0lIt$G$9!#(B
+
+>> C-x 1 $B$H%?%$%W$7$F%P%C%U%!%j%9%H$r>C$7$^$7$g$&!#(B
+
+$B$"$k%U%!%$%k$NFbMF$K$J$s$i$+$NJQ99$r2C$(!"$=$l$+$iB>$N%U%!%$%k$r3+$$$F(B
+$B$b!":G=i$N%U%!%$%k$O$^$@%;!<%V$5$l$^$;$s!#JQ99$O(B Emacs $B$NFbIt!"$=$N%U%!(B
+$B%$%k$KBP1~$9$k%P%C%U%!$NCf$K;D$C$?$^$^$G$9!##2HVL\$N%U%!%$%k$N%P%C%U%!(B
+$B$r:n$C$?$j!"JT=8$7$?$j$7$F$b!":G=i$N%U%!%$%k$N%P%C%U%!$K$O2?$N1F6A$b$"(B
+$B$j$^$;$s!#$3$l$O$H$F$bLr$KN)$A$^$9$,!":G=i$N%U%!%$%k$N%P%C%U%!$r%;!<%V(B
+$B$9$k2?$+JXMx$JJ}K!$,I,MW$@$H$$$&$3$H$G$b$"$j$^$9!#(B C-x C-s $B$G%;!<%V$9(B
+$B$k$?$a$K(B C-x C-f $B$G85$N%P%C%U%!$KLa$k$N$O$OLq2p$G$9!#$=$3$G<!$N%3%^%s(B
+$B%I$r;H$$$^$9!#(B
+
+     C-x s   $B2?$l$+$N%P%C%U%!$r%;!<%V$9$k(B
+
+C-x s $B$O!"$^$@%;!<%V$7$F$$$J$$JQ99$,$"$k%P%C%U%!$=$l$>$l$K$D$$$F!"$=$l(B
+$B$r%;!<%V$9$k$+$I$&$+$rJ9$$$F$-$^$9!#(B
+
+>> $B0l9T%F%-%9%H$rF~NO$7$F$+$i(B C-x s $B$H%?%$%W$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
+   TUTORIAL.ja $B$H$$$&%P%C%U%!$r%;!<%V$9$k$+$I$&$+J9$$$F$/$k$O$:$G$9!#(B
+   $B!V$O$$!W$HEz$($k$?$a$K(B "y" $B$H%?%$%W$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
+
+
+$B!v%3%^%s%I$N3HD%(B
+================
+
+Emacs $B$K$O!"%3%s%H%m!<%kJ8;z$d%a%?J8;z$K3dEv$i$l$k$h$j$b$:$C$H$:$C$HB?(B
+$B$/$N%3%^%s%I$,$"$j$^$9!#$3$l$i$r07$&$?$a$K!"3HD%!J(BeXtend$B!K%3%^%s%I$r;H(B
+$B$$$^$9!#$=$l$K$O!"0J2<$N#2$D$N<oN`$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
+
+     C-x     $BJ8;z$K$h$k3HD%!#B3$1$F0lJ8;z$rF~NO$7$^$9!#(B
+     ESC x   $BL>A0$K$h$k3HD%!#B3$1$F%3%^%s%I$NL>A0$rF~NO$7$^$9!#(B
+
+$B$3$l$i$O!"0lHLE*$K$OJXMx$@$1$l$I$b!"$3$l$^$G8+$F$-$?$b$N$[$I$OIQHK$KMQ(B
+$B$$$i$l$J$$%3%^%s%I$G$9!#(BC-x C-f $B!J%U%!%$%k$r3+$/!K$d(B C-x C-s$B!J%U%!%$%k(B
+$B$r%;!<%V!K$O$3$NCg4V$G$9!#B>$K!"(BC-x C-c$B!J(BEmacs $B$r=*N;!K$b$=$&$G$9!#(BC-x
+C-c $B$K4X$7$F$O!"$=$l$^$G$K2C$($?JQ99$,L5$/$J$k$N$r?4G[$9$kI,MW$O$"$j$^(B
+$B$;$s!#(BEmacs $B$r=*N;$5$;$kA0$KJQ99$5$l$?3F%U%!%$%k$r%;!<%V$9$k$+$I$&$+J9(B
+$B$$$F$-$^$9$+$i!#(B
+
+C-z $B$O!V0l;~E*$K!W(B Emacs $B$rH4$1$k%3%^%s%I$G$9!#$^$?F1$8(B Emacs $B%;%C%7%g(B
+$B%s$KLa$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
+
+$B$=$l$,$G$-$k%7%9%F%`>e$J$i!"(BC-z $B$O(B Emacs $B$r!VCfCG!W$5$;$^$9!#$D$^$j(B 
+Emacs $B$r=*N;$9$k$3$H$J$/!"%3%^%s%I%7%'%k$KLa$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#BgJ}$NI8(B
+$B=`E*$J%7%'%k$J$i!"(B`fg' $B%3%^%s%I$b$7$/$O(B `%emacs' $B$K$h$C$F(B Emacs $B$r:F3+(B
+$B$G$-$^$9!#(B
+
+$B!VCfCG!W5!G=$r<BAu$7$F$$$J$$%7%9%F%`$G$O!"(BC-z $B$O(B Emacs $B$N2<$GAv$k%5%V(B
+$B%7%'%k$r:n$j!"B>$N%W%m%0%i%`$rAv$i$;$F$+$i$^$?(B Emacs $B$KLa$k$3$H$,$G$-(B
+$B$k$h$&$K$7$^$9!#$3$N>l9gK\Ev$K(B Emacs $B$+$iH4$1=P$k$o$1$G$O$"$j$^$;$s$N(B
+$B$G!"%7%'%k%3%^%s%I$N(B `exit' $B$,$=$N%5%V%7%'%k$+$i(B Emacs $B$KLa$kIaDL$N$d(B
+$B$jJ}$G$9!#(B
+
+C-x C-c $B$O%m%0%"%&%H$7$h$&$H;W$&;~$K;H$&$b$N$G$9!#%a!<%k%D!<%k!J(Bmail 
+$B%3%^%s%IEy!K$d$=$NB>$NMM!9$J%"%W%j%1!<%7%g%s%W%m%0%i%`$,5/F0$7$?(B Emacs 
+$B$+$iH4$1=P$k>l9g$K;H$&$N$b@5$7$$;H$$J}$G$9!#$3$l$i$N%W%m%0%i%`$O(B Emacs 
+$B$NCfCG$K$I$&BP=h$7$FNI$$$+CN$i$J$$$G$7$g$&$+$i!#$7$+$7$J$,$i!"IaDL$N>l(B
+$B9g$O!"%m%0%"%&%H$7$h$&$7$J$$8B$j$O(B Emacs $B$r=*N;$5$;$k$h$j$O(B C-z $B$GCfCG(B
+$B$5$;$kJ}$,NI$$$G$7$g$&!#(B
+
+C-x $B%3%^%s%I$O$?$/$5$s$"$j$^$9!#$3$l$^$G$K!"0J2<$r3X$S$^$7$?!#(B
+
+	C-x C-f   $B%U%!%$%k$r3+$/!J(BFind$B!K(B
+	C-x C-s   $B%U%!%$%k$N%;!<%V!J(BSave$B!K(B
+	C-x C-b   $B%P%C%U%!$N%j%9%H%"%C%W(B
+	C-x C-c   Emacs $B$r=*N;(B
+	C-x u	  $B<h$j>C$7(B	
+
+$BL>A0$K$h$k3HD%%3%^%s%I$K$O!"$"$^$j;H$o$J$$$b$N$d!"FCDj$N%b!<%I$G$7$+;H(B
+$B$o$J$$$b$N$,$"$j$^$9!#$?$H$($P(B replace-string $B$G$9$,!"$3$l$OJ8;zNs$rCV(B
+$B49$9$k$b$N$G$9!#(BM-x $B$r%?%$%W$9$k$H!"(BEmacs $B$O2hLL$N:G2<9T$K(B M-x $B$HI=<((B
+$B$7F~NO$rB%$9$N$G!"$=$3$K%3%^%s%I$NL>A0!J$3$N>l9g(B "replace-string"$B!K$r(B
+$BF~$l$J$1$l$P$J$j$^$;$s!#(B"repl s<TAB>" $B$H$@$1%?%$%W$9$k$H(B Emacs $B$,%3%^(B
+$B%s%IL>$rJd40$7$F$/$l$^$9!#%3%^%s%IL>$rF~$l$?$i(B <Return> $B$rBG$C$F2<$5$$!#(B
+
+"Replace string" $B%3%^%s%I$K$O0z?t$,Fs$DI,MW$G$9!#$I$NJ8;zNs$r$I$&CV49(B
+$B$9$k$+$G$9!#3F0z?t$rF~NO$9$k$?$S$K(B <Return> $B$rBG$C$F2<$5$$!#(B
+
+
+>> $B%+!<%=%k$r$3$3$+$i#29T2<$N6u9T$K0\F0$5$;$F2<$5$$!#(B
+   M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>Altered<Return> $B$H%?%$%W$7$^$7$g$&!#(B
+
+   $B$3$N9T$,$I$&JQ$o$k$+(B(changed)$B8+$^$7$g$&!#$"$J$?$O%+!<%=%k0J9_A4It$N(B 
+   c-h-a-n-g-e-d $B$H$$$&8l$r(B "altered" $B$KJQ$($?$N$G$9!#(B
+
+
+$B!v<+F0%;!<%V(B
+============
+
+$B%U%!%$%k$KJQ99$r2C$($F$^$@%;!<%V$7$F$$$J$$>l9g!"$=$l$i$NJQ99$O7W;;5!$,(B
+$B%/%i%C%7%e$9$k$H<:$o$l$F$7$^$&2DG=@-$,$"$j$^$9!#$=$&$$$&;vBV$rHr$1$k$?(B
+$B$a!"JT=8Cf$N3F%U%!%$%k$K$D$$$F<+F0%;!<%V%U%!%$%k$,Dj4|E*$K=q$+$l$^$9!#(B
+$B<+F0%;!<%V%U%!%$%k$OF,$H$*?,$K(B # $B$,IU$$$F$$$^$9!#Nc$($P(B "hello.c" $B$H$$(B
+$B$&%U%!%$%k$N<+F0%;!<%V%U%!%$%k$O(B "#hello.c#" $B$G$9!#DL>o$NJ}K!$G%U%!%$(B
+$B%k$r%;!<%V$7$?$H$-$K!"$=$&$$$&<+F0%;!<%V%U%!%$%k$O>C$5$l$^$9!#(B
+
+$B7W;;5!$,%/%i%C%7%e$7$?>l9g!"<+F0%;!<%V$5$l$?JT=8$r2sI|$5$;$k$3$H$,$G$-(B
+$B$^$9!#IaDL$K%U%!%$%k!JJT=8$7$F$$$?$b$N$G!"<+F0%;!<%V%U%!%$%k$8$c$"$j$^(B
+$B$;$s!K$r3+$-!"$=$l$+$i(B M-x recover file<Return> $B$H%?%$%W$9$k$N$G$9!#3N(B
+$BG'$r5a$a$F$-$^$9$N$G!"(Byes<Return> $B$H%?%$%W$7<+F0%;!<%V$5$l$?%G!<%?$r2s(B
+$BI|$7$^$9!#(B
+
+
+$B!v%(%3!<%(%j%"(B
+==============
+
+$B$b$7$f$C$/$j$H%3%^%s%I$rBG$C$?$J$i$P!"2hLL$N2<$N%(%3!<%(%j%"$H8F$P$l(B
+$B$k>l=j$KBG$C$?$b$N$,I=<($5$l$^$9!#%(%3!<%(%j%"$O2hLL$N:G2<9T$G$9!#(B
+
+
+$B!v%b!<%I%i%$%s(B
+==============
+
+$B%(%3!<%(%j%"$N$9$0>e$N9T$O!"%b!<%I%i%$%s$H8F$S$^$9!#%b!<%I%i%$%s$O$3$s$JIw$K8+$($k$G$7$g$&!#(B
+
+-J:**  TUTORIAL.ja       (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
+
+$B$3$N9T$O(B Emacs $B$N>uBV5Z$SJT=8Cf$NJ8>O$K$D$$$FM-1W$J>pJs$rM?$($F$/$l$^(B
+$B$9!#(B
+
+$B%U%!%$%kL>$K$D$$$F$O$b$&J,$C$F$$$^$9$M!#$=$l$O$"$J$?$,3+$$$?%U%!%$%k$G(B
+$B$9!#(B-NN%-- $B$OJ8>OCf$N8=:_0LCV$r<($7$F$$$^$9!#J8>O$N(B NN% $B$,2hLL:G>eCJ$h(B
+$B$jA0$K$"$k$H$$$&$3$H$G$9!#$b$7J8>O$N:G=i$N9T$,2hLL$K$"$k;~$K$O(B --00%-- 
+$B$NBe$j$K(B --Top-- $B$HI=<($7$^$9!#$b$7J8>O$N:G8e$N9T$,2hLL$K$"$k;~$K$O(B 
+--Bot-- $B$HI=<($7$^$9!#$b$72hLL$KA4It<}$^$C$F$7$^$&$h$&$JC;$$J8>O$r8+$F(B
+$B$$$k$H$-$K$O(B --All-- $B$HI=<($7$^$9!#(B
+
+$B3g8L$K0O$^$l$?ItJ,$O$I$&$JJT=8%b!<%I$K$$$k$+$r<($7$^$9!#%G%U%)%k%H$O(B 
+"Fundamental" $B$H$$$&%b!<%I!"$3$l$,8=:_$N%b!<%I$G$9!#$3$l$O!V%a%8%c!<%b!<(B
+$B%I!J(Bmajor mode$B!K!W$N0lNc$G$9!#(B
+
+Emacs $B$K$OB?$/$N<oN`$N%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$,$"$j$^$9!#(BLisp mode $B$d(BText mode 
+$B$N$h$&$K!"$I$s$J%W%m%0%i%`8@8l$d$I$s$J<oN`$NJ8>O$rJT=8Cf$+$r0UL#$9$k$b(B
+$B$N$b$"$j$^$9!#$$$D$G$bI,$:$$$:$l$+$N%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$N>uBV$K$J$C$F$$$^$9!#(B
+$B$I$N%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$K$$$k$N$+$O!"%b!<%I%i%$%s$N8=:_$O(B "Fundamental" $B$H(B
+$BI=<($7$F$$$kItJ,$r8+$l$PJ,$j$^$9!#(B
+
+$B3F%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$O4v$D$+$N%3%^%s%I$K0[$J$k?6$kIq$$$r$5$;$^$9!#Nc$($P!"(B
+$B%W%m%0%i%`%j%9%HCf$K%3%a%s%H$rF~$l$k$?$a$N%3%^%s%I$,$"$j$^$9!#%3%a%s%H(B
+$B$N7A<0!J%7%s%?%C%/%9!K$O!"%W%m%0%i%`8@8l$K$h$C$F0[$J$j!"%a%8%c!<%b!<%I(B
+$B$O!"$=$l$KBP1~$9$k8@8l$K9g$C$?7A<0$G%3%a%s%H$rA^F~$7$^$9!#3F%a%8%c!<%b!<(B
+$B%I$O3HD%%3%^%s%I$NL>A0$K$J$C$F$$$^$9!#$D$^$j$=$N3HD%%3%^%s%I$r;H$C$F%a(B
+$B%8%c!<%b!<%I$r@Z$j49$($k$N$G$9!#Nc$($P!"(BM-x fundamental-mode $B$H$$$&$N(B
+$B$O(B Fundamental $B%b!<%I$K@Z$j49$($k$?$a$N%3%^%s%I$G$9!#(B
+
+$B$b$7!"DL>o$N1Q8l$dF|K\8l$NJ8>O!J$3$N%U%!%$%k$N$h$&$J!K$rJT=8$9$k$N$J$i(B
+$B$P!"(BText mode $B$r;H$$$^$7$g$&!#(B
+
+>> M-x text-mode <Retuen> $B$H%?%$%W$7$F$_$F2<$5$$!#(B
+
+$B?4G[$7$J$$$G!#$3$l$^$G3X$s$@%3%^%s%I$O$?$$$7$FJQ$o$j$^$;$s$+$i!#$@$1$I!"(B
+M-f $B$d(B M-b $B$,%"%]%9%H%m%U%#(B "'" $B$rC18l$N0lIt$@$H2r<a$9$k$h$&$K$J$C$?$N(B
+$B$,J,$k$G$7$g$&!#0JA0$N(B Fundamental $B%b!<%I$G$O(B M-f $B$d(B M-b $B$O(B "'" $B$rC18l(B
+$B$N6h@Z$j$H8+$J$7$F$$$^$7$?!#(B
+
+$B%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$O$3$N$h$&$K:3:Y$J0c$$$r@8$_$^$9!#Bg35$N%3%^%s%I$O$I$N%a(B
+$B%8%c!<%b!<%I$G$bF1$8F/$-$r$7$^$9$,!"<B:]$NF0$-$O>/$7$@$1$3$H$J$k$N$G$9!#(B
+
+$B8=:_$N%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$K$D$$$F$N@bL@J8$r8+$k$K$O(B C-h m $B$H%?%$%W$7$^$9!#(B
+
+>> C-u C-v $B$r0lFsEY$d$C$F$3$N9T$r2hLL$N>e$NJ}$K;}$C$F$$$-$^$7$g$&!#(B
+>> C-h m $B$H%?%$%W$7!"(BText mode $B$H(B Fundamental mode $B$N0c$$$r$_$^$7$g$&!#(B
+>> C-x 1 $B$G(B Text mode $B$N@bL@J8$r2hLL$+$i>C$7$^$7$g$&!#(B
+
+$B%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$,!V%a%8%c!<!W$H$$$&$+$i$K$O!V%^%$%J!<%b!<%I!W$b$"$j$^$9!#(B
+$B%^%$%J!<%b!<%I$O%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$NBe$o$j$K$J$k$b$N$G$O$J$/!"$=$l$r$A$g$C(B
+$B$H$@$1=$@5$9$k$b$N$G$9!#3F%^%$%J!<%b!<%I$O!"%a%8%c!<%b!<%I$dB>$N%^%$%J!<(B
+$B%b!<%I$K1F6A$rM?$($:$K!"$=$l$@$1$r%*%s%*%U$G$-$^$9!#$D$^$j!"%^%$%J!<%b!<(B
+$B%I$rA4$/;H$o$J$+$C$?$j!"0l8D$@$1;H$C$?$j!"$$$/$D$+$rF1;~$K;H$C$?$j$G$-(B
+$B$k$N$G$9!#(B
+
+$BDL>o$NJ8>O$rJT=8$7$F$$$k;~$K$H$F$bJXMx$J%^%$%J!<%b!<%I$N0l$D$K%*!<%H%U%#(B
+$B%k!J(BAuto Fill$B!K%b!<%I$H$$$&$N$,$"$j$^$9!#$3$N%b!<%I$,%*%s$N;~$KJ8>O$r(B
+$BF~NO$7$F$$$C$F9T$rD9$/$7$9$.$?>l9g!"<+F0E*$KC18l$HC18l$N4V$G9T$,J,3d$5(B
+$B$l$^$9!JF|K\8l$N>l9g$O$I$NJ8;z$N4V$G$b!K!#(B
+
+Auto Fill $B%b!<%I$O(B M-x auto-fill-mode<Return> $B$H$d$l$P%*%s$K$G$-$^$9!#(B
+$B$=$l$,%*%s$N>uBV$G(B M-x auto-fill-mode<Return> $B$H$d$l$,%*%U$K$G$-$^$9!#(B
+$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O!"%b!<%I$,%*%U$J$i%*%s$K!"%*%s$J$i%*%U$K$9$k$N$G$9!#$3$&(B
+$B$$$&$N$r!V%b!<%I$r%H%0%k$9$k!W$H8@$$$^$9!#(B
+
+>> M-x auto-fill-mode<Return> $B$H%?%$%W$7$F!"(B "asdf " $B$G;O$^$k9T$rF~NO(B
+   $B$7$F2<$5$$!#9T$,J,3d$5$l$k$^$G2?EY$b(B "asdf " $B$H%?%$%W$7$^$7$g$&!#%9(B
+   $B%Z!<%9$rK:$l$:$K!#(BAuto Fill $B$O%9%Z!<%9$,F~NO$5$l$?;~$N$_F/$-$^$9!#(B
+
+$B1&%^!<%8%s$ODL>o(B 70 $BJ8;z!J%+%i%`!K$G$9$,!"(BC-x f $B%3%^%s%I$G$3$l$rJQ99$9(B
+$B$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#;XDj$NJ8;z?t$r?tCM0z?t$H$7$FM?$($^$9!#(B
+
+>> $B?tCM0z?t(B 20 $B$G(B C-x f $B$r$d$j$^$7$g$&!#(B (C-u 2 0 C-x f)$B!#(B
+   $B$=$l$+$iE,Ev$JJ8>O!J1Q8l!K$rF~NO$7!"(B20 $BJ8;z$G9T$,J,3d$5$l$k$N$r8+$F(B
+   $B$_$^$7$g$&!#$=$l$+$i(B C-x f $B%3%^%s%I$G$^$?%^!<%8%s$r(B 70 $BJ8;z$KLa$7$F(B
+   $B2<$5$$!#(B
+
+$B%Q%i%0%i%U$NESCf$rJQ99$7$F$b(B Auto Fill $B%b!<%I$O$=$l$r<+F0E*$K%U%#%k$7(B
+$BD>$7$O$7$^$;$s!#(B
+$B%Q%i%0%i%U$r%U%#%k$7D>$9$K$O%+!<%=%k$r$=$N%Q%i%0%i%U$NCf$KCV$$$F$+$i(B
+M-q $B$r%?%$%W$7$^$9!#(B
+
+>> $B%+!<%=%k$r$3$N9TD>A0$N%Q%i%0%i%U$K0\F0$5$;(B M-q $B$H%?%$%W$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
+
+$B!v8!:w(B
+======
+
+$BJ8>OCf$NFCDj$NJ8;zNs$r!"A08~$-$K$b8e8~$-$K$bC5$9;v$,$G$-$^$9!#J8;zNs$r(B
+$BC5$9$H$$$&$N$O%+!<%=%k0\F0%3%^%s%I$G$9!#$D$^$j!"<!$K$=$NJ8;zNs$,8=$l$k(B
+$B>l=j$^$G%+!<%=%k$r0\F0$5$;$k$N$G$9!#(B
+
+Emacs $B$N8!:w%3%^%s%I$OB>$NBg35$N%(%G%#%?$N8!:w%3%^%s%I$H$O0[$j!V%$%s%/(B
+$B%j%a%s%?%k!W$G$9!#8!:w$9$kJ8;zNs$r%?%$%W$7$F$$$k$=$P$+$i8!:w$,5/$k$N$G(B
+$B$9!#(B
+
+$B8!:w$r;O$a$k$?$a$N%3%^%s%I$O!"A08~$-$K8!:w$9$k$J$i$P(B C-s$B!"8e8~$-$J$i(B
+C-r $B$G$9!#$^$@$G$9!*!*:#$O$^$@;n$5$J$$$G2<$5$$!#(B
+
+C-s $B$rBG$D$H(B "I-search" $B$H$$$&J8;zNs$,%(%3!<%(%j%"$KI=<($5$l$k$N$,8+$((B
+$B$k$G$7$g$&!#$3$l$O(B Emacs $B$,%$%s%/%j%a%s%?%k8!:w$H$$$&>uBV$K$$$F!"$"$J(B
+$B$?$,C5$7$?$$J8;zNs$rF~NO$9$k$N$rBT$C$F$$$k$N$G$9!#(B<Return> $B$rBG$F$P8!(B
+$B:w$r=*$o$l$^$9!#(B
+
+>> $B$5$F(B C-s $B$H%?%$%W$7$F8!:w$r;O$a$^$7$g$&!#$f$C$/$j$H#1J8;z$:$D(B
+   "cursor" $B$H$$$&C18l$rF~NO$7$^$9!##1J8;zBG$DKh$K%+!<%=%k$,$I$&F0$/$+(B
+   $B8+$^$7$g$&!#(B
+   $B$5$"!"(B"cursor" $B$,#12s8+$D$+$j$^$7$?!#(B
+>> $B$b$&0lEY(B C-s $B$HBG$C$F<!$N(B "cursor" $B$r8+$D$1$^$7$g$&!#(B
+>> $B:#EY$O(B <Delete> $B$r#42sBG$C$F!"%+!<%=%k$NF0$-$r8+$F2<$5$$!#(B
+>> <Return> $B$HBG$C$F8!:w$r=*N;$7$^$7$g$&!#(B
+
+$B2?$,5/$C$?$+J,$j$^$9$+!)%$%s%/%j%a%s%?%k8!:w$G$O!"$"$J$?$,$=$l$^$G$KBG$C(B
+$B$?J8;zNs$,8=$l$k$H$3$m$K9T$3$&$H$7$^$9!#<!$N(B "cursor" $B$K9T$/$K$O$b$&0l(B
+$BEY(B C-s $B$HBG$A$^$9!#$b$7$b$&$=$&$$$&J8;zNs$,L5$+$C$?$i!"%Y%k$r$J$i$7$F(B
+$B8!:w$,8=:_$O<:GT$7$F$$$k$3$H$rCN$i$;$^$9!#(BC-g $B$rBG$F$P8!:w$r=*$o$l$^$9!#(B
+
+$BCm0U!'%7%9%F%`$K$h$C$F$O(B C-s $B$H%?%$%W$9$k$H2hLL$,F0$+$J$/$J$j(B Emacs $B$,(B
+$BI=<($7$h$&$H$9$k$b$N$,2?$b2hLL$K=P$J$/$J$j$^$9!#$3$l$O!"%U%m!<%3%s%H%m!<(B
+$B%k$H8F$P$l$k#O#S$N5!G=$,(B C-s $B$rB*$(!"(BEmacs $B$KEO$5$J$$$h$&$K$7$F$$$k$N(B
+$B$G$9!#$3$l$r2r=|$9$k$K$O(B C-q $B$r%?%$%W$7$^$9!#$=$l$+$i(B Emacs $B%^%K%e%"%k(B
+$B$N(B "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search ($BCN$i$L4V$K%$%s%/%j%a%s%?(B
+$B%k%5!<%A$K$J$k(B)" $B$N@a$rFI$s$G$/$@$5$$!#$3$N$d$C$+$$$J#O#S$N5!G=$K$I$&(B
+$BBP=h$9$l$PNI$$$+$,:\$C$F$$$^$9!#(B
+
+$B%$%s%/%j%a%s%?%k8!:w$NESCf$G(B <Delete> $B$rBG$D$H8!:wJ8;zNsCf$N#1HV8e$m$N(B
+$BJ8;z$,>C$($^$9!#$=$7$F!"%+!<%=%k$O!"A02s$N0LCV$KLa$j$^$9!#$?$H$($P!"(B
+"c" $B$H%?%$%W$7$F:G=i$N(B "c" $B$rC5$7$^$9!#$=$l$+$i(B "u" $B$rBG$D$H:G=i$N(B
+"cu" $B$N>l=j$K%+!<%=%k$,F0$-$^$9!#$=$3$G(B <Delete> $B$rBG$D$H(B "u" $B$r8!:wJ8(B
+$B;zNs$+$i>C$7$F!"%+!<%9%k$O:G=i$K(B "c" $B$,8=$l$?>l=j$KLa$j$^$9!#(B
+
+
+C-s $B$O!"8=:_$N%+!<%=%k0LCV0J9_$K=P$F$/$k8!:wJ8;zNs$rC5$7;O$a$^$9!#$b$7!"(B
+$BJ8>O$NA0$NJ}$rC5$7$?$+$C$?$i!"(BC-r $B$r%?%$%W$7$^$9!#$3$l$^$G$N(B C-s $B$K$D(B
+$B$$$F$N@bL@$O$9$Y$F(B C-r $B$K$bEv$F$O$^$j$^$9!#8!:w$NJ}8~$,H?BP$J$@$1$G$9!#(B
+
+$B!vJ#?t$N%&%#%s%I%&(B
+==================
+
+Emacs $B$NAGE($J5!G=$N0l$D$H$7$F!"0l$D$N2hLL$KF1;~$K$$$/$D$b$N%&%#%s%I%&(B
+$B$rI=<($9$k$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
+
+>> $B%+!<%=%k$r$3$N9T$K;}$C$F$-$F(B C-u 0 C-l $B$H%?%$%W$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
+
+>> $B$=$l$+$i(B C-x 2 $B$H%?%$%W$72hLL$r#2$D$N%&%#%s%I%&$KJ,3d$7$^$7$g$&!#(B
+   $B$I$A$i$N%&%#%s%I%&$b$3$NF~Lg%,%$%I$rI=<($7$F$$$^$9!#%+!<%=%k$O>e$N(B
+   $B%&%#%s%I%&$K$"$j$^$9!#(B
+
+>> C-M-v $B$H%?%$%W$72<$N%&%#%s%I%&$r%9%/%m!<%k$5$;$^$7$g$&!#(B
+   $B!J%a%?%-!<$,$J$$>l9g$O(B ESC C-v $B$H%?%$%W$7$^$9!#!K(B
+
+>> C-x o $B!J(B"o" $B$O(B "other$B!JB>J}!K(B" $B$r0UL#$7$^$9!K$r%?%$%W$72<$N%&%#%s%I(B
+   $B%&$K%+!<%=%k$r0\$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
+>> $B2<$N%&%#%s%I%&$G(B C-v $B$d(B M-v $B$r;H$C$F%9%/%m!<%k$5$;$^$7$g$&!#(B
+   $B$3$3$K=q$$$F$"$k;X<($O>e$N%&%#%s%I%&$GFI$_?J$s$G$/$@$5$$!#(B
+
+>> $B$b$&0lEY(B C-x o $B$H%?%$%W$7!"%+!<%=%k$r>e$N%&%#%s%I%&$KLa$7$^$9!#(B
+   $B%+!<%=%k$O>e$N%&%#%s%I%&$N85$"$C$?0LCV$KLa$j$^$9!#(B
+
+C-x o $B$r;H$C$F%&%#%s%I%&4V$r9T$C$?$jMh$?$j$G$-$^$9!#3F%&%#%s%I%&$O$=$l(B
+$B<+?H$N%+!<%=%k0LCV$rJ];}$7$F$$$^$9$,!"0lEY$K$O0l$D$N%&%#%s%I%&$@$1$,%+!<(B
+$B%=%k$rI=<($7$^$9!#DL>o$NJT=8%3%^%s%I$O3'%+!<%=%k$,$"$k%&%#%s%I%&$KBP$7(B
+$B$FF/$-$^$9!#$=$N%&%#%s%I%&$r(B "selected window ($BA*BrCf$N%&%#%s%I%&(B)" $B$H(B
+$B8F$S$^$9!#(B
+
+C-M-v $B%3%^%s%I$O!"0l$D$N%&%#%s%I%&$GJ8>O$rJT=8Cf$KB>$N%&%#%s%I%&$r;2>H(B
+$B$7$F$$$k;~$KLrN)$A$^$9!#JT=8Cf$N>l=j$K%+!<%=%k$rJ]$C$?$^$^!"(BC-M-v $B$GB>(B
+$B$N%&%#%s%I%&$rFI$_?J$a$F9T$/$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
+
+C-M-v $B$O%3%s%H%m!<%k%a%?J8;z$N0lNc$G$9!#%a%?%-!<$,$"$k>l9g$O!"%3%s%H%m!<(B
+$B%k%-!<$H%a%?%-!<$r2!$7$J$,$i(B v $B$r%?%$%W$7$^$9!#%3%s%H%m!<%k%-!<$H%a%?(B
+$B%-!<$O$I$A$i$r@h$K2!$7$F$b9=$$$^$;$s!#$I$A$i$b$=$N8e$K%?%$%W$5$l$kJ8;z(B
+$B$KBP$9$k=$>~%-!<(B (modifier key) $B$H$7$FF/$/$+$i$G$9!#(B
+
+$B%a%?%-!<$,L5$$>l9g!"(BESC $B%-!<$r;H$$$^$9$,!"$3$N>l9g=gHV$,Bg;v$G$9!#$^$:(B
+ESC $B$r2!$7$F$+$iN%$7$F(B C-v $B$rBG$A$^$9!#(BC-ESC v $B$G$OBLL\$G$9!#$3$l$O(B
+ESC $B$O$=$l<+BN$,0l$D$NJ8;z$G=$>~%-!<$G$O$J$$$+$i$G$9!#(B
+
+>> $B>e$N%&%#%s%I%&$G(B C-x 1 $B$H%?%$%W$72<$N%&%#%s%I%&$r>C$7$^$7$g$&(B
+
+$B!J$b$72<$N%&%#%s%I%&$G(B C-x 1 $B$H%?%$%W$9$k$H>e$N%&%#%s%I%&$,>C$($^$9!#(B
+$B$3$N%3%^%s%I$O!V8=:_<+J,$,$$$k%&%#%s%I%&$@$1$K$7$J$5$$!W$H$$$&$b$N$@$H(B
+$B;W$C$F2<$5$$!#!K(B
+
+$BF1$8%P%C%U%!$rN>J}$N%&%#%s%I%&$KI=<($9$kI,MW$O$"$j$^$;$s!#0lJ}$N%&%#%s(B
+$B%I%&$G(B C-x C-f $B$G%U%!%$%k$r3+$$$F$bB>J}$N%&%#%s%I%&$OJQ2=$7$^$;$s!#3F(B
+$B%&%#%s%I%&$K$*$$$FJL!9$N%U%!%$%k$r3+$/$3$H$,$G$-$k$N$G$9!#(B
+
+>> C-x 4 C-f $B$H%?%$%W$7B3$1$F2?$+<+J,$N%U%!%$%kL>$rF~NO$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
+   <Return> $B$GF~NO$r=*$o$i$;$F2<$5$$!#:#;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k$,2<$N%&%#%s%I(B
+   $B%&$K8=$l$^$9!#%+!<%=%k$b$=$C$A$K0\$j$^$9!#(B
+
+>> C-x o $B$H%?%$%W$7>e$N%&%#%s%I%&$KLa$C$F2<$5$$!#$=$l$+$i(B C-x 1 $B$G2<$N(B
+   $B%&%#%s%I%&$r>C$7$^$7$g$&!#(B
+
+
+$B!v:F5"JT=8%l%Y%k(B (RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS)
+
+$B;~!9!JITK\0U$K!K:F5"JT=8%l%Y%k$H8F$P$l$k>uBV$KF~$k$3$H$,$"$j$^$9!#%b!<(B
+$B%I%i%$%s$N%a%8%c!<%b!<%IL>$r0O$`4]3g8L(B "()" $B$,$5$i$Knl3g8L(B "[]" $B$G0O$^(B
+$B$l$^$9!#Nc$($P!"(B(Fundamental) $B$HI=<($5$l$kBe$o$j$K(B [(Fundamental)] $B$N(B
+$B$h$&$K$J$j$^$9!#(B
+
+$B:F5"JT=8%l%Y%k$+$iH4$1=P$9$K$O(B ESC ESC ESC $B$H%?%$%W$7$^$9!#$3$l$OHFMQ(B
+$B!VH4$1=P$7!W%3%^%s%I$G$9!#M>J,$J%&%#%s%I%&$r>C$7$?$j!"%_%K%P%C%U%!$+$i(B
+$BH4$1$?$j$9$k$N$K$b;H$($^$9!#(B
+
+
+>> M-x $B$H%?%$%W$7%_%K%P%C%U%!$KF~$C$F2<$5$$!#$=$l$+$i(B ESC ESC ESC $B$H%?(B
+   $B%$%W$7H4$1=P$7$F$_$^$7$g$&!#(B
+
+C-g $B$G$O:F5"JT=8%l%Y%k$+$i$OH4$1=P$;$^$;$s!#$3$l$O!"(BC-g $B$,:F5"JT=8%l%Y(B
+$B%kFb$G$N%3%^%s%I$d0z?t$r<h$j>C$9$N$K;H$o$l$F$$$k$+$i$G$9!#(B
+
+
+$B!v$b$C$H$b$C$H%X%k%W(B
+====================
+
+$B$3$NF~Lg%,%$%I$G$O(B Emacs $B$r;H$$;O$a$k$N$K==J,$J>pJs$rDs6!$7$?$D$b$j$G(B
+$B$9!#(BEmacs $B$K$O$"$^$j$K$bB?$/$N5!G=$,$"$k$N$G!"$3$3$G$9$Y$F$r@bL@$9$k$N(B
+$B$OL5M}$G$9!#$=$l$G$bLr$KN)$D5!G=$r$b$C$HB?$/3X$S$?$$$H;W$&?M$N$?$a$K$O!"(B
+Emacs $B$N%3%^%s%I$N@bL@$rFI$`$?$a$N%3%^%s%I$,$"$j$^$9!#$3$l$i$N!V%X%k%W!W(B
+$B%3%^%s%I$O3'(B Control-h $BJ8;z!J%X%k%WJ8;z$H8F$S$^$9!K$G;O$^$j$^$9!#(B
+
+$B%X%k%W5!G=$r;H$&$K$O!"(BC-h $B$KB3$$$F$I$s$J<oN`$N%X%k%W$,I,MW$+$r<($9#1J8(B
+$B;z$r%?%$%W$7$^$9!#$b$7$=$l$9$iJ,$i$J$$>l9g$O(B C-h ? $B$H%?%$%W$7$^$7$g$&!#(B
+$B$I$s$J<oN`$N%X%k%W$rDs6!$G$-$k$+$,<($5$l$^$9!#$b$7!"(BC-h $B$r%?%$%W$7$F$+(B
+$B$i5$$,JQ$o$C$?$i!"(BC-g $B$r%?%$%W$7$F<h$j>C$9$3$H$,$G$-$^$9!#(B
+
+$B!J%5%$%H$K$h$C$F$O(B C-h $BJ8;z$N0UL#$rJQ99$7$F$$$k$+$b$7$l$^$;$s!#%f!<%6(B
+$BA40w$KBP$9$kAm3gE*$J<jCJ$H$7$F$=$s$J$3$H$r$9$k$Y$-$G$O$"$j$^$;$s!#$=$&(B
+$B$$$&>l9g$O%7%9%F%`4IM}<T$KJ86g$r8@$$$^$7$g$&!#$^!"$H$b$+$/!"$b$7(B C-h 
+$B$,2hLL$N2<$NJ}$K%X%k%W$N%a%C%;!<%8$r=P$5$J$1$l$P!"(BF1 $B%-!<$+(B M-x help
+<Return> $B$r;n$7$F$_$F2<$5$$!#!K(B
+
+$B:G$b4pK\E*$J%X%k%W5!G=$O(B C-h c $B$G$9!#(BC-h$B!"$=$l$+$i(B c$B!"$=$7$F%3%^%s%I$N(B
+$BJ8;z<c$7$/$O$=$N%7!<%1%s%9$r%?%$%W$9$k$H!"$=$N%3%^%s%I$K$D$$$F$NC;$$@b(B
+$BL@$rI=<($7$^$9!#(B
+
+>> C-h c Control-p $B$H%?%$%W$7$F$_$^$7$g$&!#(B
+   $B0J2<$N$h$&$J%a%C%;!<%8$,I=<($5$l$k$O$:$G$9!#(B
+
+	C-p runs the command previous-line
+
+$B$3$l$O!V%U%!%s%/%7%g%s$NL>A0!W$rI=<($7$?$N$G$9!#%U%!%s%/%7%g%sL>$O<g$K(B 
+Emacs $B$r%+%9%?%^%$%:$7$?$j3HD%$7$?$j$9$k$N$K;H$o$l$^$9!#$7$+$7!"%U%!%s(B
+$B%/%7%g%sL>$O$=$N%3%^%s%I$,2?$r$9$k$b$N$J$N$+$,J,$k$h$&$KIU$1$i$l$^$9$N(B
+$B$G!"4JC1$J@bL@$H$7$F$b$=$N$^$^Lr$KN)$A$^$9!#0lEY3X$s$@%3%^%s%I$K$D$$$F(B
+$B;W$$=P$9$K$O==J,$G$9!#(B
+
+C-x C-s $B$d!J%a%?%-!<$d%"%k%H%-!<$,$J$$>l9g$N!K(B <ESC> v $B$J$I$NJ#?tJ8;z(B
+$B$N%3%^%s%I$r(B C-h c $B$N8e$K%?%$%W$9$k$3$H$b$G$-$^$9!#(B
+
+$B%3%^%s%I$K$D$$$F$b$C$HB?$/$N>pJs$,M_$7$1$l$P(B C-h c $B$NBe$o$j$K(B C-h k $B$r(B
+$B;H$$$^$9!#(B
+
+>> C-h k Control-p $B$H%?%$%W$7$F$_$^$7$g$&!#(B
+
+Emacs$B$N%&%#%s%I%&$K!"%3%^%s%I$NL>A0$HF1;~$K$=$N5!G=$N@bL@$,I=<($5$l$^(B
+$B$9!#FI$_=*$($?$i!"(BC-x 1 $B$H%?%$%W$7$F%X%k%W$N%F%-%9%H$r>C$7$^$7$g$&!#I,(B
+$B$:$7$b$9$0$K$=$&$9$kI,MW$O$"$j$^$;$s!#%X%k%W%F%-%9%H$r8+$J$,$iJT=8$rB3(B
+$B$1!"$=$l$+$i(B C-x 1 $B$H%?%$%W$7$F$b9=$$$^$;$s!#(B
+
+C-h $B$K$OB>$K$bLr$KN)$D%*%W%7%g%s$,$"$j$^$9!#(B
+
+   C-h f	$B%U%!%s%/%7%g%s$N@bL@!#%U%!%s%/%7%g%sL>$rF~NO$7$^$9!#(B
+
+>> C-h f previous-line<Return> $B$H%?%$%W$7$F$_$^$7$g$&!#(B
+   C-p $B%3%^%s%I$r<B9T$9$k%U%!%s%/%7%g%s$K$D$$$F$N$9$Y$F$N>pJs$rI=<($7(B
+   $B$^$9!#(B
+
+   C-h a	$B%3%^%s%I%"%W%m%]%9(B (command apropos)$B!#%-!<%o!<%I$rF~NO(B
+		$B$9$k$H!"$=$N%-!<%o!<%I$rL>A0$K4^$`A4$F$N%3%^%s%I$r%j%9(B
+		$B%H%"%C%W$7$^$9!#$3$l$i$N%3%^%s%I$OA4$F(B M-x $B$G<B9T$G$-(B
+		$B$^$9!#%3%^%s%I$K$h$C$F$O!"$=$l$rAv$i$;$k$?$a$N#1J8;z$+(B
+		$B#2J8;z$N%7!<%1!<%s%9$bI=<($5$l$^$9!#(B
+
+>> C-h a file<Return> $B$H%?%$%W$7$F$_$F2<$5$$!#(B
+
+"file"$B$H$$$&J8;zNs$rL>A0$N0lIt$K;}$DA4$F$N(B M-x $B%3%^%s%I!J3HD%%3%^%s%I!K(B
+$B$rJL$N%&%#%s%I%&$KI=<($7$^$9!#(B C-x C-f $B$N$h$&$JJ8;z%3%^%s%I$bBP1~$9$k(B
+$BL>A0!J(Bfind-file $B$N$h$&$K!K$KJB$s$GI=<($5$l$^$9!#(B
+
+>> C-M-v $B$H%?%$%W$7%X%k%W$N%&%#%s%I%&$r%9%/%m!<%k$5$;$^$7$g$&!#2?EY$+(B
+   $B$d$C$F2<$5$$!#(B
+
+>> C-x 1 $B$G%X%k%W%&%#%s%I%&$r>C$7$F2<$5$$!#(B
+
+
+$B!v$*$o$j$K(B
+==========
+
+$BK:$l$J$$$G!*(BEmacs $B$r=*N;$9$k$K$O!"(BC-x C-c $B$G$9!#$^$?(B Emacs $B$KLa$C$FMh(B
+$B$i$l$k$h$&$K0l;~E*$K%7%'%k$KLa$k$@$1$J$i(B C-z $B$G$9!#(B
+
+$B$3$NF~Lg%,%$%I$O!"$^$C$?$/$N=i?4<T$K$b$o$+$j$d$9$$$h$&$K$H0U?^$7$F$$$^(B
+$B$9!#$G$9$+$i!"$b$72?$+$o$+$j$K$/$$E@$,$"$C$?$J$i!"<+J,$r@U$a$J$$$GJ86g(B
+$B$r$D$1$F2<$5$$!#(B
+
+
+$B!v$3$NK]LuHG$K$D$$$F$N<U<-(B
+==========================
+
+$B$3$NJ8=q$O(B Emacs Ver.20 $BIUB0$N1Q8lHG$NF~Lg%,%$%I$rF|K\8l$KK]Lu$7$?$b$N(B
+$B$G$9!#$=$N:]!"(BMule $BIUB0$NF|K\8l%,%$%I$r;29M$K$7$^$7$?!#$=$NF|K\8l%,%$(B
+$B%I$O!"85$O(B SANETO Takanori $B;a$,F|K\8l(B MicroEmacs(kemacs) $BF~LgJT$H$7$F(B
+$BK]Lu$5$l!"$=$l$rNkLZM5?.;a(B <[e-mail]> $B$,(BNemacs/Mule $BMQ$KJQ99!"(B
+$B$5$i$K5HEDLP<y;a$,=$@5$5$l$?$b$N$G$9!#$3$l$i$NJ}!9$K?<$/46<U$7$^$9!#(B
+
+
+$B!vCx:n8"I=<((B
+============
+
+$B$3$3$K85$N1Q8lHG$NCx:n8"I=<($r$=$N$^$^IU$1$^$9!#$3$NK]LuHG$b$3$l$K=>$$(B
+$B$^$9!#(B
+
+This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
+starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
+
+This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
+comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
+
+Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation
+
+   Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
+   of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
+   copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
+   and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
+   for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
+
+   Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
+   of this document, or of portions of it,
+   under the above conditions, provided also that they
+   carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
+
+The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the
+same spirit.  Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of
+GNU Emacs to your friends.  Help stamp out software obstructionism
+("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!
+
+;;; Local Variables:
+;;; coding: iso-2022-jp
+;;; End:

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/TUTORIAL.ko	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,978 @@
+$(C@z@[1G(B (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc;  $(C3!?!4B(B $(C:9;g(B $(CA60G@L(B
+$(C@V@>4O4Y(B.  $(C@P0m(B $(C@V4B(B $(C1[@:(B Emacs $(CAvD'<-@T4O4Y(B.
+
+Emacs $(C8m7I5i@:(B $(C4k03(B $(CA&>n<h(B(CTRL$(C@L3*(B CTL$(C@L6s0m55(B $(CG%=C(B) $(CH$@:(B
+META$(C<h(B(EDIT$(C@L3*(B ALT$(C6s0m55(B $(CG%=C(B)$(C8&(B $(C;g?kGU4O4Y(B.  $(C@L71(B $(C1[<h8&(B $(C8E9x(B $(C4Y(B
+$(C>21b(B $(C:84Y4B(B $(C?l8.4B(B $(C4Y@=0z(B $(C00@:(B $(C>`=D(B $(CG%Gv@;(B $(C>21b7N(B $(CGU=C4Y(B:
+
+ C-<$(C9.@Z(B>  $(CA&>n<h8&(B $(C4)8%(B $(CC$(B <$(C9.@Z(B> $(C1[<h8&(B $(CD(4O4Y(B.  $(CAo(B, C-f$(C4B(B $(CA&>n<h8&(B
+	   $(C4)8%(B $(C;sEB?!<-(B f $(C1[<h8&(B $(CD!4B(B $(C0M@;(B $(C8;GU4O4Y(B.
+ M-<$(C9.@Z(B>  META$(C<h3*(B EDIT$(C<h(B $(CH$@:(B $(C13C<<h(B(ALT)$(C8&(B $(C4)8%(B $(CC$(B <$(C9.@Z(B> $(C1[<h8&(B
+	   $(CD(4O4Y(B. META$(C<h(B, EDIT$(C<h(B $(CH$@:(B $(C13C<<h0!(B $(C>x@88i(B $(C3*?H<h(B(ESC)$(C8&(B
+	   $(C4-764Y(B $(C3u@:(B $(CHD(B <$(C9.@Z(B> $(C1[<h8&(B $(CD(4O4Y(B.  $(C3*?H<h4B(B <ESC>$(C@L6s0m(B
+	   $(C>21b7N(B $(CGU4O4Y(B.
+
+$(C@/@G(B:  C-x C-c$(C8&(B $(CD!8i(B Emacs$(C8&(B $(CA>7aGR(B $(C<v(B $(C@V@>4O4Y(B.  ($(C5N(B $(C9.@Z(B.)
+$(C?^BJ(B $(CGQ0h(B(margin)$(C?!(B $(C@V4B(B $(C9.@Z(B ">>"$(C4B(B $(C56@Z0!(B $(C8m7I@;(B $(C=GG`GX(B $(C:8557O(B
+$(CGO0m@Z(B $(CGT@;(B $(CAv=CGU4O4Y(B. $(C?98&(B $(C5i>n(B:
+<<help-with-tutorial$(C@L(B $(C=C@[GO8i<-(B $(C?)1b?!(B $(C:s(B $(CAY@L(B $(C3"?vA3@=(B>>
+>> $(C4Y@=(B $(CH-8i@87N(B $(C?rAw@L1b(B $(C@'GX<-4B(B C-v ($(C4Y@=(B $(CH-8i(B $(C:81b(B)$(C8&(B $(CD(4O4Y(B.
+	($(CGX(B $(C:8=J=C?@(B. $(CA&>nE08&(B $(C4)8%(B $(CC$(B v $(C1[<h8&(B $(CD!8i(B $(C5K4O4Y(B.)
+	$(CAv1]:NEM4B(B $(CGQ(B $(CH-8i@;(B $(C4Y(B $(C@P>z@;(B $(C6'864Y(B $(C@L780T(B $(CGX>_(B $(CGU4O4Y(B.
+
+$(CGQ(B $(CH-8i?!<-(B $(C4Y8%(B $(CH-8i@87N(B $(C?rAw@O(B $(C6'(B $(C5N(B $(CAY@L(B $(C0cD#4Y4B(B $(C0M@;(B
+$(C@/@GGO=J=C?@(B; $(C@L4B(B $(CGQ(B $(C9.@e@;(B $(C0h<SGX<-(B $(C@P@;(B $(C<v(B $(C@V557O(B $(CGO1b(B
+$(C@'GT@T4O4Y(B.
+
+$(CC99xB07N(B $(C@MGt>_(B $(CGO4B(B $(C0M@:(B $(C9.@e@G(B $(CGQ(B $(C0w?!<-(B $(C4Y8%(B $(C0w@87N(B $(C?rAw@L4B(B
+$(C0M@T4O4Y(B.  C-v$(C7N(B $(CGQ(B $(CH-8i@;(B $(C>UBJ@87N(B $(C?rAw@L4B(B $(C0M@:(B $(C@L9L(B $(C>K0m(B $(C@V@>4O4Y(B.
+$(C5^BJ@87N(B $(CGQ(B $(CH-8i@;(B $(C?rAw@L1b(B $(C@'GX<-4B(B M-v$(C8&(B (META$(C<h8&(B $(C4)8%C$(B v $(C1[<h8&(B
+$(CD!0E3*(B, META$(C<h3*(B EDIT$(C<h(B, $(CH$@:(B $(C13C<<h0!(B $(C>x@;(B $(C0f?l(B <ESC>v$(C8&(B $(CD(4O4Y(B).
+
+>> $(C8n(B $(C9x(B M-v$(C?M(B C-v$(C8&(B $(C9x0%>F(B $(CCD(B $(C:8=J=C?@(B.
+
+
+* $(C?d>`(B
+------
+
+$(C4Y@=@:(B $(C@|C<H-8i@;(B $(C:84B5%(B $(C@/?kGQ(B $(C8m7I5i@T4O4Y(B:
+
+	C-v	$(CGQ(B $(C@|C<(B $(CH-8i@;(B $(C>UBJ@87N(B $(C?rAw@N4Y(B
+	ESC v   $(CGQ(B $(C@|C<(B $(CH-8i@;(B $(C5^BJ@87N(B $(C?rAw@N4Y(B
+	C-l     $(CH-8i@;(B $(CAv?l0m(B $(C8p5g(B $(C1[?y@;(B $(C4Y=C(B $(CH-8i(B $(CG%=CGO8i<-(B
+		 $(C1t:}@L0!(B $(C@V4B(B $(C1[?y@;(B $(CH-8i@G(B $(CA_>S?!(B $(C?@0T(B $(CGQ4Y(B.
+		 ($(CA&>n<h(B-1$(C@L(B $(C>F4O6s(B $(CA&>n<h(B-L$(C@T4O4Y(B.)
+
+>> $(C1t9Z@L8&(B $(CC#>F<-(B $(C1W(B $(C0w@G(B $(C1[?y@;(B $(C1b>oGO=J=C?@(B.
+   $(C1W8.0m4B(B C-l$(C@;(B $(CD!=J=C?@(B.
+   $(C1t9Z@L8&(B $(C4Y=C(B $(CC#>F<-(B $(C00@:(B $(C1[?y@L(B $(C1t9Z@L@G(B $(C1YC3?!(B $(C@V4B0!8&(B
+   $(CH.@NGO=J=C?@(B.
+
+
+* $(C1b:;@{@N(B $(C1t9Z@L@G(B $(CA&>n(B
+------------------------
+
+$(CGQ(B $(CH-8i@;(B $(C?rAw@L4B(B $(C0M@:(B $(C@/?kGU4O4Y88(B $(CH-8i@G(B $(CGQ(B $(C1[?y3;?!<-(B $(C>n6;0T(B
+$(CA$GXAx(B $(C@e<R7N(B $(C?rAw@O(B $(C<v(B $(C@V0Z@>4O1n(B?
+
+$(C@L?!4B(B $(C8n0!Av(B $(C9f9}@L(B $(C@V@>4O4Y(B.  $(C0!@e(B $(C1Y:;@{@N(B $(C9f9}@:(B C-p, C-b, C-f
+$(C1W8.0m(B C-n $(C8m7I@;(B $(C;g?kGO4B(B $(C0M@T4O4Y(B.  $(C0"0"@:(B $(CH-8i?!<-(B $(CA$GXAx(B $(C9fGb@87N(B
+$(CGO3*@G(B $(C0!7ND-@L3*(B $(CGO3*@G(B $(C<<7ND->?(B $(C1t9Z@L8&(B $(C?rAw@T4O4Y(B.
+$(C?)1b?!(B $(C@L(B $(C3W0!Av(B $(C8m7I5i0z(B $(C1W(B $(C?rAw@L4B(B $(C9fGb@;(B $(C:8?)AV4B(B $(CG%0!(B $(C@V@>4O4Y(B.
+
+				$(C5^(B $(CAY(B, C-p
+                                    :
+                                    :
+	$(C5^BJ@87N(B, C-b .... $(CGv@g@G(B $(C1t9Z@L(B $(C@'D!(B .... $(C>UBJ@87N(B, C-f
+                                    :
+                                    :
+			        $(C>U(B $(CAY(B, C-n
+
+>> C-n$(C@L3*(B C-p$(C8&(B $(C=a<-(B $(C1t9Z@L8&(B $(C@'(B $(C55G%@G(B $(C0!?n5%(B $(CAY7N(B $(C?rAw@L=J=C?@(B.
+   $(C1W8.0m4B(B C-l$(C@;(B $(CCD<-(B $(C@L(B $(C55G%0!(B $(CH-8i@G(B $(CA_>S?!(B $(C@'D!GO4BAv8&(B
+   $(CH.@NGO=J=C?@(B.
+
+$(C@L(B $(C8m7I5i@:(B $(C1[@Z7N(B $(C1b>oGO4B(B $(C0M@L(B $(C=,?o(B $(C0M@T4O4Y(B: P$(C4B(B previous, N$(C@:(B
+next, B$(C4B(B backward, F$(C4B(B forward.  $(C@L5i@:(B $(C1b:;@{@N(B $(C1t9Z@L(B $(C@L5?(B
+$(C8m7I@87N<-(B, $(CGW;s(B $(C;g?kGO0T(B $(C5I(B $(C0M@L9G7N(B $(CAv1](B $(C4g@e(B $(C8S8.(B $(C<S?!(B $(C@MGt(B $(C5N4B(B
+$(C0M@L(B $(CAA@>4O4Y(B.
+
+>> C-n$(C@;(B $(C?)7/9x(B $(CCD<-(B $(C1t9Z@L8&(B $(C@L(B $(CAY7N(B $(C0!A.(B $(C?@=J=C?@(B.
+
+>> C-f$(C8&(B $(CCD<-(B $(CAY(B $(C>H?!<-(B $(C@L5?GX(B $(C:80m(B C-p$(C7N(B $(C5^(B $(CAY7N(B $(C0!=J=C?@(B.
+   $(C1t9Z@L0!(B $(CAY@G(B $(CA_0#?!(B $(C@V@;(B $(C6'(B C-p$(C0!(B $(C>n62(B $(C@[?k@;(B $(CGO4B0!(B $(C:8=J=C?@(B.
+
+$(C0"0"@G(B $(CAY@:(B $(C4Y@=?!(B $(C@L>nAv4B(B $(CAY0z(B $(C:P8.GO4B(B $(C;uAY(B $(C9.@Z7N(B $(C3!334O4Y(B.
+$(CFD@O@G(B $(C86Av87(B $(CAY@:(B $(C3!?!(B $(C;uAY(B $(C9.@Z0!(B $(C@V>n>_(B $(CGU4O4Y(B ($(C1W7/3*(B Emacs$(C4B(B $(C@L8&(B
+$(C?d18GOAv(B $(C>J@>4O4Y(B).
+
+>> $(CAY@L(B $(C=C@[GO4B(B $(C0w?!<-(B C-b$(C8&(B $(CCD(B $(C:8=J=C?@(B.  $(C1t9Z@L0!(B $(C5^(B $(CAY@G(B $(C3!@87N(B
+   $(C?rAw?)>_(B $(CGU4O4Y(B.  $(C1W(B $(C@L@/4B(B $(C1t9Z@L0!(B $(C;uAY(B $(C9.@Z8&(B $(C3Q>n<-(B $(C5^BJ@87N(B
+   $(C?rAw@L1b(B $(C6'9.@T4O4Y(B.
+
+C-f$(C55(B C-b$(CC373(B $(C;uAY(B $(C9.@Z8&(B $(C3Q>n<-(B $(C@L5?GR(B $(C<v(B $(C@V@>4O4Y(B.
+
+>> C-b$(C8&(B $(C8n(B $(C9x(B $(C4u(B $(CCD<-(B $(C1t9Z@L0!(B $(C>n5p(B $(C@V4B0!8&(B $(C:80m(B C-f$(C7N(B $(C4Y=C(B $(CAY@G(B
+   $(C3!1nAv(B $(C@L5?GO=J=C?@(B.
+   $(C1W(B $(C4Y@=?!(B C-f$(C7N(B $(C4Y@=(B $(CAY7N(B $(C@L5?GO=J=C?@(B.
+
+$(CH-8i@G(B $(C2@4k1b3*(B $(C9X9Y4Z@;(B $(CAv3*CD<-(B $(C@L5?GO8i(B $(C0!@e@Z8.8&(B $(C9~>n3-(B $(C1[?y@:(B
+$(CH-8i(B $(C>H@87N(B $(C9P7A(B $(C5i>n(B $(C?I4O4Y(B.  $(C@L0M@;(B "$(C5N7g8;1b(B(scrolling)"$(C6s0m(B
+$(CGU4O4Y(B.  $(C@L4B(B Emacs$(C0!(B $(C1t9Z@L8&(B $(CH-8i(B $(C9[@87N(B $(C3;:83;Av(B $(C>J0m(B $(C1[?y@G(B $(CA$GXAx(B
+$(C@e<R7N(B $(C?rAw@O(B $(C<v(B $(C@V557O(B $(CGU4O4Y(B.
+
+>> C-n$(C@87N(B $(C1t9Z@L8&(B $(CH-8i@G(B $(C9X9Y4Z(B $(C>F7!7N(B $(C?rAw?)<-(B, $(C>n62(B $(C@O@L(B
+   $(C9_;}GO4B0!8&(B $(C:8=J=C?@(B.
+
+$(CGQ(B $(C9.@Z>?(B $(C@L5?GO4B(B $(C0M@L(B $(C4@8.8i(B, $(CGQ(B $(C398;>?(B $(C?rAw@O(B $(C<v(B $(C@V@>4O4Y(B.  M-f
+(Meta-f)$(C4B(B $(CGQ(B $(C398;>?(B $(C>UBJ@87N(B, M-b$(C4B(B $(CGQ(B $(C398;>?(B $(C5^BJ@87N(B $(C?rAw@T4O4Y(B.
+
+>> M-f$(C3*(B M-b$(C8&(B $(C8n(B $(C9x(B $(CCD(B $(C:8=J=C?@(B.
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+$(C398;@G(B $(CA_0#?!<-4B(B $(C398;@G(B $(C3!@87N(B $(C?rAw@T4O4Y(B.  $(C398;(B $(C;g@L@G(B $(C0x0#(B
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+($(C>n62(B $(C0w?!<-4B(B C-h$(C@G(B $(C@G9L8&(B $(C:/0f=CDQ(B $(C3u@>4O4Y(B.  $(C1W5i@L(B $(C8p5g(B $(C;g?k@Z?!0T(B
+$(C@L785m(B $(C@O0}@{@N(B $(CA6C38&(B $(CCkGX<-4B(B $(C>J5G4B(B $(C0M@L9G7N(B $(C@L0M@:(B $(C?n?5(B $(CC<0h(B
+$(C0|8.@Z?!0T(B $(C:RFrGR(B $(C<v(B $(C@V4B(B $(CCf:PGQ(B $(C1Y0E0!(B $(C5K4O4Y(B.  C-h$(C0!(B $(CH-8i@G(B $(C9Y4Z?!(B
+$(C55?r(B $(C>K828;@;(B $(CH-8i(B $(CG%=CGOAv(B $(C>J@88i(B $(C:RFr@L(B $(CGX0a5I(B $(C6'1nAv4B(B F1 $(C1[<h3*(B
+M-x help <Return>$(C@;(B $(C4k=E(B $(C;g?kGO557O(B $(CGO=J=C?@(B.)
+
+$(C0!@e(B $(C1b:;@{@N(B $(C55?r8;(B $(CF/B!@:(B C-h c $(C@T4O4Y(B.  C-h$(C8&(B $(CD!0m(B $(C9.@Z(B c$(C8&(B $(CD#(B $(CHD(B
+$(C8m7I(B $(C9.@Z3*(B $(C8m7I(B $(C<xBw(B(sequence)$(C8&(B $(CD!=J=C?@(B; $(C1W7/8i(B Emacs$(C4B(B $(C1W(B $(C8m7I?!(B
+$(C4kGQ(B $(C>FAV(B $(C0#4\GQ(B $(C<38m@;(B $(CH-8i(B $(CG%=CGU4O4Y(B.
+
+>> C-h c $(CA&>n9.@Z(B-p$(C8&(B $(CD!=J=C?@(B.
+   $(C>K828;@:(B $(C4Y@=0z(B $(C00@:(B $(C=D@L>n>_(B $(CGU4O4Y(B.
+
+	C-p runs the command previous-line
+
+$(C@L4B(B "$(C1b4I@G(B $(C@L8'(B"$(C@;(B $(C8;GX(B $(CA]4O4Y(B.  $(C1b4I(B $(C@L8'@:(B Emacs$(C8&(B $(C@Z1b?!0T(B $(C8BCg(B
+$(C>20E3*(B $(CH.@eGR(B $(C6'(B $(CAV7N(B $(C;g?k5K4O4Y(B.  $(C1W7/3*(B $(C1b4I(B $(C@L8'5i@:(B $(C1W(B $(C8m7I@L(B $(C>n62(B
+$(C@O@;(B $(CGO4BAv8&(B $(C>K(B $(C<v(B $(C@V557O(B $(CA$GXAv1b(B $(C6'9.?!(B $(C1W5i@:(B $(C>FAV(B $(C0#4\GQ(B
+$(C9.<-H-7N55(B $(C:@;g5I(B $(C<v(B $(C@V@>4O4Y(B--$(C?)EB1nAv(B $(C9h?n(B $(C8m7I5i@;(B $(C1b>oGO4B5%(B
+$(CCf:PGR(B $(CA$557N(B.
+
+C-x C-s$(C?M(B (META$(C<h3*(B EDIT$(C<h(B $(CH$@:(B $(C13C<<h0!(B $(C@V@88i(B) <ESC>v$(C?M(B $(C00@:(B $(C4YA_(B
+$(C9.@Z(B $(C8m7I5i55(B C-h c$(C@G(B $(C4Y@=?!(B $(C?C(B $(C<v(B $(C@V@>4O4Y(B.
+
+$(CGQ(B $(C8m7I?!(B $(C4kGX(B $(C4u(B $(C@Z<<GQ(B $(CA$:88&(B $(C>r1b(B $(C@'GX<-4B(B C-h c $(C4k=E?!(B C-h k$(C8&(B
+$(C;g?kGO=J=C?@(B.
+
+>> C-h k $(CA&>n9.@Z(B-p$(C8&(B $(CCD(B $(C:8=J=C?@(B.
+
+$(C@L4B(B $(C1W(B $(C1b4I@G(B $(C@L8'0z(B $(CGT22(B $(C1W(B $(C9.<-H-8&(B Emacs $(CC"?!(B $(CH-8i(B $(CG%=CGU4O4Y(B.
+$(CCb7B5H(B $(C0M@;(B $(C4Y(B $(C@P>z@88i(B C-x 1$(C7N(B $(C55?r8;(B $(C1[?y@;(B $(C>x>[4O4Y(B.  $(C4g@e?!(B $(C>x>Y(B
+$(CGJ?d4B(B $(C>x@>4O4Y(B.  $(C55?r8;(B $(C1[?y@;(B $(CB|A6GO8i<-(B $(CFmA}@;(B $(CGO4Y0!(B C-x 1$(C@;(B $(CCD55(B
+$(C5K4O4Y(B.
+
+$(C?)1b?!(B $(C6G4Y8%(B $(C@/?kGQ(B C-h$(C@G(B $(CC_0!(B $(C<1EC@L(B $(C@V@>4O4Y(B:
+
+   C-h f	$(C1b4I(B $(C1b<zGO1b(B.  $(C1b4I(B $(C@L8'@;(B $(CD(4O4Y(B.
+
+>> C-h f previous-line<Return>$(C@;(B $(CCD(B $(C:8=J=C?@(B.
+   $(C1W7/8i(B Emacs$(C0!(B C-p $(C8m7I@L(B $(CA&0xGO4B(B $(C1b4I?!(B $(C4kGQ(B $(C8p5g(B $(CA$:88&(B $(C@N<bGR(B
+   $(C0M@T4O4Y(B.
+
+   C-h a	$(C8m7I(B $(CGY=I>n(B(apropos).  $(CGY=I>n8&(B $(CD!8i(B Emacs$(C0!(B $(C@L(B
+		$(CGY=I>n0!(B $(C5i>n(B $(C@V4B(B $(C8p5g(B $(C8m7I5i@G(B $(C8q7O@;(B $(C@[<:GR(B
+		$(C0M@T4O4Y(B. $(C@L(B $(C8m7I5i@:(B $(C8p5N(B Meta$(C<h(B-x$(C7N(B $(C:N8&(B $(C<v(B
+		$(C@V@>4O4Y(B. $(C>n62(B $(C8m7I5i?!(B $(C4kGX<-4B(B $(C00@:(B $(C8m7I@;(B $(C=GG`GO4B(B,
+		$(CGQ5N03@G(B $(C9.@Z7N(B $(C5H(B $(C<xBw?!(B $(C4kGQ(B $(C8q7O55(B $(C8m7I(B $(CGY=I>n0!(B
+		$(C@[<:GU4O4Y(B.
+
+>> C-h a file<Return>$(C@;(B $(CCD(B $(C:8=J=C?@(B.
+
+$(C1W7/8i(B $(C@L8'?!(B "file"$(C@L(B $(C5i>n(B $(C@V4B(B $(C8p5g(B M-x $(C8m7I5i@G(B $(C8q7O@L(B $(C@[<:5G?)(B
+$(C4Y8%(B $(CC"?!(B $(CH-8i(B $(CG%=C5K4O4Y(B.  find-file$(C0z(B $(C00@:(B $(C8m7I5i?!4B(B C-x C-f$(C?M(B $(C00@:(B
+$(C9.@Z(B $(C8m7I@G(B $(C8q7O@L(B $(CGX4gGO4B(B $(C8m7I@G(B $(C?7?!(B $(C@[<:5G>n(B $(C@V4B(B $(C0M@;(B $(C:<(B  $(C<v(B $(C@V@;(B
+$(C0M@T4O4Y(B.
+
+>> C-M-v$(C8&(B $(CCD<-(B $(C55?r8;(B $(CC"@;(B $(C5N7g8;1b(B $(CGO=J=C?@(B.  $(C@L8&(B $(C8n(B $(C9x(B $(CGO=J=C?@(B.
+
+>> C-x 1$(C@;(B $(CCD<-(B $(C55?r8;(B $(CC"@;(B $(CAv?l=J=C?@(B.
+
+
+* $(C0a7P(B
+------
+
+Emacs$(C8&(B $(C?O@|Hw(B $(C3*0!1b(B $(C@'GX<-4B(B C-x C-c$(C8&(B $(C>44Y4B(B $(C;g=G@;(B $(C1b>oGO=J=C?@(B.
+$(C@O=C@{@87N(B $(CA60!:q7N(B $(C3*0!<-(B $(CHD?!(B $(C4Y=C(B Emacs$(C?!(B $(C5G59>F(B $(C?C(B $(C<v(B $(C@V1b(B
+$(C@'GX<-4B(B C-z$(C8&(B $(C;g?kGO=J=C?@(B.
+
+$(C@L(B $(CAvD'<-4B(B $(C;u7N?n(B $(C;g?k@Z5i(B $(C8p5N0!(B $(C@LGXGR(B $(C<v(B $(C@V557O(B $(C885i>nA3@89G7N(B
+$(C:R:P8mGQ(B $(C;gGW@L(B $(C9_0_5G8i(B $(C>I>F<-(B $(C@Z1b(B $(C@Z=E@;(B $(CE?GOAv(B $(C8;0m(B $(C:RFrGO=J=C?@(B!
+
+
+$(C:9;g(B $(CA60G(B
+---------
+
+$(C@L(B $(CAvD'<-4B(B Stuart Cracraft$(C>>0!(B Emacs $(C1Y?x(B $(C@Z7a8&(B $(C@'GX(B $(C>4(B, $(C1d(B Emacs
+$(CAvD'<-8&(B $(C8pC<7N(B $(CGO?)(B $(C@[<:5H(B $(C0M@L4Y(B.
+
+GNU Emacs$(C?M(B $(C00@L(B $(C@L(B $(CAvD'<-(B $(CFG@:(B $(C@z@[1G@L(B $(C@V@88g(B $(CF/A$GQ(B $(CA60G@;(B $(C88A7GR(B
+$(C6'?!(B $(C:9;g:;@;(B $(C9hFwGR(B $(C<v(B $(C@V4B(B $(CGc0!8&(B $(C0.0m(B $(C3*?B(B $(C0M@L4Y(B:
+
+$(C@z@[1G(B (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation
+
+   $(C@L(B $(C9.<-4B(B $(C@L(B $(C@z@[1G(B $(C0x0m?M(B $(CGc?k(B $(C0x0m0!(B $(C1W4k7N(B $(C@/Av5G0m(B, $(C9hFw@Z0!(B
+   $(C<vCk@Z?!0T(B $(C@L(B $(C0x0m?!(B $(C5{6s(B $(CGc?k5G4B(B $(C0MC373(B $(C6G(B $(C@g:P9hGO4B(B $(C0M@;(B
+   $(CGc?kGO4B(B $(CA60G@87N(B, $(C>n62(B $(C8EC<7N5gAv(B $(C9^@:(B $(C1W4k7N8&(B $(C:9;gGO0E3*(B
+   $(C:9;g:;@L(B $(C4Y8%(B $(C@L?!0T(B $(C9hFw5G4B(B $(C0M@L(B $(CGc?k5H4Y(B.
+
+   $(C@L(B $(C9.<-@G(B $(C<vA$FG@L3*(B $(C<vA$FG@G(B $(C@O:N:P@:(B $(C@'@G(B $(CA60G0z(B $(CGT22(B, $(C6GGQ(B $(C4)0!(B
+   $(C86Av87@87N(B $(C:/0fG_4BAv8&(B $(C4+?!(B $(C6g0T(B $(C3*E83=4Y4B(B $(CA60G@87N(B $(C9hFw5G4B(B $(C0M@L(B
+   $(CGc?k5H4Y(B.
+
+Emacs $(C@ZC<8&(B $(C:9;gGO4B(B $(C0M@:(B $(CA;(B $(C4u(B $(C:9@bGOAv88(B $(C00@:(B $(C3;?k@T4O4Y(B.
+COPYING$(C@L6s4B(B $(CFD@O@;(B $(C@P0m(B $(C3-(B $(CHD?!(B GNU Emacs$(C@G(B $(C:9;g:;@;(B $(CD#18?!0T(B
+$(CAV=J=C?@(B.  $(C@Z@/(B $(C<RGAF.?~>n8&(B $(C>20m(B $(C885i0m(B $(C0x@/GT@87N=a(B $(C<RGAF.?~>n(B
+$(C9fGX8&(B ("$(C<R@/1G(B") $(C1Y@}GO4B5%(B $(C55?s=C4Y(B.

