annotate etc/TUTORIAL @ 20310:b6fd8353113b

(doprnt1): Declare `charbuf' as unsigned char.
author Andreas Schwab <schwab@suse.de>
date Fri, 21 Nov 1997 14:48:34 +0000
parents 5ac02369f793
children 25db4bc0e67e
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1 Copyright (c) 1985 Free Software Foundation, Inc; See end for conditions.
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2 You are looking at the Emacs tutorial.
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3
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4 Emacs commands generally involve the CONTROL key (sometimes labeled
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5 CTRL or CTL) or the META key (sometimes labeled EDIT or ALT). Rather than
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6 write that in full each time, we'll use the following abbreviations:
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7
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8 C-<chr> means hold the CONTROL key while typing the character <chr>
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9 Thus, C-f would be: hold the CONTROL key and type f.
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10 M-<chr> means hold the META or EDIT or ALT key down while typing <chr>.
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11 If there is no META, EDIT or ALT key, instead press and release the
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12 ESC key and then type <chr>. We write <ESC> for the ESC key.
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14 Important note: to end the Emacs session, type C-x C-c. (Two characters.)
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15 The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
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16 try using a command. For instance:
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17 <<Blank lines inserted here by startup of help-with-tutorial>>
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18 >> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
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19 (go ahead, do it by holding down the control key while typing v).
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20 From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish
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21 reading the screen.
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22
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23 Note that there is an overlap of two lines when you move from screen
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24 to screen; this provides some continuity so you can continue reading
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25 the text.
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26
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27 The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place
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28 to place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen,
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29 with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key
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30 and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key).
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31
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32 >> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times.
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34
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35 * SUMMARY
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36 ---------
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37
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38 The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls:
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39
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40 C-v Move forward one screenful
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41 M-v Move backward one screenful
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42 C-l Clear screen and redisplay all the text,
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43 moving the text around the cursor
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44 to the center of the screen.
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45 (That's control-L, not control-1.)
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46
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47 >> Find the cursor, and note what text is near it.
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48 Then type C-l.
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49 Find the cursor again and notice that the same text
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50 is near the cursor now.
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52
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53 * BASIC CURSOR CONTROL
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54 ----------------------
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55
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56 Moving from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you
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57 move to a specific place within the text on the screen?
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58
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59 There are several ways you can do this. The most basic way is to use
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60 the commands C-p, C-b, C-f, and C-n. Each of these commands moves the
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61 cursor one row or column in a particular direction on the screen.
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62 Here is a table showing these four commands and shows the directions
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63 they move:
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65 Previous line, C-p
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66 :
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67 :
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68 Backward, C-b .... Current cursor position .... Forward, C-f
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69 :
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70 :
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71 Next line, C-n
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73 >> Move the cursor to the line in the middle of that diagram
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74 using C-n or C-p. Then type C-l to see the whole diagram
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75 centered in the screen.
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77 You'll probably find it easy to think of these by letter: P for
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78 previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. These are the
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79 basic cursor positioning commands, and you'll be using them ALL the
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80 time, so it would be of great benefit if you learn them now.
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82 >> Do a few C-n's to bring the cursor down to this line.
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84 >> Move into the line with C-f's and then up with C-p's.
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85 See what C-p does when the cursor is in the middle of the line.
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86
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87 Each of text line ends with a Newline character, which serves to
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88 separate it from the following line. The last line in your file ought
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89 to have a Newline at the end (but Emacs does not require it to have
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90 one).
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91
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92 >> Try to C-b at the beginning of a line. It should move to
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93 the end of the previous line. This is because it moves back
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94 across the Newline character.
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95
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96 C-f can move across a Newline just like C-b.
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97
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98 >> Do a few more C-b's, so you get a feel for where the cursor is.
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99 Then do C-f's to return to the end of the line.
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100 Then do one more C-f to move to the following line.
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101
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102 When you move past the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond
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103 the edge shifts onto the screen. This is called "scrolling". It
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104 enables Emacs to move the cursor to the specified place in the text
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105 without moving it off the screen.
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106
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107 >> Try to move the cursor off the bottom of the screen with C-n, and
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108 see what happens.
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109
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110 If moving by characters is too slow, you can move by words. M-f
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111 (Meta-f) moves forward a word and M-b moves back a word.
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112
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113 >> Type a few M-f's and M-b's.
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114
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115 When you are in the middle of a word, M-f moves to the end of the word.
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116 When you are in whitespace between words, M-f moves to the end of the
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117 following word. M-b works likewise in the opposite direction.
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118
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119 >> Type M-f and M-b a few times, interspersed with C-f's and C-b's
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120 so that you can observe the action of M-f and M-b from various
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121 places inside and between words.
