annotate admin/notes/copyright @ 75926:b32ceebb6e78

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author Glenn Morris <rgm@gnu.org>
date Fri, 16 Feb 2007 01:20:46 +0000
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1 Copyright (C) 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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2 See the end of the file for license conditions.
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3
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4
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5 NOTES ON COPYRIGHTS AND LICENSES
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6
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7 Some terminology:
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8
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9 A "copyright notice" consists of one or a few lines of this format:
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10 "Copyright (C) 2006, 2007 Free Software Foundation, Inc."
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11
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12 A "license notice" is a statement of permissions, and is usually much
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13 longer, eg the text "GNU Emacs is free software...".
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14
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15
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16 Every non-trivial file distributed through the Emacs CVS should be
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17 self-explanatory in terms of copyright and license. This includes
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18 files that are not distributed in Emacs releases (for example, the
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19 admin/ directory), because the whole Emacs CVS is publicly
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20 available.
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21
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22 The definition of triviality is a little vague, but a rule of thumb is
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23 that any file with less than 15 lines of actual content is trivial. If
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24 a file is auto-generated (eg ldefs-boot.el) from another one in the
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25 CVS, then it does not really matter about adding a copyright statement
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26 to the generated file.
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27
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28 However, here is a quote from Matt Norwood (Software Freedom Law
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29 Center) that suggests we should revise the above policy about trivial
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30 files:
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31
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32 If FSF has a strong policy reason notices off of files it
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33 considers "trivial", this will take a lot more bookkeeping; it
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34 also runs the risk of these "trivial" files later growing into
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35 non-trivial files, and being in the tree without any record of
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36 authorship. All in all, I think it's a better policy to attach the
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37 notice and let future authors decide if something is trivial when
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38 they want to reuse it elsewhere.
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39 [...]
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40 In general, copyright law will step back and look at the overall "work"
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41 consisting of all the assembled components working together as a system;
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42 it will apply protection and permissions to this system, not to its
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43 subcomponents. If parts of it are recombined into another system, it
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44 will consider the protections and permissions for each of the source
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45 components only in order to assess the overall status of the work again.
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46 The assessment of whether a set of components is entitled to copyright
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47 protection is the degree to which they display "creativity": not as
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48 atomic units, but as parts of a system working in concert. Thus, several
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49 "trivial" components working together in some coherent system might be
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50 protectible.
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51
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52 RMS feels, though, that in trivial files (eg etc/FTP), having a
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53 license notice looks odd. Matt Norwood has confirmed it is not
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54 _necessary_ to have licenses in such files, so we are sticking with
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55 the policy of no licenses in "trivial" files.
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56
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57 NB consequently, if you add a lot of text to a small file, consider
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58 whether your changes have made the file worthy of a copyright notice,
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59 and if so, please add one.
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60
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61 The years in the copyright notice should be updated every year (see
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62 file "years" in this directory). The PS versions of refcards etc
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63 should display copyright notices (an exception to the rule about
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64 "generated" files), but these can just display the latest year. The
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65 full list of years should be kept in comments in the source file. If
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66 these are distributed in CVS, check in a regenerated version when the
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67 tex files are updated.
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68
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69 Copyright changes should be propagated to any associated repositories
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70 (eg Gnus, MH-E), but I think in every case this happens automatically
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71 (?).
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72
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73 All README (and other such text files) that are non-trivial should
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74 contain copyright statements and GPL license notices, exactly as .el
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75 files do (see e.g. README in the top-level directory). (Before 2007,
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76 we used a simple, short statement permitting copying and modification
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77 provided legal notices were retained. In Feb 2007 we switched to the
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78 standard GPL text, on legal advice.)
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79
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80 For image files, the copyright and license details should be recorded
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81 in a README file in each directory with images. (Legal advice says
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82 that we need not add notices to each image file individually, if they
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83 allow for that.). It is recommended to use the word "convert" to
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84 describe the automatic process of changing an image from one format to
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85 another (http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2007-02/msg00618.html).