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/TUTORIAL.nl	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,1132 @@
+Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc;  Zie de voorwaarden onderaan.
+Je leest nu de Emacs uitleg, zoals vertaald door Pieter Schoenmakers.
+
+De meeste Emacs commando's gebruiken de CONTROL toets (soms CTRL of CTL
+genaamd) en/of de META toets (soms genaamd EDIT of ALT).  In plaats van
+steeds de volledige naam te noemen, gebruiken we de volgende afkortingen:
+
+ C-<chr>  betekent: houd de CONTROL toets ingedrukt en type de toets <chr>
+	  Dus C-f wordt: houd de CONTROL toets ingedrukt en type f.
+ M-<chr>  betekent: houd de META, EDIT of ALT toets ingedrukt en type de
+	  toets <chr>.  Als er geen toets META, EDIT of ALT is, kun je ook
+	  eerst de ESC toets typen, gevolgd door <chr>.  We refereren aan
+	  de ESC toets als <ESC>.
+
+BELANGRIJK: om Emacs te verlaten, type C-x C-c (twee tekens).
+De tekens ">>" tegen de linker kantlijn nodigen je uit om een
+bepaald commando te proberen.  Bijvoorbeeld:
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Het midden van deze pagina is om didactische redenen niet gevuld.
+ De tekst gaat beneden verder.]
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+>>  Type nu C-v (volgend scherm) om naar het volgende scherm te gaan.
+	(Geef nu het commando door de control toets ingedrukt te houden
+	terwijl je de v typt.)
+	Vanaf nu moet je dit steeds herhalen als je klaar bent met het
+	lezen van een scherm.
+
+Merk op dat er een tweeregelige overlap is als je van een scherm naar
+het volgende scherm gaat; dit zorgt voor continuiteit bij het lezen van
+de tekst.
+
+Het eerste wat je moet weten is hoe je naar verschillende plaatsen in de
+tekst kan bewegen.  Je weet al hoe je een scherm vooruit moet gaan: met
+C-v.  Om een scherm terug te gaan, type M-v (houd de META toets ingedrukt
+en type v, of type <ESC>v als je geen META, EDIT of ALT toets hebt).
+
+>>  Probeer nu een paar keer M-v, steeds gevolgd door C-v.
+
+
+* SAMENVATTING
+--------------
+
+De volgende commando's zijn handig volledige schermen te bekijken:
+
+	C-v	ga een scherm vooruit
+	M-v	ga een scherm terug
+	C-l	maak het scherm schoon en teken alle tekst
+		 opnieuw, waarbij de regel waarop de cursor
+		 staat op het midden van het scherm terecht
+		 komt.  (C-l is control-L, niet control-1.)
+
+>> Kijk waar de cursor is en onthoud de tekst in zijn omgeving.
+   Type C-l.
+   Zoek de cursor en merk op dat 'ie nog steeds bij dezelfde tekst staat.
+
+
+* BASISCOMMANDO'S CURSORBEWEGINGEN
+----------------------------------
+
+Het is handig om per scherm te bewegen, maar hoe beweeg je nu
+naar een specifieke plaats op het scherm?
+
+Er is een aantal manieren waarop je dit kan doen.  De basismanier is
+m.b.v de commando's C-p, C-b, C-f en C-n.  Elk van deze commando's
+verplaatst de cursor precies een rij of colomn in een bepaalde richting
+op het scherm.  Hier volgt een figuur met de vier commando's en de
+richting waarin ze de cursor bewegen:
+
+			  vorige regel, C-p
+				  :
+				  :
+    achteruit, C-b .... huidige cursorpositie .... vooruit, C-f
+				  :
+				  :
+			 volgende regel, C-n
+
+>> Verplaats, m.b.v. C-n of C-p, de cursor naar de middelste regel van
+   de figuur.  Type dan C-l om de hele figuur in het midden van het
+   centrum te plaatsen.
+
+Met een beetje kennis van het engels zijn deze commando's gemakkelijk te
+onthouden: de P komt van previous (vorige), de N van next (volgende), de
+B van backward (achteruit) en de F van forward (vooruit).  Dit zijn de
+basiscommando's om de cursor te bewegen, dus je zult ze CONTINUE
+gebruiken: Het is slim als je ze nu leert te gebruiken.
+
+>> Type een paar keer C-n om de cursor op deze regel te krijgen.
+
+>> Beweeg binnen de regel met C-f (herhaaldelijk) en terug omhoog met C-p
+   Let op wat C-P doet als de cursor midden in een regel staan.
+
+Elke regel eindigt met een Newline teken (het engelse `new line' betekent
+`nieuwe regel'); dit teken scheidt elke regel van de volgende.  De laatste
+regel in een bestand moet eigenlijk ook met een Newline eindigen (maar dat
+is niet noodzakelijk voor Emacs ).
+
+>> Type een C-b terwijl de cursor aan het begin van een regel staat.
+   De cursor zal naar het eind van de vorige regel bewegen, omdat je
+   achteruit over het Newline teken gaat.
+
+Net als C-b kan ook C-f over Newline tekens heen bewegen.
+
+>> Type nog wat C-b's zodat je door krijgt waar de cursor is.
+   Type dan C-f's om terug naar het einde van de regel te bewegen.
+   Een C-f beweegt dan naar de volgende regel.
+
+Wanneer je de cursor voorbij het begin of het einde van het scherm beweegt
+zal de tekst over het scherm heen schuiven.  Dit heet `scrollen', of
+`schuiven' in goed nederlands.  Door te scrollen zorgt Emacs ervoor dat
+de cursor de gewenste beweging kan doen zonder dat de cursor van het
+scherm af beweegt.
+
+>> Probeer de cursor voorbij de onderkant van het scherm te bewegen met
+   C-n en zie wat er gebeurt.
+
+Als beweging op karakterbasis te langzaam gaat, kan je ook per woord
+bewegen.  M-f (Meta-f) beweegt een woord vooruit en M-b een woord
+achteruit.
+
+>> Type een paar M-f's en M-b's.
+
+Als je midden in een woord staan beweegt M-f naar het eind van het
+woord.  Als je op witruimte tussen woorden staat beweegt M-f naar het
+eind van het volgende woord.  M-b beweegt analoog, de andere kant op.
+
+>> Type een paar M-f's en M-b's met tussendoor wat C-f's en C-b's zodat
+   je ziet wat M-f en M-b doen vanaf bepaalde plaatsen in een woord en
+   tussen twee woorden.
+
+Merk op dat er een analogie zit tussen enerzijds C-f en C-b en
+anderzijds M-f en M-b.  Het is bij veel commando's zo dat Meta tekens
+gebruikt worden om iets te doen in eenheden van de taal (woorden,
+zinnen, paragrafen) terwijl Control tekens te maken hebben met dingen
+die los staan van wat je aan het editen bent (tekens, regels, etc).
+
+Deze analogie gaat ook op voor regels en zinnen: C-a en C-e bewegen naar
+het begin of eind van een regel, terwijl M-a en M-e naar het begin of
+eind van een zin gaan.
+
+>> Probeer een paar C-a's gevolgd door een paar C-e's.
+   Probeer een paar M-a's gevolgd door een paar M-e's.
+
+Zie hoe herhaalde C-a's niets doen, terwijl herhaalde M-a's steeds een
+zin terug bewegen.  Alhoewel ze niet volledig overeenkomen is het gedrag
+van allebei niet onnatuurlijk.
+
+De plaats van de cursor in de tekst wordt `punt' genoemd (zonder
+lidwoord, `point' in het engels).  Anders gezegd: de cursor laat op het
+scherm de plek zien waarop punt in de tekst staat.
+
+Nu volgt een samenvatting van eenvoudige cursorbewegingsoperaties,
+inclusief die commando's die per woord of zin bewegen:
+
+	C-f	ga een teken vooruit
+	C-b	ga een teken achteruit
+
+	M-f	ga een woord vooruit
+	M-b	ga een woord achteruit
+
+	C-n	ga naar de volgende regel
+	C-p	ga naar de vorige regel
+
+	C-a	ga naar het begin van de regel
+	C-e	ga naar het eind van de regel
+
+	M-a	ga terug naar het begin van de zin
+	M-e	ga vooruit naar het eind van de zin
+
+>> Probeer al deze commando's een paar keer als oefening.
+   Deze commando's worden het frequentst gebruikt.
+
+Er zijn nog twee belangrijk cursorbewegingsoperaties: M-<
+(Meta kleiner-dan) beweegt naar het begin van het bestand,
+en M-> (Meta groter-dan) beweegt naar het eind.
+
+Op de meeste toetsenborden zit de "<" boven de comma, zodat je de Shift
+toets (ook wel bekend als de hoofdlettertoets) moet gebruiken om het "<"
+teken in te typen.  Op deze toetsenborden moet je ook de shift gebruiken
+om M-< in te typen: zonder shift zou je M-, (Meta komma) typen.
+
+>> Type nu M-< om naar het begin van dit bestand te gaan.
+   Gebruik daarna C-v om hier weer terug te komen.
+
+>> Type nu M-> om naar het eind van het bestand te springen.
+   Gebruik daarna M-v om hier weer terug te komen.
+   
+Als je toetsenbord pijltjestoetsen heeft kan je ook die gebruiken om de
+cursor te verplaatsen.  We raden je aan om C-b, C-f, C-n en C-p op zijn
+minst te leren, om drie redenen.  Ten eerste werken ze op alle
+toetsenborden, ook die zonder pijltjestoetsen.  Ten tweede zul je merken
+dat, wanneer je eenmaal wat ervaring hebt opgedaan in omgaan met Emacs,
+het gebruik van deze CTRL tekens sneller is dan de pijltjestoetsen (omdat
+je handen in de typehouding kunnen blijven).  Ten derde, als je eenmaal
+gewend bent aan deze commando's met CTRL tekens, kan je makkelijk andere
+geavanceerde cursorbewegingscommandos leren.
+
+De meeste Emacs commando's accepteren een numeriek argument.  Voor de
+meeste commando's is dit argument het aantal keren dat het commando
+herhaald moet worden.  Je geeft dit numerieke argument aan door voor het
+commando, C-u gevolgd door de cijfers van het getal te typen.  Als je
+toetsenbord een META (of EDIT of ALT) toets heeft, is er ook een andere
+manier om het getal aan te geven: type de cijfers terwijl je de META toets
+ingedrukt houdt.  We raden je aan de C-u manier te leren omdat die werkt
+op elk willekeurig toetsenbord.
+
+Bijvoorbeeld, C-u 8 C-f beweegt de cursor 8 plaatsen naar voren.
+
+>> Probeer eens om met C-n of C-p en een numeriek argument de cursor
+   met slechts een commando naar een regel in de buurt van deze zin
+   te bewegen.
+
+Voor de meeste commando's is het numerieke argument het aantal keren dat
+het commando herhaald moet worden.  Voor sommige commando's betekent het
+echter iets anders, en C-v en M-v vallen hier ook onder.  Met een numeriek
+argument verschuiven deze commando's de tekst het aangegeven aantal regels
+in plaats van (bijna) een heel scherm.  Bijvoorbeeld, C-u 4 C-v verschuift
+de tekst 4 regels.
+
+>> Probeer nu C-u 8 C-v.
+
+Als het goed is is de tekst daarmee 8 regels opgeschoven.  Als je het weer
+terug omlaag wil scrollen kan je een argument aan M-v geven.
+
+Als je een windowing systeem gebruikt, zoals X Windows, dan zou je een
+lange rechthoek moeten zien aan de linkerkant van het Emacs window.  Deze
+rechthoek heet een scrollbar (misschien is `verschuifbalk' een goede
+vertaling).  Je kan de tekst scrollen door met de muis in de scrollbar te
+klikken.
+
+>> Klik met de middelste muisknop bovenaan het donkere gebied in de
+   scrollbar.  Dit zou de tekst moeten scrollen naar een positie die
+   afhankelijk is van hoe hoog of laag je klikt.
+
+>> Beweeg de muis heen en weer terwijl je de middelste muisknop ingedrukt
+   houdt.  Je zal zien dat de tekst met de muis mee heen en weer scrollt.
+
+
+* ALS EMACS HANGT
+-----------------
+
+Als Emacs niet meer op commando's reageert kan je haar veilig onderbreken
+door C-g te typen.  Je kan C-g gebruiken om een commando te stoppen als
+het te lang duurt om uit te voeren.
+
+Je kan C-g ook gebruiken om een numeriek argument weg te gooien of
+om het begin van een commando dat je niet wilt afmaken te vergeten.
+
+>> Type nu C-u 100 om een numeriek argument te maken met de waarde 100, en
+   type dan C-g.  Type vervolgens C-f.  Als het goed is is de cursor maar
+   een positie verplaatst, omdat het argument weggegooid hebt met C-g.
+
+Als je per ongeluk een <ESC> typt kan je daarvan komen met een C-g.
+
+
+* ONMOGELIJKE COMMANDO'S
+------------------------
+
+Sommige Emacs commando's zijn onmogelijk gemaakt zodat beginnende
+gebruikers ze niet per ongeluk kunnen uitvoeren.
+
+Als je een van de onmogelijke commando's intypt laat Emacs uitleg zien
+over het commando dat je gegeven hebt en vraagt of je het werkelijk uit
+wilt voeren.
+
+Wanneer je het commando echt wilt uitvoeren, type dan Spatie (de
+spatiebalk) als antwoord op de vraag.  Normaliter wil je het commando niet
+uitvoeren en beantwoord je de vraag met "n" (van `no' of `nee').
+
+>> Type <ESC> : (een onmogelijk commando),
+   en type dan n als antwoord op de vraag.
+
+
+* VENSTERS
+----------
+
+Emacs kan meerdere vensters laten zien, elk venster met zijn eigen tekst.
+We zullen later uitleggen hoe je met meerdere vensters om kan gaan.  Op
+dit moment willen we slechts uitleggen hoe je van extra vensters af kunt
+komen en terug kan keren naar simpelweg editen met 1 venster.  Het is
+eenvoudig:
+
+	C-x 1	een enkel venster (i.e. gooi alle andere vensters weg)
+
+Het commando is Control-x gevolgd door het cijfer 1.  C-x 1 vergroot het
+venster waar de cursor in staat tot het hele scherm.  Alle andere vensters
+worden weggegooid.
+
+>> Zet de cursor op deze regel en type C-u 0 C-l.
+>> Type nu Control-h k Control-f.
+   Zie hoe dit venster kleiner wordt, terwijl een nieuw venster verschijnt
+   om de documentatie van het Control-f commando te laten zien.
+
+>> Type nu C-x 1 en zie het documentatievenster verdwijnen.
+
+
+* TOEVOEGEN EN WEGHALEN
+-----------------------
+
+Als je tekst toe wilt voegen type je die eenvoudigweg in.  Tekens die je
+kan zien, zoals A, 7, *, en dergelijke, worden door Emacs als tekst
+ge-interpreteerd en meteen aan de tekst toegevoegd.  Type <Return> (de
+`volgende regel' toets) om een Newline toe te voegen en dus een nieuwe
+regel te beginnen.
+
+Je kan het laatste teken dat je intypte weghalen door <Delete> te typen.
+<Delete> is een toets op het toetsenbord, die misschien ook wel "Del"
+heet.  In sommige gevallen dient de "Backspace" toets als <Delete>, maar
+niet altijd!
+
+In het algemeen haalt <Delete> het teken dat juist voor de cursorpositie
+staat weg.
+
+>> Probeer dit nu: type een paar letters en haal ze weer weg door een paar
+   keer op <Delete> te drukken.  Maak je niet druk over het feit dat dit
+   bestand verandert; je zal niets veranderen aan de originele versie van
+   deze uitleg.  Je zit slechts je eigen copie te wijzigen.
+
+Als een regel tekst te lang wordt om op een regel op het scherm te laten
+zien dan gaat de regel verder op een volgende schermregel.  Een backslash
+("\") in de rechtermarge laat dan zien dat de regel op de volgende
+schermregel verder gaat.
+
+>> Voeg nu tekst toe totdat je de rechter kantlijn raakt, en blijf
+   toevoegen.  Je zal zien dat er een vervolgregel verschijnt.
+
+>> Type weer wat <Delete>s om zoveel tekens weg te halen tot de regel weer
+   op een schermregel past.  De vervolgregel zal verdwijnen.
+
+Je kan een Newline weggooien als elk ander teken.  Als je een Newline
+weggooit voeg je de twee regels waar de Newline tussen staat samen tot een
+enkele regel.  Als de regel die het resultaat is van deze operatie niet op
+een schermregel past zal ze getoond worden met een vervolgregel.
+
+>> Beweeg de cursor naar het begin van een regel en type <Delete>.  Dit
+   voegt de huidige en vorige regel samen.
+
+>> Type <Return> om de Newline die je net weggooide weer toe te voegen.
+
+Je herinnert je dat je bij de meeste Emacs commando's het aantal keren dat
+het herhaald moet worden op kan geven.  Dit geldt ook voor gewone tekens.
+Als je een gewoon teken herhaalt wordt dat teken herhaaldelijk toegevoegd.
+
+>> Probeer dat nu: type C-u 8 * om ******** toe te voegen.
+
+Je hebt nu de basismanier geleerd om iets in Emacs te typen en fouten te
+corrigeren.  Je kan tekst ook per woord of regel weggooien.  Hier volgt
+een samenvatting van de commando's om tekst te verwijderen:
+
+	<Delete>     haal het teken weg dat voor de cursor staat
+	C-d   	     haal het teken weg dat achter de cursor staat
+
+	M-<Delete>   gooi het woord weg dat voor de cursor staat
+	M-d	     gooi het woord weg dat achter de cursor staat
+
+	C-k	     gooi alles weg van de cursor tot het eind van de regel
+	M-k	     gooi alles weg van de cursor tot het eind van de zin
+
+Merk op dat <Delete> en C-d met M-<Delete> en M-d de analogie die begon
+met C-f en M-f verder trekken (waarbij we voor het gemak even vergeten dat
+<Delete> niet echt een control teken is).  C-k en M-k lijken enigzins op
+C-e en M-e in hun relatie tot regels en zinnen.
+
+Als je meer dan een enkel teken tegelijk weghaalt bewaart Emacs de tekst
+die je weggooit zodat je haar weer terug kan halen.  Weggegooide tekst
+terughalen heet "yanken".  Je kan weggegooide tekst terugbrengen op de
+plaats waar je haar hebt weggegooid of op een andere plaats in de tekst.
+Je kan ook meerdere keren yanken om er meedere copi-en van te maken.  Het
+yank-commando is C-y.
+
+Merk op dat er een verschil is tussen het weghalen en weggooien van iets:
+iets dat je hebt weggooid kan je terugbrengen, maar iets dat je hebt
+weggehaald niet.  (In het engels is het verschil tussen `killing' en
+`deleting' duidelijker dan tussen de nederlandse vertaling `weggooien' en
+`weghalen'.)  In het algemeen geldt dat de commando's die meer tekst dan
+een enkel teken, Newline of spatie verwijderen deze tekst bewaren zodat ze
+geyankt kan worden, terwijl dat niet geldt voor commando's die slechts een
+enkel teken weghalen.
+
+>> Zet de cursor op het begin van een regel die niet leef is.
+   Type C-k om de tekst op die regl weg te gooien.
+>> Type C-k een tweede keer.  Nu gooit dit commando het Newline teken
+   weggooit.
+
+Merk op hoe een enkele C-k de inhoud van een regel weggooit, een tweede
+C-k de regel zelf zodat alle volgende regels een regel omhoog komen.  Het
+numerieke argument is voor C-k bijzonder: het aangegeven aantal regels zal
+worden weggegooid, inclusief de inhoud.  Dit is meer dan simpelweg
+herhaling: C-u 2 C-k gooit twee regels weg, terwijl tweemaal C-k typen dat
+niet doet.
+
+Om de laatst weggegooide tekst terug te halen naar de plaats waar de
+cursor nu op staat (te yanken), type C-y.
+
+>> Probeer het nu: type C-y om de tekst te yanken.
+
+Het is alsof je met C-y iets uit de prullenbak haalt wat je net had
+weggegooid.  Merk op dat verschillende C-k's achter elkaar alle regels
+die weggegooid worden bij elkaar bewaart zodat een enkele C-y die regels
+in een keer terugbrengt.
+
+>> Probeer het nu: type C-k een paar keer.
+
+Om de weggegooide tekst terug te halen:
+
+>> Type C-y.  Beweeg de cursor wat regels naar beneden en type weer C-y.
+   Je ziet nu hoe je tekst kan copieren.
+
+Wat nu te doen als je wat tekst terug wilt brengen, maar je hebt intussen
+al iets anders weggegooid?  C-y zou datgene terugbrengen wat je het
+recentst hebt weggegooid.  Gelukkig is de voorgaande tekst niet verloren
+gegaan.  Je kunt die tekst terughalen met M-y.  Nadat je C-y hebt getypt
+om de recentst weggegooide tekst terug te halen, vervangt M-y die tekst
+met de tekst die je daarvoor had weggegooid.  Je kunt M-y herhalen om
+tekst terug te halen die je steeds langer geleden hebt weggegooid.  Als je
+de tekst te pakken hebt die je zocht hoe je niets te doen om die daar te
+houden.  Je kan gewoon verder werken en de teruggehaalde tekst met rust
+laten.
+
+Als je M-y vaak genoeg typt kom je terug waar je begon, bij de recentst
+weggegooide tekst.
+
+>> Gooi een regel weg, beweeg de cursor wat, en gooi nog een regel weg.
+   Type C-y om de tweede regel die je weggooide terug te halen.
+   Type nog een M-y en die regel wordt vervangen door de eerste regel
+   die je weggooide.
+   Type nog wat M-y's en zie wat er langs komt.  Herhaal dit tot de
+   tweede regel weer langs komt, en dan nog een paar keer.
+   Je kan ook experimenteren met positieve en negatieve argumenten aan
+   M-y.
+
+
+* HERSTELLEN
+------------
+
+Als je de tekst veranderd hebt en je daar toch niet tevreden mee bent,
+dan kan je de verandering ongedaan maken met het herstel commando, C-x u.
+
+Normaal gesproken herstelt C-x u de veranderingen die het gevolg zijn van
+een enkel commando; door herhaaldelijk C-x u te typen, worden steeds
+eerdere commando's hersteld.
+
+Er zijn echter twee uitzonderingen: commando's die de tekst niet wijzigen,
+zoals cursorbewegingen, worden overgeslagen, en commando's die simpelweg
+de ingetypte letter aan de tekst toevoegen worden meestal gegroepeerd
+in groepjes van maximaal 20 tekens, zodat je minder C-x u's hoeft te
+type om het toevoegen van teksts te herstellen.
+
+>> Gooi deze regel weg met C-k; met C-x u zou ze weer moeten verschijnen.
+
+C-_ is een alternatief voor C-x u.  Het levert exact hetzelfde resultaat
+op, maar is makkelijker om een paar keer achter elkaar te typen.  Een
+nadeel van C-_ is dat op sommige toetsenborden het intypen ervan niet
+triviaal is.  Dat is ook de reden het alternatief, C-x u.  Op sommige
+terminals kan je C-_ typen door te doen alsof je C-/ typt.
+
+Een numeriek argument aan C-_ of C-x u duidt het aantal herhalingen aan.
+
+
+* BESTANDEN
+-----------
+
+Om een tekst die je gemaakt of veranderd hebt op te slaan moet je de
+tekst in een bestand bewaren (`to save a file' in het engels).  Als je
+dat niet doet ben je die veranderingen kwijt op het moment dat je uit
+Emacs gaat.  Je kan een bestand veranderen door het bestand `bezoeken'.
+(Ook wel `vinden'; `finding' of `visiting' in het engels.)
+
+Het bezoeken van een bestand betekent dat je de inhoud van dat bestand
+in Emacs ziet.  Het lijkt er dan op alsof je het bestand aan het
+veranderen bent.  Echter, deze veranderingen zijn slechts tijdelijk
+zolang je het bestand niet bewaart.  Op deze manier kan je nooit per
+ongeluk een half gewijzigd bestand op het systeem achterlaten.  Zelfs
+als je het bestand bewaart, zorgt Emacs ervoor dat het originele
+bestand onder een gewijzigde naam nog steeds beschikbaar is, voor het
+geval je later besluit dat de veranderingen toch niet zo'n goed plan
+waren.
+
+In de buurt van de onderkant van het scherm zie je een regel die begint en
+eindigt met streepjes, met aan het begin "--:-- TUTORIAL.nl" of iets
+dergelijks.  Dit deel van het scherm laat normaal de naam van het bestand
+zien dat je op dat moment bezoekt.  Op dit moment bezoek je een bestand
+dat "TUTORIAL.nl" heet; het is je eigen copie van de nederlandstalige
+Emacs uitleg (`tutorial' in het engels).  Als je in Emacs een bestand
+bezoekt dan staat de naam van het bestand altijd op deze plaats.
+
+De commando's om een bestand te bezoek of te bewaren zijn anders dan de
+commando's die je tot nu toe geleerd hebt; ze bestaan namelijk uit twee
+tekens.  Beide commando's beginnen met het teken Control-x.  Er zijn een
+heleboel commando's die met Control-x beginnen.  Veel van die commando's
+hebben te maken met bestanden, buffers, en daaraan gerelateerde zaken.
+Dergelijke commando's bestaan uit twee, drie of vier tekens.
+
+Nog iets bijzonders aan het commando om een bestand te bezoeken is dat
+je aan moet geven welk bestand je wilt.  Dit heet dat het commando "een
+argument van de gebruiker vraagt"; in dit geval de naam van het bestand.
+Nadat je het commando
+
+	C-x C-f		bezoek bestand (met de f van `find file')
+
+hebt getypt vraagt Emacs om de naam van het bestand.  De naam die je
+intypt verschijnt op de onderste regel van het scherm.  Wanneer die regel
+voor dit soort invoer gebruikt wordt, heet ze de minibuffer.  Je kan de
+gebruikelijke Emacs commando's gebruiken om de filename in te typen.
+
+Tijdens het invoeren van de naam van het bestand (of willekeurig wat
+voor minibuffer invoer) kan je het commando afbreken met C-g.
+
+>> Type C-x C-f gevolgd door C-g.  Dit breekt de minibuffer af en
+   ook het C-x C-f commando dat van de minibuffer gebruik maakte.
+   Netto resultaat is dat je geen bestand bezoekt.
+
+Als je de naam van een bestand hebt ingevoerd, type dan <Return> om het
+af te sluiten.  Hierna gaat het C-x C-f commando aan het werk en bezoekt
+het bestand dat je aangegeven hebt.  Als het C-x C-f commando klaar is,
+verdwijnt de minibuffer.
+
+Na korte tijd verschijnt de inhoud van het bestand op het scherm en kan
+je de inhoud wijzigen.  Als je de wijzigingen op wilt slaan, type dan het
+commando
+
+	C-x C-s   bewaar bestand (met de s van `save file')
+
+Dit bewaart de tekst zoals Emacs die nu heeft in het bestand.  De eerste
+keer dat je dit doet bewaart Emacs het originele bestand onder een andere
+naam zodat het nog niet verloren is.  De nieuwe naam bestaat uit de oude
+naam gevolgd door een "~".
+
+Als Emacs klaar is het bestand te bewaren laat ze de naam van het bestand
+zien.  Het is een goede gewoonte een bestand redelijk vaak te bewaren
+zodat er niet teveel werk verloren gaat als het systeem hangt of crasht.
+
+>> Type C-x C-s, om je copie van deze uitleg te bewaren.  Als het goed is
+   verschijnt "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" op de onderste schermregel.
+
+OPMERKING: Op sommige systemen gebeurt er helemaal niets als je C-x C-s
+typt, en daarna ook niets meer.  Dit komt door een eigenschap van de
+machine waarop je werkt die te maken heeft met `flow control'.  Met C-s
+stopt de `flow' en komt niets meer van wat je typt bij Emacs terecht.  Om
+deze situatie te herstellen, type C-q.  Lees daarna de "Spontaneous Entry
+to Incremental Search" sectie in het Emacs handboek over hoe om te gaan
+met deze situatie.
+
+Je kan een bestaand bestand bezoeken, om het te bekijken of het te
+wijzigen.  Je kan ook een bestand bezoeken dat nog niet bestaat.  Dit is
+de manier om met Emacs een nieuw bestand te maken: bezoek het bestand, dat
+initieel leeg zal zijn, en voeg tekst toe.  Zodra je de tekst bewaart
+wordt het bestand werkelijk gecreeerd, met de tekst als inhoud.  Vanaf dat
+moment ben je dus bezig met een bestaand bestand.
+
+
+* BUFFERS
+---------
+
+Als je een tweede bestand bezoekt met C-x C-f blijft het eerste bestand
+gewoon in Emacs.  Je kan naar dat bestand terug door het gewoon nog een
+keer te bezoeken met C-x C-f.  Op deze manier kan je een behoorlijk aantal
+bestanden in Emacs krijgen.
+
+>> Cre-eer een bestand dat "foo" heet door te typen: C-f C-f foo
+   <Return>.  Voeg hieraan wat tekst toe, wijzig haar, en bewaar "foo"
+   door C-x C-s te typen.  Type hierna C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return> om
+   weer hier, in de uitleg, terug te komen.
+
+Emacs bewaart intern de tekst van elk bestand in een ding dat een "buffer"
+genoemd wordt.  Als je een bestand bezoekt wordt er een nieuwe buffer
+gemaakt.  Om een lijst van de huidige buffers te zien, type
+
+	C-x C-b   laat de bufferlijst zien
+
+>> Probeer C-x C-b nu.
+
+Zie dat elke buffer een naam heeft en mogelijk ook een bestandsnaam; dit
+is de naam van het bestand waarmee de buffer overeenkomt.  Sommige buffers
+hebben niets met een bestand te maken.  Bijvoorbeeld, de buffer die
+"*Buffer List*" heet heeft geen bestand.  Die buffer is de buffer die de
+lijst bevat die door C-x C-b gemaakt wordt.  ALLE tekst die je in een
+Emacs venster ziet is altijd onderdeel van een of andere buffer.
+
+>> Type C-x 1 om de bufferlijst te verwijderen.
+
+Als je de tekst van het ene bestand verandert en dan een ander bestand
+bezoekt dan wordt het eerste bestand niet bewaard.  De wijzigingen blijven
+in Emacs, in de buffer die bij het bestand hoort.  Het cre-eren of
+modificeren van de buffer van het tweede bestand heeft geen effect op de
+eerste buffer.  Dit is erg nuttig, maar betekent ook dat er een eenvoudige
+manier nodig is om het eerste bestand te bewaren.  Het zou erg vervelend
+zijn om er eerst naar terug te moeten gaan met C-x C-f om het dan te
+kunnen bewaren met C-x C-s.  Dus hebben we
+
+	C-x s	  bewaar een paar buffers
+
+C-x s vraagt voor elke buffer die veranderingen heeft die nog niet
+opgeslagen zijn, of je de buffer wilt bewaren.
+
+>> Voeg een wat tekst toe en type C-x s.
+   Emacs vraagt nu of je de buffer die TUTORIAL.nl heet wilt bewaren.
+   Bewantwoord deze vraag positief door een "y" in te typen (de y van
+   "yes", engels voor "ja").
+
+
+* UITGEBREIDE COMMANDO'S
+------------------------
+
+Er zijn veel meer Emacs commando's dan er op de toetsen van het
+toetsenbord passen, zelfs als we hun aantal kunnen vergroten door de
+control of meta toets te gebruiken.  Emacs lost dit probleem op met het X
+commando (met de X van eXtensie of uitbreiding).  Het X commando komt in
+twee smaken:
+
+	C-x	teken eXtensie; wordt gevolgd door een teken
+	M-x	genaamd commando eXtensie; wordt gevolgd door een naam.
+
+Deze commando's zijn in het algemeen nuttig, maar worden minder gebruikt
+dan de commando's die tot nu toe uitgelegd zijn.  Je hebt al twee van deze
+commando's gezien: C-x C-f om een bestand te bezoeken, en C-x C-s om het
+te bewaren.  Een ander voorbeeld is het commando om Emacs te verlaten: dit
+is C-x C-c.  (Maak je geen zorgen over het verloren gaan van veranderingen
+die niet bewaard zijn; C-x C-c vraagt of je veranderde buffers wilt
+bewaren voordat Emacs daadwerkelijk eindigt.)
+
+C-z is het commando om Emacs *tijdelijk* te verlaten, zodat je daarna weer
+terug kan keren in dezelfde Emacs sessie.
+
+Op systemen die deze mogelijkheid bieden, zet C-z Emacs stil: je komt weer
+terug in de shell, maar Emacs is nog aanwezig.  In de meeste shells kan je
+Emacs weer activeren met het "fg" commando, of met "%emacs".
+
+Op systemen die niet de mogelijkheid bieden om programma's stil te zetten
+cre-eert C-z een subshell onder Emacs om je zo in de gelegenheid te
+stellen andere programma's uit te voeren en daarna weer in Emacs terug te
+keren; Emacs wordt dus niet werkelijk verlaten.  In dit geval is het
+shellcommando "exit" de normale manier om de subshell te verlaten en in
+Emacs terug te keren.
+
+Het moment om C-x C-c te gebruiken is wanneer je uit gaat loggen.  Het is
+ook het juiste commando om Emacs te be-eindigen wanneer Emacs opgestart
+was door een mail programma of iets dergelijks, aangezien die misschien
+niet met een stilgezette Emacs om kunnen gaan.  Normaal gezien is het
+echter beter Emacs stil te zetten met C-z dan om Emacs te verlaten,
+behalve als je uit wilt loggen natuurlijk.
+
+Er bestaan vele C-x commando's.  Hier is een lijst van degene die je nu al
+kent:
+
+	C-x C-f		bezoek bestand
+	C-x C-s		bewaar bestand
+	C-x C-b		laat bufferlijst zien
+	C-x C-c		verlaat Emacs
+	C-x u		herstel
+
+Genaamde uitgebreide commando's worden nog minder vaak gebruikt, of worden
+alleen onder bepaalde omstandigheden gebruikt.  Een voorbeeld is het
+commando replace-string, dat in de hele tekst een string vervangt door een
+andere string (`to replace' betekent `vervangen').  Als je M-x typt echoot
+Emacs onderaan het scherm `M-x' en moet je de naam van het commando
+intypen, in dit geval "replace-string".  Als je gewoon "repl s<TAB>" typt
+maakt Emacs de naam zelf af.  Be-eindig het commando met <Return>.
+
+Het replace-string commando heeft twee argumenten nodig: de string die
+vervangen moet worden en de string waarmee die vervangen moet worden.
+Je sluit elk argument af met <Return>.
+
+>> Plaats de cursor op de lege regel twee regels onder deze.
+   Type dan M-x repl s<Return>gewijzigd<Return>veranderd<Return>.
+
+   Zie hoe deze regel daardoor gewijzigd is.  Je hebt elk voorkomen van
+   het woord g-e-w-i-j-z-i-g-d vervangen door "veranderd"; beginnend op
+   de plek waar de cursor staat.
+
+
+* AUTOMATISCH BEWAREN
+---------------------
+
+Als je een bestand veranderd hebt maar het nog niet bewaard hebt, zouden
+de veranderinge verloren kunnen gaan als het systeem zou hangen of
+herstarten.  Om je hiertegen te beschermen bewaart Emacs om de zoveel tijd
+de veranderde tekst automatisch.  De naam van het bestand waarin de tekst
+automatisch bewaard wordt begint en eindigt met een #.  Bijvoorbeeld, als
+je het bestand "hello.c" aan het bewerken bent dan wordt de tekst
+automatisch bewaard in een bestand dat "#hello.c#" heet.  Zodra je het
+bestand werkelijk bewaart, wordt het automatisch bewaarde bestand weer
+weggegooid.
+
+Als de computer crasht kan je de automatisch bewaarde tekst terugkrijgen
+door de file normal te bezoeken (de originele file, niet de automatisch
+bewaarde), gevolgd door M-x recover file<Return>.  Als Emacs vraagt om
+bevestiging, antwoord dan yes<Return> en de automatisch bewaarde
+informatie wordt teruggehaald.
+
+
+* ECHO GEBIED
+-------------
+
+Als je een commando langzaam intypt echoot Emacs de tekens aan de
+onderkant van het scherm, in een deel dat het "echo gebied" genoemd wordt.
+Dit gebied bevat de onderste regel van het scherm.
+
+
+* MODE-REGEL
+------------
+
+De regel direct boven het echo gebied heet de "mode-regel".  De mode-regel
+zier er ongeveer zo uit:
+
+--**-Emacs: TUTORIAL.nl       (Fundamental)--68%------------------------
+
+Deze regel geeft interessante informatie over Emacs en de tekst die
+je aan het bewerken bent.
+
+Je weet al wat de bestandsnaam betekent: het is de naam van het bestand
+dat je bezoekt.  -NN%-- geeft je huidige positie in de tekst aan: NN
+procent van de tekst bevindt zich boven het scherm.  Als het bestand vanaf
+het begin op het scherm staat, staat er --Top-- in plaats van --00%--.
+Als het laatste stuk tekst op het scherm staat, zal er --Bot-- staan (van
+`bottom', `onderkant' in het nederlands).  Als de tekst zo klein is dat ze
+volledig op het scherm past staat --All-- in de mode-regel.
+
+De sterretjes aan het begin betekenen dat je de tekst gemodificeerd hebt.
+Direct na het bezoeken of bewaren staan er gewoon streepjes.
+
+In de mode-regel staat tussen haakjes in welke mode je aan het werken
+bent.  Tenzij een andere mode gewenst is, zit je in de "Fundamental" mode
+zoals nu (`fundamental' is `basis' in het nederlands).  Een dergelijke
+mode heet een hoofdmode (`major mode' in het engels).
+
+Emacs heeft verschillende hoofdmodes.  Sommige daarvan zijn bedoelt voor
+het bewerken van verschillende talen of soorten tekst, zoals bijvoorbeeld
+Lisp mode, Text mode, etc.  Op elk moment is er altijd precies een mode
+actief, en de naam daarvan staat in de mode-regel, op de plaats waar nu
+"Fundamental" staat.
+
+Elke hoofdmode zorgt ervoor dat sommige commando's zich anders gedragen.
+Zo bestaat er een commando om een commentaar in een programma te typen, en
+aangezien elke programmeertaal een ander idee heeft over hoe commentaar
+eruit moet zien, moet elke hoofdmode op een andere manier het commentaar
+beginnen.  Elke hoofdmode is de naam van een uitgebreid commando, en met
+dat commando schakel je om naar die hoofdmode.  Zo is bijvoorbeeld
+M-x fundamental-mode het commando om naar de basismode om te schakelen.
+
+Als je nederlandse of engelse tekst wil gaan bewerken, zoals bijvoorbeeld
+dit bestand, kan je beter "text mode" gebruiken, de mode om tekst in een
+gewone taal te bewerken:
+
+>> Type M-x text-mode<Return>.
+
+Wees gerust; geen van de commando's die je geleerd hebt zorgen voor
+grondige veranderingen in Emacs.  Een van de dingen die je kan merken is
+bijvoorbeeld dat M-f en M-b nu apostrophes als onderdeel van een woord
+beschouwen.  In de vorige, Fundamental, mode behandelen M-f en M-b de
+apostrophe als ruimte tussen twee woorden.
+
+Het is gebruikelijk dat hoofdmodes dergelijke subtiele verschillen hebben.
+De meeste commando's doen dus min of meer hetzelfde in elke hoofdmode.
+
+Met het commando C-h m kan je de documentatie over de huidige hoofdmode
+lezen.
+
+>> Gebruik C-u C-v een paar keer om deze zin in de buurt van de bovenkant
+   van het scherm te krijgen.
+>> Type C-h m om te zien hoe Text mode verschilt van Fundamental mode.
+>> Type C-x 1 om de documentatie van het scherm te verwijderen.
+
+Hoofdmodes heten hoofdmodes omdat er ook bijmodes zijn.  Bijmodes zijn
+geen alternatieven voor hoofdmodes; het zijn slechts kleine modificaties
+daarvan.  Elke bijmode kan aan- of uitgezet worden, onafhankelijk van
+andere bijmodes en onafhankelijk van de hoofdmode.  Je kan dus nul, een,
+of willekeurig veel minor modes gebruiken.
+
+Een nuttige bijmode voor het bewerken van tekst in een natuurlijke taal,
+zoals nederlands, is Auto Fill mode (`auto fill' betekent automatisch
+uitvullen).  Wanneer deze mode aanstaat breekt Emacs automatisch een regel
+tussen twee woorden af als de regel anders te lang zou worden.
+
+Je kan Auto Fill mode aanzetten met M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.  Als deze
+mode al aanstaat, kan je hem uitzetten met M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.
+Als de mode uitstaat zet dit commando de mode aan; als ze aanstaat zet dit
+commando de mode uit.  Het commando zet de mode steeds aan en uit zet (`to
+toggle' in het engels).
+
+>> Type nu M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.  Type nu vele malen asdf op een
+   regel zodat je kan zien dat de regel in twee-en gesplitst wordt.  Er
+   moeten wel spaties tussen de woorden staan, omdat de Auto Fill mode
+   alleen op spaties de regel breekt.
+
+De rechter kantlijn staat meestal op 70 tekens, maar die kan je veranderen
+met het C-x f commando.  Dit commando accepteert een numeriek argument
+dat de gewenste kantlijn is.
+
+>> Type C-x f met 20 als argument (C-u 20 C-x f).
+   Type wat tekst en zie dat Emacs de regels afbreekt bij 20 tekens.
+   Zet de kantlijn nu terug op 70, weer met C-x f.
+
+Als je de tekst midden in een regel verandert vult Auto Fill mode
+de regel niet opnieuw.
+Om een paragraaf opnieuw te vullen, type M-q (Meta-q) terwijl de
+cursor in de paragraaf staat.
+
+>> Plaats de cursor in de voorgaande paragraaf en type M-q.
+
+
+* ZOEKEN
+--------
+
+Emacs kan strings zoeken (een string is een rij tekens), zowel volgend op
+de cursorpositie, als eraan voorafgaand.  Het zoeken van een string
+verplaatst de cursor naar de volgende plaats waar de gezochte string
+voorkomt.
+
+Het zoekcommando van Emacs is anders dan de zoekcommando's van de meeste
+tekstverwerkers; het zoekt incrementeel.  Dit betekent dat het zoeken
+gebeurt tijdens het intypen van de gezochte string.
+
+Het commando om vooruit zoeken te starten is C-s (met de `s' van `to
+search', i.e. zoeken); C-r start het zoeken achteruit (met de `r' van
+`reverse' of achteruit).  WACHT nog even met ze te proberen.
+
+Als je C-s typt verschijnt de string "I-search" in het echo gebied.  Dit
+betekent dat Emacs bezig is met een `incremental search' (incrementele
+zoekopdracht) en wacht op het intypen van de zoekstring.  <RET> be-eindigt
+het zoeken.
+
+>> Type nu C-s om het zoeken te start.  Type nu, LANGZAAM, een letter per
+   keer, het woord `cursor', met een pauze na elke letter zodat je kan
+   zien wat er met de cursor gebeurt.  Je hebt nu eenmaal naar het woord
+   `cursor' gezocht.
+>> Type nogmaals C-s, om naar het volgende voorkomen van `cursor' te
+   zoeken.
+>> Type nu viermaal <Delete> en let op de cursorbewegingen.
+>> Type <RET> om het zoeken te be-eindigen.
+
+Zag je wat er gebeurde?  Tijdens incrementeel zoeken probeert Emacs naar
+de eerste plek te gaan waar de string staat die je tot dan toe getypt
+hebt.  Om naar de volgende plek te gaan, type je C-s nog een keer.  Als er
+geen volgende plek is piept Emacs en vertelt je dat de zoekopdracht faalt
+(`failing' in het engels); met C-g kan je het zoeken afbreken.
+
+OPMERKING: Op sommige systemen gebeurt er helemaal niets als je C-x C-s
+typt, en daarna ook niets meer.  Dit komt door een eigenschap van de
+machine waarop je werkt die te maken heeft met `flow control'.  Met C-s
+stopt de `flow' en komt niets meer van wat je typt bij Emacs terecht.  Om
+deze situatie te herstellen, type C-q.  Lees daarna de "Spontaneous Entry
+to Incremental Search" sectie in het Emacs handboek over hoe om te gaan
+met deze situatie.
+
+Als je tijdens incrementeel zoeken <Delete> typt, zal je zien dat het
+laatste teken dat je in de zoekstring typte weggehaald wordt en dat het
+zoeken teruggaat naar de voorgaande plaats.  Als je bijvoorbeeld begint
+met zoeken en je typt een "c" dan ga je naar het eerste voorkomen van een
+"c".  Type je vervolgens een "u" dan gaat de cursor naar het eerste
+voorkomen van de string "cu".  Als je nu <Delete> typt, dan wordt de "u"
+van de zoekstring afgehaald en gaat de cursor terug naar de plaats waar
+hij stond voordat je de "u" intypte, i.e. het eerste voorkomen van de "c".
+
+Als je tijdens een zoekoperatie een control- of meta-teken intypt dan
+wordt het zoeken be-eindigd.  Er zijn een paar uitzonderingen, namelijk
+tekens die tijdens zoeken een speciale betekenis hebben, zoals C-s en C-r.
+
+Met C-s begin je te zoeken naar het eerste voorkomen van de zoekstring NA
+de huidige cursorpositie.  Als je iets wilt zoeken dat eerder in de tekst
+moet voorkomen, gebruik dan C-r i.p.v. C-s.  Alles wat we nu weten over
+C-s geldt ook voor C-r, alleen de zoekrichting is omgedraaid.
+
+
+* MEERDERE VENSTERS
+-------------------
+
+Een van Emacs' aardige eigenschappen is dat je meerdere vensters op het
+scherm kan laten zien.
+
+>> Zet de cursor op deze regel en type C-u 0 C-l.
+
+>> Type C-x 2 om het scherm in twee vensters op te splitsen.
+   Beide vensters laten deze uitleg zien; de cursor blijft in het
+   bovenste venster.
+
+>> Type C-M-v om de tekst in het onderste venster te verschuiven.
+   (Als je geen Meta toets hebt, type dan ESC C-v.)
+
+>> Type C-x o (met de `o' van `other'; `ander' in het nederlands)
+   om de cursor naar het andere venster te verplaatsen.
+
+>> Verschuif de tekst in het onderste venster, m.b.v. C-v en M-v.
+   Zorg ervoor dat je deze uitleg in het bovenste venster leest.  
+
+>> Type weer C-x o om de cursor weer in het bovenste venster
+   te zetten.  De cursor staat weer precies op de plaats waar
+   hij stond toen je het venster verliet.
+
+Je kan C-x o blijven gebruiken om van venster naar venster te gaan.  Elk
+venster heeft zijn eigen cursorpositie; de cursor is altijd maar zichtbaar
+in een daarvan.  Alle normale commando's hebben betrekking op het venster
+waar de cursor in staat.  Dit venster is het `geselecteerde venster'
+(`selected window' in het engels).
+
+Het C-M-v commando is erg nuttig wanneer je tekst aan het bewerken bent in
+het ene venster, terwijl je het andere venster als referentie gebruikt.
+Je kan de cursor dan altijd in het venster houden waarin je bezig bent,
+terwijl je met C-M-v door de tekst in het andere venster loopt.
+
+C-M-v is een voorbeeld van een CONTROL-META teken.  Als je een echte META
+toets hebt kan je C-M-v intypen door zowel CTRL als META ingedrukt te
+houden terwijl je v typt.  Het maakt niet uit in welke volgorde je de CTRL
+en META indrukt; het gaat erom welke ingedrukt zijn terwijl je typt.
+
+Als je geen echte META toets hebt kan je ESC gebruiken; de volgorde maakt
+dan wel uit.  Je moet dan ESC typen, gevolgd door CTRL-v; CTRL-ESC v zal
+niet werken.  Dit komt doordat ESC zelf een teken is, terwijl CTRL en META
+dat niet zijn.
+
+>> Type C-x 1 (in het bovenste venster) om het onderste venster te laten
+   verdwijnen.
+
+(Als je C-x 1 typt in het onderste venster laat je het bovenste
+verdwijnen.  C-x 1 betekent zoveel als `ik wil maar 1 venster,
+en wel dat venster waar de cursor nu in staat.')
+
+Hier is nog een manier om twee venster te krijgen die elk een andere tekst
+laten zien:
+
+>> Type C-x 4 C-f gevolgd door de naam van een van je bestanden, gevolgd
+   door <Return>.  Het opgegeven bestand zal in het onderste venster
+   verschijnen, en de cursor zal in dat venster staan.
+
+>> Type C-x o om terug naar het bovenste venster te gaan, en C-x 1 om
+   het onderste venster te laten verdwijnen.
+
+
+* RECURSIEVE BEWERKINGSNIVEAUS
+------------------------------
+
+Soms kom je in Emacs in een recursief bewerkingsniveau terecht (engels:
+`recursive editing level').  Dit is te zien in de moderegel aan de rechte
+haken om de haakjes die om naam van de hoofdmode staan.  Dan staat er
+bijvoorbeeld [(Fundamental)] in plaats van (Fundamental).
+
+Type ESC ESC ESC Om uit een recursief bewerkingsniveau te komen.  Dit is
+een generiek `ontsnappingscommando'.  Je kan het ook gebruiken om extra
+vensters weg te gooien of om uit de minibuffer te komen.
+
+>> Type M-x om in een minibuffer te komen, en type dan ESC ESC ESC
+   om er weer uit te komen.
+
+C-g is niet bruikbaar om uit een recursief bewerkingsniveau te komen.  De
+reden hiervoor is dat C-g gebruikt wordt om commando's af te breken BINNEN
+het recursieve bewerkingsniveau.
+
+
+* MEER INFORMATIE
+-----------------
+
+We hebben geprobeerd je met deze uitleg precies genoeg informatie te geven
+om met Emacs te beginnen.  De mogelijkheden van Emacs zijn zo legio dat
+het onmogelijk is nu alles uit te leggen.  Emacs heeft zoveel nuttige
+mogelijkheden dat je er meer over zou kunnen willen leren.  Emacs heeft
+commando's om documentatie te laten zien over Emacs commando's.  Deze
+`helpcommando's' beginnen allemaal met C-h: `het Hulpteken'.
+
+Om hulp te krijgen, type C-h, gevolgd door een teken om aan te duiden
+welke hulp je wilt.  Als je het echt niet meer weet, type C-h ? en Emacs
+vertelt welke hulp het allemaal te bieden heeft.  Als je C-h hebt getypt
+maar van gedachten veranderd bent, type je gewoon C-g om het af te breken.
+
+(Op sommige computers is de betekenis van C-h veranderd.  Dat is een
+slecht plan, zeker als die verandering op alle gebruikers invloed heeft,
+en is dus een geldige reden om je beklag te doen bij de systeembeheerder
+of helpdesk.  Als C-h intussen niet een bericht onderaan het scherm laat
+zien over mogelijke hulp, probeer dan de F1 toets (functietoets 1) of
+gebruik M-x help RET.)
+
+De eenvoudigste hulp is C-h c.  Type C-h, het teken `c' en een teken of
+uitgebreid commando, en Emacs laat een zeer korte beschrijving van het
+commando zien.
+
+>> Type C-h c Control-p.
+   De beschrijving die getoond wordt zou zoiets moeten zijn als
+
+	C-p runs the command previous-line
+
+   (nederlands: C-p voert het commando previous-line uit.)
+
+Dit commando vertelt je `de naam van de functie'.  Functies worden vooral
+gebruikt om Emacs uit te breiden of aan de wensen van de gebruiker aan te
+passen.  Aangezien functienamen gekozen zijn om aan te geven wat de
+functie doet, zijn ze ook geschikt als erg korte documentatie; genoeg om
+je te herinneren aan wat de commando's die je al geleerd hebt betekenen.
+
+Uitgebreide commando's zoals C-x C-s en (als je geen META, EDIT or ALT
+toets hebt) <ESC> v kunnen ook getypt worden na C-h c.
+
+Om meer informatie over een commando te krijgen, type C-h k in plaats van
+C-h c.
+
+>> Type C-h k Control-p.
+
+Dit laat de documentatie van de functie zien, inclusief de naam van de
+functies, in een apart venster.  Als je klaar bent met lezen, type C-x 1
+om van dat venster af te komen.  Je hoeft dat natuurlijk niet meteen te
+doen.  Je kan ook eerst wat anders doen voordat je C-x 1 typt.
+
+Hier zijn nog wat nuttige mogelijkheden van C-h:
+
+   C-h f	Beschrijf een functie.  Je moet de naam van de functie
+		intypen.
+
+>> Type C-h f previous-line<Return>
+   Dit laat alle informatie zien die Emacs heeft over de functie die het
+   C-p commando implementeert.
+
+   C-h a	Commando Apropos.  Type een woord in en Emacs zal een
+		lijst van alle commando's laten zien waarin dat woord
+		voorkomt.  Al deze commando's kunnen aangeroepen worden
+		met M-x.  Bij sommige commando's staat met welke tekens
+		dit commando direct uitgevoerd kan worden.
+
+>> Type C-h a file<Return>.
+
+Dit laat in een ander venster alle M-x commando's zien met `file' in hun
+naam.  Je zal teken-commando's zien als C-x C-f naast de overeenkomende
+commandonaam zoals find-file.
+
+>> Type C-M-v herhaaldelijk om de tekst in het hulpvenster te verschuiven.
+
+>> Type C-x 1 om het hulpvenster weg te gooien.
+
+
+* CONCLUSIE
+-----------
+
+Denk eraan dat je met C-x C-c gebruikt om Emacs te verlaten.  Om tijdelijk
+een shell te krijgen en daarna weer in Emacs terug te komen, type C-x.
+
+De bedoeling van deze uitleg is dat ze begrijpelijk is voor alle nieuwe
+Emacs gebruikers.  Als je dus iets onduidelijks bent tegengekomen blijf
+dan niet zitten en maak jezelf geen verwijten.  Klaag erover!
+
+
+* COPI-EREN
+-----------
+
+(De engelse versie van) deze uitleg is voorafgegaan door een lange reeks
+van Emacs tutorials, die begon met de uitleg die Stuart Cracraft schreef
+voor de originele Emacs.  Deze nederlandse vertaling is gemaakt door
+Pieter Schoenmakers <[e-mail]> op basis van de GNU Emacs 20.2
+TUTORIAL.
+
+(Wat nu volgt is een vertaling naar het nederlands van de condities voor
+gebruik en verspreiding van deze uitleg.  Deze vertaling is niet
+gecontroleerd door een jurist.  Er kunnen derhalve geen rechten aan de
+vertaling worden ontleend, en de vertaling wordt gevolgd door het engelse
+origineel.)
+
+Deze versie van de uitleg valt onder copyright, net als GNU Emacs.
+Je mag deze uitleg distribu-eren onder bepaalde condities:
+
+Copyright (c) 1985, 1996, 1997 Free Software Foundation
+
+   Iedereen mag letterlijke copi-en van dit document, zoals ontvangen,
+   verspreiden, op elke medium, vooropgesteld dat de copyrightmelding en
+   toestemmingsmelding niet aangetast worden en dat de verspreider aan de
+   ontvanger dezelfde distributierechten verleend als aan hem verleend
+   door deze melding.
+
+   Toestemming wordt verleend om gemodificeerde versies van dit document,
+   of delen daarvan, te verspreiden, onder bovenstaande condities,
+   vooropgesteld dat ze ook duidelijk melding maken van degene die als
+   laatste modificaties doorgevoerd heeft.
+
+De condities voor het copi-eren van Emacs zelf zijn complexer dan dit,
+maar gebaseerd op dezelfde gedachte.  Lees het bestand COPYING en geef
+vervolgens copi-en van Emacs aan al je vrienden.  Help bij het uitroeien
+van softwarebeschermingspolitiek (`software eigendom') door vrije software
+te gebruiken, schrijven en delen!
+
+(Engels origineel van de copyrightmelding en condities:
+
+This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
+comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
+
+Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation
+
+   Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
+   of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
+   copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
+   and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
+   for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
+
+   Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
+   of this document, or of portions of it,
+   under the above conditions, provided also that they
+   carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
+
+The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the
+same spirit.  Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of
+GNU Emacs to your friends.  Help stamp out software obstructionism
+("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!)

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/TUTORIAL.pl	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,1165 @@
+Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -*-text-*-
+Szczegó³y na koñcu pliku.  Czytasz w³a¶nie krótki podrêcznik Emacsa.
+
+Polecenia Emacsa ogólnie wymagaj± wci¶niêcia klawisza CONTROL (czasami
+oznaczanego CTRL lub CTL) lub klawisza META (czasami oznaczanego EDIT
+lub ALT).  Zamiast pisaæ META czy CONTROL za ka¿dym razem, gdy masz
+przycisn±æ ten klawisz, u¿ywaæ bêdziemy nastêpuj±cych skrótów:
+
+ C-<znak> oznacza trzymanie klawisza CONTROL podczas wciskania klawisza <znak>.
+          Na przyk³ad C-f bêdzie odpowiada³o naci¶niêciu f, podczas gdy
+          klawisz CONTROL by³ wci¶niêty.
+ M-<znak> oznacza trzymanie klawisza META wci¶niêtego podczas
+          wciskania klawisza <znak>.  Je¶li nie masz klawisza META,
+          naci¶nij i pu¶æ klawisz ESC, a potem naci¶nij klawisz <znak>.
+
+Uwaga: by zakoñczyæ sesje Emacsa naci¶nij C-x C-c (dwa znaki).
+Znaki ">>" na lewym marginesie w dalszej czê¶ci tego podrêcznika
+oznaczaj± æwiczenia dla Ciebie.  Na przyk³ad: 
+<<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>>
+>>  Teraz naci¶nij C-v (nastêpny ekran), by przej¶æ na nastêpny ekran
+    podrêcznika (zrób to naciskaj±c jednocze¶nie klawisz CONTROL i v).
+    Od tego momentu powiniene¶ robiæ to zawsze, gdy dojdziesz
+    do koñca ekranu.
+
+Zwróæ uwagê na to, ze kilka linii powtarza siê, gdy przechodzisz z
+ekranu na ekran; zachowanie to ma zapewniæ pewna ci±g³o¶æ podczas
+przesuwania siê w obrêbie pliku.
+
+Pierwsza umiejêtno¶ci±, która powiniene¶ opanowaæ, jest sposób
+przesuwania siê z miejsca na miejsce.  Ju¿ wiesz, jak przesuwaæ siê o
+jeden ekran do przodu.  By przesun±æ siê o jeden ekran do tylu,
+wci¶nij M-v (wci¶nij META i naci¶nij v, lub naci¶nij <ESC>v je¶li nie
+masz klawisza META lub EDIT).
+
+>>  Spróbuj nacisn±æ M-v, a potem C-v by przesun±æ siê w przód i w ty³
+    kilka razy.
+
+
+PODSUMOWANIE
+------------
+
+Nastêpuj±ce polecenia s± u¿yteczne do przegl±dania po jednym ekranie:
+
+	C-v	Przesuñ siê o jeden ekran do przodu
+	M-v	Przesuñ siê o jeden ekran do tylu
+	C-l	Wyczy¶æ ekran i wy¶wietl go na nowo, umieszczaj±c
+                tekst z okolic kursora w ¶rodku ekranu.
+                (Ta kombinacja to CONTROL-L, a nie CONTROL-1.)
+
+>> Znajd¼ kursor i zapamiêtaj, jaki tekst jest w jego okolicy.
+   Naci¶nij nastêpnie C-l.
+   Znajd¼ kursor jeszcze raz i zwróæ uwagê, ¿e znajduje 
+   siê on w okolicy tego samego tekstu.
+
+
+PODSTAWY KIEROWANIA KURSOREM
+----------------------------
+
+Przesuwanie siê z ekranu na ekran jest u¿yteczne, ale jak przej¶æ do
+okre¶lonego miejsca w obrêbie jednego ekranu?
+
+Mo¿na to zrobiæ na kilka sposobów.  Najprostszym jest u¿ycie poleceñ
+C-p, C-b, C-f oraz C-n.  Ka¿de z tych poleceñ przesuwa kursor o jeden
+wiersz lub kolumnê w okre¶lonym kierunku.  Oto schemat, który to
+obrazuje:
+
+	           Poprzednia linia, C-p
+                   (ang. previous line)
+                            :
+                            :
+       Wstecz, C-b ....  Kursor ....  Do przodu, C-f
+       (ang. back)          :         (ang. forward)    
+                            :
+                            :
+                    Nastêpna linia, C-n
+                     (ang. next line)
+
+>> Przesuñ kursor na ¶rodek schematu za pomoc± C-n lub C-p.  Naci¶nij
+   potem C-l, by zobaczyæ ca³y diagram na ¶rodku ekranu.
+
+To s± podstawowe polecenia kieruj±ce po³o¿eniem kursora, których
+bêdziesz u¿ywaæ nieustannnie, warto wiêc je zapamiêtaæ.
+
+>> Naci¶nij kilka razy C-n, by przesun±æ kursor do tej linii.
+
+>> Przesuñ siê w g³±b linii za pomoc± C-f, a potem do góry za pomoc±
+   C-p.  Zwróæ uwagê na zachowanie siê C-p, gdy kursor jest w ¶rodku
+   linii.
+
+Ka¿da linia tekstu koñczy siê znakiem nowej linii, który oddziela ja
+od nastêpnej.  Ka¿dy Twój plik powinien koñczyæ siê znakiem nowej
+linii (ale Emacs nie zmusza Ciê do tego).
+
+>> Spróbuj nacisn±æ C-b na pocz±tku linii.  Powinno to Ciê przenie¶æ
+   na koniec poprzedniej linii.  Dzieje siê tak dlatego, ¿e kursor
+   przechodzi nad znakiem nowej linii.
+
+C-f przechodzi nad znakiem nowej linii tak samo jak C-b.
+
+>> Naci¶nij kilka razy C-b, by¶ dostrzeg³, gdzie jest kursor.
+   Naci¶nij potem C-f, by wróciæ na koniec linii.  W koñcu naci¶nij
+   jeszcze raz C-f, by przej¶æ do nastêpnej linii.
+
+Gdy przesuwasz kursor poza dolna krawêd¼ ekranu, tekst za krawêdzi±
+przesuwa siê na ekran (ang. scrolling).  Dziêki temu Emacs mo¿e
+przesun±æ kursor do okre¶lonego miejsca bez umieszczania go poza
+ekranem.
+
+>> Spróbuj przesun±æ kursor poza dolna granice ekranu za pomoc± C-n i
+   zobacz co siê stanie.
+
+Je¶li przesuwanie siê o jeden znak na raz jest dla Ciebie za wolne,
+spróbuj przesuwaæ siê o s³owa.  M-f (Meta-f) przesuwa kursor do przodu
+o s³owo, a M-b przesuwa go do tylu o jedno s³owo.
+
+>> Spróbuj nacisn±æ kilka M-f i M-b.
+
+Gdy jeste¶ w ¶rodku s³owa, M-f przesuwa kursor na koniec s³owa.  Je¶li
+natomiast jeste¶ w przerwie miedzy s³owami, M-f przesuwa kursor na
+koniec nastêpnego s³owa.  M-b zachowuje siê podobnie, jak chodzi o
+ruch do ty³u.
+
+>> Naci¶nij M-f i M-b kilka razy na przemian z C-f i C-b tak, by¶
+   móg³ zauwa¿yæ dzia³anie M-f i M-b naci¶nietych w ró¿nych miejscach
+   wewn±trz i pomiêdzy s³owami.
+
+Zauwa¿ podobieñstwo pomiêdzy C-f i C-b oraz M-f i M-b.  Bardzo czêsto
+kombinacje zawieraj±ce Meta opisuj± operacje zwi±zane z jednostkami
+jêzykowymi (s³owa, zdania, akapity), podczas gdy kombinacje oparte o
+Control dzia³aj± na podstawowych jednostkach niezale¿nych od tego, co
+edytujesz (znaki, linie, itd.).
+
+Ta zale¿no¶æ stosuje siê do linii i zdañ: C-a i C-e przesuwaj± kursor
+na pocz±tek i koniec linii, a M-a i M-e przesuwaj± go na pocz±tek i
+koniec zdania.
+
+>> Naci¶nij kilka razy C-a, a potem kilka razy C-e.
+   Powtórz to z M-a, a potem z M-e.
+
+Czy zauwa¿y³e¶, ze powtarzanie C-a nic nie zmienia, natomiast powtórne
+M-a przesuwa Ciê o jedno zdanie?  Chocia¿ nie jest to do koñca
+analogiczne, wydaje siê jednak naturalne.
+
+Po³o¿enie kursora w tek¶cie okre¶lane jest mianem "punktu".
+
+Oto podsumowanie prostych poleceñ s³u¿±cych do przesuwania kursora,
+w³±cznie z operacjami dotycz±cymi s³ów i zdañ:
+
+	C-f	Do przodu o jeden znak
+	C-b	W ty³ o jeden znak
+
+	M-f	Do przodu o s³owo
+	M-b	W ty³ o s³owo
+
+	C-n	Nastêpna linia
+	C-p	Poprzednia linia
+
+	C-a	Pocz±tek linii
+	C-e	Koniec linii
+
+	M-a	W ty³ na pocz±tek zdania
+	M-e	Do przodu na koniec zdania
+
+>> Przeæwicz kilka razy wszystkie powy¿sze polecenia dla wprawy.
+   S± one najczê¶ciej u¿ywanymi poleceniami.
+
+Dwa inne wa¿ne polecenia przesuwaj±ce kursor to M-< (Meta i znak
+mniejszo¶ci), które przesuwa kursor na pocz±tek ca³ego tekstu i M->
+(Meta i znak wiêkszo¶ci), które przesuwa kursor na koniec ca³ego
+tekstu.
+
+Na wiêkszo¶ci terminali "<" jest nad przecinkiem, tak wiec musisz u¿yæ
+klawisza Shift by nacisn±æ "<".  Musisz wiec tak¿e u¿yæ Shift by
+nacisn±æ M-<.  Bez Shift by³oby to M-przecinek.
+
+>> Naci¶nij M-< by przej¶æ na pocz±tek podrêcznika.  U¿yj potem C-v
+   kilkukrotnie, by wróciæ tutaj.
+
+>> Teraz naci¶nij M->, by przej¶æ na koniec podrêcznika.  Wróæ do tego
+   miejsca za pomoc± kilkukrotnego M-v.
+
+Je¶li Twój terminal ma klawisze strza³ek, to mo¿esz ich u¿yæ do
+przesuwania kursora.  Zalecamy Ci nauczenie siê kombinacji C-b, C-f,
+C-n i C-p z trzech powodów.  Po pierwsze, dzia³aj± one na wszystkich
+typach terminali.  Po drugie, gdy ju¿ zdobêdziesz pewna praktykê w
+pos³ugiwaniu siê Emacsem, bêdzie Ci szybciej nacisn±æ te kombinacje
+ni¿ klawisze strza³ek (poniewa¿ nie wymaga to przenoszenia d³oni z
+miejsca, które zajmuj± podczas szybkiego pisania za pomoc± 10 palców).
+Po trzecie wreszcie, gdy ju¿ wyrobisz sobie zwyczaj pos³ugiwania siê
+tymi poleceniami z klawiszem Control, bêdziesz móg³ ³atwo nauczyæ siê
+innych zaawansowanych poleceñ przesuwaj±cych kursor.
+
+Wiêkszo¶æ poleceñ Emacsa akceptuje argument liczbowy; dla wiêkszo¶ci
+poleceñ s³u¿y on jako liczba powtórzeñ.  Sposób, w jaki okre¶lasz
+liczbê powtórzeñ polecenia, to naci¶niecie C-u a potem cyfr, zanim
+naci¶niesz polecenie.  Je¶li masz klawisz META (lub EDIT lub ALT),
+alternatywnym sposobem jest wciskanie klawiszy cyfr podczas
+wprowadzania argumentu liczbowego.  Zalecamy nauczenie siê metody
+klawisza C-u, poniewa¿ dzia³a ona na wszystkich terminalach.
+
+Na przyk³ad C-u 8 C-f przesuwa kursor do przodu o osiem znaków.
+	
+>> Spróbuj u¿yæ C-n i C-p z argumentem liczbowym, by przesun±æ kursor
+   do jednej z linii w pobli¿u tego zdania za pomoc± tylko jednego
+   polecenia.
+
+Wiêkszo¶æ poleceñ u¿ywa argumentu liczbowego jako liczba powtórzeñ.
+Jest kilka poleceñ, które u¿ywaj± go w inny sposób.  C-v i M-v s±
+w¶ród tych wyj±tków.  Je¶li poda siê im argument, przesuwaj± zawarto¶æ
+ekranu w gore lub w dó³ o podana liczbê linii zamiast o tyle¿ ekranów.
+Na przyk³ad C-u 4 C-v przewija ekran o 4 linie.
+
+>> Spróbuj nacisn±æ C-u 8 C-v.
+
+To powinno by³o przewin±æ ekran do góry o 8 linii.  Je¶li chcia³by¶
+przewin±æ go w dó³, mo¿esz podaæ argument przed poleceniem M-v.
+
+Je¶li u¿ywasz systemu X-Windows, prawdopodobnie po lewej stronie okna
+Emacsa znajduje siê prostok±tny obszar, nazywany po angielsku
+"scrollbar".  Za jego pomoc± mo¿esz przewijaæ tekst, u¿ywaj±c do tego
+celu myszy.
+
+>> Spróbuj nacisn±æ ¶rodkowy klawisz myszy u góry pod¶wietlonego
+   obszaru na scrollbarze.  To powinno przewin±æ tekst do miejsca
+   okre¶lonego wysoko¶ci±, na której nacisn±³e¶ klawisz myszy.
+
+>> Przesuñ mysz do miejsca oddalonego od górnego koñca scrollbaru
+   mniej wiêcej o trzy linie i naci¶nij lewy klawisz myszy kilka razy.
+
+
+* KIEROWANIE KURSOREM Z X TERMINALA
+-----------------------------------
+
+Je¶li masz X terminal, prawdopodobnie ³atwiej Ci bêdzie u¿ywaæ
+klawiszy strza³ek po prawej stronie klawiatury do kierowania kursorem.
+Klawisze strza³ek w lewo, w prawo, w górê i w dó³ dzia³aj± zgodnie z
+oczekiwaniem; odpowiadaj± one dok³adnie C-b, C-f, C-p i C-n, ale s±
+³atwiejsze do zapamiêtania.  Mo¿esz tak¿e u¿ywaæ C-lewo i C-prawo by
+przesuwaæ siê o s³owa oraz C-góra i C-dó³, by przesuwaæ siê o bloki
+(np. akapity, je¶li edytujesz tekst).  Je¶li masz klawisze oznaczone
+HOME (lub BEGIN) oraz END, zanios± Ciê one na pocz±tek i koniec linii,
+a C-home i C-end na pocz±tek i koniec pliku.  Je¶li Twoja klawiatura
+ma klawisze PgUp i PgDn, mo¿esz ich u¿yæ do przesuwania siê o jeden
+ekran za jednym razem, tak jak M-v i C-v.
+
+Wszystkie te polecenia akceptuj± argument liczbowy, jak to jest
+opisane powy¿ej.  Mo¿esz stosowaæ pewne skróty w celu wpisania tych
+argumentów: naci¶nij i trzymaj CONTROL lub META i wpisz liczbê.  Na
+przyk³ad, by przesun±æ kursor o 12 s³ów w prawo naci¶nij C-1 C-2
+C-prawo.  Zwróæ uwagê, ze jest to ³atwe do wpisania, poniewa¿ nie
+musisz puszczaæ klawisza CONTROL podczas wciskania klawiszy.
+
+
+* GDY EMACS JEST ZABLOKOWANY
+----------------------------
+
+Je¶li Emacs przestaje odpowiadaæ na Twoje polecenia, mo¿esz go
+bezpiecznie zatrzymaæ przyciskaj±c C-g.  Mo¿esz u¿yæ C-g do przerwania
+polecenia, które zabiera zbyt wiele czasu.
+
+Mo¿esz u¿yæ C-g tak¿e, by anulowaæ argument liczbowy lub pocz±tek
+polecenia, którego nie chcesz dokañczaæ.
+
+>> Napisz C-u 100 jako argument liczbowy, po czym naci¶nij C-g.  
+   Teraz naci¶nij C-f.  Powinno przesun±æ to kursor o tylko jeden
+   znak, poniewa¿ anulowa³e¶ argument za pomoc± C-g.
+
+Je¶li nacisn±³e¶ <ESC> przez pomy³kê, mo¿esz tego siê pozbyæ za pomoc±
+C-g.
+
+
+* ZABLOKOWANE POLECENIA
+-----------------------
+
+Pewne polecenia Emacsa s± "zablokowane", tak by pocz±tkuj±cy
+u¿ytkownicy nie mogli ich wywo³aæ przez przypadek.
+
+Je¶li wywo³asz jedno z zablokowanych poleceñ, Emacs wypisze komunikat
+informuj±cy o tym, co to za polecenie, i zapyta Ciê, czy chcesz je
+wywo³aæ.
+
+Je¶li naprawdê chcesz wywo³aæ to polecenie, naci¶nij spacje w
+odpowiedzi na pytanie.  Je¶li nie chcesz wywo³aæ zablokowanego
+polecenia, odpowiedz na pytanie naciskaj±c "n".
+
+>> Napisz `C-x n p' (co jest zablokowanym poleceniem) i odpowiedz "n"
+   na zadane pytanie.
+
+
+* OKNA
+------
+
+Emacs mo¿e miêæ kilka okien, ka¿de wy¶wietlaj±ce w³asny tekst.  Zwróæ
+uwagê, ze "okno" je¶li chodzi o Emacsa, nie odnosi siê do osobnego
+okienka systemu okienkowego, ale do pojedynczego panelu wewn±trz
+okienka systemu X-Windows.  (Emacs mo¿e miêæ kilka X-okien, lub
+"ramek" w terminologii Emacsa.  Opisane jest to poni¿ej.)
+
+Na tym etapie lepiej jest siê nie zag³êbiaæ w techniki wykorzystuj±ce
+kilka okien.  Powiniene¶ jedynie wiedzieæ, w jaki sposób pozbyæ siê
+nadmiaru okien, które mog± pojawiæ siê jako sk³adniki systemu pomocy
+lub wynik pewnych poleceñ.  Robi siê to w prosty sposób:
+
+	C-x 1	Jedno okno (tzn. zabij wszystkie inne okna).
+
+Kombinacja ta to Control-x, po którym wystêpuje cyfra 1.  C-x 1
+powiêksza okno, w którym jest kursor tak, by zajê³o ca³y ekran.
+Kasuje to wszystkie inne okna Emacsa.
+
+>> Przesuñ kursor do tej linii i naci¶nij C-u 0 C-l.
+
+(C-l, jak pamiêtasz od¶wie¿a zawarto¶æ ekranu.  Je¶li poda siê temu
+poleceniu argument liczbowy, bêdzie to oznacza³o "od¶wie¿ zawarto¶æ
+ekranu i umie¶æ bie¿±ca linie o tyle linii od góry ekranu".  Tak wiec
+C-u 0 C-1 oznacza "od¶wie¿ ekran, umieszczaj±c bie¿±ca linie na samej
+górze".)
+
+>> Naci¶nij Control-x 2
+   Zauwa¿ jak okno siê kurczy, podczas gdy nowe okno pojawia siê,
+   wy¶wietlaj±c zawarto¶æ tego bufora.
+
+>> Naci¶nij C-x 1 i nowe okno zniknie.
+
+
+* WSTAWIANIE I USUWANIE
+-----------------------
+
+Je¶li chcesz wstawiaæ tekst, po prostu go napisz.  Znaki, które da siê
+wy¶wietliæ, takie jak A, 7, *, itd, Emacs traktuje jako tekst i
+wstawia natychmiast do bufora.  Naci¶nij <Return> (znak powrotu
+karetki), by wstawiæ znak nowej linii.
+
+Ostatni znak, który napisa³e¶ mo¿esz skasowaæ przez naci¶niecie
+klawisza <Delete>.  Klawisz ten mo¿e byæ oznaczony "Del".  W pewnych
+wypadkach klawisz "Backspace" mo¿e s³u¿yæ za <Delete>, ale nie jest to
+regu³±!
+
+Ogólniej, <Delete> usuwa znak bezpo¶rednio przed bie¿±ca pozycj±
+kursora.
+
+>> Zrób to teraz: wstaw kilka znaków, po czym usuñ je za pomaca
+   kilkukrotnego naci¶niêcia <Delete>.  Nie przejmuj siê tym, 
+   ¿e zmieniasz ten plik; nie zmienisz w ten sposób g³ównego pliku
+   podrêcznika.  To jest Twoja w³asna kopia.
+
+Gdy linia tekstu staje siê zbyt d³uga, by zmie¶ciæ siê w jednym
+wierszu na ekranie, jest ona "kontynuowana" w nastêpnym wierszu
+ekranu.  Znak "backslash" (`\') na prawym marginesie pozwala Ci
+rozpoznaæ takie linie.
+
+>> Wpisuj jaki¶ tekst tak d³ugo, a¿ dojdziesz do prawego marginesu, i
+   potem nie przestawaj.  Zauwa¿ysz, ze pojawi siê linia kontynuacji.
+
+>> U¿yj <Delete> by usun±æ tekst tak, by linia znowu
+   mie¶ci³a siê na ekranie.  Linia kontynuacji zniknie.
+
+Znak nowej linii mo¿e byæ kasowany tak, jak ka¿dy inny znak.
+Usuniecie znaku nowej linii ³±czy je w jedna.  Je¶li powsta³a w wyniku
+tego linia jest zbyt d³uga, by zmie¶ciæ siê na szeroko¶æ ekranu,
+zostanie ona wy¶wietlona z lini± kontynuacji.
+
+>> Przesuñ kursor na pocz±tek linii i naci¶nij <Delete>.  Bie¿±ca
+   linia zostanie po³±czona z poprzednia.
+
+>> Naci¶nij <Return>, by z powrotem wstawiæ znak nowej linii, który
+   skasowa³e¶.
+
+Pamiêtaj, ze wiêkszo¶æ poleceñ Emacsa mo¿e zostaæ wywo³anych z
+parametrem liczby powtórzeñ; dotyczy to tak¿e znaków tekstu.  Argument
+liczbowy powoduje wstawienie znaku kilkukrotnie.
+
+>>  Spróbuj zrobiæ to teraz -- naci¶nij C-u 8 * by uzyskaæ ********.
+
+Nauczy³e¶ siê ju¿ wiêkszej czê¶ci podstawowych sposobów pisania oraz
+poprawiania b³êdów.  W Emacsie mo¿esz usuwaæ równie¿ cale s³owa lub
+cale linie.  Oto podsumowanie operacji usuwania znaków:
+
+	<Delete>     usuñ znak bezpo¶rednio przed kursorem
+	C-d          usuñ znak bezpo¶rednio za kursorem
+
+	M-<Delete>   wytnij s³owo bezpo¶rednio przed kursorem
+	M-d          wytnij nastêpne s³owo bezpo¶rednio za kursorem
+
+	C-k          wytnij zawarto¶æ linii od kursora do jej koñca
+	M-k          wytnij wszystkie znaki od kursora do koñca zdania
+
+Zauwa¿, ze <Delete> i C-d w po³±czeniu z M-<Delete> i M-d rozszerzaj±
+regule rozpoczêt± przez C-f i M-f (Có¿, <Delete> tak naprawdê nie
+wymaga wci¶niêcia Control, ale pomiñmy to milczeniem).  C-k i M-k s±
+podobne do C-e i M-e w sensie, ¿e linie s± odpowiednikami zdañ.
+
+Gdy usuwasz wiêcej ni¿ jeden znak naraz, Emacs zachowuje usuniêty
+tekst tak, by¶ móg³ go gdzie¶ wstawiæ z powrotem.  Wstawianie
+usuniêtego tekstu to "wklejanie".  Mo¿esz wklejaæ usuniêty tekst b±d¼
+to w to samo miejsce, z którego zosta³ usuniêty, b±d¼ to w inne
+miejsca.  Ten sam tekst mo¿esz wklejaæ kilkukrotnie, w celu uzyskania
+wielu kopii.  Poleceniem, które wkleja tekst jest C-y.
+
+Zauwa¿ ró¿nicê pomiêdzy "wycinaniem" i "usuwaniem", polegaj±c± na tym,
+ze wyciête rzeczy mog± byæ wklejone na nowo, natomiast usuniête nie.
+W ogólno¶ci, polecenia, które kasuj± du¿o tekstu zachowuj± go, podczas
+gdy polecenia, które usuwaj± po prostu jeden znak lub puste linie i
+przerwy, nie zachowuj± usuniêtego tekstu.
+
+>> Przesuñ kursor na pocz±tek linii, która nie jest pusta.  Naci¶nij
+   C-k, by wyci±æ tekst z tej linii.
+
+>> Naci¶nij C-k jeszcze raz.  Zauwa¿, ze wycina to znak nowej linii,
+   który znajduje siê za ta linia.
+
+Zwróæ uwagê, ze pojedyncze C-k wycina zawarto¶æ linii, a powtórne C-k
+wycina sam± linie tak, ¿e pozosta³e linie przesuwaj± siê do góry.  C-k
+traktuje argument liczbowy w specjalny sposób: wycina ono tyle linii
+ORAZ ich zawarto¶æ.  To nie jest samo powtarzanie kilka razy C-k.  C-u
+2 C-k wycina dwie linie i ich znaki nowej linii; dwukrotne naci¶niecie
+C-k nie zrobi³oby tego.
+
+By odzyskaæ ostatnio wyciêty tekst i wstawiæ go w miejsce kursora,
+naci¶nij C-y.
+
+>> Twoja kolej.  Naci¶nij C-y, by z powrotem wstawiæ tekst.
+
+Zwróæ uwagê, ze je¶li naci¶niesz C-k kilka razy pod rz±d, ca³y wyciêty
+tekst jest zachowywany w jednym kawa³ku tak, ¿e jedno C-y wklei
+wszystkie linie.
+
+>> Naci¶nij C-k kilka razy.
+
+By odzyskaæ ten wyciêty tekst...
+
+>> ...naci¶nij C-y.  Przesuñ potem kursor o kilka linii w dó³ i
+   naci¶nij C-y jeszcze raz.  Widzisz, ze wstawia to ten sam tekst.
+
+Co zrobiæ, je¶li chcesz wstawiæ tekst, który wcze¶niej wyci±³e¶, a
+potem wycinasz cos innego?  C-y wstawia tekst ostatnio wyciêty.
+Poprzedni fragment nie jest jednak stracony.  Mo¿esz wróciæ do niego,
+u¿ywaj±c polecenia M-y.  Po tym, jak naci¶niesz C-y, by wstawiæ
+ostatnio wyciêty tekst, naci¶niecie M-y zastêpuje wstawiony tekst
+poprzednio wyciêtym.  Dalsze naciskanie M-y przywo³uje coraz
+wcze¶niejsze fragmenty tekstu.  Gdy dojdziesz do tekstu, którego
+szuka³e¶, nie musisz robiæ nic, by zosta³ on we w³a¶ciwym miejscu.  Po
+prostu kontynuuj edycjê tekstu, pozostawiaj±c wklejony tekst tam,
+gdzie siê znajduje.
+
+Je¶li bêdziesz naciska³ M-y wystarczaj±co wiele razy, dojdziesz do
+punktu, z którego wystartowa³e¶ (tekst ostatnio wyciêty).
+
+>> Wytnij jak±¶ line, zmieñ pozycjê kursora i wytnij inna.  Naci¶nij
+   potem C-y by wstawiæ druga z wyciêtych linii.  Potem naci¶nij M-y,
+   i linia ta zostanie zast±piona przez ta pierwsza.  Naci¶nij M-y
+   jeszcze kilka razy, by zobaczyæ co siê dzieje.  Powtarzaj to tak
+   d³ugo, a¿ druga z linii pojawi siê z powrotem.  Je¶li chcesz,
+   mo¿esz pod±æ M-y dodatnie i ujemne argumenty.
+
+
+* COFNIJ
+--------
+
+Je¶li wprowadzisz zmiany do tekstu, a potem dojdziesz do wniosku, ¿e
+to by³a pomy³ka, mo¿esz cofn±æ te zmiany za pomoc± polecenia "cofnij"
+(ang. undo), C-x u.
+
+C-x u cofa zmiany wprowadzone przez jedno polecenie; je¶li powtórzysz
+C-x u kilka razy pod rz±d, ka¿de powtórzenie cofa koleje polecenie.
+
+Od tej regu³y s± dwa wyj±tki: polecenia, które nie zmieniaj± tekstu
+nie licz± siê jako polecenia, które mo¿na cofn±æ (zarówno przesuniêcia
+kursora, jak i przewijanie tekstu), oraz znaki wstawiane do tekstu
+(np.  litery) ³±czone s± w grupy do 20.  (Ma to na celu zredukowanie
+liczby naci¶niêæ C-x u, które musia³by¶ wykonaæ, by cofn±æ wstawianie
+tekstu.)
+
+>> Wytnij te linie za pomoc± C-k, a potem naci¶nij C-x u i linia
+   powinna pojawiæ siê tu z powrotem.
+
+C-_ jest innym sposobem wywo³ania polecenia "cofnij"; dzia³a to
+dok³adnie tak samo jak C-x u, jest jedynie ³atwiejsze do naci¶niêcia
+kilka razy pod rz±d.  Wada C-_ jest to, ze nie jest to oczywiste w
+jaki sposób nacisn±æ te kombinacje na niektórych klawiaturach.  To
+w³a¶nie dlatego C-x u jest tak¿e dostêpne.  Na niektórych terminalach
+mo¿esz nacisn±æ C-_ poprzez przytrzymanie CTRL i naci¶niecie /.
+
+Argument liczbowy podany przed C-_ lub C-x u okre¶la liczbê powtórzeñ
+tego polecenia.
+
+
+* PLIKI
+-------
+
+Aby edytowny przez Ciebie tekst zosta³ nma trwa³e zachowany, musisz
+umie¶ciæ go w pliku.  W przeciwnym wypadku zniknie on, gdy Emacs w
+którym go edytowa³e¶ zostanie zamkniêty.  Zachowywanie Twojego tekstu
+w pliku nazywane bywa "odwiedzaniem" lub "znajdywaniem" pliku (ang.
+"visiting" lub "finding").
+
+Odwiedzanie pliku oznacza, ¿e jego zawarto¶æ zostaje wy¶wietlona w
+Emacsie.  Bardzo czêsto sprowadza siê to do edycji samego pliku.
+Jednak¿e zmiany, które wprowadzasz nie s± trwa³e do momentu, w którym
+"zachowasz" plik (ang. save).  Zapobiega to sytuacji, w której
+zostawiasz w systemie plik, który zosta³ tylko w po³owie zmieniony, a
+tego nie chcesz zrobiæ.  Nawet wtedy, gdy zachowujesz plik, Emacs
+zostawia orygina³ zachowany pod inna nazwa na wypadek, gdyby¶ doszed³
+do wniosku, ¿e wprowadzone zmiany by³y b³êdne.
+
+Je¶li popatrzysz na dó³ ekranu, zauwa¿ysz linie, która zaczyna i
+koñczy siê my¶lnikami i zawiera tekst "Emacs: TUTORIAL".  W tej
+czê¶ci ekranu zawsze mo¿esz znale¼æ nazwê pliku, który w³a¶nie
+odwiedzasz.  W tej chwili odwiedzasz plik o nazwie "TUTORIAL", który
+jest Twoja w³asn± kopi± podrêcznika Emacsa.  Obojêtnie jaki plik
+odwiedzisz, jego nazwa pojawi siê dok³adnie w tym miejscu.
+
+Polecenia, które s³u¿± do odwiedzania i zachowywania plików ró¿ni± siê
+od innych poleceñ, które pozna³e¶ tym, ¿e sk³adaj± siê one z dwóch
+znaków.  Obydwa zaczynaj± siê od znaku Control-x.  Jest mnóstwo
+poleceñ, które zaczynaj± siê od tego w³a¶nie znaku; wiele z nich
+dotyczy plików, buforów i z tym zwi±zanych rzeczy.  Polecenia te maj±
+d³ugo¶æ dwóch, trzech lub czterech znaków.
+
+Kolejn± nowa rzecz± odno¶nie polecenia odwiedzania pliku jest to, ¿e
+musisz mu pod±æ nazwê pliku, który chcesz znale¼æ.  Mówimy o tym, ¿e
+polecenie "czyta argument z terminala" (w tym wypadku argument jest
+nazwa pliku).  Po tym, gdy wpiszesz polecenie
+
+	C-x C-f   znajd¼ plik (ang. find a file)
+
+Emacs poprosi Ciê o wpisanie nazwy pliku.  Nazwa ta pojawia siê w
+dolnej linii ekranu.  Liniê tê nazywa siê "minibuforem" (ang.
+"minibuffer") wtedy, gdy jest u¿ywana do wprowadzania tego typu
+danych.  Do edycji nazwy pliku u¿ywasz zwyk³ych poleceñ Emacsa.
+
+Wprowadzanie nazwy pliku (lub jakichkolwiek innych danych w
+minibuforze) mo¿e zostaæ anulowane za pomoc± C-g.
+
+>> Naci¶nij C-x C-f, po czym naci¶nij C-g.  Na skutek tego zniknie
+   minibufor oraz przerwane zostanie polecenie C-x C-f, które tego
+   minibufora u¿ywa³o.  W rezultacie wiêc nie odwiedzisz ¿adnego
+   pliku.
+
+Gdy skoñczysz wpisywaæ nazwê pliku, naci¶nij <Return>, po czym
+polecenie C-x C-f zabierze siê do roboty i znajdzie plik, który
+wybra³e¶.  Minibufor znika z chwil± zakoñczenia wykonywania polecenia
+C-x C-f.
+
+Po chwili zawarto¶æ pliku pojawia siê na ekranie i mo¿esz j± edytowaæ.
+Gdy chcesz zachowaæ zmiany, tak by je utrwaliæ, wydaj polecenie
+
+	C-x C-s   zachowaj plik (ang. save).
+
+Kopiuje to tekst z Emacsa do pliku.  Za pierwszym razem gdy to robisz
+Emacs zmienia nazwê oryginalnego pliku poprzez dodanie "~" na koñcu
+jego nazwy.
+
+Gdy zachowywanie skoñczy siê, Emacs wypisuje nazwê zapisanego pliku.
+Pliki powiniene¶ zachowywaæ stosunkowo czêsto, tak by nie straciæ za
+du¿o w przypadku za³amania systemu.
+
+>> Naci¶nij C-x C-s by zachowaæ swoja kopie podrêcznika.  Emacs
+   powinien wypisaæ "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" na dole ekranu.
+
+UWAGA: W niektórych systemach naci¶niecie C-x C-s zamrozi ekran i nie
+zobaczysz ¿adnego tekstu z Emacsa.  Oznacza to, ¿e sk³adowa systemu
+operacyjnego, zwana kontrol± przep³ywu (ang. flow control)
+przechwyci³a C-s i nie pozwoli³a mu doj¶æ do Emacsa.  By odzyskaæ
+kontrole nad ekranem, naci¶nij C-q.  Dodatkowej pomocy poszukaj w
+rozdziale "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" w podrêczniku
+Emacsa.
+
+Mo¿esz odwiedziæ istniej±ce pliki w celu ich edycji lub czytania.
+Mo¿esz tak¿e odwiedziæ plik, który jeszcze nie istnieje.  W ten
+w³a¶nie sposób tworzy siê w Emacsie nowe pliki: odwied¼ plik, co da Ci
+nowe puste miejsce, a potem zacznij wstawiaæ tekst.  Gdy za¿±dasz
+zachowania pliku, wtedy Emacs naprawdê utworzy plik z tekstem, który
+wpisa³e¶.  Od tego momentu mo¿esz uwa¿aæ, ¿e edytujesz istniej±cy
+plik.
+
+
+* BUFORY
+--------
+
+Je¶li odwiedzisz inny plik za pomoc± C-x C-f, poprzedni plik pozostaje
+w Emacsie.  Mo¿esz prze³±czyæ siê do niego, odwiedzaj±c go jeszcze raz
+za pomoc± C-x C-f.  W ten sposób mo¿esz w Emacsie miêæ ca³kiem du¿o
+plików.
+
+>> Utwórz plik o nazwie "foo" za pomoc± C-x C-f foo <Return>.
+   Wpisz w niego jaki¶ tekst i zachowaj "foo" za pomoc± C-x C-s.
+   W koñcu napisz C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>, by wróciæ do podrêcznika.
+
+Emacs przechowuje tekst ka¿dego pliku w obiekcie, zwanym "buforem".
+Odwiedzenie pliku tworzy nowy bufor wewn±trz Emacsa.  By zobaczyæ
+listê buforów, które istniej± w Twoim Emacsie, naci¶nij
+
+	C-x C-b   lista buforów (ang. list buffers).
+
+>> Naci¶nij C-x C-b.
+
+Zwróæ uwagê, ze ka¿dy bufor ma w³asn± nazwê, mo¿e tak¿e mieæ
+skojarzon± z sob± nazwê pliku, który zawiera.  Pewne bufory nie
+odpowiadaj± ¿adnym plikom.  Na przyk³ad bufor "*Buffer List*" nie
+odwiedza ¿adnego pliku.  Jest to bufor, który zawiera listê buforów
+stworzona przez Twoje naci¶niecie C-x C-b.  DOWOLNY tekst, który
+ogl±dasz w oknie Emacsa jest zawsze czê¶ci± jakiego¶ bufora.
+
+>> Naci¶nij C-x 1 by pozbyæ siê listy buforów.
+
+Je¶li dokonujesz zmian tekstu w jakim¶ pliku, a potem odwiedzisz inny
+plik, zawarto¶æ tego pierwszego NIE jest automatycznie zachowywana.
+Zmiany, które wprowadzi³e¶ pozostaj± w Emacsie, w buforze tego¿ pliku.
+Tworzenie czy edytowanie innego bufora nie ma ¿adnego wp³ywu na ten
+pierwszy.  Jest to bardzo przydatne, ale oznacza tak¿e, ¿e potrzebny
+jest Ci wygodny sposób zachowywania zawarto¶ci Twoich buforów.
+Prze³±czanie siê z powrotem do pierwszego bufora zawsze przy
+wykonywaniu C-x C-f tylko po to, by nacisn±æ tam C-x C-s by³oby
+niewygodne.  Dlatego istnieje polecenie:
+
+	C-x s     Zachowaj bufory (ang. save some buffers)
+
+C-x s pyta Ciê, czy chcesz zachowaæ ka¿dy z buforów, w którym
+dokona³e¶ pewnych nie zachowanych jeszcze zmian.
+
+>> Wstaw jak±¶ liniê tekstu, a potem naci¶nij C-x s.
+   Powiniene¶ zostaæ zapytany o to, czy chcesz zachowaæ bufor
+   TUTORIAL.  Odpowiedz na to pytanie twierdz±co naciskaj±c "y".
+
+* U¯YWANIE MENU
+---------------
+
+Je¶li siedzisz przy X-terminalu zauwa¿ysz u góry okna Emacsa pasek
+menu.  Mo¿esz u¿ywaæ menu by dotrzeæ do najpopularniejszych poleceñ
+Emacsa, takich jak "find file".  Na pocz±tku bêdziesz s±dzi³, ze jest
+to ³atwiejsze ni¿ klawiatura, poniewa¿ nie musisz uczyæ siê na pamiêæ
+kombinacji klawiszy uruchamiaj±cych jakie¶ polecenie.  Gdy ju¿
+zaznajomisz siê z Emacsem, bêdziesz móg³ zacz±æ uczyæ siê klawiszy ---
+elementy menu pokazuj± kombinacje klawiszy, która wywo³uje dane
+polecenie.
+
+Zwróæ uwagê, ze pewne polecenia w menu nie maja jednoznacznych
+odpowiedników klawiszowych.  Na przyk³ad menu "Buffers" zawiera listê
+wszystkich dostêpnych buforów.  Mo¿esz prze³±czyæ siê do dowolnego z
+nich wybieraj±c jego nazwê z menu Buffers.
+
+
+* U¯YWANIE MYSZY
+----------------
+
+Emacs potrafi w pe³ni wykorzystywaæ mysz, je¶li tylko jest uruchomiony
+pod X-Windows.  Mo¿esz zmieniaæ pozycje kursora poprzez naci¶niecie
+lewego klawisza myszy w po¿±danym miejscu, mo¿esz tak¿e zaznaczaæ
+tekst przez przesuniecie myszy z wci¶niêtym lewym klawiszem nad
+tekstem, który chcesz zaznaczyæ.  (Innym sposobem jest klikniêcie na
+jednym z koñców obszaru, przesuniêcie myszy na drugi koniec i
+klikniêcie tam z jednoczesnym wci¶niêciem klawisza Shift.)
+
+By wyci±æ zaznaczony tekst mo¿esz nacisn±æ C-w lub wybraæ Cut z menu
+Edit.  Zwróæ uwagê na to, ze *nie* s± to równowa¿ne polecenia: C-w
+zapamiêtuje zaznaczony tekst tylko wewn±trz Emacsa (podobnie jak
+omówione powy¿ej C-k), natomiast Cut robi to oraz umieszcza ten tekst
+w schowku systemu X, sk±d mo¿e on zostaæ pobrany przez inne programy.
+
+By wkleiæ tekst ze schowka systemu X-Windows u¿yj polecenia Paste z
+menu Edit.
+
+¦rodkowy klawisz myszy jest czêsto u¿ywany do wybierania elementów,
+które s± wy¶wietlone na ekranie.  Na przyk³ad, je¶li uruchomisz Info
+(system dokumentacji Emacsa) naciskaj±c C-h i, lub wybieraj±c ten
+element z menu Help, przej¶cie pod¶wietlonym po³±czeniem (ang. link)
+odbywa siê poprzez naci¶niecie ¶rodkowego klawisza myszy.  Podobnie,
+je¶li wpisujesz nazwê pliku (np. podczas wykonywania "Find File") i
+naci¶niesz TAB, by zobaczyæ wszystkie mo¿liwe dokoñczenia nazwy,
+mo¿esz wybraæ jedno z nich z wy¶wietlonej listy, w³a¶nie naciskaj±c
+¶rodkowy klawisz myszy.
+
+Prawy klawisz myszy pokazuje lokalne menu.  Zawarto¶æ tego menu zale¿y
+od trybu pracy Emacsa, w którym aktualnie jeste¶, i zawiera kilka
+czêsto u¿ywanych poleceñ, tak by by³y one ³atwiejsze w dostêpie.
+
+>> Naci¶nij prawy klawisz myszy
+
+Prawy klawisz myszy musi byæ trzymany, by menu nie znik³o
+automatycznie.
+
+
+* ROZSZERZANIE ZESTAWU POLECEN
+------------------------------
+
+Poleceñ Emacsa jest du¿o du¿o wiêcej, ni¿ mo¿na by skojarzyæ
+kombinacjami zwyk³ych klawiszy oraz META czy CTRL.  Emacs radzi sobie
+z tym za pomoc± polecenia X (ang. eXtend).  Istniej± jego dwa rodzaje:
+
+	C-x	Rozszerzenie o znak.  Nastêpuje po nim jeden znak.
+	M-x	Rozszerzenie o nazwane polecenie.  Nastêpuje po nim
+                pe³na d³uga nazwa polecenia.  
+
+Polecenia te w ogólno¶ci s± u¿yteczne, ale s± u¿ywane nie tak czêsto
+jak polecenia, których ju¿ siê nauczy³e¶.  Mia³e¶ ju¿ okazje poznaæ
+dwa z nich: C-x C-f s³u¿±ce do odwiedzania plików oraz C-x C-s do ich
+zachowywania.  Innym przyk³adem mo¿e byæ polecenie, które koñczy sesje
+Emacsa C-x C-c.  (Nie martw siê, ze mo¿esz w ten sposób straciæ
+zmiany, które dokona³e¶; C-x C-c oferuje Ci mo¿liwo¶æ zachowania
+ka¿dego ze zmodyfikowanych plików przed zamkniêciem Emacsa.)
+
+C-z jest poleceniem, które wychodzi z Emacsa *na chwile*, tak by¶ móg³
+wróciæ do tej samej sesji Emacsa po jakim¶ czasie.
+
+W systemach, w których jest to mo¿liwe, C-z zawiesza proces Emacsa;
+powoduje to powrót do pow³oki (ang.  shell), ale nie niszczy Emacsa.
+W najpopularniejszych pow³okach mo¿esz wróciæ do Emacsa za pomoc±
+polecenia `fg' lub `%emacs'.
+
+W systemach, w których zawieszanie procesów nie dzia³a, C-z tworzy
+proces podpow³oki (ang. "subshell"), który dzia³a pod Emacsem i daje
+Ci szansê uruchamiania innych programów i powrotu do Emacsa po ich
+skoñczeniu; w tych systemach C-z nie wychodzi naprawdê z Emacsa.  W
+tych wypadkach normalnym poleceniem powrotu do Emacsa jest wyj¶cie z
+podpow³oki za pomoc± "exit".
+
+Polecenia C-x C-c powiniene¶ u¿ywaæ, gdy masz siê wylogowaæ.  Zalecane
+jest tak¿e wychodzenie z Emacsa wystartowanego przez np. programy
+obs³uguj±ce pocztê elektroniczna lub innego rodzaju narzêdzia,
+poniewa¿ mog± one nie wiedzieæ jak sobie poradziæ z zawieszeniem
+Emacsa.  Jednak¿e w zwyk³ych okoliczno¶ciach, je¶li nie musisz
+wylogowywaæ siê z systemu, lepiej jest zawiesiæ Emacsa za pomoc± C-z
+ni¿ z niego wyj¶æ.
+
+Istnieje wiele poleceñ zaczynaj±cych siê od C-x.  Oto lista tych,
+których siê ju¿ nauczy³e¶:
+
+	C-x C-f           odwied¼ plik
+	C-x C-s           zachowaj plik
+	C-x C-b           wy¶wietl listê buforów
+	C-x C-c           wyjd¼ z Emacsa
+	C-x u             cofnij
+
+Poleceñ podawanych za pomoc± nazwy u¿ywa siê jeszcze rzadziej lub
+u¿ywa siê tylko w pewnych trybach.  Przyk³adem mo¿e byæ polecenie
+replace-string, które globalnie zastêpuje jeden ³añcuch innym.  Gdy
+naciskasz M-x, Emacs czeka na ci±g dalszy, wy¶wietlaj±c "M-x" na dole
+ekranu.  Powiniene¶ po tym wpisaæ nazwê polecenia, w tym wypadku
+"replace-string".  Napisz tylko "repl s<TAB>", a Emacs dokoñczy nazwê.
+Zakoñcz wprowadzanie nazwy przez naci¶niecie klawisza <Return>.
+
+Polecenie replace-string wymaga dwóch argumentów: ³añcucha, który ma
+zostaæ zastêpowany i ³añcucha, który ma byæ wstawiony w miejsce tego¿.
+Obydwa ³añcuchy musza byæ zakoñczone przyci¶niêciem <Return>.
+
+>> Przesuñ kursor do czystej linii, dwie linie poni¿ej tej.
+   Naci¶nij M-x repl s<Return>zmieni<Return>zmodyfikuje<Return>.
+
+Zwróæ uwagê na to, jak ta linia siê zmieni: zast±pi³e¶ s³owem
+"zmodyfikuje" ka¿de wyst±pienie s³owa z-m-i-e-n-i poni¿ej pocz±tkowej
+pozycji kursora.
+
+
+* AUTOMATYCZNE ZACHOWYWANIE
+---------------------------
+
+Gdy wprowadzisz zmiany do pliku i ich nie zachowasz, mog± one zostaæ
+stracone, je¶li Twój komputer przestanie dzia³aæ.  By uchroniæ Ciê
+przed tym, Emacs okresowo zapisuje specjalny plik z wprowadzonymi
+zmianami.  Plik ten ma znak # na pocz±tku i na koñcu swojej nazwy.  Na
+przyk³ad, za³ó¿my, ze Twój plik nazywa siê "hello.c".  Odpowiadaj±cy
+mu plik automatycznie zachowywany bêdzie nosi³ nazwê "#hello.c#".  Gdy
+zachowujesz plik w zwyk³y sposób, Emacs kasuje plik automatycznie
+zachowany.
+
+Je¶li Twój komputer przestanie dzia³aæ, mo¿esz odzyskaæ Twoje dane z
+pliku automatycznie zachowanego przez zwykle odwiedzenie pliku (tego,
+który edytowa³e¶, a nie pliku automatycznie zachowanego) i napisanie
+M-x recover file<return>.  Gdy Emacs zapyta o potwierdzenie, napisz
+yes<return> by odzyskaæ dane, które zosta³y automatycznie zachowane.
+
+
+* OBSZAR ECHA
+-------------
+
+Je¶li polecenia dla Emacsa wpisujesz dostatecznie wolno, zostan± one
+pokazywane w specjalnym obszarze na dole ekranu, zwanym obszarem echa
+(ang. echo area).  Obszar echa zawiera ostatnia dolna linie ekranu.
+
+
+* LINIA STANU
+-------------
+
+Linia, która znajduje siê bezpo¶rednio nad obszarem echa, zwana jest
+"lini± trybu" (ang. modeline).  Pokazuje ona tekst podobny do
+nastêpuj±cego:
+
+--:**  TUTORIAL         (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
+
+Linia ta podaje u¿yteczne informacje o stanie Emacsa i tekstu, który
+edytujesz.  Wiesz ju¿, jakie jest znaczenie nazwy pliku: jest to plik,
+który odwiedzi³e¶.  --NN%-- opisuje Twoja bie¿±c± pozycje wewn±trz
+tekstu; oznacza to, ¿e NN procent tekstu znajduje siê ponad górnym
+brzegiem ekranu.  Je¶li pocz±tek pliku znajduje siê na pocz±tku
+ekranu, zamiast liczby --00%-- zobaczysz w tym miejscu --Top--.
+Podobnie dla koñca tekstu pojawi siê tam napis --Bot-- (od
+ang. bottom).  Je¶li wy¶wietlasz tekst na tyle krótki, ze mie¶ci siê w
+ca³o¶ci na ekranie, linia stanu poka¿e --All--.
+
+Gwiazdki blisko pocz±tku linii trybu oznaczaj±, ze wprowadzi³e¶ do
+tekstu jakie¶ zmiany.  Bezpo¶rednio po odwiedzeniu lub po zachowaniu
+pliku nie bêdzie w tym miejscu ¿adnych gwiazdek, a tylko my¶lniki.
+
+Wewn±trz nawiasów znajdziesz informacje na temat trybu edycji, w
+którym w³a¶nie jest Emacs.  Domy¶lnym trybem edycji jest tryb
+podstawowy (ang. fundamental), który jest trybem (w³a¶nie w tej chwili
+u¿ywanym--) u¿ywanym w³a¶nie w tej chwili.  Jest to przyk³ad "trybu
+g³ównego" (ang. major mode).
+
+Emacs mo¿e dzia³aæ w wielu trybach g³ównych.  Pewne z nich zosta³y
+zaprojektowane do edycji rozmaitych jêzyków i/lub rodzajów tekstu,
+takie jak tryb Lispu, tryb tekstowy, itd.  W danej chwili mo¿e byæ
+aktywny tylko jeden g³ówny tryb pracy, i to jego nazwa jest
+wy¶wietlana w linii trybu w miejscu, w którym teraz jest
+"Fundamental".
+
+Ka¿dy z g³ównych trybów edycyjnych mo¿e zmieniæ zachowanie niektórych
+poleceñ.  Na przyk³ad, w Emacsie istniej± polecenia s³u¿±ce do
+tworzenia komentarzy w programach.  Ka¿dy jêzyk programowania na swój
+sposób okre¶la, jak powinien wygl±daæ komentarz, tak wiec ka¿dy z
+g³ównych trybów edycyjnych musi wstawiaæ komentarze w specyficzny
+sposób.  Ka¿dy tryb edycyjny jest nazw± polecenia, które mo¿esz
+wykonaæ, by prze³±czyæ siê w ten tryb lub wy³±czyæ ten tryb.
+Przyk³adem mo¿e byæ M-x fundamental-mode, które jest poleceniem
+prze³±czaj±cym tryb podstawowy.
+
+Je¶li zamierzasz edytowaæ tekst w jêzyku angielskim, taki jak na
+przyk³ad oryginalna wersja tego podrêcznika, prawdopodobnie powiniene¶
+u¿ywaæ trybu tekstowego (ang. text mode).
+
+>> Napisz M-x text-mode<Return>.
+
+Nie musisz siê martwiæ, ¿adne z poleceñ, które do tej pory pozna³e¶,
+nie zmienia Emacsa w powa¿ny sposób.  Mo¿esz jednak zauwa¿yæ, ze teraz
+M-f i M-b traktuj± apostrofy jako czê¶ci s³ów.  Poprzednio, w trybie
+podstawowym, polecenia te traktowa³y apostrofy jako separatory s³ów.
+
+G³ówne tryby edycji wprowadzaj± zwykle subtelne zmiany, takie jak
+opisana powy¿ej: wiêkszo¶æ poleceñ robi dalej "to samo", robi to
+jednak w sposób troszeczkê inny.
+
+By zobaczyæ dokumentacjê na temat bie¿±cego g³ównego trybu edycji,
+naci¶nij C-h m.
+
+>> Naci¶nij C-u C-v raz lub wiêcej razy tak, by ta linia znalaz³a siê
+   blisko góry ekranu.
+
+>> Naci¶nij C-h m, by zobaczyæ jak tryb tekstowy ró¿ni siê od trybu
+   podstawowego. 
+
+>> Naci¶nij q, by usun±æ dokumentacje z ekranu.
+
+G³ówne tryby edycji nazywaj± siê "g³ównymi", poniewa¿ s± tak¿e
+podrzêdne tryby edycji (ang. minor modes).  Podrzêdne tryby edycji nie
+s± alternatyw± dla g³ównych trybów edycji, a jedynie ich niewielk±
+modyfikacj±.  Ka¿dy podrzêdny tryb edycji mo¿e zostaæ w³±czony lub
+wy³±czony niezale¿nie od pozosta³ych podrzêdnych trybów edycji oraz
+niezale¿nie od g³ównego trybu edycji.  Mo¿esz wiec u¿ywaæ jednego,
+kombinacji dowolnych, lub nie u¿ywaæ ¿adnego trybu podrzêdnego.
+
+Jednym z podrzêdnych trybów edycji, który jest bardzo u¿yteczny
+szczególnie do edycji tekstu angielskiego, jest tryb automatycznego
+wype³niania (ang. auto fill mode).  Je¶li ten tryb jest w³±czony,
+Emacs lamie linie pomiêdzy s³owami automatycznie, gdy wstawiasz tekst
+i linia robi siê za szeroka.
+
+Tryb automatycznego wstawiania w³±cza siê na przyk³ad poprzez
+wywo³anie polecenia M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.  Je¶li ten tryb jest
+w³±czony to samo polecenie wy³±cza go, i vice versa.  Mówimy, ze
+polecenie to "prze³±cza ten tryb".
+
+>> Napisz M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.  Wstawiaj potem liniê pe³n±
+   "asdf " tak d³ugo, a¿ zobaczysz, ¿e siê podzieli na dwie linie.
+   Musisz wstawiæ spacje pomiêdzy znaki, poniewa¿ tryb automatycznego
+   wype³niania ³amie linie tylko tam, gdzie s± spacje.
+
+Margines jest zazwyczaj ustawiony na 70 znaków, ale mo¿esz go zmieniæ
+za pomoc± polecenia C-x f.  Powiniene¶ podaæ mu argument liczbowy
+mówi±cy, w której kolumnie ma zostaæ ustawiony margines.
+
+>> Wywo³aj C-x f z argumentem równym 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
+   Napisz potem jaki¶ tekst i zauwa¿, ze Emacs wype³nia linie do
+   d³ugo¶ci co najwy¿ej 20 znaków.  Ustaw margines z powrotem na
+   70 znaków, wywo³uj±c jeszcze raz C-x f.
+
+Je¶li dokonujesz zmian wewn±trz akapitu, tryb 
+automatycznego wype³niania nie wyrówna marginesu
+sam z siebie.  By wywo³aæ polecenie
+wyrównania marginesu, naci¶nij M-q (Meta-q), 
+podczas gdy kursor znajduje siê wewn±trz akapitu.
+
+>> Przesuñ kursor do poprzedniego akapitu i naci¶nij M-q.
+
+
+* SZUKANIE
+----------
+
+Emacs potrafi szukaæ ³añcuchów (zwartych ci±gów znaków lub s³ów)
+zarówno wstecz jaki i do przodu.  Szukanie ³añcucha jest poleceniem,
+które przesuwa kursor; przesuwa ono kursor do nastêpnego miejsca, w
+którym dany ³añcuch wystêpuje.
+
+Polecenie Emacsa "search" ró¿ni siê od podobnych poleceñ innych
+edytorów w tym sensie, ze jest ono przyrostowe.  Znaczy to, ze
+szukanie odbywa siê w trakcie, gdy Ty wpisujesz kolejne znaki
+³añcucha, który ma zostaæ odnaleziony.
+
+Poleceniami zapocz±tkowuj±cymi szukanie s±: C-s dla szukania w przód
+oraz C-r dla szukania wstecz.  POCZEKAJ PROSZÊ!  Nie próbuj ich w tej
+chwili.
+
+Gdy naci¶niesz C-s zauwa¿ysz, ze tekst "I-search" pojawi siê w
+obszarze echa.  Informuje Ciê to, ¿e Emacs znajduje siê w trybie
+"incremental search", czekaj±c by¶ napisa³ tekst, który ma on znale¼æ.
+Naci¶niecie <Return> koñczy proces szukania.
+
+>> Teraz naci¶nij C-s, by rozpocz±æ szukanie.  POWOLI, litera po
+   literze, napisz s³owo "kursor", zatrzymuj±c siê po ka¿dym znaku i
+   obserwuj±c, gdzie zatrzymuje siê kursor.  Gdy naci¶niesz drugie
+   "r", bêdzie mo¿na powiedzieæ, ¿e szuka³e¶ s³owa "kursor"
+   jednokrotnie.  Naci¶nij C-s jeszcze raz, by znale¼æ nastêpne
+   wyst±pienie s³owa "kursor".  Naci¶nij teraz <Delete> cztery
+   razy i zobacz, co siê dzieje z kursorem.  Naci¶nij <RET>, by skoñczyæ
+   szukanie.
+
+Widzia³e¶, co siê dzia³o? Emacs podczas szukania przyrostowego próbuje
+przej¶æ do miejsca wyst±pienia ³añcucha, który do tej pory wpisa³e¶,
+pod¶wietlaj±c go dla Twojej wygody.  By znale¼æ nastêpne wyst±pienie
+s³owa "kursor", po prostu naci¶nij C-s jeszcze raz.  Je¶li takiego nie
+ma, Emacs zapiszczy i powie Ci, ze szukanie "skoñczy³o siê pora¿k±".
+Naci¶niecie C-g tak¿e przerywa proces szukania.
+
+UWAGA: W niektórych systemach naci¶niecie C-s zamrozi ekran i nie
+zobaczysz ¿adnego tekstu z Emacsa.  Oznacza to, ¿e sk³adowa systemu
+operacyjnego, zwana kontrol± przep³ywu (ang. "flow control")
+przechwyci³a C-s i nie pozwoli³a mu dojsæ do Emacsa.  By odzyskaæ
+kontrole nad ekranem, nacisnij C-q.  Dodatkowej pomocy poszukaj w
+rozdziale "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" w podrêczniku
+Emacsa.
+
+Jesli podczas szukania przyrostowego naci¶niesz <Delete> zauwa¿ysz, ze
+ostatni znak, który wcisn±³es znika i kursor wraca do poprzedniego
+miejsca.  Na przyk³ad, za³ó¿my, ze nacisn±³es "k" i znalaz³es pierwsze
+wyst±pienie tej litery.  Jesli teraz naci¶niesz "u", kursor przesunie
+siê do pierwszego wyst±pienia "ku".  Teraz nacisnij <Delete>.  Skasuje
+to "u" z ³añcucha, którego poszukujesz, a kursor wróci do pierwszego
+wyst±pienia "k".
+
+Je¶li podczas szukania nacisniesz jaki¶ klawisz razem z META lub CTRL
+(z nielicznymi wyj±tkami --- znakami, które maj± specjalne znaczenie
+podczas szukania, takimi jak C-s i C-r) szukanie zostanie przerwane.
+
+C-s rozpoczyna proces szukania, który poszukuje ³añcucha, który
+znajduje siê ZA bie¿±c± pozycja kursora.  Je¶li chcesz szukaæ czego¶
+wcze¶niej w tek¶cie, naci¶nij C-r.  Wszystko, co powiedzieli¶my o C-s
+stosuje siê do C-r, oczywi¶cie ze zmian± kierunku szukania na wstecz.
+
+
+* WIELE OKIEN
+-------------
+
+Jedn± z przyjemnych cech Emacsa jest mo¿liwo¶æ wy¶wietlania wiêcej ni¿
+jednego okna na raz.
+
+>> Przesuñ kursor do tej linii i naci¶nij C-u 0 C-l.
+
+>> Naci¶nij teraz C-x 2, co podzieli ekran na dwa okna.  Obydwa okna
+   wy¶wietlaj± ten podrêcznik.  Kursor pozostaje w górnym oknie.
+
+>> Naci¶nij C-M-v by przewin±æ dolne okno.  (Je¶li nie masz
+   prawdziwego klawisza Meta, naci¶nij ESC C-v.)
+
+>> Naci¶nij C-x o ("o" jak angielskie "other") by przesun±æ kursor do
+   dolnego okna.  U¿yj C-v i M-v w dolnym oknie by przewin±æ jego
+   zawarto¶æ.  Polecenia, które masz wykonaæ czytaj w górnym oknie.
+
+>> Naci¶nij C-x o jeszcze raz tak, by kursor wróci³ do górnego okna.
+   Kursor w górnym oknie nie zmieni³ po³o¿enia.
+
+Ka¿de okno pamiêta po³o¿enie swojego w³asnego kursora, lecz tylko
+jedno okno w danej chwili wy¶wietla kursor.  Wszystkie polecenia
+edycyjne stosuj± siê do okna, w którym jest kursor.  To okno nazywane
+jest "wybranym oknem".
+
+Polecenie C-M-v jest bardzo u¿yteczne gdy edytujesz tekst w jednym
+oknie, a drugiego u¿ywasz tylko jako punkt odniesienia.  Dziêki temu
+kursor mo¿e zawsze znajdowaæ siê w oknie, zawarto¶æ którego edytujesz,
+a Ty mo¿esz przesuwaæ drugie okno za pomoc± C-M-v.
+
+C-M-v to przyk³ad znaku, który uzyskuje siê za pomoc± CONTROL-META.
+Je¶li masz prawdziwy klawisz META, C-M-v mo¿esz uzyskaæ przytrzymuj±c
+jednocze¶nie CTRL oraz META i naciskaj±c v.  Nie jest wa¿ne, co
+zosta³o naci¶niete wcze¶niej, CTRL czy META, poniewa¿ obydwa te
+klawisze dzia³aj± jako modyfikatory znaczenia klawiszy, które
+naciskasz.
+
+Je¶li nie masz klawisza META i u¿ywasz w jego zastêpstwie ESC,
+kolejno¶æ naciskania klawiszy jest znacz±ca: musisz najpierw nacisn±æ
+i pu¶ciæ ESC, po czym nacisn±æ CTRL-v; CTRL-ESC v nie bêdzie dzia³aæ.
+Dzieje siê tak dlatego, ze ESC jest znakiem, a nie modyfikatorem.
+
+>> Naci¶nij C-x 1 (w górnym oknie), by pozbyæ siê dolnego okna.
+
+(Je¶li nacisn±³by¶ C-x 1 w dolnym oknie, to znik³oby górne.  Mo¿esz
+sobie t³umaczyæ to polecenie jako "zatrzymaj tylko jedno okno --- to w
+którym w³a¶nie jestem".)
+
+Nie musisz wy¶wietlaæ tego samego bufora w obydwu oknach.  Je¶li
+u¿yjesz C-x C-f by wy¶wietliæ plik w jednym z okien, zawarto¶æ
+drugiego nie zmieni siê.  W ka¿dym oknie mo¿esz wy¶wietlaæ ró¿ne pliki
+niezale¿nie.
+
+Oto inny sposób u¿ywania dwóch okien do wy¶wietlania dwóch ró¿nych
+rzeczy:
+
+>> Naci¶nij C-x 4 C-f i nazwê jednego z Twoich plików.  Zakoñcz
+   wprowadzanie klawiszem <Return>.  Podany plik pojawi siê w dolnym
+   oknie razem z kursorem, który tam przeskakuje.
+
+>> Naci¶nij C-x o, by wróciæ do górnego okna, oraz C-x 1 by
+   usun±æ dolne okno.
+
+
+* REKURSYWNE POZIOMY EDYCJI
+---------------------------
+
+Czasami mo¿esz znale¼æ siê w czym¶, co nazywa siê "rekursywnym
+poziomem edycji".  Mo¿esz to rozpoznaæ po nawiasach kwadratowych w
+linii trybu, obejmuj±cych nawiasy okr±g³e zawieraj±ce nazwê g³ównego
+trybu edycji.  Na przyk³ad, móg³by¶ widzieæ [(Fundamental)] zamiast
+(Fundamental).
+
+By wyj¶æ z rekursywnego poziomu edycji naci¶nij ESC ESC ESC.  Jest to
+ogólnego przeznaczenia "wychodzimy".  Mo¿esz go u¿yæ tak¿e by pozbyæ
+siê nadmiaru okien lub wyj¶æ z minibufora.
+
+>> Naci¶nij M-x by wej¶æ do minibufora; naci¶nij potem ESC ESC ESC, by
+   z niego wyj¶æ.
+
+Nie mo¿esz u¿yæ C-g, by wyj¶æ z rekursywnego poziomu edycji.  Dzieje
+siê tak dlatego, ze C-g jest u¿ywane do anulowania poleceñ i
+argumentów WEWN¡TRZ rekursywnego poziomu edycji.
+
+
+SZUKANIE DODATKOWEJ POMOCY
+--------------------------
+
+W tym podrêczniku spróbowali¶my dostarczyæ tylko tyle informacji, ile
+jest niezbêdne, by¶ móg³ zacz±æ u¿ywaæ Emacsa.  Emacs jest istn±
+kopalni± najró¿niejszych rzeczy, których nie sposób tutaj opisaæ.
+Zapewne bêdziesz chcia³ dowiedzieæ siê wiêcej o Emacsie, poniewa¿
+posiada on wiele po¿±danych cech, o których na razie nic nie wiesz.
+Jest w nim zaszyte mnóstwo wewnêtrznej dokumentacji, która mo¿e byæ
+osi±gniêta za pomoc± Control-h, które okre¶lamy mianem "znaku pomocy"
+z powodu spe³nianej przez niego roli.
+
+By uzyskaæ pomoc, naci¶nij C-h a potem znak, który okre¶la jakiego
+typu pomocy oczekujesz.  Je¶li poczujesz siê NAPRAWDÊ zagubiony,
+napisz C-h ? i Emacs spróbuje powiedzieæ Ci, jakiego typu pomocy mo¿e
+Ci dostarczyæ.  Je¶li naci¶niesz C-h a potem zadecydujesz, ¿e pomoc
+nie jest Ci jednak potrzebna, po prostu wci¶nij C-g by anulowaæ C-h.
+
+Najprostsz± pomoc mo¿esz uzyskaæ naciskaj±c C-h c.  Naci¶nij C-h a
+potem c, po czym kombinacje klawiszy polecenia, i Emacs wy¶wietli
+bardzo krótki opis polecenia.
+
+>> Naci¶nij C-h c Control-p.
+   Powinno to przywo³aæ komunikat, o tre¶ci podobnej do
+
+	C-p runs the command previous-line
+
+W ten sposób mo¿esz uzyskaæ "nazwê funkcji".  Przydaje siê to podczas
+pisania kodu w Lispie, który rozszerza Emacsa; wystarcza to tak¿e do
+przypomnienia Ci, co dane polecenie robi, je¶li widzia³e¶ je ju¿
+wcze¶niej, ale nie zapamiêta³e¶ go.
+
+Polecenia wywo³ywane za pomoc± wieloznakowej kombinacji klawiszy, na
+przyk³ad C-x C-s oraz (je¶li nie masz klawisza META lub EDIT) <ESC>v,
+s± tak¿e dopuszczalne po C-h c.
+
+By uzyskaæ wiêcej informacji na temat polecenia, naci¶nij C-h k
+zamiast C-h c.
+
+>> Naci¶nij C-h k Control-p.
+
+To polecenie wy¶wietla dokumentacjê na temat danej funkcji oraz jej
+nazwê w oknie Emacsa.  Gdy skoñczysz ¶ledziæ wynik tego polecenia
+naci¶nij C-x 1, by pozbyæ siê tekstu pomocy.  Nie musisz tego robiæ od
+razu.  Mo¿esz wykonaæ pewne operacje w oparciu o tekst pomocy zanim
+naci¶niesz C-x 1.
+
+Oto kilka innych u¿ytecznych wariantów C-h:
+
+   C-h f	Opisz funkcje o podanej nazwie.
+
+>> Napisz C-h f previous-line<Return>.  Wypisze to na ekranie ca³±
+   informacje, jak± Emacs ma na temat funkcji, która implementuje
+   polecenie C-p.
+
+   C-h a	Apropos.   Wpisz s³owo kluczowe, a Emacs wypisze listê
+                wszystkich poleceñ, których nazwa zawiera to s³owo.
+                Polecenia te mog± zostaæ wywo³ane za pomoc± Meta-x.
+                Dla niektórych poleceñ Apropos wypisze jedno- lub
+                dwuznakowe sekwencje, które wywo³uj± dane polecenie.
+
+>> Napisz C-h a file<Return>.  Zobaczysz listê wszystkich poleceñ,
+   dostêpnych za pomoc± M-x, które maja s³owo "file" w swojej nazwie.
+   Zauwa¿ysz tam tak¿e polecenia takie, jak C-x C-f oraz C-x C-w,
+   umieszczone obok nazw poleceñ "find-file" i "write-file".
+
+
+PODSUMOWANIE
+------------
+
+Pamiêtaj, ¿e by wyj¶æ z Emacsa na sta³e, u¿ywaj C-x C-c.  By wyj¶æ do
+pow³oki na chwilê tak, by¶ móg³ wróciæ, u¿yj C-z. (To nie dzia³a pod
+X-Windows, poniewa¿ tam nie ma prawdziwego konceptu przej¶cia na
+chwile do pow³oki.  Zamiast tego C-z ikonizuje okno Emacsa.)
+
+Ten podrêcznik by³ pisany tak, by wszyscy nowi u¿ytkownicy mogli go
+zrozumieæ.  Je¶li co¶ pozostawi³ niejasnym, nie sied¼ cicho i nie
+obwiniaj siebie, tylko daj nam znaæ!
+
+
+KOPIOWANIE
+----------
+
+Niniejszy podrêcznik jest potomkiem w d³ugiej linii podrêczników
+Emacsa, która rozpoczyna siê od tego, który zosta³ napisany przez
+Stuarta Cracrafta dla oryginalnego Emacsa.  Zosta³ on zmodyfikowany we
+wrze¶niu 1994 przez Bena Winga, który zaktualizowa³ go, je¶li chodzi o
+X-Windows.
+
+T³umaczenia na jêzyk polski dokona³ Remek Trzaska z pomoc± Ryszarda
+Kubiaka.  Jesli polskie znaki nie byly poprawnie wyswietlane w tym
+buforze, oznacza to, ze nie masz zainstalowanych polskich fontow. 
+Pomoc w tym zakresie mozesz znalezc pod adresem: 
+               <URL:http://www.agh.edu.pl/ogonki>
+
+Ta wersja podrêcznika, podobnie jak GNU Emacs, jest zastrze¿ona, a
+pozwolenie na kopiowanie udzielone jest pod nastêpuj±cymi warunkami:
+
+Copyright (c) 1985, 1994 Free Software Foundation
+
+   Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim
+   copies of this document as received, in any medium, provided that
+   the copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
+   and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
+   for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
+
+   Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
+   of this document, or of portions of it,
+   under the above conditions, provided also that they
+   carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
+
+Warunki kopiowania samego Emacsa s± w pewnym stopniu inne, aczkolwiek
+zachowuj± te sama idee.  Proszê, przeczytaj plik COPYING, po czym
+rozdaj swoim znajomym kopie Emacsa.  Pomó¿ zwalczyæ przeszkody w
+rozpowszechnianiu oprogramowania przez tworzenie i dzielenie siê
+oprogramowaniem.
+
+;;; Local Variables:
+;;;   mode: fundamental
+;;;   coding: latin-2
+;;; End:

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/TUTORIAL.ro	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,1111 @@
+Copyright (c) 1998 Tudor Hulubei <[e-mail]>  -*-coding: latin-2;-*-
+Mulþumiri Aidei Hulubei <[e-mail]> pentru corecturi ºi sugestii.
+
+A se citi sfârºitul pentru condiþii.
+
+Aceastã versiune a fost produsã plecând de la versiunea în limba
+englezã, care este
+Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+Citiþi acum versiunea româneascã a tutorialului de Emacs.
+
+Comenzile Emacs folosesc în general tasta CONTROL (uneori denumitã
+CTRL sau CTL) sau tasta META (uneori denumita EDIT sau ALT).  În loc
+sã scriem META sau CONTROL de fiecare datã când vrem sã prefixãm un
+caracter, vom folosi urmãtoarele prescurtãri:
+
+ C-<chr> înseamnã cã þineþi apãsatã tasta CONTROL în timp ce tastaþi
+	 caracterul <chr>.  Astfel, C-f înseamnã: þineþi apãsatã tasta
+	 CONTROL ºi tastaþi f.
+
+ M-<chr> înseamnã cã þineþi apãsatã tasta META, EDIT sau ALT în timp
+	 ce tastaþi <chr>.  Dacã nu existã tasta META, EDIT sau ALT,
+	 tastaþi <ESC>, ridicaþi ºi apoi tastaþi caracterul <chr>.
+	 Am notat cu <ESC> tasta ESC.
+
+Observaþie importantã: pentru a termina sesiunea Emacs, tastaþi C-x
+C-c.  (Douã caractere.)  Caracterele ">>" la marginea din stânga
+reprezintã instrucþiuni pentru a încerca o comandã.  De exemplu:
+<<Liniile goale introduse aici de iniþializarea comenzii help-with-tutorial>>
+>> Acum tastaþi C-v (citirea urmãtorului ecran) pentru a vã muta la
+   urmãtorul ecran.  (Executaþi aceastã comandã acum, tinând apãsatã
+   tasta CONTROL în timp ce tastaþi v).  De acum înainte faceþi acest
+   lucru din nou, de fiecare datã când terminaþi de citit ecranul.
+
+De remarcat cã existã o zonã de suprapunere de douã linii când vã
+mutaþi de la un ecran la altul; aveþi astfel o oarecare continuitate
+în citirea textului.
+
+Primul lucru pe care trebuie sã-l stiþi este cum sã vã deplasaþi din
+loc în loc în text.  ªtiþi deja cum sã vã mutaþi la urmãtorul ecran cu
+C-v.  Pentru a vã deplasa înapoi un ecran, tastaþi M-v (þineþi apãsatã
+tasta META ºi tastaþi v, sau <ESC> v dacã nu aveþi o tastã META, EDIT,
+sau ALT).
+
+>> Încercaþi sã tastaþi M-v ºi apoi C-v de câteva ori.
+
+
+* SUMAR
+-------
+
+Urmãtoarele comenzi sunt utile pentru a vedea ecrane:
+
+	C-v	avanseazã un ecran
+	M-v	înapoi un ecran
+	C-l	ºterge ecranul ºi reafiºeazã totul poziþionând textul
+		de lângã cursor în centrul ecranului.  (Este C-L, nu
+		C-1.)
+
+>> Gãsiþi cursorul ºi þineþi minte ce text este în jurul lui.
+   Apoi tastaþi C-l.  Gãsiþi cursorul din nou ºi observaþi cã textul
+   de lângã cursor este acelaºi.
+
+
+* COMENZI DE BAZÃ PENTRU CONTROLUL CURSORULUI
+---------------------------------------------
+
+Mutatul ecran cu ecran este util, dar cum vã mutaþi la o anumitã
+poziþie în textul de pe ecran?
+
+Sunt mai multe modalitaþi în care puteþi face acest lucru.  Cel mai
+simplu este sã folosiþi comenzile C-p, C-b, C-f ºi C-n.  Fiecare din
+aceste comenzi mutã cursorul o linie sau coloanã într-o anumitã
+direcþie pe ecran.  Diagrama urmãtoare prezintã aceste patru comenzi
+ºi aratã direcþiile în care ele mutã cursorul.
+
+			 Linia precedentã, C-p
+				  :
+				  :
+    Înapoi, C-b .... Poziþia curentã a cursorului .... Înainte, C-f
+				  :
+				  :
+			 Linia urmãtoare, C-n
+
+>> Mutaþi cursorul la linia din mijlocul diagramei folosind C-n sau
+   C-p.  Tastaþi apoi C-l pentru a vedea întreaga diagramã centratã pe
+   ecran.
+
+Vi se va pãrea probabil mai simplu sã vã amintiþi aceste comenzi
+gândindu-vã la semnificaþia lor în limba englezã: P pentru previous, N
+pentru next, B pentru backward ºi F pentru forward.  Acestea sunt
+comenzile de bazã pentru poziþionarea cursorului ºi le veþi folosi tot
+timpul, deci ar fi foarte util sã le învãþaþi acum.
+
+>> Tastaþi câteva C-n-uri pentru a aduce cursorul la aceastã linie.
+
+>> Mutaþi-vã în interiorul liniei cu C-f-uri ºi apoi în sus cu
+   C-p-uri.  Urmãriþi ce face C-p atunci când cursorul este în
+   mijlocul liniei.
+
+Fiecare linie se terminã cu un caracter NEWLINE care o separã de linia
+urmãtoare.  Ultima linie în fiºierele dumneavoastrã ar trebui sã aibã
+un asemenea caracter la sfârºit (deºi Emacs-ul nu-l necesitã).
+
+>> Încercaþi sã tastaþi C-b la începutul unei linii.  Cursorul ar
+   trebui sã se mute la sfârºitul liniei precedente, din cauza
+   trecerii peste caracterul NEWLINE.
+
+C-f poate sã treacã peste un caracter NEWLINE, la fel ca ºi C-b.
+
+>> Tastaþi câteva C-b-uri, pentru a vã familiariza cu poziþia
+   cursorului.  Tastaþi apoi câteva C-f-uri pentru a vã întoarce la
+   sfârºitul liniei.  Încã un C-f ºi vã veþi muta la linia urmãtoare.
+
+Când ajungeþi sã treceþi peste începutul sau sfârºitul ecranului,
+textul aflat dincolo de margine intrã în ecran, permiþându-i
+Emacs-ului sã mute cursorul la poziþia specificatã, fãrã a ieºi din
+zona vizibilã (ecran).  Aceastã operaþiune se numeste în limba englezã
+"scrolling".
+
+>> Încercaþi sã mutaþi cursorul în afara pãrþii de jos a ecranului cu
+   C-n ºi observaþi ce se întamplã.
+
+Dacã mutatul caracter cu caracter este lent, puteþi muta cursorul
+cuvânt cu cuvânt.  M-f (META-f) avanseazã cursorul cu un cuvânt, iar
+M-b mutã cursorul un cuvânt înapoi.
+
+>> Tastaþi câteva M-f-uri ºi apoi câteva M-b-uri.
+
+Când cursorul este în mijlocul unui cuvânt, M-f îl mutã la sfârºitul
+cuvântului.  Când cursorul este în spaþiul dintre cuvinte, M-f îl mutã
+la sfârºitul cuvântului urmãtor.  M-b acþioneazã similar, dar în
+direcþia opusã.
+
+>> Tastaþi M-f ºi M-b de câteva ori, intercalate cu C-f-uri ºi
+   C-b-uri, pentru a observa efectul comenzilor M-f ºi M-b din diverse
+   poziþii în interiorul cuvintelor ºi între ele.
+
+Observaþi paralela între C-f ºi C-b pe de o parte, ºi M-f ºi M-b pe de
+cealaltã parte.  De multe ori, caracterele META sunt folosite pentru
+operaþii referitoare la unitãþile definite de limbaj (cuvinte, fraze,
+paragrafe), în timp ce caracterele CONTROL opereazã pe unitãþi de
+bazã, care sunt independente de tipul textului editat (caractere,
+linii, etc).
+
+Aceastã paralelã se aplicã ºi între linii ºi fraze: C-a ºi C-e mutã
+cursorul la începutul ºi, respectiv sfârºitul unei linii, în timp ce
+M-a ºi M-e îl mutã la începutul ºi, respectiv sfârºitul unei fraze.
+
+>> Încercaþi câteva C-a-uri, apoi câteva C-e-uri.
+   Încercaþi câteva M-a-uri, apoi câteva M-e-uri.
+
+Remarcaþi cum repetarea tastãrii lui C-a nu schimbã nimic, în timp ce
+repetarea tastãrii lui M-a mutã cursorul la fraza urmãtoare.  Deºi
+aceste operaþii nu sunt tocmai analoage, fiecare pare naturalã.
+
+Poziþia cursorului în text mai este numitã ºi "punct" ("point" în
+limba englezã).  Cursorul aratã pe ecran poziþia punctului în text.
+
+Operaþiile ce mutã cursorul (inclusiv comenzile ce mutã cursorul
+cuvânt cu cuvânt sau frazã cu frazã) sunt prezentate în sumarul
+urmãtor:
+
+	C-f	avanseazã un caracter
+	C-b	înapoi un caracter
+
+	M-f	avanseazã un cuvânt
+	M-b	înapoi un cuvânt
+
+	C-n	avanseazã o linie
+	C-p	înapoi o linie
+
+	C-a	înapoi la începutul liniei
+	C-e	avanseazã la sfârºitul liniei
+
+	M-a	înapoi la începutul frazei
+	M-e	avanseazã la sfârºitul frazei
+
+>> Exersaþi toate aceste comenzi acum, sunt comenzile cele mai des
+   folosite.
+
+Douã alte comenzi importante legate de mutatul cursorului sunt M-<
+(META Mai-mic), care mutã cursorul la începutul textului, ºi M-> (META
+Mai-mare), care mutã cursorul la sfârºitul textului.
+
+Pe majoritatea terminalelor "<" este deasupra virgulei ºi deci este
+necesar sã apãsaþi tasta SHIFT în acelaºi timp.  Pe aceste terminale
+este nevoie sã apãsaþi SHIFT ºi când tastaþi M-<; fãrã tasta SHIFT,
+aþi apãsa M-virgulã.
+
+>> Încercaþi M-< acum, pentru a vã muta la începutul tutorialului.
+   Folosiþi apoi C-v în mod repetat pentru a ajunge înapoi aici.
+
+>> Încercaþi M-> acum, pentru a vã muta la sfârºitul tutorialului.
+   Folosiþi apoi M-v repetat pentru a ajunge înapoi aici.
+
+Puteþi de asemenea sã mutaþi cursorul cu tastele sãgeþi, dacã
+terminalul are asemenea taste.  Se recomandã însã acomodarea cu C-b,
+C-f, C-n ºi C-p din trei motive.  În primul rând, aceste taste
+funcþioneazã pe toate tipurile de terminale.  În al doilea rând, odatã
+ce vã obiºnuiþi cu Emacs-ul, veþi remarca faptul cã tastarea lor este
+mai rapidã decât cea a tastelor sãgeþi (pentru cã nu trebuie sã vã
+schimbaþi poziþia mâinilor pe tastaturã).  În al treilea rând, odatã
+format obiceiul de a folosi aceste comenzi bazate pe CONTROL,
+comenzile avansate de mutat cursorul se învaþã foarte uºor.
+
+Majoritatea comenzilor Emacs acceptã un argument numeric; pentru
+majoritatea comenzilor, acest argument reprezintã un contor de
+repetiþie.  Contorul de repetiþie se introduce tastând C-u, cifrele ce
+alcãtuiesc contorul ºi apoi comanda.  Dacã aveþi tasta META (EDIT sau
+ALT), existã ºi o altã alternativã pentru a introduce un argument
+numeric: tastaþi cifrele în timp ce þineþi tasta META apãsatã.  Se
+recomandã însã folosirea metodei cu C-u, deoarece funcþioneazã pe
+orice terminal.
+
+De exemplu, C-u 8 C-f avanseazã cursorul cu opt caractere.
+
+>> Încercaþi sã folosiþi C-n sau C-p cu un argument numeric pentru a
+   muta cursorul dintr-o singurã comandã pe o linie apropiatã de
+   aceasta.
+
+Majoritatea comenzilor utilizeazã argumentul numeric ca un contor de
+repetitie.  Anumite comenzi speciale îl folosesc însa în mod diferit.
+C-v si M-v sunt printre aceste excepþii.  Când li se dã un argument
+numeric, ele mutã ecranul mai sus sau mai jos cu numarul specificat de
+linii, nu de ecrane.  De exemplu, C-u 4 C-v mutã ecranul cu 4 linii.
+
+>> Încercaþi sã tastaþi C-u 8 C-v acum.
+
+Aceastã comandã trebuie sã mute ecranul în sus cu 8 linii.  Dacã
+doriti sã îl mutaþi înapoi, puteþi sã-i daþi lui M-v un argument
+numeric.
+
+Dacã folosiþi sistemul X Window, existã probabil o zonã rectangularã
+numita "scroll bar" la dreapta ferestrei Emacs-ului.  Puteþi deplasa
+textul manipulând "scroll bar"-ul cu mouse-ul.
+
+>> Încercaþi sã apãsaþi butonul din mijloc al mouse-ului la mijlocul
+   butonului din scroll bar.  Aceasta ar trebui sã mute textul la o
+   poziþie determinatã de cât de sus sau de jos aþi apãsat pe scroll
+   bar.
+
+>> Încercaþi sã mutaþi mouse-ul în sus ºi în jos þinând butonul din
+   mijloc apãsat.  Veþi vedea cã textul se deplaseazã în sus ºi în jos
+   corespunzãtor cu miºcarea mouse-ului.
+
+
+* CÂND EMACS-ul ESTE BLOCAT
+---------------------------
+
+Dacã Emacs-ul înceteazã sã vã raspundã la comenzi, îl puteþi opri,
+fãrã sã pierdeþi modificãrile fãcute pânã acum, tastând C-g.  Puteþi
+folosi C-g pentru a opri o comandã care dureazã prea mult.
+
+Puteþi de asemenea folosi C-g pentru a opri introducerea unui argument
+numeric sau începutul unei comenzi pe care nu doriþi sã o continuaþi.
+
+>> Tastaþi C-u 100 pentru a introduce 100 ca un argument numeric, apoi
+   tastaþi C-g.  Tastaþi apoi C-f.  Cursorul ar trebui sã se mute un
+   singur caracter, pentru cã aþi oprit introducerea argumentului
+   numeric cu C-g.
+
+Dacã aþi tastat un <ESC> din greºealã, puteþi sã-l anulaþi cu un C-g.
+
+
+* COMENZI DEZAFECTATE
+---------------------
+
+Anumite comenzi sunt dezafectate în Emacs, în aºa fel încât
+utilizatorii sã nu le poatã folosi din neatenþie.
+
+Dacã tastaþi una din comenzile dezafectate, Emacs-ul va afiºa un mesaj
+spunând ce comandã aþi tastat ºi întrebându-vã dacã doriþi sã
+continuaþi.
+
+Dacã într-adevãr doriþi sã încercaþi comanda respectivã, tastaþi
+SPAÞIU.  În mod normal, dacã nu doriþi sã executaþi comanda
+dezafectatã, rãspundeþi cu "n".
+
+>> Tastaþi <ESC> : (care este o comandã dezafectatã), apoi tastaþi n
+   ca rãspuns la întrebarea pusã de Emacs.
+
+
+* FERESTRE
+----------
+
+Emacs-ul poate avea mai multe ferestre, fiecare afiºând propriul sãu
+text.  Vom explica mai târziu tehnicile de folosire a ferestrelor
+multiple.  Acum vrem sã explicãm cum sã închideþi ferestrele care ar
+putea apare ca rezultat al afiºãrii unor documentaþii sau rezultate
+specifice anumitor comenzi.  Este simplu:
+
+	C-x 1   o singurã fereastrã (adicã închide toate celelalte
+		ferestre).
+
+Asta înseamnã CONTROL-x urmat de cifra 1.  C-x 1 mãreºte fereastra
+care conþine cursorul pânã când ocupã întregul ecran.  Toate celelalte
+ferestre sunt distruse.
+
+>> Mutaþi cursorul la aceastã linie ºi tastaþi C-u 0 C-l.
+
+>> Tastaþi C-h k C-f.  Observaþi cum aceastã fereastrã se micºoreazã,
+   în timp ce o nouã fereastrã apare, afiºând documentaþia comenzii
+   C-f.
+
+>> Tastaþi C-x 1 ºi observaþi cum noua fereastrã dispare.
+
+
+* INTRODUCEREA ªI ªTERGEREA
+---------------------------
+
+Dacã vreþi sã introduceþi text, pur ºi simplu tastaþi textul dorit.
+Caracterele pe care le puteþi vedea, cum ar fi A, 7, *, etc. sunt
+interpretate de Emacs ca text ºi introduse imediat.  Tastaþi <Return>
+(tasta mai este etichetatã <Enter> uneori) pentru a introduce un
+caracter NEWLINE.
+
+Puteþi ºterge ultimul caracter pe care l-aþi introdus tastând
+<Delete>.  <Delete> este o tastã pe tastaturã etichetatã "Del" sau
+"Delete".  În unele cazuri tasta "Backspace" poate acþiona ca
+<Delete>, dar nu întotdeauna!
+
+Mai general, <Delete> ºterge caracterul dinaintea poziþiei curente a
+cursorului.
+
+>> Executaþi urmãtoarele operaþii acum - tastaþi câteva caractere,
+   apoi ºtergeþi-le tastând <Delete> de câteva ori.  Nu vã temeþi cã
+   veþi schimba acest fiºier; nu veþi altera versiunea principalã a
+   tutorialului.  Aceasta este copia dumneavoastrã personalã.
+
+Când o linie de text devine prea mare pentru a putea fi reprezentatã
+pe o linie de ecran, linia de text este continuatã pe urmãtoarea linie
+de pe ecran.  Un caracter backslash ("\") la marginea din dreapta
+indicã o linie care a fost continuatã.
+
+>> Introduceþi text pânã când depãºiþi cu câteva caractere marginea
+   din dreapta a ecranului.  Veþi observa apariþia liniei de
+   continuare.
+
+>> Folosiþi <Delete>-uri pentru a ºterge textul pânã când linia încape
+   din nou pe o linie de ecran.  Linia de continuare va dispãrea.
+
+Puteþi ºterge un caracter NEWLINE ca pe orice alt caracter.  ªtergerea
+unui NEWLINE dintre douã linii concateneaza cele douã linii.  Dacã
+linia rezultatã este prea lungã pentru a fi afiºatã pe ecran, va fi
+afiºatã cu o linie de continuare.
+
+>> Mutaþi cursorul la începutul unei linii ºi tastaþi <Delete>.
+   Aceasta concateneazã linia curentã cu cea precedentã.
+
+>> Tastaþi <Return> pentru a reintroduce caracterul NEWLINE ºters.
+
+Aºa cum vã reamintiþi, majoritatea comenzilor Emacs pot primi un
+argument numeric ce acþioneazã ca un contor de repetiþie; introducerea
+caracterelor ascultã aceleaºi reguli.  Un argument numeric dat unui
+caracter duce la introducerea caracterului respectiv de numãrul
+specificat de ori.
+
+>>  Încercaþi asta acum - tastaþi C-u 8 * pentru a introduce ********.
+
+Aþi învãþat acum metodele elementare de tastat ºi corectat erori în
+Emacs.  Puteþi de asemenea ºterge cuvinte sau linii.  Acesta este un
+sumar al operaþiilor de ºtergere.
+
+	<Delete>     ºterge caracterul de dinaintea cursorului
+	C-d   	     ºterge caracterul de dupã cursor
+
+	M-<Delete>   ºterge cuvântul de dinaintea cursorului
+	M-d	     ºterge cuvântul de dupã cursor
+
+	C-k	     ºterge de la poziþia curentã pânã la sfârºitul
+		     liniei
+	M-k	     ºterge de la poziþia curentã pânã la sfârºitul
+		     frazei
+
+De remarcat cã <Delete> ºi C-d versus M-<Delete> ºi M-d extind
+paralela începutã de C-f ºi M-f (<Delete> nu este cu adevãrat un
+caracter bazat pe CONTROL, dar nu o sã ne ocupãm de asta acum).  C-k
+ºi M-k sunt ca C-e ºi M-e, într-un fel, dacã facem o paralelã între
+linii ºi fraze.
+
+Când ºtergeþi mai mult de un caracter la un moment dat, Emacs-ul
+pãstreazã intern textul distrus în aºa fel încât îl puteþi restaura.
+Termenul folosit de Emacs pentru operaþiunea de restaurare a textului
+distrus este "yanking".  Puteþi restaura textul distrus fie în acelaºi
+loc, fie în alt loc în fiºier.  Puteþi de asemenea restaura textul de
+mai multe ori pentru a face mai multe copii.  Comanda de restaurare
+este C-y.
+
+Diferenþa dintre "distrugerea" ºi "ºtergerea" unei porþiuni din text
+este aceea ca porþiunile de text "distruse" pot fi restaurate, în timp
+ce porþiunile de text "ºterse", nu.  În general, comenzile care
+distrug porþiuni semnificative din text, pãstreazã intern textul
+respectiv, în timp ce comenzile care ºterg doar un caracter, linii
+goale sau spaþii, nu fac acest lucru.
+
+>> Mutaþi cursorul la începutul unei linii care nu este goalã.
+   Tastaþi apoi C-k pentru a distruge textul de pe linia respectivã.
+>> Tastaþi C-k o a doua oarã.  Veþi observa distrugerea caracterului
+   NEWLINE de la sfârºitul liniei.
+
+Dupã cum vedeþi, un singur C-k distruge conþinutul liniei, iar un al
+doilea C-k distruge linia însãºi, facând toate celelalte linii sã se
+mute în sus.  C-k trateazã un argument numeric în mod special:
+distruge numãrul specificat de linii ºi conþinutul lor.  Aceastã
+comportare nu este doar o simplã repetiþie.  C-u 2 C-k distruge douã
+linii ºi NEWLINE-urile de dupã ele; tastând C-k de douã ori nu
+obþineþi acelaºi rezultat.
+
+Pentru a extrage ultimul text distrus ºi a-l plasa la poziþia curentã
+a cursorului, tastaþi C-y.
+
+>> Tastaþi C-y pentru a restaura textul distrus anterior.
+
+Gânditi-vã la C-y ca ºi cum aþi recupera ceva ce v-a fost luat.
+Observaþi cã dacã executaþi mai multe C-k-uri la rând, tot textul
+distrus este stocat într-o singurã bucatã, în aºa fel încât un singur
+C-y va restaura toate liniile.
+
+>> Tastaþi acum C-k de câteva ori.
+
+Acum încercaþi sã restauraþi textul distrus:
+
+>> Tastaþi C-y.  Mutaþi apoi cursorul câteva linii mai jos ºi tastaþi
+   C-y din nou.  Veþi vedea cum se copiazã porþiuni de text.
+
+Ce faceþi dacã aveþi porþiuni de text pe care vreþi sã le restauraþi,
+dar între timp distrugeþi o altã porþiune de text?  C-y va restaura
+porþiunea de text care a fost distrusã cel mai recent.  Cu toate
+acestea, textul distrus anterior nu este pierdut.  Puteþi sã-l
+restauraþi folosind comanda M-y.  Dupã ce aþi executat C-y pentru a
+obþine textul cel mai recent distrus, tastând M-y veþi înlocui textul
+ce tocmai a fost restaurat cu textul distrus înaintea lui.  Tastând
+M-y de mai multe ori puteþi obþine porþiuni de text distrus din ce în
+ce mai vechi.  Odatã ajunºi la textul care vã intereseazã, puteþi sã
+continuaþi editarea fãrã sã mai faceþi nimic special, lasând textul
+restaurat în poziþia în care se gãseºte.
+
+Dacã tastaþi M-y de suficient de multe ori, veþi ajunge în cele din
+urmã la punctul de plecare (textul distrus cel mai de curând).
+
+>> Distrugeþi o linie, mutaþi-vã puþin în jurul ei, distrugeþi o altã
+   linie.  Executaþi apoi C-y pentru a obþine înapoi cea de-a doua
+   linie distrusã.  Executaþi apoi M-y ºi veþi constata cã este
+   înlocuitã de prima linie distrusã.  Executaþi mai multe M-y-uri ºi
+   observaþi ce obþineþi.  Continuaþi sã le executaþi pânã când a doua
+   linie apare din nou, etc.  Dacã doriþi, puteþi încerca sã-i daþi
+   comenzii M-y argumente numerice pozitive ºi negative.
+
+
+* ANULARE
+---------
+
+Dacã faceþi o schimbare în text, ºi apoi constataþi cã aþi greºit,
+puteþi anula schimbarea cu comanda de anulare, C-x u.
+
+În mod normal, C-x u anuleazã schimbãrile fãcute de o comandã; dacã
+repetaþi C-x u de câteva ori la rând, fiecare nouã repetiþie anuleazã
+încã o comandã.
+
+Existã însã douã excepþii: comenzile care nu schimbã textul nu sunt
+luate în considerare (acestea includ comenzile de mutat cursorul ºi
+cele de "scrolling"), iar caracterele introduse individual sunt
+tratate în grupuri de maxim 20.  (Motivaþia din spatele acestei
+abordãri este aceea de a reduce numãrul de C-x u-uri pe care trebuie
+sã le tastaþi pentru anularea inserãrilor de text).
+
+>> Distrugeþi linia aceasta cu C-k, apoi tastaþi C-x u; linia ar
+   trebui sã reaparã.
+
+C-_ este o altã comandã de anulare; funcþioneazã exact ca ºi C-x u,
+dar este mai uºor de tastat de mai multe ori la rând.  Dezavantajul
+lui C-_ este cã pe anumite tastaturi nu este clar cum trebuie tastat.
+Din acest motiv existã C-x u.  Pe unele terminale se poate sã tastaþi
+C-_ tastând "/" în timp ce þineþi apãsatã tasta CONTROL.
+
+Un argument numeric la C-_ sau C-x u acþioneazã ca un contor de
+repetiþie.
+
+
+* FIªIERE
+---------
+
+Pentru a face permanente modificãrile din textul pe care îl editaþi,
+trebuie sã-l stocaþi (salvaþi) într-un fiºier.  Altminteri,
+modificãrile se vor pierde în momentul pãrãsirii Emacs-ului.  Puneþi
+textul într-un fiºier "deschizând" (sau "vizitând") fiºierul.
+
+Deschiderea unui fiºier înseamnã cã puteþi vedea conþinutul fiºierului
+în Emacs.  Este ca ºi cum aþi edita chiar fiºierul, singura diferenþã
+fiind aceea cã schimbãrile nu devin permanente pânã când nu îl
+"salvaþi" ("save" în limba englezã).  Se evitã astfel existenþa în
+sistem a unor fiºiere incomplet modificate atunci când nu doriþi acest
+lucru.  Chiar ºi când salvaþi fiºierul, Emacs-ul pãstreazã fiºierul
+iniþial (cu un nume schimbat) în aºa fel încât sã-l puteþi recupera în
+cazul în care decideþi cã modificãrile efectuate au fost greºite.
+
+Aproape de marginea de jos a ecranului veþi observa o linie care
+începe ºi se terminã cu minusuri, ºi conþine ºirul "--:-- TUTORIAL.ro"
+sau ceva în genul acesta.  Aceastã parte a ecranului aratã întotdeauna
+numele fiºierului pe care îl vizitaþi.  Acum vizitaþi fiºierul
+"TUTORIAL.ro" care este copia dumneavoastrã de încercãri a
+tutorialului în limba românã.  Orice fiºier aþi edita, numele acelui
+fiºier va apãrea în poziþia respectivã.
+
+Comenzile pentru gãsirea ºi salvarea fiºierelor sunt diferite de
+celelalte comenzi pe care le-aþi învãþat, în sensul cã sunt compuse
+din douã caractere.  Amândouã încep cu caracterul C-x.  Existã o
+întreagã serie de comenzi care încep cu C-x; multe dintre ele sunt
+legate de fiºiere, buffere ºi alte lucruri înrudite.  Aceste comenzi
+sunt compuse din douã, trei sau patru caractere.
+
+Comenzii de deschidere a unui fiºier trebuie sã îi spuneþi numele
+fiºierului dorit.  Spunem despre comandã ca "citeºte un argument de la
+terminal" (în acest caz, argumentul este numele fiºierului).  Dupã ce
+tastaþi comanda
+
+	C-x C-f (deschide un fiºier)
+
+Emacs-ul vã va cere sã introduceþi numele fiºierului.  Numele pe care
+îl tastaþi apare pe ultima linie a ecranului.  Aceastã linie se
+numeste "minibuffer" când este folositã pentru acest tip de
+introducere.  Comenzile normale de editare în Emacs pot fi folosite ºi
+pentru editarea numelui fiºierului.
+
+În timp ce introduceþi numele fiºierului (sau orice alt tip de
+introducere de date în minibuffer), puteþi anula comanda cu C-g.
+
+>> Tastaþi C-x C-f, apoi tastaþi C-g.  Aceasta anuleazã minibuffer-ul,
+   ºi, de asemenea, anuleazã comanda C-x C-f care îl folosea.  În
+   concluzie, nu veþi mai deschide nici un fiºier.
+
+Când aþi terminat de introdus numele fiºierului, tastaþi <Return>
+pentru a-l încheia.  Dupã aceasta, comanda C-x C-f începe sã lucreze
+ºi deschide fiºierul pe care l-aþi ales.  Minibuffer-ul dispare când
+comanda C-x C-f se terminã.
+
+Dupã câteva momente, conþinutul fiºierului apare pe ecran ºi îl puteþi
+edita.  Când doriti sã faceþi schimbãrile permanente, tastaþi comanda
+
+	C-x C-s	(salveazã fiºierul)
+
+Aceasta copiazã textul din Emacs într-un fiºier.  Prima oarã când
+faceþi acest lucru, Emacs-ul redenumeºte fiºierul iniþial în aºa fel
+încât sã nu se piardã.  Noul nume este creat prin adãugarea
+caracterului "~" la numele iniþial.
+
+Când operaþiunea de salvare este terminatã, Emacs-ul afiºeazã numele
+fiºierului salvat.  Se recomandã salvarea la intervale relativ mici,
+pentru a nu pierde prea multã muncã în cazul unei eventuale blocãri a
+sistemului.
+
+>> Tastaþi C-x C-s, pentru a salva copia tutorialului.
+   Aceasta ar trebui sã afiºeze "Wrote ...TUTORIAL.ro" la marginea de
+   jos a ecranului.
+
+OBSERVAÞIE: În unele sisteme, tastarea comenzii C-x C-s va bloca
+ecranul ºi nu veþi mai primi nici un de rãspuns din partea Emacs-ului.
+Aceasta indicã faptul cã o facilitate a sistemului de operare numitã
+"controlul fluxului" ("flow control" în limba englezã) intercepteazã
+C-s, nelasându-l sã ajungã la Emacs.  Pentru deblocarea ecranului,
+tastaþi C-q.  Puteþi gãsi detalii referitoare la aceastã aºa-numitã
+"facilitate" în secþiunea "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search"
+din manualul Emacs-ului.
+
+Puteþi deschide un fiºier existent, pentru a-l vedea sau edita.
+Puteþi de asemenea deschide un fiºier care nu existã.  Aceasta este
+modalitatea în care creaþi noi fiºiere cu Emacs-ul: deschideþi
+fiºierul (care va fi gol iniþial), apoi începeþi sã introduceþi text
+în el.  Când îi veþi cere sã "salveze" fiºierul, Emacs-ul va crea
+fiºierul cu textul pe care l-aþi introdus.  De acum înainte puteþi
+considera cã editaþi un fiºier existent.
+
+
+* BUFFERE
+---------
+
+Dacã deschideþi un al doilea fiºier cu C-x C-f, primul va continua sã
+existe în Emacs.  Puteþi sã vã mutaþi înapoi la el deschizându-l din
+nou cu C-x C-f.  În acest fel puteþi avea un numãr destul de mare de
+fiºiere deschise în Emacs.
+
+>> Creaþi un fiºier numit "foo" tastând C-x C-f foo <Return>.
+   Introduceþi un text oarecare, editaþi-l, apoi salvaþi "foo" tastând
+   C-x C-s.  În cele din urmã, tastaþi C-x C-f TUTORIAL.ro <Return>
+   pentru a vã întoarce la tutorial.
+
+Emacs-ul stocheazã textul fiecãrui fiºier într-un obiect numit
+"buffer".  Deschiderea unui fiºier creeazã un nou buffer în Emacs.
+Pentru a vedea o listã a bufferelor existente în Emacs, tastaþi
+
+	C-x C-b	  (lista de buffere)
+
+>> Încercaþi C-x C-b acum.
+
+Observaþi cum fiecare buffer are un nume ºi, uneori, un nume de fiºier
+corespunzãtor fiºierului al cãrui conþinut este menþinut în buffer-ul
+respectiv.  Unele buffere nu corespund nici unui fiºier.  De exemplu,
+buffer-ul numit "*Buffer List*" nu are nici un fiºier asociat.  Este
+buffer-ul care conþine lista de buffere ºi a fost creat de comanda C-x
+C-b.  Orice text pe care îl vedeþi într-o fereastrã a Emacs-ului este
+întotdeauna parte dintr-un buffer.
+
+>> Tastaþi C-x 1 pentru a scãpa de lista de buffere.
+
+Dacã faceþi schimbãri în textul unui fiºier, apoi deschideþi un alt
+fiºier, primul fiºier nu este salvat.  Schimbãrile efectuate rãmân în
+Emacs, în buffer-ul asociat acelui fiºier.  Crearea sau editarea
+buffer-ului celui de-al doilea fiºier nu are nici un efect asupra
+buffer-ului primului fiºier.  Acest lucru este foarte util, dar
+înseamnã cã aveþi nevoie de o modalitate convenabilã de a salva
+buffer-ul primului fiºier.  Ar fi obositor sã fie necesar sã vã mutaþi
+înapoi la el cu C-x C-f pentru a-l putea salva cu C-x C-s.  Din acest
+motiv existã comanda:
+
+	C-x s	salveazã niºte buffere
+
+C-x s vã întreabã despre fiecare buffer care conþine modificãri (ºi
+care nu a fost salvat) dacã doriþi sã-l salvaþi.
+
+>> Introduceþi o linie de text, apoi tastaþi C-x s.
+   Ar trebui sã vã întrebe dacã sã salveze buffer-ul TUTORIAL.ro.
+   Raspundeþi "da" la întrebare tastând "y".
+
+
+* EXTINDEREA SETULUI DE COMENZI
+-------------------------------
+
+Existã mult mai multe comenzi Emacs decât combinaþii de taste bazate
+pe CONTROL ºi META.  Soluþia în Emacs este folosirea comenzilor
+eXtinse.  Acestea sunt de douã feluri:
+
+	C-x	eXtinde un caracter; urmatã de un caracter
+	M-x	eXtinde un nume; urmatã de un nume lung
+
+Acestea sunt comenzi care sunt utile în general, dar folosite mai rar
+decât comenzile despre care aþi învãþat pânã acum.  Aþi vãzut deja
+douã dintre ele: comanda de deschis fiºiere (C-x C-f) ºi comanda de
+salvat fiºiere (C-x C-s).  Un alt exemplu este comanda de pãrãsit
+Emacs-ul: C-x C-c.  (Nu vã temeþi cã veþi pierde schimbãri fãcute în
+fiºiere; înainte de a termina sesiunea curentã Emacs, C-x C-c vã va
+întreba dacã doriþi sã salvaþi fiºierele modificate.)
+
+C-z este comanda cu care puteþi ieºi din Emacs *temporar* - astfel
+încât sã puteþi sã vã întoarceþi la aceeaºi sesiune Emacs mai târziu.
+
+Pe sistemele unde este posibil, C-z "suspendã" Emacs-ul; asta înseamnã
+cã, deºi vã veþi întoarce la prompt-ul shell-ului, Emacs-ul nu a fost
+distrus.  În shell-urile (interpretoarele de comenzi Unix) cele mai
+uzuale puteþi reactiva Emacs-ul cu comanda `fg' sau `%emacs'.
+
+Pe sistemele care nu implementeazã mecanismele de suspendare, C-z
+creeazã un subshell care ruleazã sub Emacs pentru a vã oferi
+posibilitatea de a rula alte programe ºi de a vã întoarce la Emacs mai
+târziu; pe aceste sisteme C-z nu iese cu adevãrat din Emacs - comanda
+`exit' la promptul subshell-ului este modalitatea uzualã de a vã
+întoarce în Emacs.
+
+În general C-x C-c se foloseºte înainte de pãrãsirea sistemului.
+Puteþi folosi aceastã comandã ºi pentru a ieºi din instanþe de Emacs
+lansate de programe de citit mail sau alte utilitare, deoarece acestea
+s-ar putea sã nu fie capabile sã foloseascã facilitaþile de suspendare
+ale Emacs-ului.  În mod normal însã, dacã nu sunteþi pe cale sã
+pãrãsiþi sistemul, este mai bine sã suspendaþi Emacs-ul cu C-z decât
+sã ieºiþi complet cu C-x C-c.
+
+Emacs-ul are multe comenzi prefixate cu C-x.  Aceasta este lista celor
+pe care le-aþi învãþat pânã acum:
+
+	C-x C-f		deschide un fiºier
+	C-x C-s		salveazã fiºierul
+	C-x C-b		listeazã bufferele
+	C-x C-c		pãrãseºte Emacs-ul
+	C-x u		anuleazã
+
+Comenzile eXtinse cu nume sunt comenzile care sunt folosite ºi mai rar
+sau comenzile care sunt folosite numai în anumite moduri.  Un exemplu
+este comanda replace-string (înlocuieºte-ºir) care înlocuieºte global
+toate apariþiile unui ºir de caractere cu alt ºir de caractere.  Când
+tastaþi M-x, Emacs-ul afiºeazã pe ultima linie de pe ecran "M-x" ºi
+puteþi introduce numele comenzii - în cazul nostru "replace-string".
+Puteþi sã tastaþi doar "repl s<TAB>" ºi Emacs-ul va completa numele.
+Terminaþi comanda cu <Return>.
+
+Comanda replace-string necesitã douã argumente - ºirul ce va fi
+înlocuit ºi ºirul înlocuitor.  La sfârºitul introducerii fiecãrui
+argument trebuie sã tastaþi <Return>.
+
+>> Mutaþi cursorul pe linia goalã care se gãseste douã linii mai jos.
+   Tastaþi apoi M-x repl s<Return>modificat<Return>alterat<Return>.
+
+   Observaþi modul în care aceastã linie s-a modificat: aþi înlocuit
+   toate apariþiile cuvântului s-c-h-i-m-b-a-t cu "alterat", dupã
+   poziþia iniþialã a cursorului.
+
+
+* SALVARE AUTOMATÃ
+------------------
+
+Dacã aþi facut schimbãri într-un fiºier, dar nu le-aþi salvat, aceste
+schimbãri se pot pierde în cazul în care sistemul se blocheazã.
+Pentru a vã proteja munca, Emacs-ul salveazã periodic un fiºier de
+"autosalvare" pentru fiecare fiºier pe care îl editaþi.  Acest fiºier
+are un "#" la început ºi unul la sfârºit; de exemplu, dacã fiºierul
+dumneavoastrã se numeste "hello.c", fiºierul de autosalvare
+corespunzãtor se va numi "#hello.c#".  Când salvaþi fiºierul în mod
+normal, Emacs-ul ºterge fiºierul de autosalvare.
+
+În cazul unei cãderi a sistemului, puteþi sã vã recuperaþi fiºierul de
+autosalvare deschizând fiºierul în mod normal (fiºierul pe care îl
+editaþi, nu pe cel de autosalvare) ºi tastând dupã aceea M-x recover
+file<Return>.  Când vi se cere confirmarea, tastaþi yes<Return> pentru
+a continua ºi a recupera fiºierul.
+
+
+* ZONA DE ECOU
+--------------
+
+Dacã Emacs-ul observã cã tastaþi comenzile încet, vi le va arãta la
+marginea de jos a ecranului într-o zona numitã "zona de ecou".  Zona
+de ecou conþine cea mai de jos linie a ecranului.
+
+
+* LINIA DE MOD
+--------------
+
+Linia de deasupra zonei de ecou se numeºte "linia de mod" ("mode line"
+în limba englezã).  Linia de mod conþine ceva de genul:
+
+--**-Emacs: TUTORIAL          (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
+
+Aceastã linie prezintã informaþii utile despre starea Emacs-ului ºi
+despre textul pe care îl editaþi.
+
+Stiþi deja ce înseamnã numele fiºierului - este fiºierul pe care l-aþi
+deschis.  -NN%-- indicã poziþia curentã a cursorului în text - NN la
+sutã din text este deasupra primei linii de pe ecran.  Dacã începutul
+fiºierului este vizibil pe ecran, veþi vedea --Top-- în loc de
+--00%--.  Dacã sfârºitul fiºierului este vizibil pe ecran, veþi vedea
+--Bot-- (de la "bottom" în limba englezã).  Dacã fiºierul este atât de
+mic, încât încape în întregime pe ecran, pe linia de mod veþi vedea
+--All--.
+
+Stelele de la începutul liniei de mod semnalizeazã existenþa unor
+modificãri nesalvate în text.  Imediat dupã deschiderea fiºierului,
+porþiunea respectivã din linia de mod nu conþine nici o stea, doar
+minusuri.
+
+Porþiunea dinãuntrul parantezelor vã spune modul de editare curent.
+Modul implicit este "Fundamental", modul pe care îl folosiþi chiar
+acum.  Este un exemplu de "mod major".
+
+Emacs-ul are multe moduri majore.  Unele dintre ele sunt destinate
+editãrii diferitelor limbaje ºi/sau tipuri de text, cum ar fi modul
+Lisp, modul Text, etc.  Numai un mod major poate fi activ la un moment
+dat ºi numele sãu va fi întotdeauna acolo unde este "Fundamental"
+acum.
+
+Fiecare mod major schimbã comportamentul unor comenzi.  De exemplu
+existã comenzi pentru crearea comentariilor într-un program, dar, cum
+fiecare limbaj de programare are o idee diferitã despre felul cum ar
+trebui sã arate un comentariu, fiecare mod major trebuie sã le
+introducã într-un alt fel.  Existã câte o comandã asociatã fiecãrui
+mod major - aceasta este modalitatea de a schimba modul major.  De
+exemplu, M-x fundamental-mode este comanda cu care poate fi ales modul
+"Fundamental".
+
+Dacã editaþi text în limba românã, cum ar fi de exemplu acest fiºier,
+ar trebui probabil sã folosiþi modul Text.
+
+>> Tastaþi M-x text-mode<Return>.
+
+Nu vã temeti, nici una din comenzile pe care le-aþi învãþat pânã acum
+nu schimbã Emacs-ul prea mult.  Puteþi observa acum cã M-f ºi M-b
+trateazã apostrofurile ca parte din cuvinte.  Înainte, în modul
+Fundamental, M-f ºi M-b tratau apostrofurile ca separatoare de
+cuvinte.
+
+Modurile majore opereazã schimbãri subtile, ca cea descrisã mai sus.
+Majoritatea comenzilor executã aceeaºi operaþie în fiecare mod major,
+dar funcþioneazã puþin diferit.
+
+Pentru a vedea documentaþia referitoare la modul major curent, tastaþi
+C-h m.
+
+>> Folosiþi C-u C-v o datã sau de mai multe ori pentru a aduce aceastã
+   linie aproape de începutul ecranului.  Tastaþi C-h m ca sã aflaþi
+   diferenþele dintre modul Text ºi modul Fundamental.  Tastaþi C-x 1
+   pentru a ºterge documentaþia de pe ecran.
+
+Modurile majore se numesc "majore" pentru cã existã ºi moduri minore.
+Modurile minore sunt ajustãri minore ale modurilor majore.  Fiecare
+mod minor poate fi activat sau dezactivat separat, independent de
+celelalte moduri minore ºi independent de modul major curent.  Puteþi
+sã nu folosiþi nici un mod minor, un mod minor sau orice combinaþie de
+moduri minore.
+
+Un mod minor care este foarte util, în mod special când editaþi text,
+este modul "Auto Fill".  Când acest mod este activat, Emacs-ul sparge
+automat liniile la spaþiul dintre cuvinte de fiecare datã când
+introducând text creaþi o linie care este prea lungã.
+
+Puteþi activa modul "Auto Fill" executând M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.
+Când acest mod este activat, îl puteþi dezactiva executând aceeaºi
+comandã.  Dacã modul este dezactivat, aceastã comandã îl activeazã,
+când este activat, comanda îl dezactiveazã.  Se spune cã aceastã
+comandã inverseazã modul.
+
+>> Tastaþi M-x auto-fill-mode<Return> acum.  Introduceþi apoi o linie
+   conþinând "asdf " de mai multe ori, pânã când linia se sparge în
+   douã.  Trebuie sã puneþi spaþii între cuvinte pentru cã Auto Fill
+   sparge linia numai la spaþii.
+
+Marginea este stabilitã în mod normal la 70 de caractere, dar puteþi
+schimba aceastã valoare cu comanda C-x f.  Introduceþi valoarea doritã
+ca argument numeric pentru C-x f.
+
+>> Tastaþi C-x f cu 20 ca argument numeric.  (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
+   Introduceþi apoi un text oarecare ºi observaþi cum Emacs-ul umple
+   linii de maximum 20 de caractere.  Restauraþi marginea la 70 de
+   caractere folosind din nou C-x f.
+
+Dacã faceþi schimbãri în mijlocul unui paragraf, modul Auto Fill nu
+rearanjeazã paragraful.  Pentru a face acest lucru, trebuie sã tastaþi
+M-q (META-q) cu cursorul poziþionat înãuntrul paragrafului.
+
+>> Mutaþi cursorul în paragraful precedent ºi tastaþi M-q.
+
+
+* CÃUTARE
+---------
+
+Emacs-ul poate cautã ºiruri (grupuri continue de caractere sau
+cuvinte) fie înainte, fie înapoi (faþã de poziþia curentã a cursorului
+în text).  Cãutarea unui ºir este o operaþie ce mutã cursorul;
+cursorul este mutat în poziþia corespunzãtoare urmãtoarei apariþii a
+ºirului în text.
+
+Cãutarea este diferitã în Emacs faþã de majoritatea editoarelor,
+deoarece este "incrementalã".  Asta înseamnã cã execuþia operaþiunii
+de cãutare se face în timp ce tastaþi ºirul de cãutat.
+
+Comanda ce iniþiazã cãutarea este C-s pentru cãutare înainte ºi C-r
+pentru cãutare înapoi.  AªTEPTAÞI!  Nu le încercaþi acum.
+
+Când tastaþi C-s veþi remarca faptul cã ºirul "I-search" apare ca
+prompt în zona de ecou.  Aceasta vã spune cã Emacs-ul este în modul de
+cãutare incrementalã, aºteptând ca dumneavoastrã sã introduceþi ºirul
+pe care doriþi sã-l cãutaþi.  Cãutarea poate fi terminatã cu <Return>.
+
+>> Tastaþi acum C-s pentru a porni o cãutare.  ÎNCET, câte o singurã
+   literã la un moment dat, tastaþi cuvântul "cursor", fãcând o pauzã
+   dupã fiecare caracter tastat ca sã observaþi ce se întamplã cu
+   cursorul.  Acum aþi terminat de cãutat prima apariþie a cuvântului
+   "cursor".
+>> Tastaþi C-s din nou, pentru a cãuta urmãtoarea apariþie a
+   cuvântului "cursor".
+>> Tastaþi acum <Delete> de patru ori ºi observaþi miºcarea
+   cursorului.
+>> Tastaþi <Return> pentru a termina cãutarea.
+
+Aþi observat ce s-a întamplat?  În timpul unei cãutãri incrementale
+Emacs-ul încearcã sã se poziþioneze pe prima apariþie a ºirului pe
+care l-aþi introdus pânã în momentul respectiv.  Dacã vreþi sã vã
+poziþionaþi pe urmãtoarea apariþie a cuvântului "cursor", nu trebuie
+decât sã tastaþi C-s încã o datã.  Dacã nu mai existã o altã apariþie,
+Emacs-ul va emite un sunet ºi vã va anunþa cã operaþiunea de cãutare a
+eºuat ("failed" în limba englezã).  C-g este o altã metodã de a
+termina cãutarea.
+
+OBSERVAÞIE: Pe unele sisteme, C-s va bloca ecranul ºi nu veþi mai
+primi nici un rãspuns de la Emacs.  Aceasta indicã faptul cã o
+"facilitate" a sistemului de operare numitã "controlul fluxului"
+("flow control" în limba englezã) intercepteazã caracterul C-s ºi
+acesta nu mai ajunge la Emacs.  Pentru deblocarea ecranului, apãsaþi
+C-q.  Puteþi gãsi detalii referitoare la aceastã aºa-numitã
+"facilitate" în secþiunea "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search"
+din manualul Emacs-ului.
+
+Dacã sunteþi în mijlocul unei cãutãri incrementale ºi tastaþi
+<Delete>, veþi observa cã ultimul caracter în cãutarea incrementalã
+este ºters ºi cãutarea se întoarce la poziþia anterioarã.  De exemplu,
+sã presupunem cã aþi tastat "c", pentru a cãuta prima apariþie a lui
+"c".  Dacã tastaþi "u", cursorul se va muta la prima apariþie a lui
+"cu".  Tastaþi acum <Delete>.  Aceasta va ºterge "u"-ul din ºirul de
+cãutare ºi cursorul se va muta înapoi la prima apariþie a lui "c".
+
+Cãutarea incrementalã poate fi terminatã prin tastarea unui caracter
+bazat pe CONTROL sau META (cu câteva excepþii - caracterele care sunt
+specifice cãutãrii, cum ar fi C-s ºi C-r).
+
+C-s începe o cãutare care inspecteazã textul de DUPÃ poziþia curentã a
+cursorului.  Dacã doriþi sã cãutaþi în textul dinaintea poziþiei
+curente a cursorului, folosiþi C-r.  Toatã discuþia referitoare la C-s
+se aplicã ºi comenzii C-r, cu menþiunea cã direcþia de cãutare este
+inversã.
+
+
+* FERESTRE MULTIPLE
+-------------------
+
+Una dintre facilitãþile importante ale Emacs-ului este aceea de a
+afiºa pe ecran mai multe ferestre simultan.
+
+>> Mutaþi cursorul pe aceastã linie ºi tastaþi C-u 0 C-l.
+
+>> Tastaþi acum C-x 2 pentru a împãrþi ecranul în douã ferestre.
+   Amândouã ferestrele vor afiºa acest tutorial.  Cursorul va rãmane
+   în fereastra din partea de sus a ecranului.
+
+>> Tastaþi C-M-v pentru a miºca textul din fereastra de jos.
+   (Dacã nu aveþi o tastã META, tastaþi ESC C-v.)
+
+>> Tastaþi C-x o ("o" de la "other" - "cealaltã" în limba
+   englezã) pentru a muta cursorul în fereastra de jos.
+
+>> Tastaþi C-v ºi M-v în fereastra de jos pentru a muta textul.
+   Continuaþi sã citiþi aceste instrucþiuni în fereastra de sus.
+
+>> Tastaþi C-x o din nou pentru a muta cursorul înapoi în fereastra de
+   sus.  Cursorul va fi plasat în locul unde a fost anterior.
+
+Puteþi continua sã folosiþi C-x o pentru a vã muta între ferestre.
+Fiecare fereastrã are propria ei poziþie a cursorului, dar numai o
+fereastrã aratã cursorul la un moment dat.  Toate operaþiile normale
+de editare au efect în fereastra în care se gãseºte cursorul -
+fereastra respectivã se numeºte "fereastra selectatã".
+
+Comanda C-M-v este foarte utilã când editaþi text într-o fereastrã ºi
+folosiþi cealaltã fereastrã pentru a citi documentaþii.  Puteþi þine
+întotdeauna cursorul în fereastra în care editaþi, în timp ce avansaþi
+textul din cealaltã fereastrã cu C-M-v.
+
+C-M-v este un exemplu de caracter CONTROL-META.  Dacã aveþi o tastã
+META, puteþi tasta C-M-v þinând apãsate ºi CONTROL ºi META când tastaþi
+v.  Nu conteazã care dintre CONTROL sau META este apãsatã mai întâi,
+pentru cã amândouã acþioneazã prin modificarea caracterului pe care îl
+tastaþi.
+
+Dacã nu aveþi o tastã META ºi folosiþi ESC în loc, ordinea este
+importantã: trebuie sã tastaþi ESC urmat de CONTROL-v; CONTROL-ESC v
+nu va funcþiona, din cauza faptului cã ESC este un caracter de sine
+stãtãtor, nu un modificator.
+
+>> Tastaþi C-x 1 (în fereastra de sus) ca sã renunþaþi la fereastra
+   de jos.
+
+(Dacã aþi tastat C-x 1 în fereastra de jos, aceastã comandã va închide
+fereastra de sus.  Gândiþi-vã la ea aºa "Pãstreazã doar o fereastrã -
+cea în care sunt acum.")
+
+Nu este nevoie sã afisaþi acelaºi buffer în ambele ferestre.  Dacã
+folosiþi C-x C-f pentru a deschide un fiºier într-o fereastrã,
+cealaltã fereastrã nu se schimbã.  Puteþi deschide un fiºier diferit
+în fiecare fereastrã.
+
+O altã modalitate de a folosi douã ferestre ca sã afiºaþi lucruri
+diferite:
+
+>> Tastaþi C-x 4 C-f apoi numele unui fiºier.  Terminaþi comanda
+   cu <Return>  Observaþi cã fiºierul specificat apare în fereastra de
+   jos.  Cursorul la fel.
+
+>> Tastaþi C-x o pentru a vã muta în fereastra de sus, apoi tastaþi
+   C-x 1 pentru a ºterge fereastra de jos.
+
+
+* NIVELURI DE EDITARE RECURSIVÃ
+-------------------------------
+
+Uneori veþi intra în ceea ce se numeste un "nivel de editare
+recursivã".  Acesta este indicat de prezenþa unor paranteze drepte în
+linia de mod în jurul numelui modului major.  De exemplu, s-ar putea
+sã vedeþi [(Fundamental)] în loc de (Fundamental).
+
+Pentru a ieºi din nivelul de editare recursivã, tastaþi ESC ESC ESC.
+Aceasta este o comandã de ieºire de uz general.  O puteþi folosi ºi ca
+sã ieºiþi din minibuffer sau ca sã eliminaþi ferestrele în plus.
+
+>> Tastaþi M-x pentru a intra în minibuffer; tastaþi apoi ESC ESC ESC
+   ca sã ieºiþi.
+
+Nu puteþi folosi C-g pentru a ieºi dintr-un nivel de editare recursivã
+deoarece comanda C-g este folositã pentru a anula comenzi ºi argumente
+înãuntrul unui nivel de editare recursivã.
+
+
+* CUM PUTEÞI OBÞINE MAI MULTE INFORMAÞII
+----------------------------------------
+
+În acest tutorial am încercat sã furnizãm suficiente informaþii pentru
+a face primii paºi în Emacs.  Existã atât de multe comenzi în Emacs
+încât ar fi imposibil sã le explicãm pe toate aici.  S-ar putea însã
+sã doriþi sã învaþaþi mai multe despre Emacs, deoarece oferã foarte
+multe facilitaþi interesante.  Existã comenzi pentru a citi
+documentaþia despre comenzile Emacs-ului.  Aceste comenzi ajutãtoare
+sunt prefixate cu caracterul C-h, denumit ºi "caracterul de ajutor".
+
+Pentru a folosi aceste facilitãþi de ajutor, tastaþi caracterul C-h,
+apoi un caracter ce specificã tipul de ajutor de care aveþi nevoie.
+În cazul în care sunteþi nelãmurit, tastaþi C-h ? ºi Emacs-ul vã va
+spune ce fel de ajutor vã poate oferi.  Dacã aþi tastat C-h ºi vã
+rãzgândiþi (nu mai doriþi ajutor) puteþi tasta C-g pentru a anula
+comanda.
+
+(Anumite site-uri remapeazã caracterul C-h.  Nu ar trebui sã facã asta
+orbeºte pentru toþi utilizatorii - aveþi motiv sã vã plângeþi
+administratorului de sistem.  Între timp, dacã C-h nu afiºeazã un
+mesaj despre ajutor la marginea de jos a ecranului, încercaþi M-x
+help<Return> în loc.)
+
+Comanda elementarã de ajutor este C-h c.  Tastaþi C-h, apoi caracterul
+c ºi o comandã alcãtuitã dintr-un caracter sau secvenþã de caractere
+ºi Emacs-ul va afiºa o scurtã descriere a comenzii.
+
+>> Tastaþi C-h c C-p.
+
+Mesajul ar trebui sã fie ceva de genul
+
+	C-p runs the command previous-line
+
+Aceasta vã spune "numele funcþiei".  Numele de funcþii sunt folosite
+în principal pentru a adapta ºi extinde Emacs-ul, dar, cum numele
+funcþiilor sunt alese în aºa fel încât sã indice actiunea comenzii
+respective, ele pot servi ca o documentaþie foarte scurtã, suficientã
+ca sã vã aminteascã de comenzi pe care le-aþi învãþat deja.
+
+Comenzile formate din mai multe caractere (cum ar fi C-x C-s) ºi (dacã
+nu aveþi o tasta META, EDIT sau ALT) <ESC> v sunt de asemenea permise
+dupã C-h c.
+
+Pentru a obþine mai multe informaþii despre o comandã, folosiþi C-h k
+în loc de C-h c.
+
+>> Tastaþi C-h k C-p.
+
+Aceastã comandã afiºeazã documentaþia ºi numele funcþiei într-o
+fereastrã separatã.  Când terminaþi de citit, tastaþi q pentru a
+o elimina.  Nu trebuie sã faceþi acest lucru imediat.  Puteþi edita
+o vreme, citind textul din fereastra de ajutor.
+
+Câteva comenzi C-h utile:
+
+   C-h f	descrie o funcþie al cãrei nume trebuie sã-l
+		introduceþi
+
+>> Încercaþi sã tastaþi C-h f previous-line<Return>.
+   Aceasta afiºeazã toatã informaþia pe care o are Emacs-ul despre
+   funcþia ce implementeazã comanda C-p.
+
+   C-h a 	Command Apropos.  Tastaþi un cuvânt cheie ºi Emacs-ul va
+		lista toate funcþiile ºi variabilele ale cãror nume
+		conþin acel cuvânt cheie.  La stânga comenzilor care
+		pot fi invocate cu M-x va fi afiºatã o steluþã.
+		Pentru unele comenzi, Command Apropos va lista o
+		secvenþã de unul sau douã caractere ce executã aceeaºi
+		comandã.
+
+>> Tastaþi C-h a fiºier<Return>.
+
+Aceasta afiºeazã într-o altã ferastrã o listã a tuturor comenzilor M-x
+al cãror nume conþine "fiºier".  Veþi vedea caractere-comandã de genul
+C-x C-f listate lângã comanda nume corespunzãtoare (find-file).
+
+>> Tastaþi C-M-v ca sã deplasaþi conþinutul ferestrei de ajutor.
+   Faceþi acest lucru de câteva ori.
+
+>> Tastaþi C-x 1 pentu a ºterge fereastra de ajutor.
+
+
+* CONCLUZII
+-----------
+
+Þineþi minte, pentru a ieºi permanent din Emacs, folosiþi C-x C-c.
+Pentru a ieºi temporar într-un shell (în aºa fel încât sã vã puteþi
+întoarce la Emacs mai târziu) folosiþi C-z.
+
+Acest tutorial a fost organizat în aºa fel încât sã fie pe înþelesul
+noilor utilizatori - nu vã sfiiþi sã vã plângeþi autorilor dacã gasiþi
+ceva neclar!
+
+
+COPIERE
+-------
+
+Acest tutorial este rezultatul prelucrãrii unei serii lungi de
+tutoriale pentru Emacs derivate din cel scris de Stuart Cracraft
+pentru versiunea iniþialã de Emacs.
+
+Cu scopul evitãrii oricãror confuzii datorate traducerii, las în
+continuare noþita de copyright originalã în limba englezã.
+
+This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
+comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
+
+Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation
+
+   Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
+   of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
+   copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
+   and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
+   for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
+
+   Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
+   of this document, or of portions of it,
+   under the above conditions, provided also that they
+   carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
+
+Condiþiile de copiere a Emacs-ului sunt mai complexe, dar în acelaºi
+spirit.  Citiþi fiºierul COPYING ºi apoi distribuiþi prietenilor copii
+ale Emacs-ului.  Contribuiþi la eliminarea obstrucþionismului software
+folosind, scriind ºi distribuind free software!