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123 Notice the parallel between C-f and C-b on the one hand, and M-f and
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124 M-b on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for
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125 operations related to the units defined by language (words, sentences,
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126 paragraphs), while Control characters operate on basic units that are
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127 independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, etc).
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128
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129 This parallel applies between lines and sentences: C-a and C-e move to
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130 the beginning or end of a line, and M-a and M-e move to the beginning
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131 or end of a sentence.
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133 >> Try a couple of C-a's, and then a couple of C-e's.
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134 Try a couple of M-a's, and then a couple of M-e's.
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135
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136 See how repeated C-a's do nothing, but repeated M-a's keep moving one
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137 more sentence. Although these are not quite analogous, each one seems
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138 natural.
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140 The location of the cursor in the text is also called "point". To
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141 paraphrase, the cursor shows on the screen where point is located in
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142 the text.
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143
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144 Here is a summary of simple cursor-moving operations, including the
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145 word and sentence moving commands:
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147 C-f Move forward a character
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148 C-b Move backward a character
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149
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150 M-f Move forward a word
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151 M-b Move backward a word
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152
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153 C-n Move to next line
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154 C-p Move to previous line
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155
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156 C-a Move to beginning of line
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157 C-e Move to end of line
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158
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159 M-a Move back to beginning of sentence
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160 M-e Move forward to end of sentence
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161
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162 >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice.
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163 These are the most often used commands.
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164
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165 Two other important cursor motion commands are M-< (Meta Less-than),
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166 which moves to the beginning of the whole text, and M-> (Meta
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167 Greater-than), which moves to the end of the whole text.
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168
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169 On most terminals, the "<" is above the comma, so you must use the
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170 shift key to type it. On these terminals you must use the shift key
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171 to type M-< also; without the shift key, you would be typing M-comma.
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172
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173 >> Try M-< now, to move to the beginning of the tutorial.
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174 Then use C-v repeatedly to move back here.
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175
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176 >> Try M-> now, to move to the end of the tutorial.
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177 Then use M-v repeatedly to move back here.
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178
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179 You can also move the cursor with the arrow keys, if your terminal has
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180 arrow keys. We recommend learning C-b, C-f, C-n and C-p for three
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181 reasons. First, they work on all kinds of terminals. Second, once
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182 you gain practice at using Emacs, you will find that typing these CTRL
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183 characters is faster than typing the arrow keys (because you do not
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184 have to move your hands away from touch-typing position). Third, once
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185 you form the habit of using these CTRL character commands, you can
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186 easily learn to use other advanced cursor motion commands as well.
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187
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188 Most Emacs commands accept a numeric argument; for most commands, this
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189 serves as a repeat-count. The way you give a command a repeat count
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190 is by typing C-u and then the digits before you type the command. If
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191 you have a META (or EDIT or ALT) key, there is another alternative way
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192 to enter a numeric argument: type the digits while holding down the
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193 META key. We recommend learning the C-u method because it works on
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194 any terminal.
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195
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196 For instance, C-u 8 C-f moves forward eight characters.
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197
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198 >> Try using C-n or C-p with a numeric argument, to move the cursor
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199 to a line near this one with just one command.
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200
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201 Most commands use the numeric argument as a repeat count. Certain
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202 exceptional commands use it differently. C-v and M-v are among the
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203 exceptions. When given an argument, they scroll the screen up or down
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204 by that many lines, rather than by a screenfuls. For example, C-u 4
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205 C-v scrolls the screen by 4 lines.
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206
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207 >> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
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208
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209 This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like
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210 to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.
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211
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212 If you are using X Windows, there should be a tall rectangular area
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213 called a scroll bar at the left hand side of the Emacs window. You
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214 can scroll the text by clicking the mouse in the scroll bar.
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215
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216 >> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
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217 within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position
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218 determined by how high or low you click.
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219
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220 >> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button
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221 pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as
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222 you move the mouse.
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223
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224
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225 * WHEN EMACS IS HUNG
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226 --------------------
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227
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228 If Emacs stops responding to your commands, you can stop it safely by
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229 typing C-g. You can use C-g to stop a command which is taking too
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230 long to execute.
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231
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232 You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
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233 a command that you do not want to finish.
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234
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235 >> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric arg of 100, then type C-g.
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236 Now type C-f. It should move just one character,
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237 because you canceled the argument with C-g.
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238
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239 If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it
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240 with a C-g.
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241
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242
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243 * DISABLED COMMANDS
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244 -------------------
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245
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246 Some Emacs commands are "disabled" so that beginning users cannot use
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247 them by accident.
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248
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249 If you type one of the disabled commands, Emacs displays a message
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250 saying what the command was, and asking you whether you want to go
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251 ahead and execute the command.