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86
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87
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88 When installing a file with an "unusual" license (after checking first
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89 it is ok), put a copy of the copyright and license in the file (if
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90 possible. It's ok if this makes the file incompatible with its
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91 original format, if it can still be used by Emacs), or in a README
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92 file in the relevant directory.
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93
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94 The vast majority of files are copyright FSF and distributed under the
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95 GPL. A few files (mainly related to language and charset support) are
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96 copyright AIST alone, or both AIST and FSF. (Contact Kenichi Handa
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97 with questions about legal issues in such files.) In all these cases,
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98 the copyright years in each file should be updated each year.
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99
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100 There are some exceptions to the points in the previous paragraph, and
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101 these are listed below for reference, together with any files where
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102 the copyright needs to be updated in "unusual" ways.
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103
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104 If you find any other such cases, please consult to check they are ok,
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105 and note them in this file. This includes missing copyright notices,
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106 and "odd" copyright holders. In most cases, individual authors should
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107 not appear in copyright statements. Either the copyright has been
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108 assigned (check copyright.list) to the FSF (in which case the original
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109 author should be removed and the year(s) transferred to the FSF); or
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110 else it is possible the file should not be in Emacs at all (please
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111 report!).
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112
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113 Note that it seems painfully clear that one cannot rely on CVS logs,
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114 or even ChangeLogs, for older changes. People often installed changes
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115 from others, without recording the true authorship.
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116
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117 [For reference, most of these points were established via email with
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118 rms, 2007/1, "Copyright years".]
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119
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120
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121 lib-src/etags.c # print_version
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122 lib-src/rcs2log # Copyright
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123 lisp/calc/calc-help.el # calc-full-help
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124 lisp/startup.el # fancy-splash-tail
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125 mac/Emacs.app/Contents/Resources/English.lproj/InfoPlist.strings
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126 mac/src/Emacs.r # resource 'vers'
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127 src/emacs.c
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128 - remember to change the latest copyright year in the --version output.
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129 [Post-release, will automate this like set-version does for version.]
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130
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131 <top-level>/install-sh
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132 lispintro/install-sh
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133 - this file is copyright MIT, which is OK. Leave the copyright alone.
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134
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135 admin/check-doc-strings
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136 src/m/news-r6.h
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137 public domain, leave alone.
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138
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139 etc/edt-user.doc
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140 - update BOTH notices in this file
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141
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142 etc/letter.pbm,letter.xpm
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143 - trivial, no notice needed.
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144 <http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2007-02/msg00324.html>
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145
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146 etc/FTP, ORDERS
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147 - trivial (at time of writing), no license needed
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148
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149 etc/GNU, INTERVIEW, LINUX-GNU, MOTIVATION, SERVICE, THE-GNU-PROJECT,
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150 WHY-FREE
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151 rms: "These are statements of opinion or testimony. Their licenses
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152 should permit verbatim copying only. Please don't change the
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153 licenses that they have. They are distributed with Emacs but they
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154 are not part of Emacs."
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155
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156 etc/MAILINGLISTS
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157 rms: simple license is fine for this file
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158
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159 etc/images/icons/*
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160 nt/icons/emacs21.ico
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161 src/gnu.h
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162 Note that Andrew Zhilin has a copyright assignment on file (confirmed
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163 by fsf-records), even though it doesn't seem to show up in
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164 copyright.list for some reason (at time of writing, 2007/02).
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165 http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2005-11/msg00349.html
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166
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167 leim/CXTERM-DIC/4Corner.tit, ARRAY30.tit, CCDOSPY.tit, ECDICT.tit,
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168 ETZY.tit, PY-b5.tit, Punct-b5.tit, Punct.tit, QJ-b5.tit, QJ.tit,
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169 SW.tit, TONEPY.tit, ZOZY.tit
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170 - leave the copyrights alone.