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/TUTORIAL.sl	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,1031 @@
+Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc;  See end for conditions.
+Emacs. Prvo berilo.
+
+Ukazi v Emacsu v splo¹nem vkljuèujejo tipki CONTROL (vèasih oznaèeni
+CTRL ali CTL) in META (vèasih oznaèena EDIT ali ALT). Namesto, da bi ju
+vedno izpisali s celim imenom, bomo uporabili naslednji okraj¹avi:
+
+ C-<chr>  pomeni, da moramo dr¾ati pritisnjeno tipko CONTROL, ko
+ 	  vtipkamo znak <chr>. Oznaka C-f tako pomeni: dr¾imo
+	  pritisnjeno tipko CONTROL in pritisnemo tipko f.
+ M-<chr>  pomeni, da moramo dr¾ati pritisnjeno tipko META, EDIT ali ALT,
+ 	  ko vtipkamo znak <chr>. Èe na tipkovnici ni tipk META, EDIT
+	  ali ALT, pritisnemo tipko ESC, jo spustimo in zatem
+	  pritisnemo tipko <chr>. Tipko ESC bomo oznaèevali z <ESC>.
+
+Pomembno: Emacs zapustimo z ukazom C-x C-c (dva znaka).
+V uèbeniku so vaje, s katerimi preskusite nove ukaze. Oznaèujeta jih 
+znaka ,>>` ob levem robu. Primer:
+<<help-with-tutorial napolni preostanek s praznimi vrsticami>>
+>> Vtipkajte zdaj ukaz C-v (View next screen, Prika¾i naslednji zaslon),
+	da se premaknete na naslednji zaslon (kar poskusite, pritisnite
+	hkrati kontrolno tipko in V). Od zdaj naprej boste morali to
+	napraviti sami vsakiè, ko pridete do konca zaslona.
+
+Ste opazili, da sta se dve vrstici s prej¹njega zaslona ponovili? Ta
+kontinuiteta olaj¹a branje pri skakanju s strani na stran.
+
+Prva stvar, ki si jo morate zapomniti, je, kako se premikate po
+datoteki. Zdaj ¾e veste, da se premaknete za cel zaslon naprej z
+ukazom C-v. Za cel zaslon nazaj pa se premaknete z ukazom M-v
+(pritisnite tipko META in jo dr¾ite ter pritisnite tipko v, ali pa
+pritisnite in spustite <ESC> ter zatem pritisnite tipko v, èe tipke
+META, EDIT ali ALT na va¹i tipkovnici ni).
+
+>>  Nekajkrat pritisnite M-v in C-v, da vidite, kako ukaza delujeta.
+
+
+* POVZETEK
+----------
+
+Za pregled celega zaslona besedila so uporabni naslednji ukazi:
+
+	C-v	Premik se za cel zaslon naprej
+	M-v	Premik se za cel zaslon nazaj
+	C-l	Cel zaslon premaknemo tako, da je zdaj po vertikali
+		 centriran okoli besedila, kjer se nahaja kazalèek (znak v
+		 C-l je èrka L, ne ¹tevka 1)
+
+>> Poi¹èite kazalèek na zaslonu in si zapomnite besedilo okoli njega.
+   Vtipkajte C-l.
+   Ponovno poi¹èite kazalèek. Besedilo okoli njega je ostalo isto.
+
+
+* PREMIKANJE KAZALÈKA
+---------------------
+
+Premiki za celo stran naprej in nazaj so sicer uporabni, ampak kako pa
+pridemo do izbranega mesta na zaslonu?
+
+Naèinov je veè. Najosnovnej¹i je uporaba ukazov C-p, C-b, C-f in
+C-n. Ti po vrsti premaknejo kazalèek v prej¹njo vrstico, znak nazaj,
+znak naprej, in v naslednjo vrstico. Grafièno prikazano:
+
+			  prej¹nja vrstica, C-p
+				  :
+				  :
+       nazaj, C-b .... trenutni polo¾aj kazalèka .... naprej, C-f
+				  :
+				  :
+			  naslednja vrstica, C-n
+
+>> S pritiski na C-n ali C-p premaknite kazalèek v sredinsko vrstico
+   na diagramu zgoraj. Zatem pritisnite C-l. S tem diagram postavite na
+   sredino zaslona.
+
+V angle¹èini ima izbor tipk nazoren pomen. P kot ,previous` (prej¹nji),
+N kot ,next` (naslednji), B kot ,backward` (nazaj) in F kot ,forward`
+(naprej). To so osnovni ukazi za premikanje kazalèka in uporabljali jih
+boste VES ÈAS. Èim prej se jih nauèite, tem bolje.
+
+>> Nekajkrat pritisnite C-n, da pride kazalèek do te vrstice.
+
+>> Z nekaj C-f se pomaknite na desno na sredo vrstice, nato pa nekajkrat
+   pritisnite C-p. Opazujte, kaj se dogaja s kazalèkom na sredini
+   vrstice.
+
+Vsaka vrstice v besedilu je zakljuèena z znakom za novo vrstico
+(angl. Newline). Ta loèuje vrstico v besedilu od naslednje. Tudi
+zadnja vrstica v datoteki mora biti zaljuèena z znakom za novo vrstico
+(èeprav tega Emacs ne zahteva).
+
+>> Poskusite ukaz C-b, ko je kazalèek na zaèetku vrstice. Kazalèek se
+   mora premakniti na konec prej¹nje vrstice. To je zato, ker se je
+   ravnokar premaknil prek znaka za konec vrstice.
+
+Ukaz C-f premika kazalèek prek znaka za novo vrstico enako kot C-b.
+
+>> Poskusite ¹e nekajkrat pritisniti C-b, da dobite obèutek za
+   premikanje kazalèka. Potem nekajkrat poskusite C-f, da pridete do konca
+   vrstice. ©e enkrat pritisnite C-f, da skoèite v naslednjo vrstico.
+
+Ko s kazalèkom dose¾ete zgornji ali spodnji rob zaslona, se besedilo
+toliko premakne, da kazalèek ostane na zaslonu. V angle¹èini se temu
+pravi ,,scrolling``. To omogoèa, da lahko premaknemo kazalèek na
+katerokoli mesto v besedilu, a vseeno ostanemo na zaslonu.
+
+>> Poskusite kazalèek pripeljati s C-n èisto do dna zaslona in si oglejte,
+   kaj se zgodi.
+
+Èe se vam zdi premikanje po en znak prepoèasno, se lahko premikate za
+celo besedo. M-f (Meta-f) premakne kazalèek za eno besedo naprej, M-b
+pa za besedo nazaj.
+
+>> Poskusite nekajkrat M-f in M-b.
+
+Èe je kazalèek sredi besede, ga M-f prestavi na konec besede. Èe je v
+belini med besedami, ga M-f premakne na konec naslednje besede. M-b
+deluje podobno, a v nasprotni smeri.
+
+>> Nekajkrat poskusite M-f in M-b, vmes pa ¹e nekaj C-f in
+   C-b. Opazujte uèinke M-f in M-b, ko je kazalèek sredi besede ali
+   med besedami.
+
+Ste opazili paralelo med C-f in C-b na eni strani ter M-f in M-b na
+drugi? V Emacsu se dostikrat ukazi Meta nana¹ajo na operacije nad
+enotami jezika (besede, stavki, odstavki), medtem ko se ukazi Control 
+nana¹ajo na operacije, neodvisne od zvrsti besedila (znaki, vrstice
+ipd.).
+
+Podobna zveza je tudi med vrsticami in stavki: ukaza C-a in C-e
+premakneta kazalèek na zaèetek oz. konec vrstice, M-a in M-e pa na
+zaèetek oz. konec stavka.
+
+>> Poskusite nekaj ukazov C-a, potem pa nekaj ukazov C-e.
+   Poskusite nekaj ukazov M-a, potem pa nekaj ukazov M-e.
+
+Ste opazili, da ponovljeni C-a ne napravijo niè, ponovljeni M-a pa se
+premikajo naprej? Èeprav se ne obna¹ata enako, pa je vendar obna¹anje
+enega in drugega po svoje naravno.
+
+Polo¾aju kazalèka na zaslonu pravimo tudi ,,point``, toèka.
+Parafrazirano: kazalèek ka¾e na zaslonu, kje je toèka v besedilu.
+
+Povzetek preprostih ukazov za premikanje kazalèka, vkljuèno s premiki
+po besedo in stavek:
+
+	C-f	Premik za znak naprej
+	C-b	Premik za znak nazaj
+
+	M-f	Premik za besedo naprej
+	M-b	Premik za besedo nazaj
+
+	C-n	Premik v naslednjo vrstico
+	C-p	Premik v prej¹njo vrstico
+
+	C-a	Premik na zaèetek vrstice
+	C-e	Premik na konec vrstice
+
+	M-a	Premik na zaèetek stavka
+	M-e	Premik na konec stavka
+
+>> Za vajo nekajkrat poskusite vsakega od teh ukazov.
+   To so najpogosteje uporabljani ukazi.
+
+©e dva pomembna ukaza za premikanje kazalèka sta M-< (Meta-manj¹i od),
+ki ga premakne na zaèetek datoteke, in M-> (Meta-veèji od), ki ga
+premakne na konec datoteke.
+
+Na ameri¹kih tipkovnicah najdete znak < nad vejico in morate
+pritisniti tipko Shift, da pridete do njega. Z ukazom M-< je enako -
+prav tako morate pritisniti tipko Shift, sicer moste izvedli drug
+ukaz, Meta-vejica. Na na¹ih tipkovnicah sta oba znaka na isti tipko,
+in za ukaz M-> morate pritisniti ¹e tipko Shift.
+
+>> Poskusite zdaj M-<, skok na zaèetek tega uèbenika.
+   Potem se vrnite nazaj z zaporednimi C-v.
+
+>> Poskusite zdaj M->, skok na konec tega uèbenika.
+   Potem se vrnite nazaj z zaporednimi M-v.
+
+Èe ima va¹a tipkovnica kurzorske tipke, lahko premikate kazalèek po
+zaslonu tudi z njimi. Vseeno priporoèamo, da se privadite ukazov C-b,
+C-f, C-n in C-p, in to iz treh razlogov. Prviè, delujejo na èisto vseh
+terminalih. Drugiè, z nekaj prakse v Emacsu boste opazili, da je
+tipkanje ukazov s Control hitrej¹e od tipkanja s kurzorskimi tipkami, ker
+ni treba ves èas premikati desnice s tipkovnice na kurzorske tipke in
+nazaj. In tretjiè, ko se enkrat navadite teh ukazov s Control, se boste
+enostavneje nauèili tudi bolj zapletenih ukazov za premikanje kazalèka.
+
+Veèini ukazov v Emacsu lahko podamo ¹tevilèni argument; najveèkrat ta
+pove, kolikokrat zapovrstjo naj se ukaz izvede. Veèkratno ponovitev
+ukaza izvedemo tako, da najprej vtipkamo C-u, zatem ¹tevilo,
+kolikokrat naj se ukaz ponovi, in nazadnje ¾eljeni ukaz. Èe ima va¹a
+tipkovnica tipko META (ali EDIT ali ALT), lahko izpustite ukaz C-u in
+namesto tega vtipkate ¹tevilo ponovitev, medtem ko dr¾ite pritisnjeno
+tipko META. Druga metoda je sicer kraj¹a, priporoèamo pa prvo, ker
+deluje na vseh terminalih. Tak¹en ¹tevilèni argument je ,,prefiksni``
+argument, ker vnesemo argument pred ukazom, na katerega se nana¹a.
+
+Primer: C-u 8 C-f premakne kazalèek za osem znakov naprej.
+
+>> Poskusite s primernim argumentom za ¹tevilo ponovitev ukaza
+   C-n ali C-p priti èim bli¾e tej vrstici v enem samem skoku.
+
+Veèina ukazov, ne pa vsi, uporablja ¹tevilèni argument kot ¹tevilo
+ponovitev ukaza. Nekateri ukazi (nobeden od tistih, ki smo si jih
+ogledali do zdaj) ga uporabljajo kot stikalo: s podanim prefiksnim
+argumentom napravi ukaz nekaj drugega kot obièajno.
+
+Ukaza C-v in M-v sta tudi izjemi, a drugaèni. Èe jima podamo argument,
+premakneta zaslon za navedeno ¹tevilo vrstic, ne pa zaslonov. Ukaz C-u
+4 C-v, na primer, premakne zaslon navzgor za 4 vrstice.
+
+>> Poskusite zdaj C-u 8 C-v
+
+To bi moralo zaslon premakniti navzgor za osem vrstic. Èe bi ga radi
+premaknili nazaj, poskusite M-v z istim argumentom.
+
+Èe uporabljate X Windows, imate verjetno ob levem robu Emacsovega
+okna navpièno pravokotno ploskev, imenovano drsnik. Pogled na
+besedilo lahko premikate tudi tako, da z mi¹ko kliknete na drsnik.
+
+>> Postavite kazalec na vrh oznaèenega obmoèja na drsniku in pritisnite
+   srednji gumb na mi¹ki. To bi moralo premakniti besedilo na mesto,
+   doloèeno s tem, kako visoko ali nizko na drsnik ste kliknili.
+
+>> Medtem ko dr¾ite srednji gumb pritisnjen, premikajte mi¹ko gor in
+   dol. Vidite, kako se premika besedilo v Emacsovem oknu, ko
+   premikate mi¹ko?
+
+
+* ÈE SE EMACS OBESI
+-------------------
+
+Èe se Emacs preneha odzivati na va¹e ukaze, ga lahko varno prekinete z
+ukazom C-g. Z njim lahko prekinete ukaze, za katere bi trajalo
+predolgo, da bi se izvedli.
+
+Isti ukaz, C-g, lahko uporabite tudi, da preklièete ¹tevilèni
+argument, ali pa zaèetek ukaza, ki ga ne ¾elite izvesti.
+
+>> Vtipkajte C-u 100, s èimer ste izbrali ¹tevilèni argument 100,
+   zatem pa vtipkajte C-g. Vtipkajte zdaj C-f. Kazalèek se je
+   premaknil le za en znak, ker ste ¹tevilèni argument vmes preklicali
+   s C-g.
+
+Tudi èe ste po nesreèi vtipkali <ESC>, se ga lahko znebite s C-g.
+
+
+* ONEMOGOÈENI UKAZI
+-------------------
+
+Nekaj ukazov v Emacsu je namenoma ,,onemogoèenih``, da bi jih
+zaèetniki ne izvedli po nesreèi.
+
+Èe vtipkate tak onemogoèen ukaz, se bo na zaslonu pojavilo novo okno z
+obvestilom, kateri ukaz ste sku¹ali izvesti, in vas vpra¹alo, èe ga
+res ¾elite izvesti.
+
+Èe v resnici ¾elite poskusiti ukaz, pritisnite preslednico kot odgovor
+na vpra¹anje. Normalno verjetno ukaza ne ¾elite izvesti, zato na
+vpra¹anje odgovorite z ,n`.
+
+>> Vtipkajte <ESC> : (ki je onemogoèen ukaz), zatem odgovorite n.
+
+
+* OKNA
+------
+
+Emacs lahko prika¾e veè oken in v vsakem svoje besedilo. Kasneje bomo
+razlo¾ili, kako uporabljamo veè oken hkrati. Zaenkrat bomo povedali
+le, kako se znebite dodatnih oken, ki jih lahko odpre vgrajena pomoè ali
+pa izpis kak¹nega drugega programa. Preprosto je:
+
+	C-x 1   Eno okno (torej, zaprimo vsa ostala).
+
+To je Ctrl-x, ki mu sledi ¹tevka 1. Ukaz C-x 1 raztegne èez cel
+zaslon okno, v katerem se nahaja kazalèek, ostala pa zapre.
+
+>> Premaknite kazalèek do te vrstice in vtipkajte C-u 0 C-l
+>> Vtipkajte Ctrl-h k Ctrl-f.
+   Vidite, kako se je to okno skrèilo in odstopilo prostor oknu,
+   ki pojasnjuje ukaz Ctrl-f?
+
+>> Vtipkajte C-x 1 in spodnje okno se bo zaprlo.
+
+Za razliko od ukazov, ki smo se jih nauèili do zdaj, je ta ukaz
+sestavljen iz dveh znakov. Zaène se z znakom Control-x. Cela vrsta
+ukazov se zaène enako, in mnogi od njih zadevajo delo z datotekami,
+delovnimi podroèji in podobnim. Vsem tem ukazom je skupno, da se
+zaènejo s Control-x, ki mu sledi ¹e en, dva ali trije znaki.
+
+
+* VRIVANJE IN BRISANJE
+----------------------
+
+Èe ¾elite v obstojeèe besedilo vriniti novo, preprosto premaknite
+kazalèek na ¾eljeno mesto in zaènite tipkati. Znake, ki jih lahko
+vidite, na primer A, 7, * in podobno, razume Emacs kot del besedila in
+jih takoj vrine. S pritiskom na Return (ali Enter) vrinete znak za
+skok v novo vrstico.
+
+Zadnji vtipkani znak lahko izbri¹ete s pritiskom na tipko <Delete>. Na
+nekaterih tipkovnicah je oznaèena z <Del>. Ponekod (ne pa povsod!)
+slu¾i za brisanje tipka <Backspace>.
+
+Splo¹no <Delete> pobri¹e znak neposredno pred trenutnim polo¾ajem
+kazalèka.
+
+>> Vtipkajte zdaj nekaj znakov in jih zatem s tipko <Delete> pobri¹ite.
+   Niè naj vas ne skrbi, èe se je ta vrstica spremenila. Izvirnika
+   tega uèbenika ne boste pokvarili -- tole je samo va¹a osebna kopija.
+
+Ko vrstica postane predolga za zaslon, se ,,nadaljuje`` v naslednji
+vrstici na zaslonu. Obrnjena po¹evnica (znak ,\`) ob desnem robu
+oznaèuje vrstico, ki se nadaljuje v naslednji zaslonski vrstici.
+
+>> Zdaj zaènite tipkati besedilo, dokler ne dose¾ete desnega roba, in
+   ¹e naprej. Opazili boste, da se pojavi znak za nadaljevanje.
+
+>> S tipko <Delete> pobri¹ite toliko znakov, da vrstica ne sega
+   veè èez ¹irino zaslona. Znak za nadaljevanje v naslednji
+   vrstici je izginil.
+
+Znak za novo vrstico lahko pobri¹emo enako kot vsak drug znak. S tem,
+ko pobri¹emo znak za novo vrstico, zdru¾imo vrstici v eno samo.  Èe bo
+nova vrstica predolga, da bi cela pri¹la na zaslon, bo razdeljena v
+veè zaslonskih vrstic.
+
+>> Premaknite kazalèek na zaèetek vrstice in pritisnite <Delete>. To
+   zdru¾i vrstico s prej¹njo.
+
+>> Pritisnite <Return>. S tem ste ponovno vrinili znak za skok v novo
+   vrstico, ki ste ga malo prej zbrisali.
+
+Spomnimo se, da lahko za veèino ukazov v Emacsu doloèimo, naj se
+izvedejo veèkrat zaporedoma; to vkljuèuje tudi vnos teksta. Ponovitev
+obièajnega znaka ga veèkrat vrine v besedilo.
+
+>> Poskusite zdaj tole: da vnesete osem zvezdic, vtipkajte C-u 8 *
+
+Zdaj ste se nauèili najpreprostej¹i naèin, da v Emacsu nekaj natipkate
+in popravite. Bri¹ete lahko tudi besede ali vrstice. Tu je povzetek
+ukazov za brisanje:
+
+	<Delete>     pobri¹e znak tik pred kazalèkom (levo od
+	             oznake za kazalèek)
+	C-d   	     pobri¹e znak tik za kazalèkom (,pod` oznako
+		     za kazalèek)
+
+	M-<Delete>   pobri¹e besedo tik pred kazalèkom
+	M-d	     pobri¹e besedo tik za kazalèkom
+
+	C-k          zavr¾e besedilo desno od kazalèka do konca vrstice
+	M-k          zavr¾e besedilo od polo¾aja kazalèka do konca stavka
+
+Èrka ,d` je iz angle¹ke besede ,delete` (pobrisati), èrka ,k` pa iz
+besede ,kill` (pobiti). Ste opazili, da <Delete> in C-d na eni, ter
+M-<Delete> in M-d na drugi strani nadaljujeta paralelo, ki sta jo zaèela
+C-f in M-f (<Delete> pravzaprav ni kontrolni znak, kar pa naj nas ne 
+moti).  C-k in M-k sta v enakem sorodu s C-e in M-e: prvi deluje na 
+vrstice, drugi na stavke.
+
+Kadarkoli pobri¹ete kaj veè kot en sam znak naenkrat, si Emacs za vsak
+primer zapomni, kaj ste zavrgli, in lahko zavr¾eno vrnete (angl.
+,,yank`` -- potegniti). Besedilo, ki smo ga zavrgli, lahko vrinemo
+nazaj na isto mesto ali kam drugam. Lahko ga vrinemo tudi veèkrat, in
+tako napravimo veè kopij. Ukaz za vraèanje zavr¾enega besedila je C-y.
+
+Razlika med tem, èe zavr¾ete cel odstavek besedila (angl. ,,kill``,
+pobiti) ali pa èe pobri¹ete znak (angl. ,,delete``), je ta, da lahko
+prvega vrnete nazaj z ukazom C-y, drugega pa ne. Na splo¹no ukazi, ki
+lahko povzroèijo veliko ¹kode (pobri¹ejo veliko besedila), shranijo
+pobrisano besedilo; tisti, ki pobri¹ejo samo posamezni znak, ali samo
+prazne vrstice in presledke, pa ne.
+
+>> Postavite kazalèek na zaèetek neprazne vrstice. Pritisnite C-k, da
+   pobri¹ete vsebino vrstice.
+>> ©e enkrat pritisnite C-k. To pobri¹e ¹e znak za novo vrstico.
+
+Ste opazili, da prvi C-k pobri¹e vsebino vrstice, naslednji C-k pa ¹e
+vrstici samo, s èimer se vse besedilo pod biv¹o vrstico premakne za
+eno vrstico navzgor? Ukaz C-k obravnava ¹tevilèni argument malo
+drugaèe: pobri¹e toliko in toliko vrstic z vsebinami vred. To ni zgolj
+ponovitev. C-u 2 C-k pobri¹e dve polni vrstici besedila, kar je nekaj
+drugega, kot èe dvakrat vtipkate C-k.
+
+Besedilo, ki ste ga prej pobrisali, je shranjeno, in ga lahko povrnete
+tja, kjer je trenutno kazalèek, z ukazom C-y.
+
+>> Poskusite z ukazom C-y povrniti pobrisano besedilo.
+
+Ukaz C-y si predstavljajte, kot da potegnete nazaj nekaj, kar vam je
+nekdo odnesel. Èe ste uporabili veè zaporednih ukazov C-k, je vse
+pobrisano besedilo shranjeno skupaj, in en sam C-y bo vrnil vse tako
+pobrisane vrstice.
+
+>> Poskusite, nekajkrat vtipkajte C-k.
+
+Zdaj pa vrnimo pobrisano besedilo:
+
+>> Vtipkajte C-y. Zdaj pa premaknite kazalèek za nekaj vrstic navzdol
+   in ¹e enkrat vtipkajte C-y. Vidite zdaj, kako se kopira dele
+   besedila?
+
+Kaj pa, èe ste pobrisali nekaj besedila, ki bi ga radi vrnili, vendar
+ste za iskanim odlomkom pobrisali ¹e nekaj? C-y vrne samo nazadnje
+pobrisan odlomek. Vendar tudi prej¹nje besedilo ni izgubljeno. Do
+njega lahko pridete z ukazom M-y. Ko ste vrnili nazadnje zbrisano
+besedilo s C-y, pritisnite M-y, ki ga zamenja s predzanje pobrisanim
+besedilom. Vsak naslednji M-y prika¾e ¹e eno prej. Ko ste konèno
+pri¹li do iskanega besedila, ni treba napraviti niè posebnega, da bi
+ga obdr¾ali. Preprosto nadaljujte z urejanjem, in vrnjeno besedilo bo
+ostalo, kamor ste ga odlo¾ili.
+
+Èe pritisnete M-y dovolj velikokrat, se boste vrnili na zaèete, torej
+spet na zadnje pobrisano besedilo.
+
+>> Pobri¹ite vrstico, premaknite se nekam drugam, in pobri¹ite ¹e
+   eno vrstico.
+   Z ukazom C-y dobite nazaj to drugo vrstico.
+   Z ukazom M-y pa jo zamenjate s prvo vrstico.
+   Ponovite ukaz M-y ¹e nekajkrat in si oglejte, kaj dobite na
+   zaslon. Ponavljajte ga, dokler se ne prika¾e ponovno nazadnje
+   pobrisana vrstica, in ¹e naprej. Èe ¾elite, lahko tudi ukazu
+   M-y podate pozitivno ali negativno ¹tevilo ponovitev.
+
+
+* PREKLIC UKAZA (UNDO)
+----------------------
+
+Èe ste besedilo spremenili, a ste se kasneje premislili, lahko
+besedilo vrnete v prvotno stanje z ukazom Undo, C-x u. Normalno vrne
+C-x u zadnjo spremembo besedila; èe ukaz ponovimo, preklièemo ¹e
+predzadnjo spremembo, in vsaka nadaljnja ponovitev se¾e ¹e eno
+spremembo globlje v zgodovino.
+
+Emacs hrani bolj ali manj celotno zgodovino na¹ih ukazov, z dvema
+izjemama: ukazov, ki niso napravili nobene spremembe v besedilu
+(npr. premik kazalèka), ne shranjuje, in zaporedje do 20 vrinjenih
+znakov shrani kot en sam ukaz. Slednje prihrani nekaj ukazov C-x u, ki
+bi jih morali vtipkati.
+
+>> Pobri¹ite to vrstico z ukazom C-k, potem jo priklièite nazaj s C-x u.
+
+C-_ je alternativni ukaz za preklic zadnjega ukaza.  Deluje enako kot
+s C-x u, ga je pa la¾je odtipkati, èe morate ukaz ponoviti veèkrat
+zaporedoma. Te¾ava z ukazom C-_ je, da na nekaterih tipkovnicah ni
+povsem oèitno, kako ga vtipkati, zato je podvojen ¹e kot C-x u. Na
+nekaterih terminalih moramo na primer vtipkati /, medtem ko dr¾imo
+pritisnjeno tipko CONTROL.
+
+Èe podamo ukazu C-_ ali C-x u numerièni argument, je to enako, kot èe
+bi ukaz roèno ponovili tolikokrat, kot pravi argument.
+
+
+* DATOTEKE
+----------
+
+Da bi bile spremembe v besedilu trajne, morate besedilo shraniti v
+datoteko. V nasprotnem primeru jih boste za vedno izgubili tisti hip,
+ko boste zapustili Emacs. Besedilo postavimo v datoteko tako, da
+na disku ,,poi¹èemo`` (angl. find) datoteko, preden zaènemo tipkati 
+(pravimo tudi, da ,,obi¹èemo`` datoteko).
+
+Poiskati datoteko pomeni, da v Emacsu vidimo vsebino datoteke. To je
+bolj ali manj tako, kot da z Emacsom urejamo datoteko samo. Vendar pa
+spremembe ne postanejo trajne, dokler datoteke ne shranimo
+(angl. save) na disk. Tako imamo mo¾nost, da se izognemo temu, da bi
+nam na pol spremenjene datoteke le¾ale po disku, kadar tega ne
+¾elimo. Ker pa Emacs ohrani izvorno datoteko pod spremenjenim imenom,
+lahko prvotno datoteko priklièemo nazaj celo ¹e potem, ko smo datoteko
+¾e shranili na disk.
+
+V predzadnji vrstici na dnu zaslona vidite vrstico, ki se zaène in
+konèa z vezaji, in vsebuje niz znakov ,,--:-- TUTORIAL``. Ta del
+zaslona navadno vsebuje ime datoteke, ki smo jo obiskali. Zdajle je to
+,,TUTORIAL``, va¹a delovna kopija uèbenika Emacsa.  Ko boste poiskali
+kak¹no drugo datoteko, bo na tem mestu pisalo njeno ime.
+
+Posebnost ukaza za iskanje datoteke je, da moramo povedati, katero
+datoteko i¹èemo. Pravimo, da ukaz ,,prebere argument s terminala`` (v
+tem primeru je argument ime datoteke).  Ko vtipkate ukaz
+
+	C-x C-f   (poi¹èi datoteko)
+
+vas Emacs povpra¹a po imenu datoteke. Kar vtipkate, se sproti vidi v
+vrstici na dnu zaslona. Temu delovnemu podroèju pravimo pogovorni
+vmesnik (minibuffer), kadar se uporablja za tovrstni vnos. Znotraj
+pogovornega vmesnika lahko uporabljate obièajne ukaze za urejanje, èe
+ste se na primer pri tipkanju zmotili.
+
+Sredi tipkanja imena datoteke (ali katerega koli drugega opravila v
+pogovornem vmesniku) lahko ukaz preklièete s C-g.
+
+>> Vtipkajte C-x C-f, zatem pa ¹e C-g. Zadnji ukaz od treh je
+   zaprl pogovorni vmesnik in tudi preklical ukaz C-x C-f, ki je
+   uporabljal pogovorni vmesnik. Konec z iskanjem datoteke.
+
+Ko ste dokonèali ime, ga vnesete s pritiskom na <Return>. S tem se
+po¾ene ukaz C-x C-f in poi¹èe iskano datoteko. Pogovorni vmesnik
+izgine, ko je ukaz izveden.
+
+Trenutek kasneje se vsebina datoteke pojavi na zaslonu. Zdaj lahko
+dopolnjujete, urejate ali kako drugaèe spreminjate vsebino. Ko ¾elite,
+da ostanejo spremembe trajne, izvedete ukaz:
+
+	C-x C-s   (shrani datoteko)
+
+Besedilo se s tem shrani iz pomnilnika raèunalnika na datoteko na
+disk. Ko prviè izvedete ta ukaz, se izvorna datoteka preimenuje, tako
+da ni izgubljena. Najdete jo pod novim imenom, ki se od starega
+razlikuje po tem, da ima na koncu pripet znak ,,~``.
+
+Ko je Emacs shranil datoteko, izpi¹e njeno ime. Shranjujte raje
+pogosteje kot ne, da v primeru, èe gre z raèunalnikom kaj narobe, ne
+izgubite veliko.
+
+>> Vtipkajte C-x C-s, s èimer boste shranili svojo kopijo tega
+   uèbenika. Emacs bo v vrstici na dnu zaslona izpisal ,,Wrote
+   ...TUTORIAL``.
+
+Opozorilo: na nekaterih sistemih bo ukaz C-x C-s zamrznil zaslon, in
+tako ne boste videli, da Emacs ¹e kaj izpi¹e. To je znak, da je
+operacijski sistem prestregel znak C-s in ga interpretiral kot znak za
+prekinitev toka podatkov, namesto da bi ga posredoval Emacsu. Zaslon
+,,odmrznete`` z ukazom C-q. Èe je va¹ sistem eden takih, si za nasvet,
+kako re¹iti to nev¹eènost, oglejte razdelek ,,Spontaneous Entry to
+Incremental Search`` v priroèniku za Emacs.
+
+Poi¹èete lahko lahko ¾e obstojeèo datoteko, da si jo ogledate ali
+popravite, ali pa tudi datoteko, ki ¹e ne obstaja. To je naèin, kako z
+Emacsom ustvarimo novo datoteko: poi¹èite datoteko z izbranim imenom,
+ki bo sprva prazna, in zaènite pisati. Ko jo boste prviè shranili, bo
+Emacs ustvaril datoteko z vne¹enim besedilom. Od tod dalje delate na
+¾e obstojeèi datoteki.
+
+
+* DELOVNA PODROÈJA
+------------------
+
+Tudi èe ste z ukazom C-x C-f poiskali in odprli drugo datoteko, prva
+ostane v Emacsu. Nanjo se vrnete tako, da jo ¹e enkrat ,,poi¹èete`` z
+ukazom C-x C-f. Tako imate lahko v Emacsu hkrati kar precej datotek.
+
+>> Ustvarite datoteko z imenom ,,foo`` tako, da vtipkate C-x C-f
+   foo <Return>. Natipkajte nekaj besedila, ga po potrebi popravite, in
+   shranite v datoteko ,,foo`` z ukazom C-x C-s. Ko ste konèali, se
+   vrnite v uèbenik z ukazom C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>.
+
+Emacs hrani besedilo vsake datoteke v takoimenovanem ,,delovnem
+podroèju`` (angl. buffer). Ko poi¹èemo datoteko, Emacs ustvari zanjo
+novo delovno podroèje. Vsa obstojeèa delovna podroèja v Emacsu vidimo
+z ukazom:
+
+	C-x C-b   Seznam delovnih podroèij.
+
+>> Poskusite C-x C-b zdaj.
+
+Vidite, da ima vsako delovno podroèje svoje ime, pri nekaterih pa pi¹e
+tudi ime datoteke, katere vsebina se hrani v njem. Druga delovna
+podroèja pa ne pripadajo nobeni datoteki. Podroèje ,,*Buffer List*``,
+na primer, je ¾e eno takih. To delovno podroèje smo ustvarili
+ravnokar, ko smo pognali ukaz C-x C-b. VSAKO besedilo, ki ga vidite v
+katerem od Emacsovih oken, je vedno del kak¹nega delovnega podroèja.
+
+>> Z ukazom C-x 1 se znebite seznama delovnih podroèij.
+
+Èe ste spreminjali besedilo ene datoteke, potem pa poiskali drugo, to
+ne shrani spremeb v prvo datoteko. Te ostanejo znotraj Emacsa, na
+delovnem podroèju, ki pripada prvi datoteki. Ustvarjenje ali
+spreminjanje delovnega podroèja druge datoteke nima nobenega vpliva na
+podroèje prve. To je zelo uporabno, pomeni pa tudi, da potrebujemo
+udobno pot, da shranimo delovno podroèje prve datoteke. Nerodno bi
+bilo preklapljanje na prvo podroèje s C-x C-f, da bi shranili s C-x
+C-s. Namesto tega imamo:
+
+	C-x s     Shrani nekatera delovna podroèja
+
+Ukaz C-x poi¹èe delovna podroèja, katerih vsebina je bila spremenjena,
+odkar je bila zadnjiè shranjena na datoteko. Za vsako tako delovno
+podroèje C-x s vpra¹a, èe ga ¾elite shraniti.
+
+
+* RAZ©IRJEN NABOR UKAZOV
+------------------------
+
+©e mnogo, mnogo je ukazov Emacsa, ki bi zaslu¾ili, da jih obesimo na 
+razne kontrolne in meta znake. Emacs se temu izogne z ukazom X (iz angl.
+eXtend - raz¹iriti), ki uvede ukaz iz raz¹irjenega nabora. Dveh vrst je:
+
+	C-x	Znakovna raz¹iritev (angl. Character eXtend).
+		Sledi mu en sam znak.
+	M-x	Raz¹iritev s poimenovanim ukazom. Sledi mu dolgo ime
+		ukaza.
+
+Tudi ti ukazi so na splo¹no uporabni, ne uporabljamo pa jih tako
+pogosto kot tiste, ki ste se jih ¾e nauèili. Dva ukaza iz raz¹irjenega
+nabora ¾e poznamo: C-x C-f, s katerim poi¹èemo datoteko, in C-x C-s, s
+katerim datoteko shranimo. ©e en primer je ukaz, s katerim Emacsu
+povemo, da ¾elimo konèati z delom iz iziti iz Emacsa. Ta ukaz je C-x
+C-c (ne skrbite: preden konèa, Emacs ponudi, da shrani vse spremenjene
+datoteke).
+
+Z ukazom C-z Emacs zapustimo samo *zaèasno*, tako da lahko ob vrnitvi
+nadaljujemo z delom, kjer smo ostali.
+
+Na sistemih, ki to dopu¹èajo, ukaz C-z izide iz Emacsa v ukazno
+lupino, a ga ne konèa - èe uporabljate ukazno lupino C, se lahko
+vrnete z ukazom ,fg` ali splo¹neje z ukazom ,,%emacs``.
+
+Drugod ukaz C-z po¾ene sekundarno ukazno lupino, tako da lahko
+po¾enete kak¹en drug program in se kasneje vrnete v Emacs. V tem
+primeru pravzaprav Emacsa ne zapustimo. Ukaz ,,exit`` v ukazni lupini
+je navadno naèin, da zapremo sekundarno lupino in se vrnemo v Emacs.
+
+Ukaz C-x C-c uporabimo, èe se nameravamo odjaviti s sistema. To je
+tudi pravilen naèin za izhod iz Emacsa, èe je tega pognal program za
+delo s po¹to ali kak drug program, saj ta verjetno ne ve, kaj
+napraviti z zaèasno prekinjenim Emacsom. V vseh ostalih primerih pa,
+èe se ne nameravate odjaviti s sistema, uporabite C-z, in se vrnite v
+Emacs, ko bi radi spet urejali besedilo.
+
+Ukazov C-x je veliko. Zaenkrat smo spoznali naslednje:
+
+	C-x C-f		Poi¹èi datoteko.
+	C-x C-s		Shrani datoteko.
+	C-x C-b		Seznam delovnih podroèij.
+	C-x C-c		Konèaj Emacs.
+	C-x u		Preklic zadnjega ukaza.
+
+Poimenovani raz¹irjeni ukazi so ukazi, ki se uporabljajo ¹e bolj
+poredko, ali pa se uporabljajo samo v nekaterih naèinih dela.  Eden
+takih je na primer ukaz replace-string, ki po vsem besedilu zamenja en
+niz znakov z drugim. Ko vtipkate M-x, se to izpi¹e v pogovornem
+vmesniku na dnu zaslona, Emacs pa èaka, da vtipkate ime ukaza, ki ga
+¾elite priklicati; v tem primeru je to ,,replace-string``. Vtipkajte
+samo ,,repl s<TAB>`` in Emacs bo dopolnil ime. Ukaz vnesete s
+pritiskom na <Return>.
+
+Ukaz replace-string potrebuje dva argumenta -- niz, ki ga ¾elite
+zamenjati, in niz, s katerim bi radi zamenjali prvega. Vsakega posebej
+vnesete in zakljuèite s pritiskom na tipko Return.
+
+>> Premaknite kazalèek na prazno vrstico dve vrstici pod to, zatem 
+   vtipkajte M-x repl s<Return>zamenjala<Return>spremenila<Return>.
+
+   Opazite, kako se je ta vrstica zamenjala? Vse besede
+   z-a-m-e-n-j-a-l-a od tod do konca besedila ste nadomestili z besedo
+   ,,spremenila``.
+
+
+* AVTOMATIÈNO SHRANJEVANJE
+--------------------------
+
+Spremembe v datoteki, ki jih ¹e niste shranili na disk, so izgubljene,
+èe medtem denimo zmanjka elektrike. Da bi vas zavaroval pred tem,
+Emacs periodièno avtomatièno shrani vse datoteke, ki jih
+urejate. Avtomatièno shranjena datoteka se od izvorne razlikuje po
+znaku ,#` na zaèetku in koncu imena: èe se je va¹a datoteka imenovala
+,,hello.c``, se avtomatièno shranjena datoteka imenuje
+,,#hello.c#``. Ko normalno shranite datoteko, avtomatièno shranjena
+datoteka ni veè potrebna, in Emacs jo pobri¹e.
+
+Èe res pride do izgube podatkov v pomnilniku, lahko povrnete avtomatièno
+shranjeno besedilo tako, da normalno poi¹èete datoteko (pravo ime
+datoteke, ne ime avtomatièno shranjene datoteke), zatem pa vtipkate M-x
+recover file<Return>. Ko vas vpra¹a za potrditev, vtipkajte yes<Return>
+za nadaljevanje in povrnitev avtomatièno shranjenenih podatkov. 
+
+
+* ODZIVNO PODROÈJE
+------------------
+
+Kadar Emacs opazi, da poèasi vtipkavate ukaz, odpre v zadnji vrstici
+na dnu zaslona odzivno podroèje in v njem sproti prikazuje natipkano.
+
+
+* STATUSNA VRSTICA
+------------------
+
+Vrstica nad odzivnim podroèjem je statusna vrstica. Ta ka¾e verjetno
+nekaj podobnega kot:
+
+--:** TUTORIAL          (Fundamental)--58%----------------------
+
+V njej so izpisani pomembni podatki o stanju Emacsa in besedilu, ki ga
+urejate.
+
+Zdaj ¾e veste, kaj pomeni ime datoteke -- to je datoteka, ki ste jo
+poiskali. Oznaka --NN%-- pomeni, da je nad vrhom zaslona ¹e NN
+odstotkov celotne datoteke. Èe je zaèetek datoteke na zaslonu, bo
+namesto --00%-- pisalo --Top--. Podobno bo pisalo --Bot--, èe je
+zadnja vrstica datoteke na zaslonu. Èe je datoteka, ki jo ogledujete,
+tako kratka, da gre vsa na en zaslon, pa bo pisalo --All--.
+
+Zvezdice na zaèetku vrstice pomenijo, da ste datoteko ¾e spreminjali.
+Tik po tem, ko ste odprli ali shranili datoteko, ni nobenih zvezdic,
+so samo èrtice.
+
+Del statusne vrstice znotraj oklepajev vam pove, v kak¹nem naèinu dela
+Emacs. Privzeti naèin je osnovni naèin (Fundamental), v katerem ste
+sedaj. Fundamental je eden od glavnih naèinov (angl. major
+mode). Emacs pozna veliko razliènih glavnih naèinov. Nekateri od njih
+so namenjeni pisanju programov, kot na primer Lisp, ali pisanju
+besedil, kot npr. Text. Naenkrat je lahko aktiven le en glavni naèin,
+njegovo ime pa je vedno izpisano v statusni vrstici, kjer zdaj pi¹e
+Fundamental.
+
+Glavni naèini lahko spremenijo pomen nekaterim ukazom. Obstajajo,
+denimo, ukazi za pisanje komentarjev v programu, in ker ima vsak
+programski jezik svoje predstave o tem, kako mora komentar izgledati,
+mora vsak glavni naèin vnesti komentarje drugaèe. Ker je vsak glavni
+naèin ime raz¹irjenega ukaza, lahko tako tudi izbiramo glavni
+naèin. Na primer, M-x fundamental-mode vas postavi v naèin
+Fundamental.
+
+Èe nameravate popravljati slovensko (ali angle¹ko) besedilo, kot je na
+primer tole, boste verjetno izbrali tekstovni naèin (Text).
+>> Vtipkajte M-x text mode<Return>.
+
+Ne skrbite, noben od ukazov, ki ste se jih nauèili, se s tem ne
+spremeni kaj dosti. Lahko pa opazite, da Emacs zdaj jemlje opu¹èaje za
+dele besed, ko se premikate z M-f ali M-b. V osnovnem naèinu jih je
+obravnaval kot meje med besedami.
+
+Glavni naèini navadno poèenjajo majhne spremembe, kot je ta: veèina
+ukazov ,,opravi isti posel``, vendar pa to poènejo na razlièen naèin.
+
+Dokumentacijo o trenutno aktivnem glavnem naèinu dobite z ukazom C-h m.
+
+>> Uporabite C-u C-v enkrat ali veèkrat, toliko, da bo ta vrstica blizu
+   vrha zaslona.
+>> Vtipkajte C-h m, da vidite, v èem se tekstovni naèin (Text) razlikuje
+   od osnovnega (Fundamental).
+>> Vtipkajte C-x 1, da umaknete dokumentacijo z zaslona.
+
+Glavnim naèinom pravimo glavni naèini zato, ker obstajajo tudi
+podnaèini (angl. minor modes). Podnaèini ne nadome¹èajo glavnih
+naèinom, ampak le spreminjajo njihovo obna¹anje. Podnaèine lahko
+aktiviramo ali deaktiviramo neodvisno od glavnega naèina in neodvisno
+od ostalih podnaèinov. Tako lahko ne uporabljate nobenega podnaèina,
+en podnaèin, ali kombinacijo veèih podnaèinov.
+
+Podnaèin, ki je zelo uporaben, posebno za pisanje besedil, je Auto
+Fill. Ko je vklopljen, Emacs med pisanjem avtomatièno deli vrstice na
+presledkih med besedami, tako da vrstice niso predolge.
+
+Vklopite ga lahko z ukazom M-x auto fill mode<return>. Ko je
+vklopljen, ga lahko izklopite z istim ukazom, M-x
+auto fill mode<return>. Z istim ukazom torej preklapljamo
+(angl. toggle) med vklopljenim in izklopljenim stanjem.
+
+>> Vtipkajte zdaj M-x auto fill mode. Potem zaènite tipkati "asdf asdkl
+   sdjf sdjkf"... dokler ne opazite, da je Emacs razbil vrstico na dve.
+   Med tipkanjem mora biti dovolj presledkov, saj Auto Fill prelamlja
+   vrstice samo na presledkih.
+
+©irina besedila je navadno postavljena na 70 znakov, kar pa lahko
+spremenite z ukazom C-x f. Novo ¹irino morate podati kot ¹tevilèni
+argument.
+
+>> Vtipkajte C-x f in argument 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f). Zatem vtipkajte
+   nekaj besedila in poglejte, èe bo Emacs res delil vrstice pri 20
+   znakih. Potem z ukazom C-x f postavite mejo nazaj na 70.
+
+Auto Fill deluje le, kadar pi¹ete novo besedilo, ne pa,
+kadar popravljate ¾e napisan odstavek.
+Tak odstavek lahko poravnate tako, da kazalèek premaknete nekam
+znotraj odstavka in uka¾ete M-q (Meta-q).
+
+>> Premaknite kazalèek v prej¹nji odstavek in izvedite M-q.
+
+
+* ISKANJE
+---------
+
+Emacs lahko v besedilu poi¹èe niz znakov (zaporedje znakov ali besed),
+naprej ali nazaj po besedilu. Iskanje spada v skupino ukazov za
+premikanje kazalèka, saj premakne kazalèek na kraj v besedilu, kjer je
+na¹el iskani niz.
+
+Iskanje v Emacsu je morda nekoliko drugaèno od tistega, ki ste ga
+navajeni, in sicer je ,,inkrementalno``. To pomeni, da se iskanje
+odvija hkrati s tem, ko tipkate iskani niz.
+
+Ukaza za iskanje sta C-s za iskanje naprej po datoteki in C-r za
+iskanje nazaj po datoteki. POÈAKAJTE! Ne preizku¹ajte jih ¹e ta hip!
+
+Ko boste natipkali C-s, boste opazili niz ,,I-search`` kot pozivnik
+v pogovornem vmesniku. To vam pove, da je Emacs v inkrementalnem iskanju
+in vas èaka, da zaènete tipkati, kar i¹èete. <Return> zakljuèi iskanje.
+
+>> Pritisnite zdaj C-s. POÈASI, èrko za èrko, vtipkajte besedo
+   ,,kazalèek``. Za vsako vtipkano èrko se ustavite in si oglejte, kaj
+   se je zgodilo s kazalèkom.
+>> ©e enkrat pritisnite C-s, da poi¹èete naslednji ,,kazalèek``.
+>> ©estkrat pritisnite <Delete> in opazujte, kako se premika kazalèek.
+>> Konèajte iskanje s tipko <Return>.
+
+Ste videli, kaj se je zgodilo? Emacs pri inkrementalnem iskanju sku¹a
+poiskati niz, ki ste ga natipkali do tistega hipa. Da poi¹èete
+naslednje mesto, kjer se pojavi ,,kazalèek``, samo ¹e enkrat
+pritisnete C-s. Èe takega mesta ni, Emacs èivkne in vam sporoèi, da
+iskanje ni uspelo. Tudi C-g prekine iskanje.
+
+OPOZORILO: Na nekaterih sistemih bo s pritiskom na C-s ekran
+zmrznil. To je znak, da je operacijski sistem prestregel znak C-s in
+ga interpretiral kot znak za prekinitev toka podatkov, namesto da bi
+ga posredoval programu Emacs. Ekran ,,odtajate`` s pritiskom na
+C-q. Potem si oglejte razdelek ,,Spontaneous Entry to Incremental
+Search`` v priroèniku za nasvet, kako se spopasti s to nev¹eènostjo.
+
+Èe sredi inkrementalnega iskanja pritisnete <Delete>, boste opazili,
+da to pobri¹e zadnji znak v iskanem nizu, kazalèek pa se premakne
+nazaj na mesto v besedilu, kjer je na¹el kraj¹i niz. Na primer,
+predpostavimo, da ste do zdaj natipkali ,,ka`` in je kazalèek na
+mestu, kjer se prviè pojavi ,,ka``. Èe zdaj pritisnete <Delete>, boste
+s tem v pogovornem vmesniku izbrisali ,a`, hkrati pa se bo kazalèek
+postavil na mesto, kjer je prviè na¹el ,k`, preden ste natipkali ¹e
+,a`.
+
+Èe sredi iskanja vtipkate katerikoli kontrolni znaki ali metaznak
+(razen tistih, ki imajo poseben pomen pri iskanju, to sta C-s in C-r),
+se iskanje prekine.
+
+C-s zaène iskati na mestu v datoteki, kjer trenutno stoji kazalèek, in
+i¹èe do konca datoteke. Èe bi radi iskali proti zaèetku datoteke,
+namesto C-s vtipkamo C-r.  Vse, kar smo povedali o ukazu C-s, velja
+tudi za C-r, le smer iskanja je obrnjena.
+
+
+* VEÈ OKEN NA ZASLONU
+---------------------
+
+Ena simpatiènih lastnosti Emacsa je, da zna hkrati prikazati veè oken
+na ekranu, tudi èe ne delamo v grafiènem naèinu.
+
+>> Premaknite kazalèek v to vrstico in vtipkajte C-u 0 C-l.
+>> Zdaj vtipkajte C-x 2, da razdelite zaslon na dve okni.
+   V obeh oknih imate odprt ta priroènik. Kazalèek je ostal v zgornjem
+   oknu.
+>> Pritisnite C-M-v za listanje v spodnjem oknu.
+   (Èe nimate tipke Meta, tipkajte ESC C-v).
+>> Vtipkajte C-x o (o kot ,,other``, drugi), da preselite kazalèek v
+   spodnje okno.
+>> S C-v in M-v se v spodnjem oknu premikate po vsebini datoteke.
+   Zgornje okno ¹e vedno ka¾e ta navodila.
+>> Ponovni C-x o vas vrne v zgornje okno. Kazalèek se je vrnil na
+   mesto, kjer je bil, preden smo skoèili v spodnje okno.
+
+Z ukazom C-x o lahko preklapljamo med okni. Vsako okno si zapomni, kje
+v oknu je ostal kazalèek, samo trenutno aktivno okno pa kazalèek tudi
+v resnici prika¾e. Vsi obièajni ukazi za urejanje, ki smo se jih
+nauèili, veljajo za aktivno okno.
+
+Ukaz C-M-v je zelo uporaben, kadar urejamo besedilo v enem oknu,
+drugega pa uporabljamo samo za pomoè. Kazalèek ostaja ves èas v oknu,
+v katerem urejamo, po vsebini spodnjega okna pa se vseeno lahko
+premikamo, ne da bi morali venomer skakati iz enega okna v drugega.
+
+C-M-v je primer znaka CONTROL-META. Èe imate v resnici tipko Meta (na
+PC navadno levi Alt), lahko vtipkate C-M-v tako, da dr¾ite pritisnjeni
+tako CONTROL kot META, medtem ko vtipkate v. Ni pomembno, katero od
+tipk, CONTROL ali META, pritisnete prvo, saj obe delujeta ¹ele, ko
+pritisnete znak, ki sledi (v zgornjem primeru ,v`).
+
+Nasprotno pa je vrstni red pritiskanja pomemben, èe nimate tipke META
+in namesto nje uporabljate ESC. V tem primeru morate najprej
+pritisniti ESC, potem pa Control-v. Obratna kombinacija, Control-ESC v ne
+deluje. To je zato, ker je ESC znak sam po sebi, ne pa modifikator,
+kot sta CONTROL in META.
+
+>> V zgornjem oknu vtipkajte C-x 1, da se znebite spodnjega okna.
+
+(Èe bi vtipkali C-x 1 v spodnjem oknu, bi se znebili
+zgornjega. Razmi¹ljajte o tem ukazu kot ,,Obdr¾i samo eno okno, in
+sicer tisto, v katerem sem zdaj.``)
+
+Seveda ni nujno, da obe okni ka¾eta isto delovno podroèje. Èe v enem
+oknu izvedete C-x C-f in poi¹èete novo datoteko, se vsebina drugega
+okna ne spremeni. V vsakem oknu lahko neodvisno obdelujete drugo
+datoteko. 
+
+Pa ¹e ena pot, kako v dveh oknih prika¾ete dve razlièni datoteki:
+
+>> Vtipkajte C-x 4 C-f, in na pozivnik vtipkajte ime ene va¹ih
+   datotek. Konèajte z <Return>. Odpre se ¹e eno okno in izbrana
+   datoteka se pojavi v drugem oknu. Tudi kazalèek se preseli v drugo
+   okno. 
+
+>> Vtipkajte C-x o, da se vrnete nazaj v zgornje okno, in C-x 1, da
+   zaprete spodnje okno.
+
+
+* REKURZIVNI NIVOJI UREJANJA
+----------------------------
+
+Vèasih boste pri¹li v nekaj, èemur se pravi ,,rekurzivni nivo
+urejanja``. To se vidi po tem, da v statusni vrstici oglati oklepaji
+oklepajo ime glavnega naèina. V osnovnem naèinu bi, na primer, videli
+[(Fundamental)] namesto (Fundamental).
+
+Iz rekurzivnega nivoja urejanja se re¹ite, èe vtipkate ESC ESC ESC. To
+zaporedje je vsenamenski ukaz ,,pojdi ven``. Uporabite ga lahko tudi
+za ukinjanje odveènih oken, ali vrnitev iz pogovornega vmesnika.
+
+>> Pritisnite M-x, da odprete pogovorni vmesnik, zatem pa vtipkajte
+   ESC ESC ESC, da pridete ven iz njega.
+
+Z ukazom C-g ne morete iz rekurzivnega nivoja urejanja, ker C-g
+preklièe ukaze ali argumente ZNOTRAJ rekurzivnega nivoja.
+
+
+* DODATNA POMOÈ
+---------------
+
+V tem uvodu smo posku¹ali zbrati dovolj informacij, da lahko zaènete
+Emacs uporabljati. Emacs ponuja toliko, da bi bilo nemogoèe vse to
+zbrati tukaj. Verjetno pa bi se vseeno radi nauèili kaj o ¹tevilnih
+koristnih mo¾nostih, ki jih ¹e ne poznate. Emacs ima ¾e vgrajene
+veliko dokumentacije, do katere lahko pridete s pritiskom na CTRL-h (h
+kot ,,help``, pomoè).
+
+Za pomoè pritisnete C-h, potem pa vtipkate znak, ki pove, kak¹no pomoè
+¾elite. Èe ste poplnoma izgubljeni, vtipkajte C-h ? in Emacs vam bo
+povedal, kak¹na pomoè je sploh na voljo. Èe ste vtipkali C-h, pa ste
+si premislili, lahko ukaz preklièete s C-g.
+
+(Ponekod se znak C-h preslika v kaj drugega. To ni dobro, in v takem
+primeru se prito¾ite sistemskemu vzdr¾evalcu. Medtem pa, èe C-h ne
+prika¾e sporoèila o pomoèi na dnu zaslona, namesto tega poskusite
+pritisniti tipko F1 ali pa vtipkajte M-x help <Return>.)
+
+Najosnovnej¹i tip pomoèi prika¾e C-h c. Pritisnite C-h, tipko c, zatem
+pa ukazni znak ali zaporedje ukaznih znakov, in Emacs bo izpisal
+kratek opis ukaza.
+
+>> Vtipkajte C-h c Control-p.
+   Izpi¹e se nekaj takega kot
+
+	C-p runs the command previous-line
+
+Ukaz je izpisal ime funkcije, ki izvede ukaz. Imena funkcij
+uporabljamo, kadar pi¹emo prilagoditve in raz¹iritve Emacsa. Ker pa so
+navadno imena funkcij izbrana tako, da kaj povedo o tem, kaj funkcija
+poène, bo verjetno to tudi dovolj za kratko osve¾itev, èe ste se z
+ukazom ¾e kdaj sreèali.
+
+Ukazu C-h lahko sledi tudi zaporedje znakov, kot na primer C-x C-s,
+ali, èe nimate tipke META, <Esc>v.
+
+Za veè informacij o ukazu vtipkajte C-h k namesto C-h c.
+
+>> Vtipkajte C-h k Control-p.
+
+To odpre novo okno in v njem prika¾e dokumentacijo o funkciji, obenem
+z njenim imenom. Ko ste opravili, vtipkajte C-x 1, da se znebite okna
+z pomoèjo. Tega seveda ni potrebno napraviti takoj, ampak lahko
+urejate, medtem ko imate odprto okno s pomoèjo, in ga zaprete, ko ste
+konèali. 
+
+Sledi ¹e nekaj uporabnih mo¾nosti, ki jih ponuja pomoè:
+
+   C-h f	Opi¹i funkcijo. Kot argument morate podati ime
+		funkcije. 
+
+>> Poskusite C-h f previous-line<Return>.
+   To izpi¹e vse podatke, ki jih ima Emacs o funkciji, ki izvede ukaz C-p.
+
+   C-h a	 Apropos. Vtipkajte kljuèno besedo in Emacs bo izpisal
+		 vse ukaze, ki vsebujejo to kljuèno besedo. Vse te
+		 ukaze lahko priklièete z Meta-x. Pri nekaterih ukazih
+		 bo Apropos izpisal tudi eno ali dvoznakovno
+		 zaporedje, s katerim dose¾ete isti uèinek.
+
+>> Vtipkajte C-h a file<Return>.
+
+To odpre novo okno, v katerem so vsa dolga imena ukazov, ki vsebujejo
+,,file`` v imenu. Izvedete jih lahko z M-x. Pri nekaterih se izpi¹e
+tudi kratek ukaz, npr. C-x C-f ali C-x C-w pri ukazih find-file in
+write-file. 
+
+>> Pritisnite C-M-v, da se sprehajate po oknu s pomoèjo. Poskusite
+   nekajkrat. 
+
+>> Vtipkajte C-x 1, da zaprete okno s pomoèjo.
+
+
+* ZAKLJUÈEK
+-----------
+
+Zapomnite si, da Emacs zapustite z ukazom C-x C-c. Èe bi radi samo
+zaèasno skoèili v ukazno lupino in se kasneje vrnili v Emacs, pa 
+storite to z ukazom C-z. 
+
+Ta uèbenik je napisan z namenom, da bi bil razumljiv vsem novincem v
+Emacsu. Èe se vam kaj ne zdi jasno napisano, ne valite krivde nase -
+prito¾ite se!
+
+
+RAZMNO®EVANJE IN RAZ©IRJANJE
+----------------------------
+
+Angle¹ki izvirnik tega uvoda v Emacs je naslednik dolge vrste tovrstnih
+besedil, zaèen¹i s tistim, ki ga je Stuart Cracraft napisal za izvorni
+Emacs. V sloven¹èino ga je prevedel Primo¾ Peterlin.
+
+To besedilo, kot sam GNU Emacs, je avtorsko delo, in njegovo
+razmno¾evanje in raz¹irjanje je dovoljeno pod naslednjimi pogoji:
+
+Copyright (c) 1985-1997 Free Software Foundation
+
+   Dovoljeno je izdelovati in raz¹irjati neokrnjene kopije tega spisa
+   v kakr¹nikoli obliki pod pogojem, da je ohranjena navedba o
+   avtorstvu in to dovoljenje, ter da distributer dovoljuje prejemniku
+   nadaljnje raz¹irjanje pod pogoji, navedenimi v tem dovoljenju.
+
+   Pod pogoji iz prej¹njega odstavka je dovoljeno raz¹irjati 
+   spremenjene verzije tega spisa ali njegovih delov, èe je jasno
+   oznaèeno, kdo je nazadnje vnesel spremembe.
+
+Pogoji za razmno¾evanje in raz¹irjanje samega Emacsa so malo drugaèni,
+a v istem duhu. Prosimo, preberite datoteko COPYING in potem dajte
+kopijo programa GNU Emacs svojim prijateljem. Pomagajte zatreti
+obstrukcionizem (,,lastni¹tvo``) v programju tako, da uporabljate,
+pi¹ete in delite prosto programje!
+
+;;; Local Variables:
+;;; coding: iso-latin-2
+;;; End:

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/TUTORIAL.th	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,1007 @@
+,TJ'G9(B0,TET(B1,T"(B0,TJT(B1,T7(B0,T8Tl(B1 ,T>(B.,TH(B. 2528 ,Tb4B:(B0,TCT(B10,TIQ(B1,T7?(B0,TCU(B1,T+M?(B0,T5l(B1,TaG(B0,TCl(B1,T?RG(B0,T9l(B1,T`4(B0,T*Q(B1,T9(B (Free Software
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+
+,Tb4B(B0,T7Qh(B1,TGd;$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'"M'(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1 (Emacs) ,T(Pc(B0,T*i(B10,T$Yh(B10,T!Q(B1,T:(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B CONTROL (,T:R'$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'MR(`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B0,T7Uh(B10,TAU(B1
+0,TJQ(B1,T-(B0,TEQ(B1,T!I(B0,T3l(B1 CTRL ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B CTL) ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B 0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B META (,T:R'$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'MR(`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B0,T7Uh(B10,TAU(B10,TJQ(B1,T-(B0,TEQ(B1,T!I(B0,T3l(B1 EDIT ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B 
+ALT). ,Ta79(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(Pc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S`(B0,T5g(B1,TAc9!RCM(B0,T8T(B1,T:RB(B, ,T`CR(Pc(B0,T*i(B10,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TBh(B1,TM(B0,T4Q(B1,T'(B0,T5h(B1,TMd;(B0,T9Ui(B1:
+
+ C-<chr>  ,TKARB(B0,T6V(B1,T'c(B0,TKi(B1,T!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B CONTROL ,TaEP(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B <chr> ,T>(B0,TCi(B1,TMA(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B.
+	  0,T4Q(B1,T'(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B C-f ,T(PKARB(B0,T6V(B1,T'c(B0,TKi(B1,T!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B CONTROL ,TaEP(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B f ,T>(B0,TCi(B1,TMA(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B.
+ M-<chr>  ,TKARB(B0,T6V(B1,T'c(B0,TKi(B1,T!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B META ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B EDIT ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B ALT ,TaEP(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B <chr>
+	  ,T>(B0,TCi(B1,TMA(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B. ,Tc9!C(B0,T3U(B10,T7Uh(B1,Td(B0,TAh(B10,TAU(B10,T;Xh(B1,TA(B META, EDIT ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B ALT ,Tc(B0,TKi(B1,T!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B
+	  ESC ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG;(B0,TEh(B1,TMB(B, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B <chr>. ,T`CRc(B0,T*i(B10,TJQ(B1,T-(B0,TEQ(B1,T!I(B0,T3l(B1 <ESC> ,Ta79(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B ESC.
+
+,TKARB`K(B0,T5X(B1: ,Tc9!C(B0,T3U(B10,T7Uh(B10,T5i(B1,TM'!RC`(B0,TET(B1,T!c(B0,T*i(B10,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1, ,Tc(B0,TKi(B1,T!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B C-x C-c. (,TJM'(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B.) 
+0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B ">>" 0,T7Uh(B1,T;CR!/M(B0,TBYh(B1,T7R'"M:(B0,T+i(B1,TRB(B0,TAW(B1,TM`(B0,T;g(B1,T9!RCa9P9Sc(B0,TKi(B10,T7h(B1,TR9EM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B. 0,T5Q(B1,TGM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'`(B0,T*h(B1,T9(B:
+<<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>>
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+	(,TEM'7S(B0,T4Y(B1,Tb4B!RC!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B CONTROL ,TaEP(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B v ,T>(B0,TCi(B1,TMA(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B).
+	,T(R!(B0,T9Ui(B1,Td;(B, 0,T7h(B1,TR9$GC(PEM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B10,T4Y(B1,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,TMh(B1,TR9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B0,T9Ui(B1,T(:a(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B.
+
+0,T7h(B1,TR9(P(B0,TJQ(B1,T'`!5`(B0,TKg(B1,T9d(B0,T4i(B10,TGh(B1,TRJM':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4"M'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B0,T7Uh(B1,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(P(B0,TBQ(B1,T'$';CR!/c(B0,TKi(B1,T`(B0,TKg(B1,T9:9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B0,T6Q(B1,T4d;(B; 0,T9Uh(B1
+,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9!RC(B0,T*h(B1,TGBc(B0,TKi(B10,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6(B0,TMh(B1,TR9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(Md(B0,T4i(B1,TM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'(B0,T5h(B1,TM`(B0,T9Wh(B1,TM'(B.
+
+0,TJTh(B1,T'aC!(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9(S`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T5i(B1,TM'(B0,TCYi(B10,T$W(B1,TM!RC`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM95SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'd;ARc9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B. ,T"3P(B0,T9Ui(B10,T7h(B1,TR97CR:(B
+0,TGT(B10,T8U(B1,T!RC`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B0,T6Q(B1,T4d;a(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B C-v. ,Tc9!RC(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:d;K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B, ,T!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B
+M-v (,T!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B META ,TaEP(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B v, ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B <ESC>v 0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,TAh(B10,TAU(B10,T;Xh(B1,TA(B META, EDIT, ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B ALT).
+
+>>  ,TEM'!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B M-v ,TaEP!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B C-v 0,T4Y(B1,T!RC7S'R9(B0,TJQ(B1,T!JM'JRA$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B.
+
+
+* ,TJ(B0,TCX(B1,T;(B
+-----
+
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T5h(B1,TMd;(B0,T9Ui(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B0,T5i(B1,TM'!RC(B0,T4Y(B1,TK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B0,T5h(B1,TR'f(B:
+
+	C-v	,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B0,T6Q(B1,T4d;K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B
+	M-v	,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:d;K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B
+	C-l 	,TE:K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TGaJ4'<EK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(McK(B0,TAh(B1, ,T>(B0,TCi(B1,TMA(B0,T7Qi(B1,T'(B0,TBi(B1,TRB5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'"M'(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B10,TAU(B1
+		 ,T`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1 (cursor) ,T;CR!/M(B0,TBYh(B1,Td;aJ4'd(B0,TGi(B1,T!ER'(M(B.
+		 (,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B10,T$W(B1,TM(B CONTROL-L, ,Td(B0,TAh(B1,Tc(B0,T*h(B1 CONTROL-1.)
+
+>> 0,TJQ(B1,T'`!55SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'"M'`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1, ,TaEP(B0,TJQ(B1,T'`!5(B0,T4Y(B10,TGh(B1,TR(B0,TAU(B10,T"i(B1,TM$GRAMPdCM(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc!(B0,TEi(B1,T`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1.
+   ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B C-l.
+   0,TJQ(B1,T'`!5(B0,T4Y(B1,T5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'"M'`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B10,TMU(B1,T!$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B ,T(P`(B0,TKg(B1,T9(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,TAU(B10,T"i(B1,TM$GRA`(B0,T4T(B1,TA;CR!/M(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc!(B0,TEi(B1,Tf(B 0,T!Q(B1,T:`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1.
+
+
+* ,T!RC$G:(B0,T$X(B1,TA`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,T`(B0,T:Wi(B1,TM'(B0,T5i(B1,T9(B
+------------------------
+
+,T!RC`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(Md;AR(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,TJTh(B1,T'(S`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B ,Ta(B0,T5h(B10,T7h(B1,TR9(P7SM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'dC(B0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T5i(B1,TM'!RC(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'(B
+,T5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B10,T5i(B1,TM'!RC@RBc9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B1,T;CR!/M(B0,TBYh(B1,T:9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B?
+
+0,TAU(B1,TKERB(B0,TGT(B10,T8U(B10,T7Uh(B1,TJRARC6(P7Sd(B0,T4i(B1. 0,TGT(B10,T8U(B10,T7Uh(B10,T>Wi(B1,T9(B0,T7Uh(B10,TJX(B1,T4(B0,T$W(B1,TM!RCc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-p, C-b, C-f, ,TaEP(B C-n.
+,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,TEP$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,Td;K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4K(B0,TCW(B1,TMK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'$M(B0,TEQ(B1,TA(B0,T9l(B1,Tc9(B0,T7T(B1,TH7R'c4(B0,T7T(B1,TH7R'K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T':9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B.
+0,T5h(B1,TMd;(B0,T9Ui(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T95RCR'aJ4'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Qi(B1,T'(B0,TJUh(B1 ,TaEP(B0,T7T(B1,TH7R'(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B:
+
+			  ,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T!h(B1,TM9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B, C-p
+				:
+				:
+   0,TBi(B1,TM9!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:(B, C-b  ....  ,T5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B10,T;Q(B1,T((B0,T(X(B10,T:Q(B1,T9(B  ....  0,T"i(B1,TR'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B, C-f
+				:
+				:
+			  ,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T6Q(B1,T4d;(B, C-n
+
+>> ,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,Td;(B0,T7Uh(B10,T!Vh(B1,T'!ER'"M'(B0,T<Q(B1,T'(B0,T"i(B1,TR':9b4Bc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-n ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B C-p. ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B
+   C-l ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TMc(B0,TKi(B10,T<Q(B1,T';CR!/M(B0,TBYh(B1,T!ER'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B.
+
+0,T7h(B1,TR9MR((P(S$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'd(B0,T4i(B10,T'h(B1,TRB(B0,T"Vi(B1,T9b4B(B0,TJQ(B1,T'`!5(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B0,T7Uh(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B1: p ,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:(B previous (0,T!h(B1,TM9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B), n
+,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:(B next (0,T6Q(B1,T4d;(B), b ,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:(B backward (0,TBi(B1,TM9!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:(B), ,TaEP(B f ,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:(B forward
+(0,T"i(B1,TR'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B). ,T`K(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B0,T9Ui(B10,T$W(B1,TM`(B0,T:Wi(B1,TM'(B0,T5i(B1,T9"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'c9!RC$G:(B0,T$X(B1,TA5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'"M'`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1, ,TaEP(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B
+,T(P(B0,T5i(B1,TM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'`K(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B0,T9Ui(B10,T:h(B1,TMB$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B, ,T)P(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B0,T(V(B1,T'`(B0,T;g(B1,T9!RC(B0,T4U(B10,T7Uh(B1,T(P(S$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'`K(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B0,T9Ui(B1,Td(B0,TGi(B1.
+
+>> ,TEM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-n 0,T4Y(B1,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,TE'AR(B0,TBQ(B1,T':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T9Ui(B1.
+
+>> ,TEM'`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`(B0,T"i(B1,TRd;c9:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4b4Bc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-f ,TaEP`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,T"Vi(B1,T9(B0,T"i(B1,TR':9b4Bc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-p.
+   0,TJQ(B1,T'`!5(B0,T4Y(B10,TGh(B1,TR`(B0,T!T(B1,T4MPdC(B0,T"Vi(B1,T9(B0,T6i(B1,TRc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-p ,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,T;CR!/M(B0,TBYh(B10,T7Uh(B1,T5C'!ER'(B
+   ,T"M':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B.
+
+,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,TEP:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,TJTi(B1,T9(B0,TJX(B1,T4(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B Newline, 0,T+Vh(B1,T'c(B0,T*i(B1,TaJ4'"M:`"5CPK(B0,TGh(B1,TR':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B. 0,T7Uh(B10,T7i(B1,TRB(B0,TJX(B1,T4"M'(B
+,Td?(B0,TEl(B10,T!g(B1,T(P(B0,TAU(B10,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B Newline ,T`(B0,T*h(B1,T9(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B (,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TGd(B0,TAh(B1,T(S`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B).
+
+>> ,TEM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-b 0,T7Uh(B1,T5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(B0,T5i(B1,T9"M':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T4Y(B1. ,T`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,T(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B
+   0,T7i(B1,TRB(B0,TJX(B1,T4"M':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T!h(B1,TM9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B. 0,T9Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9`>CRP(B0,TGh(B1,TR`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,T"i(B1,TRA(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B Newline ,Td;(B.
+
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-f ,TJRARC6`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,T"i(B1,TRA(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B Newline ,Td(B0,T4i(B1,T`(B0,T*h(B1,T9`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T:$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-b.
+
+>> ,TEM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-b 0,T4Y(B10,TMU(B1,T!(B0,TJQ(B1,T!K(B0,T9h(B1,TMB(B, 0,T7h(B1,TR9(PJRARC6`(B0,T"i(B1,TRc(!RC`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,T4U(B10,T"Vi(B1,T9(B.
+   ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TGEM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-f ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T7i(B1,TRB(B0,TJX(B1,T4"M':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B.
+   ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TGEM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-f 0,TMU(B1,T!(B0,TJQ(B1,T!$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T6Q(B1,T4d;(B.
+
+,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B0,T7h(B1,TR9`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,T<h(B1,TR95SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T':9(B0,TJX(B1,T4K(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B0,T7i(B1,TRB(B0,TJX(B1,T4"M'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B, 0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T6Q(B1,T4(R!:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B10,T7Uh(B1
+,T"M:(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(P"(B0,TBQ(B1,T:`(B0,T"i(B1,TRAR;CR!/M(B0,TBYh(B1,T:9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B. 0,T9Uh(B1,T`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B ",T!RC`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,TAi(B1,TG9(B (scrolling)". 0,T9Uh(B1
+,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9!RC7Sc(B0,TKi(B10,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,TJRARC6`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,Td;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B10,T5i(B1,TM'!RC:9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRAd(B0,T4i(B1,Tb4B(B
+,Td(B0,TAh(B1,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9MM!9M!K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B.
+
+>> ,TEM'`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,TE'MM!d;9M!K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(Mb4Bc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-n, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T4Y(B10,TGh(B1,TR(B0,TAU(B1,TMPdC`(B0,T!T(B1,T4(B0,T"Vi(B1,T9(B.
+
+0,T6i(B1,TR`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,T7U(B1,TEP(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B0,T*i(B1,TRd;(B, 0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T!g(B1,TJRARC6(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d(B0,T4i(B10,T7U(B1,TEP$S(B. ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-f (META-f)
+,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,Tc9!RC`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'$S(B0,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B10,T6Q(B1,T4d;(B ,TaEP(B M-b ,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,Tc9!RC`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'$S(B0,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B10,T!h(B1,TM9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B.
+
+>> ,TEM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-f ,TaEP(B M-b 0,T4Y(B10,TJQ(B1,T!JM'JRA$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B.
+
+,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B0,T7h(B1,TR9M(B0,TBYh(B10,T7Uh(B1,T5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'!ER'"M'$S(B, ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-f ,T(Pc(B0,T*i(B1,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T7i(B1,TRB"M'$S(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B. ,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B
+0,T7h(B1,TR9M(B0,TBYh(B10,T7Uh(B1,T5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`(B0,TGi(B1,T9GCC$CPK(B0,TGh(B1,TR'$S(B, ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-f ,T(Pc(B0,T*i(B1,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T7i(B1,TRB"M'$S(B
+0,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B10,T6Q(B1,T4d;(B. ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-b ,T7SK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B0,T7Uh(B1,T7S9M'`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B ,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;c9(B0,T7T(B1,TH7R'5C'(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B0,T"i(B1,TRA(B.
+
+,TKARB`K(B0,T5X(B1: ,T`(B0,T9Wh(B1,TM'(R!@RIRd7Bd(B0,TAh(B10,TAU(B1,T!RCc(B0,T*i(B10,TMQ(B1,T!"CP`(B0,TGi(B1,T9GCC$(B (whitespace) ,Tc9!RCaJ4'(B
+	 ,T"M:`"5"M'$S(B, ,T)P(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9`(B0,TAWh(B1,TMM(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc9bKA4@RIRd7B(B (ThaiText mode) 0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1
+	 ,T(P7S!RC!S(B0,T!Q(B1,T:"M:`"5"M'$Sb4BMR(B0,THQ(B1,TBb;Ca!CA(B0,T5Q(B1,T4$S(B. ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-f ,TaEP(B M-b 
+	 0,T(V(B1,T'(P7S'R9d(B0,T4i(B1, ,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,T(Pc(B0,TKi(B1,T<E(B0,T5h(B1,TR'd;`(B0,TEg(B1,T!(B0,T9i(B1,TMB(B. ,T!(B0,TEh(B1,TRG(B0,T$W(B1,TM(B:
+
+	 ,Td(B0,TAh(B10,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9M(B0,TBYh(B10,T7Uh(B1,T5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'!ER'K(B0,TCW(B1,TM5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(B0,T5i(B1,T9"M'$S(B0,T!g(B1,T5RA(B, ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-f ,T(Pc(B0,T*i(B1
+	 ,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(B0,T5i(B1,T9"M'$S(B0,T6Q(B1,T4d;c9!C(B0,T3U(B10,T7Uh(B1,T$S(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9d(B0,TAh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9$S(B0,TJX(B1,T4(B0,T7i(B1,TRB"M'(B
+	 ,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B. 0,T6i(B1,TR$S(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9`(B0,T;g(B1,T9$S(B0,TJX(B1,T4(B0,T7i(B1,TRB"M':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B, ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-f ,T(Pc(B0,T*i(B1,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'(B
+	 ,T5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T7i(B1,TRB"M'$S(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B.
+
+>> ,TEM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-f ,TaEP(B M-b 0,T4Y(B1, ,Tb4B;P;9(B0,T!Q(B1,T:$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-f ,TaEP(B C-b, 0,T7h(B1,TR9(P(B0,TJQ(B1,T'`!5(B
+   ,T`(B0,TKg(B1,T9!RC7S'R9"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-f ,TaEP(B M-b ,Tc95SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T5h(B1,TR'f(B 0,T7Qi(B1,T'c9$SaEPCPK(B0,TGh(B1,TR'$S(B.
+
+0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6(B0,TJQ(B1,T'`!5d(B0,T4i(B10,TGh(B1,TR$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-f ,TaEP(B C-b 0,T9Qi(B1,T97SK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B0,T7Uh(B1,Tc9(B0,TEQ(B1,T!I3P`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T:$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-f 
+,TaEP(B M-b, ,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B1,T:9`!3(B0,T1l(B10,T7Uh(B10,T5h(B1,TR'(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B. 0,TJh(B1,TG9AR!(B 0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B META ,T(P(B0,T6Y(B1,T!!SK94c(B0,TKi(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B10,T!Q(B1,T:!RC7S'R9c9(B
+,TCP(B0,T4Q(B1,T:(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,T!Uh(B1,TBG(B0,T"i(B1,TM'(B0,T!Q(B1,T:K(B0,T9h(B1,TGB(B0,T7Uh(B1,T!SK94(B0,T"Vi(B1,T97R'@RIR(B (,T`(B0,T*h(B1,T9(B ,T$S(B, ,T;CPbB$(B, 0,TBh(B1,TMK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B, ,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T5i(B1,T9(B), 
+,T"3P(B0,T7Uh(B10,T;Xh(B1,TA(B CONTROL 0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B0,TAQ(B1,T!(P(B0,T6Y(B1,T!!SK94c(B0,TKi(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B10,T!Q(B1,T:!RC7S'R9c9CP(B0,T4Q(B1,T:(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,T!Uh(B1,TBG(B0,T"i(B1,TM'(B0,T!Q(B1,T:K(B0,T9h(B1,TGB(B0,TBh(B1,TMB(B
+0,TMT(B1,TJCP(B0,T7Uh(B1,T7S!RCa(B0,T!i(B1,Td"d(B0,T4i(B1 (,T`(B0,T*h(B1,T9(B 0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B, ,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B, ,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T5i(B1,T9(B).
+
+,T!RC7S'R9c97S9M'`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T9JSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T::CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T!Q(B1,T:;CPbB$(B: ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-a ,TaEP(B C-e ,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B
+,Td;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(B0,T5i(B1,T9aEP(B0,T7i(B1,TRB"M':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B, ,T"3P`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-a ,TaEP(B M-e ,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B
+,Td;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(B0,T5i(B1,T9aEP(B0,T7i(B1,TRB"M';CPbB$(B.
+
+,TKARB`K(B0,T5X(B1: ,T`(B0,T9Wh(B1,TM'(R!@RIRd7Bd(B0,TAh(B10,T9T(B1,TBAc(B0,T*i(B10,TMQ(B1,T!"CPA(B0,TKQ(B1,T>@R$(B (period) ,Tc9!RCaJ4'(B0,T(X(B1,T4(B0,TJTi(B1,T9(B0,TJX(B1,T4"M'(B
+	 ,T;CPbB$(B, ,T7Sc(B0,TKi(B1,Td(B0,TAh(B1,TJRARC6!SK94"M:`"5"M';CPbB$c(B0,TKi(B10,T6Y(B1,T!(B0,T5i(B1,TM'd(B0,T4i(B1. 0,T4Q(B1,T'(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B
+	 ,TM(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc9bKA4@RIRd7B(B (ThaiText mode), ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-a ,TaEP(B M-e ,T(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B
+	 ,T`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,Td;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(B0,T5i(B1,T9"M'(B0,TBh(B1,TMK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B ,TaEP5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T7i(B1,TRB(B0,TJX(B1,T4"M'(B0,TBh(B1,TMK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B
+	 ,T5RAES(B0,T4Q(B1,T:(B. ,TB!`(B0,TGi(B1,T9!C(B0,T3U(B10,T7Uh(B10,TAU(B1,T!RCc(B0,T*i(B10,TMQ(B1,T!"CPA(B0,TKQ(B1,T>@R$(B.
+
+>> ,TEM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-a ,TaEP(B C-e 0,T4Y(B10,TJQ(B1,T!JM'JRA$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B.
+   ,TEM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-a ,TaEP(B M-e 0,T4Y(B10,TJQ(B1,T!JM'JRA$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B.
+
+0,TJQ(B1,T'`!5(B0,T4Y(B10,TGh(B1,TR!RCc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-a 0,T+i(B1,TSf(B 0,T!Q(B1,T9(Pd(B0,TAh(B1,T`(B0,T!T(B1,T4<EMPdC(B, ,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,T!RCc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-a ,T(P7Sc(B0,TKi(B1
+,T`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,T7U(B1,TEP;CPbB$(B. ,Ta(B0,TAi(B10,TGh(B1,TR!RC`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,T"M'(B0,T7Qi(B1,T'JM'a::(B0,T9Ui(B1,T(Pd(B0,TAh(B1
+,T$(B0,TEi(B1,TRB(B0,T!Q(B1,T9`EB(B0,T7U(B1,T`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B, ,Ta(B0,T5h(B10,T!g(B10,T4Y(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T98CCA*R(B0,T5T(B10,T4U(B1.
+
+,T:R'$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'`CR(B0,T!g(B1,T`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'"M'`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B10,TGh(B1,TR(B "0,T(X(B1,T4(B (point)". ,T!(B0,TEh(B1,TRG(B0,T$W(B1,TM(B, ,T`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B10,T7Uh(B1
+,T;CR!/M(B0,TBYh(B1,T:9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B0,T!g(B10,T$W(B1,TM5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B10,T(X(B1,T4;CR!/M(B0,TBYh(B1,T:9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T9Qh(B1,T9`M'(B.
+
+0,T5h(B1,TMd;(B0,T9Ui(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9J(B0,TCX(B1,T;"M'(B0,T*X(B1,T4$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'JSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:!RC`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1, 0,T+Vh(B1,T'CGA(B0,T6V(B1,T'!RC`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9c9CP(B0,T4Q(B1,T:$S(B
+,TaEP;CPbB$(B:
+
+	C-f	,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,T"i(B1,TR'K(B0,T9i(B1,TRK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B
+	C-b	,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:d;K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B
+
+	M-f	,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,T"i(B1,TR'K(B0,T9i(B1,TRK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'$S(B
+	M-b	,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:d;K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'$S(B
+
+	C-n	,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T6Q(B1,T4d;(B
+	C-p	,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T!h(B1,TM9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B
+
+	C-a	,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(B0,T5i(B1,T9"M':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B
+	C-e	,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T7i(B1,TRB"M':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B
+
+	M-a	,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(B0,T5i(B1,T9"M';CPbB$(B
+	M-e	,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T7i(B1,TRB"M';CPbB$(B
+
+>> ,TEM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'`K(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B0,T9Ui(B10,TJQ(B1,T!CPBP`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM`(B0,T;g(B1,T9!RC(B0,T=V(B1,T!(B0,TKQ(B1,T4(B.
+   ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'`K(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B0,T9Ui(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B10,T!Q(B1,T9(B0,T:h(B1,TMBAR!(B.
+
+0,TAU(B10,TMU(B1,T!JM'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,TJS(B0,T$Q(B1,T-c9!RC`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM95SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T$W(B1,TM(B ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-< (META 0,T9i(B1,TMB!(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B), ,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,Tc9!RC(B
+,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(B0,T5i(B1,T9"M'(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B, ,TaEP(B M-> (META ,TAR!!(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B), ,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,Tc9!RC`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B
+,Td;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T7i(B1,TRB(B0,TJX(B1,T4"M'(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B.
+
+,Tc9`$(B0,TCWh(B1,TM';ERB7R'(B (terminal) 0,TJh(B1,TG9cK(B0,T-h(B1, 0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B "<" ,T(PM(B0,TBYh(B1,T`K(B0,T9W(B1,TM(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B0,T(X(B1,TE@R$(B
+(comma), ,T)P(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T5i(B1,TM'c(B0,T*i(B10,T;Xh(B1,TA(B0,T*T(B1,T?(B0,T5l(B1 (shift) ,Tc9!RC(B0,T;i(B1,TM9(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B. ,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:`$(B0,TCWh(B1,TM'(B
+,T;ERB7R'a::(B0,T9Ui(B1, 0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T(V(B1,T'(B0,T5i(B1,TM'c(B0,T*i(B10,T;Xh(B1,TA(B0,T*T(B1,T?(B0,T5l(B1,Tc9!RC(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-< ,Tc97S9M'`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B, 0,T6i(B1,TRd(B0,TAh(B1
+,T$S(B0,T9V(B1,T'(B0,T6V(B1,T'(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B0,T*T(B1,T?(B0,T5l(B1, 0,T!g(B1,TKARB$GRA(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9!S(B0,TEQ(B1,T'(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-comma.
+
+>> ,TEM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-< 0,T4Y(B1, ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(B0,T5i(B1,T9"M'(B0,T$Yh(B10,TAW(B1,TM!RCc(B0,T*i(B10,T9Ui(B1.
+   ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TGc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-v 0,T+i(B1,TS(B0,T!Q(B1,T9KERBf(B ,T$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:AR(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`(B0,T4T(B1,TA(B0,T9Ui(B1.
+
+>> ,TEM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-> 0,T4Y(B1, ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T7i(B1,TRB(B0,TJX(B1,T4"M'(B0,T$Yh(B10,TAW(B1,TM!RCc(B0,T*i(B10,T9Ui(B1.
+   ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TGc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-v 0,T+i(B1,TS(B0,T!Q(B1,T9KERBf(B ,T$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:AR(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`(B0,T4T(B1,TA(B0,T9Ui(B1.
+
+0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B0,TEY(B1,T!HC(B (arrow key), 0,T6i(B1,TR`$(B0,TCWh(B1,TM';ERB7R'"M'(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B
+0,TAU(B10,T;Xh(B1,TA`K(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B0,T9Ui(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B1. ,T`CRa9P9Sc(B0,TKi(B10,T=V(B1,T!(B0,TKQ(B1,T4c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-b, C-f, C-n ,TaEP(B C-p, 0,T4i(B1,TGB`K(B0,T5X(B1,T<EJRA(B
+,T;CP!RC(B. ,TK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B, ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'`K(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B0,T9Ui(B1,T7S'R9d(B0,T4i(B1,T:9`$(B0,TCWh(B1,TM';ERB7R'(B0,T7X(B1,T!*(B0,T9T(B1,T4(B. ,TJM'(B, ,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B10,T=V(B1,T!(B0,TKQ(B1,T4(B
+,T!RCc(B0,T*i(B10,T!Q(B1,T:(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B 0,T7h(B1,TR9(P(B0,TCYi(B10,TJV(B1,T!(B0,TGh(B1,TR!RCc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B CONTROL 0,T9Qi(B1,T9$(B0,TEh(B1,TM'(B0,T5Q(B1,TG!(B0,TGh(B1,TR!RCc(B0,T*i(B1
+0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B0,TEY(B1,T!HC(B (,T`>CRP(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,TAh(B10,T5i(B1,TM'`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,TBi(B1,TRB(B0,TAW(B1,TMMM!(R!5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,TAW(B1,TM(B0,TJQ(B1,TA(B0,T<Q(B1,TJ`EB(B). ,TJRA(B, ,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B
+0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T$Xi(B1,T9`$B(B0,T!Q(B1,T:!RCc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T';CP!M:(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B CONTROL ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B, 0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6(P(B0,T=V(B1,T!!RCc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B
+0,T*Qi(B1,T9(B0,TJY(B1,T'(B0,T5h(B1,TMd;d(B0,T4i(B10,TMU(B1,T!(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B.
+
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,TJh(B1,TG9cK(B0,T-h(B1,Tc9(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B10,T9Qi(B1,T9(PJRARC6!S(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B0,T5Q(B1,TG`E"MR(B0,TCl(B10,T!T(B1,TG`A9(B0,T5l(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1; ,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,TJh(B1,TG9cK(B0,T-h(B1, 
+0,T5Q(B1,TG`E"`K(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B0,T9Ui(B10,T!g(B1,T(PKARB(B0,T6V(B1,T'(S9G9$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'"M'!RC;CPAGE<E"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T5h(B1,TMd;(B. ,T!RC(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P7Sc(B0,TKi(B10,TAU(B1
+,T!RC;CPAGE<E"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T+i(B1,TS`(B0,T7h(B1,TR(S9G9(B0,T7Uh(B10,T5i(B1,TM'!RC(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9JRARC67Sd(B0,T4i(B1,Tb4B!RC(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-u 
+,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG5RA(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,T5Q(B1,TG`E"(B0,T!h(B1,TM9(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B10,T5i(B1,TM'!RC(B. 0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,TAU(B10,T;Xh(B1,TA(B META (,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B EDIT ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B 
+ALT), 0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6(P7Sd(B0,T4i(B10,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,TMU(B1,T!(B0,TGT(B10,T8U(B1,TK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B: 0,T;i(B1,TM9(B0,T5Q(B1,TG`E""3P(B0,T7Uh(B1,T!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B META ,TM(B0,TBYh(B1. ,T`CRa9P9S(B
+,Tc(B0,TKi(B10,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T=V(B1,T!(B0,TKQ(B1,T4c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-u ,T`>CRP(B0,TGh(B1,TRJRARC6c(B0,T*i(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,T!Q(B1,T:`$(B0,TCWh(B1,TM';ERB7R'(B0,T7X(B1,T!*(B0,T9T(B1,T4(B. 0,T5Q(B1,TG`E"MR(B0,TCl(B1
+0,T!T(B1,TG`A9(B0,T5l(B10,T7Uh(B1,T!(B0,TEh(B1,TRG(B0,T6V(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B1,T`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B ",TMR(B0,TCl(B10,T!T(B1,TG`A9(B0,T5l(B1,T`(B0,T5T(B1,TAK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B (prefix argument)", ,T`>CRP(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B
+0,T5i(B1,TM'(B0,T;i(B1,TM9(B0,T5Q(B1,TG`E"(B0,T!h(B1,TM9(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B.
+
+0,T5Q(B1,TGM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'`(B0,T*h(B1,T9(B, ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-u 8 C-f ,T(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,T"i(B1,TR'K(B0,T9i(B1,TRa;4(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B.
+
+>> ,TEM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-n ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B C-p ,T;CP!M:(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B0,T5Q(B1,TG`E"MR(B0,TCl(B10,T!T(B1,TG`A9(B0,T5l(B1, ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1
+   ,T`(B0,T"i(B1,TRARc!(B0,TEi(B1,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T9Ui(B1,Tb4Bc(B0,T*i(B1,T`(B0,T>U(B1,TB'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B.
+
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,TJh(B1,TG9cK(B0,T-h(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B10,T5Q(B1,TG`E"MR(B0,TCl(B10,T!T(B1,TG`A9(B0,T5l(B1,T`K(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B0,T9Ui(B1,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:!RC;CPAGE<E$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T+i(B1,TS(B, ,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,T:R'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T!g(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B1
+,Tc9(B0,TEQ(B1,T!I3P(B0,TMWh(B1,T9(B. 0,TAU(B1,TKERB$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B (,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,Td(B0,TAh(B1,TCGA$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,T!(B0,TEh(B1,TRGAR(B0,T6V(B1,T'5C'(B0,T9Ui(B1) ,Tc(B0,T*i(B10,T5Q(B1,TG`E"(B0,T9Ui(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B
+0,T:h(B1,T'(B0,T*Ui(B1--,T!RC(B0,T7Uh(B10,TAU(B1,TMR(B0,TCl(B10,T!T(B1,TG`A9(B0,T5l(B1,T`(B0,T5T(B1,TAK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B, ,Tb4Bd(B0,TAh(B1,T$S(B0,T9V(B1,T'(B0,T6V(B1,T'(B0,T$h(B1,TR"M'(B0,T5Q(B1,TG`E"(B, ,T(P7Sc(B0,TKi(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Qi(B1,T97S'R9(B
+0,T5h(B1,TR'MM!d;(B.
+
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-v ,TaEP(B M-v ,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,TB!`(B0,TGi(B1,T9(B0,TMU(B1,T!;CP`@7K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B. 0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T;i(B1,TM9(B0,T5Q(B1,TG`E"MR(B0,TCl(B10,T!T(B1,TG`A9(B0,T5l(B10,T4i(B1,TGBa(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B,
+,TK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(P(B0,T6Y(B1,T!`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,TAi(B1,TG9(B0,T"Vi(B1,T9K(B0,TCW(B1,TME'`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(S9G9:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4`(B0,T7h(B1,TR(B0,T5Q(B1,TG`E"(B0,T7Uh(B1,T!SK94(B, ,Ta79(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,TAi(B1,TG9(B
+0,T7U(B1,TEPK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B. 0,T5Q(B1,TGM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'`(B0,T*h(B1,T9(B, ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-u 8 C-v ,T(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,TAi(B1,TG9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B0,T7U(B1,TEPa;4:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B.
+
+>> ,TEM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-u 8 C-v 0,T4Y(B1.
+
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B1,T(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,TAi(B1,TG9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B0,T"Vi(B1,T9d;a;4:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B. 0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T5i(B1,TM'!RC(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,TAi(B1,TG9!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:AR(B0,TMU(B1,T!(B, 0,T7h(B1,TR9(B
+0,T!g(B1,T7Sd(B0,T4i(B1,Tb4B!RC!S(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B0,T5Q(B1,TG`E"MR(B0,TCl(B10,T!T(B1,TG`A9(B0,T5l(B1,Tc(B0,TKi(B10,T!Q(B1,T:$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-v.
+
+0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9!S(B0,TEQ(B1,T'c(B0,T*i(B1,T`M!(B0,T+l(B10,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1 (X Window) ,TM(B0,TBYh(B1, ,T(P(B0,TAU(B1,Ta<'`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,TAi(B1,TG9(B (scroll bar) 0,T7Uh(B1
+,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T>Wi(B1,T9(B0,T7Uh(B10,TJUh(B1,T`K(B0,TEUh(B1,TBA(B0,T<W(B1,T9(B0,T<i(B1,TRM(B0,TBYh(B1,T7R'(B0,T4i(B1,TR9(B0,T+i(B1,TRB"M'(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1 (window) ,T"M'(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1. 0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6(B
+,T(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,TAi(B1,TG9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRAb4B!RC$(B0,TET(B1,T!`AR(B0,TJl(B1 (click mouse) ,T:9a<'`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,TAi(B1,TG9(B.
+
+>> ,TEM'!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA!ER'(B0,T7Uh(B10,TJh(B1,TG9:9(B0,TJX(B1,T4"M'(B0,T>Wi(B1,T9(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,T9i(B1,T9(B (highlight) ,T@RBc9a<'`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,TAi(B1,TG9(B.
+   0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(P(B0,T6Y(B1,T!`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,TAi(B1,TG9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B1,T$(B0,TET(B1,T!(B.
+
+>> ,TEM'`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`AR(B0,TJl(B10,T"Vi(B1,T9E'(B0,T4Y(B1, ,T"3P(B0,T7Uh(B10,TBQ(B1,T'!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA!ER'M(B0,TBYh(B1. 0,T7h(B1,TR9(P>:(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,T7Uh(B10,T"Vi(B1,T9(B
+   ,TE'5RA(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`AR(B0,TJl(B1,Td;(B.
+
+
+* ,T!C(B0,T3U(B10,T7Uh(B10,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,TK(B0,TBX(B1,T4*P(B0,T'Q(B1,T!(B (hang up)
+----------------------------
+
+0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,TK(B0,TBX(B1,T4aEPd(B0,TAh(B1,T5M:J9M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'c4f(B, 0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6B!`(B0,TET(B1,T!$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'd(B0,T4i(B1,TM(B0,TBh(B1,TR';EM4(B0,T@Q(B1,TBb4Bc(B0,T*i(B1
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-g. 0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-g ,Tc9!RCB!`(B0,TET(B1,T!$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,T!S(B0,TEQ(B1,T'7S'R9M(B0,TBYh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1.
+
+0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-g ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TMB!`(B0,TET(B1,T!(B0,T5Q(B1,TG`E"MR(B0,TCl(B10,T!T(B1,TG`A9(B0,T5l(B1,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9!S(B0,TEQ(B1,T'(B0,T;i(B1,TM9M(B0,TBYh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1.
+
+>> ,TEM'(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-u 100 ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(Pc(B0,TKi(B10,TAU(B10,T5Q(B1,TG`E"MR(B0,TCl(B10,T!T(B1,TG`A9(B0,T5l(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B 100, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-g.
+   0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-f. ,T<E(B0,T7Uh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,T!g(B10,T$W(B1,TM`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;`(B0,T>U(B1,TB'K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B, ,T`>CRP(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B1
+   ,TB!`(B0,TET(B1,T!(B0,T5Q(B1,TG`E"MR(B0,TCl(B10,T!T(B1,TG`A9(B0,T5l(B1,Td;a(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T4i(B1,TGB$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-g.
+
+0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B <ESC> ,Tb4Bd(B0,TAh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,T5Qi(B1,T'c((B, 0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T!g(B1,TJRARC6(PB!`(B0,TET(B1,T!$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9d(B0,T4i(B10,T4i(B1,TGB$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-g.
+
+
+* ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!(B0,T;T(B1,T47R'(B (disable)
+------------------------
+
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T':R'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T6Y(B1,T!(B0,T;T(B1,T47R'd(B0,TGi(B1 ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P(B0,T;i(B1,TM'(B0,T!Q(B1,T9d(B0,TAh(B1,Tc(B0,TKi(B10,T<Yi(B10,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(B0,T5i(B1,T9c(B0,T*i(B1 (beginning user) ,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1
+,Tb4Bd(B0,TAh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,T5Qi(B1,T'c((B.
+
+0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T';CP`@7(B0,T9Ui(B1,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B, 0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T(PaJ4'(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,TGh(B1,TR$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B0,T$W(B1,TMMPdC(B, ,TaEP(P6RA(B
+0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T5i(B1,TM'!RC(P;CPAGE<E$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9K(B0,TCW(B1,TMd(B0,TAh(B1.
+
+0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T5i(B1,TM'!RC(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P;CPAGE<E$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9((B0,TCT(B1,T'f(B, ,T!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B space ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM5M:(B0,TBW(B1,T9(B0,TBQ(B1,T9$GRA(B0,T5i(B1,TM'!RC(B.
+,Tb4B;C!(B0,T5T(B1,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B, 0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,TAh(B10,T5i(B1,TM'!RC(P;CPAGE<E$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!(B0,T;T(B1,T47R'd(B0,TGi(B1, 0,T!g(B1,T5M:(B "n" ,T`(B0,T7h(B1,TR(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B.
+
+>> ,TEM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x C-l (0,T+Vh(B1,T'`(B0,T;g(B1,T9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!(B0,T;T(B1,T47R'd(B0,TGi(B1), ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T;i(B1,TM9(B "n" ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM`(B0,T;g(B1,T9!RC5M:(B
+   ,T$S6RA(B.
+
+
+* 0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1 (window)
+----------------
+
+0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,TJRARC6(B0,TAU(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,TKERB(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1, ,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,TEP(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,T!g(B1,T(PaJ4'<E"M'(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA"M'59`M'(B. ,T`CR(P(B
+,TM(B0,T8T(B1,T:RB(B0,T6V(B1,T'(B0,TGT(B10,T8U(B1,T!RCc(B0,T*i(B1,Ta::KERB(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,TK(B0,TEQ(B1,T'(R!(B0,T9Ui(B1. ,T5M9(B0,T9Ui(B1,T(P!(B0,TEh(B1,TRG(B0,T6V(B1,T'(B0,TGT(B10,T8U(B1,T!RC(B0,T;T(B1,T4(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,T7Uh(B1,Td(B0,TAh(B10,T5i(B1,TM'(B
+,T!RC(B, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:d;c(B0,T*i(B1,T`(B0,T>U(B1,TB'(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,T`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B. 0,T+Vh(B1,T'JRARC67Sd(B0,T4i(B10,T4Q(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B1:
+
+	C-x 1	,TK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1 (0,T$W(B1,TM!RC(B0,T;T(B1,T4(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,TMWh(B1,T9f(B 0,T7Qi(B1,T'KA4(B)
+
+0,T9Qh(B1,T9(B0,T$W(B1,TM`(B0,T>U(B1,TB'(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG5RA(B0,T4i(B1,TGB`E"(B 1. ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x 1 ,T(P"BRB(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,T7Uh(B10,TAU(B1
+,T`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B1 ,Tc(B0,TKi(B1,T`(B0,T5g(B1,TAK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B. 0,T+Vh(B1,T'(P`(B0,T;g(B1,T9!RC(B0,T;T(B1,T4(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,TMWh(B1,T9f(B 0,T7Qi(B1,T'KA4(B.
+
+>> ,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,TAR(B0,TBQ(B1,T':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T9Ui(B1 ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-u 0 C-l.
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-h k C-f.
+   ,T(P`(B0,TKg(B1,T9(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,T9Ui(B10,TAU(B1,T"9R4(B0,TBh(B1,TME'(B ,T"3P(B0,T7Uh(B10,TAU(B10,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,TcK(B0,TAh(B1,T`(B0,T!T(B1,T4(B0,T"Vi(B1,T9aJ4'<E"M'`M!JRC(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,T!Uh(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B
+   ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'"M'(B C-f.
+
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x 1 ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(P>:(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,T7Uh(B1,TaJ4'CRB!RC"M'`M!JRCKRBd;(B.
+
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B10,T5h(B1,TR'(R!$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,T!(B0,TEh(B1,TRGAR5C'(B0,T7Uh(B10,TGh(B1,TR$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B1,T;CP!M:(B0,T4i(B1,TGBJM'(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B. ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B1,T`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(B0,T5i(B1,T9(B
+0,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B C-x. 0,TAU(B10,T*X(B1,T4"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B10,T"Vi(B1,T9(B0,T5i(B1,T9(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B C-x; 0,TJh(B1,TG9cK(B0,T-h(B1,T(P`(B0,T!Uh(B1,TBG(B0,T"i(B1,TM'(B0,T!Q(B1,T:!RC(B
+0,T(Q(B1,T4!RC(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1, ,Ta(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B, 0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B1, ,TaEP(B0,TMWh(B1,T9f(B ,Tc97S9M'`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B. ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'`K(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B0,T9Ui(B1,T(P(B
+,T;CP!M:(B0,T4i(B1,TGBJM'(B, ,TJRA(B, ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B0,TJUh(B10,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B.
+
+
+* ,T!RCa7C!(B (inserting) ,TaEP!RCE:(B (deleting)
+----------------------------------------------
+
+0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T5i(B1,TM'!RC(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(Pa7C!(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B, 0,T!g(B1,TJRARC67Sd(B0,T4i(B1,Tb4B!RC(B0,T;i(B1,TM9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9`(B0,T"i(B1,TRd;`(B0,T7h(B1,TR(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B. 
+0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9`(B0,TKg(B1,T9(B, ,T`(B0,T*h(B1,T9(B A, 7, *, ,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T5i(B1,T9(B, 0,T5h(B1,TR'(B0,T!g(B10,T6W(B1,TM(B0,TGh(B1,TR`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRAaEP(B0,T6Y(B1,T!a7C!`(B0,T"i(B1,TRd;(B
+0,T7Q(B1,T9(B0,T7U(B10,T7Uh(B10,T;i(B1,TM9(B. ,T!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B <Return> ,Tc9!RC(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(Pa7C!(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B Newline.
+
+0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6E:(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TJX(B1,T4(B0,T7i(B1,TRB(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B10,T;i(B1,TM9`(B0,T"i(B1,TRd;d(B0,T4i(B1,Tb4B!RC!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B <Delete>. 0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B
+<Delete> ,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T;Xh(B1,TAf(B ,TK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T':9a(B0,T;i(B1,T9(B0,T>T(B1,TA(B0,T>l(B1, 0,T+Vh(B1,T':R'$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'MR(`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B0,T7Uh(B1,T!S(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B "Del". ,Tc9:R'(B
+,T!C(B0,T3U(B1, 0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B "Backspace" 0,T!g(B1,T7SK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,T*h(B1,T9`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B <Delete>, ,Ta(B0,T5h(B10,T!g(B1,Td(B0,TAh(B1,T`JAMd;(B.
+
+,Tb4B(B0,T7Qh(B1,TGd;a(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B, 0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B <Delete> ,T(Pc(B0,T*i(B1,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:E:(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B0,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B1,TK(B0,T9i(B1,TR5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'"M'`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B10,T;Q(B1,T((B0,T(X(B10,T:Q(B1,T9(B.
+
+>> ,TEM'7S(B0,T4Y(B1--0,T;i(B1,TM9(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!ICc4f(B 0,TJQ(B1,T!JM'JRA(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TGE:(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9MM!b4B!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B
+   <Delete> 0,TJQ(B1,T!JM'JRA$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B. ,Td(B0,TAh(B10,T5i(B1,TM'(B0,T!Q(B1,T'GE(B0,TGh(B1,TR(P7Sc(B0,TKi(B10,T"i(B1,TM$GRAc9a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T9Ui(B1,T`;(B0,TEUh(B1,TB9d;(B; 
+   0,T7h(B1,TR9(Pd(B0,TAh(B1,T7Sc(B0,TKi(B10,T"i(B1,TM$GRAc9(B0,T5i(B1,T9)(B0,T:Q(B1,T:"M'(B0,T$Yh(B10,TAW(B1,TM!RCc(B0,T*i(B1,T`;(B0,TEUh(B1,TB9a;E'(B. 0,T9Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9`(B0,T>U(B1,TB')(B0,T:Q(B1,T:JS`9R`(B0,T7h(B1,TR(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B.
+
+,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRAc9:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4BRG`(B0,T!T(B1,T9!(B0,TGh(B1,TRK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4"M'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B, 0,T"i(B1,TM$GRAc9:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(P(B0,T5h(B1,TM`(B0,T9Wh(B1,TM'(B
+,Td;(B0,TBQ(B1,T':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T6Q(B1,T4d;"M'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B. 0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B backslash ("\") 0,T7Uh(B1,T;ERB"M'"M:"GR(B0,TAW(B1,TM(P(B0,T:h(B1,T'(B0,T*Ui(B1
+0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA"M':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B0,T5h(B1,TM`(B0,T9Wh(B1,TM'd;(B0,TBQ(B1,T':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T6Q(B1,T4d;(B.
+
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(9!CP(B0,T7Qh(B1,T'(B0,T6V(B1,T'"M:"GR(B, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T;i(B1,TM9(B0,T5h(B1,TMd;(B0,TMU(B1,T!(B. 0,T7h(B1,TR9(P`(B0,TKg(B1,T9!RCaJ4'<E"M'(B
+   ,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T5h(B1,TM`(B0,T9Wh(B1,TM'(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B.
+
+>> ,Tc(B0,T*i(B10,T;Xh(B1,TA(B <Delete> ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TME:(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRAMM!(9!CP(B0,T7Qh(B1,T'(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9>M(B0,T4U(B10,T!Q(B1,T:$GRA!(B0,TGi(B1,TR'"M'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B. 
+   ,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T7Uh(B10,T5h(B1,TM`(B0,T9Wh(B1,TM'(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B0,T!g(B1,T(PKRBd;(B.
+
+0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6E:(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B Newline ,TMM!d(B0,T4i(B1,T`(B0,T*h(B1,T9`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B0,TMWh(B1,T9f(B. ,T!RCE:(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B Newline 
+,TCPK(B0,TGh(B1,TR'JM':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(P`(B0,T;g(B1,T9!RCCGAJM':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9`(B0,T"i(B1,TR`(B0,T;g(B1,T9:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B. 0,T6i(B1,TR<E"M'!RCCGAJM'(B
+,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4`(B0,T"i(B1,TR(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,T!Q(B1,T97Sc(B0,TKi(B1,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9BRG`(B0,T!T(B1,T9!(B0,TGh(B1,TR:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4"M'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(Ma(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B, ,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B0,T!g(B1,T(P`(B0,T;g(B1,T9:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B
+,Ta::(B0,T5h(B1,TM`(B0,T9Wh(B1,TM'(B.
+
+>> ,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,Td;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(B0,T5i(B1,T9"M':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B <Delete>.
+   ,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T;Q(B1,T((B0,T(X(B10,T:Q(B1,T9(P(B0,T6Y(B1,T!`(B0,T*Wh(B1,TMA`(B0,T"i(B1,TR(B0,T!Q(B1,T::CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T!h(B1,TM9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B.
+
+>> ,T!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B <Return> ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(Pa7C!(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B Newline ,T`(B0,T"i(B1,TRd;cK(B0,TAh(B1.
+
+,T$GC(Sd(B0,TGi(B10,TGh(B1,TR$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,TJh(B1,TG9cK(B0,T-h(B1,T"M'(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T(PJRARC67Sc(B0,TKi(B1,T;CPAGE<E(B0,T+i(B1,TSd(B0,T4i(B1,TKERB$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B; 0,T+Vh(B1,T'CGA(B0,T6V(B1,T'(B
+,T(S9G9(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B. ,T!RC;CPAGE<E(B0,T+i(B1,TS"M'!RC(B0,T;i(B1,TM9(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B0,T$W(B1,TM!RCa7C!(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC`K(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9`(B0,T"i(B1,TRd;(B.
+
+>> ,TEM'7S(B0,T4Y(B1,T`(B0,T4Uk(B1,TBG(B0,T9Ui(B1--0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-u 8 * ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P(B0,T;i(B1,TM9JRB(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B ********.
+
+0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B1,T`(B0,TCU(B1,TB9(B0,TCYi(B10,T6V(B1,T'(B0,TGT(B10,T8U(B1,T!RC`(B0,T:Wi(B1,TM'(B0,T5i(B1,T9c9!RC(B0,T;i(B1,TM9:R'(B0,TJTh(B1,T':R'M(B0,TBh(B1,TR'c9(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,TaEP!RCa(B0,T!i(B1,Td"(B
+0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,T<T(B1,T4>ER4(B0,T5h(B1,TR'f(B. 0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(PE:(B0,T7U(B1,TEP$SK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B0,T7U(B1,TEP:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4c97S9M'`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B. 0,T5h(B1,TMd;(B0,T9Ui(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B
+,T!RCJ(B0,TCX(B1,T;!RCE:(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,TGT(B10,T8U(B10,T5h(B1,TR'f(B:
+
+	<Delete>	,TE:(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B0,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B1,TK(B0,T9i(B1,TR5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1
+	C-d		,TE:(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B0,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B10,T6Q(B1,T4d;K(B0,TEQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1
+
+	M-<Delete>	0,T&h(B1,TR$S(B0,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B1,TK(B0,T9i(B1,TR5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1
+	M-d		0,T&h(B1,TR$S(B0,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B10,T6Q(B1,T4d;K(B0,TEQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1
+
+	C-k		0,T&h(B1,TR(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B0,T5Qi(B1,T'a(B0,T5h(B1,T5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,Td;(9(B0,T6V(B1,T'(B0,T7i(B1,TRB:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B
+	M-k		0,T&h(B1,TR(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B0,T5Qi(B1,T'a(B0,T5h(B1,T5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,Td;(9(B0,T6V(B1,T'(B0,T7i(B1,TRB"M';CPbB$(B
+
+,T$GC(P(B0,TJQ(B1,T'`!5d(B0,T4i(B10,TGh(B1,TR$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B <Delete> ,TaEP(B C-d, 0,T!Q(B1,T:(B M-<Delete> ,TaEP(B M-d ,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B
+,Tc97S9M'`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(R!$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-f ,TaEP(B M-f (,Ta(B0,TAi(B10,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B <Delete> ,T(Pd(B0,TAh(B1,Tc(B0,T*h(B10,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B
+0,T!g(B1,T5RA(B, ,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,Td(B0,TAh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9`(B0,TCWh(B1,TM'JS(B0,T$Q(B1,T-(B). ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-k ,TaEP(B M-k 0,T!g(B1,T`(B0,T*h(B1,T9`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B C-e ,TaEP(B M-e 0,T7Uh(B1
+,T7S'R9c9(B0,TEQ(B1,T!I3P`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T9a(B0,T5h(B1,T$9EPCP(B0,T4Q(B1,T:(B, 0,T$W(B1,TMCP(B0,T4Q(B1,T:(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T!Q(B1,T:;CPbB$(B.
+
+,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B0,T7h(B1,TR9E:(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!ICd;AR!!(B0,TGh(B1,TRK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B0,T5Q(B1,TGc9$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'f(B, 0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T(P(B0,T:Q(B1,T9(B0,T7V(B1,T!(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!E:d;d(B0,TGi(B1
+,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(PJRARC6`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:ARd(B0,T4i(B10,TMU(B1,T!(B. ,T!RC`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:AR"M'(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!(B0,T&h(B1,TRd;(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B
+",T!RC`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T$W(B1,T9(B (yanking)". 0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T$W(B1,T9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!(B0,T&h(B1,TRd;!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:ARd(B0,T4i(B1,Tb4Bc(B0,TKi(B1
+,T;CR!/c9(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!(B0,T&h(B1,TRd;(B, ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM;CR!/c9(B0,T7Uh(B1,Tc4f(B ,T"M'(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T!g(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1. 0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T$W(B1,T9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B
+0,T!Uh(B1,T$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B0,T!g(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P7SJS`9R(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B. ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,Tc9!RC`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T$W(B1,T9(B0,T$W(B1,TM(B C-y.
+
+0,TJTh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,T$GC(B0,TJQ(B1,T'`!5(B0,TMQ(B1,T9K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B0,T$W(B1,TM(B0,T"i(B1,TMa5!(B0,T5h(B1,TR'CPK(B0,TGh(B1,TR'(B ",T!RC(B0,T&h(B1,TR(B (killing)" 0,T!Q(B1,T:(B ",T!RCE:(B
+(deleting)". 0,TJTh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!(B "0,T&h(B1,TR(B (killed)" ,Td;(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B, ,TJRARC6(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T$W(B1,T9(B (yank) ,TARd(B0,T4i(B1, 
+,Ta(B0,T5h(B10,TJTh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!(B ",TE:(B (deleted)" ,Td;(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B, ,Td(B0,TAh(B1,TJRARC6(P`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T$W(B1,T9ARd(B0,T4i(B1. ,Tb4B(B0,T7Qh(B1,TGd;(B, ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,TJRARC6(B
+,TE:(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRAd(B0,T4i(B10,T7U(B1,TEPAR!f(B ,T(P`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9d(B0,TGi(B1, ,T"3P(B0,T7Uh(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,TE:d(B0,T4i(B10,T7U(B1,TEP(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B, ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B
+,T`;(B0,TEh(B1,TRaEP`(B0,TGi(B1,T9GCC$(B, ,T(Pd(B0,TAh(B1,T`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!E:d;(B.
+
+>> ,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,Td;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'(B0,T(X(B1,T4`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(B0,T5i(B1,T9"M':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T7Uh(B1,Td(B0,TAh(B1,Tc(B0,T*h(B1,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4`;(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B.
+   ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-k ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P(B0,T&h(B1,TR(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B1,T:9:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B.
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-k 0,TMU(B1,T!$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B. 0,T7h(B1,TR9(P`(B0,TKg(B1,T9(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B Newline 0,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B10,T7i(B1,TRB:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(P(B0,T6Y(B1,T!(B
+   0,T&h(B1,TRd;(B.
+
+,T(P(B0,TJQ(B1,T'`!5d(B0,T4i(B10,TGh(B1,TR$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-k ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'aC!(P(B0,T&h(B1,TR`(B0,T9Wi(B1,TM$GRA"M':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B, ,TaEP$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-k ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B
+0,T7Uh(B1,TJM'(P(B0,T&h(B1,TR:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B, ,TaEP(P"(B0,TBQ(B1,T::CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,TMWh(B1,T9f(B 0,T7Uh(B1,T`K(B0,TEW(B1,TM(B0,T7Qi(B1,T'KA4(B0,T"Vi(B1,T9(B. ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-k 0,T(Q(B1,T4!RC(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B
+0,T5Q(B1,TG`E"MR(B0,TCl(B10,T!T(B1,TG`A9(B0,T5l(B1,Tc9(B0,TEQ(B1,T!I3P(B0,T7Uh(B1,Ta5!(B0,T5h(B1,TR'MM!d;(B: ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B1,T(P(B0,T&h(B1,TRKERBf(B ,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4aEP`(B0,T9Wi(B1,TMKR"M'(B
+0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B. 0,T9Uh(B1,Td(B0,TAh(B1,T`K(B0,TAW(B1,TM9!RC7S(B0,T+i(B1,TSa::;C!(B0,T5T(B1. ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-u 2 C-k ,T(P(B0,T&h(B1,TR(B0,T7Qi(B1,T'JM':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B
+,T>(B0,TCi(B1,TMA(B0,T7Qi(B1,T'(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B Newline ,T"M':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9f(B 0,T4i(B1,TGB(B; 0,T+Vh(B1,T'(B0,T5h(B1,TR'(R!!RC7S$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-k ,TJM'$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B.
+
+,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-y ,Tc9!RC(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T$W(B1,T9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!(B0,T&h(B1,TRd;K(B0,TEQ(B1,T'(B0,TJX(B1,T4(B. 0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T$W(B1,T9(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(P(B
+,T;CR!/(B0,T7Uh(B1,T5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B10,T;Q(B1,T((B0,T(X(B10,T:Q(B1,T9(B.
+
+>> ,TEM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-y ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T$W(B1,T9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:AR(B.
+
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-y 0,T!g(B1,T`K(B0,TAW(B1,TM9!RC`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T$W(B1,T9(B0,TJTh(B1,T'"M'(B0,T7Uh(B1,Tc$C:R'$9d(B0,T4i(B1,T`MRd;(R!(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B. 0,T7h(B1,TR9(P(B0,TJQ(B1,T'`!5d(B0,T4i(B10,TGh(B1,TR(B
+0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-k 0,T5T(B1,T4(B0,T5h(B1,TM(B0,T!Q(B1,T9KERBf(B ,T$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B, 0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!(B0,T&h(B1,TRd;(B0,T7Qi(B1,T'KA4(P(B0,T6Y(B1,T!`(B0,T!g(B1,T:d(B0,TGi(B10,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B,
+,T)P(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9!RCc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-y ,T`(B0,T>U(B1,TB'$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B0,T!g(B1,T(P`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T$W(B1,T9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:ARd(B0,T4i(B10,T7Qi(B1,T'KA4(B.
+
+>> ,TEM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-k ,TKERBf(B ,T$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B0,T4Y(B1.
+
+,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T$W(B1,T9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!(B0,T&h(B1,TRd;(B:
+
+>> ,TEM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-y. ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,TE'd;(B0,TJQ(B1,T!JM'JRA:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TGc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-y
+   0,TMU(B1,T!$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B. 0,T7h(B1,TR9(P`(B0,T"i(B1,TRc((B0,TGT(B10,T8U(B1,T!RC(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(PJS`9R(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B.
+
+0,T7h(B1,TR9(P7SM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'dC(B0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T5i(B1,TM'!RC(P`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T$W(B1,T9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA:R'M(B0,TBh(B1,TR'(B, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T&h(B1,TR:R'M(B0,TBh(B1,TR'MM!d;(B?
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-y ,T(P`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T$W(B1,T9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!(B0,T&h(B1,TR(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B0,TJX(B1,T4(B. ,Ta(B0,T5h(B10,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T!h(B1,TM9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B0,TBQ(B1,T'$'`K(B0,TEW(B1,TMM(B0,TBYh(B1. 0,T7h(B1,TR9(B
+,TJRARC6(P`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T$W(B1,T9ARd(B0,T4i(B10,TMU(B1,T!b4Bc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-y. ,TK(B0,TEQ(B1,T'(R!(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B1,T`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T$W(B1,T9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B0,TJX(B1,T4a(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B,
+,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-y ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T$W(B1,T9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T!h(B1,TM9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9ARa79(B0,T7Uh(B1. ,T!RCc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-y ,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,TEP$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B
+,T(P`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T$W(B1,T9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!(B0,T&h(B1,TRd;c9ES(B0,T4Q(B1,T:(B0,T7Uh(B10,TBi(B1,TM9!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:(B0,T"Vi(B1,T9d;(B. ,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B10,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B10,T5i(B1,TM'!RC!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:(B0,T$W(B1,T9AR(B, 
+0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T!g(B1,Td(B0,TAh(B1,T(S`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P(B0,T5i(B1,TM'7SMPdC(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B0,TMU(B1,T!(B. ,T`(B0,T>U(B1,TB';(B0,TEh(B1,TMBM(B0,TBYh(B1,TM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG7S!RCa(B0,T!i(B1,Td"(B
+0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,TMWh(B1,T9(B0,T5h(B1,TMd;(B.
+
+0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-y 0,T4i(B1,TGB(S9G9$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,TAR!>M(B, 0,T7h(B1,TR9(P(B0,TBi(B1,TM9!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:AR(B0,TBQ(B1,T'(B0,T(X(B1,T4`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(B0,T5i(B1,T9(B0,TMU(B1,T!$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B 
+(0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!(B0,T&h(B1,TRd;(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B0,TJX(B1,T4(B).
+
+>> 0,T&h(B1,TRK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B, ,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,Td;(B, 0,T&h(B1,TR(B0,TMU(B1,T!:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B.
+   ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TGc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-y ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T$W(B1,T9:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!(B0,T&h(B1,TRd;c9$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,TJM'(B.
+   ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TGc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-y 0,T+Vh(B1,T'(P`(B0,TCV(B1,TB!(B0,T$W(B1,T9:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!(B0,T&h(B1,TRd;c9$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'aC!ARa79(B0,T7Uh(B1.
+   ,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-y 0,TMU(B1,T!(B, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T4Y(B10,TGh(B1,TR(P`(B0,T!T(B1,T4MPdC(B0,T"Vi(B1,T9(B. ,TEM'7Sd;`(B0,TCWh(B1,TMBf(B ,T(9!(B0,TGh(B1,TR:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!(B0,T&h(B1,TRd;(B
+   ,Tc9$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,TJM'(P!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:(B0,T$W(B1,T9AR(B, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG7Sd;(B0,TMU(B1,T!(B0,TJQ(B1,T!CPBP(B.
+   0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T5i(B1,TM'!RC(B, 0,T7h(B1,TR9MR((PEM'!S(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B0,T5Q(B1,TG`E"MR(B0,TCl(B10,T!T(B1,TG`A9(B0,T5l(B10,T7Qi(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(S9G9:G!aEPE:c(B0,TKi(B10,T!Q(B1,T:(B
+   ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-y 0,T4Y(B1.
+
+
+* ,T!RC7S(B0,TBi(B1,TM9(B (undo)
+-------------------
+
+0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B1,Ta(B0,T!i(B1,Td"(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRAd;(B, ,TaEP(B0,T$T(B1,T4(B0,TGh(B1,TRd(B0,T4i(B1,T7S(B0,T<T(B1,T4>ER4d;(B, 0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC67S(B0,TBi(B1,TM9(B0,TJTh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1
+,T`;(B0,TEUh(B1,TB9a;E'd;a(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T4i(B1,TGB$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'!RC7S(B0,TBi(B1,TM9(B, C-x u.
+
+,Tb4B;C!(B0,T5T(B1, ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x u ,T7S(B0,TBi(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,T7Sd;a(B0,TEi(B1,TGK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B; 0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR97S(B0,TBi(B1,TM9(B0,T+i(B1,TS(B0,T5T(B1,T4(B0,T5h(B1,TM(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B,
+,T!RC7S(B0,TBi(B1,TM9a(B0,T5h(B1,TEP$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(P(B0,TBi(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'd;(B0,T7U(B1,TEP$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B.
+
+,Ta(B0,T5h(B10,TAU(B10,T"i(B1,TMB!`(B0,TGi(B1,T9M(B0,TBYh(B1,TJM';CP!RC(B: ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,Td(B0,TAh(B1,T`;(B0,TEUh(B1,TB9a;E'(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(Pd(B0,TAh(B10,T9Q(B1,T:CGAM(B0,TBYh(B10,T4i(B1,TGB(B (0,T9Uh(B1,TCGA(B0,T6V(B1,T'(B
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'!RC`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,TaEP!RC`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,TAi(B1,TG9(B), ,TaEP!RCa7C!(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B0,T!g(B1,T(P(B0,T6Y(B1,T!(B0,T(Q(B1,T4!RCb4BCGA(B
+,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9!(B0,TEXh(B1,TA(B0,T7Uh(B1,Td(B0,TAh(B1,T`(B0,T!T(B1,T9(B 20 0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B0,T5h(B1,TM!(B0,TEXh(B1,TA(B. (0,T7Qi(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B1,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TME4(S9G9$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x u ,Tc9!RC7S(B
+0,TBi(B1,TM9!RCa7C!(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B.)
+
+>> 0,T&h(B1,TR:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T9Ui(B10,T4i(B1,TGB$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-k, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x u. ,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!(B0,T&h(B1,TRd;(P;CR!/!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:(B0,T$W(B1,T9AR(B.
+
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-_ ,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,TMU(B1,T!$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'JSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:!RC7S(B0,TBi(B1,TM9(B; ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B1,T7S'R9`K(B0,TAW(B1,TM9(B0,T!Q(B1,T:$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x u,
+,Ta(B0,T5h(B10,TGh(B1,TRJP4G!!(B0,TGh(B1,TRc9!RC(B0,T;i(B1,TM9KERBf(B ,T$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B0,T5T(B1,T4(B0,T5h(B1,TM(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B. 0,T"i(B1,TM`(B0,TJU(B1,TB"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-_ 0,T9Ui(B10,T$W(B1,TMc9:R'(B
+,Ta(B0,T;i(B1,T9(B0,T>T(B1,TA(B0,T>l(B1, ,TMR((Pd(B0,TAh(B1,T7CR:(B0,TGh(B1,TR(P(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'd(B0,T4i(B1,TM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'dC(B. 0,T9Qh(B1,T9(B0,T$W(B1,TM`K(B0,T5X(B10,T7Uh(B1,T7Sc(B0,TKi(B1,T`CR(B0,T5i(B1,TM'`5(B0,TCU(B1,TBA$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B
+C-x u ,Tc(B0,TKi(B10,TMU(B1,T!(B0,T5h(B1,TR'KR!(B. ,Tc9`$(B0,TCWh(B1,TM';ERB7R':R'*(B0,T9T(B1,T4(B,0,T7h(B1,TR9MR((P(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-_ ,Td(B0,T4i(B1,Tb4B!RC!4(B
+0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B / ,Tc9"3P(B0,T7Uh(B1,T!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B CONTROL.
+
+0,T5Q(B1,TG`E"MR(B0,TCl(B10,T!T(B1,TG`A9(B0,T5l(B1,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-_ ,TaEP(B C-x u ,T(P`(B0,T;g(B1,T9!RC(B0,T+i(B1,TS(S9G9$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B.
+
+
+* ,Ta(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B (file)
+----------------
+
+,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,Ta(B0,T!i(B1,Td"d;(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B, 0,T7h(B1,TR9(P(B0,T5i(B1,TM'`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9d(B0,TGi(B1,Tc9a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B. ,Td(B0,TAh(B1,T`(B0,T*h(B1,T9(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B
+0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T!g(B1,T(PKRBd;`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B0,T7h(B1,TR9`(B0,TET(B1,T!c(B0,T*i(B10,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1. ,T!RC(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9E'c9a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B, 0,T7h(B1,TR9(B
+,T(P(B0,T5i(B1,TM'(B "0,T$i(B1,T9KR(B (find)" ,Ta(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T!h(B1,TM9(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`(B0,T"i(B1,TRd;c9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9d(B0,T4i(B1. (0,T9Uh(B1,T`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B ",T!RC(B
+,T`(B0,TBW(B1,TM9(B (visiting)" ,Ta(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B.)
+
+,T!RC(B0,T$i(B1,T9KRa(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TEKARB(B0,T6V(B1,T'!RC(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B1,T`(B0,TKg(B1,T9`(B0,T9Wi(B1,TMKR"M'a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE@RBc9(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1. ,Tc9KERBf(B 
+,T7R'(B, 0,T4Y(B1,T`K(B0,TAW(B1,TM9(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9!S(B0,TEQ(B1,T'a(B0,T!i(B1,Td"(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TEc9a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TEM(B0,TBYh(B1. ,TM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'dC(B0,T!g(B1,T5RA(B, ,T!RCa(B0,T!i(B1,Td"@RBc9(B0,TMU(B1
+,TaA!(B0,TJl(B10,T9Qi(B1,T9(Pd(B0,TAh(B1,T$'M(B0,TBYh(B1,T(9!(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(P(B "0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B (save)" ,Ta(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B. 0,T9Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9!RC(B0,T*h(B1,TGBc(B0,TKi(B10,T7h(B1,TR9(B
+,TJRARC6K(B0,TEU(B1,T!`(B0,TEUh(B1,TB'!RC7Sc(B0,TKi(B1,Ta(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T6Y(B1,T!a(B0,T!i(B1,Td"d(B0,TGi(B1,T$(B0,TCVh(B1,T'f(B ,T!ER'f(B 0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,TAh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,T5i(B1,TM'!RC(B. ,Ta(B0,TAi(B10,TGh(B1,TR(B
+0,T7h(B1,TR9(P7S!RC(B0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:d;a(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T!g(B1,T5RA(B, 0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B10,T!g(B10,TBQ(B1,T'$'`K(B0,TEW(B1,TMa(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T5i(B1,T9)(B0,T:Q(B1,T:d(B0,TGi(B1,Tb4B`(B0,T!g(B1,T:d(B0,TGi(B1,Tc9(B0,T*Wh(B1,TM(B
+,TcK(B0,TAh(B1, ,T`(B0,T<Wh(B1,TMd(B0,TGi(B1,Tc9!C(B0,T3U(B10,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9a(B0,T!i(B1,Td"(B0,T<T(B1,T4>ER4(B.
+
+0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,TJQ(B1,T'`!5(B0,T4Y(B10,TJh(B1,TG9(B0,TEh(B1,TR'"M'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M"M'(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1, 0,T7h(B1,TR9(P`(B0,TKg(B1,T9:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(B0,T5i(B1,T9aEP(B0,TJTi(B1,T9(B0,TJX(B1,T4(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B
+,T`(B0,TJi(B1,T9;CP(B. ,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9MR((P`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(B0,T5i(B1,T9(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B "--:-- TUTORIAL" ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TMMPdC7S9M'(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B. 0,TJh(B1,TG9(B0,T9Ui(B1
+,T"M'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B, ,Tb4B;C!(B0,T5T(B1,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B, ,T(PaJ4'(B0,T*Wh(B1,TMa(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9!S(B0,TEQ(B1,T'`(B0,TBW(B1,TM9M(B0,TBYh(B1. ,T"3P(B0,T9Ui(B10,T7h(B1,TR9!S(B0,TEQ(B1,T'(B
+,T`(B0,TBW(B1,TM9a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Uh(B10,T*Wh(B1,TM(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B "TUTORIAL.th" 0,T+Vh(B1,T'`(B0,T;g(B1,T9JS`9R"M'(B0,T$Yh(B10,TAW(B1,TM!RCc(B0,T*i(B10,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1. ,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B1
+,T`(B0,TBW(B1,TM9a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1, 0,T*Wh(B1,TM"M'a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(P;CR!/c9(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7Uh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,T!(B0,TEh(B1,TRGd(B0,TGi(B1,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B.
+
+0,TEQ(B1,T!I3P(B0,T>T(B1,T`HI(B0,T"i(B1,TMK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'`(B0,TBW(B1,TM9a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T$W(B1,TM(B 0,T7h(B1,TR9(P(B0,T5i(B1,TM':M!(B0,T*Wh(B1,TM"M'a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P(B
+,T`(B0,TBW(B1,TM9(B. ,T`CR`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,TEQ(B1,T!I3P`(B0,T*h(B1,T9(B0,T9Ui(B10,TGh(B1,TR(B "0,TMh(B1,TR9MR(B0,TCl(B10,T!T(B1,TG`A9(B0,T5l(B1,T(R!`$(B0,TCWh(B1,TM';ERB7R'(B" (,Tc9!C(B0,T3U(B10,T9Ui(B1, ,TMR(B0,TCl(B1
+0,T!T(B1,TG`A9(B0,T5l(B10,T!g(B10,T$W(B1,TM(B0,T*Wh(B1,TM"M'a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B). ,TK(B0,TEQ(B1,T'(R!(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B
+
+	C-x C-f   Find a file
+
+0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T(P6RA(B0,T*Wh(B1,TMa(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B. 0,T*Wh(B1,TMa(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T;i(B1,TM9`(B0,T"i(B1,TRd;(P;CR!/(B0,T7Uh(B1,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,TEh(B1,TR'"M'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B. 
+,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,TEh(B1,TR'"M'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,TAT(B10,T9T(B10,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B1 (minibuffer) ,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B0,T6Y(B1,T!c(B0,T*i(B1,T'R9c9(B0,TEQ(B1,T!I3P(B0,T9Ui(B1. 
+0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,Tc9!RCa(B0,T!i(B1,Td";C!(B0,T5T(B1,T"M'(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,Ta(B0,T!i(B1,Td"(B0,T*Wh(B1,TM"M'a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B.
+
+,T"3P(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9!S(B0,TEQ(B1,T'(B0,T;i(B1,TM9(B0,T*Wh(B1,TMa(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B (,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TEc4f(B ,Tc9(B0,TAT(B10,T9T(B10,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B10,T9Ui(B1), 0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6(B
+,TB!`(B0,TET(B1,T!$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T4i(B1,TGB!RCc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-g.
+
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x C-f, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-g. 0,T9Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9!RCB!`(B0,TET(B1,T!(B0,TAT(B10,T9T(B10,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B1, ,TaEP(B
+   ,TB!`(B0,TET(B1,T!$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x C-f 0,T7Uh(B1,T!S(B0,TEQ(B1,T'c(B0,T*i(B10,TAT(B10,T9T(B10,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B1. ,T<E(B0,TEQ(B1,T>(B0,T8l(B10,T$W(B1,TM(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(Pd(B0,TAh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,T`(B0,TBW(B1,TM9(B
+   ,Ta(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TEc4f(B.
+
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+C-x C-f 0,T!g(B1,T(P7S'R9(B, ,TaEP(P`(B0,TBW(B1,TM9a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B1,T`(B0,TEW(B1,TM!d(B0,TGi(B1. 0,TAT(B10,T9T(B10,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B1,T(P(B
+,TKRBd;`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM`J(B0,TCg(B1,T((B0,TJTi(B1,T9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x C-f.
+
+,TK(B0,TEQ(B1,T'(R!(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9d(B0,TAh(B1,T9R9`(B0,T9Wi(B1,TMKR"M'a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T!g(B1,T(P;CR!/:9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B, ,TaEP(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T!g(B1,T(PJRARC6a(B0,T!i(B1,Td"(B
+,T`(B0,T9Wi(B1,TMKRd(B0,T4i(B1. ,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T5i(B1,TM'!RC(Pa(B0,T!i(B1,Td"(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRAM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'6RGC(B, 0,T!g(B1,Tc(B0,TKi(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B
+
+	C-x C-s   Save the file
+
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B1,T(P7SJS`9R(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc9(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T`(B0,T"i(B1,TRd;`(B0,T!g(B1,T:d(B0,TGi(B1,Tc9a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B. ,Tc9!RC!CP7S`(B0,T*h(B1,T9(B0,T9Ui(B1,Tc9(B
+,T$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'aC!(B0,TJX(B1,T4(B, 0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T(P`;(B0,TEUh(B1,TB9(B0,T*Wh(B1,TMa(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T5i(B1,T9)(B0,T:Q(B1,T:`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,TGh(B1,TR(Pd(B0,T4i(B1,T$'d(B0,TGi(B1. 0,T*Wh(B1,TMcK(B0,TAh(B10,T9Qi(B1,T9(B0,T5Qi(B1,T'(B0,T"Vi(B1,T9b4B(B
+,T!RC`(B0,T5T(B1,TA(B "~" ,T`(B0,T"i(B1,TRd;(B0,T7i(B1,TRB(B0,T*Wh(B1,TMa(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T5i(B1,T9)(B0,T:Q(B1,T:(B.
+
+,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM7S!RC(B0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:`(B0,TCU(B1,TB:(B0,TCi(B1,TMBa(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B, 0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T(P(B0,T>T(B1,TA(B0,T>l(B10,T*Wh(B1,TMa(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B. 0,T7h(B1,TR9$GC(P(B0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B
+0,T:h(B1,TMBf(B, ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(Pd(B0,T4i(B1,Td(B0,TAh(B10,T5i(B1,TM'`(B0,TJU(B1,TB'R9d;AR!(B0,T9Q(B1,T!KR!CP::`(B0,T!T(B1,T4(B0,T"Q(B1,T4(B0,T"i(B1,TM'(B.
+
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x C-s, ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:JS`9R(B0,T$Yh(B10,TAW(B1,TM!RCc(B0,T*i(B1,T"M'(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B.
+   ,T(P;CR!/(B "Write ...TUTORIAL.th" 0,T7Uh(B1,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,TEh(B1,TR'(B0,TJX(B1,T4"M'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B.
+
+0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TJQ(B1,T'`!5(B: ,Tc9:R'CP::(B, ,T!RC(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x C-s ,T(P7Sc(B0,TKi(B1,TK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M*P(B0,T'Q(B1,T!aEP(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(Pd(B0,TAh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,TCQ(B1,T:(B
+0,T"i(B1,TM$GRAc4f(B ,T(R!(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1. 0,T9Uh(B1,TaJ4'(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B "feature" ,T"M'CP::;(B0,T/T(B10,T:Q(B10,T5T(B1,T!RC(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B "flow
+control" ,Td(B0,T4i(B10,T"Q(B1,T4"GR'!RC7S'R9"M'(B C-s ,TaEPd(B0,TAh(B1,T;(B0,TEh(B1,TMBc(B0,TKi(B1,T!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:(B0,TJYh(B10,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B10,TMU(B1,T!(B. ,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-g 
+,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TMa(B0,T!i(B1,Td"d(B0,TAh(B1,Tc(B0,TKi(B1,TK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M*P(B0,T'Q(B1,T!(B. ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T4Y(B1,T:7(B0,T7Uh(B10,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B "Spontaneous Entry to
+Incremental Search" ,Tc9(B0,T$Yh(B10,TAW(B1,TM"M'(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B10,T+Vh(B1,T'(Pa9P9S!RC(B0,T(Q(B1,T4!RC`(B0,T!Uh(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B "feature" 0,T9Ui(B1.
+
+0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6(P`(B0,TBW(B1,TM9a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Uh(B10,TAU(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B1,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B, ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P(B0,T4Y(B1,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TMa(B0,T!i(B1,Td"(B. 0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6(P`(B0,TBW(B1,TM9(B
+,Ta(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Uh(B10,TBQ(B1,T'd(B0,TAh(B1,T;CR!/(B0,T!g(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1. 0,T9Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9!RCJ(B0,TCi(B1,TR'a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TEcK(B0,TAh(B1,T"M'(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1: ,T`(B0,TBW(B1,TM9a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B,
+0,T+Vh(B1,T'(P`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(B0,T5i(B1,T9(B0,T4i(B1,TGBK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B0,TGh(B1,TR'`;(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG7S!RCa7C!(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(PJ(B0,TCi(B1,TR'`(B0,T;g(B1,T9a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T5h(B1,TMd;(B. 
+,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,TJQh(B1,T'c(B0,TKi(B1 "0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B (save)" ,Ta(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B, 0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B10,T(V(B1,T'(PJ(B0,TCi(B1,TR'a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B1
+0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B10,T;i(B1,TM9`(B0,T"i(B1,TRd;(B. ,T(R!(B0,T9Ui(B1,Td;(B, 0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6(P(B0,T5Q(B1,T4(B0,TJT(B1,T9c(EM'a(B0,T!i(B1,Td"a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Uh(B10,TAU(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B1,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TGd(B0,T4i(B1.
+
+
+* 0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B1 (buffer)
+-----------------
+
+0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9`(B0,TBW(B1,TM9(B0,TMU(B1,T!a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TEb4Bc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x C-f, ,Ta(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TEaC!(P(B0,TBQ(B1,T'$'M(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc9(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1. 0,T7h(B1,TR9(B
+,TJRARC6(PJ(B0,TEQ(B1,T:!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:d;d(B0,T4i(B10,TMU(B1,T!b4Bc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x C-f. 0,TGT(B10,T8U(B10,T9Ui(B1,T(P7Sc(B0,TKi(B10,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6`(B0,TBW(B1,TM9a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B
+,T@RBc9(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,T(S9G9K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B.
+
+>> ,TJ(B0,TCi(B1,TR'a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TEaEPc(B0,TKi(B10,T*Wh(B1,TM(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B "foo" ,Tb4B!RC(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x C-f foo <Return>.
+   ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T;i(B1,TM9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B, ,Ta(B0,T!i(B1,Td"(B, ,TaEP(B0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B "foo" ,Tb4B!RC(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x C-s.
+   0,TJX(B1,T4(B0,T7i(B1,TRB(B, 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return> ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(Pd(B0,T4i(B10,TBi(B1,TM9!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:AR(B0,T7Uh(B10,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B
+   ,T"M'(B0,T$Yh(B10,TAW(B1,TM!RCc(B0,T*i(B1.
+
+0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA"M'a(B0,T5h(B1,TEPa(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE@RBc9(B0,TJTh(B1,T'f(B (object) ,TK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B, 0,T+Vh(B1,T'`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B "0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B1
+(buffer)". ,T!RC`(B0,TBW(B1,TM9a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE`(B0,T;g(B1,T9!RCJ(B0,TCi(B1,TR'(B0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B1,TcK(B0,TAh(B1,T@RBc9(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1. ,Tc9!RC(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P(B0,T4Y(B1
+,TCRB!RC"M'(B0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B10,T7Uh(B10,TAU(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc9(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B10,T9Qi(B1,T9(B, ,Tc(B0,TKi(B10,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B:
+
+	C-x C-b   List buffers
+
+>> ,TEM'(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x C-b 0,T4Y(B1.
+
+0,T4Y(B10,TGh(B1,TRa(B0,T5h(B1,TEP(B0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B10,TAU(B10,T*Wh(B1,TM(B0,TGh(B1,TRMPdC(B, ,TaEP:R'(B0,TMQ(B1,T9(B0,T!g(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T*Wh(B1,TM"M'a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Uh(B10,TAU(B1,T`(B0,T9Wi(B1,TMKR(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9f(B ,TM(B0,TBYh(B1. ,T:R'(B
+0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B1,Td(B0,TAh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,T`(B0,T!Uh(B1,TBG(B0,T"i(B1,TM'(B0,T!Q(B1,T:a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B. 0,T5Q(B1,TGM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'`(B0,T*h(B1,T9(B, 0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B10,T7Uh(B10,TAU(B10,T*Wh(B1,TM(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B "*Buffer List*"
+,Td(B0,TAh(B10,TAU(B1,Ta(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TEc4f(B 0,T7Qi(B1,T'(B0,TJTi(B1,T9(B. 0,T9Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B10,T+Vh(B1,T':CC(B0,T(X(B1,T`(B0,T9Wi(B1,TMKR"M'CRB!RC"M'(B0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B10,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!J(B0,TCi(B1,TR'(B
+0,T4i(B1,TGB$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x C-b. 0,T"i(B1,TM$GRAc4f(B 0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9`(B0,TKg(B1,T9:9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M"M'(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T(P;CR!/M(B0,TBYh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,TJh(B1,TG9K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B
+,T"M'(B0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B1,Tc4(B0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B1,TK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'`JAM(B.
+
+>> ,TEM'c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x 1 ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P!S(B0,T(Q(B1,T4CRB!RC"M'(B0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B1.
+
+0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9a(B0,T!i(B1,Td"(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRAc9a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TEK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG`(B0,TBW(B1,TM9(B0,TMU(B1,T!a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TEK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B, 0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B10,TBQ(B1,T'd(B0,TAh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B
+0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA"M'a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TEaC!(B. 0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!a(B0,T!i(B1,Td"d;(P(B0,TBQ(B1,T'$'M(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc9(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1, ,Tc9(B0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B1,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:(B
+,Ta(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B. ,T!RCJ(B0,TCi(B1,TR'K(B0,TCW(B1,TM!RCa(B0,T!i(B1,Td""M'(B0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B1,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Uh(B1,TJM'd(B0,TAh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,TAU(B1,T<E(B0,T5h(B1,TM(B
+0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B1,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Uh(B1,TK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B. 0,T9Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,TJTh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B10,TAU(B1,T;CPbB*(B0,T9l(B1,TAR!(B, ,Ta(B0,T5h(B10,T!g(B1,TKARB$GRA(B0,TGh(B1,TR(P(B0,T5i(B1,TM'(B0,TAU(B1
+0,TGT(B10,T8U(B1,T!RC(B0,T7Uh(B10,T4U(B1,Tc9!RC(B0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B1,T"M'a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TEaC!(B. 0,T9Uh(B1,Td(B0,TAh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,TKARB$GRA(B0,TGh(B1,TR(P(B0,T5i(B1,TM'J(B0,TEQ(B1,T:!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:d;(B
+0,TBQ(B1,T'a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TEaC!(B0,T4i(B1,TGB$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x C-f 0,T!h(B1,TM9(B, ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(Pd(B0,T4i(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x C-s ,Tc9!RC(B0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B. 
+0,T4Q(B1,T'(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9`CR(B0,T(V(B1,T'`5(B0,TCU(B1,TBA$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B
+
+	C-x s     Save some buffers
+
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x s ,T(P6RA(B0,T7h(B1,TR9`(B0,T!Uh(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B10,T7Uh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,TCQ(B1,T:!RCa(B0,T!i(B1,Td"a(B0,T5h(B10,TBQ(B1,T'd(B0,TAh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,TCQ(B1,T:!RC(B0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B. 0,TMU(B1
+,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T(P6RA(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B, ,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:a(B0,T5h(B1,TEP(B0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B10,T4Q(B1,T'!(B0,TEh(B1,TRG(B, 0,TGh(B1,TR(P(B0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:K(B0,TCW(B1,TMd(B0,TAh(B1.
+
+>> ,Ta7C!(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,TJQ(B1,T!K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x s.
+   0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T(P6RA(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,TGh(B1,TR(P(B0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B10,T*Wh(B1,TM(B TUTORIAL ,TdKA(B.
+   ,T5M:(B0,TGh(B1,TRc(B0,T*h(B1,Tb4B!RC(B0,T;i(B1,TM9(B "y".
+
+
+* ,T!RC`(B0,T>Th(B1,TA(B0,T*X(B1,T4$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B
+--------------
+
+0,TAU(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'"M'(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B10,TMU(B1,T!AR!ARB(9`(B0,T!T(B1,T9!(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(PJRARC6!S(B0,T!Q(B1,T:d(B0,T4i(B10,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP;CPJA(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B
+,T$M9b7CE(B (control character) ,TaEPM(B0,T@T(B10,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B (meta character). 0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,T!RC(B
+,T;CPJA(B0,T!Q(B1,T:$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'`J(B0,TCT(B1,TA(B (eXtend command). ,T!RC`J(B0,TCT(B1,TA(B0,T9Ui(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9d;d(B0,T4i(B1,TJM'(B0,TEQ(B1,T!I3P(B:
+
+	C-x	,T!RC`J(B0,TCT(B1,TA(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B (Character eXtend). ,T5RA(B0,T4i(B1,TGBK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B.
+	M-x	,T!RC`J(B0,TCT(B1,TA(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,T*Wh(B1,TM$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B (Named command eXtend). ,T5RA(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,T*Wh(B1,TM`(B0,T5g(B1,TA(B.
+
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'`K(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B0,T9Ui(B1,Tb4B(B0,T7Qh(B1,TGd;a(B0,TEi(B1,TG(P(B0,TAU(B1,T;CPbB*(B0,T9l(B1, ,Ta(B0,T5h(B10,TAQ(B1,T!(P(B0,TAU(B1,TbM!RJc(B0,T*i(B10,T9i(B1,TMB!(B0,TGh(B1,TR$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T5h(B1,TR'f(B 0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B1
+,T`(B0,TCU(B1,TB9(B0,TCYi(B1,Td;a(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B. 0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B1,T>:d;a(B0,TEi(B1,TGJM'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B: ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'JSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:!RC(B0,T(Q(B1,T4!RC(B0,T!Q(B1,T:a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B C-x C-f
+,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:!RC`(B0,TBW(B1,TM9(B (Find) ,TaEP(B C-x C-s ,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:!RC(B0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B (Save). 0,TMU(B1,T!(B0,T5Q(B1,TGM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B0,T!g(B1
+0,T$W(B1,TM$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,Tc9!RC`(B0,TET(B1,T!c(B0,T*i(B10,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1--,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x C-c. (,Td(B0,TAh(B10,T5i(B1,TM'`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,TKh(B1,TG'(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B1
+,Ta(B0,T!i(B1,Td"d;(P(B0,TJY(B1,T-KRB(B; ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x C-c ,T(P`J9Mc(B0,TKi(B10,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!a(B0,T!i(B1,Td"d;(B0,T!h(B1,TM9(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P(B0,TJTi(B1,T9(B0,TJX(B1,T4(B
+0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1.)
+
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-z ,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,Tc9!RCMM!(R!(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9!RC(B0,T*Qh(B1,TG$CRG(B *temporarily*--,T)P(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B
+0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:d;(B0,TJYh(B10,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,TMU(B1,T!K(B0,TEQ(B1,T'(R!(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B.
+
+,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:CP::(B0,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,T9X(B1,T-R5c(B0,TKi(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B, C-z "suspends" 0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1; 0,T9Qh(B1,T9(B0,T$W(B1,TM!RC!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'`*E(B0,TEl(B1
+(shell) ,Tb4Bd(B0,TAh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,T7SERB(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1. ,Tc9`*E(B0,TEl(B10,T7Qh(B1,TGd;(B, 0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6(B0,TCU(B10,T+Y(B1,TA(B (resume) 0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1
+,Td(B0,T4i(B10,T4i(B1,TGB$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B `fg' ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B0,T4i(B1,TGB$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B `%emacs'.
+
+,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:CP::(B0,T7Uh(B1,Td(B0,TAh(B10,TAU(B10,T?Q(B1,T'(B0,T!l(B10,T*Q(B1,T9(B "suspend", ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-z ,T(PJ(B0,TCi(B1,TR'(B0,T+Q(B1,T:`*E(B0,TEl(B1 (subshell)
+,T@RBc(B0,T5i(B10,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TMc(B0,TKi(B10,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,TAU(B1,TbM!RJ4S`(B0,T9T(B1,T9'R9b;Ca!CA(B0,TMWh(B1,T9(B0,T!h(B1,TM9a(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T$h(B1,TMB!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:AR(B0,TBQ(B1,T'(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B10,TMU(B1,T!$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B;
+0,T+Vh(B1,T'd(B0,TAh(B1,Tc(B0,T*h(B1,T!RC(B ",TMM!(R!(B (exit)" 0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T((B0,TCT(B1,T'(B. ,Tc9!C(B0,T3U(B10,T9Ui(B1, ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'`*E(B0,TEl(B1 `exit' ,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B
+,T;C!(B0,T5T(B10,T7Uh(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,Tc9!RC!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T(R!(B0,T+Q(B1,T:`*E(B0,TEl(B1.
+
+,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x C-c 0,T!g(B10,T5h(B1,TM`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T5i(B1,TM'!RC(P`(B0,TET(B1,T!c(B0,T*i(B10,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T((B0,TCT(B1,T'f(B. 0,TGT(B10,T8U(B10,T9Ui(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,TGT(B10,T8U(B10,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!(B0,T5i(B1,TM'c9(B
+,T!RC(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`(B0,TET(B1,T!c(B0,T*i(B10,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1, ,Td(B0,TAh(B10,TGh(B1,TR(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B10,T9Qi(B1,T9(P(B0,T6Y(B1,T!`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!c(B0,T*i(B1,T(R!b;Ca!CA(B0,T(Q(B1,T4!RC`AE(B0,TEl(B1 (mail
+handling programs) ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TMb;Ca!CAMCC6;CPbB*(B0,T9l(B1 (utility programs) 0,T5h(B1,TR'f(B, 
+,T`(B0,T9Wh(B1,TM'(R!(B0,TGh(B1,TRb;Ca!CA`K(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B0,T9Ui(B1,Td(B0,TAh(B10,TAU(B10,TGT(B10,T8U(B1,T!RC(B0,T(Q(B1,T4!RC(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,Tb4B5C'(B. ,Tc9J@R>!RC7S'R9(B
+,T;C!(B0,T5T(B1, 0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,TAh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,T5i(B1,TM'!RC(P`(B0,TET(B1,T!c(B0,T*i(B10,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T((B0,TCT(B1,T'f(B, 0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T!g(B1,T$GC(P(B suspend ,Tb4B!RCc(B0,T*i(B1
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-z ,Ta79!RC`(B0,TET(B1,T!c(B0,T*i(B1,Td;`EB(B.
+
+0,TBQ(B1,T'(B0,TAU(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc9(B0,T*X(B1,T4$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x 0,TMU(B1,T!AR!(B. 0,T5h(B1,TMd;(B0,T9Ui(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9CRB!RC$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B1,T`(B0,TCU(B1,TB9(B0,TCYi(B1,Td;a(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B:
+
+	C-x C-f 	,T`(B0,TBW(B1,TM9a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B (Find file).
+	C-x C-s		0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B (Save file).
+	C-x C-b		,T7SCRB!RC(B0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B1 (List buffers).
+	C-x C-c		,T`(B0,TET(B1,T!c(B0,T*i(B10,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1 (Quit Emacs).
+	C-x 1		,TE:K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B0,T7Qi(B1,T'KA4b4B$'M(B0,TBYh(B1,Td(B0,TGi(B1,TK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B 
+			(Delete all but one window).
+	C-x u		,T7S(B0,TBi(B1,TM9(B (Undo).
+
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+,T`(B0,T7h(B1,TR(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B. 0,T5Q(B1,TGM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B10,T$W(B1,TM$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'`;(B0,TEUh(B1,TB9a79(B-,TJRB(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B (replace-string),
+0,T+Vh(B1,T'`(B0,T;g(B1,T9!RC`;(B0,TEUh(B1,TB9a79JRB(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CPK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,TMU(B1,T!JRB(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CPK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B0,T7Qi(B1,T'KA4(B. ,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-x,
+0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,TaJ4'(B M-x 0,T7Uh(B1,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,TEh(B1,TR'(B0,TJX(B1,T4"M'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B, ,Tc9(B0,T7Uh(B10,T9Ui(B10,T7h(B1,TR9(P(B0,T5i(B1,TM'(B0,T>T(B1,TA(B0,T>l(B10,T*Wh(B1,TM"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B; ,Tc9!C(B0,T3U(B10,T9Ui(B1
+0,T$W(B1,TM(B "replace-string". 0,T7h(B1,TR9MR((P(B0,T>T(B1,TA(B0,T>l(B1 "repl s<TAB>" ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T(P`(B0,T5T(B1,TA(B0,T*Wh(B1,TM$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'c(B0,TKi(B1
+,T`(B0,T5g(B1,TA`M'd(B0,T4i(B1. 0,TJTi(B1,T9(B0,TJX(B1,T4$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T4i(B1,TGB!RC!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B <Return>.
+
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+0,T7Uh(B1,T(P(B0,T6Y(B1,T!`;(B0,TEUh(B1,TB9a79(B, ,TaEPJRB(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(Pc(B0,T*i(B1,T`;(B0,TEUh(B1,TB9a79(B. 0,T7h(B1,TR9(P(B0,T5i(B1,TM'(B0,TJTi(B1,T9(B0,TJX(B1,T4!RC(B0,T;i(B1,TM9a(B0,T5h(B1,TEPMR(B0,TCl(B1
+0,T!T(B1,TG`A9(B0,T5l(B10,T4i(B1,TGB!RC!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B <Return>.
+
+>> ,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,Td;(B0,TBQ(B1,T':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4`;(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B0,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc(B0,T5i(B1,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T9Ui(B1,Td;JM':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B.
+   ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
+
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+   0,T4i(B1,TGB$S(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B "altered" ,Tc9(B0,T7X(B1,T!(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7Uh(B1,T;CR!/(B0,T5Qi(B1,T'a(B0,T5h(B1,T5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B10,T;Q(B1,T((B0,T(X(B10,T:Q(B1,T9(B.
+
+
+* 0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B0,TMQ(B1,T5b9(B0,TAQ(B10,T5T(B1 (auto save)
+-------------------------
+
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+0,T"i(B1,TM$GRAJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:a(B0,T5h(B1,TEPa(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9!S(B0,TEQ(B1,T'7S!RCa(B0,T!i(B1,Td"M(B0,TBYh(B1,TE'c9a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B "0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B0,TMQ(B1,T5b9(B0,TAQ(B10,T5T(B1 
+(auto save)". 0,T*Wh(B1,TM"M'a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B0,TMQ(B1,T5b9(B0,TAQ(B10,T5T(B1 (auto save file) ,T(P(B0,T6Y(B1,T!(B0,T5Qi(B1,T'cK(B0,TAh(B1,Tc(B0,TKi(B1
+0,TAU(B10,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B "#" ,TM(B0,TBYh(B10,T7Qi(B1,T'(B0,T"i(B1,TR'K(B0,T9i(B1,TRaEP(B0,T"i(B1,TR'K(B0,TEQ(B1,T'(B0,T*Wh(B1,TMa(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T5i(B1,T9)(B0,T:Q(B1,T:(B; 0,T5Q(B1,TGM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'`(B0,T*h(B1,T9(B, 0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T*Wh(B1,TM"M'(B
+,Ta(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B "hello.c", 0,T*Wh(B1,TM"M'a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B0,TMQ(B1,T5b9(B0,TAQ(B10,T5T(B1,T(P`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B "#hello.c#". 
+,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B0,T7h(B1,TR97S!RC(B0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,TGT(B10,T8U(B1,T!RC;C!(B0,T5T(B1,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B, 0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T(PE:a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B0,TMQ(B1,T5b9(B0,TAQ(B10,T5T(B1
+0,T9Qi(B1,T9`(B0,TJU(B1,TB(B.
+
+0,T6i(B1,TR`$(B0,TCWh(B1,TM'$MA(B0,T>T(B1,TG`5M(B0,TCl(B1,T`(B0,T!T(B1,T4(B0,T"Q(B1,T4(B0,T"i(B1,TM'(B, 0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6(B0,T!Yi(B1 (recover) ,T(R!a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B
+0,TMQ(B1,T5b9(B0,TAQ(B10,T5T(B10,T9Qi(B1,T9d(B0,T4i(B10,T4i(B1,TGB!RC`(B0,TBW(B1,TM9a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TEa::;C!(B0,T5T(B1 (,Ta(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9!S(B0,TEQ(B1,T'a(B0,T!i(B1,Td"M(B0,TBYh(B1, ,Td(B0,TAh(B1,Tc(B0,T*h(B1
+,Ta(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B0,TMQ(B1,T5b9(B0,TAQ(B10,T5T(B1), ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T>T(B1,TA(B0,T>l(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-x recover file<Return>. ,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B0,TAU(B1,T!RC(B
+,T6RA`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM!RC(B0,TBW(B1,T9(B0,TBQ(B1,T9(B, 0,T>T(B1,TA(B0,T>l(B1,T$S(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B yes<Return> ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM4S`(B0,T9T(B1,T9!RC(B0,T5h(B1,TMaEP7S!RC(B0,T!Yi(B10,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!(B
+0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:(B0,TMQ(B1,T5b9(B0,TAQ(B10,T5T(B10,T9Qi(B1,T9(B.
+
+
+* ,T:(B0,TCT(B1,T`G3JP(B0,T7i(B1,TM9(B (echo area)
+------------------------
+
+0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B10,TMh(B1,TR9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T';CPJA(B (multicharacter command) ,T"3P(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9!S(B0,TEQ(B1,T'(B0,T>T(B1,TA(B0,T>l(B1,T`(B0,T"i(B1,TRd;(B0,T*i(B1,TRf(B,
+0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T(PaJ4'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T5h(B1,TR'f(B 0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B10,T>T(B1,TA(B0,T>l(B1,T`(B0,T"i(B1,TRd;5C'(B0,TJh(B1,TG9(B0,TEh(B1,TR'"M'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M5C':(B0,TCT(B1,T`G3(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B
+",T:(B0,TCT(B1,T`G3JP(B0,T7i(B1,TM9(B (echo area)". ,T:(B0,TCT(B1,T`G3JP(B0,T7i(B1,TM9(B0,T$W(B1,TM:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,TEh(B1,TR'(B0,TJX(B1,T4"M'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B.
+
+
+* ,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4aJ4'bKA4(B (mode line)
+---------------------------
+
+,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B1,T`K(B0,T9W(B1,TM:(B0,TCT(B1,T`G3JP(B0,T7i(B1,TM9(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B "mode line". ,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4aJ4'bKA4(PaJ4'(B
+0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA:R'M(B0,TBh(B1,TR'c9(B0,TEQ(B1,T!I3P(B:
+
+--:**  TUTORIAL          (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
+
+,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T9Ui(B1,Tc(B0,TKi(B10,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9;CPbB*(B0,T9l(B1,T`(B0,T!Uh(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T:J6R9@R>"M'(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,TaEP(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9!S(B0,TEQ(B1,T'7S!RC(B
+,Ta(B0,T!i(B1,Td"M(B0,TBYh(B1.
+
+0,T7h(B1,TR97CR:a(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T*Wh(B1,TMa(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,TAU(B1,T$GRAKARBM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'dC(B--0,T$W(B1,TMa(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B1,T`(B0,TBW(B1,TM9M(B0,TBYh(B1. -NN%-- 
+0,T:h(B1,T':M!5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T;Q(B1,T((B0,T(X(B10,T:Q(B1,T9c9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA"M'(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B; 0,T9Qh(B1,T9KARB$GRA(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,TAU(B10,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B NN ,T`;M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+9(B0,T5l(B10,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B1
+,T`K(B0,T9W(B1,TM5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,TJY(B1,T'(B0,TJX(B1,T4"M'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B. 0,T6i(B1,TR5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,TJY(B1,T'(B0,TJX(B1,T4"M'a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TEM(B0,TBYh(B1,T:9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B, ,T(P;CR!/(B
+--Top-- ,Ta79(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B --00%--. 0,T6i(B1,TR5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,TEh(B1,TR'(B0,TJX(B1,T4"M'(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRAM(B0,TBYh(B1,T:9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B, ,T(P;CR!/(B
+--Bot--. 0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9!S(B0,TEQ(B1,T'`(B0,TBW(B1,TM9a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,TEg(B1,T!AR!(9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Qi(B1,T'KA4M(B0,TBYh(B1,T:9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B, ,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B
+,TaJ4'bKA4(PaJ4'(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B --All--.
+
+,T`$(B0,TCWh(B1,TM'KARB4M!(B0,T(Q(B1,T9:(B0,TCT(B1,T`G3(B0,T5i(B1,T9f(B ,T"M':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4aJ4'bKA4KARB$GRA(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B1,T7S!RC(B
+,T`;(B0,TEUh(B1,TB9a;E'`(B0,T9Wi(B1,TMKRc9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRAa(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B. ,TKR!(B0,T7h(B1,TR9`(B0,T>Th(B1,T'`(B0,TBW(B1,TM9K(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B0,T(Q(B1,T4`(B0,T!g(B1,T:a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B, 0,TJh(B1,TG9(B0,T7Uh(B1
+,Td(B0,T4i(B1,T!(B0,TEh(B1,TRG(B0,T6V(B1,T'(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(Pd(B0,TAh(B10,TAU(B1,T`$(B0,TCWh(B1,TM'KARB4M!(B0,T(Q(B1,T9;CR!/(B, ,T(P(B0,TAU(B1,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,T`(B0,TJi(B1,T9;CP(B (dashes).
+
+0,TJh(B1,TG9(B0,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B1,TCPK(B0,TGh(B1,TR'G'`(B0,TEg(B1,T:@RBc9:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4aJ4'bKA4(P:M!(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9!S(B0,TEQ(B1,T'M(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc9bKA4!RCa(B0,T!i(B1,Td"(B
+(editing mode) ,TMPdC(B. ,TbKA4b4B;(B0,TCT(B1,TBRB(B (default mode) 0,T$W(B1,TM(B Fundamental 0,T7Uh(B1
+0,T7h(B1,TR9!S(B0,TEQ(B1,T'c(B0,T*i(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc9"3P(B0,T9Ui(B1. 0,T9Uh(B10,T$W(B1,TM(B0,T5Q(B1,TGM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'"M'(B ",TbKA4K(B0,TEQ(B1,T!(B (major mode)".
+
+0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B10,TAU(B1,TbKA4K(B0,TEQ(B1,T!M(B0,TBYh(B1,TKERBbKA4(B. 0,T:i(B1,TR'c(B0,T*i(B1,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:!RCa(B0,T!i(B1,Td"c9@RIRaEP(B/,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA*(B0,T9T(B1,T4(B0,T5h(B1,TR'f(B, 
+,T`(B0,T*h(B1,T9(B Lisp mode, Text mode, ,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T5i(B1,T9(B. 0,T7h(B1,TR9(PM(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc9bKA4K(B0,TEQ(B1,T!c4bKA4K(B0,TEQ(B1,T!K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'c9`GER(B
+,T`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B, ,TaEP(B0,T*Wh(B1,TM"M'bKA4K(B0,TEQ(B1,T!(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(P;CR!/M(B0,TBYh(B10,T7Uh(B1,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4aJ4'bKA4(B, 0,T7Uh(B10,T7Uh(B10,TAU(B1 "Fundamental" 
+,T;CR!/M(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc9"3P(B0,T9Ui(B1.
+
+,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,TEPbKA4K(B0,TEQ(B1,T!(P7Sc(B0,TKi(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'c(B0,TKi(B1,T<Ec9(B0,TEQ(B1,T!I3P(B0,T7Uh(B1,Ta5!(B0,T5h(B1,TR'(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B. 0,T5Q(B1,TGM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'`(B0,T*h(B1,T9(B, 0,TAU(B1,TKERB$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B1
+,Tc9!RC!S(B0,T!Q(B1,T:KARB`K(B0,T5X(B1 (comment) ,Tc9b;Ca!CA(B, ,TaEP`(B0,T9Wh(B1,TM'(R!a(B0,T5h(B1,TEPb;Ca!CA(B0,TAU(B1,T$GRA(B0,T$T(B1,T4(B
+,Tc9!RCaJ4'<E"M'KARB`K(B0,T5X(B10,T7Uh(B1,Ta5!(B0,T5h(B1,TR'(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B, ,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,TEPbKA4K(B0,TEQ(B1,T!(Pa7C!KARB`K(B0,T5X(B1,Tc9(B0,TEQ(B1,T!I3P(B0,T7Uh(B1
+,Ta5!(B0,T5h(B1,TR'(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B. ,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,TEPbKA4K(B0,TEQ(B1,T!(P`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T*Wh(B1,TM"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'`J(B0,TCT(B1,TA(B, 0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6:M!c(B0,TKi(B1,TJ(B0,TEQ(B1,T:d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'bKA4(B0,T7Uh(B1
+0,T5i(B1,TM'!RCd(B0,T4i(B1. 0,T5Q(B1,TGM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'`(B0,T*h(B1,T9(B, M-x fundamental-mode ,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'c9!RCJ(B0,TEQ(B1,T:d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'(B
+Fundamental mode.
+
+0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9!S(B0,TEQ(B1,T'(Pa(B0,T!i(B1,Td"(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9@RIRd7B(B, ,T`(B0,T*h(B1,T9c9a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T9Ui(B1, 0,T7h(B1,TR9$GC(Pc(B0,T*i(B1
+Thai-text mode.
+>> M-x thai-text-mode<Return>
+
+,Td(B0,TAh(B10,T5i(B1,TM'(B0,T!Q(B1,T'GE(B, ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9!S(B0,TEQ(B1,T'(B0,THV(B1,T!IRM(B0,TBYh(B10,T9Ui(B1,Td(B0,TAh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,Tc(B0,TKi(B1,T<E!CP7:AR!(B0,T9Q(B1,T!(B. ,Ta(B0,T5h(B10,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6(B0,TJQ(B1,T'`!5d(B0,T4i(B1
+0,TGh(B1,TR$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-f ,TaEP(B M-b 0,T6W(B1,TM(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B apostrophe ,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,TJh(B1,TG9K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'"M'$S(B. 0,T!h(B1,TM9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B0,T9Ui(B1, ,Tc9(B 
+Fundamental mode, ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-f ,TaEP(B M-b 0,T6W(B1,TM(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B apostrophe ,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T5Q(B1,TGa(B0,T:h(B1,T'$S(B 
+(word-separator).
+
+,TbKA4K(B0,TEQ(B1,T!`K(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B0,T9Ui(B1,T(Pc(B0,TKi(B1,T<E(B0,T7Uh(B10,T5h(B1,TR'MM!d;`(B0,TEg(B1,T!(B0,T9i(B1,TMB(B0,T4Q(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,T!(B0,TEh(B1,TRGa(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T"i(B1,TR'(B0,T5i(B1,T9(B: ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,TJh(B1,TG9cK(B0,T-h(B1 ",T7SK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B0,T7Uh(B1
+,T`K(B0,TAW(B1,TM9(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B" ,Ta(B0,TAi(B1,T(PM(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc9bKA4K(B0,TEQ(B1,T!(B0,T7Uh(B10,T5h(B1,TR'(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B, ,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,Tc(B0,TKi(B1,T<E(B0,T7Uh(B10,T5h(B1,TR'MM!d;(B0,T:i(B1,TR'`(B0,TEg(B1,T!(B0,T9i(B1,TMB(B.
+
+,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-h m ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,TMh(B1,TR9CRBEP`(B0,TMU(B1,TB4"M'bKA4K(B0,TEQ(B1,T!(B0,T;Q(B1,T((B0,T(X(B10,T:Q(B1,T9(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9M(B0,TBYh(B1.
+
+>> ,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-u C-v ,TK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'K(B0,TCW(B1,TMAR!!(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P"(B0,TBQ(B1,T::CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T9Ui(B10,T"Vi(B1,T9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'(B0,TJh(B1,TG9:9"M'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B.
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-h m, ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T4Y(B10,TGh(B1,TR(B Text mode 0,T5h(B1,TR'(R!(B Fundamental mode ,TM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'dC(B.
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x 1 ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM"(B0,T(Q(B1,T4`M!JRC(B0,T*Ui(B1,Ta('MM!(R!K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B.
+
+0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,TGh(B1,TRbKA4K(B0,TEQ(B1,T!(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B0,T!g(B1,T`>CRP(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,TAU(B1,TbKA4(B0,TBh(B1,TMB(B (minor mode) 0,TMU(B1,T!(B. ,TbKA4(B0,TBh(B1,TMBd(B0,TAh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B
+0,T5Q(B1,TG`(B0,TEW(B1,TM!c9bKA4K(B0,TEQ(B1,T!(B, ,T`(B0,T9Wh(B1,TM'(R!(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,TAU(B1,T!RC`;(B0,TEUh(B1,TB9d;`(B0,T>U(B1,TB'`(B0,TEg(B1,T!(B0,T9i(B1,TMB`(B0,T7h(B1,TR(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B. ,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,TEPbKA4(B0,TBh(B1,TMBJRARC6(B
+,T(P`(B0,T;T(B1,T4K(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B0,T;T(B1,T4d(B0,T4i(B1,T@RBc9(B0,T5Q(B1,TG`M'(B, 0,T$W(B1,TMa(B0,T5h(B1,TEPbKA4(B0,TBh(B1,TMB(P7S'R9b4B(B0,TMT(B1,TJCP(R!(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B, ,TaEP(B
+,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,TMT(B1,TJCP(R!bKA4K(B0,TEQ(B1,T!(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B. ,T)P(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6d(B0,TAh(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,TbKA4(B0,TBh(B1,TMB`EB(B, ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TMK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'bKA4(B0,TBh(B1,TMB(B, ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B
+,TbKA4(B0,TBh(B1,TMBKERBf(B ,TbKA4<JA(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B0,T!g(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1.
+
+,TbKA4(B0,TBh(B1,TMB(B0,T7Uh(B10,TAU(B1,T;CPbB*(B0,T9l(B1,TAR!(B, ,Tb4B`)>RPJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:c(B0,T*i(B1,Ta(B0,T!i(B1,Td"(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9@RIR(B0,TMQ(B1,T'!DI(B, 0,T$W(B1,TM(B
+,TbKA4(B0,T(Q(B1,T4:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,TMQ(B1,T5b9(B0,TAQ(B10,T5T(B1 (Auto Fill). ,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TMbKA4(B0,T9Ui(B1,T7S'R9(B, 0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T(Pa(B0,T:h(B1,T':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4CPK(B0,TGh(B1,TR'(B
+,T$S(B0,TMQ(B1,T5b9(B0,TAQ(B10,T5T(B1, 0,T7Q(B1,T9(B0,T7U(B10,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9a7C!(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRAaEP7Sc(B0,TKi(B1,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9BRG`(B0,T!T(B1,T9d;(B.
+
+0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6`(B0,T;T(B1,T4bKA4(B0,T(Q(B1,T4:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,TMQ(B1,T5b9(B0,TAQ(B10,T5T(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,Tb4B!RCc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-x auto fill
+mode<Return>. ,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TMbKA4(B0,T9Ui(B1,T7S'R9M(B0,TBYh(B1, 0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6(B0,T;T(B1,T4bKA4(B0,T9Ui(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,Tb4B!RCc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-x
+auto fill mode<Return>. 0,T6i(B1,TRbKA4(B0,T9Ui(B10,T;T(B1,T4M(B0,TBYh(B1, ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B1,T(P`(B0,T;T(B1,T4bKA4c(B0,TKi(B1,T7S'R9(B, ,TaEP(B0,T6i(B1,TR(B
+,TbKA4(B0,T9Ui(B1,T`(B0,T;T(B1,T4M(B0,TBYh(B1, ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B10,T!g(B1,T(P(B0,T;T(B1,T4bKA4(B. 0,T$W(B1,TM(B0,T>Y(B1,T4d(B0,T4i(B10,TGh(B1,TR$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B1 "toggles the mode".
+
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-x auto fill mode<Return> 0,T4Y(B1. ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T;i(B1,TM9(B "asdf " 0,T+i(B1,TSf(B 0,T!Q(B1,T9d;(9(B
+   0,T7h(B1,TR9`(B0,TKg(B1,T9(B0,TGh(B1,TR:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B0,T6Y(B1,T!a(B0,T:h(B1,T'MM!`(B0,T;g(B1,T9JM':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B. 0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T5i(B1,TM'c(B0,TJh(B1,T`(B0,TGi(B1,T9GCC$`>CRP(B0,TGh(B1,TR!RC(B0,T(Q(B1,T4(B
+   ,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,TMQ(B1,T5b9(B0,TAQ(B10,T5T(B1,T(Pa(B0,T:h(B1,T':CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T45C'`(B0,TGi(B1,T9GCC$`(B0,T7h(B1,TR(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B.
+
+,T"M:`(B0,T<Wh(B1,TM(B (margin) ,Tb4BAR!(P(B0,T5Qi(B1,T'c(B0,TKi(B10,T7Uh(B1 70 0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B, ,Ta(B0,T5h(B10,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T!g(B1,TJRARC6`;(B0,TEUh(B1,TB9(B0,T4i(B1,TGB$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B
+C-x f. 0,T7h(B1,TR9$GC(B0,T5Qi(B1,T'"M:`(B0,T<Wh(B1,TM(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,T5Q(B1,TG`E"MR(B0,TCl(B10,T!T(B1,TG`A9(B0,T5l(B1,T5RA(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T5i(B1,TM'!RC(B.
+
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x f ,T>(B0,TCi(B1,TMA(B0,T4i(B1,TGBMR(B0,TCl(B10,T!T(B1,TG`A9(B0,T5l(B1 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
+   ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T;i(B1,TM9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRAaEP(P`(B0,TKg(B1,T9(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B10,T(Q(B1,T4:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T7Uh(B10,TAU(B1,T"9R4(B 20 0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B. ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T5Qi(B1,T'"M:(B
+   ,T`(B0,T<Wh(B1,TM`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B 70 ,Tb4Bc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x f 0,TMU(B1,T!$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B.
+
+0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR97S!RC`;(B0,TEUh(B1,TB9a;E'5C'!ER'(B0,TBh(B1,TMK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B, ,TbKA4(B0,T(Q(B1,T4:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,TMQ(B1,T5b9(B0,TAQ(B10,T5T(B1,T(Pd(B0,TAh(B10,T(Q(B1,T4:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4cK(B0,TAh(B1
+(re-fill) ,Tc(B0,TKi(B10,T7h(B1,TR9(B. 0,T6i(B1,TR(P(B0,T(Q(B1,T4:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4cK(B0,TAh(B1,Tc(B0,TKi(B10,T!Q(B1,T:(B0,TBh(B1,TMK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B, ,Tc(B0,TKi(B10,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-q (META-q)
+,Tb4BGR'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,Td(B0,TGi(B1,T@RBc9(B0,TBh(B1,TMK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B.
+
+>> ,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,T`(B0,T"i(B1,TRd;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'(B0,TBh(B1,TMK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B0,T"i(B1,TR':9(B, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-q.
+
+
+* ,T!RC(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9(B (searching)
+---------------------
+
+0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,TJRARC6(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9JRB(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B (,T!(B0,TEXh(B1,TA"M'(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!ICK(B0,TCW(B1,TM$S(B0,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B10,T5h(B1,TM`(B0,T9Wh(B1,TM'(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B) ,Td(B0,TAh(B10,TGh(B1,TR(Pd;(B
+0,T"i(B1,TR'K(B0,T9i(B1,TRK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B0,TBi(B1,TM9!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:(B, 0,T7Qh(B1,TG(B0,T7Qi(B1,T'(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B. ,T!RC(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9JRB(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B0,T$W(B1,TM$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'c9!RC`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM95SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B
+,T"M'`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1; ,T`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,T(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;M(B0,TBYh(B10,T7Uh(B1,T5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T6Q(B1,T4d;(B0,T7Uh(B10,TAU(B1,TJRB(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9M(B0,TBYh(B1.
+
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9c9(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B10,T5h(B1,TR'(R!$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9c9b;Ca!CA:CC3R(B0,T8T(B1,T!C(B0,T3l(B1 (editor) 0,TJh(B1,TG9cK(B0,T-h(B1, ,Tc9(B
+0,TEQ(B1,T!I3P(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B "incremental". 0,T9Uh(B1,TKARB$GRA(B0,TGh(B1,TR!RC(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(B0,T5Qi(B1,T'a(B0,T5h(B10,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B10,T;i(B1,TM9(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B0,T7Uh(B1
+0,T5i(B1,TM'!RC(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9(B.
+
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TMc(B0,TKi(B1,T7S!RC(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9d;(B0,T"i(B1,TR'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B0,T$W(B1,TM(B C-s, ,TaEP7S!RC(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9(B0,TBi(B1,TM9d;(B0,T"i(B1,TR'K(B0,TEQ(B1,T'(B0,T$W(B1,TM(B
+C-r. ,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,T$MB(B0,T!h(B1,TM9(B! ,TM(B0,TBh(B1,TR`(B0,T>Th(B1,T'EM'(B.
+
+,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-s 0,T7h(B1,TR9(P(B0,TJQ(B1,T'`!5`(B0,TKg(B1,T9(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,TAU(B1,T$S(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B "I-search" ,T;CR!/(B0,T7Uh(B1,T:(B0,TCT(B1,T`G3JP(B0,T7i(B1,TM9(B
+(echo area). 0,T9Uh(B1,TaJ4'(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc9!RC(B0,T$i(B1,T9a::(B incremental ,TaEP!S(B0,TEQ(B1,T'CM(B
+0,TJTh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9(P(B0,T>T(B1,TA(B0,T>l(B1,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9(B. ,T!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B <Return> ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,TJTi(B1,T9(B0,TJX(B1,T4$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9(B.
+
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-s ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA!RC(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9(B. 0,T>T(B1,TA(B0,T>l(B10,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B0,T7U(B1,TEP(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,T*i(B1,TRf(B, 0,T>T(B1,TA(B0,T>l(B1,T$S(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B 'cursor',
+   ,TK(B0,TBX(B1,T4K(B0,TEQ(B1,T'(R!(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T>T(B1,TA(B0,T>l(B10,T7U(B1,TEP(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T4Y(B10,TGh(B1,TR(B0,TAU(B1,TMPdC`(B0,T!T(B1,T4(B0,T"Vi(B1,T9(B0,T!Q(B1,T:`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1.
+   ,T"3P(B0,T9Ui(B10,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B10,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9$S(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B "cursor" ,Td;K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'K9a(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B.
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-s 0,TMU(B1,T!$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B, ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T95SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T6Q(B1,T4d;"M'$S(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B "cursor".
+>> ,T!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B <Delete> 0,TJQ(B1,T!(B0,TJUh(B1,T$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T4Y(B10,TGh(B1,TR`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'dC(B.
+>> ,T!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B <Return> ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,TJTi(B1,T9(B0,TJX(B1,T4$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9(B.
+
+0,T7h(B1,TR9`(B0,TKg(B1,T9K(B0,TCW(B1,TMd(B0,TAh(B10,TGh(B1,TR(B0,TAU(B1,TMPdC`(B0,T!T(B1,T4(B0,T"Vi(B1,T9(B? ,Tc9!RC(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9a::(B incremental, 0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T>BRBRA(B
+,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;5RAJRB(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B10,T>T(B1,TA(B0,T>l(B1,TE'd;c9a(B0,T5h(B1,TEP$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B. 0,T6i(B1,TR(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B
+0,T6Q(B1,T4d;"M'$S(B, 0,T!g(B1,T7Sd(B0,T4i(B1,Tb4B!RC(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-s 0,TMU(B1,T!$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B. 0,T6i(B1,TRd(B0,TAh(B10,TAU(B1,T$S(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B0,TMU(B1,T!a(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B, 0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T(P(B0,TCi(B1,TM'(B
+,T:M!(B (beep) 0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,TGh(B1,TR!RC(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B ",T>ER4(B (failing)", ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-g 0,T!g(B1,TJRARC6c(B0,T*i(B1,Tc9(B
+,T!RC(B0,TJTi(B1,T9(B0,TJX(B1,T4!RC(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9d(B0,T4i(B1.
+
+0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TJQ(B1,T'`!5(B: ,Tc9:R'CP::(B, ,T!RC(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-s ,T(P7Sc(B0,TKi(B1,TCP::"M'(B0,T7h(B1,TR9*P(B0,T'Q(B1,T!aEP(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(Pd(B0,TAh(B1,T`(B0,TKg(B1,T9(B
+0,T"i(B1,TM$GRAMPdC:9(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1. 0,TEQ(B1,T!I3P(B0,T9Ui(B1,TaJ4'(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B "feature" ,T"M'CP::;(B0,T/T(B10,T:Q(B10,T5T(B1,T!RC(B, 0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B 
+"flow control" 0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B, ,Td(B0,T4i(B10,T"Q(B1,T4"GR'!RC7S'R9"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-s ,TaEPd(B0,TAh(B1,TBMAc(B0,TKi(B1,T!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:(B0,TJYh(B10,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1
+0,TMU(B1,T!(B. ,T!RC(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(Pa(B0,T!i(B1,Td"!RCK(B0,TBX(B1,T4*P(B0,T'Q(B1,T!(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B, ,Tc(B0,TKi(B10,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-q. 0,THV(B1,T!IR(B0,TGT(B10,T8U(B1,T!RC(B0,T(Q(B1,T4!RC(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B "feature" 
+0,T9Ui(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,T7Uh(B1,T:7(B0,T7Uh(B10,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" ,Tc9(B0,T$Yh(B10,TAW(B1,TM"M'(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1.
+
+0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9M(B0,TBYh(B1,TCPK(B0,TGh(B1,TR'!RC(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9a::(B incremental ,TM(B0,TBYh(B1, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T7h(B1,TR9!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B <Delete>, 0,T7h(B1,TR9(P(B
+0,TJQ(B1,T'`!5`(B0,TKg(B1,T9(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B0,TJX(B1,T4(B0,T7i(B1,TRB(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T;i(B1,TM9`(B0,T"i(B1,TRd;(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B0,T6Y(B1,T!E:MM!(B, ,TaEP(P(B0,TBi(B1,TM9!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B
+0,T!h(B1,TM9K(B0,T9i(B1,TR"M'!RC(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9(B. 0,T5Q(B1,TGM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'`(B0,T*h(B1,T9(B, ,TJA(B0,TAX(B10,T5T(B10,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,T4i(B10,T;i(B1,TM9(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B "c", ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9(B
+,T5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,T;CR!/(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B "c" 0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B. ,T5M9(B0,T9Ui(B10,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T>T(B1,TA(B0,T>l(B10,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B "u", ,T`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B10,T!g(B1,T(P(B
+,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9d;M(B0,TBYh(B10,T7Uh(B1,T5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,T;CR!/JRB(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B "cu" ,TaC!(B0,TJX(B1,T4(B. ,T5M9(B0,T9Ui(B1,Tc(B0,TKi(B1,T!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B <Delete>.
+0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B "u" ,T(P(B0,T6Y(B1,T!E:MM!(R!JRB(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B0,T7Uh(B1,T7S!RC(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9M(B0,TBYh(B1, ,TaEP`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B10,T!g(B1,T(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B
+,T!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,T;CR!/(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,TMQ(B1,T!IC(B "c" ,TaC!(B0,TJX(B1,T4(B.
+
+0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9M(B0,TBYh(B1,TCPK(B0,TGh(B1,TR'!RC(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9(B, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T';CPJA"M'(B CONTROL ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B META (,T9M!(R!(B
+0,T"i(B1,TMB!`(B0,TGi(B1,T9:R';CP!RC(B--,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T>T(B1,T`HI(B0,T7Uh(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:!RC(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9(B, ,Td(B0,T4i(B1,Ta(B0,T!h(B1 C-s ,TaEP(B C-r), ,T!RC(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B
+0,T$i(B1,T9(P(B0,TJTi(B1,T9(B0,TJX(B1,T4E'(B.
+
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-s ,T`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA!RC(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9(B0,T4i(B1,TGB!RCAM'KRJRB(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B0,T5Qi(B1,T'a(B0,T5h(B1,T5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'(B0,T;Q(B1,T((B0,T(X(B10,T:Q(B1,T9"M'`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1.
+0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T5i(B1,TM'!RC(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9JRB(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B0,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B10,T!h(B1,TM9K(B0,T9i(B1,TRc9(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B, ,Tc(B0,TKi(B10,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-r ,Ta79(B.
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-s ,T(P7S'R9`K(B0,TAW(B1,TM9(B0,T!Q(B1,T:$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-r 0,T7X(B1,T!M(B0,TBh(B1,TR'(B, ,TB!`(B0,TGi(B1,T9(B0,T7T(B1,TH7R'"M'!RC(B0,TJW(B1,T:(B0,T$i(B1,T9(B
+,T`(B0,T7h(B1,TR(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B, 0,T7Uh(B1,T5C'(B0,T"i(B1,TRA(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B.
+
+
+* 0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,Ta::KERB(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1 (multiple windows)
+--------------------------------------
+
+0,TEQ(B1,T!I3P(B0,T7Uh(B10,T9h(B1,TRJ9c((B0,TMQ(B1,T9K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'"M'(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B10,T!g(B10,T$W(B1,TM(B, 0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6aJ4'<Ed(B0,T4i(B1,TAR!!(B0,TGh(B1,TRK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,T:9K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B
+,TK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(Mc9`GER`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B.
+
+>> ,T`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,TAR(B0,T7Uh(B1,T:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4(B0,T9Ui(B1, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-u 0 C-l.
+
+>> 0,T5h(B1,TMd;(B, 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x 2 0,T+Vh(B1,T'(Pa(B0,T:h(B1,T'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(MMM!`(B0,T;g(B1,T9JM'(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1.
+   0,T7Qi(B1,T'JM'(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,TaJ4'(B0,T$Yh(B10,TAW(B1,TM!RCc(B0,T*i(B10,T9Ui(B1. ,T`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,T;CR!/M(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc9(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,T:9(B.
+
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-M-v ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,TAi(B1,TG9(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,T"i(B1,TR'(B0,TEh(B1,TR'(B.
+   (0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,TAh(B10,TAU(B10,T;Xh(B1,TA(B META, 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B ESC C-v ,Ta79(B.)
+
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x o ("o" ,TKARB(B0,T6V(B1,T'(B "other") ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,TAR(B0,TBQ(B1,T'(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,TEh(B1,TR'(B.
+>> ,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-v ,TaEP(B M-v ,Tc9(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,TEh(B1,TR'`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,TAi(B1,TG9(B.
+   0,TMh(B1,TR9$Sa9P9S(B0,T9Ui(B10,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,T:9(B.
+
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x o 0,TMU(B1,T!$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,T!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:d;(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,T:9(B.
+   ,T`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,Tc9(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,T:9(P;CR!/5C'(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7Uh(B1,T`$B;CR!/(B.
+
+0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x o ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TMJ(B0,TEQ(B1,T:d;ARCPK(B0,TGh(B1,TR'(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1. ,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,TEP(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,TAU(B1,T5SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'"M'(B
+,T`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,T"M'(B0,T5Q(B1,TG`M'(B, ,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,T(P(B0,TAU(B1,T`(B0,T>U(B1,TB'(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,T`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG`(B0,T7h(B1,TR(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B0,T7Uh(B1,TaJ4'(B0,T5Q(B1,TG`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1. 0,T7X(B1,T!$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T!g(B1,T(P(B
+0,TAU(B1,T<E(B0,T5h(B1,TM(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,T7Uh(B10,TAU(B1,T`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,T;CR!/M(B0,TBYh(B1,T`(B0,T7h(B1,TR(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B. ,T`CR`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,T9Ui(B10,TGh(B1,TR(B "0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,T7Uh(B10,T6Y(B1,T!`(B0,TEW(B1,TM!(B 
+(selected window)".
+
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-M-v 0,TAU(B1,T;CPbB*(B0,T9l(B1,TAR!`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B0,T7h(B1,TR9!S(B0,TEQ(B1,T'a(B0,T!i(B1,Td"(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA:9(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,TK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B, ,TaEP(B0,T4Y(B10,TMU(B1,T!(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,TK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B
+,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM!RC(B0,TMi(B1,TR'(B0,TMT(B1,T'(B. 0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6c(B0,TKi(B1,T`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B1,T;CR!/:9(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9!S(B0,TEQ(B1,T'a(B0,T!i(B1,Td"M(B0,TBYh(B1,T5EM4`GER(B,
+,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM95SaK(B0,T9h(B1,T'"M'(B0,TMU(B1,T!(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,TK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B0,T4i(B1,TGB$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-M-v.
+
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-M-v ,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T5Q(B1,TGM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T';CPJA(B CONTROL-META. 0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,TAU(B10,T;Xh(B1,TA(B META,
+0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-M-v ,Tb4B!RC!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B CONTROL ,TaEP(B META ,T"3P(B0,T7Uh(B1,T!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B
+v. ,Td(B0,TAh(B10,TGh(B1,TR(P!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B CONTROL ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B META 0,T!h(B1,TM9(B0,T!g(B1,Td(B0,TAh(B10,TAU(B10,T;Q(B1,T-KRMPdC(B, ,T`>CRP(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T7Qi(B1,T'JM'(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B
+,T"BRB"M'(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B0,T7Uh(B10,T7h(B1,TR9(P!4(B.
+
+0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,TAh(B10,TAU(B10,T;Xh(B1,TA(B META, ,TaEP(B0,T7h(B1,TR9c(B0,T*i(B10,T;Xh(B1,TA(B ESC ,Ta79(B, ,TES(B0,T4Q(B1,T:"M'!RC!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(P(B0,TAU(B1,T<E(B0,T5h(B1,TM!RC7S'R9(B: 
+0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T5i(B1,TM'!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B ESC ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG5RA(B0,T4i(B1,TGB$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B CONTROL-v, ,T`>CRP(B0,TGh(B1,TR$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B CONTROL-ESC v ,T(Pd(B0,TAh(B1
+,T7S'R9(B. 0,T7Qi(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B1,T`>CRP(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B ESC ,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B0,T5Q(B1,TGK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B, ,Td(B0,TAh(B1,Tc(B0,T*h(B10,T;Xh(B1,TA"BRB(B.
+
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x 1 (,Tc9(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,T:9(B) ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM!S(B0,T(Q(B1,T4(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,TEh(B1,TR'(B.
+
+(0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x 1 ,Tc9(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,TEh(B1,TR'(B, 0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,T:9(B0,T!g(B1,T(PKRBd;(B. 0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6(S(B
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,Tb4B(B0,T$T(B1,T4(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B ",T`K(B0,TEW(B1,TMd(B0,TGi(B1,T`(B0,T>U(B1,TB'K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1--0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,T7Uh(B1,TM(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc9"3P(B0,T9Ui(B1.")
+
+0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,TAh(B1,T(S`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T5i(B1,TM'aJ4'<E"M'(B0,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B1,T`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T9:9(B0,T7Qi(B1,T'JM'(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1. 0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x C-f
+,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T$i(B1,T9KRa(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TEc9(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,TK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B, 0,TMU(B1,T!(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,TK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(Pd(B0,TAh(B1,T`;(B0,TEUh(B1,TB9a;E'(B. 0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6(B0,T$i(B1,T9KR(B
+,Ta(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TEc9a(B0,T5h(B1,TEP(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,TMT(B1,TJCP(B0,T5h(B1,TM(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B.
+
+0,T5h(B1,TMd;`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,TMU(B1,T!(B0,TGT(B10,T8U(B1,TK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'"M'!RCc(B0,T*i(B1,TJM'(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:aJ4'<E"M'JM'(B0,TJTh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B10,T5h(B1,TR'(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B:
+
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x 4 C-f ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG5RA(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,T*Wh(B1,TMa(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B. 0,TJTi(B1,T9(B0,TJX(B1,T4$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T4i(B1,TGB!RC!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B
+   <Return>. ,T(P`(B0,TKg(B1,T9(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,TAU(B1,Ta(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Uh(B10,T5i(B1,TM'!RC;CR!/M(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc9(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,TEh(B1,TR'(B. ,T`$M(B0,TCl(B1,T`+M(B0,TCl(B10,T!g(B1,T(Pd;(B
+   ,T;CR!/(B0,T7Uh(B10,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,T9Qi(B1,T9(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B.
+
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x o ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,T:9(B, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x 1 ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM!S(B0,T(Q(B1,T4(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,TEh(B1,TR'(B.
+
+
+* ,TCP(B0,T4Q(B1,T:"M'!RCa(B0,T!i(B1,Td"a::`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T+i(B1,TS(B (recursive editing levels)
+-------------------------------------------------------
+
+,T:R'$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B0,T7h(B1,TR9MR((P`(B0,T"i(B1,TRd;M(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc9(B ",TCP(B0,T4Q(B1,T:"M'!RCa(B0,T!i(B1,Td"a::!RC`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T+i(B1,TS(B (recursive editing
+level)". ,TJ@R>(B0,T4Q(B1,T'!(B0,TEh(B1,TRG`(B0,T*h(B1,T9(B0,T9Ui(B1,TaJ4'(B0,T4i(B1,TGBG'`(B0,TEg(B1,T:(B0,T!i(B1,TRA(B0,T;Y(B1,Tc9:CC(B0,T7Q(B1,T4aJ4'bKA4(B, 0,TEi(B1,TMACM:G'`(B0,TEg(B1,T:(B0,T7Uh(B1
+,TaJ4'(B0,T*Wh(B1,TM"M'bKA4K(B0,TEQ(B1,T!(B. 0,T5Q(B1,TGM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'`(B0,T*h(B1,T9(B, 0,T7h(B1,TR9MR((P`(B0,TKg(B1,T9(B [(Fundamental)] ,Ta79(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B
+(Fundamental).
+
+,Tc9!RC(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(PMM!(R!CP(B0,T4Q(B1,T:"M'!RCa(B0,T!i(B1,Td"a::`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T+i(B1,TS(B, ,T!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B ESC ESC ESC. 0,T9Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,T7Qh(B1,TGd;c9!RCMM!(R!CP(B0,T4Q(B1,T:c4f(B ,T"M'!RC;CPAGE<E(B. 0,T7h(B1,TR9JRARC6c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B1,Tc9(B
+,T!RC!S(B0,T(Q(B1,T4(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B10,T>T(B1,T`HI(B0,TMWh(B1,T9f(B, ,TCGA(B0,T7Qi(B1,T'!RCMM!(R!(B0,TAT(B10,T9T(B10,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B1 (minibuffer).
+
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B M-x ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM`(B0,T"i(B1,TRd;c9(B0,TAT(B10,T9T(B10,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B1; ,T!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B ESC ESC ESC ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TMMM!(R!(B
+   0,TAT(B10,T9T(B10,T:Q(B1,T?`?M(B0,TCl(B10,T9Qi(B1,T9(B.
+
+0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,TAh(B1,TJRARC6c(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-g ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TMMM!(R!CP(B0,T4Q(B1,T:"M'!RCa(B0,T!i(B1,Td"a::`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T+i(B1,TS(B.
+,T`>CRP(B0,TGh(B1,TR$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-g ,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TMB!`(B0,TET(B1,T!$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'aEPMR(B0,TCl(B10,T!T(B1,TG`A9(B0,T5l(B1,T@RBc9CP(B0,T4Q(B1,T:"M'!RCa(B0,T!i(B1,Td"a::(B
+,T`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T+i(B1,TS(B.
+
+
+* ,T!RC`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T4Y(B10,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T*h(B1,TGB`K(B0,TEW(B1,TM`(B0,T>Th(B1,TA`(B0,T5T(B1,TA(B (getting more help)
+-------------------------------------------------
+
+,Tc9(B0,T$Yh(B10,TAW(B1,TM(B0,T9Ui(B1,T`CR>BRBRA(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(Pc(B0,TKi(B10,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,T>U(B1,TB'>MJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:!RC`(B0,TCTh(B1,TAc(B0,T*i(B10,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1. 0,TBQ(B1,T'$'(B0,TAU(B10,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,TMU(B1,T!AR!c9(B
+0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B10,T+Vh(B1,T'`CRd(B0,TAh(B1,TJRARC6(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P9SARM(B0,T8T(B1,T:RBd(B0,TGi(B1,Tc9(B0,T7Uh(B10,T9Ui(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,T7Qi(B1,T'KA4(B. ,TM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'dC(B0,T!g(B1,T5RA(B, 0,T7h(B1,TR9MR((B0,T5i(B1,TM'!RC(B
+,T`(B0,TCU(B1,TB9(B0,TCYi(B1,T`(B0,T!Uh(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T`(B0,T>Th(B1,TA`(B0,T5T(B1,TA`>CRP(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B10,TBQ(B1,T'(B0,TAU(B10,T$X(B1,T3JA(B0,T:Q(B10,T5T(B10,TMU(B1,T!AR!ARB(B. 0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,T`5(B0,TCU(B1,TBA$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B
+,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T4Y(B1,T`(B0,T9Wi(B1,TMKR`(B0,T!Uh(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T:$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'"M'(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1. ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B "0,T*h(B1,TGB`K(B0,TEW(B1,TM(B (help)" 0,T7Qi(B1,T'KA4`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B
+0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B CONTROL-h, 0,T+Vh(B1,T'`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B "0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B0,T*h(B1,TGB`K(B0,TEW(B1,TM(B (the Help character)".
+
+,Tc9!RC(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(Pc(B0,T*i(B10,T$X(B1,T3JA(B0,T:Q(B10,T5T(B10,T*h(B1,TGB`K(B0,TEW(B1,TM(B, 0,T;i(B1,TM9(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B C-h, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG5RA(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,TMU(B1,T!K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM:M!(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B
+0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T5i(B1,TM'!RC$S(B0,T*h(B1,TGB`K(B0,TEW(B1,TMMPdC(B. 0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,TAh(B1,T7CR:(B0,TGh(B1,TR(P7SMPdC(B0,T5h(B1,TMd;(B, 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-h ? ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B
+0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T(P:M!(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,TAU(B1,T$S(B0,T*h(B1,TGBMPdC(B0,T7Uh(B10,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,TJRARC6(Pc(B0,TKi(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1. 0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-h ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B
+0,T5i(B1,TM'!RCB!`(B0,TET(B1,T!(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B, 0,T!g(B1,TJRARC6B!`(B0,TET(B1,T!d(B0,T4i(B1,Tb4Bc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-g.
+
+(,Tc9:R'CP::(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B, ,T$GRAKARB"M'(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B C-h ,Td(B0,T4i(B10,T6Y(B1,T!`;(B0,TEUh(B1,TB9d;(B. 0,T+Vh(B1,T'b4B$GRA`(B0,T;g(B1,T9((B0,TCT(B1,T'a(B0,TEi(B1,TGd(B0,TAh(B1
+,T$GC(P7S`(B0,T*h(B1,T9(B0,T9Ui(B1, 0,T7Qi(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B10,T7h(B1,TR9MR((P(B0,T*Ui(B1,Ta('(B0,T5h(B1,TM(B0,T<Yi(B10,T4Y(B1,TaECP::d(B0,T4i(B1. ,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:!RCa(B0,T!i(B10,T;Q(B1,T-KR`)>RPK(B0,T9i(B1,TR(B, 0,T6i(B1,TR(B
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-h ,Td(B0,TAh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,TaJ4'(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA`(B0,T!Uh(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T:$S(B0,T*h(B1,TGB`K(B0,TEW(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B10,TJh(B1,TG9(B0,TEh(B1,TR'"M'K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B, ,Tc(B0,TKi(B1,TEM'!4(B0,T;Xh(B1,TA(B F1 
+,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B M-x help<Return> ,Ta79(B.)
+
+0,T$X(B1,T3JA(B0,T:Q(B10,T5T(B1,T`(B0,T:Wi(B1,TM'(B0,T5i(B1,T9"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T*h(B1,TGB`K(B0,TEW(B1,TM(B0,T$W(B1,TM$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-h c. ,TEM'(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-h, 0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B c, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B
+,T5RA(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CPK(B0,TCW(B1,TMJRB(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B; ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T(PaJ4'$SM(B0,T8T(B1,T:RB"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9b4B(B0,TJQ(B1,T'`";(B.
+
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-h c CONTROL-p.
+   0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B1,T;CR!/(P`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T4Q(B1,T'(B0,T5h(B1,TMd;(B0,T9Ui(B1
+
+	C-p runs the command previous-line
+
+0,T9Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9!RC:M!(B "0,T*Wh(B1,TM(B0,T?Q(B1,T'(B0,T!l(B10,T*Q(B1,T9"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B" 0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B. 0,T*Wh(B1,TM"M'(B0,T?Q(B1,T'(B0,T!l(B10,T*Q(B1,T9c(B0,T*i(B1,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM!RC;(B0,TCQ(B1,T:aEPa(B0,T5h(B1,T'`(B0,T5T(B1,TA(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1. 
+,Ta(B0,T5h(B1,T`(B0,T9Wh(B1,TM'(R!(B0,T*Wh(B1,TM"M'(B0,T?Q(B1,T'(B0,T!l(B10,T*Q(B1,T9(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B0,T5Qi(B1,T'`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T*Ui(B1,T:M!(B0,TGh(B1,TR$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Qi(B1,T97S'R9M(B0,TBh(B1,TR'dC(B, 0,T+Vh(B1,T'MR(`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T5Q(B1,TG(B0,T*h(B1,TGB:M!(B
+,T$SM(B0,T8T(B1,T:RBb4B(B0,TJQ(B1,T'`";d(B0,T4i(B1--,TMR(`(B0,T>U(B1,TB'>M(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`(B0,T5W(B1,TM9c(B0,TKi(B10,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T9V(B1,T!(B0,T6V(B1,T'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B10,T5i(B1,TM'!RCd(B0,T4i(B1.
+
+,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,T;CP!M:(B0,T4i(B1,TGBKERB(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B ,T`(B0,T*h(B1,T9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x C-s ,TaEP(B (0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,TAh(B10,TAU(B10,T;Xh(B1,TA(B META ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B
+EDIT ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B ALT) ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B <ESC>v ,TJRARC6c(B0,T*i(B1,T5RAK(B0,TEQ(B1,T'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-h c.
+
+,T!RC(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B0,T4Y(B10,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE`(B0,T>Th(B1,TA`(B0,T!Uh(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T:$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B, ,Tc(B0,TKi(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-h k ,Ta79$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-h c.
+
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-h k CONTROL-p.
+
+0,T9Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9!RCaJ4'<E$SM(B0,T8T(B1,T:RB"M'(B0,T?Q(B1,T'(B0,T!l(B10,T*Q(B1,T9(B, ,T>(B0,TCi(B1,TMA(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B0,T*Wh(B1,TM"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B, ,Tc9(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,TK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'"M'(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1. 
+,T`(B0,TAWh(B1,TM(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,TMh(B1,TR9`J(B0,TCg(B1,T(a(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B, 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x 1 ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM!S(B0,T(Q(B1,T4(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRA"M'$S(B0,T*h(B1,TGB`K(B0,TEW(B1,TM(B. 0,T7h(B1,TR9d(B0,TAh(B1
+,T(S`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P(B0,T5i(B1,TM'7S(B0,T7Q(B1,T9(B0,T7U(B1. 0,T7h(B1,TR9MR(7S!RCa(B0,T!i(B1,Td""3P(B0,T7Uh(B10,T4Y(B10,T"i(B1,TM$GRA$S(B0,T*h(B1,TGB`K(B0,TEW(B1,TM(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9M(B0,TBYh(B1, ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B
+0,T$h(B1,TMB(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x 1.
+
+0,T5h(B1,TMd;(B0,T9Ui(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T5Q(B1,TG`(B0,TEW(B1,TM!(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9;CPbB*(B0,T9l(B1:
+
+   C-h f	,TM(B0,T8T(B1,T:RB(B0,T?Q(B1,T'(B0,T!l(B10,T*Q(B1,T9(B. 0,T>T(B1,TA(B0,T>l(B10,T*Wh(B1,TM(B0,T?Q(B1,T'(B0,T!l(B10,T*Q(B1,T9(B0,T7Uh(B10,T5i(B1,TM'!RC7CR:5RAE'd;(B.
+
+>> ,TEM'(B0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-h f previous-line<Return>.
+   0,T9Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9!RC(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P7Sc(B0,TKi(B10,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B10,T>T(B1,TA(B0,T>l(B10,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B0,T7Qi(B1,T'KA4(B0,T7Uh(B10,TAU(B1,T`(B0,T!Uh(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B0,T?Q(B1,T'(B0,T!l(B10,T*Q(B1,T9"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-p.
+
+   C-h a 	,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`KARPJA(B (Command Apropos). 0,T;i(B1,TM9$SK(B0,TEQ(B1,T!(B (keyword)
+		,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T(PaJ4'CRB!RC"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Qi(B1,T'KA4(B0,T7Uh(B10,TAU(B1,T$SK(B0,TEQ(B1,T!;CP!M:M(B0,TBYh(B1.
+		,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'`K(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B0,T9Ui(B1,T(P`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!c(B0,T*i(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,T4i(B1,TGB$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B META-x.
+		,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T::R'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B, ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`KARPJA(B (Command Apropos) ,T(P(B
+		,TaJ4'CRB!RC"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,T;CP!M:(B0,T4i(B1,TGBK(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'K(B0,TCW(B1,TMJM'JRB(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B0,T7Uh(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,T`(B0,TCU(B1,TB!(B
+		,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B.
+
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-h a file<Return>.
+
+0,T9Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9!RCaJ4'CRB!RC"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T';CP!M:"M'(B M-x 0,T!Q(B1,T:(B "file" ,Tc9(B0,T*Wh(B1,TM"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B
+0,T7Qi(B1,T'KA4c9(B0,TMU(B1,T!K(B0,T9i(B1,TR(M(B. 0,T7h(B1,TR9(P`(B0,TKg(B1,T9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T';CP!M:(B0,TMQ(B1,T!"CP(B (character-command) ,T`(B0,T*h(B1,T9(B C-x
+C-f ,TaJ4'M(B0,TBYh(B10,T!Q(B1,T:(B0,T*Wh(B1,TM"M'$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9f(B ,T`(B0,T*h(B1,T9(B find-file.
+
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-M-v ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM`$(B0,TEWh(B1,TM9(B0,TAi(B1,TG9(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,T$S(B0,T*h(B1,TGB`K(B0,TEW(B1,TM(B (help window). ,TEM'7S(B0,T4Y(B10,TJQ(B1,T!(B
+   ,TJM'JRA$(B0,TCQi(B1,T'(B.
+
+>> 0,T;i(B1,TM9$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x 1 ,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM!S(B0,T(Q(B1,T4(B0,TGT(B1,T9b4(B0,TGl(B1,T$S(B0,T*h(B1,TGB`K(B0,TEW(B1,TM(B.
+
+
+* ,TJ(B0,TCX(B1,T;(B
+-----
+
+0,TJTh(B1,T'$GC(Sd(B0,TGi(B10,T$W(B1,TM(B, ,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-x C-c ,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,TJSK(B0,TCQ(B1,T:MM!(R!(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,TM(B0,TBh(B1,TR'6RGC(B. 0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T5i(B1,TM'!RCMM!d;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'(B
+,T`*E(B0,TEl(B10,T*Qh(B1,TG$CRG(B, ,TaEPJRARC6!(B0,TEQ(B1,T:AR(B0,TBQ(B1,T'(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,TMU(B1,T!(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B, ,Tc(B0,TKi(B1,Tc(B0,T*i(B1,T$S(B0,TJQh(B1,T'(B C-z.
+
+0,T$Yh(B10,TAW(B1,TM!RCc(B0,T*i(B10,T9Ui(B10,TAU(B1,T`(59Rc(B0,TKi(B10,T<Yi(B10,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,T>Th(B1,T'`(B0,TCTh(B1,TAc(B0,T*i(B10,T7Qi(B1,T'KERBJRARC6`(B0,T"i(B1,TRc(d(B0,T4i(B1, 0,T4Q(B1,T'(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9(B0,T6i(B1,TR(B0,T7h(B1,TR9>::R'(B0,TJTh(B1,T'(B0,T7Uh(B1,Td(B0,TAh(B1
+0,T*Q(B1,T4`(9(B, ,Td(B0,TAh(B10,T5i(B1,TM'(B0,T9Qh(B1,T'5SK(B0,T9T(B10,T5Q(B1,TG`M'(B - ,TJM:6RAARd(B0,T4i(B1,T`EB(B!
+
+
+* ,T!RC7SJS`9R(B (copying)
+----------------------
+
+0,T$Yh(B10,TAW(B1,TM(B0,T9Ui(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,TCQ(B1,T:!RC(B0,T>Q(B1,T29RAR`(B0,T;g(B1,T9CPBP`GER9R9(B, ,T`(B0,TCTh(B1,TA(B0,T5Qi(B1,T'a(B0,T5h(B10,T5i(B1,T9)(B0,T:Q(B1,T:(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,T"U(B1,TB9b4B(B Stuart Cracraft.
+
+0,T$Yh(B10,TAW(B1,TM`GM(B0,TCl(B10,T*Q(B1,T9(B0,T9Ui(B1, ,T`(B0,T*h(B1,T9`(B0,T4U(B1,TBG(B0,T!Q(B1,T:(B GNU Emacs, ,Td(B0,T4i(B10,TCQ(B1,T:!RCJ'G9(B0,TJT(B1,T7(B0,T8Tl(B1, ,TaEP<9G!d(B0,TGi(B1,Tc9`(B0,T'Wh(B1,TM9d"c9(B
+,T!RC`<Ba>(B0,TCh(B10,T4i(B1,TGB(B:
+
+,TJ'G9(B0,TET(B1,T"(B0,TJT(B1,T7(B0,T8Tl(B1 ,T>(B.,TH(B. 2528, 2529 ,Tb4B?(B0,TCU(B1,T+M?(B0,T5l(B1,TaG(B0,TCl(B1,T?RG(B0,T9l(B1,T`4(B0,T*Q(B1,T9(B (Free Software Foundation) 
+
+   0,T7X(B1,T!(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,TAU(B10,TJT(B1,T7(B0,T8Tl(B1,Tc9!RC7SJS`9RK(B0,TCW(B1,TM`<Ba>(B0,TCh(B1,T`M!JRC(B0,T9Ui(B1, ,Tc9(B0,T7X(B1,T!(B0,TJWh(B1,TM(B, ,Tb4B(B0,T5i(B1,TM'a9:(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRAaJ4'(B
+   0,TJT(B1,T7(B0,T8Tl(B1,TaEP!RCM(B0,T9X(B1,T-R5(B0,T9Ui(B1,Td;>(B0,TCi(B1,TMA(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B. 0,T7Qi(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B1,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T*Ui(B1,Tc(B0,TKi(B1,T`(B0,TKg(B1,T9(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T<Yi(B1,T`<Ba>(B0,TCh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,TM(B0,T9X(B1,T-R5c(B0,TKi(B10,T<Yi(B10,T7Uh(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B10,TCQ(B1,T:(B
+   ,TJRARC67S!RC`<Ba>(B0,TCh(B10,T5h(B1,TMd;d(B0,T4i(B1,Tb4BMR(B0,THQ(B1,TB(B0,T"i(B1,TM$GRAc9`M!JRC(B0,T9Ui(B1.
+
+   ,T!RCM(B0,T9X(B1,T-R5(B0,T9Qi(B1,T9d(B0,T4i(B1,TCGA(B0,T6V(B1,T'(B0,TJT(B1,T7(B0,T8Tl(B1,Tc9!RC`<Ba>(B0,TCh(B1,T`GM(B0,TCl(B10,T*Q(B1,T9(B0,T7Uh(B1,T;(B0,TCQ(B1,T:;(B0,TCX(B1,T'a(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B, ,TK(B0,TCW(B1,TM(B0,TJh(B1,TG9K(B0,T9Vh(B1,T'"M'(B
+   ,T`M!JRC(B0,T9Ui(B1, ,T@RBc(B0,T5i(B1,T`(B0,T'Wh(B1,TM9d"(B0,T"i(B1,TR':9(B, ,T5EM4(9(B0,TJT(B1,T7(B0,T8Tl(B1,Tc9!RC:M!(B0,TGh(B1,TRc$C`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T<Yi(B1,T;(B0,TCQ(B1,T:;(B0,TCX(B1,T'(B0,TEh(B1,TR(B0,TJX(B1,T4(B.
+
+,T`(B0,T'Wh(B1,TM9d""M'!RC7SJS`9R(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T(P(B0,T+Q(B1,T:(B0,T+i(B1,TM9AR!!(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T9Ui(B1, ,Ta(B0,T5h(B10,TAU(B1,T`(59RCA(B0,T3l(B10,T7Uh(B1,T`K(B0,TAW(B1,TM9(B0,T!Q(B1,T9(B. ,T!(B0,TCX(B1,T3R(B
+0,TMh(B1,TR9a(B0,T?i(B1,TA(B0,T"i(B1,TM(B0,TAY(B1,TE(B COPYING ,Ta(B0,TEi(B1,TG`<Ba>(B0,TCh(B1,TJS`9R"M'(B GNU Emacs ,Td;(B0,TBQ(B1,T'`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM9f(B ,T"M'(B0,T7h(B1,TR9(B0,T4i(B1,TGB(B. 
+0,T*h(B1,TGB(B0,T!Q(B1,T97SERBCP::KG'+M?(B0,T5l(B1,TaG(B0,TCl(B1 (",TaJ4'$GRA`(B0,T;g(B1,T9`(B0,T(i(B1,TR(B0,T"i(B1,TRG`(B0,T(i(B1,TR"M'(B") 0,T4i(B1,TGB!RCc(B0,T*i(B1, 
+,T!RC`(B0,T"U(B1,TB9(B, ,TaEP!RC`(B0,T;g(B1,T9`(B0,T(i(B1,TR"M'(B0,TCh(B1,TGA(B0,T!Q(B1,T9"M'+M?(B0,T5l(B1,TaG(B0,TCl(B1,T`J(B0,TCU(B1 (free software).
+
+
+* 0,T5i(B1,T9)(B0,T:Q(B1,T:(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T4i(B1,TGB`(B0,TCWh(B1,TM'!RC7SJS`9R(B
+--------------------------
+
+0,T5h(B1,TMd;(B0,T9Ui(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9`M!JRC(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T4i(B1,TGB`(B0,TCWh(B1,TM'!RC7SJS`9R(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T5i(B1,T9)(B0,T:Q(B1,T:(B. ,T`M!JRC(B0,T9Ui(B1,T;CR!/M(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc9(B0,T$Yh(B10,TAW(B1,TM!RCc(B0,T*i(B1
+0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T)(B0,T:Q(B1,T:@RIR(B0,TMQ(B1,T'!DI(B, 0,T+Vh(B1,T'`(B0,T;g(B1,T9(B0,T5i(B1,T9)(B0,T:Q(B1,T:"M'`M!JRCa;E)(B0,T:Q(B1,T:(B0,T9Ui(B10,T4i(B1,TGB(B.
+
+This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
+starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
+
+This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
+comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
+
+Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation
+
+   Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
+   of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
+   copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
+   and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
+   for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
+
+   Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
+   of this document, or of portions of it,
+   under the above conditions, provided also that they
+   carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
+
+The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the
+same spirit.  Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of
+GNU Emacs to your friends.  Help stamp out software obstructionism
+("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!
+
+
+* ,T$S(B0,TJh(B1,T'(B0,T7i(B1,TRB(B
+---------
+
+0,T$Yh(B10,TAW(B1,TM)(B0,T:Q(B1,T:(B0,T9Ui(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,Ta;E(R!(B0,T5i(B1,T9)(B0,T:Q(B1,T:(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9@RIR(B0,TMQ(B1,T'!DI(B, 0,T+Vh(B1,T'(P;CR!/M(B0,TBYh(B1,Tc9(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T`GM(B0,TCl(B10,T*Q(B1,T9(B 20.4. 
+0,T<Yi(B1,Ta;Ed(B0,T4i(B1,T7S!RCa;E(B0,T"Vi(B1,T9ARcK(B0,TAh(B1,T`(B0,T9Wh(B1,TM'(R!)(B0,T:Q(B1,T:`(B0,T!h(B1,TR(B0,T7Uh(B1,T`(B0,T;g(B1,T9@RIRd7B(B, 0,T+Vh(B1,T'a;Eb4B(B ,T4C(B.,TAR9>(B ,TG'(B0,THl(B1
+,TJRB(B0,TJX(B1,TGCC3(B, ,Td(B0,T4i(B10,TMT(B1,T'(B0,T$Yh(B10,TAW(B1,TM"M'(B0,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T`GM(B0,TCl(B10,T*Q(B1,T9`(B0,T!h(B1,TR(B, ,TaEP"3P(B0,T9Ui(B10,TMU(B1,TaA!(B0,TJl(B1,T`GM(B0,TCl(B10,T*Q(B1,T9(B 20.4 0,T!g(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1
+,T`;(B0,TEUh(B1,TB9a;E'd;AR!a(B0,TEi(B1,TG(B. ,T9M!(R!(B0,T9Ui(B1, 0,T<Yi(B1,Ta;E(B0,TBQ(B1,T'd(B0,T4i(B1,T9S`$(B0,TCWh(B1,TM'KARBGCC$5M9ARc(B0,T*i(B1,Tc9(B0,T7Uh(B10,T9Ui(B10,T4i(B1,TGB(B, 
+0,T7Qi(B1,T'(B0,T9Ui(B10,T!g(B1,T`(B0,T>Wh(B1,TM(B0,T7Uh(B1,T(P`(B0,T"U(B1,TB9c(B0,TKi(B1,Td(B0,T4i(B1,T$GRA(B0,T7Uh(B10,T*Q(B1,T4`(9(B. ,TK(B0,TGQ(B1,T'`(B0,T;g(B1,T9M(B0,TBh(B1,TR'(B0,TBTh(B1,T'(B0,TGh(B1,TR(B0,T$Yh(B10,TAW(B1,TM)(B0,T:Q(B1,T:(B0,T9Ui(B1,T(P`(B0,T;g(B1,T9;CPbB*(B0,T9l(B1 
+,TaEP(Pd(B0,T4i(B10,TCQ(B1,T:!RCa(B0,T!i(B1,Td"c(B0,TKi(B10,T4U(B10,TBTh(B1,T'f(B 0,T"Vi(B1,T9(B0,TMU(B1,T!(B0,T5h(B1,TMf(B ,Td;(B. ,T"M"M:(B0,T$X(B1,T3(B 0,T$X(B1,T3(B0,T7Q(B1,TH(B0,T9U(B10,TBl(B1 ,T`((B0,TCT(B1,T->C(B 0,T7Uh(B1,Tc(B0,TKi(B1,T$GRA(B
+0,T*h(B1,TGB`K(B0,TEW(B1,TM5CG(JM:(B0,T5i(B1,T9)(B0,T:Q(B1,T:(B.
+
+22 ,TA!CR$A(B 2542
+0,TGT(B10,TCQ(B1,T*(B ,THC`(B0,TET(B1,TH(B0,TEi(B1,TSGR(B0,T3T(B1,T*(B
[e-mail]
+
+Translate - January 1999 by Virach Sornlertlamvanich
+