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252
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253 If you really want to try the command, type Space in answer to the
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254 question. Normally, if you do not want to execute the disabled
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255 command, answer the question with "n".
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256
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257 >> Type <ESC> : (which is a disabled command),
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258 then type n to answer the question.
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260
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261 * WINDOWS
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262 ---------
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263
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264 Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We will
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265 explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want to
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266 explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic
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267 one-window editing. It is simple:
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269 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
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270
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271 That is Control-x followed by the digit 1. C-x 1 expands the window
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272 which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all
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273 other windows.
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274
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275 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
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276 >> Type Control-h k Control-f.
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277 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
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278 to display documentation on the Control-f command.
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279
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280 >> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
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282
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283 * INSERTING AND DELETING
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284 ------------------------
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285
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286 If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you
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287 can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted
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288 immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a
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289 Newline character.
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290
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291 You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delete>.
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292 <Delete> is a key on the keyboard, which may be labeled "Del". In
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293 some cases, the "Backspace" key serves as <Delete>, but not always!
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294
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295 More generally, <Delete> deletes the character immediately before the
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296 current cursor position.
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297
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298 >> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them
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299 by typing <Delete> a few times. Don't worry about this file
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300 being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is
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301 your personal copy of it.
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302
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303 When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line
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304 of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\")
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305 at the right margin indicates a line which has been continued.
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306
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307 >> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting.
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308 You'll see a continuation line appear.
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309
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310 >> Use <Delete>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
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311 line again. The continuation line goes away.
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312
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313 You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.
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314 Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into
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315 one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the
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316 screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.
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317
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318 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delete>. This
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319 merges that line with the previous line.
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320
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321 >> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
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322
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323 Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
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324 this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts
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325 it several times.
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326
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327 >> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********.
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328
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329 You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
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330 Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
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331 as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
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332
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333 <Delete> delete the character just before the cursor
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334 C-d delete the next character after the cursor
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335
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336 M-<Delete> kill the word immediately before the cursor
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337 M-d kill the next word after the cursor
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338
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339 C-k kill from the cursor position to end of line
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340 M-k kill to the end of the current sentence
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341
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342 Notice that <Delete> and C-d vs M-<Delete> and M-d extend the parallel
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343 started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delete> is not really a control
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344 character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e
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345 and M-e, sort of, in that lines are opposite sentences.
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346
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347 When you delete more than one character at a time, Emacs saves the
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348 deleted text so that you can bring it back. Bringing back killed text
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349 is called "yanking". You can yank the killed text either at the same
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350 place where it was killed, or at some other place in the text. You
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351 can yank the text several times in order to make multiple copies of
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352 it. The command to yank is C-y.
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353
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354 Note that the difference between "Killing" and "Deleting" something is
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355 that "Killed" things can be yanked back, and "Deleted" things cannot.
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356 Generally, the commands that can remove a lot of text save the text,
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357 while the commands that delete just one character, or just blank lines
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358 and spaces, do not save the deleted text.
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359
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360 >> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty.
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361 Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.
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362 >> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline
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363 which follows that line.
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364
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365 Note that a single C-k kills the contents of the line, and a second
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366 C-k kills the line itself, and make all the other lines move up. C-k
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367 treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND
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368 their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two
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369 lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.
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370
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371 To retrieve the last killed text and put it where the cursor currently
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372 is, type C-y.
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373
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374 >> Try it; type C-y to yank the text back.
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375
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376 Think of C-y as if you were yanking something back that someone took
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377 away from you. Notice that if you do several C-k's in a row, all of
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378 the killed text is saved together, so that one C-y will yank all of
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379 the lines.
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380
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381 >> Do this now, type C-k several times.
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382
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383 Now to retrieve that killed text:
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384
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385 >> Type C-y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C-y
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386 again. You now see how to copy some text.
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387
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388 What do you do if you have some text you want to yank back, and then
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389 you kill something else? C-y would yank the more recent kill. But
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390 the previous text is not lost. You can get back to it using the M-y
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391 command. After you have done C-y to get the most recent kill, typing
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392 M-y replaces that yanked text with the previous kill. Typing M-y
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393 again and again brings in earlier and earlier kills. When you have
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394 reached the text you are looking for, you do not have to do anything to
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395 keep it. Just go on with your editing, leaving the yanked text where
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396 it is.
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397
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398 If you M-y enough times, you come back to the starting point (the most
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399 recent kill).
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400
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401 >> Kill a line, move around, kill another line.
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402 Then do C-y to get back the second killed line.
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403 Then do M-y and it will be replaced by the first killed line.
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404 Do more M-y's and see what you get. Keep doing them until
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405 the second kill line comes back, and then a few more.
