Mercurial > emacs
annotate man/info.texi @ 67724:cb55ddcf9e4a
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author | Richard M. Stallman <rms@gnu.org> |
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date | Thu, 22 Dec 2005 00:39:46 +0000 |
parents | 8e90ee28ad1a |
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1 \input texinfo.tex @c -*-texinfo-*- |
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2 @c We must \input texinfo.tex instead of texinfo, otherwise make |
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3 @c distcheck in the Texinfo distribution fails, because the texinfo Info |
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4 @c file is made first, and texi2dvi must include . first in the path. |
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5 @comment %**start of header |
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6 @setfilename info.info |
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7 @settitle Info |
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8 @syncodeindex fn cp |
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9 @syncodeindex vr cp |
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10 @syncodeindex ky cp |
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11 @comment %**end of header |
25839 | 12 |
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13 @copying |
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14 This file describes how to use Info, the on-line, menu-driven GNU |
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15 documentation system. |
25839 | 16 |
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17 Copyright (C) 1989, 1992, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, |
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18 2003, 2004, 2005 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
25839 | 19 |
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20 @quotation |
32315 | 21 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
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22 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or |
32315 | 23 any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no |
24 Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU | |
25 Manual'', and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the | |
26 license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation | |
27 License'' in the Emacs manual. | |
25839 | 28 |
32315 | 29 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify |
30 this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free | |
31 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' | |
25839 | 32 |
32315 | 33 This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free |
34 Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document | |
35 separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the | |
36 license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license. | |
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37 @end quotation |
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38 @end copying |
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39 |
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40 @dircategory Texinfo documentation system |
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41 @direntry |
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42 * Info: (info). How to use the documentation browsing system. |
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43 @end direntry |
25839 | 44 |
45 @titlepage | |
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46 @title Info |
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47 @subtitle The online, hyper-text GNU documentation system |
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48 @author Brian Fox |
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49 @author and the GNU Texinfo community |
25839 | 50 @page |
51 @vskip 0pt plus 1filll | |
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52 @insertcopying |
25839 | 53 @end titlepage |
54 | |
52122 | 55 @contents |
56 | |
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57 @ifnottex |
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58 @node Top |
25839 | 59 @top Info: An Introduction |
60 | |
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61 The GNU Project distributes most of its on-line manuals in the |
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62 @dfn{Info format}, which you read using an @dfn{Info reader}. You are |
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63 probably using an Info reader to read this now. |
25839 | 64 |
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65 There are two primary Info readers: @code{info}, a stand-alone program |
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66 designed just to read Info files, and the @code{info} package in GNU |
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67 Emacs, a general-purpose editor. At present, only the Emacs reader |
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68 supports using a mouse. |
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69 |
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70 @ifinfo |
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71 If you are new to the Info reader and want to learn how to use it, |
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72 type the command @kbd{h} now. It brings you to a programmed |
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73 instruction sequence. |
25839 | 74 |
66009 | 75 To read about advanced Info commands, type @kbd{n} twice. This |
76 brings you to @cite{Advanced Info Commands}, skipping over the `Getting | |
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77 Started' chapter. |
25839 | 78 @end ifinfo |
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79 @end ifnottex |
25839 | 80 |
81 @menu | |
82 * Getting Started:: Getting started using an Info reader. | |
66009 | 83 * Advanced:: Advanced Info commands. |
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84 * Expert Info:: Info commands for experts. |
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85 * Index:: An index of topics, commands, and variables. |
25839 | 86 @end menu |
87 | |
66009 | 88 @node Getting Started, Advanced, Top, Top |
25839 | 89 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
90 @chapter Getting Started | |
91 | |
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92 This first part of this Info manual describes how to get around inside |
25839 | 93 of Info. The second part of the manual describes various advanced |
66009 | 94 Info commands. The third part briefly explains how to generate Info |
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95 files from Texinfo files, and describes how to write an Info file |
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96 by hand. |
25839 | 97 |
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98 @ifnotinfo |
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99 This manual is primarily designed for browsing with an Info reader |
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100 program on a computer, so that you can try Info commands while reading |
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101 about them. Reading it on paper or with an HTML browser is less |
25839 | 102 effective, since you must take it on faith that the commands described |
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103 really do what the manual says. By all means go through this manual |
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104 now that you have it; but please try going through the on-line version |
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105 as well. |
25839 | 106 |
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107 @cindex Info reader, how to invoke |
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108 @cindex entering Info |
25839 | 109 There are two ways of looking at the online version of this manual: |
110 | |
111 @enumerate | |
112 @item | |
113 Type @code{info} at your shell's command line. This approach uses a | |
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114 stand-alone program designed just to read Info files. |
25839 | 115 |
116 @item | |
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117 Type @code{emacs} at the command line; then type @kbd{C-h i} |
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118 (@kbd{Control-h}, followed by @kbd{i}). This approach uses the Info |
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119 mode of the Emacs editor. |
25839 | 120 @end enumerate |
121 | |
122 In either case, then type @kbd{mInfo} (just the letters), followed by | |
123 @key{RET}---the ``Return'' or ``Enter'' key. At this point, you should | |
124 be ready to follow the instructions in this manual as you read them on | |
125 the screen. | |
126 @c FIXME! (pesch@cygnus.com, 14 dec 1992) | |
127 @c Is it worth worrying about what-if the beginner goes to somebody | |
128 @c else's Emacs session, which already has an Info running in the middle | |
129 @c of something---in which case these simple instructions won't work? | |
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130 @end ifnotinfo |
25839 | 131 |
132 @menu | |
57342 | 133 * Help-Small-Screen:: Starting Info on a Small Screen. |
134 * Help:: How to use Info. | |
135 * Help-P:: Returning to the Previous node. | |
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136 * Help-^L:: The Space, DEL, B and ^L commands. |
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137 * Help-Inv:: Invisible text in Emacs Info. |
57342 | 138 * Help-M:: Menus. |
139 * Help-Xref:: Following cross-references. | |
140 * Help-Int:: Some intermediate Info commands. | |
141 * Help-Q:: Quitting Info. | |
25839 | 142 @end menu |
143 | |
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144 @node Help-Small-Screen |
25839 | 145 @section Starting Info on a Small Screen |
146 | |
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147 @ifnotinfo |
25839 | 148 (In Info, you only see this section if your terminal has a small |
149 number of lines; most readers pass by it without seeing it.) | |
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150 @end ifnotinfo |
25839 | 151 |
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152 @cindex small screen, moving around |
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153 Since your terminal has a relatively small number of lines on its |
25839 | 154 screen, it is necessary to give you special advice at the beginning. |
155 | |
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156 If you see the text @samp{--All----} near the bottom right corner |
25839 | 157 of the screen, it means the entire text you are looking at fits on the |
158 screen. If you see @samp{--Top----} instead, it means that there is | |
159 more text below that does not fit. To move forward through the text | |
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160 and see another screen full, press @key{SPC}, the Space bar. To move |
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161 back up, press the key labeled @samp{Backspace} or @samp{DEL} (on some |
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162 keyboards, this key might be labeled @samp{Delete}). |
25839 | 163 |
164 @ifinfo | |
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165 Here are 40 lines of junk, so you can try @key{SPC} and @key{DEL} and |
25839 | 166 see what they do. At the end are instructions of what you should do |
167 next. | |
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168 |
25839 | 169 @format |
170 This is line 20 | |
171 This is line 21 | |
172 This is line 22 | |
173 This is line 23 | |
174 This is line 24 | |
175 This is line 25 | |
176 This is line 26 | |
177 This is line 27 | |
178 This is line 28 | |
179 This is line 29 | |
180 This is line 30 | |
181 This is line 31 | |
182 This is line 32 | |
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191 This is line 41 | |
192 This is line 42 | |
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198 This is line 48 | |
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200 This is line 50 | |
201 This is line 51 | |
202 This is line 52 | |
203 This is line 53 | |
204 This is line 54 | |
205 This is line 55 | |
206 This is line 56 | |
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207 This is line 57 |
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208 This is line 58 |
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209 This is line 59 |
25839 | 210 @end format |
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211 |
25839 | 212 If you have managed to get here, go back to the beginning with |
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213 @kbd{DEL} (or @key{BACKSPACE}), and come back here again, then you |
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214 understand the about the @samp{Space} and @samp{Backspace} keys. So |
57342 | 215 now type an @kbd{n}---just one character; don't type the quotes and |
216 don't type the Return key afterward---to get to the normal start of | |
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217 the course. |
25839 | 218 @end ifinfo |
219 | |
220 @node Help, Help-P, Help-Small-Screen, Getting Started | |
221 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
222 @section How to use Info | |
223 | |
224 You are talking to the program Info, for reading documentation. | |
225 | |
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226 There are two ways to use Info: from within Emacs or as a |
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227 stand-alone reader that you can invoke from a shell using the command |
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228 @command{info}. |
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229 |
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230 @cindex node, in Info documents |
25839 | 231 Right now you are looking at one @dfn{Node} of Information. |
232 A node contains text describing a specific topic at a specific | |
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233 level of detail. This node's topic is ``how to use Info''. The mode |
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234 line says that this is node @samp{Help} in the file @file{info}. |
25839 | 235 |
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236 @cindex header of Info node |
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237 The top line of a node is its @dfn{header}. This node's header |
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238 (look at it now) says that the @samp{Next} node after this one is the |