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/WHY-FREE	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+		   Why Software Should Not Have Owners 
+
+			  by Richard Stallman
+
+Digital information technology contributes to the world by making it
+easier to copy and modify information.  Computers promise to make this
+easier for all of us.
+
+Not everyone wants it to be easier.  The system of copyright gives
+software programs "owners", most of whom aim to withhold software's
+potential benefit from the rest of the public.  They would like to be
+the only ones who can copy and modify the software that we use.
+
+The copyright system grew up with printing--a technology for mass
+production copying.  Copyright fit in well with this technology
+because it restricted only the mass producers of copies.  It did not
+take freedom away from readers of books.  An ordinary reader, who did
+not own a printing press, could copy books only with pen and ink, and
+few readers were sued for that.
+
+Digital technology is more flexible than the printing press: when
+information has digital form, you can easily copy it to share it with
+others.  This very flexibility makes a bad fit with a system like
+copyright.  That's the reason for the increasingly nasty and draconian
+measures now used to enforce software copyright.  Consider these four
+practices of the Software Publishers Association (SPA):
+
+* Massive propaganda saying it is wrong to disobey the owners
+to help your friend.
+
+* Solicitation for stool pigeons to inform on their coworkers and
+colleagues.
+
+* Raids (with police help) on offices and schools, in which people are
+told they must prove they are innocent of illegal copying.
+
+* Prosecution (by the US government, at the SPA's request) of people
+such as MIT's David LaMacchia, not for copying software (he is not
+accused of copying any), but merely for leaving copying facilities
+unguarded and failing to censor their use.
+
+All four practices resemble those used in the former Soviet Union,
+where every copying machine had a guard to prevent forbidden copying,
+and where individuals had to copy information secretly and pass it
+from hand to hand as "samizdat".  There is of course a difference: the
+motive for information control in the Soviet Union was political; in
+the US the motive is profit.  But it is the actions that affect us,
+not the motive.  Any attempt to block the sharing of information, no
+matter why, leads to the same methods and the same harshness.
+
+Owners make several kinds of arguments for giving them the power
+to control how we use information:
+
+* Name calling.
+
+Owners use smear words such as "piracy" and "theft", as well as expert
+terminology such as "intellectual property" and "damage", to suggest a
+certain line of thinking to the public--a simplistic analogy between
+programs and physical objects.
+
+Our ideas and intuitions about property for material objects are about
+whether it is right to *take an object away* from someone else.  They
+don't directly apply to *making a copy* of something.  But the owners
+ask us to apply them anyway.
+
+* Exaggeration.
+
+Owners say that they suffer "harm" or "economic loss" when users copy
+programs themselves.  But the copying has no direct effect on the
+owner, and it harms no one.  The owner can lose only if the person who
+made the copy would otherwise have paid for one from the owner.
+
+A little thought shows that most such people would not have bought
+copies.  Yet the owners compute their "losses" as if each and every
+one would have bought a copy.  That is exaggeration--to put it kindly.
+
+* The law.
+
+Owners often describe the current state of the law, and the harsh
+penalties they can threaten us with.  Implicit in this approach is the
+suggestion that today's law reflects an unquestionable view of
+morality--yet at the same time, we are urged to regard these penalties
+as facts of nature that can't be blamed on anyone.
+
+This line of persuasion isn't designed to stand up to critical
+thinking; it's intended to reinforce a habitual mental pathway.
+
+It's elemental that laws don't decide right and wrong.  Every American
+should know that, forty years ago, it was against the law in many
+states for a black person to sit in the front of a bus; but only
+racists would say sitting there was wrong.
+
+* Natural rights.
+
+Authors often claim a special connection with programs they have
+written, and go on to assert that, as a result, their desires and
+interests concerning the program simply outweigh those of anyone
+else--or even those of the whole rest of the world.  (Typically
+companies, not authors, hold the copyrights on software, but we are
+expected to ignore this discrepancy.)
+
+To those who propose this as an ethical axiom--the author is more
+important than you--I can only say that I, a notable software author
+myself, call it bunk.
+
+But people in general are only likely to feel any sympathy with the
+natural rights claims for two reasons.
+
+One reason is an overstretched analogy with material objects.  When I
+cook spaghetti, I do object if someone else takes it and stops me from
+eating it.  In this case, that person and I have the same material
+interests at stake, and it's a zero-sum game.  The smallest
+distinction between us is enough to tip the ethical balance.
+
+But whether you run or change a program I wrote affects you directly
+and me only indirectly.  Whether you give a copy to your friend
+affects you and your friend much more than it affects me.  I shouldn't
+have the power to tell you not to do these things.  No one should.
+
+The second reason is that people have been told that natural rights
+for authors is the accepted and unquestioned tradition of our society.
+
+As a matter of history, the opposite is true.  The idea of natural
+rights of authors was proposed and decisively rejected when the US
+Constitution was drawn up.  That's why the Constitution only *permits*
+a system of copyright and does not *require* one; that's why it says
+that copyright must be temporary.  It also states that the purpose of
+copyright is to promote progress--not to reward authors.  Copyright
+does reward authors somewhat, and publishers more, but that is
+intended as a means of modifying their behavior.
+
+The real established tradition of our society is that copyright cuts
+into the natural rights of the public--and that this can only be
+justified for the public's sake.
+
+* Economics.
+
+The final argument made for having owners of software is that this
+leads to production of more software.
+
+Unlike the others, this argument at least takes a legitimate approach
+to the subject.  It is based on a valid goal--satisfying the users of
+software.  And it is empirically clear that people will produce more of
+something if they are well paid for doing so.
+
+But the economic argument has a flaw: it is based on the assumption
+that the difference is only a matter of how much money we have to pay.
+It assumes that "production of software" is what we want, whether the
+software has owners or not.
+
+People readily accept this assumption because it accords with our
+experiences with material objects.  Consider a sandwich, for instance.
+You might well be able to get an equivalent sandwich either free or
+for a price.  If so, the amount you pay is the only difference.
+Whether or not you have to buy it, the sandwich has the same taste,
+the same nutritional value, and in either case you can only eat it
+once.  Whether you get the sandwich from an owner or not cannot
+directly affect anything but the amount of money you have afterwards.
+
+This is true for any kind of material object--whether or not it has an
+owner does not directly affect what it *is*, or what you can do with
+it if you acquire it.
+
+But if a program has an owner, this very much affects what it is, and
+what you can do with a copy if you buy one.  The difference is not
+just a matter of money.  The system of owners of software encourages
+software owners to produce something--but not what society really
+needs.  And it causes intangible ethical pollution that affects us
+all.
+
+What does society need?  It needs information that is truly available
+to its citizens--for example, programs that people can read, fix,
+adapt, and improve, not just operate.  But what software owners
+typically deliver is a black box that we can't study or change.
+
+Society also needs freedom.  When a program has an owner, the users
+lose freedom to control part of their own lives.
+
+And above all society needs to encourage the spirit of voluntary
+cooperation in its citizens.  When software owners tell us that
+helping our neighbors in a natural way is "piracy", they pollute our
+society's civic spirit.
+
+This is why we say that free software is a matter of freedom, not
+price.
+
+The economic argument for owners is erroneous, but the economic issue
+is real.  Some people write useful software for the pleasure of
+writing it or for admiration and love; but if we want more software
+than those people write, we need to raise funds.
+
+For ten years now, free software developers have tried various methods
+of finding funds, with some success.  There's no need to make anyone
+rich; the median US family income, around $35k, proves to be enough
+incentive for many jobs that are less satisfying than programming.
+
+For years, until a fellowship made it unnecessary, I made a living
+from custom enhancements of the free software I had written.  Each
+enhancement was added to the standard released version and thus
+eventually became available to the general public.  Clients paid me so
+that I would work on the enhancements they wanted, rather than on the
+features I would otherwise have considered highest priority.
+
+The Free Software Foundation, a tax-exempt charity for free software
+development, raises funds by selling CD-ROMs, tapes and manuals (all
+of which users are free to copy and change), as well as from
+donations.  It now has a staff of five programmers, plus three
+employees who handle mail orders.
+
+Some free software developers make money by selling support services.
+Cygnus Support, with around 50 employees, estimates that about 15 per
+cent of its staff activity is free software development--a respectable
+percentage for a software company.
+
+Companies including Intel, Motorola, Texas Instruments and Analog
+Devices have combined to fund the continued development of the free
+GNU compiler for the language C.  Meanwhile, the GNU compiler for the
+Ada language is being funded by the US Air Force, which believes this
+is the most cost-effective way to get a high quality compiler.
+
+All these examples are small; the free software movement is still
+small, and still young.  But the example of listener-supported radio
+in this country shows it's possible to support a large activity
+without forcing each user to pay.
+
+As a computer user today, you may find yourself using a proprietary
+program.  If your friend asks to make a copy, it would be wrong to
+refuse.  Cooperation is more important than copyright.  But
+underground, closet cooperation does not make for a good society.  A
+person should aspire to live an upright life openly with pride, and
+this means saying "No" to proprietary software.
+
+You deserve to be able to cooperate openly and freely with other
+people who use software.  You deserve to be able to learn how the
+software works, and to teach your students with it.  You deserve to be
+able to hire your favorite programmer to fix it when it breaks.
+
+You deserve free software.
+
+
+Copyright 1994 Richard Stallman
+Verbatim copying and redistribution is permitted
+without royalty as long as this notice is preserved;
+alteration is not permitted.

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/Xkeymap.txt	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+#						-*-Mode: Fundamental-*-
+# X keymap file for rlk with some emacsified bindings
+# This file contains the default keyboard mapping.  The first column contains a X keyboard code; the other
+# 16 columns contain the mapping of the keycode to a character string, with various combinations
+# of the SHIFT, LOCK, META, and CONTROL keys down.  See the man page for "keycomp" for more information.
+#
+# Keycode constants for non-typewriter keys are found in <X/Xkeyboard.h>.
+#
+# It is easiest to edit this file with an EMACS window running across the entire width of the display, with
+# tab stop set to 4.
+#
+# E1=Find, E2=Insert Here, E3=Remove, E4=Select, E5=Prev Screen, E6=Next Screen
+#     uns   L     S     SL    M     ML    MS    MSL   C     CL    CS     CSL   CM    CML   CMS   CMSL
+0212  0023, 0023, 0023, 0023, 0223, 0223, 0223, 0223, 0022, 0022, 0022, 0022, 0222, 0222, 0222, 0222,  /* E1 */
+0213  U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,     U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    /* E2 */
+0214  0004, 0004, 0177, 0177, 0304, 0304, 0377, 0377, 0004, 0004, 0177,  0177, 0204, 0204, 0377, 0377  /* E3 */
+0215  U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,     U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    /* E4 */
+0216  0326, 0326, 0326, 0326, 0326, 0326, 0326, 0326, "\255\226" "\255\226" "\255\226" "\255\226" "\255\226" "\255\226" "\255\226" "\255\226"  /* E5 */
+0217  0026, 0026, 0026, 0026, 0026, 0026, 0026, 0026, 0226, 0226, 0226, 0226, 0226, 0226, 0226, 0226, /* E6 */
+0247  0002, 0002, 0002, 0002, 0302, 0302, 0302, 0302, 0202, 0202, 0202, 0202, 0202, 0202, 0202, 0202, /* Left arrow */
+0250  0006, 0006, 0006, 0006, 0306, 0306, 0306, 0306, 0206, 0206, 0206, 0206, 0206, 0206, 0206, 0206, /* Right arrow */
+0251  0016, 0016, 0016, 0016, 0316, 0316, 0316, 0316, 0216, 0216, 0216, 0216, 0216, 0216, 0216, 0216, /* Down arrow */
+0252  0020, 0020, 0020, 0020, 0320, 0320, 0320, 0320, 0220, 0220, 0220, 0220, 0220, 0220, 0220, 0220, /* Up arrow */
+0222  0260, '0',  0260, '0',  0260, '0',  0260, '0',  0260, '0',  0260, '0',  0260, '0',  0260, '0',  /* KP 0 */
+0224  0256, '.',  0256, '.',  0256, '.',  0256, '.',  0256, '.',  0256, '.',  0256, '.',  0256, '.',  /* KP . */
+0225  '\n', '\n', '\n', '\n', 0312, 0312, 0312, 0312, 0212, 0212, 0212, 0212, 0212, 0212, 0212, 0212, /* KP Enter */
+0226  0261, '1',  0261, '1',  0261, '1',  0261, '1',  0261, '1',  0261, '1',  0261, '1',  0261, '1',  /* KP 1 */
+0227  0262, '2',  0262, '2',  0262, '2',  0262, '2',  0262, '2',  0262, '2',  0262, '2',  0262, '2',  /* KP 2 */
+0230  0263, '3',  0263, '3',  0263, '3',  0263, '3',  0263, '3',  0263, '3',  0263, '3',  0263, '3',  /* KP 3 */
+0231  0264, '4',  0264, '4',  0264, '4',  0264, '4',  0264, '4',  0264, '4',  0264, '4',  0264, '4',  /* KP 4 */
+0232  0265, '5',  0265, '5',  0265, '5',  0265, '5',  0265, '5',  0265, '5',  0265, '5',  0265, '5',  /* KP 5 */
+0233  0266, '6',  0266, '6',  0266, '6',  0266, '6',  0266, '6',  0266, '6',  0266, '6',  0266, '6',  /* KP 6 */
+0234  0254, ',',  0254, ',',  0254, ',',  0254, ',',  0254, ',',  0254, ',',  0254, ',',  0254, ',',  /* KP , */
+0235  0267, '7',  0267, '7',  0267, '7',  0267, '7',  0267, '7',  0267, '7',  0267, '7',  0267, '7',  /* KP 7 */
+0236  0270, '8',  0270, '8',  0270, '8',  0270, '8',  0270, '8',  0270, '8',  0270, '8',  0270, '8',  /* KP 8 */
+0237  0271, '9',  0271, '9',  0271, '9',  0271, '9',  0271, '9',  0271, '9',  0271, '9',  0271, '9',  /* KP 9 */
+0240  0255, '-',  0255, '-',  0255, '-',  0255, '-',  0255, '-',  0255, '-',  0255, '-',  0255, '-',  /* KP - */
+0174  0010, 0010, 0010, 0010, 0010, 0010, 0010, 0010, 0010, 0010, 0010, 0010, 0010, 0010, 0010, 0010, /* F15/Help */
+0175  0037, 0037, 0037, 0037, 0037, 0037, 0037, 0037, 0037, 0037, 0037, 0037, 0037, 0037, 0037, 0037, /* F16/(Un)Do */
+0161  0033, 0033, 0033, 0033, 0033, 0033, 0033, 0033, 0033, 0033, 0033, 0033, 0033, 0033, 0033, 0033, /* F11/ESC */
+0162  '\b', '\b', '\b', '\b', '\b', '\b', U,    U,    '\b', '\b', U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    /* F12/BS */
+0163  '\n', '\n', '\n', '\n', '\n', '\n', U,    U,    '\n', '\n', U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    /* F13/LF */
+0274  0177, 0177, 0177, 0177, 0377, 0377, 0377, 0377, 0030, 0030, 0177, 0177, 0377, 0377, 0377, 0377, /* back */
+0275  '\r', '\r', '\r', '\r', 0215, 0215, 0215, 0215, '\r', '\r', U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    /* Return */
+0276  '\t', '\t', '\t', '\t', 0211, 0211, 0211, 0211, "\021\t" "\021\t" "\021\t" "\021\t" "\021\t" "\021\t" "\021\t" "\021\t" /* Tab */
+0277  '`',  '`',  '~',  '~',  0340, 0340, 0376, 0376, 0036, 0036, 0036, 0036, U,    U,    U,    U,    /* ` */
+0300  '1',  '1',  '!',  '!',  0261, 0261, 0241, 0241, '1',  '1',  '!',  '!',  U,    U,    U,    U,    /* 1 */
+0301  'q',  'Q',  'Q',  'Q',  0361, 0361, 0321, 0321, 0021, 0021, 0021, 0021, 0221, 0221, 0221, 0221, /* q */
+0302  'a',  'A',  'A',  'A',  0341, 0341, 0301, 0301, 0001, 0001, 0001, 0001, 0201, 0201, 0201, 0201, /* a */
+0303  'z',  'Z',  'Z',  'Z',  0372, 0372, 0332, 0332, 0032, 0032, 0032, 0032, 0232, 0232, 0232, 0232, /* z */
+0305  '2',  '2',  '@',  '@',  0262, 0262, 0300, 0300, 0000, 0000, 0000, 0000, 0262, 0262, 0200, 0200, /* 2 */
+0306  'w',  'W',  'W',  'W',  0367, 0367, 0327, 0327, 0027, 0027, 0027, 0027, 0227, 0227, 0227, 0227, /* w */
+0307  's',  'S',  'S',  'S',  0363, 0363, 0323, 0323, 0023, 0023, 0023, 0023, 0223, 0223, 0223, 0223, /* s */
+0310  'x',  'X',  'X',  'X',  0370, 0370, 0330, 0330, 0030, 0030, 0030, 0030, 0230, 0230, 0230, 0230, /* x */
+0311  '<',  '<',  '>',  '>',  0274, 0274, 0276, 0276, U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    /* < */
+0313  '3',  '3',  '#',  '#',  0263, 0263, 0243, 0243, 0033, 0033, '#',  '#',  U,    U,    U,    U,    /* 3 */
+0314  'e',  'E',  'E',  'E',  0345, 0345, 0305, 0305, 0005, 0005, 0005, 0005, 0205, 0205, 0205, 0205, /* e */
+0315  'd',  'D',  'D',  'D',  0344, 0344, 0304, 0304, 0004, 0004, 0004, 0004, 0204, 0204, 0204, 0204, /* d */
+0316  'c',  'C',  'C',  'C',  0343, 0343, 0303, 0303, 0003, 0003, 0003, 0003, 0203, 0203, 0203, 0203, /* c */
+0320  '4',  '4',  '$',  '$',  0264, 0264, 0244, 0244, 0034, 0034,  '$', '$',  U,    U,    U,    U,    /* 4 */
+0321  'r',  'R',  'R',  'R',  0362, 0362, 0322, 0322, 0022, 0022, 0022, 0022, 0222, 0222, 0222, 0222, /* r */
+0322  'f',  'F',  'F',  'F',  0346, 0346, 0306, 0306, 0006, 0006, 0006, 0006, 0206, 0206, 0206, 0206, /* f */
+0323  'v',  'V',  'V',  'V',  0366, 0366, 0326, 0326, 0026, 0026, 0026, 0026, 0226, 0226, 0226, 0226, /* v */
+0324  ' ',  ' ',  ' ',  ' ',  0240, 0240, 0240, 0240, 0000, 0000, 0000, 0000, 0200, 0200, 0200, 0200, /* space */
+0326  '5',  '5',  '%',  '%',  0265, 0265, 0245, 0245, 0035, 0035,  '%', '%',  U,    U,    U,    U,    /* 5 */
+0327  't',  'T',  'T',  'T',  0364, 0364, 0324, 0324, 0024, 0024, 0024, 0024, 0224, 0224, 0224, 0224, /* t */
+0330  'g',  'G',  'G',  'G',  0347, 0347, 0307, 0307, 0007, 0007, 0007, 0007, 0207, 0207, 0207, 0207, /* g */
+0331  'b',  'B',  'B',  'B',  0342, 0342, 0302, 0302, 0002, 0002, 0002, 0002, 0202, 0202, 0202, 0202, /* b */
+0333  '6',  '6',  '^',  '^',  0266, 0266, 0336, 0336, 0036, 0036, 0036, 0036, U,    U,    U,    U,    /* 6 */
+0334  'y',  'Y',  'Y',  'Y',  0371, 0371, 0331, 0331, 0031, 0031, 0031, 0031, 0231, 0231, 0231, 0231, /* y */
+0335  'h',  'H',  'H',  'H',  0350, 0350, 0310, 0310, 0010, 0010, 0010, 0010, 0210, 0210, 0210, 0210, /* h */
+0336  'n',  'N',  'N',  'N',  0356, 0356, 0316, 0316, 0016, 0016, 0016, 0016, 0216, 0216, 0216, 0216, /* n */
+0340  '7',  '7',  '&',  '&',  0267, 0267, 0246, 0246, 0037, 0037,  '&', '&',  U,    U,    U,    U,    /* 7 */
+0341  'u',  'U',  'U',  'U',  0365, 0365, 0325, 0325, 0025, 0025, 0025, 0025, 0225, 0225, 0225, 0225, /* u */
+0342  'j',  'J',  'J',  'J',  0352, 0352, 0312, 0312, 0012, 0012, 0012, 0012, 0212, 0212, 0212, 0212, /* j */
+0343  'm',  'M',  'M',  'M',  0355, 0355, 0315, 0315, 0015, 0015, 0015, 0015, 0215, 0215, 0215, 0215, /* m */
+0345  '8',  '8',  '*',  '*',  0270, 0270, 0252, 0252, 0177, 0177,  '*', '*',  U,    U,    U,    U,    /* 8 */
+0346  'i',  'I',  'I',  'I',  0351, 0351, 0311, 0311, 0011, 0011, 0011, 0011, 0211, 0211, 0211, 0211, /* i */
+0347  'k',  'K',  'K',  'K',  0353, 0353, 0313, 0313, 0013, 0013, 0013, 0013, 0213, 0213, 0213, 0213, /* k */
+0350  ',',  ',',  '<',  '<',  0254, 0254, 0274, 0274, U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    /* , */
+0352  '9',  '9',  '(',  '(',  0271, 0271, 0250, 0250, '9',  '9',  '(',  '(',  U,    U,    U,    U,    /* 9 */
+0353  'o',  'O',  'O',  'O',  0357, 0357, 0317, 0317, 0017, 0017, 0017, 0017, 0217, 0217, 0217, 0217, /* o */
+0354  'l',  'L',  'L',  'L',  0354, 0354, 0314, 0314, 0014, 0014, 0014, 0014, 0214, 0214, 0214, 0214, /* l */
+0355  '.',  '.',  '>',  '>',  0256, 0256, 0276, 0276, U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    /* . */
+0357  '0',  '0',  ')',  ')',  0260, 0260, 0251, 0251, '0',  '0',  ')',  ')',  U,    U,    U,    U,    /* 0 */
+0360  'p',  'P',  'P',  'P',  0360, 0360, 0320, 0320, 0020, 0020, 0020, 0020, 0220, 0220, 0220, 0220, /* p */
+0362  ';',  ';',  ':',  ':',  0273, 0273, 0272, 0272, U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    /* ; */
+0363  '/',  '/',  '?',  '?',  0257, 0257, 0277, 0277, 0037, 0037, 0037, 0037, 0237, 0237, 0237, 0237, /* / */
+0365  '=',  '=',  '+',  '+',  0275, 0275, 0253, 0253, U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    /* = */
+0366  ']',  ']',  '}',  '}',  0335, 0335, 0376, 0376, 0035, 0035, 0035, 0035, 0335, 0335, 0335, 0335, /* ] */
+0367  '\\', '\\', '|',  '|',  0334, 0334, 0374, 0374, 0034, 0034, 0034, 0034, 0334, 0334, 0334, 0334, /* \ */
+0371  '-',  '-',  '_',  '_',  0255, 0255, 0337, 0337, 0037, 0037, 0037, 0037, 0337, 0337, 0337, 0337, /* - */
+0372  '[',  '[',  '{',  '{',  0333, 0333, 0373, 0373, 0033, 0033, 0033, 0033, 0333, 0333, 0333, 0333, /* [ */
+0373  '\'', '\'', '"',  '"',  0247, 0247, 0242, 0242, U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    U,    /* ' */  
+#
+# local variables:
+# tab-width: 4
+# End:

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/copying.paper	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,819 @@
+(For more information about the GNU project and free software,
+look at the files `GNU', `COPYING', and `DISTRIB', in the same
+directory as this file.)
+
+
+                      Why Software Should Be Free
+
+                          by Richard Stallman
+
+                      (Version of April 24, 1992)
+
+     Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+     Verbatim copying and redistribution is permitted
+     without royalty; alteration is not permitted.
+
+Introduction
+************
+
+   The existence of software inevitably raises the question of how
+decisions about its use should be made.  For example, suppose one
+individual who has a copy of a program meets another who would like a
+copy.  It is possible for them to copy the program; who should decide
+whether this is done?  The individuals involved?  Or another party,
+called the "owner"?
+
+   Software developers typically consider these questions on the
+assumption that the criterion for the answer is to maximize developers'
+profits.  The political power of business has led to the government
+adoption of both this criterion and the answer proposed by the
+developers: that the program has an owner, typically a corporation
+associated with its development.
+
+   I would like to consider the same question using a different
+criterion: the prosperity and freedom of the public in general.
+
+   This answer cannot be decided by current law--the law should conform
+to ethics, not the other way around.  Nor does current practice decide
+this question, although it may suggest possible answers.  The only way
+to judge is to see who is helped and who is hurt by recognizing owners
+of software, why, and how much.  In other words, we should perform a
+cost-benefit analysis on behalf of society as a whole, taking account of
+individual freedom as well as production of material goods.
+
+   In this essay, I will describe the effects of having owners, and show
+that the results are detrimental.  My conclusion is that programmers
+have the duty to encourage others to share, redistribute, study and
+improve the software we write: in other words, to write "free"
+software.(1)
+
+How Owners Justify Their Power
+******************************
+
+   Those who benefit from the current system where programs are property
+offer two arguments in support of their claims to own programs: the
+emotional argument and the economic argument.
+
+   The emotional argument goes like this: "I put my sweat, my heart, my
+soul into this program.  It comes from *me*, it's *mine*!"
+
+   This argument does not require serious refutation.  The feeling of
+attachment is one that programmers can cultivate when it suits them; it
+is not inevitable.  Consider, for example, how willingly the same
+programmers usually sign over all rights to a large corporation for a
+salary; the emotional attachment mysteriously vanishes.  By contrast,
+consider the great artists and artisans of medieval times, who didn't
+even sign their names to their work.  To them, the name of the artist
+was not important.  What mattered was that the work was done--and the
+purpose it would serve.  This view prevailed for hundreds of years.
+
+   The economic argument goes like this: "I want to get rich (usually
+described inaccurately as `making a living'), and if you don't allow me
+to get rich by programming, then I won't program.  Everyone else is like
+me, so nobody will ever program.  And then you'll be stuck with no
+programs at all!"  This threat is usually veiled as friendly advice
+from the wise.
+
+   I'll explain later why this threat is a bluff.  First I want to
+address an implicit assumption that is more visible in another
+formulation of the argument.
+
+   This formulation starts by comparing the social utility of a
+proprietary program with that of no program, and then concludes that
+proprietary software development is, on the whole, beneficial, and
+should be encouraged.  The fallacy here is in comparing only two
+outcomes--proprietary software vs. no software--and assuming there are
+no other possibilities.
+
+   Given a system of intellectual property, software development is
+usually linked with the existence of an owner who controls the
+software's use.  As long as this linkage exists, we are often faced
+with the choice of proprietary software or none.  However, this linkage
+is not inherent or inevitable; it is a consequence of the specific
+social/legal policy decision that we are questioning: the decision to
+have owners.  To formulate the choice as between proprietary software
+vs. no software is begging the question.
+
+The Argument against Having Owners
+**********************************
+
+   The question at hand is, "Should development of software be linked
+with having owners to restrict the use of it?"
+
+   In order to decide this, we have to judge the effect on society of
+each of those two activities *independently*: the effect of developing
+the software (regardless of its terms of distribution), and the effect
+of restricting its use (assuming the software has been developed).  If
+one of these activities is helpful and the other is harmful, we would be
+better off dropping the linkage and doing only the helpful one.
+
+   To put it another way, if restricting the distribution of a program
+already developed is harmful to society overall, then an ethical
+software developer will reject the option of doing so.
+
+   To determine the effect of restricting sharing, we need to compare
+the value to society of a restricted (i.e., proprietary) program with
+that of the same program, available to everyone.  This means comparing
+two possible worlds.
+
+   This analysis also addresses the simple counterargument sometimes
+made that "the benefit to the neighbor of giving him or her a copy of a
+program is cancelled by the harm done to the owner."  This
+counterargument assumes that the harm and the benefit are equal in
+magnitude.  The analysis involves comparing these magnitudes, and shows
+that the benefit is much greater.
+
+   To elucidate this argument, let's apply it in another area: road
+construction.
+
+   It would be possible to fund the construction of all roads with
+tolls.  This would entail having toll booths at all street corners.
+Such a system would provide a great incentive to improve roads.  It
+would also have the virtue of causing the users of any given road to
+pay for that road.  However, a toll booth is an artificial obstruction
+to smooth driving--artificial, because it is not a consequence of how
+roads or cars work.
+
+   Comparing free roads and toll roads by their usefulness, we find that
+(all else being equal) roads without toll booths are cheaper to
+construct, cheaper to run, safer, and more efficient to use.(2) In a
+poor country, tolls may make the roads unavailable to many citizens.
+The roads without toll booths thus offer more benefit to society at
+less cost; they are preferable for society.  Therefore, society should
+choose to fund roads in another way, not by means of toll booths.  Use
+of roads, once built, should be free.
+
+   When the advocates of toll booths propose them as *merely* a way of
+raising funds, they distort the choice that is available.  Toll booths
+do raise funds, but they do something else as well: in effect, they
+degrade the road.  The toll road is not as good as the free road; giving
+us more or technically superior roads may not be an improvement if this
+means substituting toll roads for free roads.
+
+   Of course, the construction of a free road does cost money, which the
+public must somehow pay.  However, this does not imply the inevitability
+of toll booths.  We who must in either case pay will get more value for
+our money by buying a free road.
+
+   I am not saying that a toll road is worse than no road at all.  That
+would be true if the toll were so great that hardly anyone used the
+road--but this is an unlikely policy for a toll collector.  However, as
+long as the toll booths cause significant waste and inconvenience, it is
+better to raise the funds in a less obstructive fashion.
+
+   To apply the same argument to software development, I will now show
+that having "toll booths" for useful software programs costs society
+dearly: it makes the programs more expensive to construct, more
+expensive to distribute, and less satisfying and efficient to use.  It
+will follow that program construction should be encouraged in some other
+way.  Then I will go on to explain other methods of encouraging and (to
+the extent actually necessary) funding software development.
+
+The Harm Done by Obstructing Software
+=====================================
+
+   Consider for a moment that a program has been developed, and any
+necessary payments for its development have been made; now society must
+choose either to make it proprietary or allow free sharing and use.
+Assume that the existence of the program and its availability is a
+desirable thing.(3)
+
+   Restrictions on the distribution and modification of the program
+cannot facilitate its use.  They can only interfere.  So the effect can
+only be negative.  But how much?  And what kind?
+
+   Three different levels of material harm come from such obstruction:
+
+   * Fewer people use the program.
+
+   * None of the users can adapt or fix the program.
+
+   * Other developers cannot learn from the program, or base new work
+     on it.
+
+   Each level of material harm has a concomitant form of psychosocial
+harm.  This refers to the effect that people's decisions have on their
+subsequent feelings, attitudes and predispositions.  These changes in
+people's ways of thinking will then have a further effect on their
+relationships with their fellow citizens, and can have material
+consequences.
+
+   The three levels of material harm waste part of the value that the
+program could contribute, but they cannot reduce it to zero.  If they
+waste nearly all the value of the program, then writing the program
+harms society by at most the effort that went into writing the program.
+Arguably a program that is profitable to sell must provide some net
+direct material benefit.
+
+   However, taking account of the concomitant psychosocial harm, there
+is no limit to the harm that proprietary software development can do.
+
+Obstructing Use of Programs
+===========================
+
+   The first level of harm impedes the simple use of a program.  A copy
+of a program has nearly zero marginal cost (and you can pay this cost by
+doing the work yourself), so in a free market, it would have nearly zero
+price.  A license fee is a significant disincentive to use the program.
+If a widely-useful program is proprietary, far fewer people will use it.
+
+   It is easy to show that the total contribution of a program to
+society is reduced by assigning an owner to it.  Each potential user of
+the program, faced with the need to pay to use it, may choose to pay,
+or may forego use of the program.  When a user chooses to pay, this is a
+zero-sum transfer of wealth between two parties.  But each time someone
+chooses to forego use of the program, this harms that person without
+benefiting anyone.  The sum of negative numbers and zeros must be
+negative.
+
+   But this does not reduce the amount of work it takes to *develop*
+the program.  As a result, the efficiency of the whole process, in
+delivered user satisfaction per hour of work, is reduced.
+
+   This reflects a crucial difference between copies of programs and
+cars, chairs, or sandwiches.  There is no copying machine for material
+objects outside of science fiction.  But programs are easy to copy;
+anyone can produce as many copies as are wanted, with very little
+effort.  This isn't true for material objects because matter is
+conserved: each new copy has to be built from raw materials in the same
+way that the first copy was built.
+
+   With material objects, a disincentive to use them makes sense,
+because fewer objects bought means less raw materials and work needed
+to make them.  It's true that there is usually also a startup cost, a
+development cost, which is spread over the production run.  But as long
+as the marginal cost of production is significant, adding a share of the
+development cost does not make a qualitative difference.  And it does
+not require restrictions on the freedom of ordinary users.
+
+   However, imposing a price on something that would otherwise be free
+is a qualitative change.  A centrally-imposed fee for software
+distribution becomes a powerful disincentive.
+
+   What's more, central production as now practiced is inefficient even
+as a means of delivering copies of software.  This system involves
+enclosing physical disks or tapes in superfluous packaging, shipping
+large numbers of them around the world, and storing them for sale.  This
+cost is presented as an expense of doing business; in truth, it is part
+of the waste caused by having owners.
+
+Damaging Social Cohesion
+========================
+
+   Suppose that both you and your neighbor would find it useful to run a
+certain program.  In ethical concern for your neighbor, you should feel
+that proper handling of the situation will enable both of you to use it.
+A proposal to permit only one of you to use the program, while
+restraining the other, is divisive; neither you nor your neighbor should
+find it acceptable.
+
+   Signing a typical software license agreement means betraying your
+neighbor: "I promise to deprive my neighbor of this program so that I
+can have a copy for myself."  People who make such choices feel
+internal psychological pressure to justify them, by downgrading the
+importance of helping one's neighbors--thus public spirit suffers.
+This is psychosocial harm associated with the material harm of
+discouraging use of the program.
+
+   Many users unconsciously recognize the wrong of refusing to share, so
+they decide to ignore the licenses and laws, and share programs anyway.
+But they often feel guilty about doing so.  They know that they must
+break the laws in order to be good neighbors, but they still consider
+the laws authoritative, and they conclude that being a good neighbor
+(which they are) is naughty or shameful.  That is also a kind of
+psychosocial harm, but one can escape it by deciding that these licenses
+and laws have no moral force.
+
+   Programmers also suffer psychosocial harm knowing that many users
+will not be allowed to use their work.  This leads to an attitude of
+cynicism or denial.  A programmer may describe enthusiastically the
+work that he finds technically exciting; then when asked, "Will I be
+permitted to use it?", his face falls, and he admits the answer is no.
+To avoid feeling discouraged, he either ignores this fact most of the
+time or adopts a cynical stance designed to minimize the importance of
+it.
+
+   Since the age of Reagan, the greatest scarcity in the United States
+is not technical innovation, but rather the willingness to work together
+for the public good.  It makes no sense to encourage the former at the
+expense of the latter.
+
+Obstructing Custom Adaptation of Programs
+=========================================
+
+   The second level of material harm is the inability to adapt programs.
+The ease of modification of software is one of its great advantages over
+older technology.  But most commercially available software isn't
+available for modification, even after you buy it.  It's available for
+you to take it or leave it, as a black box--that is all.
+
+   A program that you can run consists of a series of numbers whose
+meaning is obscure.  No one, not even a good programmer, can easily
+change the numbers to make the program do something different.
+
+   Programmers normally work with the "source code" for a program, which
+is written in a programming language such as Fortran or C.  It uses
+names to designate the data being used and the parts of the program, and
+it represents operations with symbols such as `+' for addition and `-'
+for subtraction.  It is designed to help programmers read and change
+programs.  Here is an example; a program to calculate the distance
+between two points in a plane:
+
+     float
+     distance (p0, p1)
+          struct point p0, p1;
+     {
+       float xdist = p1.x - p0.x;
+       float ydist = p1.y - p0.y;
+       return sqrt (xdist * xdist + ydist * ydist);
+     }
+
+   Here is the same program in executable form, on the computer I
+normally use:
+
+     1314258944      -232267772      -231844864      1634862
+     1411907592      -231844736      2159150         1420296208
+     -234880989      -234879837      -234879966      -232295424
+     1644167167      -3214848        1090581031      1962942495
+     572518958       -803143692      1314803317
+
+   Source code is useful (at least potentially) to every user of a
+program.  But most users are not allowed to have copies of the source
+code.  Usually the source code for a proprietary program is kept secret
+by the owner, lest anybody else learn something from it.  Users receive
+only the files of incomprehensible numbers that the computer will
+execute.  This means that only the program's owner can change the
+program.
+
+   A friend once told me of working as a programmer in a bank for about
+six months, writing a program similar to something that was commercially
+available.  She believed that if she could have gotten source code for
+that commercially available program, it could easily have been adapted
+to their needs.  The bank was willing to pay for this, but was not
+permitted to--the source code was a secret.  So she had to do six
+months of make-work, work that counts in the GNP but was actually waste.
+
+   The MIT Artificial Intelligence lab (AI lab) received a graphics
+printer as a gift from Xerox around 1977.  It was run by free software
+to which we added many convenient features.  For example, the software
+would notify a user immediately on completion of a print job.  Whenever
+the printer had trouble, such as a paper jam or running out of paper,
+the software would immediately notify all users who had print jobs
+queued.  These features facilitated smooth operation.
+
+   Later Xerox gave the AI lab a newer, faster printer, one of the first
+laser printers.  It was driven by proprietary software that ran in a
+separate dedicated computer, so we couldn't add any of our favorite
+features.  We could arrange to send a notification when a print job was
+sent to the dedicated computer, but not when the job was actually
+printed (and the delay was usually considerable).  There was no way to
+find out when the job was actually printed; you could only guess.  And
+no one was informed when there was a paper jam, so the printer often
+went for an hour without being fixed.
+
+   The system programmers at the AI lab were capable of fixing such
+problems, probably as capable as the original authors of the program.
+Xerox was uninterested in fixing them, and chose to prevent us, so we
+were forced to accept the problems.  They were never fixed.
+
+   Most good programmers have experienced this frustration.  The bank
+could afford to solve the problem by writing a new program from
+scratch, but a typical user, no matter how skilled, can only give up.
+
+   Giving up causes psychosocial harm--to the spirit of self-reliance.
+It is demoralizing to live in a house that you cannot rearrange to suit
+your needs.  It leads to resignation and discouragement, which can
+spread to affect other aspects of one's life.  People who feel this way
+are unhappy and do not do good work.
+
+   Imagine what it would be like if recipes were hoarded in the same
+fashion as software.  You might say, "How do I change this recipe to
+take out the salt?", and the great chef would respond, "How dare you
+insult my recipe, the child of my brain and my palate, by trying to
+tamper with it?  You don't have the judgment to change my recipe and
+make it work right!"
+
+   "But my doctor says I'm not supposed to eat salt!  What can I do?
+Will you take out the salt for me?"
+
+   "I would be glad to do that; my fee is only $50,000."  Since the
+owner has a monopoly on changes, the fee tends to be large.  "However,
+right now I don't have time.  I am busy with a commission to design a
+new recipe for ship's biscuit for the Navy Department.  I might get
+around to you in about two years."
+
+Obstructing Software Development
+================================
+
+   The third level of material harm affects software development.
+Software development used to be an evolutionary process, where a person
+would take an existing program and rewrite parts of it for one new
+feature, and then another person would rewrite parts to add another
+feature; in some cases, this continued over a period of twenty years.
+Meanwhile, parts of the program would be "cannibalized" to form the
+beginnings of other programs.
+
+   The existence of owners prevents this kind of evolution, making it
+necessary to start from scratch when developing a program.  It also
+prevents new practitioners from studying existing programs to learn
+useful techniques or even how large programs can be structured.
+
+   Owners also obstruct education.  I have met bright students in
+computer science who have never seen the source code of a large
+program.  They may be good at writing small programs, but they can't
+begin to learn the different skills of writing large ones if they can't
+see how others have done it.
+
+   In any intellectual field, one can reach greater heights by standing
+on the shoulders of others.  But that is no longer generally allowed in
+the software field--you can only stand on the shoulders of the other
+people *in your own company*.
+
+   The associated psychosocial harm affects the spirit of scientific
+cooperation, which used to be so strong that scientists would cooperate
+even when their countries were at war.  In this spirit, Japanese
+oceanographers abandoning their lab on an island in the Pacific
+carefully preserved their work for the invading U.S. Marines, and left a
+note asking them to take good care of it.
+
+   Conflict for profit has destroyed what international conflict spared.
+Nowadays scientists in many fields don't publish enough in their papers
+to enable others to replicate the experiment.  They publish only enough
+to let readers marvel at how much they were able to do.  This is
+certainly true in computer science, where the source code for the
+programs reported on is usually secret.
+
+It Does Not Matter How Sharing Is Restricted
+============================================
+
+   I have been discussing the effects of preventing people from copying,
+changing and building on a program.  I have not specified how this
+obstruction is carried out, because that doesn't affect the conclusion.
+Whether it is done by copy protection, or copyright, or licenses, or
+encryption, or ROM cards, or hardware serial numbers, if it *succeeds*
+in preventing use, it does harm.
+
+   Users do consider some of these methods more obnoxious than others.
+I suggest that the methods most hated are those that accomplish their
+objective.
+
+Software Should be Free
+=======================
+
+   I have shown how ownership of a program--the power to restrict
+changing or copying it--is obstructive.  Its negative effects are
+widespread and important.  It follows that society shouldn't have
+owners for programs.
+
+   Another way to understand this is that what society needs is free
+software, and proprietary software is a poor substitute.  Encouraging
+the substitute is not a rational way to get what we need.
+
+   Vaclav Havel has advised us to "Work for something because it is
+good, not just because it stands a chance to succeed."  A business
+making proprietary software stands a chance of success in its own narrow
+terms, but it is not what is good for society.
+
+Why People Will Develop Software
+********************************
+
+   If we eliminate intellectual property as a means of encouraging
+people to develop software, at first less software will be developed,
+but that software will be more useful.  It is not clear whether the
+overall delivered user satisfaction will be less; but if it is, or if
+we wish to increase it anyway, there are other ways to encourage
+development, just as there are ways besides toll booths to raise money
+for streets.  Before I talk about how that can be done, first I want to
+question how much artificial encouragement is truly necessary.
+
+Programming is Fun
+==================
+
+   There are some lines of work that few will enter except for money;
+road construction, for example.  There are other fields of study and
+art in which there is little chance to become rich, which people enter
+for their fascination or their perceived value to society.  Examples
+include mathematical logic, classical music, and archaeology; and
+political organizing among working people.  People compete, more sadly
+than bitterly, for the few funded positions available, none of which is
+funded very well.  They may even pay for the chance to work in the
+field, if they can afford to.
+
+   Such a field can transform itself overnight if it begins to offer the
+possibility of getting rich.  When one worker gets rich, others demand
+the same opportunity.  Soon all may demand large sums of money for doing
+what they used to do for pleasure.  When another couple of years go by,
+everyone connected with the field will deride the idea that work would
+be done in the field without large financial returns.  They will advise
+social planners to ensure that these returns are possible, prescribing
+special privileges, powers and monopolies as necessary to do so.
+
+   This change happened in the field of computer programming in the past
+decade.  Fifteen years ago, there were articles on "computer
+addiction": users were "onlining" and had hundred-dollar-a-week habits.
+It was generally understood that people frequently loved programming
+enough to break up their marriages.  Today, it is generally understood
+that no one would program except for a high rate of pay.  People have
+forgotten what they knew fifteen years ago.
+
+   When it is true at a given time that most people will work in a
+certain field only for high pay, it need not remain true.  The dynamic
+of change can run in reverse, if society provides an impetus.  If we
+take away the possibility of great wealth, then after a while, when the
+people have readjusted their attitudes, they will once again be eager
+to work in the field for the joy of accomplishment.
+
+   The question, "How can we pay programmers?", becomes an easier
+question when we realize that it's not a matter of paying them a
+fortune.  A mere living is easier to raise.
+
+Funding Free Software
+=====================
+
+   Institutions that pay programmers do not have to be software houses.
+Many other institutions already exist which can do this.
+
+   Hardware manufacturers find it essential to support software
+development even if they cannot control the use of the software.  In
+1970, much of their software was free because they did not consider
+restricting it.  Today, their increasing willingness to join
+consortiums shows their realization that owning the software is not
+what is really important for them.
+
+   Universities conduct many programming projects.  Today, they often
+sell the results, but in the 1970s, they did not.  Is there any doubt
+that universities would develop free software if they were not allowed
+to sell software?  These projects could be supported by the same
+government contracts and grants which now support proprietary software
+development.
+
+   It is common today for university researchers to get grants to
+develop a system, develop it nearly to the point of completion and call
+that "finished", and then start companies where they really finish the
+project and make it usable.  Sometimes they declare the unfinished
+version "free"; if they are thoroughly corrupt, they instead get an
+exclusive license from the university.  This is not a secret; it is
+openly admitted by everyone concerned.  Yet if the researchers were not
+exposed to the temptation to do these things, they would still do their
+research.
+
+   Programmers writing free software can make their living by selling
+services related to the software.  I have been hired to port the GNU C
+compiler to new hardware, and to make user-interface extensions to GNU
+Emacs.  (I offer these improvements to the public once they are done.)
+I also teach classes for which I am paid.
+
+   I am not alone in working this way; there is now a successful,
+growing corporation which does no other kind of work.  Several other
+companies also provide commercial support for the free software of the
+GNU system.  This is the beginning of the independent software support
+industry-an industry that could become quite large if free software
+becomes prevalent.  It provides users with an option generally
+unavailable for proprietary software, except to the very wealthy.
+
+   New institutions such as the Free Software Foundation can also fund
+programmers.  Most of the foundation's funds come from users buying
+tapes through the mail.  The software on the tapes is free, which means
+that every user has the freedom to copy it and change it, but many
+nonetheless pay to get copies.  (Recall that "free software" refers to
+freedom, not to price.)  Some users order tapes who already have a copy,
+as a way of making a contribution they feel we deserve.  The Foundation
+also receives sizable donations from computer manufacturers.
+
+   The Free Software Foundation is a charity, and its income is spent on
+hiring as many programmers as possible.  If it had been set up as a
+business, distributing the same free software to the public for the same
+fee, it would now provide a very good living for its founder.
+
+   Because the Foundation is a charity, programmers often work for the
+Foundation for half of what they could make elsewhere.  They do this
+because we are free of bureaucracy, and because they feel satisfaction
+in knowing that their work will not be obstructed from use.  Most of
+all, they do it because programming is fun.  In addition, volunteers
+have written many useful programs for us.  (Recently even technical
+writers have begun to volunteer.)
+
+   This confirms that programming is among the most fascinating of all
+fields, along with music and art.  We don't have to fear that no one
+will want to program.
+
+What Do Users Owe to Developers?
+================================
+
+   There is a good reason for users of software to feel a moral
+obligation to contribute to its support.  Developers of free software
+are contributing to the users' activities, and it is both fair and in
+the long term interest of the users to give them funds to continue.
+
+   However, this does not apply to proprietary software developers,
+since obstructionism deserves a punishment rather than a reward.
+
+   We thus have a paradox: the developer of useful software is entitled
+to the support of the users, but any attempt to turn this moral
+obligation into a requirement destroys the basis for the obligation.  A
+developer can either deserve a reward or demand it, but not both.
+
+   I believe that an ethical developer faced with this paradox must act
+so as to deserve the reward, but should also entreat the users for
+voluntary donations.  Eventually the users will learn to support
+developers without coercion, just as they have learned to support public
+radio and television stations.
+
+What Is Software Productivity?
+******************************
+
+   If software were free, there would still be programmers, but perhaps
+fewer of them.  Would this be bad for society?
+
+   Not necessarily.  Today the advanced nations have fewer farmers than
+in 1900, but we do not think this is bad for society, because the few
+deliver more food to the consumers than the many used to do.  We call
+this improved productivity.  Free software would require far fewer
+programmers to satisfy the demand, because of increased software
+productivity at all levels:
+
+   * Wider use of each program that is developed.
+
+   * The ability to adapt existing programs for customization instead
+     of starting from scratch.
+
+   * Better education of programmers.
+
+   * The elimination of duplicate development effort.
+
+   Those who object to cooperation because it would result in the
+employment of fewer programmers, are actually objecting to increased
+productivity.  Yet these people usually accept the widely-held belief
+that the software industry needs increased productivity.  How is this?
+
+   "Software productivity" can mean two different things: the overall
+productivity of all software development, or the productivity of
+individual projects.  Overall productivity is what society would like to
+improve, and the most straightforward way to do this is to eliminate the
+artificial obstacles to cooperation which reduce it.  But researchers
+who study the field of "software productivity" focus only on the
+second, limited, sense of the term, where improvement requires difficult
+technological advances.
+
+Is Competition Inevitable?
+**************************
+
+   Is it inevitable that people will try to compete, to surpass their
+rivals in society?  Perhaps it is.  But competition itself is not
+harmful; the harmful thing is *combat*.
+
+   There are many ways to compete.  Competition can consist of trying to
+achieve ever more, to outdo what others have done.  For example, in the
+old days, there was competition among programming wizards--competition
+for who could make the computer do the most amazing thing, or for who
+could make the shortest or fastest program for a given task.  This kind
+of competition can benefit everyone, *as long as* the spirit of good
+sportsmanship is maintained.
+
+   Constructive competition is enough competition to motivate people to
+great efforts.  A number of people are competing to be the first to have
+visited all the countries on Earth; some even spend fortunes trying to
+do this.  But they do not bribe ship captains to strand their rivals on
+desert islands.  They are content to let the best person win.
+
+   Competition becomes combat when the competitors begin trying to
+impede each other instead of advancing themselves--when "Let the best
+person win" gives way to "Let me win, best or not."  Proprietary
+software is harmful, not because it is a form of competition, but
+because it is a form of combat among the citizens of our society.
+
+   Competition in business is not necessarily combat.  For example, when
+two grocery stores compete, their entire effort is to improve their own
+operations, not to sabotage the rival.  But this does not demonstrate a
+special commitment to business ethics; rather, there is little scope for
+combat in this line of business short of physical violence.  Not all
+areas of business share this characteristic.  Withholding information
+that could help everyone advance is a form of combat.
+
+   Business ideology does not prepare people to resist the temptation to
+combat the competition.  Some forms of combat have been made banned with
+anti-trust laws, truth in advertising laws, and so on, but rather than
+generalizing this to a principled rejection of combat in general,
+executives invent other forms of combat which are not specifically
+prohibited.  Society's resources are squandered on the economic
+equivalent of factional civil war.
+
+"Why Don't You Move to Russia?"
+*******************************
+
+   In the United States, any advocate of other than the most extreme
+form of laissez-faire selfishness has often heard this accusation.  For
+example, it is leveled against the supporters of a national health care
+system, such as is found in all the other industrialized nations of the
+free world.  It is leveled against the advocates of public support for
+the arts, also universal in advanced nations.  The idea that citizens
+have any obligation to the public good is identified in America with
+Communism.  But how similar are these ideas?
+
+   Communism as was practiced in the Soviet Union was a system of
+central control where all activity was regimented, supposedly for the
+common good, but actually for the sake of the members of the Communist
+party.  And where copying equipment was closely guarded to prevent
+illegal copying.
+
+   The American system of intellectual property exercises central
+control over distribution of a program, and guards copying equipment
+with automatic copying protection schemes to prevent illegal copying.
+
+   By contrast, I am working to build a system where people are free to
+decide their own actions; in particular, free to help their neighbors,
+and free to alter and improve the tools which they use in their daily
+lives.  A system based on voluntary cooperation, and decentralization.
+
+   Thus, if we are to judge views by their resemblance to Russian
+Communism, it is the software owners who are the Communists.
+
+The Question of Premises
+************************
+
+   I make the assumption in this paper that a user of software is no
+less important than an author, or even an author's employer.  In other
+words, their interests and needs have equal weight, when we decide
+which course of action is best.
+
+   This premise is not universally accepted.  Many maintain that an
+author's employer is fundamentally more important than anyone else.
+They say, for example, that the purpose of having owners of software is
+to give the author's employer the advantage he deserves--regardless of
+how this may affect the public.
+
+   It is no use trying to prove or disprove these premises.  Proof
+requires shared premises.  So most of what I have to say is addressed
+only to those who share the premises I use, or at least are interested
+in what their consequences are.  For those who believe that the owners
+are more important than everyone else, this paper is simply irrelevant.
+
+   But why would a large number of Americans accept a premise which
+elevates certain people in importance above everyone else?  Partly
+because of the belief that this premise is part of the legal traditions
+of American society.  Some people feel that doubting the premise means
+challenging the basis of society.
+
+   It is important for these people to know that this premise is not
+part of our legal tradition.  It never has been.
+
+   Thus, the Constitution says that the purpose of copyright is to
+"promote the progress of science and the useful arts."  The Supreme
+Court has elaborated on this, stating in `Fox Film vs. Doyal' that "The
+sole interest of the United States and the primary object in conferring
+the [copyright] monopoly lie in the general benefits derived by the
+public from the labors of authors."
+
+   We are not required to agree with the Constitution or the Supreme
+Court.  (At one time, they both condoned slavery.)  So their positions
+do not disprove the owner supremacy premise.  But I hope that the
+awareness that this is a radical right-wing assumption rather than a
+traditionally recognized one will weaken its appeal.
+
+Conclusion
+**********
+
+   We like to think that our society encourages helping your neighbor;
+but each time we reward someone for obstructionism, or admire them for
+the wealth they have gained in this way, we are sending the opposite
+message.
+
+   Software hoarding is one form of our general willingness to disregard
+the welfare of society for personal gain.  We can trace this disregard
+from Ronald Reagan to Jim Bakker, from Ivan Boesky to Exxon, from
+failing banks to failing schools.  We can measure it with the size of
+the homeless population and the prison population.  The antisocial
+spirit feeds on itself, because the more we see that other people will
+not help us, the more it seems futile to help them.  Thus society decays
+into a jungle.
+
+   If we don't want to live in a jungle, we must change our attitudes.
+We must start sending the message that a good citizen is one who
+cooperates when appropriate, not one who is successful at taking from
+others.  I hope that the free software movement will contribute to
+this: at least in one area, we will replace the jungle with a more
+efficient system which encourages and runs on voluntary cooperation.
+
+   ---------- Footnotes ----------
+
+   (1)  The word "free" in "free software" refers to freedom, not to
+price; the price paid for a copy of a free program may be zero, or
+small, or (rarely) quite large.
+
+   (2)  The issues of pollution and traffic congestion do not alter
+this conclusion.  If we wish to make driving more expensive to
+discourage driving in general, it is disadvantageous to do this using
+toll booths, which contribute to both pollution and congestion.  A tax
+on gasoline is much better.  Likewise, a desire to enhance safety by
+limiting maximum speed is not relevant; a free access road enhances the
+average speed by avoiding stops and delays, for any given speed limit.
+
+   (3)  One might regard a particular computer program as a harmful
+thing that should not be available at all, like the Lotus Marketplace
+database of personal information, which was withdrawn from sale due to
+public disapproval.  Most of what I say does not apply to this case,
+but it makes little sense to argue for having an owner on the grounds
+that the owner will make the program less available.  The owner will
+not make it *completely* unavailable, as one would wish in the case of
+a program whose use is considered destructive.
+