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406 If you like, you can try giving M-y positive and negative
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407 arguments.
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408
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409
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410 * UNDO
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411 ------
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412
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413 If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a
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414 mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u.
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415
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416 Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
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417 the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one
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418 additional command.
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419
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420 But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do
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421 not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling
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422 command), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups
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423 of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to
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424 type to undo insertion of text.)
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425
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426 >> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear.
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427
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428 C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u,
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429 but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage of
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430 C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That
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431 is why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_
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432 by typing / while holding down CTRL.
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433
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434 A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count.
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435
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436
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437 * FILES
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438 -------
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439
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440 In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
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441 file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes
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442 away. You put your editing in a file by "finding" the file. (This is
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443 also called "visiting" the file.)
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444
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445 Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within
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446 Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
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447 However, the changes you make using Emacs do not become permanent
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448 until you "save" the file. This is so you can avoid leaving a
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449 half-changed file on the system when you do not want to. Even when
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450 you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
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451 you later decide that your changes were a mistake.
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452
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453 If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
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454 begins and ends with dashes, and starts with "--:-- TUTORIAL" or
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455 something like that. This part of the screen normally shows the name
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456 of the file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file
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457 called "TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs
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458 tutorial. When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name will
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459 appear in that precise spot.
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460
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461 The commands for finding and saving files are unlike the other
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462 commands you have learned in that they consist of two characters.
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463 They both start with the character Control-x. There is a whole series
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464 of commands that start with Control-x; many of them have to do with
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465 files, buffers, and related things. These commands are two, three or
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466 four characters long.
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467
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468 Another thing about the command for finding a file is that you have
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469 to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an argument
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470 from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of the
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471 file). After you type the command
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472
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473 C-x C-f Find a file
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474
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475 Emacs asks you to type the file name. The file name you type appears
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476 on the bottom line of the screen. The bottom line is called the
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477 minibuffer when it is used for this sort of input. You can use
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478 ordinary Emacs editing commands to edit the file name.
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479
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480 While you are entering the file name (or any minibuffer input),
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481 you can cancel the command with C-g.
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482
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483 >> Type C-x C-f, then type C-g. This cancels the minibuffer,
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484 and also cancels the C-x C-f command that was using the
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485 minibuffer. So you do not find any file.
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486
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487 When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to
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488 terminate it. Then C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file
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489 you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is
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490 finished.
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491
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492 In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can
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493 edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent,
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494 type the command
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495
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496 C-x C-s Save the file
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497
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498 This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you
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499 do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
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500 not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the
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501 original file's name.
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502
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503 When saving is finished, Emacs prints the name of the file written.
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504 You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much
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505 work if the system should crash.
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506
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507 >> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
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508 This should print "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
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509
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510 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-x C-s will freeze the screen and you
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511 will see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an
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512 operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the
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513 C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen,
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514 type C-q. Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental
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515 Search" in the Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
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516
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517 You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also
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518 find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a
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519 file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then
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520 begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the
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521 file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have
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522 inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an
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523 already existing file.
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524
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525
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diff changeset
526 * BUFFERS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
527 ---------
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528
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529 If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
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530 inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with
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531 C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
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parents:
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532
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533 >> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
534 Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
535 Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>
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536 to come back to the tutorial.
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537
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538 Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer."
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
539 Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
540 buffers that current exist in your Emacs job, type
13
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parents:
diff changeset
541
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diff changeset
542 C-x C-b List buffers
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parents:
diff changeset
543
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544 >> Try C-x C-b now.
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parents:
diff changeset
545
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546 See how each buffer has a name, and it may also have a file name
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547 for the file whose contents it holds. Some buffers do not correspond
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548 to files. For example, the buffer named "*Buffer List*" does
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diff changeset
549 not have any file. It is the buffer which contains the buffer
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parents:
diff changeset
550 list that was made by C-x C-b. ANY text you see in an Emacs window
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551 is always part of some buffer.
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552
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553 >> Type C-x 1 to get rid of the buffer list.
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parents:
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554
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diff changeset
555 If you make changes to the text of one file, then find another file,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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diff changeset
556 this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,
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parents:
diff changeset
557 in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's
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558 buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
559 but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
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parents:
diff changeset
560 file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to
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parents:
diff changeset
561 it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have
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parents:
diff changeset
562
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diff changeset
563 C-x s Save some buffers
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parents:
diff changeset
564
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565 C-x s asks you about each buffer which contains changes that you have
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
566 not saved. It asks you, for each such buffer, whether to save the
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diff changeset
567 buffer.