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239 node called @samp{Help-P}. An advanced Info command lets you go to |
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240 any node whose name you know. In the stand-alone Info reader program, |
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241 the header line shows the names of this node and the Info file as |
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242 well. In Emacs, the header line is duplicated in a special typeface, |
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243 and the duplicate remains at the top of the window all the time even |
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244 if you scroll through the node. |
25839 | 245 |
57342 | 246 Besides a @samp{Next}, a node can have a @samp{Previous} link, or an |
247 @samp{Up} link, or both. As you can see, this node has all of these | |
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248 links. |
25839 | 249 |
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250 @kindex n @r{(Info mode)} |
25839 | 251 Now it is time to move on to the @samp{Next} node, named @samp{Help-P}. |
252 | |
253 @format | |
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254 >> Type @kbd{n} to move there. Type just one character; |
25839 | 255 do not type the quotes and do not type a @key{RET} afterward. |
256 @end format | |
257 | |
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258 @noindent |
25839 | 259 @samp{>>} in the margin means it is really time to try a command. |
260 | |
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261 @format |
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262 >> If you are in Emacs and have a mouse, and if you already practiced |
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263 typing @kbd{n} to get to the next node, click now with the middle |
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264 mouse button on the @samp{Next} link to do the same ``the mouse way''. |
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265 @end format |
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266 |
25839 | 267 @node Help-P, Help-^L, Help, Getting Started |
268 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
269 @section Returning to the Previous node | |
270 | |
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271 @kindex p @r{(Info mode)} |
25839 | 272 This node is called @samp{Help-P}. The @samp{Previous} node, as you see, |
273 is @samp{Help}, which is the one you just came from using the @kbd{n} | |
274 command. Another @kbd{n} command now would take you to the next | |
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275 node, @samp{Help-^L}. |
25839 | 276 |
277 @format | |
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278 >> But do not type @kbd{n} yet. First, try the @kbd{p} command, or |
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279 (in Emacs) click the middle mouse button on the @samp{Prev} link. |
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280 That takes you to the @samp{Previous} node. Then use @kbd{n} to |
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281 return here. |
25839 | 282 @end format |
283 | |
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284 If you read this in Emacs, you will see an @samp{Info} item in the |
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285 menu bar, close to its right edge. Clicking the mouse on the |
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286 @samp{Info} menu-bar item opens a menu of commands which include |
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287 @samp{Next} and @samp{Previous} (and also some others which you didn't yet |
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288 learn about). |
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289 |
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290 This all probably seems insultingly simple so far, but @emph{please |
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291 don't} start skimming. Things will get complicated soon enough! |
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292 Also, please do not try a new command until you are told it is time |
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293 to. You could make Info skip past an important warning that was |
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294 coming up. |
25839 | 295 |
296 @format | |
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297 >> Now do an @kbd{n}, or (in Emacs) click the middle mouse button on |
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298 the @samp{Next} link, to get to the node @samp{Help-^L} and learn more. |
25839 | 299 @end format |
300 | |
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301 @node Help-^L, Help-Inv, Help-P, Getting Started |
25839 | 302 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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303 @section The Space, DEL, B and ^L commands |
25839 | 304 |
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305 This node's mode line tells you that you are now at node |
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306 @samp{Help-^L}, and the header line tells you that @kbd{p} would get |
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307 you back to @samp{Help-P}. The node's title is highlighted and may be |
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308 underlined as well; it says what the node is about. |
25839 | 309 |
310 This is a big node and it does not all fit on your display screen. | |
311 You can tell that there is more that is not visible because you | |
312 can see the string @samp{--Top-----} rather than @samp{--All----} near | |
313 the bottom right corner of the screen. | |
314 | |
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315 @kindex SPC @r{(Info mode)} |
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316 @kindex DEL @r{(Info mode)} |
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317 @kindex BACKSPACE @r{(Info mode)} |
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318 @findex Info-scroll-up |
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319 @findex Info-scroll-down |
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320 The @key{SPC}, @key{BACKSPACE} (or @key{DEL})@footnote{The key which |
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321 we call ``Backspace or DEL'' in this manual is labeled differently on |
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322 different keyboards. Look for a key which is a little ways above the |
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323 @key{ENTER} or @key{RET} key and which you normally use outside Emacs |
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324 to erase the character before the cursor, i.e.@: the character you |
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325 typed last. It might be labeled @samp{Backspace} or @samp{<-} or |
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326 @samp{DEL}, or sometimes @samp{Delete}.} and @kbd{b} commands exist to |
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327 allow you to ``move around'' in a node that does not all fit on the |
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328 screen at once. @key{SPC} moves forward, to show what was below the |
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329 bottom of the screen. @key{DEL} or @key{BACKSPACE} moves backward, to |
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330 show what was above the top of the screen (there is not anything above |
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331 the top until you have typed some spaces). |
25839 | 332 |
333 @format | |
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334 >> Now try typing a @key{SPC} (afterward, type a @key{BACKSPACE} to |
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335 return here). |
25839 | 336 @end format |
337 | |
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338 When you type the @key{SPC}, the two lines that were at the bottom of |
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339 the screen appear at the top, followed by more lines. @key{DEL} or |
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340 @key{BACKSPACE} takes the two lines from the top and moves them to the |
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341 bottom, @emph{usually}, but if there are not a full screen's worth of |
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342 lines above them they may not make it all the way to the bottom. |
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343 |
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344 If you are reading this in Emacs, note that the header line is |
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345 always visible, never scrolling off the display. That way, you can |
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346 always see the @samp{Next}, @samp{Prev}, and @samp{Up} links, and you |
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347 can conveniently go to one of these links at any time by |
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348 clicking the middle mouse button on the link. |
25839 | 349 |
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350 @cindex reading Info documents top to bottom |
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351 @cindex Info documents as tutorials |
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352 @key{SPC} and @key{DEL} not only move forward and backward through |
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353 the current node. They also move between nodes. @key{SPC} at the end |
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354 of a node moves to the next node; @key{DEL} (or @key{BACKSPACE}) at |
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355 the beginning of a node moves to the previous node. In effect, these |
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356 commands scroll through all the nodes in an Info file as a single |
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357 logical sequence. You can read an entire manual top to bottom by just |
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358 typing @key{SPC}, and move backward through the entire manual from |
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359 bottom to top by typing @key{DEL} (or @key{BACKSPACE}). |
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360 |
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361 In this sequence, a node's subnodes appear following their parent. |
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362 If a node has a menu, @key{SPC} takes you into the subnodes listed in |
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363 the menu, one by one. Once you reach the end of a node, and have seen |
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364 all of its subnodes, @key{SPC} takes you to the next node or to the |
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365 parent's next node. |
25839 | 366 |
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367 @kindex PAGEUP @r{(Info mode)} |
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368 @kindex PAGEDOWN @r{(Info mode)} |
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369 Many keyboards nowadays have two scroll keys labeled @samp{PageUp} |
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370 and @samp{PageDown} (or maybe @samp{Prior} and @samp{Next}). If your |
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371 keyboard has these keys, you can use them to move forward and backward |
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372 through the text of one node, like @key{SPC} and @key{BACKSPACE} (or |
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373 @key{DEL}). However, @key{PAGEUP} and @key{PAGEDOWN} keys never |
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374 scroll beyond the beginning or the end of the current node. |
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375 |
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376 @kindex C-l @r{(Info mode)} |
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377 If your screen is ever garbaged, you can tell Info to display it |
57342 | 378 again by typing @kbd{C-l} (@kbd{Control-L}---that is, hold down |
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379 @key{CTRL} and type @kbd{L} or @kbd{l}). |
25839 | 380 |
381 @format | |
382 >> Type @kbd{C-l} now. | |
383 @end format | |
384 | |
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385 @kindex b @r{(Info mode)} |
25839 | 386 To move back to the beginning of the node you are on, you can type |
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387 the @key{BACKSPACE} key (or @key{DEL}) many times. You can also type |
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388 @kbd{b} just once. @kbd{b} stands for ``beginning.'' |
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389 |
25839 | 390 @format |
391 >> Try that now. (We have put in enough verbiage to push this past | |
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392 the first screenful, but screens are so big nowadays that perhaps it |
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393 isn't enough. You may need to shrink your Emacs or Info window.) |
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394 Then come back, by typing @key{SPC} one or more times. |
25839 | 395 @end format |
396 | |
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397 If your screen is very tall, all of this node might fit at once. In |
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398 that case, @kbd{b} won't do anything. But you could observe the |
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399 effect of the @kbd{b} key if you use a smaller window. |
25839 | 400 |
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401 @kindex ? @r{(Info mode)} |
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402 @findex Info-summary |
25839 | 403 You have just learned a considerable number of commands. If you |
404 want to use one but have trouble remembering which, you should type | |
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405 a @kbd{?} (in Emacs it runs the @code{Info-summary} command) which |
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406 displays a brief list of commands. When you are finished looking at |
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407 the list, make it go away by typing a @key{SPC} repeatedly. |
25839 | 408 |
409 @format | |
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410 >> Type a @key{?} now. Press @key{SPC} to see consecutive screenfuls of |