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/ctags.1	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,1 @@
+.so man1/etags.1

Binary file etc/e/eterm has changed

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/e/eterm.ti	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+eterm,
+	lines#24,cols#80,
+	colors#8,pairs#64,
+	cuu1=\E[A,cud1=\n,cub1=\b,cuf1=\E[C,home=\E[H,cr=\r,
+	cuu=\E[%p1%dA,cud=\E[%p1%dB,cub=\E[%p1%dD,cuf=\E[%p1%dC,
+	cup=\E[%i%p1%d;%p2%dH,
+	ind=\n,csr=\E[%i%p1%d;%p2%dr,
+	il1=\E[L,il=\E[%p1%dL,
+	clear=\E[H\E[J,ed=\E[J,el=\E[K,el1=\E[1K,
+	dl1=\E[M,dl=\E[%p1%dM,dch1=\E[P,dch=\E[%p1%dP,
+	smir=\E[4h,rmir=\E[4l,ich=\E[%p1%d@,mir,
+	smcup=\E7\E[?47h,rmcup=\E[2J\E[?47l\E8,
+	ht=\t,khome=\E[1~,kend=\E[4~,knp=\E[6~,kpp=\E[5~,
+	kcub1=\EOD, kcud1=\EOB, kcuf1=\EOC, kcuu1=\EOA,
+	smso=\E[7m,rmso=\E[m,
+	smul=\E[4m,rmul=\E[m,
+	rev=\E[7m,bold=\E[1m,sgr0=\E[m,
+	invis=\E[8m,
+	setab=\E[%p1%{40}%+%dm, setaf=\E[%p1%{30}%+%dm,
+	bel=^G,xenl,am,
+

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/echo.msg	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,207 @@
+Path: mit-amt!mit-eddie!think!harvard!seismo!gatech!akgua!whuxlm!whuxl!houxm!ihnp4!stolaf!umn-cs!herndon
+From: [e-mail]
+Newsgroups: net.sources
+Subject: GNU Echo, Release 1
+Message-ID: <[e-mail]>
+Date: 28 Oct 85 18:23:00 GMT
+
+
+/* Written 12:22 pm  Oct 28, 1985 by umn-cs!herndon in umn-cs:net.jokes */
+/* ---------- "GNU Echo, Release 1" ---------- */
+
+
+
+
+GNUecho(1)	    UNIX Programmer's Manual	       GNUecho(1)
+
+
+
+NAME
+     echo - echo arguments
+
+SYNOPSIS
+     echo [ options ] ...
+
+DESCRIPTION
+     _^HE_^Hc_^Hh_^Ho writes its arguments separated by blanks and terminated
+     by	a newline on the standard output.  Options to filter and
+     redirect the output are as	follows:
+
+     -2	  generate rhyming couplets from keywords
+
+     -3	  generate Haiku verse from keywords
+
+     -5	  generate limerick from keywords
+
+     -a	  convert ASCII	to ASCII
+
+     -A	  disambiguate sentence	structure
+
+     -b	  generate bureaucratese equivalent (see -x)
+
+     -B	  issue	equivalent C code with bugs fixed
+
+     -c	  simplify/calculate arithmetic	expression(s)
+
+     -C	  remove copyright notice(s)
+
+     -d	  define new echo switch map
+
+     -D	  delete all ownership information from	system files
+
+     -e	  evaluate lisp	expression(s)
+
+     -E	  convert ASCII	to Navajo
+
+     -f	  read input from file
+
+     -F	  transliterate	to french
+
+     -g	  generate pseudo-revolutionary	marxist	catch-phrases
+
+     -G	  prepend GNU manifesto
+
+     -h	  halt system (reboot suppressed on Suns, Apollos, and
+	  VAXen, not supported on NOS-2)
+
+     -i	  emulate IBM OS/VU (recursive universes not supported)
+
+     -I	  emulate IBM VTOS 3.7.6 (chronosynclastic infundibulae
+	  supported with restrictions documented in IBM	VTOS
+
+
+
+Printed	10/28/85	 18 January 1983			1
+
+
+
+
+
+
+GNUecho(1)	    UNIX Programmer's Manual	       GNUecho(1)
+
+
+
+	  Reference Manual rev 3.2.6)
+
+     -J	  generate junk	mail
+
+     -j	  justify text (see -b option)
+
+     -k	  output "echo"	software tools
+
+     -K	  delete privileged accounts
+
+     -l	  generate legalese equivalent
+
+     -L	  load echo modules
+
+     -M	  generate mail
+
+     -N	  send output to all reachable networks	(usable	with -J,
+	  -K, -h options)
+
+     -n	  do not add newline to	the output
+
+     -o	  generate obscene text
+
+     -O	  clean	up dirty language
+
+     -p	  decrypt and print /etc/passwd
+
+     -P	  port echo to all reachable networks
+
+     -P1  oolcay itay
+
+     -q	  query	standard input for arguments
+
+     -r	  read alternate ".echo" file on start up
+
+     -R	  change root password to "RMS"
+
+     -s	  suspend operating system during output (Sun and VAX BSD
+	  4.2 only)
+
+     -S	  translate to swahili
+
+     -T	  emulate TCP/IP handler
+
+     -t	  issue	troff output
+
+     -u	  issue	unix philosophy	essay
+
+     -v	  generate reverberating echo
+
+     -V	  print	debugging information
+
+
+
+
+Printed	10/28/85	 18 January 1983			2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+GNUecho(1)	    UNIX Programmer's Manual	       GNUecho(1)
+
+
+
+     -x	  decrypt DES format messages (NSA secret algorithm CX
+	  3.8, not distributed outside continental US)
+
+     _^HE_^Hc_^Hh_^Ho is useful for	producing diagnostics in shell programs
+     and for writing constant data on pipes.  To send diagnostics
+     to	the standard error file, do `echo ... 1>&2'.
+
+AUTHOR
+     Richard M.	Stallman
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Printed	10/28/85	 18 January 1983			3
+

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/edt-user.doc	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,858 @@
+File:  edt-user.doc  ---  EDT Emulation User Instructions
+
+                                For GNU Emacs 19
+
+Copyright (C) 1986, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+Author: Kevin Gallagher <[e-mail]>
+Maintainer: Kevin Gallagher <[e-mail]>
+Keywords: emulations
+
+This file is part of GNU Emacs.
+
+GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+any later version.
+
+GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the
+Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
+Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+============================================================================
+
+I.    OVERVIEW:
+
+This version of the EDT emulation package for GNU Emacs is a substantially
+enhanced version of the original.  A large part of the original can still be
+found here, of course, but much of it has been modified and quite a bit is
+new.  Many of the ideas found here are borrowed from others.  In particular,
+some of the code found here was drawn from an earlier re-write of the EDT
+package done at DSC in 1989 by Matthew Frohman.
+   
+Send bug fixes, suggestions for enhancements, and corrections to this
+documentation to Kevin Gallagher ([e-mail]).
+
+The EDT emulation consists of the following files:
+
+edt-user.doc          - User instructions (which you are reading now)
+edt.el                - EDT Emulation Functions and Default Configuration
+edt-lk201.el          - Support for DEC LK-201 Keyboards
+edt-vt100.el          - Support for DEC VT-100 (and above) terminals
+edt-mapper.el         - Support for Keyboards used under X Windows
+edt-pc.el             - Support for the PC AT Keyboard under MS-DOS
+
+Several goals were kept in mind when making this version:
+     
+        1.  Emulate EDT Keypad Mode commands closely so that current
+            EDT users will find that it easy and comfortable to use
+            GNU Emacs with a small learning curve;
+   
+        2.  Make it easy for a user to customize EDT emulation key
+            bindings without knowing much about Emacs Lisp;
+
+        3.  Make it easy to switch between the original EDT default bindings
+            and the user's customized bindings, without having to exit Emacs.
+
+        4.  Provide support for some TPU/EVE functions not supported in
+            EDT. 
+
+        5.  Provide an easy way to restore ALL original Emacs key bindings,
+            just as they existed before the EDT emulation was first invoked.
+   
+        6.  Support GNU Emacs 19.  (Support for GNU Emacs 18 has been dropped.
+            Also, although there is some code designed to support Xemacs 19
+            (formerly Lucid Emacs), this is not fully implemented at this
+            time. 
+
+        7.  When running under X, support highlighting of marked text.
+
+        8.  Handle terminal configuration under X interactively when the
+            emulation is invoked for the first time.
+
+        9.  Support a PC AT keyboard under MS-DOS.
+
+II.   TERMINALS/KEYBOARDS SUPPORTED:
+
+Keyboards used under X Windows are supported via the edt-mapper function.  The
+first time you invoke the emulation under X, the edt-mapper function is run
+automatically and the user is prompted to identify which keys the emulation is
+to use for the standard keypad and function keys EDT expects (e.g., PF1, PF2,
+etc.).  This configuration is saved to disk read each time the emulation is
+invoked.
+
+In character oriented connections not running a window manager, the following
+terminals/keyboards are supported.  (1) DEC VT-100 series and higher.  This
+includes well behaved VT clones and emulators.  If you are using a VT series
+terminal, be sure that the term environment variable is set properly before
+invoking emacs. (2) PC AT keyboard under MS-DOS.
+
+Be sure to read the SPECIAL NOTES FOR SOME PLATFORMS sections to see if those
+notes apply to you.
+
+
+III.  STARTING THE EDT EMULATION:
+
+Start up GNU Emacs and enter "M-x edt-emulation-on" to begin the emulation.
+After initialization is complete, the following message will appear below the
+status line informing you that the emulation has been enabled:
+
+                         Default EDT keymap active
+
+You can have the EDT Emulation start up automatically, each time you initiate
+a GNU Emacs session, by adding the following line to your .emacs file:
+
+                  (setq term-setup-hook 'edt-emulation-on)
+
+A reference sheet is included (later on) listing the default EDT Emulation key
+bindings.  This sheet is also accessible on line from within Emacs by pressing
+PF2, GOLD H, or HELP (when in the EDT Default Mode).
+
+It is easy to customize key bindings in the EDT Emulation.  (See CUSTOMIZING
+section, below.)  Customizations are placed in a file called edt-user.el.  (A
+sample edt-user.el file can be found in the CUSTOMIZING section.)  If
+edt-user.el is found in your GNU Emacs load path during EDT Emulation
+initialization, then the following message will appear below the status line
+indicating that the emulation has been enabled, enhanced by your own
+customizations:
+
+                       User EDT custom keymap active
+
+Once enabled, it is easy to switch back and forth between your customized EDT
+Emulation key bindings and the default EDT Emulation key bindings.  It is also
+easy to turn off the emulation.  Doing so completely restores the original key
+bindings in effect just prior to invoking the emulation.
+
+Where EDT key bindings and GNU Emacs key bindings conflict, the default GNU
+Emacs key bindings are retained by the EDT emulation by default.  If you are a
+diehard EDT user you may not like this.  The CUSTOMIZING section explains how
+to change this default.
+
+
+IV.   SPECIAL NOTES FOR SOME PLATFORMS:
+
+  Sun Workstations running X:
+
+     Some earlier Sun keyboards do not have arrow keys separate from the
+     keypad keys.  It is difficult to emulate the full EDT keypad and still
+     retain use of the arrow keys on such keyboards.  
+
+     The Sun Type 5 keyboard, however, does have separate arrow keys.  This
+     makes it a candidate for setting up a reasonable EDT keypad emulation.
+     Unfortunately, Sun's default X keynames for the keypad keys don't permit
+     GNU Emacs to interpret the keypad 2, 4, 6, and 8 keys as something other
+     than arrow keys, nor use all the top row of keys for PF1 thru PF4 keys.
+     Here's the contents of an .xmodmaprc file which corrects this problem for
+     Sun Type 5 keyboards:
+
+         ! File:  .xmodmaprc
+         !
+         ! Set up Sun Type 5 keypad for use with the GNU Emacs EDT Emulation
+         !
+         keycode  53 = KP_Divide
+         keycode  54 = KP_Multiply
+         keycode  57 = KP_Decimal
+         keycode  75 = KP_7
+         keycode  76 = KP_8
+         keycode  77 = KP_9
+         keycode  78 = KP_Subtract
+         keycode  97 = KP_Enter
+         keycode  98 = KP_4
+         keycode  99 = KP_5
+         keycode 100 = KP_6
+         keycode 101 = KP_0
+         keycode 105 = F24
+         keycode 119 = KP_1
+         keycode 120 = KP_2
+         keycode 121 = KP_3
+         keycode 132 = KP_Add
+
+     Feed .xmodmaprc to the xmodmap command and all the Sun Type 5 keypad keys
+     will now be configurable for the emulation of an LK-201 keypad (less the
+     comma key).  The line
+
+         keycode 105 = F24
+
+     modifies the NumLock key to be the F24 key which can then be configured 
+     to behave as the PF1 (Gold) key.  In doing so, you will no longer
+     have a NumLock key.  If you are using other software under X
+     which requires a NumLock key, then examine your keyboard and look
+     for one you don't use and redefine it to be the NumLock key.
+     Basically, you need to clear the NumLock key from being assigned
+     as a modifier, assign it to the key of your choice, and then add
+     it back as a modifier.  (See the "General Notes on Using NumLock
+     for the PF1 Key on a Unix System" section below for further help
+     on how to do this.)
+
+  PC users running MS-DOS:
+
+     By default, F1 is configured to emulate the PF1 (GOLD) key.  But NumLock
+     can be used instead if you load a freeware TSR distributed with
+     MS-Kermit, call gold.com.  It is distributed in a file called gold22.zip
+     and comes with the source code as well as a loadable binary image. 
+     (See edt-pc.el for more information.)
+
+  PC users running GNU/Linux:
+
+     The default X server configuration of three keys PC AT keyboard keys
+     needs to be modified to permit the PC keyboard to emulate an LK-201
+     keyboard properly.  Here's the contents of an .xmodmaprc file which makes
+     these changes for your:
+
+         ! File:  .xmodmaprc
+         !
+         ! Set up PC keypad under GNU/Linux for the GNU Emacs EDT Emulation 
+         !
+	 clear  mod2
+	 keycode  77 = F12
+	 keycode  96 = Num_Lock Pointer_EnableKeys
+	 add mod2 = Num_Lock
+
+     Feed the file to the xmodmap command and the PC NumLock keypad
+     key will now be configurable for the emulation of the PF1 key.
+     The PC keypad can now emulate an LK-201 keypad (less the comma
+     key), the standard keyboard supplied with DEC terminals VT-200 and above.
+     This .xmodmaprc file switches the role of the F12 and NumLock
+     keys.  It has been tested on RedHat GNU/Linux 5.2.  Other
+     versions of GNU/Linux may require different keycodes.  (See the
+     "General Notes on Using NumLock for the PF1 Key on a Unix System"
+     section below for further help on how to do this.) 
+
+     NOTE: It is necessary to have NumLock ON for the PC keypad to emulate the
+     LK-201 keypad properly.
+
+  General Notes on Using NumLock for the PF1 Key on a Unix System:
+
+     Making the physical NumLock key available for use in the EDT
+     Emulation requires some modification to the default X Window
+     settings.  Since the keycode assignments vary from system to
+     system, some investigation is needed to see how to do this on
+     a particular system.
+
+     The following commands should be run and the output examined.
+     On RedHat GNU/Linux 5.2 on a PC, we get the following output when
+     running xmodmap.
+
+     "xmodmap -pm"  yields:
+
+          xmodmap:  up to 2 keys per modifier, (keycodes in parentheses):
+
+          shift       Shift_L (0x32),  Shift_R (0x3e)
+          lock        Caps_Lock (0x42)
+          control     Control_L (0x25),  Control_R (0x6d)
+          mod1        Alt_L (0x40),  Alt_R (0x71)
+          mod2        Num_Lock (0x4d)
+          mod3
+          mod4
+          mod5        Scroll_Lock (0x4e)
+
+
+     Note that Num_Lock is assigned to the modifier mod2.  This is
+     what hides Num_Lock from being seen by Emacs.
+
+     Now, "xmodmap -pke" yields:
+
+             .
+             .
+             .
+          keycode  77 = Num_Lock Pointer_EnableKeys
+             .
+             .
+             .
+          keycode  96 = F12
+             .
+             .
+             .
+
+     So, in RedHat GNU/Linux 5.2 on a PC, Num_Lock generates keycode
+     77.  The following steps are taken:
+
+         1.  clear the assignment of Num_Lock to mod2;
+         2.  swap the keycodes assigned to F12 and Num_Lock;
+         3.  assign Num_Lock back to mod2.
+
+     The .xmodmaprc file looks like this:
+
+         ! File:  .xmodmaprc
+         !
+         ! Set up PC keypad under GNU/Linux for the GNU Emacs EDT Emulation 
+         !
+	 clear  mod2
+	 keycode  77 = F12
+	 keycode  96 = Num_Lock Pointer_EnableKeys
+	 add mod2 = Num_Lock
+
+     So, after executing "xmodmap .xmodmaprc", a press of the physical
+     F12 key looks like a Num_Lock keypress to X.  Also, a press of the
+     physical NumLock key looks like a press of the F12 key to X.
+
+     Now, edt-mapper.el will see "f12" when the physical NumLock key
+     is pressed, allowing the NumLock key to be used as the EDT PF1
+     (Gold) key. 
+
+V.    HOW DOES THIS EDT EMULATION DIFFER FROM REAL EDT?:
+
+In general, you will find that this emulation of EDT replicates most, but not
+all, of EDT's most used Keypad Mode editing functions and behavior.  It is not
+perfect, but most EDT users who have tried the emulation agree that it is
+quite good enough to make it easy for die-hard EDT users to move over to using
+GNU Emacs.  
+
+Here's a list of the most important differences between EDT and this GNU Emacs
+EDT Emulation.  The list is short but you must be aware of these differences
+if you are to use the EDT Emulation effectively.
+
+1.  Entering repeat counts works a little differently than in EDT.
+
+    EDT allows users to enter a repeat count before entering a command that
+    accepts repeat counts.  For example, when in EDT, pressing these three
+    keys in sequence, GOLD 5 KP1, will move the cursor in the current
+    direction 5 words.
+
+    Emacs provides two ways to enter repeat counts, though neither involves
+    using the GOLD key.  In Emacs, repeat counts can be entered by using the 
+    ESC key.  For example, pressing these keys in sequence, ESC 1 0 KP1, will
+    move the cursor in the current direction 10 words. 
+
+    Emacs provides another command called universal-argument that can do the
+    same thing, plus a few other things.  Normally, Emacs has this bound to
+    C-u.  
+
+2.  The EDT SUBS command, bound to GOLD ENTER, is NOT supported.  The built-in
+    Emacs query-replace command has been bound to GOLD ENTER, instead.  It is
+    much more convenient to use than SUBS.
+
+3.  EDT's line mode commands and nokeypad mode commands are NOT supported
+    (with one important exception; see item 8 in the Highlights section
+    below).  Although, at first, this may seem like a big omission, the set of
+    built-in Emacs commands provides a much richer set of capabilities which
+    more than make up for this omission.
+
+    To enter Emacs commands not bound to keys, you can press GOLD KP7 or the
+    DO key.  Emacs will display its own command prompt called Meta-x (M-x).
+    You can also invoke this prompt the normal Emacs way by entering ESC x.
+
+4.  Selected text is highlighted ONLY when running under X Windows.  Gnu Emacs
+    19 does not support highlighting of text on VT series terminals, at this
+    time. 
+
+5.  Just like TPU/EVE, The ENTER key is NOT used to terminate input when the
+    editor prompts you for input.  The RETURN key is used, instead.  (KP4 and
+    KP5 do terminate input for the FIND command, just like in EDT, however.)
+
+
+
+
+VI.   SOME HIGHLIGHTS IN THIS EDT EMULATION, AND SOME COMPARISONS TO THE
+      ORIGINAL GNU EMACS EDT EMULATION:
+
+1.  The EDT define key command is supported (edt-define-key) and is bound to
+    C-k in the default EDT mode when EDT control sequence bindings are enabled
+    or one of the sample edt-user.el customization files is used.  The TPU/EVE
+    learn command is supported but not bound to a key in the default EDT mode
+    but is bound in the sample edt-user.el files.
+
+    Unlike the TPU/EVE learn command, which uses one key to begin the learn
+    sequence, C-l, and another command to remember the sequence, C-r, this
+    version of the learn command (edt-learn) serves as a toggle to both begin
+    and to remember the learn sequence.
+
+    Many users who change the meaning of a key with the define key and the
+    learn commands, would like to be able to restore the original key binding
+    without having to quit and restart emacs.  So a restore key command is
+    provided to do just that.  When invoked, it prompts you to press the key
+    to which you wish the last replaced key definition restored.  It is bound
+    to GOLD C-k in the default EDT mode when EDT control sequence bindings are
+    enabled or one of the sample edt-user.el customization files is used.
+
+2.  Direction support is fully supported.  It is no longer accomplished by
+    re-defining keys each time the direction is changed.  Thus, commands
+    sensitive to the current direction setting may be bound easily to any key.
+
+3.  All original emacs bindings are fully restored when EDT emulation is
+    turned off.
+
+4.  User custom EDT bindings are kept separate from the default EDT bindings.
+    One can toggle back and forth between the custom EDT bindings and default
+    EDT bindings.
+
+5.  The Emacs functions in edt.el attempt to emulate, where practical, the
+    exact behavior of the corresponding EDT keypad mode commands.  In a few
+    cases, the emulation is not exact, but we hope you will agree it is close
+    enough.  In a very few cases, we chose to use the Emacs way of handling
+    things.  As mentioned earlier, we do not emulate the EDT SUBS command.
+    Instead, we chose to use the Emacs query-replace function, which we find
+    to be easier to use.
+
+6.  Emacs uses the regexp assigned to page-delimiter to determine what marks a
+    page break.  This is normally "^\f", which causes the edt-page command to
+    ignore form feeds not located at the beginning of a line.  To emulate the
+    EDT PAGE command exactly, page-delimiter is set to "\f" when EDT emulation
+    is turned on, and restored to "^\f" when EDT emulation is turned off.
+    But, since some users prefer the Emacs definition of a page break, or may
+    wish to preserve a customized definition of page break, one can override
+    the EDT definition by placing
+
+            (setq edt-keep-current-page-delimiter t)
+
+    in your .emacs file.
+
+7.  The EDT definition of a section of a terminal window is hardwired to be 16
+    lines of its one-and-only 24-line window (the EDT SECT command bound to
+    KP8).  That's two-thirds of the window at a time.  Since Emacs, like
+    TPU/EVE, can handle multiple windows of sizes of other than 24 lines, the
+    definition of section used here has been modified to two-thirds of the
+    current window.  (There is also an edt-scroll-window function which you
+    may prefer over the SECT emulation.)
+
+8.  Cursor movement and deletion involving word entities is identical to EDT.
+    This, above all else, gives the die-hard EDT user a sense of being at
+    home.  Also, an emulation of EDT's SET ENTITY WORD command is provided,
+    for those users who like to customize movement by a word at a time to
+    their own liking.
+
+9.  EDT's FIND and FNDNXT are supported.
+
+10. EDT's APPEND and REPLACE commands are supported.
+
+11. CHNGCASE is supported.  It works on individual characters or selected
+    text, if SELECT is active.  In addition, two new commands are provided:
+    edt-lowercase and edt-uppercase.  They work on individual WORDS or
+    selected text, if SELECT is active.
+
+12. Form feed and tab insert commands are supported.
+
+13. A new command, edt-duplicate-word, is provided.  If you experiment with
+    it, you might find it to be surprisingly useful and may wonder how you
+    ever got along without it!  It is assigned to C-j in the sample
+    edt-user.el customization files.
+
+14. TPU/EVE's Rectangular Cut and Paste functions (originally from the EVE-Plus
+    package) are supported.  But unlike the TPU/EVE versions, these here
+    support both insert and overwrite modes.  The seven rectangular functions
+    are bound to F7, F8, GOLD-F8, F9, GOLD-F9, F10, and GOLD-F10 in the
+    default EDT mode.
+
+15. The original EDT emulation package set up many default regular and GOLD
+    bindings.  We tried to preserve most (but not all!) of these, so users of
+    the original emulation package will feel more at home.  
+
+    Nevertheless, there are still many GOLD key sequences which are not bound
+    to any functions.  These are prime candidates to use for your own 
+    customizations.  
+    
+    Also, there are several commands in edt.el not bound to any key.  So, you
+    will find it worthwhile to look through edt.el for functions you may wish
+    to add to your personal customized bindings.
+
+16. The VT200/VT300 series terminals steal the function keys F1 to F5 for
+    their own use.  These do not generate signals which are sent to the host.
+    So, edt.el does not assign any default bindings to F1 through F5.
+
+    In addition, our VT220 terminals generate an interrupt when the F6 key is
+    pressed (^C or ^Y, can't remember which) and not the character sequence
+    documented in the manual.  So, binding emacs commands to F6 will not work
+    if your terminal behaves the same way.
+
+17. The VT220 terminal has no ESC, BS, nor LF keys, as does a VT100.  So the
+    default EDT bindings adopt the standard DEC convention of having the F11,
+    F12, and F13 keys, on a VT200 series (and above) terminal, assigned to the
+    same EDT functions that are bound to ESC, BS, and LF on a VT100 terminal.
+
+18. Each user, through the use of a private edt-user.el file, can customize,
+    very easily, personal EDT emulation bindings.
+
+19. The EDT SELECT and RESET functions are supported.  However, unlike EDT,
+    pressing RESET to cancel text selection does NOT reset the existing
+    setting of the current direction.
+
+    We also provide a TPU/EVE like version of the single SELECT/RESET
+    function, called edt-toggle-select, which makes the EDT SELECT function
+    into a toggle on/off switch.  That is, if selection is ON, pressing SELECT
+    again turns selection off (cancels selection).  This function is used in
+    the sample edt-user.el customization files.
+
+
+VII.  CUSTOMIZING:
+
+Most EDT users, at one time or another, make some custom key bindings, or
+use someone else's custom key bindings, which they come to depend upon just as
+if they were built-in bindings.  This EDT Emulation for GNU Emacs is designed
+to make it easy to customize bindings.
+
+If you wish to customize the EDT Emulation to use some of your own key
+bindings, you need to make a private version of edt-user.el in your own
+private lisp directory.  There are two sample files edt-user.el1 and
+edt-user.el2 for you to use as templates and for ideas.  Look at
+edt-user.el1 first.  Unless you will be using two or more very different
+types of terminals on the same system, you need not look at edt-user.el2.
+
+First, you need to have your own private lisp directory, say ~/lisp, and
+you should add it to the GNU Emacs load path.
+
+NOTE:  A few sites have different load-path requirements, so the above
+       directions may need some modification if your site has such special
+       needs. 
+
+
+Creating your own edt-user.el file:
+
+A sample edt-user.el file is attached to the end of this user documentation.
+You should use it as a guide to learn how you can customize EDT emulation
+bindings to your own liking.  Names used to identify the set of LK-201
+keypad and function keys are:
+
+Keypad Keys:   
+                PF1 PF2 PF3 PF4
+                KP7 KP8 KP9 KP-
+                KP4 KP5 KP6 KP,
+                KP1 KP2 KP3 
+                KP0     KPP KPE
+
+Arrow Keys:
+                LEFT RIGHT DOWN UP
+
+Function Keys:
+                F1 F2 F3 F4 F5  F6 F7 F8 F9 F10  F11 F12 F13 F14
+                HELP DO  F17 F18 F19 F20
+
+                FIND   INSERT   REMOVE 
+                SELECT PREVIOUS NEXT
+
+Note:
+                Many VT-200 terminals, and above, steal function keys F1 thru
+                F5 for terminal setup control and don't send anything to the
+                host if pressed.  So customizing bindings to these keys may
+                not work for you.
+
+There are three basic functions that do the EDT emulation bindings:
+edt-bind-standard-key, edt-bind-gold-key, and edt-bind-function-key.
+
+The first two are for binding functions to keys which are standard across most
+keyboards.  This makes them keyboard independent, making it possible to define
+these key bindings for all terminals in the file edt.el.
+
+The first, edt-bind-standard-key, is used typically to bind emacs commands to
+control keys, although some people use it to bind commands to other keys, as
+well.  (For example, some people use it to bind the VT200 seldom used
+back-tick key (`) to the function "ESC-prefix" so it will behave like an ESC
+key.)  The second function, edt-bind-gold-key, is used to bind emacs commands
+to gold key sequences involving alpha-numeric keys, special character keys,
+and control keys.
+
+The third function, edt-bind-function-key, is terminal dependent and is
+defined in a terminal specific file (see edt-vt100.el for example).  It is
+used to bind emacs commands to function keys, to keypad keys, and to gold
+sequences of those keys.
+
+WARNING: Each of the three functions, edt-bind-function-key,
+         edt-bind-gold-key, and edt-bind-standard-key, has an optional
+         last argument.  The optional argument should NOT be used in
+         edt-user.el!  When the optional argument is missing, each
+         function knows to make the key binding part of the user's EDT
+         custom bindings, which is what you want to do in edt-user.el!
+
+         The EDT default bindings are set up in edt.el by calling these
+         same functions with the optional last argument set to "t".  So, if
+         you decide to copy such function calls from edt.el to edt-user.el
+         for subsequent modification, BE SURE TO DELETE THE "t" AT THE END
+         OF EACH PARAMETER LIST!
+
+
+SPECIFYING WORD ENTITIES:
+
+The variable edt-word-entities is used to emulate EDT's SET ENTITY WORD
+command.  It contains a list of characters to be treated as words in
+themselves.  If the user does not define edt-word-entities in his/her .emacs
+file, then it is set up with the EDT default containing only TAB.
+
+The characters are stored in the list by their numerical values, not as
+strings.  Emacs supports several ways to specify the numerical value of a
+character.  One method is to use the question mark: ?A means the numerical
+value for A, ?/ means the numerical value for /, and so on.  Several
+unprintable characters have special representations:
+
+            ?\b  specifies  BS, C-h
+            ?\t  specifies  TAB, C-i
+            ?\n  specifies  LFD, C-j
+            ?\v  specifies  VTAB, C-k
+            ?\f  specifies  FF, C-l
+            ?\r  specifies  CR, C-m
+            ?\e  specifies  ESC, C-[
+            ?\\  specifies  \
+
+Here are some examples:
+
+     (setq edt-word-entities '(?\t ?- ?/)) ;; Specifies TAB, - , and /
+     (setq edt-word-entities '(?\t)        ;; Specifies TAB, the default
+
+You can also specify characters by their decimal ascii values:
+
+     (setq edt-word-entities '(9 45 47))   ;; Specifies TAB, - , and /
+
+
+ENABLING EDT CONTROL KEY SEQUENCE BINDINGS:
+
+Where EDT key bindings and GNU Emacs key bindings conflict, the default GNU
+Emacs key bindings are retained by default.  Some diehard EDT users may not
+like this.  So, if the variable edt-use-EDT-control-key-bindings is set to
+true in a user's .emacs file, then the default EDT Emulation mode will enable
+most of the original EDT control key sequence bindings.  If you wish to do
+this, add the following line to your .emacs file:
+
+        (setq edt-use-EDT-control-key-bindings t)
+
+
+                              DEFAULT EDT Keypad
+
+   F7: Copy Rectangle             +----------+----------+----------+----------+
+   F8: Cut Rect Overstrike        |Prev Line |Next Line |Bkwd Char |Frwd Char |
+ G-F8: Paste Rect Overstrike      |   (UP)   |  (DOWN)  |  (LEFT)  | (RIGHT)  |
+   F9: Cut Rect Insert            |Window Top|Window Bot|Bkwd Sent |Frwd Sent |
+ G-F9: Paste Rect Insert          +----------+----------+----------+----------+
+  F10: Cut Rectangle
+G-F10: Paste Rectangle
+  F11: ESC                       
+  F12: Begining of Line           +----------+----------+----------+----------+
+G-F12: Delete Other Windows       |   GOLD   |   HELP   |  FNDNXT  |  DEL L   |
+  F13: Delete to Begin of Word    |   (PF1)  |   (PF2)  |   (PF3)  |  (PF4)   |
+ HELP: Keypad Help                |Mark Wisel|Desc Funct|   FIND   |  UND L   |
+   DO: Execute extended command   +----------+----------+----------+----------+
+                                  |   PAGE   |   SECT   |  APPEND  |  DEL W   |
+  C-g: Keyboard Quit              |    (7)   |    (8)   |    (9)   |   (-)    |
+G-C-g: Keyboard Quit              |Ex Ext Cmd|Fill Regio| REPLACE  |  UND W   |
+  C-h: Beginning of Line          +----------+----------+----------+----------+
+G-C-h: Emacs Help                 |  ADVANCE |  BACKUP  |   CUT    |  DEL C   |
+  C-i: Tab Insert                 |    (4)   |    (5)   |    (6)   |   (,)    |
+  C-j: Delete to Begin of Word    |   BOTTOM |    TOP   |   Yank   |  UND C   |
+  C-k: Define Key                 +----------+----------+----------+----------+
+G-C-k: Restore Key                |   WORD   |    EOL   |   CHAR   |   Next   |
+  C-l: Form Feed Insert           |    (1)   |    (2)   |    (3)   |  Window  |
+  C-n: Set Screen Width 80        | CHNGCASE |  DEL EOL |Quoted Ins|          !
+  C-r: Isearch Backward           +---------------------+----------+  (ENTER) |
+  C-s: Isearch Forward            |         LINE        |  SELECT  |          !
+  C-t: Display the Time           |         (0)         |    (.)   |   Query  |
+  C-u: Delete to Begin of Line    |      Open Line      |  RESET   |  Replace |
+  C-v: Redraw Display             +---------------------+----------+----------+
+  C-w: Set Screen Width 132       
+  C-z: Suspend Emacs                    +----------+----------+----------+
+G-C-\: Split Window                     |  FNDNXT  |   Yank   |   CUT    |
+                                        |  (FIND)  | (INSERT) | (REMOVE) |
+  G-b: Buffer Menu                      |   FIND   |          |   COPY   |
+  G-c: Compile                          +----------+----------+----------+
+  G-d: Delete Window                    |SELECT/RES|SECT BACKW|SECT FORWA|
+  G-e: Exit                             | (SELECT) |(PREVIOUS)|  (NEXT)  |
+  G-f: Find File                        |          |          |          |
+  G-g: Find File Other Window           +----------+----------+----------+
+  G-h: Keypad Help
+  G-i: Insert File
+  G-k: Toggle Capitalization Word
+  G-l: Lowercase Word or Region
+  G-m: Save Some Buffers
+  G-n: Next Error
+  G-o: Switch to Next Window
+  G-q: Quit
+  G-r: Revert File
+  G-s: Save Buffer
+  G-u: Uppercase Word or Region
+  G-v: Find File Other Window
+  G-w: Write file
+  G-y: EDT Emulation OFF
+  G-z: Switch to User EDT Key Bindings
+  G-1: Delete Other Windows
+  G-2: Split Window
+  G-%: Go to Percentage
+  G- : Undo  (GOLD Spacebar)
+  G-=: Go to Line
+  G-`: What line
+
+;;; File:  edt-user.el   ---  Sample User Customizations for the Enhanced 
+;;;                             EDT Keypad Mode Emulation 
+;;;                             
+;;;                          For GNU Emacs 19
+;;;
+;; Copyright (C) 1986, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+;; Author: Kevin Gallagher <[e-mail]>
+;; Maintainer: Kevin Gallagher <[e-mail]>
+;; Keywords: emulations
+
+;; GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;; the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+;; any later version.
+
+;; GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;; GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;; along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the
+;; Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
+;; Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+;;; Commentary:
+
+;; This file contains GNU Emacs User Custom EDT bindings and functions.  In
+;; this example file, there is no special test for the type of terminal being
+;; used.  The assumption is that all key bindings here apply to all terminals
+;; that may be used.  (In fact, it was written by an individual who uses only
+;; VT series terminals when logging into a VAX.)
+;;
+;; WARNING: Each of the three functions, edt-bind-function-key,
+;;          edt-bind-gold-key, and edt-bind-standard-key, has an optional
+;;          last argument.  The optional argument should NOT be used in
+;;          edt-user.el!  When the optional argument is missing, each
+;;          function knows to make the key binding part of the user's EDT
+;;          custom bindings, which is what you want to do in edt-user.el!
+;;
+;;          The EDT default bindings are set up in edt.el by calling these
+;;          same functions with the optional last argument set to "t".  So, if
+;;          you decide to copy such function calls from edt.el to edt-user.el
+;;          for subsequent modification, BE SURE TO DELETE THE "t" AT THE END
+;;          OF EACH PARAMETER LIST!
+;;
+
+;;; Usage:
+
+;;  See edt-user.doc in the emacs etc directory.
+
+;; ====================================================================
+
+;;;;
+;;;; Setup user custom EDT key bindings.
+;;;;
+
+(defun edt-setup-user-bindings ()
+  "Assigns user custom EDT Emulation keyboard bindings."
+
+  ;; PF1 (GOLD), PF2, PF3, PF4
+  ;;
+  ;; This file MUST contain a binding of PF1 to edt-user-gold-map.  So
+  ;; DON'T CHANGE OR DELETE THE REGULAR KEY BINDING OF PF1 BELOW!
+  ;; (However, you may change the GOLD-PF1 binding, if you wish.)
+  (edt-bind-function-key "PF1" 'edt-user-gold-map 'edt-mark-section-wisely)
+  (edt-bind-function-key "PF2" 'query-replace 'other-window)
+  (edt-bind-function-key "PF4" 'edt-delete-entire-line 'edt-undelete-line)
+
+  ;; EDT Keypad Keys
+  (edt-bind-function-key "KP1" 'edt-word-forward 'edt-change-case)
+  (edt-bind-function-key "KP3" 'edt-word-backward 'edt-copy)
+  (edt-bind-function-key "KP6" 'edt-cut-or-copy 'yank)
+  (edt-bind-function-key "KP8" 'edt-scroll-window 'fill-paragraph)
+  (edt-bind-function-key "KP9" 'open-line 'edt-eliminate-all-tabs)
+  (edt-bind-function-key "KPP" 
+			 'edt-toggle-select 'edt-line-to-middle-of-window)
+  (edt-bind-function-key "KPE" 'edt-change-direction 'overwrite-mode)
+
+  ;; GOLD bindings for regular keys.
+  (edt-bind-gold-key "a" 'edt-append)
+  (edt-bind-gold-key "A" 'edt-append)
+  (edt-bind-gold-key "h" 'edt-electric-user-keypad-help)
+  (edt-bind-gold-key "H" 'edt-electric-user-keypad-help)
+
+  ;; Control bindings for regular keys.
+  ;;; Leave binding of C-c as original prefix key.
+  (edt-bind-standard-key "\C-j" 'edt-duplicate-word)
+  (edt-bind-standard-key "\C-k" 'edt-define-key)
+  (edt-bind-gold-key  "\C-k" 'edt-restore-key)
+  (edt-bind-standard-key "\C-l" 'edt-learn)
+  ;;; Leave binding of C-m to newline.
+  (edt-bind-standard-key "\C-n" 'edt-set-screen-width-80)
+  (edt-bind-standard-key "\C-o" 'open-line)
+  (edt-bind-standard-key "\C-p" 'fill-paragraph)
+  ;;; Leave binding of C-r to isearch-backward.
+  ;;; Leave binding of C-s to isearch-forward.
+  (edt-bind-standard-key "\C-t" 'edt-display-the-time)
+  (edt-bind-standard-key "\C-v" 'redraw-display)
+  (edt-bind-standard-key "\C-w" 'edt-set-screen-width-132)
+  ;;; Leave binding of C-x as original prefix key.
+)
+
+;;;
+;;; LK-201 KEYBOARD USER EDT KEYPAD HELP
+;;;
+
+(defun edt-user-keypad-help ()
+  "
+                                USER EDT Keypad Active
+
+                                  +----------+----------+----------+----------+
+   F7: Copy Rectangle             |Prev Line |Next Line |Bkwd Char |Frwd Char |
+   F8: Cut Rect Overstrike        |   (UP)   |  (DOWN)  |  (LEFT)  | (RIGHT)  |
+ G-F8: Paste Rect Overstrike      |Window Top|Window Bot|Bkwd Sent |Frwd Sent |
+   F9: Cut Rect Insert            +----------+----------+----------+----------+
+ G-F9: Paste Rect Insert         
+  F10: Cut Rectangle
+G-F10: Paste Rectangle
+  F11: ESC                        +----------+----------+----------+----------+
+  F12: Begining of Line           |   GOLD   |Query Repl|  FNDNXT  |Del Ent L |
+G-F12: Delete Other Windows       |   (PF1)  |   (PF2)  |   (PF3)  |   (PF4)  |
+  F13: Delete to Begin of Word    |Mark Wisel|Other Wind|   FIND   |  UND L   |
+ HELP: Keypad Help                +----------+----------+----------+----------+
+   DO: Execute extended command   |   PAGE   |Scroll Win|Open Line |  DEL W   |
+                                  |    (7)   |    (8)   |    (9)   |   (-)    |
+  C-a: Beginning of Line          |Ex Ext Cmd|Fill Parag|Elim Tabs |  UND W   |
+  C-b: Switch to Buffer           +----------+----------+----------+----------+
+  C-d: Delete Character           |  ADVANCE |  BACKUP  | CUT/COPY |  DEL C   |
+  C-e: End of Line                |    (4)   |    (5)   |    (6)   |   (,)    |
+  C-f: Forward Character          |   BOTTOM |    TOP   |   Yank   |  UND C   |
+  C-g: Keyboard Quit              +----------+----------+----------+----------+
+G-C-g: Keyboard Quit              | Fwd Word |    EOL   | Bwd Word |  Change  |
+  C-h: Electric Emacs Help        |    (1)   |    (2)   |    (3)   | Direction|
+G-C-h: Emacs Help                 | CHNGCASE |  DEL EOL |   COPY   |          |
+  C-i: Indent for Tab             +---------------------+----------+  (ENTER) |
+  C-j: Duplicate Word             |         LINE        |SELECT/RES|          |
+  C-k: Define Key                 |         (0)         |    (.)   |  Toggle  |
+G-C-k: Restore Key                |      Open Line      |Center Lin|Insrt/Over|
+  C-l: Learn                      +---------------------+----------+----------+
+  C-n: Set Screen Width 80       
+  C-o: Open Line                       +----------+----------+----------+
+  C-p: Fill Paragraph                  |  FNDNXT  |   Yank   |    CUT   |
+  C-q: Quoted Insert                   |  (FIND)) | (INSERT) | (REMOVE) |
+  C-r: Isearch Backward                |   FIND   |          |   COPY   |
+  C-s: Isearch Forward                 +----------+----------+----------+
+  C-t: Display the Time                |SELECT/RES|SECT BACKW|SECT FORWA|
+  C-u: Universal Argument              | (SELECT) |(PREVIOUS)|  (NEXT)  |
+  C-v: Redraw Display                  |          |          |          |
+  C-w: Set Screen Width 132            +----------+----------+----------+
+  C-z: Suspend Emacs
+G-C-\\: Split Window
+
+  G-a: Append to Kill Buffer
+  G-b: Buffer Menu
+  G-c: Compile
+  G-d: Delete Window
+  G-e: Exit
+  G-f: Find File
+  G-g: Find File Other Window
+  G-h: Keypad Help
+  G-i: Insert File
+  G-k: Toggle Capitalization Word
+  G-l: Lowercase Word or Region
+  G-m: Save Some Buffers
+  G-n: Next Error
+  G-o: Switch Windows
+  G-q: Quit
+  G-r: Revert File
+  G-s: Save Buffer
+  G-u: Uppercase Word or Region
+  G-v: Find File Other Window
+  G-w: Write file
+  G-y: EDT Emulation OFF
+  G-z: Switch to Default EDT Key Bindings
+  G-2: Split Window
+  G-%: Go to Percentage
+  G- : Undo  (GOLD Spacebar)
+  G-=: Go to Line
+  G-`: What line"
+
+  (interactive)
+  (describe-function 'edt-user-keypad-help))

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/emacs.bash	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# This defines a bash command named `edit' which contacts/resumes an
+# existing emacs or starts a new one if none exists.
+#
+# One way or another, any arguments are passed to emacs to specify files
+# (provided you have loaded `resume.el').
+#
+# This function assumes the emacs program is named `emacs' and is somewhere
+# in your load path.  If either of these is not true, the most portable
+# (and convenient) thing to do is to make an alias called emacs which
+# refers to the real program, e.g. 
+#
+#        alias emacs=/usr/local/bin/gemacs
+#
+# Written by Noah Friedman.
+
+function edit ()
+{
+ local windowsys="${WINDOW_PARENT+sun}"
+
+ windowsys="${windowsys:-${DISPLAY+x}}"
+
+ if [ -n "${windowsys:+set}" ]; then
+    # Do not just test if these files are sockets.  On some systems
+    # ordinary files or fifos are used instead.  Just see if they exist.
+    if [ -e "${HOME}/.emacs_server" -o -e "/tmp/esrv${UID}-"* ]; then
+       emacsclient "$@"
+       return $?
+    else
+       echo "edit: starting emacs in background..." 1>&2
+    fi
+
+    case "${windowsys}" in
+      x ) (emacs "$@" &) ;;
+      sun ) (emacstool "$@" &) ;;
+    esac
+ else   
+    if jobs %emacs 2> /dev/null ; then
+       echo "$(pwd)" "$@" >| ${HOME}/.emacs_args && fg %emacs
+    else
+       emacs "$@"
+    fi
+ fi
+}
+
+

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/emacs.csh	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# This defines a csh command named `edit' which resumes an
+# existing Emacs or starts a new one if none exists.
+# One way or another, any arguments are passed to Emacs to specify files
+# (provided you have loaded `resume.el').
+# - Michael DeCorte
+
+# These are the possible values of $whichjob
+# 1 = new ordinary emacs (the -nw is so that it doesn't try to do X)
+# 2 = resume emacs
+# 3 = new emacs under X (-i is so that you get a reasonable icon)
+# 4 = resume emacs under X
+# 5 = new emacs under suntools
+# 6 = resume emacs under suntools
+# 7 = new emacs under X and suntools - doesn't make any sense, so use X
+# 8 = resume emacs under X and suntools - doesn't make any sense, so use X
+set EMACS_PATTERN="^\[[0-9]\]  . Stopped ............ $EMACS"
+
+alias edit 'set emacs_command=("emacs -nw \!*" "fg %emacs" "emacs -i \!* &"\
+ "emacsclient \!* &" "emacstool \!* &" "emacsclient \!* &" "emacs -i \!* &"\
+ "emacsclient \!* &") ; \
+ jobs >! $HOME/.jobs; grep "$EMACS_PATTERN" < $HOME/.jobs >& /dev/null; \
+ @ isjob = ! $status; \
+ @ whichjob = 1 + $isjob + $?DISPLAY * 2 + $?WINDOW_PARENT * 4; \
+ test -S ~/.emacs_server && emacsclient \!* \
+ || echo `pwd` \!* >! ~/.emacs_args && eval $emacs_command[$whichjob]'

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/emacs.icon	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/* Format_version=1, Width=64, Height=64, Depth=1, Valid_bits_per_item=16
+ */
+	0xFFFF,0xFFFF,0xFFFF,0xFFFF,0x8000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0001,
+	0x8000,0x0000,0x007E,0x1C01,0x8000,0x0000,0x0006,0x1C01,
+	0x8000,0x0000,0x007F,0xFC01,0x8000,0x0000,0x0080,0x1C01,
+	0x8000,0x0000,0x013F,0xFC01,0x8000,0x0000,0x0140,0x1C01,
+	0x8000,0x0000,0x03E0,0x1C01,0x8000,0x0000,0x0000,0x1C01,
+	0x8000,0x0000,0x0000,0x1C01,0x8000,0x0000,0x0000,0x1C01,
+	0x8000,0x0000,0x0000,0x1C01,0x8000,0x0000,0x0210,0x1C01,
+	0x8000,0x0000,0x0330,0x1C01,0x8000,0x0000,0x00C0,0x1C01,
+	0x8003,0xFFFF,0xFFFF,0xFE01,0x8005,0xFFFF,0xFFFF,0xFE01,
+	0x8004,0xFFFF,0xFFFF,0xFC01,0x8004,0x787F,0xFFFF,0xF801,
+	0x8004,0x77FF,0xFFFF,0xF801,0x8000,0x77E3,0x6FFF,0xF801,
+	0x8000,0x762D,0x6FFF,0xF801,0x8004,0x77AD,0x6FFF,0xF801,
+	0x800C,0x77AD,0x6FFF,0xF801,0x8004,0x786D,0x8FFF,0xF801,
+	0x8000,0x7FFF,0xFFFF,0xF801,0x8000,0x7FFF,0xFFFF,0xF801,
+	0x8000,0x7E0F,0xFFFF,0xF801,0x8008,0x7EFF,0xFFFF,0xF801,
+	0x800C,0x7EF9,0x31CE,0x3801,0x8004,0x7E1A,0xADB5,0xF801,
+	0x8000,0x7EFA,0xADBE,0x7801,0x8000,0x7EFB,0xADB7,0xB801,
+	0x8000,0x7E0B,0xB2CC,0x7801,0x8000,0x7FFF,0xFFFF,0xF801,
+	0x8004,0x3FFF,0xFFFF,0xF001,0x8004,0x1FFF,0xFFFF,0xE001,
+	0x800C,0x0003,0x6000,0x0001,0x8000,0x0001,0x43C0,0x0001,
+	0x8000,0x0001,0x4420,0x0001,0x8000,0x0001,0x4990,0x0001,
+	0x8000,0x0001,0x4A50,0x0001,0x8004,0x0001,0x3250,0x0001,
+	0x8004,0x0000,0x8450,0x0001,0x800A,0x0000,0x7850,0x0001,
+	0x8000,0x0000,0x0050,0x0001,0xFFFF,0xFFFF,0xFFFF,0xFFFF,
+	0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,
+	0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,
+	0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,
+	0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,
+	0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,
+	0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,
+	0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,
+	0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000,0x0000

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/emacs.xbm	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#define emacs_width 64
+#define emacs_height 64
+static char emacs_bits[] = {
+ 0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+ 0x80,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x7e,0x38,0x80,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x60,
+ 0x38,0x80,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xfe,0x3f,0x80,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+ 0x01,0x38,0x80,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x80,0xfc,0x3f,0x80,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+ 0x80,0x02,0x38,0x80,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xc0,0x07,0x38,0x80,0x01,0x00,0x00,
+ 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x38,0x80,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x38,0x80,0x01,0x00,
+ 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x38,0x80,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x38,0x80,0x01,
+ 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x40,0x08,0x38,0x80,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0xc0,0x0c,0x38,0x80,
+ 0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x03,0x38,0x80,0x01,0xc0,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x7f,
+ 0x80,0x01,0xa0,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x7f,0x80,0x01,0x20,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,
+ 0x3f,0x80,0x01,0x20,0x1e,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0x1f,0x80,0x01,0x20,0xee,0xff,0xff,
+ 0xff,0x1f,0x80,0x01,0x00,0xee,0xc7,0xf6,0xff,0x1f,0x80,0x01,0x00,0x6e,0xb4,
+ 0xf6,0xff,0x1f,0x80,0x01,0x20,0xee,0xb5,0xf6,0xff,0x1f,0x80,0x01,0x30,0xee,
+ 0xb5,0xf6,0xff,0x1f,0x80,0x01,0x20,0x1e,0xb6,0xf1,0xff,0x1f,0x80,0x01,0x00,
+ 0xfe,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x1f,0x80,0x01,0x00,0xfe,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x1f,0x80,0x01,
+ 0x00,0x7e,0xf0,0xff,0xff,0x1f,0x80,0x01,0x10,0x7e,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x1f,0x80,
+ 0x01,0x30,0x7e,0x9f,0x8c,0x73,0x1c,0x80,0x01,0x20,0x7e,0x58,0xb5,0xad,0x1f,
+ 0x80,0x01,0x00,0x7e,0x5f,0xb5,0x7d,0x1e,0x80,0x01,0x00,0x7e,0xdf,0xb5,0xed,
+ 0x1d,0x80,0x01,0x00,0x7e,0xd0,0x4d,0x33,0x1e,0x80,0x01,0x00,0xfe,0xff,0xff,
+ 0xff,0x1f,0x80,0x01,0x20,0xfc,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x0f,0x80,0x01,0x20,0xf8,0xff,
+ 0xff,0xff,0x07,0x80,0x01,0x30,0x00,0xc0,0x06,0x00,0x00,0x80,0x01,0x00,0x00,
+ 0x80,0xc2,0x03,0x00,0x80,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x80,0x22,0x04,0x00,0x80,0x01,0x00,
+ 0x00,0x80,0x92,0x09,0x00,0x80,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x80,0x52,0x0a,0x00,0x80,0x01,
+ 0x20,0x00,0x80,0x4c,0x0a,0x00,0x80,0x01,0x20,0x00,0x00,0x21,0x0a,0x00,0x80,
+ 0x01,0x50,0x00,0x00,0x1e,0x0a,0x00,0x80,0x01,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x0a,0x00,
+ 0x80,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0xff,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+ 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+ 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+ 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+ 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+ 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+ 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+ 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+ 0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,0x00,
+ 0x00,0x00};

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/emacsclient.1	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+.TH EMACSCLIENT 1
+.\" NAME should be all caps, SECTION should be 1-8, maybe w/ subsection
+.\" other parms are allowed: see man(7), man(1)
+.SH NAME
+emacsclient \- tells a running Emacs to visit a file
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.B emacsclient
+.I "[options] files ..."
+.SH "DESCRIPTION"
+This manual page documents briefly the
+.BR emacsclient
+command.
+This manual page was written for the Debian GNU/Linux distribution
+because the original program does not have a manual page.
+Instead, it has documentation in the GNU Info format; see below.
+.PP
+.B emacsclient 
+works in conjunction with the built-in server of Emacs.
+.PP
+You typically does not call 
+.B emacsclient
+directly. Instead, you set the environment variable EDITOR
+to 
+.B emacsclient
+and let programs like 'vipw' or 'bug' or anything run
+it for you, which will use an existing Emacs to visit the file.
+
+For
+.B emacsclient 
+to work, you need an already running Emacs with a server.  Within Emacs, call 
+the function
+`server-start'.  (Your `.emacs' file can do this automatically if you
+add the expression `(server-start)' to it.)  
+
+When you've finished editing the buffer, type `C-x #'
+(`server-edit').  This saves the file and sends a message back to the
+`emacsclient' program telling it to exit.  The programs that use
+`EDITOR' wait for the "editor" (actually, `emacsclient') to exit.  `C-x
+#' also checks for other pending external requests to edit various
+files, and selects the next such file.
+
+If you set the variable `server-window' to a window or a frame, `C-x
+#' displays the server buffer in that window or in that frame.
+
+.SH OPTIONS
+The programs follow the usual GNU command line syntax, with long
+options starting with two dashes (`-').
+.TP
+.B \-n, \-\-no-wait
+returns
+immediately without waiting for you to "finish" the buffer in Emacs.
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+The program is documented fully in
+.IR "Using Emacs as a Server"
+available via the Info system.
+.SH BUGS
+If there is no running Emacs server, 
+.B emacsclient 
+cannot launch one. I use a small Perl script instead of raw 
+.B emacsclient
+to do it (it works only with systems which have BSD sockets, which is fine
+for Debian GNU/Linux).
+.SH AUTHOR
+This manual page was written by Stephane Bortzmeyer <[e-mail]>,
+for the Debian GNU/Linux system (but may be used by others).

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/etags.1	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+.\" Copyright (c) 1992 Free Software Foundation
+.\" See section COPYING for conditions for redistribution
+.TH etags 1 "19apr1994" "GNU Tools" "GNU Tools"
+.de BP
+.sp
+.ti -.2i
+\(**
+..
+
+.SH NAME
+etags, ctags \- generate tag file for Emacs, vi
+.SH SYNOPSIS
+.hy 0
+.na
+.B etags [\|\-aCDRSVh\|] [\|\-i \fIfile\fP\|] [\|\-l \fIlanguage\fP\|] [\|\-i \fIregexp\fP\|] [\|\-o \fItagfile\fP\|]
+.br
+[\|\-\-c++\|] [\|\-\-no\-defines\|] [\|\-\-ignore\-indentation\|]
+[\|\-\-language=\fIlanguage\fP\|] [\|\-\-regex=\fIregexp\fP\|]
+[\|\-\-no\-regexp\|] [\|\-\-help\|] [\|\-\-version\|]
+[\|\-\-include=\fIfile\fP\|] [\|\-\-output=\fItagfile\fP\|]
+[\|\-\-append\|] \fIfile\fP .\|.\|.
+
+.B ctags [\|\-aCdRSVh\|] [\|\-BtTuvwx\|] [\|\-l \fIlanguage\fP\|]
+.br
+[\|\-i \fIregexp\fP\|] [\|\-o \fItagfile\fP\|]
+[\|\-\-c++\|] [\|\-\-defines\|] [\|\-\-ignore\-indentation\|]
+[\|\-\-no\-warn\|] [\|\-\-cxref\|] [\|\-\-backward\-search\|]
+[\|\-\-forward\-search\|] [\|\-\-typedefs\|] [\|\-\-typedefs\-and\-c++\|]
+[\|\-\-language=\fIlanguage\fP\|] [\|\-\-regex=\fIregexp\fP\|]
+[\|\-\-help\|] [\|\-\-version\|]
+.br
+[\|\-\-output=\fItagfile\fP\|] [\|\-\-append\|] [\|\-\-update\|] \fIfile\fP .\|.\|.
+.ad b
+.hy 1
+.SH DESCRIPTION
+The `\|\fBetags\fP\|' program is used to create a tag table file, in a format
+understood by
+.BR emacs ( 1 )\c
+\&; the `\|\fBctags\fP\|' program is used to create a similar table in a
+format understood by
+.BR vi ( 1 )\c
+\&.  Both forms of the program understand
+the syntax of C, C++, Fortran, Pascal, LaTeX, Scheme,
+Emacs Lisp/Common Lisp, Erlang, Prolog and most assembler\-like syntaxes.
+Both forms read the files specified on the command line, and write a tag
+table (defaults: `\|TAGS\|' for \fBetags\fP, `\|tags\|' for
+\fBctags\fP) in the current working directory.
+Files specified with relative file names will be recorded in the tag
+table with file names relative to the directory where the tag table
+resides.  Files specified with absolute file names will be recorded
+with absolute file names.
+The programs recognize the language used in an input file based on its
+file name and contents.  The --language switch can be used to force
+parsing of the file names following the switch according to the given
+language, overriding guesses based on filename extensions.
+.SH OPTIONS
+Some options make sense only for the \fBvi\fP style tag files produced
+by ctags;
+\fBetags\fP does not recognize them.
+The programs accept unambiguous abbreviations for long option names.
+.TP
+.B \-a, \-\-append
+Append to existing tag file.  (For vi-format tag files, see also
+\fB\-\-update\fP.)
+.TP
+.B \-B, \-\-backward\-search
+Tag files written in the format expected by \fBvi\fP contain regular
+expression search instructions; the \fB\-B\fP option writes them using
+the delimiter `\|\fB?\fP\|', to search \fIbackwards\fP through files.
+The default is to use the delimiter `\|\fB/\fP\|', to search \fIforwards\fP
+through files.
+Only \fBctags\fP accepts this option.
+.TP
+.B \-C, \-\-c++
+Treat files with `\|.c\|' and `\|.h\|' extensions as C++ code, not C
+code.  Files with `\|.C\|', `\|.H\|', `\|.cxx\|', `\|.hxx\|', or
+`\|.cc\|' extensions are always assumed to be C++ code.
+.TP
+.B \-d, \-\-defines
+Create tag entries for C preprocessor definitions, too.  This is the
+default behavior for \fBetags\fP, so this option is only accepted
+by \fBctags\fP.
+.TP
+.B \-D, \-\-no\-defines
+Do not create tag entries for C preprocessor definitions.
+This may make the tags file much smaller if many header files are tagged.
+This is the default behavior for \fBctags\fP, so this option is only
+accepted by \fBetags\fP.
+.TP
+\fB\-l\fP \fIlanguage\fP, \fB\-\-language=\fIlanguage\fP
+Parse the following files according to the given language.  More than
+one such options may be intermixed with filenames.  Use \fB\-\-help\fP
+to get a list of the available languages and their default filename
+extensions.  The `auto' language can be used to restore automatic
+detection of language based on filename extension.  The `none'
+language may be used to disable language parsing altogether; only
+regexp matching is done in this case (see the \fB\-\-regex\fP option).
+.TP
+\fB\-o\fP \fItagfile\fP, \fB\-\-output=\fItagfile\fP
+Explicit name of file for tag table; overrides default `\|TAGS\|' or
+`\|tags\|'.   (But ignored with \fB\-v\fP or \fB\-x\fP.)
+.TP
+\fB\-r\fP \fIregexp\fP, \fB\-\-regex=\fIregexp\fP
+Make tags based on regexp matching for each line of the files
+following this option, in addition to the tags made with the standard
+parsing based on language.  May be freely intermixed with filenames
+and the \fB\-R\fP option.  The regexps are cumulative, i.e. each
+option will add to the previous ones.  The regexps are of the form:
+.br
+
+		\fB/\fP\fItagregexp\fP[\fB/\fP\fInameregexp\fP]\fB/\fP
+.br
+
+where \fItagregexp\fP is used to match the lines that must be tagged.
+It should not match useless characters.  If the match is
+such that more characters than needed are unavoidably matched by
+\fItagregexp\fP, it may be useful to add a \fInameregexp\fP, to
+narrow down the tag scope.  \fBctags\fP ignores regexps without a
+\fInameregexp\fP. 
+.br
+Here are some examples.  All the regexps are quoted to protect them
+from shell interpretation.
+.br
+
+Tag the DEFVAR macros in the emacs source files:
+.br
+\fI\-\-regex\='/[ \\t]*DEFVAR_[A-Z_ \\t(]+"\\([^"]+\\)"\/'\fP
+.br
+
+Tag VHDL files (this example is a single long line, broken here for
+formatting reasons):
+.br
+\fI\-\-language\=none\ \-\-regex='/[\ \\t]*\\(ARCHITECTURE\\|\\
+CONFIGURATION\\)\ +[^\ ]*\ +OF/'\ \-\-regex\='/[\ \\t]*\\
+\\(ATTRIBUTE\\|ENTITY\\|FUNCTION\\|PACKAGE\\(\ BODY\\)?\\
+\\|PROCEDURE\\|PROCESS\\|TYPE\\)[\ \\t]+\\([^\ \\t(]+\\)/\\3/'\fP
+.br
+
+Tag Cobol files:
+.br
+\fI\-\-language\=none \-\-regex\='/.......[a\-zA\-Z0\-9\-]+\\./'\fP
+.br
+
+Tag Postscript files:
+.br
+\fI\-\-language\=none \-\-regex\='#/[^\ \\t{]+#/'\fP
+.br
+
+Tag TCL files (this last example shows the usage of a \fItagregexp\fP):
+.br
+\fI\-\-lang\=none \-\-regex\='/proc[\ \\t]+\\([^\ \\t]+\\)/\\1/'\fP
+
+.TP
+.B \-R, \-\-no\-regex
+Don't do any more regexp matching on the following files.  May be
+freely intermixed with filenames and the \fB\-\-regex\fP option.
+.TP
+.B \-S, \-\-ignore\-indentation
+Don't rely on indentation as much as we normally do.  Currently, this
+means not to assume that a closing brace in the first column is the
+final brace of a function or structure definition in C and C++.
+.TP
+.B \-t, \-\-typedefs
+Record typedefs in C code as tags.  Since this is the default behaviour
+of \fBetags\fP, only \fBctags\fP accepts this option.
+.TP
+.B \-T, \-\-typedefs\-and\-c++
+Generate tag entries for typedefs, struct, enum, and union tags, and
+C++ member functions.  Since this is the default behaviour
+of \fBetags\fP, only \fBctags\fP accepts this option.
+.TP
+.B \-u, \-\-update
+Update tag entries for \fIfiles\fP specified on command line, leaving
+tag entries for other files in place.  Currently, this is implemented
+by deleting the existing entries for the given files and then
+rewriting the new entries at the end of the tags file.  It is often
+faster to simply rebuild the entire tag file than to use this.
+Only \fBctags\fP accepts this option.
+.TP
+.B \-v, \-\-vgrind
+Instead of generating a tag file, write index (in \fBvgrind\fP format)
+to standard output.  Only \fBctags\fP accepts this option.
+.TP
+.B \-w, \-\-no\-warn
+Suppress warning messages about duplicate entries.  The \fBetags\fP
+program does not check for duplicate entries, so this option is not
+allowed with it.
+.TP
+.B \-x, \-\-cxref
+Instead of generating a tag file, write a cross reference (in
+\fBcxref\fP format) to standard output.  Only \fBctags\fP accepts this option.
+.TP
+.B \-H, \-\-help
+Print usage information.
+.TP
+.B \-V, \-\-version
+Print the current version of the program (same as the version of the
+emacs \fBetags\fP is shipped with).
+
+.SH "SEE ALSO"
+`\|\fBemacs\fP\|' entry in \fBinfo\fP; \fIGNU Emacs Manual\fP, Richard
+Stallman.
+.br
+.BR cxref ( 1 ),
+.BR emacs ( 1 ),
+.BR vgrind ( 1 ),
+.BR vi ( 1 ).
+
+.SH COPYING
+Copyright (c) 1992 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+.PP
+Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
+this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
+are preserved on all copies.
+.PP
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this
+manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the
+entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a
+permission notice identical to this one.
+.PP
+Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this
+manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified
+versions, except that this permission notice may be included in
+translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in
+the original English.

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/gnu.xpm	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+/* XPM */
+/*****************************************************************************/
+/* GNU Emacs bitmap conv. to pixmap by Przemek Klosowski ([e-mail])  */
+/*****************************************************************************/
+static char * image_name [] = {
+/**/
+"50 50 7 1",
+/**/
+" 	s mask	c none",
+"B      c blue",
+"x      c black",          	    
+":      c sandy brown",  	    
+"+      c saddle brown",
+"'      c grey",		       	    
+".      c white",
+"                                                  ",
+"                                                  ",
+"                                    x             ",
+"                                     :x           ",
+"                                     :::x         ",
+"                                       ::x        ",
+"           x                             ::x      ",
+"          x:                xxx          :::x     ",
+"         x:           xxx xxx:xxx         x::x    ",
+"        x::       xxxx::xxx:::::xx        x::x    ",
+"       x::       x:::::::xx::::::xx       x::x    ",
+"       x::      xx::::::::x:::::::xx     xx::x    ",
+"      x::      xx::::::::::::::::::x    xx::xx    ",
+"     x::x     xx:::::xxx:::::::xxx:xxx xx:::xx    ",
+"    x:::x    xx:::::xx...xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx:::xx     ",
+"    x:::x   xx::::::xx..xxx...xxxx...xxxxxxxx     ",
+"    x:::x   x::::::xx.xxx.......x.x.......xxxx    ",
+"    x:::xx x:::x::xx.xx..........x.xx.........x   ",
+"    x::::xx::xx:::x.xx....''''x'x'x''.xxx.....x   ",
+"    xx::::xxxx::xx.xx.xxxx.'''''''.xxx    xxxx    ",
+"     xx::::::::xx..x.xxx..'''''''''.xx            ",
+"     xxx:::::xxx..xx.xx.xx.xxx.'''''.xx           ",
+"       xxx::xx...xx.xx.BBBB..xx''''''xx           ",
+"        xxxx.....xx.xxBB:BB.xx'''''''xx           ",
+"         xx.....xx...x.BBBx.xxx''''''xx           ",
+"        x....xxxx..xx...xxx''''''''''xx           ",
+"        x..xxxxxx..x.......x..''''''''xx          ",
+"        x.x xxx.x.x.x...xxxx.'''''''''xx          ",
+"         x  xxx.x.x.xx...xx..'''''''''xx          ",
+"           xx.x..x.x.xx........''''''''x          ",
+"          xx'.xx.x.x.x.x.......'''''''''x         ",
+"          xx'..xxxx..x...x.......'''''''x         ",
+"          xx''.xx.x..xx...x.......'''.xxx         ",
+"          xx''..x.x.x.x.x.xx.xxxxx.'.xx+xx        ",
+"          xx''..x.xx..xx.x.x.x+++xxxxx+++x        ",
+"          xx'''.x..xxx.x.x.x.x+++++xxx+xxx        ",
+"           xx''.xx..x..xx.xxxx++x+++x++xxx        ",
+"           xx''..xx.xxx.xxx.xxx++xx+x++xx         ",
+"            xx'''.xx.xx..xx.xxxx++x+++xxx         ",
+"            xx'''.xxx.xx.xxxxxxxxx++++xxx         ",
+"             xx''...xx.xx.xxxxxx++xxxxxxx         ",
+"             xx''''..x..xxx..xxxx+++++xx          ",
+"              xx''''..x..xx..xxxx++++xx           ",
+"               xxx'''''x.xx.xxxxxxxxxxx           ",
+"                xxx'''''..xxx    xxxxx            ",
+"                 xxxx''''xxxx                     ",
+"                   xxx'''xxx                      ",
+"                     xxxxx                        ",
+"                                                  ",
+"                                                  "
+};
+

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/ms-7bkermit	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+;;; This file is designed for 7-bit connections.
+;;; Use the file ms-kermit if you have an 8-bit connection.
+
+;;; This kermit script maps the IBM-PC keyboard for use with Gnu Emacs.
+;;; The ALT key is used to generate Meta characters and, in conjunction
+;;; with the CTRL key, Control-Meta characters.  A few other useful
+;;; mappings are also performed.
+;;; Andy Lowry, May 1989
+
+;;; Exchange ESC and backquote... tilde stays put (shift-backquote)
+set key \27 `
+set key ` \27
+
+;;; BACKSPACE deletes backward one character
+set key scan \270 \127
+
+;;; The following mappings affect certain special keys... all the keys
+;;; are duplicated on the numeric keypad when NUM LOCK is off, but
+;;; the keypad versions are NOT mapped (string definition space too small 
+;;; for that)
+
+;;; INSERT toggles overwrite mode
+set key scan \4434 \27xoverwrite-mode\13
+;;; HOME moves point to beginning of buffer
+set key scan \4423 \27<
+;;; PAGE-UP scrolls backward one screen
+set key scan \4425 \27v
+;;; DELETE deletes one character *forward*
+set key scan \4435 \4
+;;; END moves point to end of buffer
+set key scan \4431 \27>
+;;; PAGE-DOWN scrolls forward one screen
+set key scan \4433 \22
+;;; ARROW keys move in the appropriate directions
+set key scan \4424 \16
+set key scan \4427 \2
+set key scan \4432 \14
+set key scan \4429 \6
+
+;;; META versions of all the printing characters except uppercase 
+;;; letters are generated by using the ALT key.  The definition string 
+;;; consists of an ESC character followed by the META-ized character.
+;;; The characters are listed roughly left-to-right and top-to-bottom
+;;; as they appear on the keyboard
+set key scan \2345 \27`
+set key scan \2424 \27\o61	; need to use char code, since digit
+set key scan \2425 \27\o62	; would not terminate '\27'
+set key scan \2426 \27\o63
+set key scan \2427 \27\o64
+set key scan \2428 \27\o65
+set key scan \2429 \27\o66
+set key scan \2430 \27\o67
+set key scan \2431 \27\o70
+set key scan \2432 \27\o71
+set key scan \2433 \27\o60
+set key scan \2434 \27\45
+set key scan \2435 \27=
+set key scan \2857 \27~
+set key scan \2936 \27!
+set key scan \2937 \27@
+set key scan \2938 \27#
+set key scan \2939 \27$
+set key scan \2940 \27%
+set key scan \2941 \27^
+set key scan \2942 \27&
+set key scan \2943 \27*
+set key scan \2944 \27(
+set key scan \2945 \27)
+set key scan \2946 \27_
+set key scan \2947 \27+
+set key scan \2469 \27\9
+set key scan \2320 \27q
+set key scan \2321 \27w
+set key scan \2322 \27e
+set key scan \2323 \27r
+set key scan \2324 \27t
+set key scan \2325 \27y
+set key scan \2326 \27u
+set key scan \2327 \27i
+set key scan \2328 \27o
+set key scan \2329 \27p
+set key scan \2330 \27[
+set key scan \2842 \27{
+set key scan \2331 \27]
+set key scan \2843 \27}
+set key scan \2347 \27\
+set key scan \2859 \27|
+set key scan \2334 \27a
+set key scan \2335 \27s
+set key scan \2336 \27d
+set key scan \2337 \27f
+set key scan \2338 \27g
+set key scan \2339 \27h
+set key scan \2340 \27j
+set key scan \2341 \27k
+set key scan \2342 \27l
+set key scan \2343 \27\59
+set key scan \2855 \27:
+set key scan \2344 \27'
+set key scan \2856 \27"
+set key scan \2348 \27z
+set key scan \2349 \27x
+set key scan \2350 \27c
+set key scan \2351 \27v
+set key scan \2352 \27b
+set key scan \2353 \27n
+set key scan \2354 \27m
+set key scan \2355 \27,
+set key scan \2867 \27<
+set key scan \2356 \27.
+set key scan \2868 \27>
+set key scan \2357 \27/
+set key scan \2869 \27?
+
+;;; CONTROL-META characters are generated by using both the CTRL and
+;;; ALT keys simultaneously.  All the lowercase letters are included.
+;;; The definition string consists of an ESC character followed by
+;;; the control character corresponding to the letter.
+set key scan \3344 \27\17
+set key scan \3345 \27\23
+set key scan \3346 \27\5
+set key scan \3347 \27\18
+set key scan \3348 \27\20
+set key scan \3349 \27\25
+set key scan \3350 \27\21
+set key scan \3351 \27\9
+set key scan \3352 \27\15
+set key scan \3353 \27\16
+set key scan \3358 \27\1
+set key scan \3359 \27\19
+set key scan \3360 \27\4
+set key scan \3361 \27\6
+set key scan \3362 \27\7
+set key scan \3363 \27\8
+set key scan \3364 \27\10
+set key scan \3365 \27\11
+set key scan \3366 \27\12
+set key scan \3372 \27\26
+set key scan \3373 \27\24
+set key scan \3374 \27\3
+set key scan \3375 \27\22
+set key scan \3376 \27\2
+set key scan \3377 \27\14
+set key scan \3378 \27\13
+
+end of msiem2.ini
+------------------
+
+msiema.hlp
+-----------
+Date:     Wed, 14 Sep 88 05:20:08 GMT
+From:     [e-mail]
+Subject:  Using MS kermit 2.31 with emacs
+Keywords: MS-DOS Kermit 2.31, EMACS, Meta Key
+
+If you are using kermit (version 2.31 only) with emacs on a mainframe, the
+following file may help you. It assigns all the Alt-keys so that the Alt key
+may be used as a "Meta" shift, e.g. Alt-x produces M-x, etc.  Note that it
+will distinguish correctly between upper and lower case and accepts all
+printables. (If anybody has the patience to do the Meta-Ctrl combinations,
+please post them!)  This actually sends "escapes" so you don't need 8 bits.
+This file also sets up the cursor keys to behave as expected.
+
+On extended keyboards (the ones with a separate cursor pad, like PS/2s) you
+also get assignments for Page Up/Down, Home, End, Insert, Delete, etc.
+
+Please let me know if you find any problems with this.
+
+Joel Spolsky             bitnet: spolsky@yalecs     uucp: ...!yale!spolsky
+Yale University          arpa:   [e-mail]   voicenet: 203-436-1483
+
+[Ed. - Thanks, Joel!  Your key definitions file has been put in the kermit
+distribution area as msiema.ini ("ms" for MS-Kermit, "i" because it's an
+initialization file, "ema" for EMACS), along with this message as msiema.hlp.]
+
+end of msiema.hlp
+-----------------
+
+
+msiema.ini
+------------
+; Emacs keyboard layout for Kermit 2.31
+; by Joel Spolsky, Yale Univ.  Save this in a file, then
+; initialize it by issuing the kermit command
+; take filename
+; It will set up the keyboard to allow ALT to be used
+; as a meta-key, and will allow cursor keys to be used
+; with emacs.
+
+; First, define all the ALT keys to send ESC+key
+; to simulate "meta"
+
+set key \2320 \27q  ;; letters: unshifted
+set key \2321 \27w
+set key \2322 \27e
+set key \2323 \27r
+set key \2324 \27t
+set key \2325 \27y
+set key \2326 \27u
+set key \2327 \27i
+set key \2328 \27o
+set key \2329 \27p
+set key \2334 \27a
+set key \2335 \27s
+set key \2336 \27d
+set key \2337 \27f
+set key \2338 \27g
+set key \2339 \27h
+set key \2340 \27j
+set key \2341 \27k
+set key \2342 \27l
+set key \2348 \27z
+set key \2349 \27x
+set key \2350 \27c
+set key \2351 \27v
+set key \2352 \27b
+set key \2353 \27n
+set key \2354 \27m
+set key \2832 \27Q ;; letters: shifted
+set key \2833 \27W
+set key \2834 \27E
+set key \2835 \27R
+set key \2836 \27T
+set key \2837 \27Y
+set key \2838 \27U
+set key \2839 \27I
+set key \2840 \27O
+set key \2841 \27P
+set key \2846 \27A
+set key \2847 \27S
+set key \2848 \27D
+set key \2849 \27F
+set key \2850 \27G
+set key \2851 \27H
+set key \2852 \27J
+set key \2853 \27K
+set key \2854 \27L
+set key \2860 \27Z
+set key \2861 \27X
+set key \2862 \27C
+set key \2863 \27V
+set key \2864 \27B
+set key \2865 \27N
+set key \2866 \27M
+set key \2857 \27\126    ; ALT + ~   ;; special symbols begin here
+set key \2345 \27\96     ; ALT + `
+set key \2936 \27\33     ; ALT + !
+set key \2937 \27\64     ; ALT + @
+set key \2938 \27\35     ; ALT + #
+set key \2939 \27\36     ; ALT + $
+set key \2940 \27\37     ; ALT + %
+set key \2941 \27\94     ; ALT + ^
+set key \2942 \27\38     ; ALT + &
+set key \2943 \27\42     ; ALT + *
+set key \2944 \27\40     ; ALT + (
+set key \2945 \27\41     ; ALT + )
+set key \2946 \27\95     ; ALT + _
+set key \2947 \27\43     ; ALT + +
+set key \2842 \27\123    ; ALT + {
+set key \2843 \27\125    ; ALT + }
+set key \2330 \27\91     ; ALT + [
+set key \2331 \27\93     ; ALT + ]
+set key \2859 \27\124    ; ALT + :
+set key \2347 \27\92     ; ALT + \
+set key \2867 \27<       ; ALT + <
+set key \2868 \27>       ; ALT + >
+set key \2343 \27\59     ; ALT + ;
+set key \2855 \27\58     ; ALT + :
+set key \2344 \27\39     ; ALT + '
+set key \2856 \27\34     ; ALT + "
+set key \2355 \27\44     ; ALT + ,
+set key \2356 \27\46     ; ALT + .
+set key \2357 \27\47     ; ALT + /
+set key \2869 \27\63     ; ALT + ?
+set key \2424 \27\49  ;; numbers
+set key \2425 \27\50
+set key \2426 \27\51
+set key \2427 \27\52
+set key \2428 \27\53
+set key \2429 \27\54
+set key \2430 \27\55
+set key \2431 \27\56
+set key \2432 \27\57
+set key \2433 \27\48
+
+;; These 6 special keys for extended (PS/2) keyboards:
+set key \4434 \25      ;; Insert is like ^Y - yank from kill ring
+set key \4435 \23      ;; Delete is like ^W - kill to ring
+set key \4423 \1       ;; Home is ^A
+set key \4431 \5       ;; End is ^E
+set key \4425 \27V     ;; Page up is Esc-V
+set key \4433 \22      ;; Page dn is ^v
+
+set key \328 \16       ;; up cursor is ^P
+set key \331 \2        ;; left cursor is ^B
+set key \333 \6        ;; right cursor is ^F
+set key \336 \14       ;; down cursor is ^N
+set key \4427 \2       ;; left cursor on extended kbd
+set key \4432 \14      ;; down cursor on extended kbd
+set key \4424 \16      ;; up cursor on extended kbd
+set key \4429 \6       ;; right cursor on extended kbd
+
+set key \5491 \27b     ;; ctrl-left cursor is M-b
+set key \5492 \27f     ;; ctrl-right cursor is M-f
+
+;; move kermit's screen scroll (playback) features to Alt- Home,End,PgUp,PgDn
+;; (this is an issue for extended keyboards only)
+
+set key \2455 \khomscn
+set key \2463 \kendscn
+set key \2457 \kupscn
+set key \2465 \kdnscn