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568
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569 >> Insert a line of text, then type C-x s.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
570 It should ask you whether to save the buffer named TUTORIAL.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
571 Answer yes to the question by typing "y".
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parents:
diff changeset
572
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
573 * EXTENDING THE COMMAND SET
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
574 ---------------------------
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575
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576 There are many, many more Emacs commands than could possibly be put
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parents:
diff changeset
577 on all the control and meta characters. Emacs gets around this with
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578 the X (eXtend) command. This comes in two flavors:
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parents:
diff changeset
579
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diff changeset
580 C-x Character eXtend. Followed by one character.
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parents:
diff changeset
581 M-x Named command eXtend. Followed by a long name.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
582
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parents:
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583 These are commands that are generally useful but used less than the
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diff changeset
584 commands you have already learned about. You have already seen two of
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
585 them: the file commands C-x C-f to Find and C-x C-s to Save. Another
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
586 example is the command to end the Emacs session--this is the command
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
587 C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing changes you have made; C-x C-c
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
588 offers to save each changed file before it kills the Emacs.)
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589
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590 C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
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591 back to the same Emacs session afterward.
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592
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593 On systems which allow it, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns
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594 to the shell but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most common
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595 shells, you can resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'.
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596
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diff changeset
597 On systems which do not implement suspending, C-z creates a subshell
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598 running under Emacs to give you the chance to run other programs and
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diff changeset
599 return to Emacs afterward; it does not truly "exit" from Emacs. In
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600 this case, the shell command `exit' is the usual way to get back to
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601 Emacs from the subshell.
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602
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603 The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also
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604 the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling
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605 programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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606 how to cope with suspension of Emacs. In ordinary circumstances,
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607 though, if you are not about to log out, it is better to suspend Emacs
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608 with C-z instead of exiting Emacs.
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609
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610 There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
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611
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612 C-x C-f Find file.
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613 C-x C-s Save file.
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614 C-x C-b List buffers.
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615 C-x C-c Quit Emacs.
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616 C-x u Undo.
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617
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618 Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
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619 frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An
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620 example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one
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621 string with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the
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622 bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the
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623 command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and
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624 Emacs will complete the name. End the command name with <Return>.
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625
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626 The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be
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627 replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each
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diff changeset
628 argument with <Return>.
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629
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630 >> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
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631 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
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632
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633 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced
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634 the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred,
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
635 after the initial position of the cursor.
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636
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637
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638 * AUTO SAVE
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
639 -----------
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
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parents: 9560
diff changeset
640
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
641 When you have made changes in a file, but you have not saved them yet,
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
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parents: 9560
diff changeset
642 they could be lost if your computer crashes. To protect you from
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
643 this, Emacs periodically writes an "auto save" file for each file that
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
644 you are editing. The auto save file name has a # at the beginning and
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
645 the end; for example, if your file is named "hello.c", its auto save
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
646 file's name is "#hello.c#". When you save the file in the normal way,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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647 Emacs deletes its auto save file.
10698
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
648
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
649 If the computer crashes, you can recover your auto-saved editing by
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
650 finding the file normally (the file you were editing, not the auto
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
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diff changeset
651 save file) and then typing M-x recover file<return>. When it asks for
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
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parents: 9560
diff changeset
652 confirmation, type yes<return> to go ahead and recover the auto-save
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
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parents: 9560
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653 data.
9dc3f4fc6b7f Talk about auto save.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
654
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 9560
diff changeset
655
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656 * ECHO AREA
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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diff changeset
657 -----------
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658
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659 If Emacs sees that you are typing commands slowly it shows them to you
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660 at the bottom of the screen in an area called the "echo area." The echo
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diff changeset
661 area contains the bottom line of the screen.
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parents: 15443
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662
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
663
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
664 * MODE LINE
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parents: 15443
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665 -----------
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666
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667 The line immediately above the echo area it is called the "mode line".
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668 The mode line says something like this:
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669
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670 --:** TUTORIAL (Fundamental)--L670--58%----------------
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671
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diff changeset
672 This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
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diff changeset
673 the text you are editing.
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parents:
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674
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675 You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
676 found. -NN%-- indicates your current position in the text; it means
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parents: 15443
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677 that NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
678 top of the file is on the screen, it will say --Top-- instead of
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
679 --00%--. If the bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
680 --Bot--. If you are looking at text so small that all of it fits on
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
681 the screen, the mode line says --All--.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
682
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parents:
diff changeset
683 The stars near the front mean that you have made changes to the text.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
684 Right after you visit or save a file, that part of the mode line shows
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
685 no stars, just dashes.
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parents:
diff changeset
686
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parents:
diff changeset
687 The part of the mode line inside the parentheses is to tell you what
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
688 editing modes you are in. The default mode is Fundamental which is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
689 what you are using now. It is an example of a "major mode".