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171
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172 leim/MISC-DIC/CTLau-b5.html, CTLau.html, cangjie-table.b5, cangjie-table.cns,
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173 pinyin.map, ziranma.cin
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174 - leave the copyright alone.
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175
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176 leim/SKK-DIC/SKK-JISYO.L
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177 ja-dic/ja-dic.el
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178 (the latter is auto-generated from the former). Leave the copyright alone.
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179
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180 lib-src/etags.c
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181 - this has a copyright Ken Arnold. We are still deciding what should
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182 be done here (see below).
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183
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184 lib-src/getopt1.c, getopt_int.h
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185 - these are from the GNU C library. Leave the copyrights alone.
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186
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187 lisp/play/tetris.el
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188 - no special rules about the copyright. We note here that we believe
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189 (2007/1) there is no problem with our use of the name "tetris" or
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190 the concept.
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191 rms: "My understanding is that game rules as such are not copyrightable."
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192 <http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2007-01/msg00960.html>
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193
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194 lispref/doclicense.texi
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195 man/doclicense.texi
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196 - leave the copyright alone in this imported file.
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197
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198 lisp/net/tramp.el
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199 - there are also copyrights in the body of the file. Update these too.
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200
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201 msdos/is_exec.c, sigaction.c
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202 - these files are copyright DJ Delorie. Leave the copyrights alone.
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203 Leave the Eli Zaretskii copyright in is_exec.c alone. See the
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204 msdos/README file for the legal history of these files.
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205
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206 src/gmalloc.c
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207 - contains numerous copyrights from the GNU C library. Leave them alone.
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208
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209 src/acldef.h, chpdef.h, ndir.h
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210 - see comments below. These files are OK to be released with Emacs
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211 22, but we may want to revisit them afterwards.
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212
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213 [src/unexhp9k800.c - removed 2007/1/27]
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214 [src/m/sr2k.h - removed 2007/1/27]
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215 - First file removed due to legal uncertainties; second file removed
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216 due to dependency on first. Note that src/m/hp800.h is still needed on
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217 hp800 arch.
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218 NB we would like to re-add this file if we can. Please let us know
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219 if you can clarify its legal status.
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220
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221
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222 ** Some notes on resolved issues, for historical information only
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223
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224
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225 *** These are copyright issues that need not be fixed until after
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226 Emacs 22 is released (though if they can be fixed before, that is
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227 obviously good):
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228
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229
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230 Is it OK to just `cvs remove' a file for legal reasons, or is
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231 something more drastic needed? A removed file is still available from
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232 CVS, if suitable options are applied. (This CVS issue obviously does
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233 not affect a release).
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234 rms: will ask lawyer
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235
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236
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237 Make sure that all files with non-standard copyrights or licenses are
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238 noted in this file.
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239
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240
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241 etc/BABYL
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242 File says it was written in 1983 by Eugene Ciccarelli, who has no
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243 assignment. RMS: "The lawyer said we can keep BABYL."
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244
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245
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246 REMOVED etc/orgcard.tex, orgcard.ps
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247 Re-add these files if an assignment is received from Rooke.
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248
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249
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250 etc/images
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251 Image files from GTK, Gnome are under GPLv2 (no "or later"?). RMS will
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252 contact image authors in regards to future switch to v3.
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253
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254
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255 src/acldef.h, chpdef.h, ndir.h
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256 On legal advice from Matt Norwood, the following comment was added
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257 to these files in Feb 2007:
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258
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259 The code here is forced by the interface, and is not subject to
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260 copyright, constituting the only possible expression of the
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261 algorithm in this format.
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262
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263 With the addition of this notice, these files are OK for the
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264 upcoming Emacs-22 release. Post-release, we can revisit this issue
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265 and possibly add a list of all authors who have changed these files.
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266 (details in email from Matt Norwood to rms, 2007/02/03).
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267
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268
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269 REMOVED src/unexhp9k800.c
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270 - we would like to re-add this file if possible. Please let us know
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271 if you can clarify its legal status.