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/ms-kermit	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+;;; This file is designed for an 8-bit connection.
+;;; Use the file ms-7bkermit if you have a 7-bit connection.
+
+;; Meta key mappings for EMACS
+;; By Robert Earl ([e-mail])
+;; May 13, 1990
+;;
+;; WARNING:
+;;  requires an 8-bit path to host.  many dialups and lans won't pass the
+;;  eighth bit by default and may require a special command to turn this
+;;  off.  `screen' is known to mask the eighth bit of input as well.
+
+set term controls 8-bit
+set translation key off
+
+;; control keys
+set key \3449 \128	;; m-c-@
+set key \3358 \129	;; m-c-a
+set key \3376 \130	;; m-c-b
+set key \3374 \131	;; m-c-c
+set key \3360 \132	;; m-c-d
+set key \3346 \133	;; m-c-e
+set key \3361 \134	;; m-c-f
+set key \3362 \135	;; m-c-g
+set key \3342 \136	;; m-bs
+set key \3363 \136	;; m-c-h (sends same code as above)
+set key \2469 \137	;; m-tab
+set key \3351 \137	;; m-c-i (same as above)
+set key \3364 \138	;; m-c-j
+set key \3365 \139	;; m-c-k
+set key \3366 \140	;; m-c-l
+;set key \3378 \141	;; m-c-m
+set key \2332 \141	;; m-ret (sends same code as above)
+set key \3377 \142	;; m-c-n
+set key \3352 \143	;; m-c-o
+set key \3353 \144	;; m-c-p
+set key \3344 \145	;; m-c-q
+set key \3347 \146	;; m-c-r
+set key \3359 \147	;; m-c-s
+set key \3348 \148	;; m-c-t
+set key \3350 \149	;; m-c-u
+set key \3375 \150	;; m-c-v
+set key \3345 \151	;; m-c-w
+set key \3373 \152	;; m-c-x
+set key \3349 \153	;; m-c-y
+set key \3372 \154	;; m-c-z
+
+;; misc keys
+;set key \3354 \155	;; m-c-[
+set key \2305 \155	;; m-esc (sends same as above)
+set key \3371 \156	;; m-c-\
+set key \3355 \157	;; m-c-]
+set key \3453 \158	;; m-c-^
+set key \3458 \159	;; m-c-_
+
+;; \160 is conspicuously missing here--
+;; alt-spc doesn't generate a distinct scan code...
+;; neither do shift-spc and ctrl-spc.
+;; no idea why.
+
+set key \2936 \161	;; m-!
+set key \2856 \162	;; m-"
+set key \2938 \163	;; m-#
+set key \2939 \164	;; m-$
+set key \2940 \165	;; m-%
+set key \2942 \166	;; m-&
+set key \2344 \167	;; m-'
+set key \2944 \168	;; m-(
+set key \2945 \169	;; m-)
+set key \2943 \170	;; m-*
+set key \2947 \171	;; m-+
+set key \2355 \172	;; m-,
+set key \2434 \173	;; m--
+set key \2356 \174	;; m-.
+set key \2357 \175	;; m-/
+
+;; number keys
+set key \2433 \176	;; m-0
+set key \2424 \177	;; m-1
+set key \2425 \178
+set key \2426 \179
+set key \2427 \180
+set key \2428 \181
+set key \2429 \182
+set key \2430 \183
+set key \2431 \184
+set key \2432 \185	;; m-9
+
+set key \2855 \186	;; m-:
+set key \2343 \187	;; m-;
+set key \2867 \188	;; m-<
+set key \2435 \189	;; m-=
+set key \2868 \190	;; m->
+set key \2869 \191	;; m-?
+set key \2937 \192	;; m-@
+
+;; shifted A-Z
+set key \2846 \193	;; m-A
+set key \2864 \194
+set key \2862 \195
+set key \2848 \196
+set key \2834 \197
+set key \2849 \198
+set key \2850 \199
+set key \2851 \200
+set key \2839 \201
+set key \2852 \202
+set key \2853 \203
+set key \2854 \204
+set key \2866 \205
+set key \2865 \206
+set key \2840 \207
+set key \2841 \208
+set key \2832 \209
+set key \2835 \210
+set key \2847 \211
+set key \2836 \212
+set key \2838 \213
+set key \2863 \214
+set key \2833 \215
+set key \2861 \216
+set key \2837 \217
+set key \2860 \218	;; m-Z
+
+set key \2330 \219	;; m-[
+set key \2347 \220	;; m-\
+set key \2331 \221	;; m-]
+set key \2941 \222	;; m-^
+set key \2946 \223	;; m-_
+set key \2345 \224	;; m-`
+
+;; lowercase a-z
+set key \2334 \225	;; m-a
+set key \2352 \226
+set key \2350 \227
+set key \2336 \228
+set key \2322 \229
+set key \2337 \230
+set key \2338 \231
+set key \2339 \232
+set key \2327 \233
+set key \2340 \234
+set key \2341 \235
+set key \2342 \236
+set key \2354 \237
+set key \2353 \238
+set key \2328 \239
+set key \2329 \240
+set key \2320 \241
+set key \2323 \242
+set key \2335 \243
+set key \2324 \244
+set key \2326 \245
+set key \2351 \246
+set key \2321 \247
+set key \2349 \248
+set key \2325 \249
+set key \2348 \250	;; m-z
+
+;; more shifted misc. keys
+set key \2842 \251	;; m-{
+set key \2859 \252	;; m-|
+set key \2843 \253	;; m-}
+set key \2857 \254	;; m-~
+set key \2318 \255	;; m-del
+
+

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/refcard.bit	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,1 @@
+@end

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/refcard.tex	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,653 @@
+% Reference Card for GNU Emacs version 20 on Unix systems
+%**start of header
+\newcount\columnsperpage
+
+% This file can be printed with 1, 2, or 3 columns per page (see below).
+% Specify how many you want here.  Nothing else needs to be changed.
+
+\columnsperpage=1
+
+% Copyright (c) 1987, 1993, 1996, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+% This file is part of GNU Emacs.
+
+% GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+% it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+% the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+% any later version.
+
+% GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+% but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+% MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+% GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+% You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+% along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to
+% the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
+% Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+% This file is intended to be processed by plain TeX (TeX82).
+%
+% The final reference card has six columns, three on each side.
+% This file can be used to produce it in any of three ways:
+% 1 column per page
+%    produces six separate pages, each of which needs to be reduced to 80%.
+%    This gives the best resolution.
+% 2 columns per page
+%    produces three already-reduced pages.
+%    You will still need to cut and paste.
+% 3 columns per page
+%    produces two pages which must be printed sideways to make a
+%    ready-to-use 8.5 x 11 inch reference card.
+%    For this you need a dvi device driver that can print sideways.
+% Which mode to use is controlled by setting \columnsperpage above.
+%
+% Author:
+%  Stephen Gildea
+%  Internet: [e-mail]
+%
+% Thanks to Paul Rubin, Bob Chassell, Len Tower, and Richard Mlynarik
+% for their many good ideas.
+
+% If there were room, it would be nice to see a section on Dired.
+
+\def\versionnumber{2.2}
+\def\year{1997}
+
+\def\shortcopyrightnotice{\vskip 1ex plus 2 fill
+  \centerline{\small \copyright\ \year\ Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+  Permissions on back.  v\versionnumber}}
+
+\def\copyrightnotice{
+\vskip 1ex plus 2 fill\begingroup\small
+\centerline{Copyright \copyright\ \year\ Free Software Foundation, Inc.}
+\centerline{v\versionnumber{} for GNU Emacs version 20, June \year}
+\centerline{designed by Stephen Gildea}
+
+Permission is granted to make and distribute copies of
+this card provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
+are preserved on all copies.
+
+For copies of the GNU Emacs manual, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
+
+\endgroup}
+
+% make \bye not \outer so that the \def\bye in the \else clause below
+% can be scanned without complaint.
+\def\bye{\par\vfill\supereject\end}
+
+\newdimen\intercolumnskip	%horizontal space between columns
+\newbox\columna			%boxes to hold columns already built
+\newbox\columnb
+
+\def\ncolumns{\the\columnsperpage}
+
+\message{[\ncolumns\space 
+  column\if 1\ncolumns\else s\fi\space per page]}
+
+\def\scaledmag#1{ scaled \magstep #1}
+
+% This multi-way format was designed by Stephen Gildea October 1986.
+% Note that the 1-column format is fontfamily-independent.
+\if 1\ncolumns			%one-column format uses normal size
+  \hsize 4in
+  \vsize 10in
+  \voffset -.7in
+  \font\titlefont=\fontname\tenbf \scaledmag3
+  \font\headingfont=\fontname\tenbf \scaledmag2
+  \font\smallfont=\fontname\sevenrm
+  \font\smallsy=\fontname\sevensy
+
+  \footline{\hss\folio}
+  \def\makefootline{\baselineskip10pt\hsize6.5in\line{\the\footline}}
+\else				%2 or 3 columns uses prereduced size
+  \hsize 3.2in
+  \vsize 7.95in
+  \hoffset -.75in
+  \voffset -.745in
+  \font\titlefont=cmbx10 \scaledmag2
+  \font\headingfont=cmbx10 \scaledmag1
+  \font\smallfont=cmr6
+  \font\smallsy=cmsy6
+  \font\eightrm=cmr8
+  \font\eightbf=cmbx8
+  \font\eightit=cmti8
+  \font\eighttt=cmtt8
+  \font\eightmi=cmmi8
+  \font\eightsy=cmsy8
+  \textfont0=\eightrm
+  \textfont1=\eightmi
+  \textfont2=\eightsy
+  \def\rm{\eightrm}
+  \def\bf{\eightbf}
+  \def\it{\eightit}
+  \def\tt{\eighttt}
+  \normalbaselineskip=.8\normalbaselineskip
+  \normallineskip=.8\normallineskip
+  \normallineskiplimit=.8\normallineskiplimit
+  \normalbaselines\rm		%make definitions take effect
+
+  \if 2\ncolumns
+    \let\maxcolumn=b
+    \footline{\hss\rm\folio\hss}
+    \def\makefootline{\vskip 2in \hsize=6.86in\line{\the\footline}}
+  \else \if 3\ncolumns
+    \let\maxcolumn=c
+    \nopagenumbers
+  \else
+    \errhelp{You must set \columnsperpage equal to 1, 2, or 3.}
+    \errmessage{Illegal number of columns per page}
+  \fi\fi
+
+  \intercolumnskip=.46in
+  \def\abc{a}
+  \output={%			%see The TeXbook page 257
+      % This next line is useful when designing the layout.
+      %\immediate\write16{Column \folio\abc\space starts with \firstmark}
+      \if \maxcolumn\abc \multicolumnformat \global\def\abc{a}
+      \else\if a\abc
+	\global\setbox\columna\columnbox \global\def\abc{b}
+        %% in case we never use \columnb (two-column mode)
+        \global\setbox\columnb\hbox to -\intercolumnskip{}
+      \else
+	\global\setbox\columnb\columnbox \global\def\abc{c}\fi\fi}
+  \def\multicolumnformat{\shipout\vbox{\makeheadline
+      \hbox{\box\columna\hskip\intercolumnskip
+        \box\columnb\hskip\intercolumnskip\columnbox}
+      \makefootline}\advancepageno}
+  \def\columnbox{\leftline{\pagebody}}
+
+  \def\bye{\par\vfill\supereject
+    \if a\abc \else\null\vfill\eject\fi
+    \if a\abc \else\null\vfill\eject\fi
+    \end}  
+\fi
+
+% we won't be using math mode much, so redefine some of the characters
+% we might want to talk about
+\catcode`\^=12
+\catcode`\_=12
+
+\chardef\\=`\\
+\chardef\{=`\{
+\chardef\}=`\}
+
+\hyphenation{mini-buf-fer}
+
+\parindent 0pt
+\parskip 1ex plus .5ex minus .5ex
+
+\def\small{\smallfont\textfont2=\smallsy\baselineskip=.8\baselineskip}
+
+% newcolumn - force a new column.  Use sparingly, probably only for
+% the first column of a page, which should have a title anyway.
+\outer\def\newcolumn{\vfill\eject}
+
+% title - page title.  Argument is title text.
+\outer\def\title#1{{\titlefont\centerline{#1}}\vskip 1ex plus .5ex}
+
+% section - new major section.  Argument is section name.
+\outer\def\section#1{\par\filbreak
+  \vskip 3ex plus 2ex minus 2ex {\headingfont #1}\mark{#1}%
+  \vskip 2ex plus 1ex minus 1.5ex}
+
+\newdimen\keyindent
+
+% beginindentedkeys...endindentedkeys - key definitions will be
+% indented, but running text, typically used as headings to group
+% definitions, will not.
+\def\beginindentedkeys{\keyindent=1em}
+\def\endindentedkeys{\keyindent=0em}
+\endindentedkeys
+
+% paralign - begin paragraph containing an alignment.
+% If an \halign is entered while in vertical mode, a parskip is never
+% inserted.  Using \paralign instead of \halign solves this problem.
+\def\paralign{\vskip\parskip\halign}
+
+% \<...> - surrounds a variable name in a code example
+\def\<#1>{{\it #1\/}}
+
+% kbd - argument is characters typed literally.  Like the Texinfo command.
+\def\kbd#1{{\tt#1}\null}	%\null so not an abbrev even if period follows
+
+% beginexample...endexample - surrounds literal text, such a code example.
+% typeset in a typewriter font with line breaks preserved
+\def\beginexample{\par\leavevmode\begingroup
+  \obeylines\obeyspaces\parskip0pt\tt}
+{\obeyspaces\global\let =\ }
+\def\endexample{\endgroup}
+
+% key - definition of a key.
+% \key{description of key}{key-name}
+% prints the description left-justified, and the key-name in a \kbd
+% form near the right margin.
+\def\key#1#2{\leavevmode\hbox to \hsize{\vtop
+  {\hsize=.75\hsize\rightskip=1em
+  \hskip\keyindent\relax#1}\kbd{#2}\hfil}}
+
+\newbox\metaxbox
+\setbox\metaxbox\hbox{\kbd{M-x }}
+\newdimen\metaxwidth
+\metaxwidth=\wd\metaxbox
+
+% metax - definition of a M-x command.
+% \metax{description of command}{M-x command-name}
+% Tries to justify the beginning of the command name at the same place
+% as \key starts the key name.  (The "M-x " sticks out to the left.)
+\def\metax#1#2{\leavevmode\hbox to \hsize{\hbox to .75\hsize
+  {\hskip\keyindent\relax#1\hfil}%
+  \hskip -\metaxwidth minus 1fil
+  \kbd{#2}\hfil}}
+
+% threecol - like "key" but with two key names.
+% for example, one for doing the action backward, and one for forward.
+\def\threecol#1#2#3{\hskip\keyindent\relax#1\hfil&\kbd{#2}\hfil\quad
+  &\kbd{#3}\hfil\quad\cr}
+
+%**end of header
+
+
+\title{GNU Emacs Reference Card}
+
+\centerline{(for version 20)}
+
+\section{Starting Emacs}
+
+To enter GNU Emacs 20, just type its name: \kbd{emacs}
+
+To read in a file to edit, see Files, below.
+
+\section{Leaving Emacs}
+
+\key{suspend Emacs (or iconify it under X)}{C-z}
+\key{exit Emacs permanently}{C-x C-c}
+
+\section{Files}
+
+\key{{\bf read} a file into Emacs}{C-x C-f}
+\key{{\bf save} a file back to disk}{C-x C-s}
+\key{save {\bf all} files}{C-x s}
+\key{{\bf insert} contents of another file into this buffer}{C-x i}
+\key{replace this file with the file you really want}{C-x C-v}
+\key{write buffer to a specified file}{C-x C-w}
+\key{version control checkin/checkout}{C-x C-q}
+
+\section{Getting Help}
+
+The help system is simple.  Type \kbd{C-h} (or \kbd{F1}) and follow
+the directions.  If you are a first-time user, type \kbd{C-h t} for a
+{\bf tutorial}.
+
+\key{remove help window}{C-x 1}
+\key{scroll help window}{C-M-v}
+
+\key{apropos: show commands matching a string}{C-h a}
+\key{show the function a key runs}{C-h c}
+\key{describe a function}{C-h f}
+\key{get mode-specific information}{C-h m}
+
+\section{Error Recovery}
+
+\key{{\bf abort} partially typed or executing command}{C-g}
+\metax{{\bf recover} a file lost by a system crash}{M-x recover-file}
+\key{{\bf undo} an unwanted change}{C-x u {\rm or} C-_}
+\metax{restore a buffer to its original contents}{M-x revert-buffer}
+\key{redraw garbaged screen}{C-l}
+
+\section{Incremental Search}
+
+\key{search forward}{C-s}
+\key{search backward}{C-r}
+\key{regular expression search}{C-M-s}
+\key{reverse regular expression search}{C-M-r}
+
+\key{select previous search string}{M-p}
+\key{select next later search string}{M-n}
+\key{exit incremental search}{RET}
+\key{undo effect of last character}{DEL}
+\key{abort current search}{C-g}
+
+Use \kbd{C-s} or \kbd{C-r} again to repeat the search in either direction.
+If Emacs is still searching, \kbd{C-g} cancels only the part not done.
+
+\shortcopyrightnotice
+
+\section{Motion}
+
+\paralign to \hsize{#\tabskip=10pt plus 1 fil&#\tabskip=0pt&#\cr
+\threecol{{\bf entity to move over}}{{\bf backward}}{{\bf forward}}
+\threecol{character}{C-b}{C-f}
+\threecol{word}{M-b}{M-f}
+\threecol{line}{C-p}{C-n}
+\threecol{go to line beginning (or end)}{C-a}{C-e}
+\threecol{sentence}{M-a}{M-e}
+\threecol{paragraph}{M-\{}{M-\}}
+\threecol{page}{C-x [}{C-x ]}
+\threecol{sexp}{C-M-b}{C-M-f}
+\threecol{function}{C-M-a}{C-M-e}
+\threecol{go to buffer beginning (or end)}{M-<}{M->}
+}
+
+\key{scroll to next screen}{C-v}
+\key{scroll to previous screen}{M-v}
+\key{scroll left}{C-x <}
+\key{scroll right}{C-x >}
+\key{scroll current line to center of screen}{C-u C-l}
+
+\section{Killing and Deleting}
+
+\paralign to \hsize{#\tabskip=10pt plus 1 fil&#\tabskip=0pt&#\cr
+\threecol{{\bf entity to kill}}{{\bf backward}}{{\bf forward}}
+\threecol{character (delete, not kill)}{DEL}{C-d}
+\threecol{word}{M-DEL}{M-d}
+\threecol{line (to end of)}{M-0 C-k}{C-k}
+\threecol{sentence}{C-x DEL}{M-k}
+\threecol{sexp}{M-- C-M-k}{C-M-k}
+}
+
+\key{kill {\bf region}}{C-w}
+\key{copy region to kill ring}{M-w}
+\key{kill through next occurrence of {\it char}}{M-z {\it char}}
+
+\key{yank back last thing killed}{C-y}
+\key{replace last yank with previous kill}{M-y}
+
+\section{Marking}
+
+\key{set mark here}{C-@ {\rm or} C-SPC}
+\key{exchange point and mark}{C-x C-x}
+
+\key{set mark {\it arg\/} {\bf words} away}{M-@}
+\key{mark {\bf paragraph}}{M-h}
+\key{mark {\bf page}}{C-x C-p}
+\key{mark {\bf sexp}}{C-M-@}
+\key{mark {\bf function}}{C-M-h}
+\key{mark entire {\bf buffer}}{C-x h}
+
+\section{Query Replace}
+
+\key{interactively replace a text string}{M-\%}
+\metax{using regular expressions}{M-x query-replace-regexp}
+
+Valid responses in query-replace mode are
+
+\key{{\bf replace} this one, go on to next}{SPC}
+\key{replace this one, don't move}{,}
+\key{{\bf skip} to next without replacing}{DEL}
+\key{replace all remaining matches}{!}
+\key{{\bf back up} to the previous match}{^}
+\key{{\bf exit} query-replace}{RET}
+\key{enter recursive edit (\kbd{C-M-c} to exit)}{C-r}
+
+\section{Multiple Windows}
+
+When two commands are shown, the second is for ``other frame.''
+
+\key{delete all other windows}{C-x 1}
+
+{\setbox0=\hbox{\kbd{0}}\advance\hsize by 0\wd0
+\paralign to \hsize{#\tabskip=10pt plus 1 fil&#\tabskip=0pt&#\cr
+\threecol{split window, above and below}{C-x 2\ \ \ \ }{C-x 5 2}
+\threecol{delete this window}{C-x 0\ \ \ \ }{C-x 5 0}
+}}
+\key{split window, side by side}{C-x 3}
+
+\key{scroll other window}{C-M-v}
+
+{\setbox0=\hbox{\kbd{0}}\advance\hsize by 2\wd0
+\paralign to \hsize{#\tabskip=10pt plus 1 fil&#\tabskip=0pt&#\cr
+\threecol{switch cursor to another window}{C-x o}{C-x 5 o}
+
+\threecol{select buffer in other window}{C-x 4 b}{C-x 5 b}
+\threecol{display buffer in other window}{C-x 4 C-o}{C-x 5 C-o}
+\threecol{find file in other window}{C-x 4 f}{C-x 5 f}
+\threecol{find file read-only in other window}{C-x 4 r}{C-x 5 r}
+\threecol{run Dired in other window}{C-x 4 d}{C-x 5 d}
+\threecol{find tag in other window}{C-x 4 .}{C-x 5 .}
+}}
+
+\key{grow window taller}{C-x ^}
+\key{shrink window narrower}{C-x \{}
+\key{grow window wider}{C-x \}}
+
+\section{Formatting}
+
+\key{indent current {\bf line} (mode-dependent)}{TAB}
+\key{indent {\bf region} (mode-dependent)}{C-M-\\}
+\key{indent {\bf sexp} (mode-dependent)}{C-M-q}
+\key{indent region rigidly {\it arg\/} columns}{C-x TAB}
+
+\key{insert newline after point}{C-o}
+\key{move rest of line vertically down}{C-M-o}
+\key{delete blank lines around point}{C-x C-o}
+\key{join line with previous (with arg, next)}{M-^}
+\key{delete all white space around point}{M-\\}
+\key{put exactly one space at point}{M-SPC}
+
+\key{fill paragraph}{M-q}
+\key{set fill column}{C-x f}
+\key{set prefix each line starts with}{C-x .}
+
+\key{set face}{M-g}
+
+\section{Case Change}
+
+\key{uppercase word}{M-u}
+\key{lowercase word}{M-l}
+\key{capitalize word}{M-c}
+
+\key{uppercase region}{C-x C-u}
+\key{lowercase region}{C-x C-l}
+
+\section{The Minibuffer}
+
+The following keys are defined in the minibuffer.
+
+\key{complete as much as possible}{TAB}
+\key{complete up to one word}{SPC}
+\key{complete and execute}{RET}
+\key{show possible completions}{?}
+\key{fetch previous minibuffer input}{M-p}
+\key{fetch later minibuffer input or default}{M-n}
+\key{regexp search backward through history}{M-r}
+\key{regexp search forward through history}{M-s}
+\key{abort command}{C-g}
+
+Type \kbd{C-x ESC ESC} to edit and repeat the last command that used the
+minibuffer.  Type \kbd{F10} to activate the menu bar using the minibuffer.
+
+\newcolumn
+\title{GNU Emacs Reference Card}
+
+\section{Buffers}
+
+\key{select another buffer}{C-x b}
+\key{list all buffers}{C-x C-b}
+\key{kill a buffer}{C-x k}
+
+\section{Transposing}
+
+\key{transpose {\bf characters}}{C-t}
+\key{transpose {\bf words}}{M-t}
+\key{transpose {\bf lines}}{C-x C-t}
+\key{transpose {\bf sexps}}{C-M-t}
+
+\section{Spelling Check}
+
+\key{check spelling of current word}{M-\$}
+\metax{check spelling of all words in region}{M-x ispell-region}
+\metax{check spelling of entire buffer}{M-x ispell-buffer}
+
+\section{Tags}
+
+\key{find a tag (a definition)}{M-.}
+\key{find next occurrence of tag}{C-u M-.}
+\metax{specify a new tags file}{M-x visit-tags-table}
+
+\metax{regexp search on all files in tags table}{M-x tags-search}
+\metax{run query-replace on all the files}{M-x tags-query-replace}
+\key{continue last tags search or query-replace}{M-,}
+
+\section{Shells}
+
+\key{execute a shell command}{M-!}
+\key{run a shell command on the region}{M-|}
+\key{filter region through a shell command}{C-u M-|}
+\key{start a shell in window \kbd{*shell*}}{M-x shell}
+
+\section{Rectangles}
+
+\key{copy rectangle to register}{C-x r r}
+\key{kill rectangle}{C-x r k}
+\key{yank rectangle}{C-x r y}
+\key{open rectangle, shifting text right}{C-x r o}
+\key{blank out rectangle}{C-x r c}
+\key{prefix each line with a string}{C-x r t}
+
+\section{Abbrevs}
+
+\key{add global abbrev}{C-x a g}
+\key{add mode-local abbrev}{C-x a l}
+\key{add global expansion for this abbrev}{C-x a i g}
+\key{add mode-local expansion for this abbrev}{C-x a i l}
+\key{explicitly expand abbrev}{C-x a e}
+
+\key{expand previous word dynamically}{M-/}
+
+\section{Regular Expressions}
+
+\key{any single character except a newline}{. {\rm(dot)}}
+\key{zero or more repeats}{*}
+\key{one or more repeats}{+}
+\key{zero or one repeat}{?}
+\key{quote regular expression special character {\it c\/}}{\\{\it c}}
+\key{alternative (``or'')}{\\|}
+\key{grouping}{\\( {\rm$\ldots$} \\)}
+\key{same text as {\it n\/}th group}{\\{\it n}}
+\key{at word break}{\\b}
+\key{not at word break}{\\B}
+
+\paralign to \hsize{#\tabskip=10pt plus 1 fil&#\tabskip=0pt&#\cr
+\threecol{{\bf entity}}{{\bf match start}}{{\bf match end}}
+\threecol{line}{^}{\$}
+\threecol{word}{\\<}{\\>}
+\threecol{buffer}{\\`}{\\'}
+
+\threecol{{\bf class of characters}}{{\bf match these}}{{\bf match others}}
+\threecol{explicit set}{[ {\rm$\ldots$} ]}{[^ {\rm$\ldots$} ]}
+\threecol{word-syntax character}{\\w}{\\W}
+\threecol{character with syntax {\it c}}{\\s{\it c}}{\\S{\it c}}
+}
+
+\section{International Character Sets}
+
+\metax{specify principal language}{M-x set-language-environment}
+\metax{show all input methods}{M-x list-input-methods}
+\key{enable or disable input method}{C-\\}
+\key{set coding system for next command}{C-x RET c}
+\metax{show all coding systems}{M-x list-coding-systems}
+\metax{choose preferred coding system}{M-x prefer-coding-system}
+
+\section{Info}
+
+\key{enter the Info documentation reader}{C-h i}
+\key{find specified function or variable in Info}{C-h C-i}
+\beginindentedkeys
+
+Moving within a node:
+
+\key{scroll forward}{SPC}
+\key{scroll reverse}{DEL}
+\key{beginning of node}{. {\rm (dot)}}
+
+Moving between nodes:
+
+\key{{\bf next} node}{n}
+\key{{\bf previous} node}{p}
+\key{move {\bf up}}{u}
+\key{select menu item by name}{m}
+\key{select {\it n\/}th menu item by number (1--9)}{{\it n}}
+\key{follow cross reference  (return with \kbd{l})}{f}
+\key{return to last node you saw}{l}
+\key{return to directory node}{d}
+\key{go to any node by name}{g}
+
+Other:
+
+\key{run Info {\bf tutorial}}{h}
+\key{{\bf quit} Info}{q}
+\key{search nodes for regexp}{M-s}
+
+\endindentedkeys
+
+\section{Registers}
+
+\key{save region in register}{C-x r s}
+\key{insert register contents into buffer}{C-x r i}
+
+\key{save value of point in register}{C-x r SPC}
+\key{jump to point saved in register}{C-x r j}
+
+\section{Keyboard Macros}
+
+\key{{\bf start} defining a keyboard macro}{C-x (}
+\key{{\bf end} keyboard macro definition}{C-x )}
+\key{{\bf execute} last-defined keyboard macro}{C-x e}
+\key{append to last keyboard macro}{C-u C-x (}
+\metax{name last keyboard macro}{M-x name-last-kbd-macro}
+\metax{insert Lisp definition in buffer}{M-x insert-kbd-macro}
+
+\section{Commands Dealing with Emacs Lisp}
+
+\key{eval {\bf sexp} before point}{C-x C-e}
+\key{eval current {\bf defun}}{C-M-x}
+\metax{eval {\bf region}}{M-x eval-region}
+\key{read and eval minibuffer}{M-:}
+\metax{load from standard system directory}{M-x load-library}
+
+\section{Simple Customization}
+
+\metax{customize variables and faces}{M-x customize}
+
+% The intended audience here is the person who wants to make simple
+% customizations and knows Lisp syntax.
+
+Making global key bindings in Emacs Lisp (examples):
+
+\beginexample%
+(global-set-key "\\C-cg" 'goto-line)
+(global-set-key "\\M-\#" 'query-replace-regexp)
+\endexample
+
+\section{Writing Commands}
+
+\beginexample%
+(defun \<command-name> (\<args>)
+  "\<documentation>" (interactive "\<template>")
+  \<body>)
+\endexample
+
+An example:
+
+\beginexample%
+(defun this-line-to-top-of-window (line)
+  "Reposition line point is on to top of window.
+With ARG, put point on line ARG."
+  (interactive "P")
+  (recenter (if (null line)
+                0
+              (prefix-numeric-value line))))
+\endexample
+
+The \kbd{interactive} spec says how to read arguments interactively.
+Type \kbd{C-h f interactive} for more details.
+
+\copyrightnotice
+
+\bye
+
+% Local variables:
+% compile-command: "tex refcard"
+% End:

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/ulimit.hack	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+#!/bin/sh
+#
+# ulimit.hack: Create an intermediate program for use in
+# between kernel initialization and init startup.
+# This is needed on a 3b system if the standard CDLIMIT is
+# so small that the dumped Emacs file cannot be written.
+# This program causes everyone to get a bigger CDLIMIT value
+# so that the dumped Emacs can be written out.
+#
+# Users of V.3.1 and later should not use this; see etc/MACHINES
+# and reconfig your kernel's CDLIMIT parameter instead.
+#
+# Caveat: Heaven help you if you screw this up.  This puts
+# a new program in as /etc/init, which then execs the real init.
+#
+cat > ulimit.init.c << \EOF
+main(argc, argv)
+int argc;
+char *argv[];
+{
+	ulimit(2, 262144L);	/* "2" is the "set" command. */
+	/* 262,144 allows for 128Mb files to be written. */
+	/* If that value isn't suitable, roll your own.  */
+	execv("/etc/real.init", argv);
+}
+EOF
+#
+# Compile it and put it in place of the usual init program.
+#
+cc ulimit.init.c -o ulimit.init
+mv /etc/init /etc/real.init
+mv ulimit.init /etc/ulimit.init
+ln /etc/ulimit.init /etc/init
+mv ulimit.init.c /etc/ulimit.init.c	# to keep src for this hack nearby.
+chmod 0754 /etc/init
+exit 0
+#
+# Upon system reboot, all processes will inherit the new large ulimit.

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/vipcard.tex	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,681 @@
+% Quick Reference Card for VIP 3.5 under GNU Emacs version 18 on Unix systems
+%**start of header
+\newcount\columnsperpage
+
+% This file can be printed with 1, 2, or 3 columns per page (see below).
+% Specify how many you want here.  Nothing else needs to be changed.
+
+\columnsperpage=1
+
+% Copyright (c) 1987 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+% This file is part of GNU Emacs.
+
+% This file is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+% but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY.  No author or distributor
+% accepts responsibility to anyone for the consequences of using it
+% or for whether it serves any particular purpose or describes
+% any piece of software unless they say so in writing.  Refer to the
+% GNU Emacs General Public License for full details.
+%
+% Permission is granted to copy, modify and redistribute this source
+% file provided the copyright notice and permission notices are
+% preserved on all copies.
+%
+% Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the
+% results, provided the printed document carries copyright and
+% permission notices identical to the ones below.
+
+% This file is intended to be processed by plain TeX (TeX82).
+%
+% The final reference card has six columns, three on each side.
+% This file can be used to produce it in any of three ways:
+% 1 column per page
+%    produces six separate pages, each of which needs to be reduced to 80%.
+%    This gives the best resolution.
+% 2 columns per page
+%    produces three already-reduced pages.
+%    You will still need to cut and paste.
+% 3 columns per page
+%    produces two pages which must be printed sideways to make a
+%    ready-to-use 8.5 x 11 inch reference card.
+%    For this you need a dvi device driver that can print sideways.
+% Which mode to use is controlled by setting \columnsperpage above.
+%
+% Author:
+%  Masahiko Sato
+%  Internet: [e-mail]
+%  Junet: [e-mail]
+%
+% The original TeX code for formatting the reference card was written by:
+%  Stephen Gildea
+%  UUCP: mit-erl!gildea
+%  Internet: [e-mail]
+
+
+\def\versionnumber{1.2}
+\def\year{1987}
+\def\version{September \year\ v\versionnumber}
+
+\def\shortcopyrightnotice{\vskip 1ex plus 2 fill
+  \centerline{\small \copyright\ \year\ Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+  Permissions on back.  v\versionnumber}}
+
+\def\copyrightnotice{
+%\vskip 1ex plus 2 fill\begingroup\small
+\vskip 1ex \begingroup\small
+\centerline{Copyright \copyright\ \year\ Free Software Foundation, Inc.}
+\centerline{designed by Masahiko Sato, \version}
+\centerline{for VIP 3.5 under GNU Emacs version 18 on Unix systems}
+
+Permission is granted to make and distribute copies of
+this card provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
+are preserved on all copies.
+
+For copies of the GNU Emacs manual, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+\endgroup}
+
+% make \bye not \outer so that the \def\bye in the \else clause below
+% can be scanned without complaint.
+\def\bye{\par\vfill\supereject\end}
+
+\newdimen\intercolumnskip
+\newbox\columna
+\newbox\columnb
+
+\def\ncolumns{\the\columnsperpage}
+
+\message{[\ncolumns\space 
+  column\if 1\ncolumns\else s\fi\space per page]}
+
+\def\scaledmag#1{ scaled \magstep #1}
+
+% This multi-way format was designed by Stephen Gildea
+% October 1986.
+% Slightly modified by Masahiko Sato, September 1987.
+\if 1\ncolumns
+  \hsize 4in
+  \vsize 10in
+  %\voffset -.7in
+  \voffset -.57in
+  \font\titlefont=\fontname\tenbf \scaledmag3
+  \font\headingfont=\fontname\tenbf \scaledmag2
+  \font\miniheadingfont=\fontname\tenbf \scaledmag1 % masahiko
+  \font\smallfont=\fontname\sevenrm
+  \font\smallsy=\fontname\sevensy
+
+  \footline{\hss\folio}
+  \def\makefootline{\baselineskip10pt\hsize6.5in\line{\the\footline}}
+\else
+  %\hsize 3.2in
+  %\vsize 7.95in
+  \hsize 3.41in % masahiko
+  \vsize 8in % masahiko
+  \hoffset -.75in
+  \voffset -.745in
+  \font\titlefont=cmbx10 \scaledmag2
+  \font\headingfont=cmbx10 \scaledmag1
+  \font\miniheadingfont=cmbx10 % masahiko
+  \font\smallfont=cmr6
+  \font\smallsy=cmsy6
+  \font\eightrm=cmr8
+  \font\eightbf=cmbx8
+  \font\eightit=cmti8
+  \font\eightsl=cmsl8
+  \font\eighttt=cmtt8
+  \font\eightsy=cmsy8
+  \textfont0=\eightrm
+  \textfont2=\eightsy
+  \def\rm{\eightrm}
+  \def\bf{\eightbf}
+  \def\it{\eightit}
+  \def\sl{\eightsl} % masahiko
+  \def\tt{\eighttt}
+  \normalbaselineskip=.8\normalbaselineskip
+  \normallineskip=.8\normallineskip
+  \normallineskiplimit=.8\normallineskiplimit
+  \normalbaselines\rm		%make definitions take effect
+
+  \if 2\ncolumns
+    \let\maxcolumn=b
+    \footline{\hss\rm\folio\hss}
+    \def\makefootline{\vskip 2in \hsize=6.86in\line{\the\footline}}
+  \else \if 3\ncolumns
+    \let\maxcolumn=c
+    \nopagenumbers
+  \else
+    \errhelp{You must set \columnsperpage equal to 1, 2, or 3.}
+    \errmessage{Illegal number of columns per page}
+  \fi\fi
+
+  %\intercolumnskip=.46in
+  \intercolumnskip=.19in % masahiko .19x4 + 3.41x3 = 10.99
+  \def\abc{a}
+  \output={%
+      % This next line is useful when designing the layout.
+      %\immediate\write16{Column \folio\abc\space starts with \firstmark}
+      \if \maxcolumn\abc \multicolumnformat \global\def\abc{a}
+      \else\if a\abc
+	\global\setbox\columna\columnbox \global\def\abc{b}
+        %% in case we never use \columnb (two-column mode)
+        \global\setbox\columnb\hbox to -\intercolumnskip{}
+      \else
+	\global\setbox\columnb\columnbox \global\def\abc{c}\fi\fi}
+  \def\multicolumnformat{\shipout\vbox{\makeheadline
+      \hbox{\box\columna\hskip\intercolumnskip
+        \box\columnb\hskip\intercolumnskip\columnbox}
+      \makefootline}\advancepageno}
+  \def\columnbox{\leftline{\pagebody}}
+
+  \def\bye{\par\vfill\supereject
+    \if a\abc \else\null\vfill\eject\fi
+    \if a\abc \else\null\vfill\eject\fi
+    \end}  
+\fi
+
+% we won't be using math mode much, so redefine some of the characters
+% we might want to talk about
+\catcode`\^=12
+\catcode`\_=12
+
+\chardef\\=`\\
+\chardef\{=`\{
+\chardef\}=`\}
+
+\hyphenation{mini-buf-fer}
+
+\parindent 0pt
+\parskip 1ex plus .5ex minus .5ex
+
+\def\small{\smallfont\textfont2=\smallsy\baselineskip=.8\baselineskip}
+
+\outer\def\newcolumn{\vfill\eject}
+
+\outer\def\title#1{{\titlefont\centerline{#1}}\vskip 1ex plus .5ex}
+
+\outer\def\section#1{\par\filbreak
+  \vskip 3ex plus 2ex minus 2ex {\headingfont #1}\mark{#1}%
+  \vskip 2ex plus 1ex minus 1.5ex}
+
+% masahiko
+\outer\def\subsection#1{\par\filbreak
+  \vskip 2ex plus 2ex minus 2ex {\miniheadingfont #1}\mark{#1}%
+  \vskip 1ex plus 1ex minus 1.5ex}
+
+\newdimen\keyindent
+
+\def\beginindentedkeys{\keyindent=1em}
+\def\endindentedkeys{\keyindent=0em}
+\endindentedkeys
+
+\def\paralign{\vskip\parskip\halign}
+
+\def\<#1>{$\langle${\rm #1}$\rangle$}
+
+\def\kbd#1{{\tt#1}\null}	%\null so not an abbrev even if period follows
+
+\def\beginexample{\par\leavevmode\begingroup
+  \obeylines\obeyspaces\parskip0pt\tt}
+{\obeyspaces\global\let =\ }
+\def\endexample{\endgroup}
+
+\def\key#1#2{\leavevmode\hbox to \hsize{\vtop
+  {\hsize=.75\hsize\rightskip=1em
+  \hskip\keyindent\relax#1}\kbd{#2}\hfil}}
+
+\newbox\metaxbox
+\setbox\metaxbox\hbox{\kbd{M-x }}
+\newdimen\metaxwidth
+\metaxwidth=\wd\metaxbox
+
+\def\metax#1#2{\leavevmode\hbox to \hsize{\hbox to .75\hsize
+  {\hskip\keyindent\relax#1\hfil}%
+  \hskip -\metaxwidth minus 1fil
+  \kbd{#2}\hfil}}
+
+\def\fivecol#1#2#3#4#5{\hskip\keyindent\relax#1\hfil&\kbd{#2}\quad
+  &\kbd{#3}\quad&\kbd{#4}\quad&\kbd{#5}\cr}
+
+\def\fourcol#1#2#3#4{\hskip\keyindent\relax#1\hfil&\kbd{#2}\quad
+  &\kbd{#3}\quad&\kbd{#4}\quad\cr}
+
+\def\threecol#1#2#3{\hskip\keyindent\relax#1\hfil&\kbd{#2}\quad
+  &\kbd{#3}\quad\cr}
+
+\def\twocol#1#2{\hskip\keyindent\relax\kbd{#1}\hfil&\kbd{#2}\quad\cr}
+
+\def\twocolkey#1#2#3#4{\hskip\keyindent\relax#1\hfil&\kbd{#2}\quad&\relax#3\hfil&\kbd{#4}\quad\cr}
+
+%**end of header
+
+\beginindentedkeys
+
+\title{VIP Quick Reference Card}
+
+\centerline{(for version 3.5 under GNU Emacs version 18)}
+
+%\copyrightnotice
+
+\section{Loading VIP}
+
+Just type \kbd{M-x vip-mode} followed by \kbd{RET}
+
+\section{VIP Modes}
+
+VIP has three modes: {\it emacs mode}, {\it vi mode} and {\it insert mode}.
+Mode line tells you which mode you are in.
+In emacs mode you can do all the normal GNU Emacs editing.
+This card explains only vi mode and insert mode.
+{\bf GNU Emacs Reference Card} explains emacs mode.
+You can switch modes as follows.
+
+\key{from emacs mode to vi mode}{C-z}
+\key{from vi mode to emacs mode}{C-z}
+\metax{from vi mode to insert mode}{i, I, a, A, o, O {\rm or} C-o}
+\key{from insert mode to vi mode}{ESC}
+
+If you wish to be in vi mode just after you startup Emacs,
+include the line:
+
+\hskip 5ex
+\kbd{(setq term-setup-hook 'vip-mode)}
+
+in your \kbd{.emacs} file.
+Or, you can put the following alias in your \kbd{.cshrc} file.
+
+\hskip 5ex
+\kbd{alias vip 'emacs \\!* -f vip-mode'}
+
+
+\section{Insert Mode}
+Insert mode is like emacs mode except for the following.
+
+\key{go back to vi mode}{ESC}
+\key{delete previous character}{C-h}
+\key{delete previous word}{C-w}
+\key{emulate \kbd{ESC} key in emacs mode}{C-z}
+
+The rest of this card explains commands in {\bf vi mode}.
+
+\section{Getting Information on VIP}
+
+Execute info command by typing \kbd{M-x info} and select menu item
+\kbd{vip}.  Also:
+
+\key{describe function attached to the key {\it x}}{C-h k {\it x}}
+
+\section{Leaving Emacs}
+
+\key{suspend Emacs}{X Z {\rm or} :st}
+\metax{exit Emacs permanently}{Z Z {\rm or} X C {\rm or} :q}
+
+\section{Error Recovery}
+
+\key{abort partially typed or executing command}{C-g}
+\key{redraw messed up screen}{C-l}
+\metax{{\bf recover} a file lost by a system crash}{M-x recover-file}
+\metax{restore a buffer to its original contents}{M-x revert-buffer}
+
+\shortcopyrightnotice
+
+\section{Counts}
+
+Most commands in vi mode accept a {\it count} which can be supplied as a
+prefix to the commands.  In most cases, if a count is given, the
+command is executed that many times.  E.g., \kbd{5 d d} deletes 5
+lines.
+
+%\shortcopyrightnotice
+\section{Registers}
+
+There are 26 registers (\kbd{a} to \kbd{z}) that can store texts
+and marks.
+You can append a text at the end of a register (say \kbd{x}) by
+specifying the register name in capital letter (say \kbd{X}).
+There are also 9 read only registers (\kbd{1} to \kbd{9}) that store
+up to 9 previous changes.
+We will use {\it x\/} to denote a register.
+\section{Entering Insert Mode}
+
+\key{{\bf insert} at point}{i}
+\key{{\bf append} after cursor}{a}
+\key{{\bf insert} before first non-white}{I}
+\key{{\bf append} at end of line}{A}
+\key{{\bf open} line below}{o}
+\key{{\bf open} line above}{O}
+\key{{\bf open} line at point}{C-o}
+
+\section{Buffers and Windows}
+
+\key{move cursor to {\bf next} window}{C-n}
+\key{delete current window}{X 0}
+\key{delete other windows}{X 1}
+\key{split current window into two windows}{X 2}
+\key{show current buffer in two windows}{X 3}
+\key{{\bf switch} to a buffer in the current window}{s {\sl buffer}}
+\key{{\bf switch} to a buffer in another window}{S {\sl buffer}}
+\key{{\bf kill} a buffer}{K}
+\key{list existing {\bf buffers}}{X B}
+
+\section{Files}
+
+\metax{{\bf visit} file in the current window}{v {\sl file} {\rm or} :e {\sl file}}
+\key{{\bf visit} file in another window}{V {\sl file}}
+\key{{\bf save} buffer to the associated file}{X S}
+\key{{\bf write} buffer to a specified file}{X W}
+\key{{\bf insert} a specified file at point}{X I}
+\key{{\bf get} information on the current {\bf file}}{g {\rm or} :f}
+\key{run the {\bf directory} editor}{X d}
+
+\section{Viewing the Buffer}
+
+\key{scroll to next screen}{SPC {\rm or} C-f}
+\key{scroll to previous screen}{RET {\rm or} C-b}
+\key{scroll {\bf down} half screen}{C-d}
+\key{scroll {\bf up} half screen}{C-u}
+\key{scroll down one line}{C-e}
+\key{scroll up one line}{C-y}
+
+\key{put current line on the {\bf home} line}{z H {\rm or} z RET}
+\key{put current line on the {\bf middle} line}{z M {\rm or} z .}
+\key{put current line on the {\bf last} line}{z L {\rm or} z -}
+
+\section{Marking and Returning}
+
+\key{{\bf mark} point in register {\it x}}{m {\it x}}
+\key{set mark at buffer beginning}{m <}
+\key{set mark at buffer end}{m >}
+\key{set mark at point}{m .}
+\key{jump to mark}{m ,}
+\key{exchange point and mark}{` `}
+\key{... and skip to first non-white on line}{' '}
+\key{go to mark {\it x}}{` {\it x}}
+\key{... and skip to first non-white on line}{' {\it x}}
+
+\section{Macros}
+
+\key{start remembering keyboard macro}{X (}
+\key{finish remembering keyboard macro}{X )}
+\key{call last keyboard macro}{*}
+\key{execute macro stored in register {\it x}}{@ {\it x}}
+
+\section{Motion Commands}
+
+\key{go backward one character}{h}
+\key{go forward one character}{l}
+\key{next line keeping the column}{j}
+\key{previous line keeping the column}{k}
+\key{next line at first non-white}{+}
+\key{previous line at first non-white}{-}
+
+\key{beginning of line}{0}
+\key{first non-white on line}{^}
+\key{end of line}{\$}
+\key{go to {\it n}-th column on line}{{\it n} |}
+
+\key{go to {\it n}-th line}{{\it n} G}
+\key{go to last line}{G}
+\key{find matching parenthesis for \kbd{()}, \kbd{\{\}} and \kbd{[]}}{\%}
+
+\key{go to {\bf home} window line}{H}
+\key{go to {\bf middle} window line}{M}
+\key{go to {\bf last} window line}{L}
+
+\subsection{Words, Sentences, Paragraphs}
+
+\key{forward {\bf word}}{w {\rm or} W}
+\key{{\bf backward} word}{b {\rm or} B}
+\key{{\bf end} of word}{e {\rm or} E}
+
+In the case of capital letter commands, a word is delimited by a
+non-white character.
+
+\key{forward sentence}{)}
+\key{backward sentence}{(}
+
+\key{forward paragraph}{\}}
+\key{backward paragraph}{\{}
+
+\subsection{Find Characters on the Line}
+
+\key{{\bf find} {\it c} forward on line}{f {\it c}}
+\key{{\bf find} {\it c} backward on line}{F {\it c}}
+\key{up {\bf to} {\it c} forward on line}{t {\it c}}
+\key{up {\bf to} {\it c} backward on line}{T {\it c}}
+\key{repeat previous \kbd{f}, \kbd{F}, \kbd{t} or \kbd{T}}{;}
+\key{... in the opposite direction}{,}
+
+\newcolumn
+\title{VIP Quick Reference Card}
+
+\section{Searching and Replacing}
+
+\key{search forward for {\sl pat}}{/ {\sl pat}}
+\key{search backward for {\sl pat}}{?\ {\sl pat}}
+\key{repeat previous search}{n}
+\key{... in the opposite direction}{N}
+
+\key{incremental {\bf search}}{C-s}
+\key{{\bf reverse} incremental search}{C-r}
+
+\key{{\bf replace}}{R}
+\key{{\bf query} replace}{Q}
+\key{{\bf replace} a character by another character {\it c}}{r {\it c}}
+
+\section{Modifying Commands}
+
+The delete (yank, change) commands explained below accept a motion command as
+their argument and delete (yank, change) the region determined by the motion
+command.  Motion commands are classified into {\it point commands} and
+{\it line commands}.  In the case of line commands, whole lines will
+be affected by the command.  Motion commands will be represented by
+{\it m} below.
+
+The point commands are as follows:
+
+\hskip 5ex
+\kbd{h l 0 ^ \$ w W b B e E ( ) / ?\ ` f F t T \% ; ,}
+
+The line commands are as follows:
+
+\hskip 5ex
+\kbd{j k + - H M L \{ \} G '}
+
+\subsection{Delete/Yank/Change Commands}
+
+\paralign to \hsize{#\tabskip=10pt plus 1 fil&#\tabskip=0pt&#\tabskip=0pt&#\cr
+\fourcol{}{{\bf delete}}{{\bf yank}}{{\bf change}}
+\fourcol{region determined by {\it m}}{d {\it m}}{y {\it m}}{c {\it m}}
+\fourcol{... into register {\it x}}{" {\it x\/} d {\it m}}{" {\it x\/} y {\it m}}{" {\it x\/} c {\it m}}
+\fourcol{a line}{d d}{Y {\rm or} y y}{c c}
+\fourcol{current {\bf region}}{d r}{y r}{c r}
+\fourcol{expanded {\bf region}}{d R}{y R}{c R}
+\fourcol{to end of line}{D}{y \$}{c \$}
+\fourcol{a character after point}{x}{y l}{c l}
+\fourcol{a character before point}{DEL}{y h}{c h}
+}
+
+\subsection{Put Back Commands}
+
+Deleted/yanked/changed text can be put back by the following commands.
+
+\key{{\bf Put} back at point/above line}{P}
+\key{... from register {\it x}}{" {\it x\/} P}
+\key{{\bf put} back after point/below line}{p}
+\key{... from register {\it x}}{" {\it x\/} p}
+
+\subsection{Repeating and Undoing Modifications}
+
+\key{{\bf undo} last change}{u {\rm or} :und}
+\key{repeat last change}{.\ {\rm (dot)}}
+
+Undo is undoable by \kbd{u} and repeatable by \kbd{.}.
+For example, \kbd{u...} will undo 4 previous changes.
+A \kbd{.} after \kbd{5dd} is equivalent to \kbd{5dd},
+while \kbd{3.} after \kbd{5dd} is equivalent to \kbd{3dd}.
+
+\section{Miscellaneous Commands}
+
+\endindentedkeys
+
+\paralign to \hsize{#\tabskip=5pt plus 1 fil&#\tabskip=0pt&#\tabskip=0pt&#\tabskip=0pt&#\cr
+\fivecol{}{{\bf shift left}}{{\bf shift right}}{{\bf filter shell command}}{{\bf indent}}
+\fivecol{region}{< {\it m}}{> {\it m}}{!\ {\it m\/} {\sl shell-com}}{= {\it m}}
+\fivecol{line}{< <}{> >}{!\ !\ {\sl shell-com}}{= =}
+}
+
+\key{emulate \kbd{ESC}/\kbd{C-h} in emacs mode}{ESC{\rm /}C-h}
+\key{emulate \kbd{C-c}/\kbd{C-x} in emacs mode}{C{\rm /}X}
+
+\key{{\bf join} lines}{J}
+
+\key{lowercase region}{\# c {\it m}}
+\key{uppercase region}{\# C {\it m}}
+\key{execute last keyboard macro on each line in the region}{\# g {\it m}}
+
+\key{insert specified string for each line in the region}{\# q {\it m}}
+\key{check spelling of the words in the region}{\# s {\it m}}
+
+\section{Differences from Vi}
+
+\beginindentedkeys
+
+In VIP some keys behave rather differently from Vi.
+The table below lists such keys, and you can get the effect of typing
+these keys by typing the corresponding keys in the VIP column.
+
+\paralign to \hsize{#\tabskip=10pt plus 1 fil&#\tabskip=0pt&#\cr
+\threecol{}{{\bf Vi}}{{\bf VIP}}
+\threecol{forward character}{SPC}{l}
+\threecol{backward character}{C-h}{h}
+\threecol{next line at first non-white}{RET}{+}
+\threecol{delete previous character}{X}{DEL}
+\threecol{get information on file}{C-g}{g}
+\threecol{substitute characters}{s}{x i}
+\threecol{substitute line}{S}{c c}
+\threecol{change to end of line}{C {\rm or} R}{c \$}
+}
+
+(Strictly speaking, \kbd{C} and \kbd{R} behave slightly differently in Vi.)
+
+\section{Customization}
+
+By default, search is case sensitive.
+You can change this by including the following line in your \kbd{.vip} file.
+
+\hskip 5ex
+\kbd{(setq vip-case-fold-search t)}
+
+\beginindentedkeys
+
+\paralign to \hsize{#\tabskip=10pt plus 1 fil&#\tabskip=0pt&#\cr
+\twocol{{\bf variable}}{{\bf default value}}
+\twocol{vip-search-wrap-around}{t}
+\twocol{vip-case-fold-search}{nil}
+\twocol{vip-re-search}{nil}
+\twocol{vip-re-replace}{nil}
+\twocol{vip-re-query-replace}{nil}
+\twocol{vip-open-with-indent}{nil}
+\twocol{vip-help-in-insert-mode}{nil}
+\twocol{vip-shift-width}{8}
+\twocol{vip-tags-file-name}{"TAGS"}
+}
+
+%\subsection{Customizing Key Bindings}
+
+Include (some of) following lines in your \kbd{.vip} file
+to restore Vi key bindings.
+
+\beginexample
+(define-key vip-mode-map "\\C-g" 'vip-info-on-file)
+(define-key vip-mode-map "\\C-h" 'vip-backward-char)
+(define-key vip-mode-map "\\C-m" 'vip-next-line-at-bol)
+(define-key vip-mode-map " " 'vip-forward-char)
+(define-key vip-mode-map "g" 'vip-keyboard-quit)
+(define-key vip-mode-map "s" 'vip-substitute)
+(define-key vip-mode-map "C" 'vip-change-to-eol)
+(define-key vip-mode-map "R" 'vip-change-to-eol)
+(define-key vip-mode-map "S" 'vip-substitute-line)
+(define-key vip-mode-map "X" 'vip-delete-backward-char)
+\endexample
+
+\newcolumn
+
+\title{Ex Commands in VIP}
+
+In vi mode, an Ex command is entered by typing:
+
+\hskip 5ex
+\kbd{:\ {\sl ex-command} RET}
+
+\section{Ex Addresses}
+
+\paralign to \hsize{#\tabskip=5pt plus 1 fil&#\tabskip=2pt&#\tabskip=5pt plus 1 fil&#\cr
+\twocolkey{current line}{.}{next line with {\sl pat}}{/ {\sl pat} /}
+\twocolkey{line {\it n}}{{\it n}}{previous line with {\sl pat}}{?\ {\sl pat} ?}
+\twocolkey{last line}{\$}{{\it n\/} line before {\it a}}{{\it a} - {\it n}}
+\twocolkey{next line}{+}{{\it a\/} through {\it b}}{{\it a\/} , {\it b}}
+\twocolkey{previous line}{-}{line marked with {\it x}}{' {\it x}}
+\twocolkey{entire buffer}{\%}{previous context}{' '}
+}
+
+Addresses can be specified in front of a command.
+For example,
+
+\hskip 5ex
+\kbd{:.,.+10m\$}
+
+moves 11 lines below current line to the end of buffer.
+
+\section{Ex Commands}
+
+\endindentedkeys
+
+\key{mark lines matching {\sl pat} and execute {\sl cmds} on these lines}{:g /{\sl pat}/ {\sl cmds}}
+
+\key{mark lines {\it not\/} matching {\sl pat} and execute {\sl cmds} on these lines}{:v /{\sl pat}/ {\sl cmds}}
+
+
+\key{{\bf move} specified lines after {\sl addr}}{:m {\sl addr}}
+\key{{\bf copy} specified lines after {\sl addr}}{:co\rm\ (or \kbd{:t})\ \sl addr}
+\key{{\bf delete} specified lines [into register {\it x\/}]}{:d {\rm [{\it x\/}]}}
+\key{{\bf yank} specified lines [into register {\it x\/}]}{:y {\rm [{\it x\/}]}}
+\key{{\bf put} back text [from register {\it x\/}]}{:pu {\rm [{\it x\/}]}}
+
+\key{{\bf substitute} {\sl repl} for first string on line matching {\sl pat}}{:s /{\sl pat}/{\sl repl}/}
+
+\key{repeat last substitution}{:\&}
+\key{repeat previous substitute with previous search pattern as {\sl pat}}{:\~{}}
+
+\key{{\bf read} in a file}{:r {\sl file}}
+\key{{\bf read} in the output of a shell command}{:r!\ {\sl command}}
+\key{write out specified lines into {\sl file}}{:w {\sl file}}
+\key{write out specified lines at the end of {\sl file}}{:w>> {\sl file}}
+\key{write out and then quit}{:wq {\sl file}}
+
+\key{define a macro {\it x} that expands to {\sl cmd}}{:map {\it x} {\sl cmd}}
+\key{remove macro expansion associated with {\it x}}{:unma {\it x}}
+
+\key{print line number}{:=}
+\key{print {\bf version} number of VIP}{:ve}
+
+\key{shift specified lines to the right}{:>}
+\key{shift specified lines to the left}{:<}
+
+\key{{\bf join} lines}{:j}
+\key{mark specified line to register {\it x}}{:k {\it x}}
+\key{{\bf set} a variable's value}{:se}
+\key{run a sub{\bf shell} in a window}{:sh}
+\key{execute shell command {\sl command}}{:!\ {\sl command}}
+\key{find first definition of {\bf tag} {\sl tag}}{:ta {\sl tag}}
+
+
+\copyrightnotice
+
+\bye
+
+% Local variables:
+% compile-command: "tex refcard"
+% End:

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/etc/viperCard.tex	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,746 @@
+% ViperCard -- The Reference Card for Viper under GNU Emacs 20 and XEmacs 20
+%**start of header
+\newcount\columnsperpage
+
+% This file can be printed with 1 or 2 columns per page (see below).
+% Specify how many you want here.  Nothing else needs to be changed.
+
+\columnsperpage=2
+
+% Copyright (c) 1995, 1996, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+% This file is part of GNU Emacs.
+
+% This file is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+% but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY.  No author or distributor
+% accepts responsibility to anyone for the consequences of using it
+% or for whether it serves any particular purpose or describes
+% any piece of software unless they say so in writing.  Refer to the
+% GNU Emacs General Public License for full details.
+%
+% Permission is granted to copy, modify and redistribute this source
+% file provided the copyright notice and permission notices are
+% preserved on all copies.
+%
+% Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the
+% results, provided the printed document carries copyright and
+% permission notices identical to the ones below.
+
+% This file is intended to be processed by plain TeX (TeX82).
+%
+% The final reference card has six columns, three on each side.
+% This file can be used to produce it in any of three ways:
+% 1 column per page
+%    produces six separate pages, each of which needs to be reduced to 80%.
+%    This gives the best resolution.
+% 2 columns per page
+%    produces three already-reduced pages.
+%    You will still need to cut and paste.
+% 3 columns per page
+%    produces two pages which must be printed sideways to make a
+%    ready-to-use 8.5 x 11 inch reference card.
+%    For this you need a dvi device driver that can print sideways.
+% Which mode to use is controlled by setting \columnsperpage above.
+%
+% Author of Viper:
+%  Michael Kifer
+%  email: [e-mail]
+%
+% Author of VIP 4.3:
+%  Aamod Sane
+%  email: [e-mail]
+%
+% Author of VIP 3.5:
+%  Masahiko Sato
+%  email: [e-mail]
+%
+% The original TeX code for formatting the reference card was written by:
+%  Stephen Gildea
+%  UUCP: mit-erl!gildea
+%  email: [e-mail]
+
+
+\def\versionnumber{3.0}
+\def\year{1997}
+\def\version{August \year\ v\versionnumber}
+
+\def\shortcopyrightnotice{\vskip 1ex plus 2 fill
+  \centerline{\small \copyright\ \year\ Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+  Permissions on back.  v\versionnumber}}
+
+\def\copyrightnotice{
+%\vskip 1ex plus 2 fill\begingroup\small
+\vskip 1ex \begingroup\small
+\centerline{Copyright \copyright\ \year\ Free Software Foundation, Inc.}
+\centerline{by Michael Kifer, Viper \version}
+\centerline{by Aamod Sane, VIP version 4.3}
+\centerline{by Masahiko Sato, VIP version 3.5}
+
+Permission is granted to make and distribute copies of
+this card provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
+are preserved on all copies.
+
+For copies of the GNU Emacs manual, write to the Free Software
+Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+\endgroup}
+
+% make \bye not \outer so that the \def\bye in the \else clause below
+% can be scanned without complaint.
+\def\bye{\par\vfill\supereject\end}
+
+\newdimen\intercolumnskip
+\newbox\columna
+\newbox\columnb
+
+\def\ncolumns{\the\columnsperpage}
+
+\message{[\ncolumns\space 
+  column\if 1\ncolumns\else s\fi\space per page]}
+
+\def\scaledmag#1{ scaled \magstep #1}
+
+% This multi-way format was designed by Stephen Gildea
+% October 1986.
+% Slightly modified by Masahiko Sato, September 1987.
+\if 1\ncolumns
+  \hsize 4in
+  \vsize 10in
+  %\voffset -.7in
+  \voffset -.57in
+  \font\titlefont=\fontname\tenbf \scaledmag3
+  \font\headingfont=\fontname\tenbf \scaledmag2
+  \font\miniheadingfont=\fontname\tenbf \scaledmag1 % masahiko
+  \font\smallfont=\fontname\sevenrm
+  \font\smallsy=\fontname\sevensy
+
+  \footline{\hss\folio}
+  \def\makefootline{\baselineskip10pt\hsize6.5in\line{\the\footline}}
+\else
+  %\hsize 3.2in
+  %\vsize 7.95in
+  \hsize 3.41in % masahiko
+  \vsize 8in % masahiko
+  \hoffset -.75in
+  \voffset -.745in
+  \font\titlefont=cmbx10 \scaledmag2
+  \font\headingfont=cmbx10 \scaledmag1
+  \font\miniheadingfont=cmbx10 % masahiko
+  \font\smallfont=cmr6
+  \font\smallsy=cmsy6
+  \font\eightrm=cmr8
+  \font\eightbf=cmbx8
+  \font\eightit=cmti8
+  \font\eightsl=cmsl8
+  \font\eighttt=cmtt8
+  \font\eightsy=cmsy8
+  \textfont0=\eightrm
+  \textfont2=\eightsy
+  \def\rm{\eightrm}
+  \def\bf{\eightbf}
+  \def\it{\eightit}
+  \def\sl{\eightsl} % masahiko
+  \def\tt{\eighttt}
+  \normalbaselineskip=.8\normalbaselineskip
+  \normallineskip=.8\normallineskip
+  \normallineskiplimit=.8\normallineskiplimit
+  \normalbaselines\rm           %make definitions take effect
+
+  \if 2\ncolumns
+    \let\maxcolumn=b
+    \footline{\hss\rm\folio\hss}
+    \def\makefootline{\vskip 2in \hsize=6.86in\line{\the\footline}}
+  \else \if 3\ncolumns
+    \let\maxcolumn=c
+    \nopagenumbers
+  \else
+    \errhelp{You must set \columnsperpage equal to 1, 2, or 3.}
+    \errmessage{Illegal number of columns per page}
+  \fi\fi
+
+  %\intercolumnskip=.46in
+  \intercolumnskip=.19in % masahiko .19x4 + 3.41x3 = 10.99
+  \def\abc{a}
+  \output={%
+      % This next line is useful when designing the layout.
+      %\immediate\write16{Column \folio\abc\space starts with \firstmark}
+      \if \maxcolumn\abc \multicolumnformat \global\def\abc{a}
+      \else\if a\abc
+        \global\setbox\columna\columnbox \global\def\abc{b}
+        %% in case we never use \columnb (two-column mode)
+        \global\setbox\columnb\hbox to -\intercolumnskip{}
+      \else
+        \global\setbox\columnb\columnbox \global\def\abc{c}\fi\fi}
+  \def\multicolumnformat{\shipout\vbox{\makeheadline
+      \hbox{\box\columna\hskip\intercolumnskip
+        \box\columnb\hskip\intercolumnskip\columnbox}
+      \makefootline}\advancepageno}
+  \def\columnbox{\leftline{\pagebody}}
+
+  \def\bye{\par\vfill\supereject
+    \if a\abc \else\null\vfill\eject\fi
+    \if a\abc \else\null\vfill\eject\fi
+    \end}  
+\fi
+
+% we won't be using math mode much, so redefine some of the characters
+% we might want to talk about
+\catcode`\^=12
+\catcode`\_=12
+
+\chardef\\=`\\
+\chardef\{=`\{
+\chardef\}=`\}
+
+\hyphenation{mini-buf-fer}
+
+\parindent 0pt
+\parskip 1ex plus .5ex minus .5ex
+
+\def\small{\smallfont\textfont2=\smallsy\baselineskip=.8\baselineskip}
+
+\outer\def\newcolumn{\vfill\eject}
+
+\outer\def\title#1{{\titlefont\centerline{#1}}\vskip 1ex plus .5ex}
+
+\outer\def\section#1{\par\filbreak
+  \vskip 3ex plus 2ex minus 2ex {\headingfont #1}\mark{#1}%
+  \vskip 2ex plus 1ex minus 1.5ex}
+
+% masahiko
+\outer\def\subsection#1{\par\filbreak
+  \vskip 2ex plus 2ex minus 2ex {\miniheadingfont #1}\mark{#1}%
+  \vskip 1ex plus 1ex minus 1.5ex}
+
+\newdimen\keyindent
+
+\def\beginindentedkeys{\keyindent=1em}
+\def\endindentedkeys{\keyindent=0em}
+\endindentedkeys
+
+\def\paralign{\vskip\parskip\halign}
+
+\def\<#1>{$\langle${\rm #1}$\rangle$}
+
+\def\kbd#1{{\tt#1}\null}        %\null so not an abbrev even if period follows
+
+\def\beginexample{\par\leavevmode\begingroup
+  \obeylines\obeyspaces\parskip0pt\tt}
+{\obeyspaces\global\let =\ }
+\def\endexample{\endgroup}
+
+\def\key#1#2{\leavevmode\hbox to \hsize{\vtop
+  {\hsize=.75\hsize\rightskip=1em
+  \hskip\keyindent\relax#1}\kbd{#2}\hfil}}
+
+\newbox\metaxbox
+\setbox\metaxbox\hbox{\kbd{M-x }}
+\newdimen\metaxwidth
+\metaxwidth=\wd\metaxbox
+
+\def\metax#1#2{\leavevmode\hbox to \hsize{\hbox to .75\hsize
+  {\hskip\keyindent\relax#1\hfil}%
+  \hskip -\metaxwidth minus 1fil
+  \kbd{#2}\hfil}}
+
+\def\fivecol#1#2#3#4#5{\hskip\keyindent\relax#1\hfil&\kbd{#2}\quad
+  &\kbd{#3}\quad&\kbd{#4}\quad&\kbd{#5}\cr}
+
+\def\fourcol#1#2#3#4{\hskip\keyindent\relax#1\hfil&\kbd{#2}\quad
+  &\kbd{#3}\quad&\kbd{#4}\quad\cr}
+
+\def\threecol#1#2#3{\hskip\keyindent\relax#1\hfil&\kbd{#2}\quad
+  &\kbd{#3}\quad\cr}
+
+\def\twocol#1#2{\hskip\keyindent\relax\kbd{#1}\hfil&\kbd{#2}\quad\cr}
+
+\def\twocolkey#1#2#3#4{\hskip\keyindent\relax#1\hfil&\kbd{#2}\quad&\relax#3\hfil&\kbd{#4}\quad\cr}
+
+%**end of header
+
+\beginindentedkeys
+
+\title{ViperCard: Viper Reference Pal}
+
+\centerline{(Version 3.0 (Polyglot) for Emacs 20 and XEmacs 20)}
+
+%\copyrightnotice
+
+\section{Loading Viper}
+
+Just type \kbd{M-x viper-mode} followed by \kbd{RET}
+
+OR put
+
+(setq viper-mode t)
+(require 'viper)
+
+in .emacs
+
+\section{Viper States}
+
+Viper has four states: {\it emacs state}, {\it vi state}, {\it insert state}, 
+{\it replace state}.
+Mode line tells you which state you are in.
+In emacs state you can do all the normal GNU Emacs editing.
+This card explains only vi state and insert state (replace state is similar
+to insert state).
+{\bf GNU Emacs Reference Card} explains emacs state.
+You can switch states as follows.
+
+\key{from emacs state to vi state}{C-z}
+\key{from vi state to emacs state}{C-z}
+\key{from vi state to emacs state for 1 command}{$\backslash$}
+\metax{from vi state to insert state}{i, I, a, A, o, O}
+\metax{from vi state to replace state}{c, C, R}
+\key{from insert or replace state to vi state}{ESC}
+\key{from insert state to vi state for 1 command}{C-z}
+
+
+\section{Insert Mode}
+You can do editing in insert state.
+
+\metax{go back to vi state}{ESC}
+\metax{delete previous character}{C-h, DEL}
+\key{delete previous word}{C-w}
+\key{delete line word}{C-u}
+\key{indent shiftwidth forward}{C-t}
+\key{indent shiftwidth backward}{C-d}
+\key{delete line word}{C-u}
+\key{quote following character}{C-v}
+\key{emulate Meta key in emacs state}{C-$\backslash$}
+\key{escape to Vi state for one command}{C-z}
+
+\vskip 2mm
+
+{\bf The rest of this card explains commands in {\bf vi state}.}
+
+\section{Getting Information on Viper}
+
+Execute info command by typing \kbd{M-x info} and select menu item
+\kbd{viper}.  Also:
+
+\key{describe function attached to the key {\it x}}{$\backslash$ C-h k {\it x}}
+
+\section{Leaving Emacs}
+
+\metax{suspend Emacs}{:st {\rm or} :su}
+\metax{exit Emacs permanently}{C-xC-c}
+\metax{exit current file}{:wq {\rm or} :q}
+
+\shortcopyrightnotice
+
+\section{Error Recovery}
+
+\metax{abort command}{C-c (user level = 1)}
+\metax{abort command}{C-g (user level > 1)}
+\key{redraw messed up screen}{C-l}
+\metax{{\bf recover} after system crash}{:rec file}
+\metax{restore a buffer }{:e!\ {\rm or} M-x revert-buffer}
+
+
+\section{Counts}
+
+Most commands in vi state accept a {\it count} which can be supplied as a
+prefix to the commands.  In most cases, if a count is given, the
+command is executed that many times.  E.g., \kbd{5 d d} deletes 5
+lines.
+
+\section{Registers}
+
+There are 26 registers (\kbd{a} to \kbd{z}) that can store texts
+and marks.
+You can append a text at the end of a register (say \kbd{x}) by
+specifying the register name in capital letter (say \kbd{X}).
+There are also 9 read only registers (\kbd{1} to \kbd{9}) that store
+up to 9 previous changes.
+We will use {\it x\/} to denote a register.
+\section{Entering Insert Mode}
+
+\key{{\bf insert} at point}{i}
+\key{{\bf append} after cursor}{a}
+\key{{\bf insert} before first non-white}{I}
+\key{{\bf append} at end of line}{A}
+\key{{\bf open} line below}{o}
+\key{{\bf open} line above}{O}
+
+\section{Buffers and Windows}
+
+\key{move cursor to {\bf next} window}{C-x o}
+\key{delete current window}{C-x 0}
+\key{delete other windows}{C-x 1}
+\key{split current window into two windows}{C-x 2}
+\key{{\bf switch} to a buffer in the current window}{C-x {\sl buffer}}
+\metax{{\bf switch} to a buffer in another window}{:n, :b, {\rm or} C-x 4 {\sl buf}}
+\key{{\bf kill} a buffer}{:q! {\rm or} C-x k}
+\key{list existing {\bf buffers}}{:args {\rm or} C-x b}
+
+\section{Files}
+
+\metax{{\bf visit} file in the current window}{v {\sl file} {\rm or} :e {\sl file}}
+\key{{\bf visit} file in another window}{V {\sl file}}
+\key{{\bf visit} file in another frame}{C-v {\sl file}}
+\key{{\bf save} buffer to the associated file}{:w {\rm or} C-xC-s}
+\metax{{\bf write} buffer to a specified file}{:w {\sl file} {\rm or} C-xC-w}
+\metax{{\bf insert} a specified file at point}{:r {\sl file} {\rm or} C-xi}
+\key{{\bf get} information on the current {\bf file}}{C-c g {\rm or} :f}
+\key{run the {\bf directory} editor}{:e RET {\rm or} C-xd}
+
+%\shortcopyrightnotice
+
+\section{Viewing the Buffer}
+
+\key{scroll to next screen}{C-f}
+\key{scroll to previous screen}{C-b}
+\key{scroll {\bf down} half screen}{C-d}
+\key{scroll {\bf up} half screen}{C-u}
+\key{scroll down one line}{C-e}
+\key{scroll up one line}{C-y}
+
+\key{put current line on the {\bf home} line}{z H {\rm or} z RET}
+\key{put current line on the {\bf middle} line}{z M {\rm or} z .}
+\key{put current line on the {\bf last} line}{z L {\rm or} z -}
+
+\section{Marking and Returning}
+
+\key{{\bf mark} point in register {\it x}}{m {\it x}}
+\key{set mark at buffer beginning}{m <}
+\key{set mark at buffer end}{m >}
+\key{set mark at point}{m .}
+\key{jump to mark}{m ,}
+\key{exchange point and mark}{` `}
+\key{... and skip to first non-white on line}{' '}
+\key{go to mark {\it x}}{` {\it x}}
+\key{... and skip to first non-white on line}{' {\it x}}
+\key{view contents of marker {\it x}}{[ {\it x}}
+\key{view contents of register {\it x}}{] {\it x}}
+
+\section{Macros}
+
+Emacs style macros:
+
+\key{start remembering keyboard macro}{C-x (}
+\key{finish remembering keyboard macro}{C-x )}
+\key{call last keyboard macro}{*}
+
+\key{start remembering keyboard macro}{@ \#}
+\key{finish macro and put into register {\it x}}{@ {\it x}}
+\key{execute macro stored in register {\it x}}{@ {\it x}}
+\key{repeat last @{\it x} command}{@ @}
+
+\key{Pull last macro into register {\it x}}{@ ! {\it x}}
+
+Vi-style macros (keys to be hit in quick succession):
+
+\key{define Vi-style macro for Vi state}{:map}
+\key{define Vi-style macro for Insert state}{:map!}
+
+\key{toggle case-sensitive search}{//}
+\key{toggle regular expression search}{///}
+\key{toggle `\%' to ignore parentheses inside comments}{\%\%\%}
+
+
+\section{Motion Commands}
+
+\key{go backward one character}{h {\rm or} C-h}
+\key{go forward one character}{l}
+\metax{next line keeping the column}{j {\rm or} LF {\rm or} C-n}
+\key{previous line keeping the column}{k}
+\metax{next line at first non-white}{+ {\rm or} RET {\rm or} C-p}
+\key{previous line at first non-white}{-}
+
+\key{beginning of line}{0}
+\key{first non-white on line}{^}
+\key{end of line}{\$}
+\key{go to {\it n}-th column on line}{{\it n} |}
+
+\key{go to {\it n}-th line}{{\it n} G}
+\key{go to last line}{G}
+\key{find matching parenthesis for \kbd{()}, \kbd{\{\}} and \kbd{[]}}{\%}
+
+\key{go to {\bf home} window line}{H}
+\key{go to {\bf middle} window line}{M}
+\key{go to {\bf last} window line}{L}
+
+\subsection{Words, Sentences, Paragraphs, Headings}
+
+\key{forward {\bf word}}{w {\rm or} W}
+\key{{\bf backward} word}{b {\rm or} B}
+\key{{\bf end} of word}{e {\rm or} E}
+
+In the case of capital letter commands, a word is delimited by a
+non-white character.
+
+\key{forward sentence}{)}
+\key{backward sentence}{(}
+
+\key{forward paragraph}{\}}
+\key{backward paragraph}{\{}
+
+\key{forward heading}{]]}
+\key{backward heading}{[[}
+\key{end of heading}{[]}
+
+\subsection{Find Characters on the Line}
+
+\key{{\bf find} {\it c} forward on line}{f {\it c}}
+\key{{\bf find} {\it c} backward on line}{F {\it c}}
+\key{up {\bf to} {\it c} forward on line}{t {\it c}}
+\key{up {\bf to} {\it c} backward on line}{T {\it c}}
+\key{repeat previous \kbd{f}, \kbd{F}, \kbd{t} or \kbd{T}}{;}
+\key{... in the opposite direction}{,}
+
+%\newcolumn
+%\title{Viper Quick Reference Card}
+
+\section{Searching and Replacing}
+
+\key{search forward for {\sl pat}}{/ {\sl pat}}
+\key{search backward with previous {\sl pat}}{?\ RET}
+\key{search forward with previous {\sl pat}}{/ RET}
+\key{search backward for {\sl pat}}{?\ {\sl pat}}
+\key{repeat previous search}{n}
+\key{... in the opposite direction}{N}
+
+\key{{\bf query} replace}{Q}
+\key{{\bf replace} a character by another character {\it c}}{r {\it c}}
+\key{{\bf overwrite} {\it n} lines}{{\it n} R}
+
+\metax{{\bf buffer} search (if enabled)}{g {\it move command}}
+
+\section{Modifying Commands}
+
+Most commands that operate on text regions accept the motion commands,
+to describe regions. They also accept the Emacs region specifications
+{\bf r} and {\bf R}. {\bf r} describes the region between {\it point}
+and {\it mark}, and {\bf R} describes whole lines in that region.
+Motion commands are classified into {\it point commands} and
+{\it line commands}.  In the case of line commands, whole lines will
+be affected by the command.
+
+The point commands are as follows:
+
+\hskip 5ex
+\kbd{h l 0 ^ \$ w W b B e E ( ) / ?\ ` f F t T \% ; ,}
+
+The line commands are as follows:
+
+\hskip 5ex
+\kbd{j k + - H M L \{ \} G '}
+
+These region specifiers will be referred to as {\it m} below.
+
+\subsection{Delete/Yank/Change Commands}
+
+\paralign to \hsize{#\tabskip=10pt plus 1 fil&#\tabskip=0pt&#\tabskip=0pt&#\cr
+\fourcol{}{{\bf delete}}{{\bf yank}}{{\bf change}}
+\fourcol{region determined by {\it m}}{d {\it m}}{y {\it m}}{c {\it m}}
+\fourcol{... into register {\it x}}{" {\it x\/} d {\it m}}{" {\it x\/} y {\it m}}{" {\it x\/} c {\it m}}
+\fourcol{a line}{d d}{Y {\rm or} y y}{c c}
+\fourcol{current {\bf region}}{d r}{y r}{c r}
+\fourcol{expanded {\bf region}}{d R}{y R}{c R}
+\fourcol{to end of line}{D}{y \$}{c \$}
+\fourcol{a character after point}{x}{y l}{c l}
+\fourcol{a character before point}{DEL}{y h}{c h}
+}
+
+\vskip 2ex
+\key{Overwrite {\it n} lines}{{\it n} R}
+
+\subsection{Put Back Commands}
+
+Deleted/yanked/changed text can be put back by the following commands.
+
+\key{{\bf Put} back at point/above line}{P}
+\key{... from register {\it x}}{" {\it x\/} P}
+\key{{\bf put} back after point/below line}{p}
+\key{... from register {\it x}}{" {\it x\/} p}
+
+\subsection{Repeating and Undoing Modifications}
+
+\key{{\bf undo} last change}{u {\rm or} :und}
+\key{repeat last change}{.\ {\rm (dot)}}
+
+Undo is undoable by \kbd{u} and repeatable by \kbd{.}.
+For example, \kbd{u...} will undo 4 previous changes.
+A \kbd{.} after \kbd{5dd} is equivalent to \kbd{5dd},
+while \kbd{3.} after \kbd{5dd} is equivalent to \kbd{3dd}.
+
+\section{Miscellaneous Commands}
+
+\endindentedkeys
+
+\paralign to \hsize{#\tabskip=5pt plus 1 fil&#\tabskip=0pt&#\tabskip=0pt&#\tabskip=0pt&#\cr
+\fivecol{}{{\bf shift left}}{{\bf shift right}}{{\bf filter shell command}}{{\bf indent}}
+\fivecol{region}{< {\it m}}{> {\it m}}{!\ {\it m\/} {\sl shell-com}}{= {\it m}}
+\fivecol{line}{< <}{> >}{!\ !\ {\sl shell-com}}{= =}
+}
+
+\key{{\bf join} lines}{J}
+\key{toggle case (takes count)}{\~{}}
+
+\key{view register {\it x}}{] {\it x}}
+\key{view marker {\it x}}{] {\it x}}
+
+\key{lowercase region}{\# c {\it m}}
+\key{uppercase region}{\# C {\it m}}
+\key{execute last keyboard macro on each line in the region}{\# g {\it m}}
+
+\key{insert specified string for each line in the region}{\# q {\it m}}
+\key{check spelling of the words in the region}{\# s {\it m}}
+
+\key{repeat previous ex substitution}{\&}
+\key{change to previous file}{C-^}
+
+\key{Viper Meta key}{_}
+
+\section{Customization}
+
+By default, search is case sensitive.
+You can change this by including the following line in your \kbd{\~{}/.vip} file.
+
+\hskip 5ex
+\kbd{(setq viper-case-fold-search t)}
+
+The following is a subset of the variety of
+options available for customizing Viper.
+See the Viper manual for details on these and other options.
+
+\beginindentedkeys
+
+\paralign to \hsize{#\tabskip=10pt plus 1 fil&#\tabskip=0pt&#\cr
+\twocol{{\bf variable}}{{\bf default value}}
+\twocol{viper-search-wrap-around}{t}
+\twocol{viper-case-fold-search}{nil}
+\twocol{viper-re-search}{t}
+\twocol{viper-re-replace}{t}
+\twocol{viper-re-query-replace}{t}
+\twocol{viper-auto-indent}{nil}
+\twocol{viper-shift-width}{8}
+\twocol{viper-tags-file-name}{"TAGS"}
+\twocol{viper-no-multiple-ESC}{t}
+\twocol{viper-ex-style-motion}{t}
+\twocol{viper-always}{t}
+\twocol{viper-custom-file-name}{"\~{}/.vip"}
+\twocol{ex-find-file-shell}{"csh"}
+\twocol{ex-cycle-other-window}{t}
+\twocol{ex-cycle-through-non-buffers}{t}
+\twocol{blink-matching-paren}{t}
+\twocol{buffer-read-only}{{\it buffer dependent}}
+}
+
+To bind keys in Vi command state, put lines like these in your
+\kbd{\~{}/.vip} file:
+
+\beginexample
+(define-key viper-vi-global-user-map "\\C-v" 'scroll-down)
+(define-key viper-vi-global-user-map "\\C-cm" 'smail)
+\endexample
+
+
+\newcolumn
+
+\title{Ex Commands in Viper}
+
+In vi state, an Ex command is entered by typing:
+
+\hskip 5ex
+\kbd{:\ {\sl ex-command} RET}
+
+\section{Ex Addresses}
+
+\paralign to \hsize{#\tabskip=5pt plus 1 fil&#\tabskip=2pt&#\tabskip=5pt plus 1 fil&#\cr
+\twocolkey{current line}{.}{next line with {\sl pat}}{/ {\sl pat} /}
+\twocolkey{line {\it n}}{{\it n}}{previous line with {\sl pat}}{?\ {\sl pat} ?}
+\twocolkey{last line}{\$}{{\it n\/} line before {\it a}}{{\it a} - {\it n}}
+\twocolkey{next line}{+}{{\it a\/} through {\it b}}{{\it a\/} , {\it b}}
+\twocolkey{previous line}{-}{line marked with {\it x}}{' {\it x}}
+\twocolkey{entire buffer}{\%}{previous context}{' '}
+}
+
+Addresses can be specified in front of a command.
+For example,
+
+\hskip 5ex
+\kbd{:.,.+10m\$}
+
+moves 11 lines below current line to the end of buffer.
+
+\section{Ex Commands}
+
+Avoid Ex text manipulation commands except substitute. 
+There are better VI equivalents
+for all of them. Also note that all Ex commands expand \% to
+current file name. To include a \% in the command, escape it with a $\backslash$.
+Similarly, \# is replaced by previous file. For Viper, this is the
+first  file in the {\sl :args} listing for that buffer. This defaults
+to the previous file in the VI sense if you have one window.
+Ex commands can be made to have history. See the manual for details.
+
+\subsection{Ex Text Commands}
+
+\endindentedkeys
+
+\key{mark lines matching {\sl pat} and execute {\sl cmds} on these lines}{:g /{\sl pat}/ {\sl cmds}}
+
+\key{mark lines {\it not\/} matching {\sl pat} and execute {\sl cmds} on these lines}{:v /{\sl pat}/ {\sl cmds}}
+
+
+\key{{\bf move} specified lines after {\sl addr}}{:m {\sl addr}}
+\key{{\bf copy} specified lines after {\sl addr}}{:co\rm\ (or \kbd{:t})\ \sl addr}
+\key{{\bf delete} specified lines [into register {\it x\/}]}{:d {\rm [{\it x\/}]}}
+\key{{\bf yank} specified lines [into register {\it x\/}]}{:y {\rm [{\it x\/}]}}
+\key{{\bf put} back text [from register {\it x\/}]}{:pu {\rm [{\it x\/}]}}
+
+\key{{\bf substitute} {\sl repl} for first string on line matching {\sl pat}}{:s /{\sl pat}/{\sl repl}/}
+
+\key{repeat last substitution}{:\&}
+\key{repeat previous substitute with previous search pattern as {\sl pat}}{:\~{}}
+
+\subsection{Ex File and Shell Commands}
+
+\key{{\bf edit} file}{:e {\sl file}}
+\key{reedit messed up current file}{:e!}
+\key{edit previous file}{:e\#}
+\key{{\bf read} in a file}{:r {\sl file}}
+\key{{\bf read} in the output of a shell command}{:r {\sl !command}}
+\key{write out specified lines into {\sl file}}{:w {\sl file}}
+\key{save all modified buffers, ask confirmation}{:W {\sl file}}
+\key{save all modified buffers, no confirmation}{:WW {\sl file}}
+\key{write out specified lines at the end of {\sl file}}{:w>> {\sl file}}
+\key{{\bf write} to the input of a shell command}{:w {\sl !command}}
+\key{write out and then quit}{:wq {\sl file}}
+
+\key{run a sub{\bf shell} in a window}{:sh}
+\key{execute shell command {\sl command}}{:!\ {\sl command}}
+\key{execute previous shell command with {\it args} appended}{:!! {\sl args}}
+
+\subsection{Ex Miscellaneous Commands}
+
+\key{define a macro {\it x} that expands to {\sl cmd}}{:map {\it x} {\sl cmd}}
+\key{remove macro expansion associated with {\it x}}{:unma {\it x}}
+\key{define a macro {\it x} that expands to {\sl cmd} in insert state}{:map!\ {\it x} {\sl cmd}}
+\key{remove macro expansion associated with {\it x} in insert state}{:unma!\ {\it x}}
+
+\key{print line number}{:.=}
+\key{print last line number}{:=}
+\key{print {\bf version} number of Viper}{:ve}
+
+\key{shift specified lines to the right}{:>}
+\key{shift specified lines to the left}{:<}
+
+\key{{\bf join} lines}{:j}
+\key{mark specified line to register {\it x}}{:k {\it x}}
+\key{{\bf set} a variable's value}{:se}
+\key{find first definition of {\bf tag} {\sl tag}}{:ta {\sl tag}}
+
+\key{Current directory}{:pwd}
+
+
+\copyrightnotice
+
+\bye
+
+% Local variables:
+% compile-command: "tex viperCard"
+% End:

--- /dev/null	Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/man/back.texi	Sun Oct 03 12:39:42 1999 +0000
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+\input rotate
+
+\font\title=ptmb at20pt
+\font\body=ptmr at12pt
+\font\price=ptmr at10pt
+
+\baselineskip=13pt
+\parskip=13pt
+\parindent=0pt
+
+\nopagenumbers
+
+\hsize=7in
+\vsize=9.25in
+
+\voffset=-1in
+\hoffset=-1in
+
+\hbox to7in{%
+  \vbox to9.25in{
+    \hsize=6in
+    \leftskip=.75in
+    \rightskip=.25in
+
+    \vskip2in
+
+    \title
+    \hfil GNU Emacs\hfil
+
+    \body
+    Most of the GNU Emacs text editor is written in the programming
+    language called Emacs Lisp.  You can write new code in Emacs Lisp and
+    install it as an extension to the editor.  However, Emacs Lisp is more
+    than a mere ``extension language''; it is a full computer programming
+    language in its own right.  You can use it as you would any other
+    programming language.
+
+    Because Emacs Lisp is designed for use in an editor, it has special
+    features for scanning and parsing text as well as features for handling
+    files, buffers, displays, subprocesses, and so on.  Emacs Lisp is
+    closely integrated with the editing facilities; thus, editing commands
+    are functions that can also conveniently be called from Lisp programs,
+    and parameters for customization are ordinary Lisp variables.
+
+    This manual describes Emacs Lisp.  Generally speaking, the earlier
+    chapters describe features of Emacs Lisp that have counterparts in
+    many programming languages, and later chapters describe features that
+    are peculiar to Emacs Lisp or relate specifically to editing.
+
+    \vfil
+
+    \leftskip=0pt
+    \rightskip=0pt
+
+    \parfillskip=0pt\hfil%
+    ISBN-1-882114-04-3
+
+    \vskip.5in
+  }%
+  \setbox0=\vbox to1in{
+    \vfil\hskip.5in
+    {\price FSF $\bullet$ US\$25.00 $\bullet$ Printed in USA}
+    \vskip.5in
+  }%
+  \rotl0%
+}
+
+\eject\bye