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411 the list until finished. Then type @key{SPC} several times. If |
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412 you are using Emacs, the help will then go away automatically. |
25839 | 413 @end format |
414 | |
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415 (If you are using the stand-alone Info reader, type @kbd{C-x 0} to |
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416 return here, that is---press and hold @key{CTRL}, type an @kbd{x}, |
57342 | 417 then release @key{CTRL} and @kbd{x}, and press @kbd{0}; that's a zero, |
418 not the letter ``o''.) | |
25839 | 419 |
420 From now on, you will encounter large nodes without warning, and | |
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421 will be expected to know how to use @key{SPC} and @key{BACKSPACE} to |
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422 move around in them without being told. Since not all terminals have |
25839 | 423 the same size screen, it would be impossible to warn you anyway. |
424 | |
425 @format | |
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426 >> Now type @kbd{n}, or click the middle mouse button on the @samp{Next} link, |
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427 to visit the next node. |
25839 | 428 @end format |
429 | |
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430 @node Help-Inv, Help-M, Help-^L, Getting Started |
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431 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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432 @section Invisible text in Emacs Info |
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433 |
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434 Before discussing menus, we need to make some remarks that are only |
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435 relevant to users reading Info using Emacs. Users of the stand-alone |
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436 version can skip this node by typing @kbd{]} now. |
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437 |
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438 @cindex invisible text in Emacs |
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439 In Emacs, certain text that appears in the stand-alone version is |
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440 normally hidden, technically because it has the @samp{invisibility} |
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441 property. Invisible text is really a part of the text. It becomes |
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442 visible (by default) after killing and yanking, it appears in printed |
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443 output, it gets saved to file just like any other text, and so on. |
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444 Thus it is useful to know it is there. |
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445 |
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446 @findex visible-mode |
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447 You can make invisible text visible by using the command @kbd{M-x |
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448 visible-mode}. Visible mode is a minor mode, so using the command a |
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449 second time will make the text invisible again. Watch the effects of |
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450 the command on the ``menu'' below and the top line of this node. |
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451 |
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452 If you prefer to @emph{always} see the invisible text, you can set |
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453 @code{Info-hide-note-references} to @code{nil}. Enabling Visible mode |
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454 permanently is not a real alternative, because Emacs Info also uses |
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455 (although less extensively) another text property that can change the |
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456 text being displayed, the @samp{display} property. Only the |
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457 invisibility property is affected by Visible mode. When, in this |
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458 tutorial, we refer to the @samp{Emacs} behavior, we mean the |
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459 @emph{default} Emacs behavior. |
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460 |
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461 Now type @kbd{]}, to learn about the @kbd{]} and @kbd{[} commands. |
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462 |
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463 @menu |
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464 * ]: Help-]. Node telling about ]. |
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465 * stuff: Help-]. Same node. |
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466 * Help-]:: Yet again, same node. |
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467 @end menu |
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468 |
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469 @node Help-], , , Help-Inv |
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470 @subsection The @kbd{]} and @kbd{[} commands |
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471 |
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472 If you type @kbd{n} now, you get an error message saying that this |
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473 node has no next node. Similarly, if you type @kbd{p}, the error |
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474 message tells you that there is no previous node. (The exact message |
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475 depends on the Info reader you use.) This is because @kbd{n} and |
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476 @kbd{p} carry you to the next and previous node @emph{at the same |
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477 level}. The present node is contained in a menu (see next) of the |
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478 node you came from, and hence is considered to be at a lower level. |
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479 It is the only node in the previous node's menu (even though it was |
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480 listed three times). Hence it has no next or previous node that |
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481 @kbd{n} or @kbd{p} could move to. |
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482 |
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483 If you systematically move through a manual by typing @kbd{n}, you run |
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484 the risk of skipping many nodes. You do not run this risk if you |
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485 systematically use @kbd{@key{SPC}}, because, when you scroll to the |
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486 bottom of a node and type another @kbd{@key{SPC}}, then this carries |
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487 you to the following node in the manual @emph{regardless of level}. |
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488 If you immediately want to go to that node, without having to scroll |
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489 to the bottom of the screen first, you can type @kbd{]}. |
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490 |
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491 Similarly, @kbd{@key{BACKSPACE}} carries you to the preceding node |
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492 regardless of level, after you scrolled to the beginning of the |
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493 present node. If you want to go to the preceding node immediately, |
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494 you can type @kbd{[}. |
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495 |
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496 For instance, typing this sequence will come back here in three steps: |
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497 @kbd{[ n [}. To do the same backward, type @kbd{] p ]}. |
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498 |
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499 Now type @kbd{]} to go to the next node and learn about menus. |
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500 |
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501 @node Help-M, Help-Xref, Help-Inv, Getting Started |
25839 | 502 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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503 @section Menus and the @kbd{m} command |
25839 | 504 |
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505 @cindex menus in an Info document |
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506 @cindex Info menus |
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507 With only the @kbd{n} (next), @kbd{p} (previous), @kbd{@key{SPC}}, |
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508 @kbd{@key{BACKSPACE}}, @kbd{]} and @kbd{[} commands for moving between |
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509 nodes, nodes are restricted to a linear sequence. Menus allow a |
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510 branching structure. A menu is a list of other nodes you can move to. |
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511 It is actually just part of the text of the node formatted specially |
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512 so that Info can interpret it. The beginning of a menu is always |
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513 identified by a line which starts with @w{@samp{* Menu:}}. A node |
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514 contains a menu if and only if it has a line in it which starts that |
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515 way. The only menu you can use at any moment is the one in the node |
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516 you are in. To use a menu in any other node, you must move to that |
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517 node first. |
25839 | 518 |
519 After the start of the menu, each line that starts with a @samp{*} | |
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520 identifies one subtopic. The line usually contains a brief name for |
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521 the subtopic (followed by a @samp{:}, normally hidden in Emacs), the |
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522 name of the node that talks about that subtopic (again, normally |
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523 hidden in Emacs), and optionally some further description of the |
25839 | 524 subtopic. Lines in the menu that do not start with a @samp{*} have no |
525 special meaning---they are only for the human reader's benefit and do | |
526 not define additional subtopics. Here is an example: | |
527 | |
528 @example | |
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529 * Foo: Node about FOO. This tells about FOO. |
25839 | 530 @end example |
531 | |
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532 The subtopic name is Foo, and the node describing it is @samp{Node |
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533 about FOO}. The rest of the line is just for the reader's |
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534 Information. [[ But this line is not a real menu item, simply because |
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535 there is no line above it which starts with @w{@samp{* Menu:}}. Also, |
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536 in a real menu item, the @samp{*} would appear at the very start of |
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537 the line. This is why the ``normally hidden'' text in Emacs, namely |
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538 @samp{: Node about FOO.}, is actually visible in this example, even |
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539 when Visible mode is off.]] |
25839 | 540 |
541 When you use a menu to go to another node (in a way that will be | |
542 described soon), what you specify is the subtopic name, the first | |
543 thing in the menu line. Info uses it to find the menu line, extracts | |
544 the node name from it, and goes to that node. The reason that there | |
545 is both a subtopic name and a node name is that the node name must be | |
546 meaningful to the computer and may therefore have to be ugly looking. | |
547 The subtopic name can be chosen just to be convenient for the user to | |
548 specify. Often the node name is convenient for the user to specify | |
549 and so both it and the subtopic name are the same. There is an | |
550 abbreviation for this: | |
551 | |
552 @example | |
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553 * Foo:: This tells about FOO. |
25839 | 554 @end example |
555 | |
556 @noindent | |
557 This means that the subtopic name and node name are the same; they are | |
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558 both @samp{Foo}. (The @samp{::} is normally hidden in Emacs.) |
25839 | 559 |
560 @format | |
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561 >> Now use @key{SPC} to find the menu in this node, then come back to |
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562 the front with a @kbd{b} and some @key{SPC}s. As you see, a menu is |
25839 | 563 actually visible in its node. If you cannot find a menu in a node |
564 by looking at it, then the node does not have a menu and the | |
565 @kbd{m} command is not available. | |
566 @end format | |
567 | |
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568 If you keep typing @key{SPC} once the menu appears on the screen, it |
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569 will move to another node (the first one in the menu). If that |
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570 happens, type @key{BACKSPACE} to come back. |
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571 |
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572 @kindex m @r{(Info mode)} |
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573 The command to go to one of the subnodes is @kbd{m}. This is very |