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
690
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
691 Emacs has many different major modes. Some of them are meant for
17128
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parents: 16730
diff changeset
692 editing different languages and/or kinds of text, such as Lisp mode,
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
693 Text mode, etc. At any time one and only one major mode is active,
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
694 and its name can always be found in the mode line just where
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
695 "Fundamental" is now.
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
696
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
697 Each major mode makes a few commands behave differently. For example,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
698 there are commands for creating comments in a program, and since each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
699 programming language has a different idea of what a comment should
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
700 look like, each major mode has to insert comments differently. Each
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
701 major mode is the name of an extended command, which is how you can
17128
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
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parents: 16730
diff changeset
702 switch to that mode. For example, M-x fundamental-mode is a command to
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
703 switch to Fundamental mode.
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parents:
diff changeset
704
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parents:
diff changeset
705 If you are going to be editing English text, such as this file, you
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
706 should probably use Text Mode.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
707 >> Type M-x text-mode<Return>.
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parents:
diff changeset
708
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parents:
diff changeset
709 Don't worry, none of the commands you have learned changes Emacs in
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
710 any great way. But you can observe that M-f and M-b now treat
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
711 apostrophes as part of words. Previously, in Fundamental mode,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
712 M-f and M-b treated apostrophes as word-separators.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
713
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Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
714 Major modes usually make subtle changes like that one: most commands
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
715 do "the same job" in each major mode, but they work a little bit
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
716 differently.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
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diff changeset
717
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
718 To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
13
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parents:
diff changeset
719
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parents:
diff changeset
720 >> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen.
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
721 >> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
722 >> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.
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parents:
diff changeset
723
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parents:
diff changeset
724 Major modes are called major because there are also minor modes.
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Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
725 Minor modes are alternatives not to the major modes, just minor
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
726 modifications of them. Each minor mode can be turned on or off by
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
727 itself, independent of all other minor modes, and independent of your
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
728 major mode. So you can use no minor modes, or one minor mode, or any
6de8cf26e115 Fix punctuation; add some missing words.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 16730
diff changeset
729 combination of several minor modes.
13
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730
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parents:
diff changeset
731 One minor mode which is very useful, especially for editing English
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
732 text, is Auto Fill mode. When this mode is on, Emacs breaks the line
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
733 in between words automatically whenever you insert text and make a
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
734 line that is too wide.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
735
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
736 You can turn Auto Fill mode on by doing M-x auto-fill-mode<Return>.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
737 When the mode is on, you can turn it off by doing M-x
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
738 auto-fill-mode<Return>. If the mode is off, this command turns it on,
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
739 and if the mode is on, this command turns it off. We say that the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
740 command "toggles the mode".
13
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Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
741
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
742 >> Type M-x auto-fill-mode<Return> now. Then insert a line of "asdf "
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
743 over again until you see it divide into two lines. You must put in
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
744 spaces between them because Auto Fill breaks lines only at spaces.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
745
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
746 The margin is usually set at 70 characters, but you can change it
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
747 with the C-x f command. You should give the margin setting you want
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
748 as a numeric argument.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
749
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
750 >> Type C-x f with an argument of 20. (C-u 2 0 C-x f).
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
751 Then type in some text and see Emacs fill lines of 20
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
752 characters with it. Then set the margin back to 70 using
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
753 C-x f again.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
754
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
755 If you makes changes in the middle of a paragraph, Auto Fill mode
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
756 does not re-fill it for you.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
757 To re-fill the paragraph, type M-q (Meta-q) with the cursor inside
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
758 that paragraph.
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
759
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parents:
diff changeset
760 >> Move the cursor into the previous paragraph and type M-q.
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parents:
diff changeset
761
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
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parents: 477
diff changeset
762 * SEARCHING
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
763 -----------
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
764
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
765 Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
766 characters or words) either forward through the text or backward
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
767 through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command;
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
768 it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
769
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
770 The Emacs search command is different from the search commands
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
771 of most editors, in that it is "incremental". This means that the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
772 search happens while you type in the string to search for.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
773
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
774 The command to initiate a search is C-s for forward search, and C-r
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
775 for reverse search. BUT WAIT! Don't try them now.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
776
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
777 When you type C-s you'll notice that the string "I-search" appears as
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
778 a prompt in the echo area. This tells you that Emacs is in what is
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
779 called an incremental search waiting for you to type the thing that
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
780 you want to search for. <RET> terminates a search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
781
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
782 >> Now type C-s to start a search. SLOWLY, one letter at a time,
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
783 type the word 'cursor', pausing after you type each
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
784 character to notice what happens to the cursor.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
785 Now you have searched for "cursor", once.
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
786 >> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
787 >> Now type <Delete> four times and see how the cursor moves.