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272 http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2007-02/msg00138.html
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273
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274
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275 *** These are copyright issues still to be addressed:
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276
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277 NB apart from switching the TUTORIALs to GPL, I think there is nothing
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278 here that anyone can work on without further input from rms.
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279
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280
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281 Maybe some relevant comments here?
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282 <http://groups.google.com/group/linux.debian.legal/browse_thread/thread/123547ea95437a1f>
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283
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284
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285 All non-trivial README (and other such files) need copyright and
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286 license statements. Use GPL in most cases, rather than the short
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287 notices we have been using till now. NB but see above for some
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288 exceptions in etc/ that should stay unchanged.
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289 rms: "If a README file is under 60 lines long, using the long version
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290 [of the GPL notice] might be ugly. Please tell me if you encounter one
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291 that is under 60 lines."
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292
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293 lisp/term/README (ChangeLog.3 suggests was written by Eric Raymond)
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294 borderline "trivial" cases
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295
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296
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297 etc/gnus-logo.eps, gnus-booklet.ps, gnus-refcard.ps
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298 just to be safe, papers are on the way for the "Gnus logo", even
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299 though it is very similar to the already-assigned "Emacs logo".
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300
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301
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302 etc/emacs.csh
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303 does rms want simple license restored for this?
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304
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305
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306 etc/ms-kermit - no copyright, but ms-7bkermit has one
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307 etc/e/eterm-color.ti - no copyright
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308 rms: "I think that is not copyrightable under the merger doctrine
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309 because the entries are all forced. At least that is the case in the
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310 US; I am not sure whether we can rely on that in general."
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311
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312
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313 etc/TUTORIAL* (translations)
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314 switch to GPL (see english TUTORIAL)
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315 rms: "We can leave the TUTORIAL translations alone until their
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316 maintainers update them."
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317
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318
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319 lib-src/etags.c - no 'k.* arnold' in copyright.list'
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320 rms: "That is ok, in principle. I used free code released by Ken
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321 Arnold as the starting point. However, it may be that we need to get
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322 and insert whatever his license was for his code."
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323
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324 under GPL, so OK?
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325
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326 - 1984 version of ctags, with no copyright, posted to net.sources:
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327 http://groups.google.com/group/net.sources/msg/a21b6c21be12a98d
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328
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329
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330 lwlib/lwlib-Xaw.c
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331 copyright Chuck Thompson; but under GPL, so OK?
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332
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333 lwlib/lwlib-Xlw.c, lwlib-Xm.c, lwlib-Xm.h, xlwmenu.c
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334 copyright lucid and FSF, but under GPL, so OK?
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335 FSF copyrights were added in 200x, was that right?
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336
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337 lwlib/lwlib-int.h, lwlib.h, lwlib-Xaw.h, lwlib-Xlw.h, lwlib-utils.h
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338 no copyright. last three trivial?
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339 suspect these must have been part of the "Lucid Widget Library",
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340 which is under GPL. Can't find an original version of this to check.
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341
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342 lwlib/Makefile.in
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343 "some parts" copyright Lucid, no license
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344
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345 lwlib/lwlib-utils.c, lwlib.c
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346 copyright Lucid, Inc; but under GPL, so OK?
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347
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348 lwlib/xlwmenu.h, xlwmenuP.h
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349 part of 'Lucid Widget Library', but only FSF copyright (when files
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350 were first checked into RCS, there were no copyrights). Was it right
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351 to add FSF copyright?
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352 should we add a 1992 Lucid copyright?
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353
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354 lwlib/*
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355 should we:
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356 1) ensure all files that were originally in the "Lucid Widget
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357 Library" have 1992 Lucid copyright?
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358 2) add or remove FSF copyrights to any files we have made non-trivial
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359 changes to since 1992?
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360
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361
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362 oldXMenu/
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363 - should there be any FSF copyrights at all in here? Some were added
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364 in 2005, without licence notices. Was this right?