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574 different from the commands you have used: it is a command that |
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575 prompts you for more input. |
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576 |
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577 The Info commands you know do not need additional input; when you |
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578 type one of them, Info processes it instantly and then is ready for |
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579 another command. The @kbd{m} command is different: it needs to know |
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580 the @dfn{name of the subtopic}. Once you have typed @kbd{m}, Info |
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581 tries to read the subtopic name. |
25839 | 582 |
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583 Now, in the stand-alone Info, look for the line containing many |
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584 dashes near the bottom of the screen. (This is the stand-alone |
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585 equivalent for the mode line in Emacs.) There is one more line |
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586 beneath that one, but usually it is blank. (In Emacs, this is the |
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587 echo area.) When it is blank, Info is ready for a command, such as |
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588 @kbd{n} or @kbd{b} or @key{SPC} or @kbd{m}. If that line contains |
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589 text ending in a colon, it means Info is reading more input for the |
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590 last command. You can't type an Info command then, because Info is |
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591 trying to read input, not commands. You must either give the input |
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592 and finish the command you started, or type @kbd{Control-g} to cancel |
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593 the command. When you have done one of those things, the input entry |
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594 line becomes blank again. Then you can type Info commands again. |
25839 | 595 |
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596 @findex Info-menu |
25839 | 597 The command to go to a subnode via a menu is @kbd{m}. After you type |
598 the @kbd{m}, the line at the bottom of the screen says @samp{Menu item: }. | |
599 You must then type the name of the subtopic you want, and end it with | |
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600 a @key{RET}. In Emacs, @kbd{m} runs the command @code{Info-menu}. |
25839 | 601 |
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602 @cindex abbreviating Info subnodes |
25839 | 603 You can abbreviate the subtopic name. If the abbreviation is not |
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604 unique, the first matching subtopic is chosen. Some menus put |
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605 the shortest possible abbreviation for each subtopic name in capital |
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606 letters, so you can see how much you need to type. It does not |
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607 matter whether you use upper case or lower case when you type the |
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608 subtopic. You should not put any spaces at the end, or inside of the |
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609 item name, except for one space where a space appears in the item in |
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610 the menu. |
25839 | 611 |
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612 @cindex completion of Info node names |
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613 You can also use the @dfn{completion} feature to help enter the |
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614 subtopic name. If you type the @key{TAB} key after entering part of a |
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615 name, it will fill in more of the name---as much as Info can deduce |
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616 from the part you have entered. |
25839 | 617 |
618 If you move the cursor to one of the menu subtopic lines, then you do | |
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619 not need to type the argument: you just type a @key{RET}, and it |
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620 stands for the subtopic of the line you are on. You can also click |
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621 the middle mouse button directly on the subtopic line to go there. |
25839 | 622 |
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623 Here is a menu to give you a chance to practice. This menu gives you |
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624 three ways of going to one place, Help-FOO: |
25839 | 625 |
626 @menu | |
627 * Foo: Help-FOO. A node you can visit for fun. | |
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628 * Bar: Help-FOO. We have made two ways to get to the same place. |
25839 | 629 * Help-FOO:: And yet another! |
630 @end menu | |
631 | |
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632 (Turn Visible mode on if you are using Emacs.) |
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633 |
25839 | 634 @format |
635 >> Now type just an @kbd{m} and see what happens: | |
636 @end format | |
637 | |
638 Now you are ``inside'' an @kbd{m} command. Commands cannot be used | |
639 now; the next thing you will type must be the name of a subtopic. | |
640 | |
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641 You can change your mind about doing the @kbd{m} by typing |
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642 @kbd{Control-g}. |
25839 | 643 |
644 @format | |
645 >> Try that now; notice the bottom line clear. | |
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646 @end format |
25839 | 647 |
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648 @format |
25839 | 649 >> Then type another @kbd{m}. |
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650 @end format |
25839 | 651 |
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652 @format |
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653 >> Now type @kbd{BAR}, the item name. Do not type @key{RET} yet. |
25839 | 654 @end format |
655 | |
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656 While you are typing the item name, you can use the @key{DEL} (or |
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657 @key{BACKSPACE}) key to cancel one character at a time if you make a |
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658 mistake. |
25839 | 659 |
660 @format | |
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661 >> Press @key{DEL} to cancel the @samp{R}. You could type another @kbd{R} |
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662 to replace it. But you do not have to, since @samp{BA} is a valid |
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663 abbreviation. |
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664 @end format |
25839 | 665 |
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666 @format |
25839 | 667 >> Now you are ready to go. Type a @key{RET}. |
668 @end format | |
669 | |
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670 After visiting @samp{Help-FOO}, you should return here. |
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671 |
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672 Another way to move to the menu subtopic lines and between them is |
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673 to type @key{TAB}. Each time you type a @key{TAB}, you move to the |
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674 next subtopic line. To move to a previous subtopic line in the |
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675 stand-alone reader, type @kbd{M-@key{TAB}}---that is, press and hold |
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676 the @key{META} key and then press @key{TAB}. (On some keyboards, the |
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677 @key{META} key might be labeled @samp{Alt}.) In Emacs Info, type |
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678 @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} to move to a previous subtopic line (press and hold |
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679 the @key{Shift} key and then press @key{TAB}). |
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680 |
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681 Once you move cursor to a subtopic line, press @key{RET} to go to |
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682 that subtopic's node. |
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683 |
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684 @cindex mouse support in Info mode |
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685 @kindex Mouse-2 @r{(Info mode)} |
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686 If your terminal supports a mouse, you have yet another way of going |
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687 to a subtopic. Move your mouse pointer to the subtopic line, |
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688 somewhere between the beginning @samp{*} and the colon @samp{:} which |
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689 ends the subtopic's brief name. You will see the subtopic's name |
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690 change its appearance (usually, its background color will change), and |
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691 the shape of the mouse pointer will change if your platform supports |
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692 that. After a while, if you leave the mouse on that spot, a small |
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693 window will pop up, saying ``Mouse-2: go to that node'', or the same |
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694 message may appear at the bottom of the screen. |
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695 |
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696 @kbd{Mouse-2} is the second button of your mouse counting from the |
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697 left---the middle button on a 3-button mouse. (On a 2-button mouse, |
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698 you may have to press both buttons together to ``press the middle |
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699 button''.) The message tells you pressing @kbd{Mouse-2} with the |
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700 current position of the mouse pointer (on subtopic in the menu) will |
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701 go to that subtopic. |
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702 |
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703 @findex Info-mouse-follow-nearest-node |
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704 More generally, @kbd{Mouse-2} in an Info buffer finds the nearest |
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705 link to another node and goes there. For example, near a cross |
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706 reference it acts like @kbd{f}, in a menu it acts like @kbd{m}, on the |
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707 node's header line it acts like @kbd{n}, @kbd{p}, or @kbd{u}, etc. At |
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708 end of the node's text @kbd{Mouse-2} moves to the next node, or up if |
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709 there's no next node. |
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710 |
25839 | 711 @format |
712 >> Type @kbd{n} to see more commands. | |
713 @end format | |
714 | |
715 @node Help-FOO, , , Help-M | |
716 @subsection The @kbd{u} command | |
717 | |
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718 Congratulations! This is the node @samp{Help-FOO}. It has an @samp{Up} |
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719 pointer @samp{Help-M}, the node you just came from via the @kbd{m} |
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720 command. This is the usual convention---the nodes you reach from a menu |
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721 have @samp{Up} nodes that lead back to the menu. Menus move Down in the |
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722 tree, and @samp{Up} moves Up. @samp{Previous}, on the other hand, is |
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723 usually used to ``stay on the same level but go backwards''. |
25839 | 724 |
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725 @kindex u @r{(Info mode)} |
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726 @findex Info-up |
25839 | 727 You can go back to the node @samp{Help-M} by typing the command |
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728 @kbd{u} for ``Up'' (the Emacs command run by @kbd{u} is |
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729 @code{Info-up}). That puts you at the @emph{front} of the node---to |
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730 get back to where you were reading you have to type some @key{SPC}s. |
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731 (Some Info readers, such as the one built into Emacs, put you at the |
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732 menu subtopic line which points to the subnode that the @kbd{u} command |
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733 brought you from.) |
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734 |
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735 Another way to go Up is to click @kbd{Mouse-2} on the @samp{Up} |
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736 pointer shown in the header line (provided that you have a mouse). |
25839 | 737 |
738 @format | |
739 >> Now type @kbd{u} to move back up to @samp{Help-M}. | |
740 @end format | |
741 | |
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742 @node Help-Xref, Help-Int, Help-M, Getting Started |
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743 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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744 @section Following Cross-References |
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745 |