4190
023ddd6f5c2b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 2863
diff changeset
788 >> Type <RET> to terminate the search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
789
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
790 Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
791 go to the occurrence of the string that you've typed out so far. To
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
792 go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
793 occurrence exists Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
794 "failing", C-g would also terminate the search.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
795
8128
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
796 NOTE: On some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you will
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
797 see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an operating
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
798 system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the C-s and not
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
799 letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, type C-q.
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
800 Then see the section "Spontaneous Entry to Incremental Search" in the
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
801 Emacs manual for advice on dealing with this "feature".
027fb17a2952 Talk about flow control along with C-x C-s and C-s.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 6597
diff changeset
802
11903
5d0ad882565c Delete reference to ALT. Change <Rubout> to <Delete>.
Karl Heuer <kwzh@gnu.org>
parents: 10699
diff changeset
803 If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delete>,
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
804 you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
805 and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
806 instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
807 occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
808 to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delete>. This erases
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
809 the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
810 the first occurrence of "c".
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
811
4351
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
812 If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
813 character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in
2173e8c3723b *** empty log message ***
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 4190
diff changeset
814 a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
815
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
816 The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
817 string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
818 something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
819 have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
820 the search is reversed.
13
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
821
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents:
diff changeset
822
1375
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
823 * MULTIPLE WINDOWS
577493baf266 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 477
diff changeset
824 ------------------
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
825
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
826 One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
827 window on the screen at the same time.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
828
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
829 >> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
830
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
831 >> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
832 Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
833
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
834 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
835 (If you do not have a real Meta key, type ESC C-v.)
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
836
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
837 >> Type C-x o ("o" for "other") to move the cursor to the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
838 >> Use C-v and M-v in the bottom window to scroll it.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
839 Keep reading these directions in the top window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
840
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
841 >> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
842 The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
843
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
844 You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
845 window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
846 shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
847 window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window".
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
848
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
849 The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
850 window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
851 the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
852 through the other window sequentially with C-M-v.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
853
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
854 C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
855 META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CTRL and META while
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
856 typing v. It does not matter whether CTRL or META "comes first,"
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
857 because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type.
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
858
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
859 If you do not have a real META key, and you use ESC instead, the order
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
860 does matter: you must type ESC followed by CTRL-v; CTRL-ESC v will not
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
861 work. This is because ESC is a character in its own right, not a
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
862 modifier key.
12647
b94ff6c62c5d Explain CTRL-META chars and how to use ESC for them.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 12609
diff changeset
863
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
864 >> Type C-x 1 (in the top window) to get rid of the bottom window.
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
865
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
866 (If you had typed C-x 1 in the bottom window, that would get rid
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
867 of the top one. Think of this command as "Keep just one
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
868 window--the window I am already in.")
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
869
16730
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
870 You do not have to display the same buffer in both windows. If you
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
871 use C-x C-f to find a file in one window, the other window does not
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org>
parents: 15443
diff changeset
872 change. You can find a file in each window independently.
476
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
873
6d25047306d9 *** empty log message ***
Jim Blandy <jimb@redhat.com>
parents: 34
diff changeset
874 Here is another way to use two windows to display two different
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875 things:
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876
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877 >> Type C-x 4 C-f followed by the name of one of your files.
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878 End with <Return>. See the specified file appear in the bottom
476
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879 window. The cursor goes there, too.
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880
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881 >> Type C-x o to go back to the top window, and C-x 1 to delete
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882 the bottom window.
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883
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884
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885 * RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
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886 --------------------------
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887
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888 Sometimes you will get into what is called a "recursive editing
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889 level". This is indicated by square brackets in the mode line,
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890 surrounding the parentheses around the major mode name. For
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891 example, you might see [(Fundamental)] instead of (Fundamental).
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892
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893 To get out of the recursive editing level, type ESC ESC ESC. That is
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
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894 an all-purpose "get out" command. You can also use it for eliminating
7a3398850d94 Mention ESC ESC ESC instead of M-x top-level.
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895 extra windows, and getting out of the minibuffer.
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896
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897 >> Type M-x to get into a minibuffer; then type ESC ESC ESC to get out.
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898
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899 You cannot use C-g to get out of a recursive editing level. This is
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900 because C-g is used for canceling commands and arguments WITHIN the
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901 recursive editing level.
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902
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903
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904 * GETTING MORE HELP
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905 -------------------
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906
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907 In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to
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908 get you started using Emacs. There is so much available in Emacs that
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909 it would be impossible to explain it all here. However, you may want
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910 to learn more about Emacs since it has many other useful features.
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911 Emacs provides commands for reading documentation about Emacs
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912 commands. These "help" commands all start with the character
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913 Control-h, which is called "the Help character".