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365 Eg don't think copyright.h should have FSF copyright!
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366 Should add copyright details for X11R1 to the README file. (see
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367 copyright.h). I suggest we remove copyright.h and add the notices
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368 directly into the files.
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369
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370
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371 The general issue is, as with some of the Lucid code in lwlib, suppose
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372 file foo.c is Copyright (C) 2000 John Smith, and released under the
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373 GPL. We check it into Emacs CVS and make non-trivial changes to it.
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374 Should we add a FSF copyright or not? Can we add such a notice as soon
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375 as we check it check it in to CVS?
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376
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377
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378 oldXMenu/Makefile.in, Makefile, Imakefile, descrip.mms, insque.c
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379 - issues described in mail to rms, 2006/12/17.
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380 rms: "I have asked for lawyer's advice about these."
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381
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382
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383 src/m/mips4.h, news-risc.h, pmax.h
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384 src/s/aix3-2.h, bsd386.h, hpux8.h, hpux9.h, irix4-0.h, irix5-0.h,
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385 isc2-2.h, netbsd.h, osf1.h, sol2-3.h, sunos4-0.h, usg5-4-2.h
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386 - all these (not obviously trivial) files are missing copyrights.
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387 rms: "I should talk about these with Matthew Norwood."
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388 The current legal advice seems to be that we should attach FSF
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389 copyright and GPL for the time being, then review post-release:
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390
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391 Matt Norwood:
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392 For now, I think the best policy is to assume that we do have
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393 assignments from the authors (I recall many of these header files
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394 as having been originally written by rms), and to attach an FSF
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395 copyright with GPL notice. We can amend this if and when we
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396 complete the code audit. Any additions to these files by
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397 non-assigned authors are arguably "de minimis" contributions to
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398 Emacs: small changes or suggestions to a work that are subsumed in
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399 the main authors' copyright in the entire work.
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400
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401 Details:
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402
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403 mips4.h
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404 might be trivial? started trivial, been added to in tiny changes by
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405 those with FSF assignment, often result of email suggestions by others.
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406
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407 news-risc.h
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408 started trivial. Grown by tiny additions, plus chunk
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409 from mips.h, which was and is Copyright FSF
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410
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411 pmax.h
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412 started trivial. grown in tiny changes, except for maybe Jim Wilson's
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413 comment.
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414
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415 ? irix4-0.h
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416 I would say started non-trivial (1992, rms). only tiny changes since
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417 installed.
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418
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419 ? irix5-0.h
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420 I would say started non-trivial (1993, jimb, heavily based
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421 on irix4-0.h). A few borderline non-tiny changes since.
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422
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423 ? isc2-2.h
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424 started trivial. 2 non-tiny change, in 1993. looks to
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425 be made up of several small tweaks from various sources. maybe
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426 non-tiny total changes from Karl Berry (no emacs assignment).
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427
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428 osf1.h
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429 started trivial. grown in tiny changes (one borderline tiny change
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430 by fx in 2000, but most code was later removed). non-tiny addition
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431 in 2002 from m/alpha.h, but that was and is copyright FSF.
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432
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433 usg5-4-2.h
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434 started non-trivial, but was heavily based on usg5-4.h, which was and is
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435 copyright FSF. only tiny changes since installed.
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436
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437 sol2-3.h
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438 started trivial. only non-tiny change (1994) incorporated code from
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439 usg5-4.h, which was and is copyright FSF.
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440
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441 aix3-2.h, bsd386.h, hpux8.h, hpux9.h, netbsd.h, sunos4-0.h
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442 started trivial, grown in tiny changes.
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443
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444
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445
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446 This file is part of GNU Emacs.
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447
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448 GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
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449 it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
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450 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
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451 any later version.
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452
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453 GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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454 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
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455 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
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456 GNU General Public License for more details.
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457
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458 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
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459 along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING. If not, write to the
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460 Free Software Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor,
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461 Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.