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746 @cindex cross references in Info documents |
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747 In Info documentation, you will see many @dfn{cross references}. |
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748 Cross references look like this: @xref{Help-Cross, Cross}. That text |
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749 is a real, live cross reference, whose name is @samp{Cross} and which |
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750 points to the node named @samp{Help-Cross}. (The node name is hidden |
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751 in Emacs. Do @kbd{M-x visible-mode} to show or hide it.) |
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752 |
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753 @kindex f @r{(Info mode)} |
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754 @findex Info-follow-reference |
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755 There are two ways to follow a cross reference. You can move the |
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756 cursor to it and press @key{RET}, just as in a menu. @key{RET} |
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757 follows the cross reference that the cursor is on. Or you can type |
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758 @kbd{f} and then specify the name of the cross reference (in this |
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759 case, @samp{Cross}) as an argument. In Emacs Info, @kbd{f} runs |
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760 @code{Info-follow-reference}, |
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761 |
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762 In the @kbd{f} command, you select the cross reference with its |
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763 name, so it does not matter where the cursor was. If the cursor is on |
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764 or near a cross reference, @kbd{f} suggests that reference name in |
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765 parentheses as the default; typing @key{RET} will follow that |
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766 reference. However, if you type a different reference name, @kbd{f} |
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767 will follow the other reference which has that name. |
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768 |
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769 @format |
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770 >> Type @kbd{f}, followed by @kbd{Cross}, and then @key{RET}. |
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771 @end format |
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772 |
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773 As you enter the reference name, you can use the @key{DEL} (or |
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774 @key{BACKSPACE}) key to edit your input. If you change your mind |
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775 about following any reference, you can use @kbd{Control-g} to cancel |
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776 the command. Completion is available in the @kbd{f} command; you can |
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777 complete among all the cross reference names in the current node by |
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778 typing a @key{TAB}. |
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779 |
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|
780 To get a list of all the cross references in the current node, you |
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781 can type @kbd{?} after an @kbd{f}. The @kbd{f} continues to await a |
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782 cross reference name even after displaying the list, so if you don't |
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783 actually want to follow a reference, you should type a @kbd{Control-g} |
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784 to cancel the @kbd{f}. |
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785 |
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|
786 @format |
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787 >> Type @kbd{f?} to get a list of the cross references in this node. Then |
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788 type a @kbd{Control-g} and see how the @samp{f} gives up. |
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789 @end format |
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790 |
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791 The @key{TAB}, @kbd{M-@key{TAB}} and @kbd{S-@key{TAB}} keys, |
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792 which move between menu items in a menu, also move between cross |
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793 references outside of menus. |
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794 |
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795 Clicking @kbd{Mouse-2} on or near a cross reference also follows the |
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796 reference. You can see that the cross reference is mouse-sensitive by |
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797 moving the mouse pointer to the reference and watching how the |
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798 underlying text and the mouse pointer change in response. |
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799 |
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800 Sometimes a cross reference (or a node) can lead to another file (in |
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801 other words another ``manual''), or, on occasion, even a file on a |
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802 remote machine (although Info files distributed with Emacs or the |
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803 stand-alone Info avoid using remote links). Such a cross reference |
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804 looks like this: @xref{Top,, Overview of Texinfo, texinfo, Texinfo: |
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805 The GNU Documentation Format}. (After following this link, type |
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806 @kbd{l} to get back to this node.) Here the name @samp{texinfo} |
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807 between parentheses refers to the file name. This file name appears |
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808 in cross references and node names if it differs from the current |
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809 file, so you can always know that you are going to be switching to |
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810 another manual and which one. |
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811 |
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812 However, Emacs normally hides some other text in cross-references. |
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813 If you put your mouse over the cross reference, then the information |
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814 appearing in a separate box (tool tip) or in the echo area will show |
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815 the full cross-reference including the file name and the node name of |
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816 the cross reference. If you have a mouse, just leave it over the |
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817 cross reference @xref{Top,, Overview of Texinfo, texinfo, Texinfo: |
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818 The GNU Documentation Format}, and watch what happens. If you |
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819 always like to have that information visible without having to move |
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820 your mouse over the cross reference, use @kbd{M-x visible-mode}, or |
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821 set @code{Info-hide-note-references} to a value other than @code{t} |
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822 (@pxref{Emacs Info Variables}). |
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823 |
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824 @format |
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825 >> Now type @kbd{n} to learn more commands. |
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826 @end format |
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827 |
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828 @node Help-Int, Help-Q, Help-Xref, Getting Started |
25839 | 829 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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830 @section Some intermediate Info commands |
25839 | 831 |
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832 The introductory course is almost over; please continue |
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833 a little longer to learn some intermediate-level commands. |
25839 | 834 |
54057
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835 Most Info files have an index, which is actually a large node |
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836 containing little but a menu. The menu has one menu item for each |
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837 topic listed in the index. (As a special feature, menus for indices |
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838 may also include the line number within the node of the index entry. |
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839 This allows Info readers to go to the exact line of an entry, not just |
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840 the start of the containing node.) |
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841 |
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842 You can get to the index from the main menu of the file with the |
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843 @kbd{m} command and the name of the index node; then you can use the |
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844 @kbd{m} command again in the index node to go to the node that |
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845 describes the topic you want. |
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846 |
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847 There is also a short-cut Info command, @kbd{i}, which does all of |
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848 that for you. It searches the index for a given topic (a string) and |
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849 goes to the node which is listed in the index for that topic. |
66009 | 850 @xref{Search Index}, for a full explanation. |
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851 |
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852 @kindex l @r{(Info mode)} |
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853 @findex Info-history-back |
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854 @cindex going back in Info history |
25839 | 855 If you have been moving around to different nodes and wish to |
856 retrace your steps, the @kbd{l} command (@kbd{l} for @dfn{last}) will | |
857 do that, one node-step at a time. As you move from node to node, Info | |
858 records the nodes where you have been in a special history list. The | |
859 @kbd{l} command revisits nodes in the history list; each successive | |
860 @kbd{l} command moves one step back through the history. | |
861 | |
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862 In Emacs, @kbd{l} runs the command @code{Info-history-back}. |
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863 |
25839 | 864 @format |
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865 >> Try typing @kbd{p p n} and then three @kbd{l}'s, pausing in between |
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866 to see what each @kbd{l} does. You should wind up right back here. |
25839 | 867 @end format |
868 | |
869 Note the difference between @kbd{l} and @kbd{p}: @kbd{l} moves to | |
870 where @emph{you} last were, whereas @kbd{p} always moves to the node | |
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871 which the header says is the @samp{Previous} node (from this node, the |
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872 @samp{Prev} link leads to @samp{Help-Xref}). |
25839 | 873 |
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874 @kindex r @r{(Info mode)} |
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875 @findex Info-history-forward |
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876 @cindex going forward in Info history |
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877 You can use the @kbd{r} command (@code{Info-history-forward} in Emacs) |
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878 to revisit nodes in the history list in the forward direction, so that |
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879 @kbd{r} will return you to the node you came from by typing @kbd{l}. |
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880 |
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881 @kindex d @r{(Info mode)} |
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882 @findex Info-directory |
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883 @cindex go to Directory node |
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884 The @kbd{d} command (@code{Info-directory} in Emacs) gets you |
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885 instantly to the Directory node. This node, which is the first one |
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886 you saw when you entered Info, has a menu which leads (directly or |
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887 indirectly, through other menus), to all the nodes that exist. The |
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888 Directory node lists all the manuals and other Info documents that |
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889 are, or could be, installed on your system. |
25839 | 890 |
891 @format | |
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892 >> Try doing a @kbd{d}, then do an @kbd{l} to return here (yes, |
25839 | 893 @emph{do} return). |
894 @end format | |
895 | |
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896 @kindex t @r{(Info mode)} |
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897 @findex Info-top-node |
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898 @cindex go to Top node |