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914
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915 To use the Help features, type the C-h character, and then a
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916 character saying what kind of help you want. If you are REALLY lost,
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917 type C-h ? and Emacs will tell you what kinds of help it can give.
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918 If you have typed C-h and decide you do not want any help, just
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919 type C-g to cancel it.
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920
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921 (Some sites change the meaning of the character C-h. They really
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922 should not do this as a blanket measure for all users, so you have
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diff changeset
923 grounds to complain to the system administrator. Meanwhile, if C-h
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924 does not display a message about help at the bottom of the screen, try
6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
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925 typing the F1 key or M-x help RET instead.)
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c78bae220849 Advise about case where C-h is rebound.
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926
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6a0e208faefd Minor fixes.
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927 The most basic HELP feature is C-h c. Type C-h, the character c, and
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928 a command character or sequence; then Emacs displays a very brief
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929 description of the command.
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930
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931 >> Type C-h c Control-p.
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932 The message should be something like
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933
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934 C-p runs the command previous-line
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935
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936 This tells you the "name of the function". Function names are used
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937 mainly for customizing and extending Emacs. But since function names
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938 are chosen to indicate what the command does, they can serve also as
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939 very brief documentation--sufficient to remind you of commands you
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940 have already learned.
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941
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942 Multi-character commands such as C-x C-s and (if you have no META or
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943 EDIT or ALT key) <ESC>v are also allowed after C-h c.
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944
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945 To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
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946
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947 >> Type C-h k Control-p.
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948
477
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949 This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its
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950 name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the
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951 output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have
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952 to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring
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953 to the help text, and then type C-x 1.
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954
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955 Here are some other useful C-h options:
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956
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957 C-h f Describe a function. You type in the name of the
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958 function.
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959
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960 >> Try typing C-h f previous-line<Return>.
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961 This prints all the information Emacs has about the
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962 function which implements the C-p command.
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963
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964 C-h a Command Apropos. Type in a keyword and Emacs will list
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965 all the commands whose names contain that keyword.
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966 These commands can all be invoked with Meta-x.
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967 For some commands, Command Apropos will also list a one
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968 or two character sequence which runs the same command.
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969
477
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970 >> Type C-h a file<Return>.
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diff changeset
971
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972 This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file"
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diff changeset
973 in their names. You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
974 beside the corresponding command names such as find-file.
477
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diff changeset
975
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976 >> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times.
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diff changeset
977
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978 >> Type C-x 1 to delete the help window.
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979
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980
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981 * CONCLUSION
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982 ------------
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diff changeset
983
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diff changeset
984 Remember, to exit Emacs permanently use C-x C-c. To exit to a shell
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diff changeset
985 temporarily, so that you can come back to Emacs afterward, use C-z.
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parents:
diff changeset
986
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diff changeset
987 This tutorial is meant to be understandable to all new users, so if
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parents:
diff changeset
988 you found something unclear, don't sit and blame yourself - complain!
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parents:
diff changeset
989
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parents:
diff changeset
990
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diff changeset
991 COPYING
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diff changeset
992 -------
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parents:
diff changeset
993
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diff changeset
994 This tutorial descends from a long line of Emacs tutorials
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parents:
diff changeset
995 starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
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parents:
diff changeset
996
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diff changeset
997 This version of the tutorial, like GNU Emacs, is copyrighted, and
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parents:
diff changeset
998 comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
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diff changeset
999
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1000 Copyright (c) 1985, 1996 Free Software Foundation
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1001
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diff changeset
1002 Permission is granted to anyone to make or distribute verbatim copies
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parents:
diff changeset
1003 of this document as received, in any medium, provided that the
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parents:
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1004 copyright notice and permission notice are preserved,
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parents:
diff changeset
1005 and that the distributor grants the recipient permission
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parents:
diff changeset
1006 for further redistribution as permitted by this notice.
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parents:
diff changeset
1007
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parents:
diff changeset
1008 Permission is granted to distribute modified versions
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parents:
diff changeset
1009 of this document, or of portions of it,
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parents:
diff changeset
1010 under the above conditions, provided also that they
a436ea70a0cf Initial revision
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parents:
diff changeset
1011 carry prominent notices stating who last altered them.
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parents:
diff changeset
1012
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6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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1013 The conditions for copying Emacs itself are more complex, but in the
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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parents: 15443
diff changeset
1014 same spirit. Please read the file COPYING and then do give copies of
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diff changeset
1015 GNU Emacs to your friends. Help stamp out software obstructionism
6cb6d2fe6999 Major cleanup of unclear or overly picturesque language.
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1016 ("ownership") by using, writing, and sharing free software!