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899 The @kbd{t} command moves to the @samp{Top} node of the manual. |
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900 This is useful if you want to browse the manual's main menu, or select |
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901 some specific top-level menu item. The Emacs command run by @kbd{t} |
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902 is @code{Info-top-node}. |
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903 |
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904 @format |
25839 | 905 >> Now type @kbd{n} to see the last node of the course. |
906 @end format | |
907 | |
66009 | 908 @xref{Advanced}, for more advanced Info features. |
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909 |
25839 | 910 @c If a menu appears at the end of this node, remove it. |
911 @c It is an accident of the menu updating command. | |
912 | |
66009 | 913 @node Advanced |
914 @chapter Advanced Info Commands | |
25839 | 915 |
66009 | 916 This chapter describes various advanced Info commands. (If you |
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917 are using a stand-alone Info reader, there are additional commands |
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918 specific to it, which are documented in several chapters of @ref{Top,, |
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919 GNU Info, info-stnd, GNU Info}.) |
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920 |
25839 | 921 @menu |
66009 | 922 * Search Text:: How to search Info documents. |
923 * Search Index:: How to search the indices for specific subjects. | |
924 * Go to node:: How to go to a node by name. | |
925 * Choose menu subtopic:: How to choose a menu subtopic by its number. | |
926 * Create Info buffer:: How to create a new Info buffer in Emacs. | |
25839 | 927 * Emacs Info Variables:: Variables modifying the behavior of Emacs Info. |
928 @end menu | |
929 | |
66009 | 930 @node Search Text, Search Index, , Advanced |
25839 | 931 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
66009 | 932 @section How to search Info documents |
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933 |
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934 @cindex searching Info documents |
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935 @cindex Info document as a reference |
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936 The commands which move between and inside nodes allow you to read |
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937 the entire manual or its large portions. But what if you need to find |
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938 some information in the manual as fast as you can, and you don't know |
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939 or don't remember in what node to look for it? This need arises when |
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940 you use a manual as a @dfn{reference}, or when it is impractical to |
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941 read the entire manual before you start using the programs it |
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942 describes. |
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943 |
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944 Info has powerful searching facilities that let you find things |
66009 | 945 quickly. You can search either the manual text or its indices. |
946 | |
947 @kindex s @r{(Info mode)} | |
948 @findex Info-search | |
949 The @kbd{s} command allows you to search a whole Info file for a string. | |
950 It switches to the next node if and when that is necessary. You | |
951 type @kbd{s} followed by the string to search for, terminated by | |
952 @key{RET}. To search for the same string again, just @kbd{s} followed | |
953 by @key{RET} will do. The file's nodes are scanned in the order | |
954 they are in the file, which has no necessary relationship to the | |
955 order that they may be in the tree structure of menus and @samp{next} | |
956 pointers. But normally the two orders are not very different. In any | |
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957 case, you can always look at the mode line to find out what node you have |
66009 | 958 reached, if the header is not visible (this can happen, because @kbd{s} |
959 puts your cursor at the occurrence of the string, not at the beginning | |
960 of the node). | |
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961 |
66009 | 962 @kindex M-s @r{(Info mode)} |
963 In Emacs, @kbd{Meta-s} is equivalent to @kbd{s}. That is for | |
964 compatibility with other GNU packages that use @kbd{M-s} for a similar | |
965 kind of search command. Both @kbd{s} and @kbd{M-s} run in Emacs the | |
966 command @code{Info-search}. | |
967 | |
968 @kindex C-s @r{(Info mode)} | |
969 @kindex C-r @r{(Info mode)} | |
970 @findex isearch | |
971 Instead of using @kbd{s} in Emacs Info and in the stand-alone Info, | |
972 you can use an incremental search started with @kbd{C-s} or @kbd{C-r}. | |
973 It can search through multiple Info nodes. @xref{Incremental Search,,, | |
974 emacs, The GNU Emacs Manual}. In Emacs, this behavior is enabled only | |
975 if the variable @code{Info-isearch-search} is non-@code{nil} | |
976 (@pxref{Emacs Info Variables}). | |
977 | |
978 @node Search Index, Go to node, Search Text, Advanced | |
979 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
980 @section How to search the indices for specific subjects | |
981 | |
982 @cindex searching Info indices | |
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983 @kindex i @r{(Info mode)} |
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984 @findex Info-index |
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985 Since most topics in the manual should be indexed, you should try |
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986 the index search first before the text search. The @kbd{i} command |
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987 prompts you for a subject and then looks up that subject in the |
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988 indices. If it finds an index entry with the subject you typed, it |
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989 goes to the node to which that index entry points. You should browse |
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990 through that node to see whether the issue you are looking for is |
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991 described there. If it isn't, type @kbd{,} one or more times to go |
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992 through additional index entries which match your subject. |
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993 |
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994 The @kbd{i} command and subsequent @kbd{,} commands find all index |
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995 entries which include the string you typed @emph{as a substring}. |
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996 For each match, Info shows in the echo area the full index entry it |
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997 found. Often, the text of the full index entry already gives you |
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998 enough information to decide whether it is relevant to what you are |
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999 looking for, so we recommend that you read what Info shows in the echo |
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1000 area before looking at the node it displays. |
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1001 |
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1002 Since @kbd{i} looks for a substring, you can search for subjects even |
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1003 if you are not sure how they are spelled in the index. For example, |
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1004 suppose you want to find something that is pertinent to commands which |
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1005 complete partial input (e.g., when you type @key{TAB}). If you want |
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1006 to catch index entries that refer to ``complete'', ``completion'', and |
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1007 ``completing'', you could type @kbd{icomplet@key{RET}}. |
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1008 |
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1009 Info documents which describe programs should index the commands, |
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1010 options, and key sequences that the program provides. If you are |
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1011 looking for a description of a command, an option, or a key, just type |
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1012 their names when @kbd{i} prompts you for a topic. For example, if you |
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1013 want to read the description of what the @kbd{C-l} key does, type |
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1014 @kbd{iC-l@key{RET}} literally. |
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1015 |
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1016 In Emacs, @kbd{i} runs the command @code{Info-index}. |
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1017 |
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1018 @findex info-apropos |
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1019 @findex index-apropos |
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1020 If you aren't sure which manual documents the topic you are looking |
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1021 for, try the @kbd{M-x info-apropos} command in Emacs, or the @kbd{M-x |
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1022 index-apropos} command in the stand-alone reader. It prompts for |
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1023 a string and then looks up that string in all the indices of all the |
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1024 Info documents installed on your system. |
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1025 |
66009 | 1026 @node Go to node, Choose menu subtopic, Search Index, Advanced |
1027 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1028 @section @kbd{g} goes to a node by name | |
1029 | |
1030 @kindex g @r{(Info mode)} | |
1031 @findex Info-goto-node | |
1032 @cindex go to a node by name | |
1033 If you know a node's name, you can go there by typing @kbd{g}, the | |
1034 name, and @key{RET}. Thus, @kbd{gTop@key{RET}} would go to the node | |
1035 called @samp{Top} in this file. (This is equivalent to @kbd{t}, see | |
1036 @ref{Help-Int}.) @kbd{gGo to node@key{RET}} would come back here. | |
1037 @kbd{g} in Emacs runs the command @code{Info-goto-node}. | |
1038 | |
1039 Unlike @kbd{m}, @kbd{g} does not allow the use of abbreviations. | |
1040 But it does allow completion, so you can type @key{TAB} to complete a | |
1041 partial node name. | |
1042 | |
1043 @cindex go to another Info file | |
1044 To go to a node in another file, you can include the file name in the | |
1045 node name by putting it at the front, in parentheses. Thus, | |
1046 @kbd{g(dir)Top@key{RET}} would go to the Info Directory node, which is | |
1047 the node @samp{Top} in the Info file @file{dir}. Likewise, | |
1048 @kbd{g(emacs)Top@key{RET}} goes to the top node of the Emacs manual. | |
1049 | |
1050 The node name @samp{*} specifies the whole file. So you can look at | |
1051 all of the current file by typing @kbd{g*@key{RET}} or all of any | |
1052 other file with @kbd{g(@var{filename})*@key{RET}}. | |
1053 | |
1054 @node Choose menu subtopic, Create Info buffer, Go to node, Advanced | |
1055 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1056 @section @kbd{1}--@kbd{9} choose a menu subtopic by its number | |
1057 | |
1058 @kindex 1 @r{through} 9 @r{(Info mode)} | |
1059 @findex Info-nth-menu-item | |
1060 @cindex select @var{n}'th menu item | |
1061 If you begrudge each character of type-in which your system requires, | |
1062 you might like to use the commands @kbd{1}, @kbd{2}, @kbd{3}, @kbd{4}, | |
1063 @dots{}, @kbd{9}. They are short for the @kbd{m} command together | |
1064 with a name of a menu subtopic. @kbd{1} goes through the first item | |
1065 in the current node's menu; @kbd{2} goes through the second item, etc. | |
1066 In the stand-alone reader, @kbd{0} goes through the last menu item; | |
1067 this is so you need not count how many entries are there. In Emacs, | |
1068 the digit keys run the command @code{Info-nth-menu-item}. | |
1069 | |
1070 If your display supports multiple fonts, colors or underlining, and | |
1071 you are using Emacs' Info mode to read Info files, the third, sixth | |
1072 and ninth menu items have a @samp{*} that stands out, either in color | |
1073 or in some other attribute, such as underline; this makes it easy to | |
1074 see at a glance which number to use for an item. | |
1075 | |
1076 Some terminals don't support either multiple fonts, colors or | |
1077 underlining. If you need to actually count items, it is better to use | |
1078 @kbd{m} instead, and specify the name, or use @key{TAB} to quickly | |
1079 move between menu items. | |
1080 | |
1081 @node Create Info buffer, Emacs Info Variables, Choose menu subtopic, Advanced | |
1082 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1083 @section @kbd{M-n} creates a new independent Info buffer in Emacs | |
1084 | |
1085 @kindex M-n @r{(Info mode)} | |
1086 @findex clone-buffer | |
1087 @cindex multiple Info buffers | |
1088 If you are reading Info in Emacs, you can select a new independent | |
1089 Info buffer in the same window by typing @kbd{M-n}. The new buffer | |
1090 starts out as an exact copy of the old one, but you will be able to | |
1091 move independently between nodes in the two buffers. (In Info mode, | |
1092 @kbd{M-n} runs the Emacs command @code{clone-buffer}.) | |
1093 | |
1094 In Emacs Info, you can also produce new Info buffers by giving a | |
1095 numeric prefix argument to the @kbd{m} and @kbd{g} commands. @kbd{C-u | |
1096 m} and @kbd{C-u g} go to a new node in exactly the same way that | |
1097 @kbd{m} and @kbd{g} do, but they do so in a new Info buffer which they | |
1098 select in another window. | |
1099 | |
1100 Another way to produce new Info buffers in Emacs is to use a numeric | |
1101 prefix argument for the @kbd{C-h i} command (@code{info}) which | |
1102 switches to the Info buffer with that number. Thus, @kbd{C-u 2 C-h i} | |
1103 switches to the buffer @samp{*info*<2>}, creating it if necessary. | |
1104 | |
1105 @node Emacs Info Variables, , Create Info buffer, Advanced | |
1106 @comment node-name, next, previous, up | |
1107 @section Emacs Info-mode Variables | |
1108 | |
1109 The following variables may modify the behavior of Info-mode in Emacs; | |
1110 you may wish to set one or several of these variables interactively, or | |
1111 in your @file{~/.emacs} init file. @xref{Examining, Examining and Setting | |
1112 Variables, Examining and Setting Variables, emacs, The GNU Emacs | |
1113 Manual}. The stand-alone Info reader program has its own set of | |
1114 variables, described in @ref{Variables,, Manipulating Variables, | |
1115 info-stnd, GNU Info}. | |
1116 | |
1117 @vtable @code | |
1118 @item Info-directory-list | |
1119 The list of directories to search for Info files. Each element is a | |
1120 string (directory name) or @code{nil} (try default directory). If not | |
1121 initialized Info uses the environment variable @env{INFOPATH} to | |
1122 initialize it, or @code{Info-default-directory-list} if there is no | |
1123 @env{INFOPATH} variable in the environment. | |
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1124 |
66009 | 1125 If you wish to customize the Info directory search list for both Emacs |
1126 Info and stand-alone Info, it is best to set the @env{INFOPATH} | |
1127 environment variable, since that applies to both programs. | |
1128 | |
1129 @item Info-additional-directory-list | |
1130 A list of additional directories to search for Info documentation files. | |
1131 These directories are not searched for merging the @file{dir} file. | |
1132 | |
1133 @item Info-mode-hook | |
1134 Hooks run when @code{Info-mode} is called. By default, it contains | |
1135 the hook @code{turn-on-font-lock} which enables highlighting of Info | |
1136 files. You can change how the highlighting looks by customizing the | |
1137 faces @code{info-node}, @code{info-xref}, @code{info-xref-visited}, | |
1138 @code{info-header-xref}, @code{info-header-node}, @code{info-menu-header}, | |
1139 @code{info-menu-star}, and @code{info-title-@var{n}} (where @var{n} | |
1140 is the level of the section, a number between 1 and 4). To customize | |
1141 a face, type @kbd{M-x customize-face @key{RET} @var{face} @key{RET}}, | |
1142 where @var{face} is one of the face names listed here. | |
1143 | |
1144 @item Info-fontify-maximum-menu-size | |
1145 Maximum size of menu to fontify if @code{font-lock-mode} is non-@code{nil}. | |
1146 | |
1147 @item Info-fontify-visited-nodes | |
1148 If non-@code{nil}, menu items and cross-references pointing to visited | |
1149 nodes are displayed in the @code{info-xref-visited} face. | |
1150 | |
1151 @item Info-use-header-line | |
1152 If non-@code{nil}, Emacs puts in the Info buffer a header line showing | |
1153 the @samp{Next}, @samp{Prev}, and @samp{Up} links. A header line does | |
1154 not scroll with the rest of the buffer, making these links always | |
1155 visible. | |
1156 | |
1157 @item Info-hide-note-references | |
1158 As explained in earlier nodes, the Emacs version of Info normally | |
1159 hides some text in menus and cross-references. You can completely | |
1160 disable this feature, by setting this option to @code{nil}. Setting | |
1161 it to a value that is neither @code{nil} nor @code{t} produces an | |
1162 intermediate behavior, hiding a limited amount of text, but showing | |
1163 all text that could potentially be useful. | |
1164 | |
1165 @item Info-scroll-prefer-subnodes | |
1166 If set to a non-@code{nil} value, @key{SPC} and @key{BACKSPACE} (or | |
1167 @key{DEL}) keys in a menu visit subnodes of the current node before | |
1168 scrolling to its end or beginning, respectively. For example, if the | |
1169 node's menu appears on the screen, the next @key{SPC} moves to a | |
1170 subnode indicated by the following menu item. Setting this option to | |
1171 @code{nil} results in behavior similar to the stand-alone Info reader | |
1172 program, which visits the first subnode from the menu only when you | |
1173 hit the end of the current node. The default is @code{nil}. | |
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1174 |
66009 | 1175 @item Info-isearch-search |
1176 If non-@code{nil}, isearch in Info searches through multiple nodes. | |
1177 | |
1178 @item Info-enable-active-nodes | |
1179 When set to a non-@code{nil} value, allows Info to execute Lisp code | |
1180 associated with nodes. The Lisp code is executed when the node is | |
1181 selected. The Lisp code to be executed should follow the node | |
1182 delimiter (the @samp{DEL} character) and an @samp{execute: } tag, like | |
1183 this: | |
1184 | |
1185 @example | |
1186 ^_execute: (message "This is an active node!") | |
1187 @end example | |
1188 @end vtable | |
1189 | |
1190 | |
1191 @node Expert Info | |
1192 @chapter Info for Experts | |
1193 | |
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1194 This chapter explains how to write an Info file by hand. However, |
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1195 in most cases, writing a Texinfo file is better, since you can use it |
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1196 to make a printed manual or produce other formats, such as HTML and |
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1197 DocBook, as well as for generating Info files. |
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1198 |
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1199 The @code{makeinfo} command converts a Texinfo file into an Info file; |
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1200 @code{texinfo-format-region} and @code{texinfo-format-buffer} are GNU |
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1201 Emacs functions that do the same. |
66009 | 1202 |
1203 @xref{Top,, Overview of Texinfo, texinfo, Texinfo: The GNU | |
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1204 Documentation Format}, for how to write a Texinfo file. |
66009 | 1205 |
1206 @xref{Creating an Info File,,, texinfo, Texinfo: The GNU Documentation | |
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1207 Format}, for how to create an Info file from a Texinfo file. |
66009 | 1208 |
1209 @xref{Installing an Info File,,, texinfo, Texinfo: The GNU | |
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1210 Documentation Format}, for how to install an Info file after you |
66009 | 1211 have created one. |
1212 | |
1213 However, if you want to edit an Info file manually and install it manually, | |
1214 here is how. | |
1215 | |
1216 @menu | |
1217 * Add:: Describes how to add new nodes to the hierarchy. | |
1218 Also tells what nodes look like. | |
1219 * Menus:: How to add to or create menus in Info nodes. | |
1220 * Cross-refs:: How to add cross-references to Info nodes. | |
1221 * Tags:: How to make tags tables for Info files. | |
1222 * Checking:: Checking an Info File. | |
1223 @end menu | |
1224 | |
1225 @node Add, Menus, , Expert Info | |
25839 | 1226 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
1227 @section Adding a new node to Info | |
1228 | |
1229 To add a new topic to the list in the Info directory, you must: | |
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1230 |
25839 | 1231 @enumerate |
1232 @item | |
1233 Create some nodes, in some file, to document that topic. | |
1234 @item | |
1235 Put that topic in the menu in the directory. @xref{Menus, Menu}. | |
1236 @end enumerate | |
1237 | |
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1238 @cindex node delimiters |
25839 | 1239 The new node can live in an existing documentation file, or in a new |
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1240 one. It must have a @samp{^_} character before it (invisible to the |
25839 | 1241 user; this node has one but you cannot see it), and it ends with either |
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1242 a @samp{^_}, a @samp{^L} (``formfeed''), or the end of file.@footnote{If |
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1243 you put in a @samp{^L} to end a new node, be sure that there is a |
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1244 @samp{^_} after it to start the next one, since @samp{^L} cannot |
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1245 @emph{start} a node. Also, a nicer way to make a node boundary be a |
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1246 page boundary as well is to put a @samp{^L} @emph{right after} the |
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1247 @samp{^_}.} |
25839 | 1248 |
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1249 The @samp{^_} starting a node must be followed by a newline or a |
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1250 @samp{^L} newline, after which comes the node's header line. The |
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1251 header line must give the node's name (by which Info finds it), and |
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1252 state the names of the @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous}, and @samp{Up} |
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1253 nodes (if there are any). As you can see, this node's @samp{Up} node |
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1254 is the node @samp{Expert Info}. The @samp{Next} node is @samp{Menus}. |
25839 | 1255 |
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1256 @cindex node header line format |
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1257 @cindex format of node headers |
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1258 The keywords @dfn{Node}, @dfn{Next}, @dfn{Previous}, and @dfn{Up} |
25839 | 1259 may appear in any order, anywhere in the header line, but the |
1260 recommended order is the one in this sentence. Each keyword must be | |
1261 followed by a colon, spaces and tabs, and then the appropriate name. | |
1262 The name may be terminated with a tab, a comma, or a newline. A space | |
1263 does not end it; node names may contain spaces. The case of letters | |
1264 in the names is insignificant. | |
1265 | |
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1266 @cindex node name format |
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1267 @cindex Directory node |
25839 | 1268 A node name has two forms. A node in the current file is named by |
1269 what appears after the @samp{Node: } in that node's first line. For | |
1270 example, this node's name is @samp{Add}. A node in another file is | |
1271 named by @samp{(@var{filename})@var{node-within-file}}, as in | |
1272 @samp{(info)Add} for this node. If the file name starts with ``./'', | |
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1273 then it is relative to the current directory; otherwise, it is |
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1274 relative starting from the standard directory for Info files of your |
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1275 site. The name @samp{(@var{filename})Top} can be abbreviated to just |
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1276 @samp{(@var{filename})}. By convention, the name @samp{Top} is used |
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1277 for the ``highest'' node in any single file---the node whose @samp{Up} |
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1278 points out of the file. The @samp{Directory} node is @file{(dir)}, it |
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1279 points to a file @file{dir} which holds a large menu listing all the |
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1280 Info documents installed on your site. The @samp{Top} node of a |
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1281 document file listed in the @samp{Directory} should have an @samp{Up: |
25839 | 1282 (dir)} in it. |
1283 | |
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1284 @cindex unstructured documents |
25839 | 1285 The node name @kbd{*} is special: it refers to the entire file. |
1286 Thus, @kbd{g*} shows you the whole current file. The use of the | |
1287 node @kbd{*} is to make it possible to make old-fashioned, | |
1288 unstructured files into nodes of the tree. | |
1289 | |
1290 The @samp{Node:} name, in which a node states its own name, must not | |
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1291 contain a file name, since when Info searches for a node, it does not |
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1292 expect a file name to be there. The @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous} and |
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1293 @samp{Up} names may contain them. In this node, since the @samp{Up} |
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1294 node is in the same file, it was not necessary to use one. |
25839 | 1295 |
1296 Note that the nodes in this file have a file name in the header | |
1297 line. The file names are ignored by Info, but they serve as comments | |
1298 to help identify the node for the user. | |
1299 | |
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1300 @node Menus, Cross-refs, Add, Expert Info |
25839 | 1301 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
1302 @section How to Create Menus | |
1303 | |
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1304 Any node in the Info hierarchy may have a @dfn{menu}---a list of subnodes. |
25839 | 1305 The @kbd{m} command searches the current node's menu for the topic which it |
1306 reads from the terminal. | |
1307 | |
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1308 @cindex menu and menu entry format |
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1309 A menu begins with a line starting with @w{@samp{* Menu:}}. The |
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1310 rest of the line is a comment. After the starting line, every line |
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1311 that begins with a @samp{* } lists a single topic. The name of the |
57342 | 1312 topic---what the user must type at the @kbd{m}'s command prompt to |
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1313 select this topic---comes right after the star and space, and is |
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1314 followed by a colon, spaces and tabs, and the name of the node which |
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1315 discusses that topic. The node name, like node names following |
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1316 @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous} and @samp{Up}, may be terminated with a |
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1317 tab, comma, or newline; it may also be terminated with a period. |
25839 | 1318 |
1319 If the node name and topic name are the same, then rather than | |
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1320 giving the name twice, the abbreviation @samp{* @var{name}::} may be |
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1321 used (and should be used, whenever possible, as it reduces the visual |
25839 | 1322 clutter in the menu). |
1323 | |
1324 It is considerate to choose the topic names so that they differ | |
1325 from each other very near the beginning---this allows the user to type | |
1326 short abbreviations. In a long menu, it is a good idea to capitalize | |
1327 the beginning of each item name which is the minimum acceptable | |
1328 abbreviation for it (a long menu is more than 5 or so entries). | |
1329 | |
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1330 The nodes listed in a node's menu are called its ``subnodes'', and it |
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1331 is their ``superior''. They should each have an @samp{Up:} pointing at |
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1332 the superior. It is often useful to arrange all or most of the subnodes |
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1333 in a sequence of @samp{Next} and @samp{Previous} pointers so that |
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1334 someone who wants to see them all need not keep revisiting the Menu. |
25839 | 1335 |
1336 The Info Directory is simply the menu of the node @samp{(dir)Top}---that | |
1337 is, node @samp{Top} in file @file{.../info/dir}. You can put new entries | |
1338 in that menu just like any other menu. The Info Directory is @emph{not} the | |
1339 same as the file directory called @file{info}. It happens that many of | |
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1340 Info's files live in that file directory, but they do not have to; and |
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1341 files in that directory are not automatically listed in the Info |
25839 | 1342 Directory node. |
1343 | |
1344 Also, although the Info node graph is claimed to be a ``hierarchy'', | |
1345 in fact it can be @emph{any} directed graph. Shared structures and | |
1346 pointer cycles are perfectly possible, and can be used if they are | |
1347 appropriate to the meaning to be expressed. There is no need for all | |
1348 the nodes in a file to form a connected structure. In fact, this file | |
1349 has two connected components. You are in one of them, which is under | |
1350 the node @samp{Top}; the other contains the node @samp{Help} which the | |
1351 @kbd{h} command goes to. In fact, since there is no garbage | |
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1352 collector on the node graph, nothing terrible happens if a substructure |
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1353 is not pointed to, but such a substructure is rather useless since nobody |
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1354 can ever find out that it exists. |
25839 | 1355 |
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1356 @node Cross-refs, Tags, Menus, Expert Info |
25839 | 1357 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
1358 @section Creating Cross References | |
1359 | |
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1360 @cindex cross reference format |
25839 | 1361 A cross reference can be placed anywhere in the text, unlike a menu |
1362 item which must go at the front of a line. A cross reference looks | |
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1363 like a menu item except that it has @samp{*note} instead of @samp{*}. |
25839 | 1364 It @emph{cannot} be terminated by a @samp{)}, because @samp{)}'s are |
1365 so often part of node names. If you wish to enclose a cross reference | |
1366 in parentheses, terminate it with a period first. Here are two | |
1367 examples of cross references pointers: | |
1368 | |
1369 @example | |
1370 *Note details: commands. (See *note 3: Full Proof.) | |
1371 @end example | |
1372 | |
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1373 @noindent |
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1374 @emph{These are just examples.} The places they ``lead to'' do not |
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1375 really exist! |
25839 | 1376 |
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1377 @menu |
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1378 * Help-Cross:: Target of a cross-reference. |
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1379 @end menu |
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1380 |
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1381 |
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1382 @node Help-Cross, , , Cross-refs |
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1383 @subsection The node reached by the cross reference in Info |
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1384 |
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1385 This is the node reached by the cross reference named @samp{Cross}. |
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1386 |
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1387 While this node is specifically intended to be reached by a cross |
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1388 reference, most cross references lead to nodes that ``belong'' |
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1389 someplace else far away in the structure of an Info document. So you |
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1390 cannot expect this node to have a @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous} or |
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1391 @samp{Up} links pointing back to where you came from. In general, the |
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1392 @kbd{l} (el) command is the only way to get back there. |
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1393 |
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1394 @format |
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1395 >> Type @kbd{l} to return to the node where the cross reference was. |
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1396 @end format |
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1397 |
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1398 @node Help-Q, , Help-Int, Getting Started |
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1399 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
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1400 @section Quitting Info |
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1401 |
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1402 @kindex q @r{(Info mode)} |
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1403 @findex Info-exit |
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1404 @cindex quitting Info mode |
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1405 To get out of Info, back to what you were doing before, type @kbd{q} |
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1406 for @dfn{Quit}. This runs @code{Info-exit} in Emacs. |
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1407 |
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1408 This is the end of the basic course on using Info. You have learned |
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1409 how to move in an Info document, and how to follow menus and cross |
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1410 references. This makes you ready for reading manuals top to bottom, |
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1411 as new users should do when they learn a new package. |
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1412 |
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1413 Another set of Info commands is useful when you need to find |
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1414 something quickly in a manual---that is, when you need to use a manual |
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1415 as a reference rather than as a tutorial. We urge you to learn |
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1416 these search commands as well. If you want to do that now, follow this |
66009 | 1417 cross reference to @ref{Advanced}. |
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1418 |
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1419 Yet another set of commands are meant for experienced users; you can |
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1420 find them by looking in the Directory node for documentation on Info. |
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1421 Finding them will be a good exercise in using Info in the usual |
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1422 manner. |
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1423 |
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1424 @format |
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1425 >> Type @kbd{d} to go to the Info directory node; then type |
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1426 @kbd{mInfo} and Return, to get to the node about Info and |
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1427 see what other help is available. |
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1428 @end format |
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1429 |
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1430 |
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1431 @node Tags, Checking, Cross-refs, Expert Info |
25839 | 1432 @comment node-name, next, previous, up |
1433 @section Tags Tables for Info Files | |
1434 | |
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1435 @cindex tags tables in Info files |
25839 | 1436 You can speed up the access to nodes of a large Info file by giving |
1437 it a tags table. Unlike the tags table for a program, the tags table for | |
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1438 an Info file lives inside the file itself and is used |
25839 | 1439 automatically whenever Info reads in the file. |
1440 | |
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1441 @findex Info-tagify |
25839 | 1442 To make a tags table, go to a node in the file using Emacs Info mode and type |
1443 @kbd{M-x Info-tagify}. Then you must use @kbd{C-x C-s} to save the | |
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1444 file. Info files produced by the @code{makeinfo} command that is part |
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1445 of the Texinfo package always have tags tables to begin with. |
25839 | 1446 |
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1447 @cindex stale tags tables |
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1448 @cindex update Info tags table |
25839 | 1449 Once the Info file has a tags table, you must make certain it is up |
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1450 to date. If you edit an Info file directly (as opposed to editing its |
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1451 Texinfo source), and, as a result of deletion of text, any node moves back |
25839 | 1452 more than a thousand characters in the file from the position |
1453 recorded in the tags table, Info will no longer be able to find that | |
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1454 node. To update the tags table, use the @code{Info-tagify} command |
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1455 again. |
25839 | 1456 |
1457 An Info file tags table appears at the end of the file and looks like | |
1458 this: | |
1459 | |
1460 @example | |
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1461 ^_^L |
25839 | 1462 Tag Table: |
1463 File: info, Node: Cross-refs^?21419 | |
1464 File: info, Node: Tags^?22145 | |
1465 ^_ | |
1466 End Tag Table | |
1467 @end example | |
1468 | |
1469 @noindent | |
1470 Note that it contains one line per node, and this line contains | |
1471 the beginning of the node's header (ending just after the node name), | |
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1472 a @samp{DEL} character, and the character position in the file of the |
25839 | 1473 beginning of the node. |
1474 | |
66009 | 1475 @node Checking, , Tags, Expert Info |
25839 | 1476 @section Checking an Info File |
1477 | |
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1478 When creating an Info file, it is easy to forget the name of a node when |
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1479 you are making a pointer to it from another node. If you put in the |
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1480 wrong name for a node, this is not detected until someone tries to go |
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1481 through the pointer using Info. Verification of the Info file is an |
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1482 automatic process which checks all pointers to nodes and reports any |
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1483 pointers which are invalid. Every @samp{Next}, @samp{Previous}, and |
25839 | 1484 @samp{Up} is checked, as is every menu item and every cross reference. In |
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1485 addition, any @samp{Next} which does not have a @samp{Previous} pointing |
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1486 back is reported. Only pointers within the file are checked, because |
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1487 checking pointers to other files would be terribly slow. But those are |
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1488 usually few. |
25839 | 1489 |
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1490 @findex Info-validate |
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1491 To check an Info file, do @kbd{M-x Info-validate} while looking at any |
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1492 node of the file with Emacs Info mode. |
25839 | 1493 |
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1494 @node Index |
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1495 @unnumbered Index |
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1496 |
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1497 This is an alphabetical listing of all the commands, variables, and |
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1498 topics discussed in this document. |
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1499 |
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1500 @printindex cp |
25839 | 1501 |
1502 @bye | |
52401 | 1503 |
1504 @ignore | |
1505 arch-tag: 965c1638-01d6-4156-9227-b10418b9d8e8 | |
1506 @end ignore |